title: Ethnologue

text: In 2020, the 23rd edition listed 7,117 living languages, an increase of 6. In this edition, "Ethnologue" expanded its coverage of immigrant languages: previous editions only had full entries for languages considered to be "established" within a country. From this edition, "Ethnologue" includes data about first and second languages of refugees, temporary foreign workers and immigrants.


title: Ethnologue

text: In 2021, the 24th edition had 7,139 modern languages, an increase of 22. Editors especially improved data about language shift in this edition.


title: Ethnologue

text: In 2022, the 25th edition listed a total of 7,151 living languages, an increase of 12 living languages from 24th edition. This edition specifically improved the use of languages in education.


title: Ethnologue

text: In 1986, William Bright, then editor of the journal "Language", wrote of "Ethnologue" that it "is indispensable for any reference shelf on the languages of the world". The 2003 "International Encyclopedia of Linguistics" described "Ethnologue" as "a comprehensive listing of the world's languages, with genetic classification", and follows Ethnologue's classification. In 2005, linguists Lindsay J. Whaley and Lenore Grenoble considered that "Ethnologue" "continues to provide the most comprehensive and reliable count of numbers of speakers of the world's languages", still they recognize that "individual language surveys may have far more accurate counts for a specific language, but "The Ethnologue" is unique in bringing together speaker statistics on a global scale". In 2006, computational linguists John C. Paolillo and Anupam Das conducted a systematic evaluation of available information on language populations for the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. They reported that "Ethnologue" and Linguasphere were the only comprehensive sources of information about language populations and that "Ethnologue" had more specific information. They concluded that: "the language statistics available today in the form of the "Ethnologue" population counts are already good enough to be useful" According to linguist William Poser, "Ethnologue" was, as of 2006, the "best single source of information" on language classification. In 2008 linguists Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona highly commended "Ethnologue" in "Language". They described it as a highly valuable catalogue of the world's languages that "has become the standard reference" and whose "usefulness is hard to overestimate". They concluded that "Ethnologue" was "truly excellent, highly valuable, and the very best book of its sort available."


title: Ethnologue

text: In a review of "Ethnologue"'s 2009 edition in "Ethnopolitics", Richard Oliver Collin, professor of politics, noted that ""Ethnologue" has become a standard resource for scholars in the other social sciences: anthropologists, economists, sociologists and, obviously, sociolinguists". According to Collin, "Ethnologue" is "stronger in languages spoken by indigenous peoples in economically less-developed portions of the world" and "when recent in-depth country-studies have been conducted, information can be very good; unfortunately [...] data are sometimes old".


title: Ethnologue

text: In 2012, linguist Asya Pereltsvaig described "Ethnologue" as "a reasonably good source of thorough and reliable geographical and demographic information about the world's languages". She added in 2021 that its maps "are generally fairly accurate although they often depict the linguistic situation as it once was or as someone might imagine it to be but not as it actually is". Linguist George Tucker Childs wrote in 2012 that: ""Ethnologue" is the most widely referenced source for information on languages of the world", but he added that regarding African languages, "when evaluated against recent field experience [Ethnologue] seems at least out of date". In 2014, "Ethnologue" admitted that some of its data was out-of-date and switched from a four-year publication cycle (in print and online) to yearly online updates.


title: Ethnologue

text: In 2017, Robert Phillipson and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas described "Ethnologue" as "the most comprehensive global source list for (mostly oral) languages". According to the 2018 "Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics", "Ethnologue" is a "comprehensive, frequently updated [database] on languages and language families'. According to quantitative linguists Simon Greenhill, "Ethnologue" offers, as of 2018, "sufficiently accurate reflections of speaker population size". Linguists Lyle Campbell and Kenneth Lee Rehg wrote in 2018 that "Ethnologue" was "the best source that list the non-endangered languages of the world". Lyle Campbell and Russell Barlow also noted that the 2017 edition of "Ethnologue" "improved [its] classification markedly". They note that "Ethnologue"'s genealogy is similar to that of the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) but different from that of the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat) and Glottolog. Linguist Lisa Matthewson commented in 2020 that "Ethnologue" offers "accurate information about speaker numbers". In a 2021 review of "Ethnologue" and Glottolog, linguist Shobhana Chelliah noted that "For better or worse, the impact of the site is indeed considerable. [...] Clearly, the site has influence on the field of linguistics and beyond." She added that she, among other linguists, integrated "Ethnologue" in her linguistics classes."


title: Ethnologue

text: The "Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics" uses "Ethnologue" as its primary source for the list of languages and language maps. According to linguist Suzanne Romaine, "Ethnologue" is also the leading source for research on language diversity. According to "The Oxford Handbook of Language and Society", "Ethnologue" is "the standard reference source for the listing and enumeration of Endangered Languages, and for all known and "living" languages of the world"." Similarly, linguist David Bradley describes "Ethnologue" as "the most comprehensive effort to document the level of endangerment in languages around the world." The US National Science Foundation uses "Ethnologue" to determine which languages are endangered. According to Hammarström et al., "Ethnologue" is, as of 2022, one of the three global databases documenting language endangerment with the "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" and the Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat). The University of Hawaii Kaipuleohone language archive uses "Ethnologue"'s metadata as well. The "World Atlas of Language Structures" uses "Ethnologue"'s genealogical classification. The Rosetta Project uses "Ethnologue"'s language metadata.


title: Ethnologue

text: In 2005, linguist Harald Hammarström wrote that "Ethnologue" was consistent with specialist views most of the time and was a catalog "of very high absolute value and by far the best of its kind". In 2011, Hammarström created Glottolog in response to the lack of a comprehensive language bibliography, especially in "Ethnologue". In 2015, Hammarström reviewed the 16th, 17th, and 18th editions of "Ethnologue" and described the frequent lack of citations as its only "serious fault" from a scientific perspective. He concluded: ""Ethnologue" is at present still better than any other nonderivative work of the same scope. [It] is an impressively comprehensive catalogue of world languages, and it is far superior to anything else produced prior to 2009. In particular, it is superior by virtue of being explicit." According to Hammarström, as of 2016, "Ethnologue" and Glottolog are the only global-scale continually maintained inventories of the world's languages. The main difference is that "Ethnologue" includes additional information (such as speaker numbers or vitality) but lacks systematic sources for the information given. In contrast, Glottolog provides no language context information but points to primary sources for further data. Contrary to "Ethnologue", Glottolog doesn't run its own surveys, but it uses "Ethnologue" as one of its primary sources. As of 2019, Hammarström uses "Ethnologue" in his articles, noting that it "has (unsourced, but) detailed information associated with each speech variety, such as speaker numbers and map location". In response to feedback about the lack of references, "Ethnologue" added in 2013 a link on each language to language resources from the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) "Ethnologue" acknowledges that it rarely quotes any source verbatim but cites sources wherever specific statements are directly attributed to them, and corrects missing attributions upon notification. The website provides a list of all of the references cited. In her 2021 review, Shobhana Chelliah noted that Glottolog aims to be better than "Ethnologue" in language classification and genetic and areal relationships by using linguists' original sources.


title: Ethnologue

text: Starting with the 17th edition, "Ethnologue" has been published every year, on February 21, which is International Mother Language Day.


title: 2018 AFL draft

text: The 2018 AFL draft consisted of the various periods where the 18 clubs in the Australian Football League (AFL) traded and recruited players following the completion of the 2018 AFL season.


title: 2018 AFL draft

text: For the first time, the AFL draft featured live trading of picks and was held over two days, with the first round held on the evening of Thursday, 22 November and the remainder of the draft being held on Friday, 23 November The draft was held in Victoria for the first time since 2009.


title: 2018 AFL draft

text: Since 2015, clubs have been able to trade future picks in the next year's national draft during the trade period. As a result, a total of 29 selections for the 2018 draft were traded during the 2017 trade period, and the selection order for each of these picks is tied to the original club's finishing position in the 2018 season.


title: 2018 AFL draft

text: Prior to the draft, the two bottom teams and applied for Priority Picks in the National Draft, which the AFL denied. However, were granted pre-draft access to up to three and up to two mature-aged State League players each, these selections could be traded to other clubs.


title: 2018 AFL draft

text: Clubs were able to promote any player who was listed on their rookie list in 2018 to their 2019 primary playing list prior to the draft.


title: 2018 AFL draft

text: Shortly before the National draft, the AFL introduced a new mechanism to allow clubs to sign certain eligible players direct to their Rookie List, rather than through the draft, provided the club had vacancies on their rookie list. Eligible players could be listed between December and March.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: NCAA Football 14 is an American football video game published by EA Sports and developed by EA Tiburon. Part of the "NCAA Football" series, it is the successor to "NCAA Football 13". Despite the game's positive critical and commercial reception, no sequel was produced the following year. Due to legal issues surrounding the game's use of college player likenesses, actually, "NCAA Football 2014" is the last installment of the "NCAA Football" series. As the most recent entry in the dormant series, the game continues to be played, with unofficial roster updates being released reflecting subsequent seasons. However, the game is now out of print and has become one of the most valuable and sought after games on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: "NCAA Football 14" is part of Electronic Arts's "NCAA Football" video game series. Part of the game's development focused on improving its user interface and presentation, with a mantra to "keep things fast" and "keep things moving". The changes included a streamlined main menu (replacing a graphically-intensive menu design modeled upon the "ESPN College Football" graphics package), a shorter pre-game segment, more varied in-game vignettes, and a new halftime show with ESPN's Rece Davis and David Pollack. The game featured Kirk Herbstreit and Brad Nessler as commentators.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: On March 10, 2013, it was announced that former Michigan quarterback Denard Robinson would be the cover athlete for the game. A fan vote beginning on December 5, 2012 allowed fans to choose what teams would be represented on the cover. After it was narrowed down to 32, a second round of voting narrowed it down to 16. A third round reduced it to 8 teams with players. Players also vying for the cover were Eddie Lacy, Kenjon Barner, Jarvis Jones, EJ Manuel, Ryan Swope, Andre Ware, John Simon, and Tyler Eifert.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: NCAA Football 14 has an aggregate score for both the Xbox 360 and PS3 versions on Metacritic of 77. The aggregate score on Gamerankings for the PS3 version is 77.27%, and for Xbox 360 it is 78.42%.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: The game received mixed reviews. GameSpot gave the game a 6/10, praising the on-field action but criticizing the unnecessary experience system, the recruiting process, and the lack of significant changes from NCAA Football 13. IGN, who gave the game a 7.4/10, had similar comments, praising the fun running game and improvements to Dynasty Mode, but criticizing online servers, the dated visuals, and the "generic" feel to the game.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: Three new NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) teams were added to "NCAA Football 14": Georgia State, Old Dominion, and South Alabama. South Alabama joined the FBS in 2012 but had been left out of "NCAA Football 13". Georgia State and South Alabama joined the Sun Belt while Old Dominion was soon to join Conference USA. This brought the total number of teams in the game up from 123 to 126. The teams below are based on College Football Revamped


title: NCAA Football 14

text: As of 2022, "NCAA Football 2014" is the most recent installment of EA Sports NCAA series. The main reason behind the decision was the ongoing debate on whether NCAA athletes should receive payment. Many players argued the game series used their likeness, yet they saw no compensation. Despite the series stagnation, dedicated fans have been putting in a collective effort to keep the rosters updated to the best of the game's allowed capabilities via online roster updates and sports forums.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: College Football Revamped is a mod for NCAA Football 14 created by fans, it includes updated rosters, team logos, fields, and the College Football Playoff, for NCAA Football 14 was released in the BCS era.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: College Football Revamped has an overhauled menu screen, better graphics and lighting and it has updated team rankings.


title: NCAA Football 14

text: College Football Revamped adds all new FBS teams when they join the subdivision, except Liberty. The following teams were removed from the game to add the new teams for the mod:


title: NCAA Football 14

text: On February 2, 2021, EA Sports announced via twitter that the NCAA Football video game series will be returning in the near future for next generation consoles, in an iteration called EA Sports College Football.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: The Great Lakes megalopolis consists of the group of metropolitan areas in North America largely in the Great Lakes region. It extends from the Midwestern United States in the south and west to western Pennsylvania and Western New York in the east and northward through Southern Ontario into southwestern Quebec in Canada. It is the most populated and largest megalopolis in North America.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: At its most inclusive, in the United States the region cuts a wide swath from the twin cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul in Minnesota in the west, south to St. Louis and Louisville, Kentucky, and east to Rochester, New York; in Canada, it continues northeasterly to Quebec City. This broader region had an estimated population of 59,144,461 as of 2011 and is projected to reach a population of about 65 million by 2025. Within this broad region, there is a core area of more continual urban development that includes Chicago, Milwaukee, Grand Rapids, South Bend, Detroit-Windsor, Columbus, Cleveland, Toledo, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Rochester, Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, and the metropolitan areas between these.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: The region was partially outlined as an emergent megalopolis in the 1961 book "Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States" by French geographer Jean Gottmann. Gottmann envisaged the development of other megalopolises in the U.S.: from Boston to Washington, D.C., from Chicago to Pittsburgh, and from San Francisco to San Diego.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: In 1965, futurist Herman Kahn speculated about the three megalopolises in the year 2000. In the 1960s and 1970s, urban planner and architect Constantinos Doxiadis wrote books, studies, and reports about the growth potential of the Great Lakes Megalopolis. Doxiadis envisioned Detroit (on the U.S.-Canada border across from Windsor) as the central urban area in this megalopolis, which he defined as extending "from Milwaukee and Chicago to Detroit, Pittsburgh and Buffalo and into Canada from Windsor to Montreal and Quebec".


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: In 2005, the Virginia Tech Metropolitan Institute's "Beyond Megalopolis", an attempt to update Gottmann's work, outlined a similar "Midwest" megapolitan area as one of ten such areas in the United States (Canada is discussed tangentially). Over 200 million tons of cargo are shipped annually through the Great Lakes. The America 2050 project identified 11 Megaregions of the United States, including the Great Lakes Megalopolis. The Canadian part of the region is also referred to as the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, and the densest part in Southern Ontario has long been known as the Golden Horseshoe.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: There are multiple government jurisdictions throughout the megalopolis. In addition to the federal governments of the United States and Canada, there are multiple U.S. state and two Canadian province jurisdictions, and many county and local governments. Most of the states have joined the provinces in forming the Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers to coordinate economic and environmental strategies throughout most of the region.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: According to the Brookings Institution, if it stood alone as a country, the economy of the Great Lakes region, which includes most of the Great Lakes Megalopolis, would be one of the largest economic units in the world with a $4.5-trillion gross regional product, roughly equal to Japan's. The five Great Lakes contain one-fifth of the world's surface fresh water and have a combined shoreline of 10,210 miles (17,017 km). About 200 million tons of cargo are shipped through the Great Lakes each year.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: The Chicago metropolitan area is by far the megalopolis's largest economy with over $770 billion in annual GDP. Tourism is important to the overall region's economy as well. The Great Lakes Cruising Coalition supports passenger ship cruises through a joint U.S-Canadian venture to Great Lakes Ports and the Saint Lawrence Seaway.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: The Great Lakes Megalopolis is home to many prestigious institutions of higher education. Two founding members of the Association of American Universities(AAU): the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois and the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan are located in the region. The University of Chicago and Northwestern University in the Chicago area are two high-ranking world universities. Other major universities include the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario; McGill University in Montreal, Quebec; Carnegie Mellon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: The region also contains large multi-campus state university systems such as the University of Illinois System, University of Minnesota System, University of Missouri System, University of Wisconsin System, the University System of Ohio, the Indiana University System, and the Purdue University System.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: The Great Lakes Megalopolis includes the following major inter-urban corridors that are provided with freeway and passenger rail service in both the "core" and "fringe" areas of the mega-region. Major waterways for shipping and cruising are also indicated where applicable. Amtrak in the United States and Via Rail in Canada offer rail passenger service, while most Class I freight rail services also connect these points. Major rail shipping services in both Canada and the United States is provided on tracks owned by Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: This corridor occupies the northwestern fringe of the megalopolis. It occupies northern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and parts of eastern Minnesota. Interstate 94 and Amtrak rail run roughly parallel from Chicago to Minneapolis/St. Paul by way of Milwaukee and Madison, Wisconsin.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: Interstate 65 extends from the Chicago area southeast to Indianapolis, where Interstate 74 travels through to Cincinnati. Amtrak runs regular service along this same route.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: Interstate 90 and Amtrak run approximately parallel through the core area of the megalopolis from Chicago to Cleveland via South Bend, Indiana, and Toledo, Ohio, then into the eastern fringe area comprising Buffalo and Rochester, New York. Amtrak also has a passenger rail link from Cleveland to Pittsburgh which is roughly paralleled by Interstate 76. The main water route deviates well to the north of the land route from Chicago to Detroit. It runs north along Lake Michigan, east through the Straits of Mackinac, then south along Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, and Lake St Clair to the Detroit River. From this point, the water route roughly parallels the land route to Rochester by way of Lake Erie, the Welland Canal, and Lake Ontario.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: Interstate 94 takes a more northerly route than I-90 through the megalopolis core area east of Chicago. It extends from that city to the west end of the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor by way of Kalamazoo, Ann Arbor, Detroit, and Port Huron, Michigan/Sarnia, Ontario. This interstate freeway is also paralleled by Amtrak rail service. The main water route is the same as for the western part of the Chicago-Rochester water corridor from Lake Michigan to the Detroit River. Amtrak also serves this route with the Wolverine service, between Chicago and Pontiac via Ann Arbor and Detroit.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: The Windsor-Quebec City Corridor lies along the northeastern fringe of the Great Lakes megalopolis. The entire Canadian section of the broader megaregion is sometimes considered a separate megalopolis. Key freeways include Highway 401 and Highway 417 in Ontario which connect with Autoroute 20 and Autoroute 40 respectively in Quebec. Highway 416 and Autoroute 50 link the National Capital Region with Highway 401 and the Montreal area respectively, but the two freeways do not link directly with each other across the Ontario-Quebec border. Passenger rail service is provided in both provinces by the Via Rail Corridor Service. Intermediate points along the corridor include London, Kitchener, Hamilton, St. Catharines, Toronto, Kingston, Ottawa, and Montreal. The main water shipping route is the same as for the eastern part of the Chicago-Rochester corridor, starting at the Detroit River but continuing east beyond Lake Ontario along the St. Lawrence Seaway to Quebec City and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: Several corridors have interstate highways but no comprehensive passenger rail service. These highway routes pass through both core and fringe areas of the Great Lakes megalopolis. The upper Great lakes region has a marine corridor that connects Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. However, this route does not include parallel Amtrak passenger rail or interstate highway service.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: Interstate 70 follows the southern fringe of the megaregion. It runs from Kansas City to just south of Pittsburgh by way of St. Louis, Indianapolis, Dayton, Ohio, and Columbus, Ohio.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: Interstate 96 serves traffic between the Detroit and Grand Rapids metro areas. The route passes through Lansing on the way and extends to Muskegon to the northwest of Grand Rapids


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: Interstate 69 extends from Evansville to Martinsville, Indiana. From there, the route is temporarily an arterial highway, Indiana State Road 37, to the Interstate 465 ring road around Indianapolis. From there, I-69 resumes and continues to the west end of the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor, crossing the border into Canada and becoming Ontario Highway 402, which eventually leads to Highway 401. Intermediate points include Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Lansing, Flint, and Port Huron, Michigan/Sarnia, Ontario.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: Interstate 75 runs from Saginaw, Michigan, to Cincinnati by way of Detroit, and Toledo, Lima, and Dayton, Ohio.


title: Great Lakes megalopolis

text: The waterway connecting Duluth, Minnesota, and western Lake Superior to points east and south includes the Soo Locks connecting to Lake Huron, then south to Port Huron MI/Sarnia ON or through the Straits of Mackinac to the metropolitan areas around Lake Michigan.


title: Leftoverture

text: Leftoverture is the fourth studio album by American rock band Kansas, released in 1976. The album was reissued in remastered format on CD in 2001. It was the band's first album to be certified by the RIAA, and remains their highest selling album, having been certified 5 times platinum in the United States.


title: Leftoverture

text: Steve Walsh began to experience writer's block prior to the recording, and his contribution to the album would ultimately be limited to co-authoring three songs. It fell on Kerry Livgren to fill the void. The new compositions retained much of the classically inspired complexity of Livgren's previous work. Kansas recorded the album at Studio in the Country in Bogalusa, Louisiana. The Studio in the Country was so named because, as Livgren described on "In the Studio with Redbeard" radio show in the episode spotlighting "Leftoverture", "it was in the middle of a swamp. We'd walk out of the studio and there would be gators in front of the studio, mosquitos the size of B-52s and at times armadillos would run into the control room."


title: Leftoverture

text: "Leftoverture" opens with the song "Carry On Wayward Son", which Livgren wrote as a sequel to "The Pinnacle", the final song from the previous album "Masque" (1975).


title: Leftoverture

text: The album was met with mixed reviews. "Rolling Stone" called "Leftoverture" Kansas's best album to date, and said that it "warrants Kansas a spot right alongside Boston and Styx as one of the fresh new American bands who combine hard-driving group instrumentation (with a dearth of flashy solos) with short, tight melody lines and pleasant singing." The magazine "Playboy" reviewed the album as "extremely strong" and lauded Kansas for representing "the solid, Midwestern values of our vast musical heartland." In contrast, Robert Christgau said the album lacked the intelligence and conviction of European progressive rock, and that the self-deprecating humor implied in the song and album titles is completely absent from the record itself.


title: Leftoverture

text: More recently, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that the album contains "neither hooks nor true grandiosity to make it interesting" and, despite the great single "Carry On Wayward Son," the fact that Kansas "never manage to rival it anywhere on this record is as much a testament to their crippling ambition as their lack of skills." Gary Graff was more enthusiastic, finding "Leftoverture" to be "Kansas' breakthrough album and a thorough representation of its assorted musical sensibilities." "Ultimate Classic Rock" considered "Carry On Wayward Son", "Magnum Opus", "The Wall", "What's on My Mind" and "Opus Insert" to be classics. "Ultimate Classic Rock" critic Eduardo Rivadavia rated "The Wall" as Kansas' 6th greatest song, saying it addresses the same theme that Pink Floyd addressed in their rock opera "The Wall" but accomplishes it in less than 5 minutes. Rivadavia also says of "The Wall" that it "exhibited the vast scope of the band's orchestral vision and melodic gifts like no other Kansas song before it. Rivadavia also rated "Carry On Wayword Son" as Kansas' greatest song.


title: Leftoverture

text: "Cash Box" said of the single "What's on My Mind" that it has a "combination of accessible pop melodies and brittle-edged instrumentation" and that "there are hooks here in the guitar work as well as the harmony vocals."


title: Dingle

text: Dingle (Irish: "An Daingean" or "Daingean Uí Chúis", meaning "fort of Ó Cúis") is a town in County Kerry, Ireland. The only town on the Dingle Peninsula, it sits on the Atlantic coast, about southwest of Tralee and northwest of Killarney.


title: Dingle

text: Principal industries in the town are tourism, fishing and agriculture: Dingle Mart (livestock market) serves the surrounding countryside. In 2016 Dingle had a population of 2,050 with 13.7% of the population speaking Irish on a daily basis outside the education system. Dingle is situated in a "Gaeltacht" region. An adult Bottlenose dolphin named Fungie had been courting human contact in Dingle Bay since 1983 but disappeared in 2020.


title: Dingle

text: A large number of Ogham stones were set up in an enclosure in the 4th and 5th centuries AD at Ballintaggart.


title: Dingle

text: The town developed as a port following the Norman invasion of Ireland. By the thirteenth century, more goods were being exported through Dingle than Limerick, and in 1257 an ordinance of King Henry III imposed customs on the port's exports. By the fourteenth century, importing wine was a major business. The 1st Earl of Desmond, who held palatine powers in the area, imposed a tax on this activity around 1329. By the sixteenth century, Dingle was one of Ireland's main trading ports, exporting fish and hides and importing wines from the continent of Europe. French and Spanish fishing fleets used the town as a base.


title: Dingle

text: Connections with Spain were particularly strong, and in 1529 The 11th Earl of Desmond and the ambassador of Emperor Charles V signed the Treaty of Dingle. Dingle was also a major embarkation port for pilgrims to travel to the shrine of Saint James at Santiago de Compostela. The parish church was rebuilt in the sixteenth century under "Spanish patronage" and dedicated to the saint.


title: Dingle

text: In 1569 the commerce of the town was increased when it was listed as one of fifteen towns or cities which were to have a monopoly on the import of wine.


title: Dingle

text: The Dingle Peninsula was the scene of much of the military activity of 1579–80. On 17 July 1579 James FitzMaurice FitzGerald brought a small fleet of ships to Dingle. He made landfall, launching the Second Desmond Rebellion, but was to die soon after in a minor skirmish with the forces of a cousin. The fleet left the town after three days, anchoring at "Dún an Óir" at the western end of the peninsula, leading eventually to the Siege of Smerwick of 1580.


title: Dingle

text: The residents of Dingle applied in 1569 for a "murage grant" to construct walls around the town. The grant was not forthcoming on that occasion. Following the defeat of the Desmond Rebellion, Queen Elizabeth directed that a royal charter be granted to incorporate the town as a borough, and to allow for the construction of walls. Traces of these town walls can still be seen, while the street layout preserves the pattern of burgage plots.


title: Dingle

text: Although Elizabeth intended to grant a charter, the document was only obtained in 1607. On 2 March of that year her successor, James I, sealed the charter, although the borough and its corporation had already been in existence for twenty-two years. The head of the corporation was the sovereign, fulfilling the role of a mayor. In addition to the sovereign, who was elected annually on the Feast of St Michael, the corporation consisted of twelve burgesses. The area of jurisdiction of the corporation was all land and sea within two Irish miles of the parish church. The borough also had admiralty jurisdiction over Dingle, Ventry, Smerwick and Ferriter's Creek "as far as an arrow would fly".


title: Dingle

text: The charter also created Dingle a parliamentary borough, or constituency, electing two members to the House of Commons of the Irish Parliament.


title: Dingle

text: Dingle suffered greatly in the Nine Years' War and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, being burnt or sacked on a number of occasions. The town started to recover in the eighteenth century, due to the efforts of the Fitzgerald family, Knights of Kerry, who established themselves at "The Grove" at this time. Robert Fitzgerald imported flax seed and by 1755 a flourishing linen industry had been established, with cloth worth £60,000 produced annually. The trade collapsed following the industrial production of cotton in Great Britain, and was virtually extinct by 1837. The town fell victim to a cholera plague in 1849.


title: Dingle

text: Dingle is a major fishing port, and the industry dates back to about 1830. The 1870s saw major development, when "nobby" fleets from the Isle of Man came in search of mackerel. Lowestoft herring trawlers subsequently joined the fleet, allowing for a longer fishing season. The pier and maritime facilities were developed by the Congested Districts Board, and the arrival of rail transport in 1891 allowed for the transport of fish throughout the country, and a canning and curing industry developed.


title: Dingle

text: There are three primary schools in Dingle: Scoil An Ghleanna, Scoil Iognáid Rís and Bunscoil an Clochair. There are also two secondary schools - Pobalscoil Chorca Dhuibhne and Coláiste Íde Boarding School. Dingle as part of the Corca Dhuibhne Gaeltacht also hosts Irish School for students during the Summer.


title: Dingle

text: Dingle's St. Mary's is a neo-Gothic church built to designs by J. J. McCarthy and O'Connell. The foundation stone was laid in 1862. It originally had a nave and aisles separated by arcades, supported on columns capped by octagonal tops. The arcades were demolished in one of the most radical reordering schemes to have been executed in Ireland. The project also saw the demolition of the exterior walls to below the original clerestory level, and, most notably, of the attic and upper ranges of the west elevation.


title: Dingle

text: The Chapel of the Sacred Heart is a neo-gothic chapel attached to Saint Mary's. It was built for a local enclosed order of Presentation Sisters, by the architect C. J. McCarthy in 1886. The major Irish artist Harry Clarke produced six double-lancet stained glass windows for the chapel which were installed in 1924. The lancets depict scenes from the life of Christ. Clarke was at the time a leading figure in the Arts and Crafts movement and was paid a fee of £1,000 for the works.


title: Dingle

text: There are many opportunities to hear traditional Irish music , particularly during the summer tourist season. Dingle has a number of pubs as well as restaurants and cafes. The aquarium, "Oceanworld Aquarium", is home to a number of tropical, foreign and native animals, and a number of art and craft shops.


title: Dingle

text: Dingle is home to Murphy's Ice Cream, a cafe that serves ice cream and coffee. Murphy's has homemade ice cream made from Kerry cattle.


title: Dingle

text: St. Manchan's Oratory (An Teampall Geal), a medieval oratory with ogham stone and souterrain, lies on nearby Lateeve Hill.


title: Dingle

text: Dingle is home to the Dingle GAA club, which plays the popular game of Gaelic football. The most noted tournament in which Dingle competes is the Kerry Senior Football Championship. Rugbaí Chorca Dhuibhne, the local rugby team, and Dingle Bay Rovers F.C. are based in the area.


title: Dingle

text: Bus routes serving Dingle include routes to Killarney, to Tralee, to Kerry Airport, to Cloghane (via Castlegregory), and to Ballydavid (via Ballyferriter and Dunquin).


title: Dingle

text: Car rental services are available primarily from Kerry Airport, with international and local businesses operating services.


title: Dingle

text: Dingle was formerly the western terminus of the narrow-gauge Tralee and Dingle Light Railway, which closed in 1953. The station was sited opposite the hospital, on the N86 road into the town from Lispole, where an undertakers premises and disused petrol station now stand. The railway station opened on 1 April 1891, closed for passenger traffic on 17 April 1939 and for regular goods traffic on 10 March 1947, finally closing altogether on 1 July 1953, by which time a cattle train once per month was the sole operation.


title: Dingle

text: Today, the closest train terminal is Tralee, with bus services operating from Tralee Bus and Rail Stations. In addition, bus services operate from Killarney Bus and Rail Stations to Dingle.


title: Dingle

text: In 2005, Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs Éamon Ó Cuív announced that anglicised place names (such as 'Dingle') of "Gaeltacht" towns and villages would no longer feature on official signposts, and only the Irish language names would appear. The English-language version of the town's name was thus officially dropped in early 2005, with the largely colloquial Irish name "An Daingean" being advanced.


title: Dingle

text: In the case of Dingle, the move was particularly controversial, as the town relies heavily on the tourist industry, and there was fear that the change could prevent visitors from finding the town. Detractors noted that tourists might not recognise the Irish name on signposts and that there could also be confusion with a similarly named town (Daingean) in County Offaly. Supporters rejected this argument, pointing out that there are numerous towns in Ireland with similar names. The minister added to the controversy by suggesting that a name change to English could be brought about by removing the town's "Gaeltacht" status, thereby losing its entitlement to government grants for Irish-speaking areas.


title: Dingle

text: In late 2005, Kerry County council approved the holding of a plebiscite for the change of name to the bilingual "Dingle/"Daingean Uí Chúis"" which took place in October 2006. The result was announced on 20 October, and 1,005 of the 1,086 returned ballots (electorate: 1,222) favoured the change to the bilingual version. Éamon Ó Cuív stated, however, that there was no remit to act on the results of the plebiscite. Nevertheless, in 2008, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government John Gormley announced his intention to amend the local government laws to allow names chosen by plebiscite to supersede any Placenames Order under the "Official Languages Act 2003". This would mean that "Daingean Uí Chúis" would be the official name of the town in Irish, with "Dingle" the official name in English. However, the name of the town on road signs within the "Gaeltacht" will continue to display the name of the town in Irish only. In the meantime, some locals took matters into their own hands by spray painting "Dingle" on road signs that bore only the Irish version of the name. Section 48 of the Environment (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2011 specifically made "Dingle" the English name and "Daingean Uí Chúis" the Irish name.


title: Satyabhama

text: Satyabhama, also known as Satrajiti, is a Hindu goddess and the third queen-consort of the Hindu god Krishna. Satyabhama is described as the incarnation of Bhudevi, the goddess and the personification of the earth. She aided Krishna in defeating the asura Narakasura.


title: Satyabhama

text: Satyabhama was the daughter of Yadava King Satrajita, the royal treasurer of Dwaraka, who was the owner of the Syamantaka jewel. Satrajit, who secured the jewel from the sun-god Surya and would not part with it even when Krishna, the king of Dvaraka, asked for it saying it would be safe with him. Shortly thereafter, Prasena, the brother of Satrajita, went out hunting wearing the jewel but was killed by a lion. Jambavan, known for his role in the Ramayana, killed the lion and gave the jewel to his daughter Jambavati. When Prasena did not return, there were accusations of Krishna murdering Prasena for stealing the jewel for himself.


title: Satyabhama

text: Krishna, in order to remove the stain on his reputation, set out with his men in search of the jewel and found it in Jambavan's cave, with his daughter. Jambavan attacked Krishna thinking him to be an intruder who had come to take away the jewel. They fought each other for 28 days, when Jambavan, whose whole body was terribly weakened from the incisions of Krishna's sword, finally recognized him as Rama and surrendered to him.


title: Satyabhama

text: As repentance for his deeds, Jambavan returned the jewel back to Krishna and requested him to marry his daughter Jambavati. Krishna returned the jewel to Satrajita. He promptly offered to give Krishna the jewel and his daughter Satyabhama, in marriage. Krishna accepted them, but refused the jewel.


title: Satyabhama

text: Satyabhama, with Krishna, had 10 sons - Bhanu, Swabhanu, Subhanu, Bhanumaan, Prabhanu, Atibhanu, Pratibhanu, Shribhanu, Bruhadbhanu, and Chandrabhanu.


title: Satyabhama

text: Narakasura was a danava tyrant, who captured and governed the city of Pragjothishya, believed in Assamese tradition to be located in the present-day Assam. He gained a boon from Brahma that he would die only in the hands of his mother. Armed with the boon, he ruled like a despot. Narakasura was infamous for his wicked ruling and high disregard for demigods and women. His mother was the earth goddess, Bhudevi. Also, his mother had obtained a boon from Vishnu that her son should die only when she wishes for.


title: Satyabhama

text: Addicted to power, he defeated Indra and abducted 16,000 women and imprisoned them in his palace. He stole the earrings of Aditi, the heavenly mother Goddess and usurped some of her territories. Upon this the king of the gods Indra requested Krishna to conquer and kill the asura and free Devaloka from his atrocities. At his request, Krishna sieged the city of Narkasura with the assistance of his vehicle, Garuda along with his beloved wife Satyabhama.


title: Satyabhama

text: A terrible battle ensued between Krishna and Narkasura. The asura on several occasions proved a match for Krishna and nullified several of the missiles which Krishna hurled at him. In one instance, the asura hurled a shakti towards Krishna, which hurt Krishna mildly and fell unconscious. This enraged Satyabhama who in turn shot arrows at Narakasura and Satyabhama killed Narakasura finally. Satyabhma is the Incarnation of Bhudevi during Krishna Incarnation of Vishnu and therefore the boon granted to Bhudevi was fulfilled. Thereafter, Krishna obtained the stolen ear-rings of the mother of the gods, Aditi. Aditi was pleased by Satyabhama's dedication towards her husband and gave her a boon of staying young and beautiful forever. This great day is celebrated as Narak-Chaturdashi which falls in the festival of Deepavali (the first important day of Deepavali).


title: Satyabhama

text: Krishna's victory against Narakasura translated into freedom for all his prisoners and honouring of Aditi. Having rescued the 16,000 women, Krishna married them to restore them of their honour in society due to being in captivity for a long time. However, the marriage here is only to be viewed as the Lord is more of a saviour of these 16,000 women rather than actually marrying them. It is said that Krishna is only married to eight women and that Rukmini, his first wife and chief consort, stands unique in her devotion and love for Krishna.


title: Satyabhama

text: "Seeing Vasudeva in that condition, Satyabhama fanned him with chamaras and Garuda, with his wings. Krishna, finding relief and regaining consciousness, gave Satyabhama his bow Sarnga, which can be wielded in battle only with difficulty due to its great weight, and told her: "Devi, battle now with Naraka. I am suffering and I am tired from the fighting." When Devi Satyabhma was told thus, she, the noble one who always spoke the truth, began to battle with the evil Naraka. Satya, the wife of the wielder of Sarnga, pierced Naraka with sharp narachas, crescent-shaped arrows and with bhallas.”"


title: Satyabhama

text: "In the city of Nirmochana that hero slew six thousand Asuras, and cutting into pieces innumerable keen-edged shafts, he slew Mura and hosts of Rakshasas, and then entered that city. It was there, that an encounter took place between the mighty' Naraka and Vishnu of immeasurable strength. Slain by Krishna, Naraka lay lifeless there, like a Karnikara tree uprooted by the wind. Having slain the Earth's son, Naraka, and also Mura, and having recovered those jewelled ear-rings, the learned Krishna of unparalleled prowess came back, adorned with beauty and undying fame."


title: Satyabhama

text: "Seeing the trident, decorated with gold, arriving, Krishna of wonderful deeds, split it in two with a sharp edged arrow (Kshurapra). The war with the asura of terrible form (Naraka) became terrible. The war with the great soul naraka was with various weapons. The slayer of Madhu Krishna fought naraka for some time. With his sparkling discus, he(Krishna) cut the terrible naraka in two. His body, split in two by discus fell on the earth, like the peak of a mountain split by the vajra of indra in two parts."


title: Satyabhama

text: "Together with Queen Satyabhama, the Lord mounted His carrier Garuḍa and traveled to the capital of Narakasura's Kingdom. On a field outside the city He decapitated the asura Mura with His disc. Then He fought Mura's seven sons and sent them all to the abode of death, after which Narakasura himself entered the battlefield on the back of an elephant. Naraka threw his sakti lance at Sri Krishna, but the weapon proved ineffective, and the Lord cut the demon's entire army to pieces. Finally, with His sharp-edged disc Krishna cut off Narakasura's head."


title: Satyabhama

text: "Having slain Mum, Hayagriva, and Pancajana, the wise Hari rapidly reached the city of Pragjyotiṣa: there a fierce conflict took place with the troops of Naraka, in which Govinda destroyed thousands of demons; and when Naraka came into the field, showering upon the deity all sorts of weapons, the wielder of the discus, and annihilator of the asura tribe, cut him in two with his celestial missile. Naraka being slain, Earth, bearing the two earrings of Aditi, approached the lord of the world."


title: Satyabhama

text: The legend of the tulabharam is a folktale from Odisha, and is absent in the major scriptures pertaining to Krishna's life. In the tale, Satyabhama is regarded to have prided herself on the love Krishna had for her, and her grasp over his heart. On one contrived occasion, the sage Narada arrived in Dvaraka, and during the course of a conversation, hinted to Satyabhama that the love that Krishna's favourite wife was Rukmini, and not her. Angered by his remark, Satyabhama challenged Narada to prove it. Narada, with his way with words, tricked her into accepting a vrata ritual, where she had to give Krishna away in charity to Narada, and reclaim him by offering the weight of Krishna in wealth. Narada is said to have persuaded her into accepting this vrata by telling her that Krishna's love for her would increase multifold if she succeeded in the tulabharam.


title: Satyabhama

text: The scene was soon set for the vrata. Satyabhama gave Krishna away in charity, in spite of the other wives' pleadings. Krishna agreed to sit by and watch the proceedings unfold. After donating Krishna to Narada, Satyabhama arranged for a big scale (tula) to be put up, and sent for her huge treasure of gold and jewellery. The scales did not budge. Narada warned her that if she was unable to balance the scales, he would be forced to auction Krishna as a slave to someone else. Satyabhama, in frantic panic, swallowed her pride, and begged all the other wives to give up their jewels. The entire weight of the jewellery of Krishna's wives did not succeed in balancing the scales. In the end, Rukmini was able to resolve the situation by offering a single tulasi leaf upon the other scale, after chanting a prayer, which balanced the scales. This legend is often interpreted to demonstrate that one's devotion matters more than material offerings. While there are different versions in different texts as to why the weighing was arranged, the story of the tulasi leaf placed by Rukmini being worth more in weight than that of Satyabhama's wealth is a common ending.


title: Satyabhama

text: "Satyabhama tied down Hari against a tree and presented Him as a gift to Narada; afterwards she, the passionate woman, freed Krishna on paying an equivalent of gold coins. - chapter 25, book 4, Devi Bhagavata Purana".


title: Satyabhama

text: The Vana Parva, Book 3 of the Mahabharata, shows the friendship between Satyabhama and Draupadi. Krishna and Satyabhama visit Pandavas and Draupadi in the forest of Kamyaka. When the two women were alone, Satyabhama asks several questions of Draupadi about her married life or 'stridharma'. Draupadi, then, advises her and shares the secrets to a content marriage from her experience. Some of the themes which the two women discuss are: family, relationships, respect, work, etc.


title: Satyabhama

text: In the Ashvamedha Parva, when Bhima arrived in Dvaraka to give the invitation of an ashvamedha to Krishna, Krishna was served by Satyabhama.


title: Satyabhama

text: Satyabhama and few other dear wives of Krishna entered the woods, resolved to set themselves to the practice of penances. They began to live on fruits and roots and pass their time in the contemplation of Hari. Going beyond the Himavat, they took up their abode in a place called Kalpa.


title: Satyabhama

text: 'Bhama Kalapam', is a Kuchipudi dance-drama and narrates the story of Satyabhama. Traditionally, each dancer has to perform this piece at least once in their dancing career.


title: Satyabhama

text: In the olden days only men used to perform Kuchipudi. This tradition has changed and dance includes female performers. In recent times Bhama-daruvu is more common.


title: Satyabhama

text: In a sequence of the play , the dancer introduces him/herself as Satyabhama and claims that she is the most beautiful and intelligent wife of Lord Krishna. This is known to be the Patra Pravesa Daruvu.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: Karsten Warholm (; born 28 February 1996) is a Norwegian sprinter who competes in the 400 metres and 400 m hurdles. He’s the world record holder in the latter event.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: In July 2021, he broke the 29-year-old world record in 400 metres hurdles. The following month at the 2020 Summer Olympics, he won the gold medal in the 400 metres hurdles with a time of 45.94 seconds, breaking his own world record by over three-quarters of a second.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: Warholm has also won gold in the event at the World Championships in 2017 and 2019, as well as the 2018 European


title: Karsten Warholm

text: Championships. He is a two-time 400m hurdles Diamond League champion. In 2021, he was voted World Athletics Male Athlete of the Year.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: In March 2013, Warholm won eight gold medals in the Norwegian Youth Indoors Championships. In June at the 2013 Bislett Games, he competed in the 200 m. He finished seventh in his heat with a time of 22.25 s. Usain Bolt won a different heat at the same meet with a time of 19.79 s. At the 2013 World Youth Championships in July, he won gold in the boys' octathlon with 6451 points, a personal best.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: In 2014, Warholm competed in the decathlon as well as in specialised events. At the time, his possible future specialization were the long jump, hurdling and 400 metres. His weakest performances in the decathlon were in the throwing events.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: In July 2015, he won silver in the 400 m at the 2015 European Junior Championships with a time of 46.50 s, 0.02 s behind Benjamin Lobo Vedel. He also won silver in the decathlon with 7764 points, a personal best.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: In July 2016, while participating in the semi-final of the 400 m hurdles at the 2016 European Championships, he broke the Norwegian national record with a time of 48.84 s. He then finished sixth in the final, with a time of 49.82 s. In August, he made it to the semi-finals in the 400 m hurdles at the 2016 Summer Olympics.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: In July 2017, he won gold in the 400 m hurdles at the 2017 European U23 Championships, setting a championship record of 48.37 s. He also won silver in the 400 m with a time of 45.75 s. In August, he won gold in the 400 m hurdles at the 2017 World Championships with a time of 48.35 s. Two weeks after his success at the World Championships, he improved upon his own Norwegian record in the 400 m hurdles with a time of 48.22 s at the 2017 Weltklasse Zürich.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: At the 2018 European Championships Warholm won the gold medal in the 400 metres hurdles event with a time of 47.64 s, setting his new personal best and the new European U23 record.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: In March, Warholm won gold in the 400 m at the 2019 European Athletics Indoor Championships. His time of 45.05 s equalled the European record set by Thomas Schönlebe in 1988. In June, at the Oslo Bislett Games he broke the European men's 400 m hurdles record with a time of 47.33. At the Müller Anniversary Games in July, Warholm improved on his 400 m hurdles time, taking it to 47.12 s. At Weltklasse Zurich in August, Warholm set a new European record in the 400 m hurdles, with a time of 46.92, making him the third person to run under 47 seconds for the distance. He was chased to the finish line by Rai Benjamin, who became the fourth person to break 47 seconds, with a time of 46.98. At the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar, he won the 400 m hurdles in a time of 47.42 seconds, retaining his championship from 2017.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: On 11 June, Warholm competed in the Impossible Games in Bislett Stadion (Oslo, Norway). He ran the 300 metres hurdles with a world best time of 33.78, besting Chris Rawlinson's time of 34.48 set in 2002. He also ran 400 m indoors with a time of 45.97. On 23 August in Stockholm, Warholm ran a personal best of 46.87, narrowly missing Kevin Young's world record of 46.78. With this performance, Warholm became the first person to break 47 seconds twice.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: On 1 July 2021, in his first race of the season at Bislett Stadium in Oslo, Warholm broke Kevin Young's 1992 world record with a time of 46.70 s.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: Warholm later broke his own record by 0.76 seconds in the 2020 Olympic Games, winning gold in a new world record of 45.94 s, an enormous 1.63% improvement on the previous record – the previous improvement of that magnitude was either David Hemery's 0.82 s improvement to 48.12 s in 1968 (1.68%, using fully automatic time), or Glenn Davis's 0.9 s improvement to 49.5 s in 1956 (1.79%, by official records including hand timing by the rules in place at the time). Warholm became the first European to win the event since Volker Beck in 1980. Warholm's time, the first sub-46 s time for the 400m hurdles, was faster than 18 runners in the men's 400m without hurdles.


title: Karsten Warholm

text: The silver medalist in the final, Rai Benjamin, also beat the old record, with a time of 46.17 s; the bronze medalist, Alison dos Santos, was 0.02 seconds short of the old world record with a time of 46.72 s, but joined the other two in bettering the old Olympic record of 46.78 s. Warholm broke the old record without using the new "super spikes" worn by many of his competitors; Warholm has criticized those spikes as "bullshit".


title: Karsten Warholm

text: Warholm is in a relationship with girlfriend Oda Djupvik. He enjoys fishing, cars, and building Lego.


title: Bat-Signal

text: The Bat-Signal is a distress signal device appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, as a means to summon the superhero, Batman. It is a specially modified searchlight with a stylized emblem of a bat affixed to the light, allowing it to project a large bat symbol onto cloudy night skies over Gotham City.


title: Bat-Signal

text: The signal is used by the Gotham City Police Department as a method of contacting and summoning Batman in the event his help is needed, but also as a weapon of psychological intimidation to the numerous criminals of Gotham City.


title: Bat-Signal

text: To celebrate Batman's 80th anniversary, DC Comics and Warner Bros. lit the Bat-Signal in thirteen cities on September 21, 2019, starting in Melbourne and ending in Los Angeles.


title: Bat-Signal

text: The Bat-Signal first appeared in "Detective Comics" #60 (February 1942). The signal has several different origins in comics featuring post-Crisis continuity. It is introduced as a new tool after the Batman's first encounter with the Joker in the 2005 series "", and also during the 1990 "" storyline in "Legends of the Dark Knight".


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the 2006 series "Batman and the Mad Monk", Commissioner James Gordon initially uses a pager to contact Batman, but during a meeting with the superhero Gordon throws it away, saying he prefers a more public means of contacting him. After Batman departs, Gordon looks out at the city and considers the exceptional view from his current position, hinting at the future creation of the Signal.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the 1989 "Batman" film, Batman gives the signal to the Gotham police force, enabling them to call him when the city was in danger. In 2005's "Batman Begins", then-lieutenant James Gordon installs the Bat signal on the roof of the police department himself. The film suggests Gordon was inspired to create the signal after Batman left mobster Carmine Falcone chained across a spotlight after a confrontation at the docks, Falcone's silhouette on the spotlight vaguely resembling a bat.


title: Bat-Signal

text: On the 1992 television show "", the signal is introduced in the episode "The Cape and Cowl Conspiracy", though a makeshift signal was used earlier in "Joker's Favor". On 2004's "The Batman", Gordon invents it to summon Batman in "Night in the City", although the signal is also alluded to in an earlier episode.


title: Bat-Signal

text: The Bat-Signal made its first on-screen appearance in the "Batman and Robin" serial by Columbia. In its first incarnation, it was simply a high powered projector that was actually kept in Commissioner Gordon's office. When needed, he would simply wheel the Bat-Signal over to his office window and shine it directly to the sky. Though small, it was powerful enough to cast an image of the Bat symbol against the clouds.


title: Bat-Signal

text: The Bat-Signal seldom appeared in the 1960s TV series, Commissioner Gordon generally contacting Batman using a dedicated phone line (the Batphone). However, the Bat-Signal was occasionally used (for instance, in the episode "The Sandman Cometh" when Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson are away on a camping trip), whenever Batman needed to be summoned from the field. Its first appearance was in the pilot episode, "Hi Diddle Riddle". The animated background for the closing credits of the TV series depicted the Bat-signal in the night sky over Gotham City.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In a promotion website for the 2014 "Gotham" TV series on Fox.com called "Gotham Chronicle", which is an online newspaper following recent events from "Gotham", one of them stated that a Floodlight was built on top of the G.C.P.D building, referencing that the future Bat-Signal was used by police before it was a calling card for Batman, also stating that the series introduced the early uses of the Bat-Signal.


title: Bat-Signal

text: At the conclusion of the third-season finale, "Heroes Rise: Heavydirtysoul", Bruce Wayne is seen standing on a ledge overlooking the city as a searchlight gradually rises and picks out an area of dark cloud that, when illuminated, looks like a bat.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the finale of the fourth season, "A Dark Knight: No Man's Land", James Gordon has Lucius Fox activate the Floodlight on top of the G.C.P.D building. At the conclusion of the episode, Gordon tells Bruce Wayne that the signal is meant to be a symbol of hope, while both are looking up at the clouds illuminated by the Floodlight.


title: Bat-Signal

text: During in the fifth season, Gordon continues using the signal as a symbol of hope for the good people left in Gotham and later meets with Bruce at the Floodlight in "Year Zero". In the series finale "The Beginning...", Commissioner Gordon and Harvey Bullock re-ignite the searchlight in order to celebrate Bruce Wayne's return to Gotham after ten years. Alfred Pennyworth then arrives and informs them that Bruce is otherwise engaged and can not attend their meeting. However, having noticed the searchlight that illuminates the sky, the Dark Knight then appears on a building from across the street, watching Gordon, Bullock and Alfred.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the CW series "The Flash", a 'Flash signal' is created by Cisco, who claimed to have gotten the idea from "some comic book", which implies Batman does not exist in on Arrowverse Earth One. However, Earth 38, the universe "Supergirl" takes place in makes several references to him, solely as "Clark's (kind of) friend", and Oliver later makes reference to Bruce Wayne on Earth One.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the second part of the Elseworlds crossover, the Bat-Signal is shown, though it seems to have been inactive for sometime during Batman's disappearance.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the pilot episode of "Batwoman", Gotham City Mayor Michael Akins was planning to turn off the Bat-Signal forever due to Batman's disappearance. The Bat-Signal was later destroyed by Alice in the episode "Down Down Down". A new Bat-Signal was made in "Who Are You?" by Luke Fox.


title: Bat-Signal

text: The Bat-Signal appears in the season finale of "Titans", titled "Dick Grayson", in a dream world created by Trigon.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In Tim Burton's 1989 film "Batman", Batman gives the signal to the police as a gift so that they can summon him when he is needed, after he defeats The Joker.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In Burton's 1992 sequel "Batman Returns", Batman has mirrors stationed atop Wayne Manor that reflect the Bat-Signal through his window, alerting him to its presence in the night sky. The signal is used when Commissioner Gordon needs Batman's help when the Red Triangle Circus Gang attack Max Shreck during Christmas and appears again at the end of the film as a surviving Catwoman looks on.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In Joel Schumacher's 1995 sequel "Batman Forever", the criminal psychologist Dr. Chase Meridian uses the Bat-Signal to call Batman, in order to seduce him. Batman is slightly peeved at this: "The Bat-Signal is not a beeper". Later, the Riddler alters the Bat-Signal by projecting a question mark into the sky with the Bat-symbol forming the dot at the base. (The Riddler in the comics uses a similar tactic in ""; after brokering a tentative alliance with Batman, the Riddler changes the signal, projecting a question mark into the sky in order to let Batman know that he has an answer for him). A music video for "Kiss from a Rose", also from "Batman Forever", features singer Seal performing the song while standing near the Bat-Signal.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In Schumacher's 1997 film "Batman & Robin", Poison Ivy alters the Bat-Signal by changing it to a "Robin-Signal" to lure Robin into a trap.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In Christopher Nolan's 2005 film "Batman Begins", then-lieutenant James Gordon finds the mobster Carmine Falcone strapped on to a searchlight in the docks of Gotham City, for the Gotham Police force to arrest him, left by Batman. Lieutenant Gordon then notices that Falcone's shadow is projected into the clouds of the night sky, similar to the silhouette of a bat. At the end of the film, the Bat-signal appears, as a searchlight that projects the shape of a bat, installed atop police headquarters as a means to contact Batman.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the 2008 sequel "The Dark Knight", as in Frank Miller's "", Gordon uses the Bat-Signal to remind Gotham of Batman's presence. The signal proves to be very effective, with drug dealers and criminals becoming apprehensive at its very appearance. At the end of the film, after reluctantly agreeing to let Batman take the blame for the murders committed by Harvey Dent in order to preserve Dent's image as Gotham's hero, Gordon hesitantly destroys the signal using an axe in front of various members of the police force and the press.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the 2012 film "The Dark Knight Rises", the rusted remains of the destroyed Bat-Signal are still atop police headquarters. However, at the end of the film, with Batman declared dead, Gordon sees a restored Bat-Signal, providing hope that Batman has survived. (The signal itself is never used once in the film, however, making it the only live-action film about Batman where this occurs.)


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the 2022 film "The Batman", directed by Matt Reeves who co-wrote the screenplay with Peter Craig, the Bat-Signal is featured prominently. Robert Pattinson, in his opening narration as Bruce Wayne/Batman, states that the signal is a recent development for the city, and serves as a means for Jim Gordon to call the Batman when needed. But its main purpose is to create fear for Gotham's criminal element, by reminding them (to great effect) that while the Batman may not be hiding in every shadow, he "could" be there, waiting to strike. Or, as Batman says, this does not translate into a fear that he is lurking in every shadow, rather that he "is" the shadows. As a result, the lone, opportunistic, and petty criminals second guess their actions and run away when the Bat-Signal appears.


title: Bat-Signal

text: During 2014's SDCC, a teaser for Zack Snyder's "" was shown to the audience in Hall H. The teaser showed Batman in his armored Batsuit atop a building one rainy night in Gotham. Batman removes a sheet to reveal the Bat-Signal and proceeds to turn it on. From there audience are shown the projected image of the Batman logo in the sky until a figure appears out of nowhere in its place. A close up on the figure reveals it is Superman glaring down at Batman readying his heat vision, as Batman stares back at the Man of Steel.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the actual film, the Bat-Signal is first referenced when Superman lands in front of the Batmobile, causing it to crash into an empty warehouse, Superman tearing the car open to inform Batman not to respond the next time they shine his light in the sky. Later, believing Superman responsible for a bombing of Congress, Batman activates the Bat-Signal himself to draw Superman to Gotham to confront him, unaware that Lex Luthor is manipulating them both into combat so that Superman will either be killed by Batman's kryptonite spear or forever compromise his image by killing Batman to save his mother. During the battle, the Bat-Signal is destroyed when Superman throws Batman into it.


title: Bat-Signal

text: The Bat-Signal appears again in "Justice League", with Gordon using it to call Batman along with Wonder Woman, The Flash, and Cyborg. It also appears again at the end.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In 1992's "", the signal was built by Commissioner Gordon in "The Cape and Cowl Conspiracy". Barbara Gordon uses it to contact Batman in "Heart of Steel" when she believes that an impostor has replaced her father. At this meeting, the signal is partially destroyed when Batman is attacked by a Harvey Bullock duplicate, and Barbara uses Batman's grapple gun to pull the robot into the signal, electrocuting it. Likewise, the real Bullock uses the signal for the first time when reluctantly asking for Batman's help in discovering who is trying to kill him in "A Bullet for Bullock". The first use of a Bat-Signal of any kind in the series was in "Joker's Favor", where a man, forced to do a favor for the Joker at a dinner honoring Commissioner Gordon, uses a large bat model hanging from a crane, swinging it back and forth in front of a window to try to contact Batman.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the 1993 film "", Batman is being hunted by the police as a suspect in the recent murder of several gang lords (a crime actually committed by the Phantasm), and Bullock, under orders from Councilman Arthur Reeves, tries to use the Bat-Signal to lure him in. Batman, knowing that it is a trap, does not respond. It is also used at the end of the film to call Batman to action once again (after Batman was cleared of the murder charges).


title: Bat-Signal

text: The Bat-Signal is not used in the 1999 series "Batman Beyond", save for one appearance, as Police Commissioner Barbara Gordon both has a direct line to the Batcave and is not as cooperative with the original Batman and his successor as her father was. The one appearance of the signal is in "Ascension", where Paxton Powers, the son of Derek Powers (Blight), has a small replica of it built to summon the new Batman, Terry McGinnis. Terry destroys it upon arrival, advising Paxton to "try e-mail," indicating his personal dislike of the device as being obsolete to his time.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the 2002 web-series "Gotham Girls", Batgirl appears to push her father Commissioner Gordon onto the Bat-Signal, crushing it. It is revealed that he is merely a robotic replacement.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the episode "The Cat, the Bat, and the Ugly" of the animated TV series "The Batman", Batman has just foiled a plot that The Penguin tried to pull on top of a lighthouse. After talking to Detective Yin, Batman is standing in front of the lighthouse light when the Bat-Signal appears in the sky. In the second-season finale, "Night in the City" after newly inducted Commissioner Gordon finally agrees to form an alliance with Batman; he begins using the Bat-Signal. After that his "Batwave" alarm was rarely used.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the beginning of "The Lego Batman Movie" Commissioner Gordon attempted to use the Bat-Signal to alert Batman only for it to be egged by Egghead thus disabling it. Later Batman uses the Bat-Signal to make different versions of the symbol for Robin, Barbara, Alfred and many of Batman's allies summoning them to team up and defeat the Joker.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In "", when Selina Kyle is being pursued by Jack the Ripper in an empty fair, she uses her blood and a spotlight to create a makeshift Bat-Signal to attract Batman's attention, sketching a bat on the light and aiming it at the sky.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the "DC Super Hero Girls" animated short "#BatCatcher", Batgirl mistakenly believes she is summoned by the Bat-Signal when in reality the shadow is cast from a real bat inside her bedroom. In the episode "#FromBatToWorse", Batgirl tries to use a Bat-Signal flashlight to call Batman for help against Poison Ivy, but it doesn't work and Poison Ivy points out that unlike Gotham City, there is no pollution in the skies of Metropolis for the Bat-Signal to shine against.


title: Bat-Signal

text: In the "Harley Quinn" episode "You're a Damn Good Cop, Jim Gordon", an overworked and depressed Commissioner Gordon starts excessively using the Bat-Signal to contact Batman for petty things like having someone to talk to about his failing marriage. Batman gets so annoyed that he confiscates the Bat-Signal. By the end of the episode, they make amends and Batman restores it.


title: Iodometry

text: Iodometry, known as iodometric titration, is a method of volumetric chemical analysis, a redox titration where the appearance or disappearance of elementary iodine indicates the end point.


title: Iodometry

text: Note that iodometry involves indirect titration of iodine liberated by reaction with the analyte, whereas iodimetry involves direct titration using iodine as the titrant.


title: Iodometry

text: Redox titration using sodium thiosulphate, (usually) as a reducing agent is known as iodometric titration since it is used specifically to titrate iodine. The iodometric titration is a general method to determine the concentration of an oxidising agent in solution. In an iodometric titration, a starch solution is used as an indicator since it can absorb the that is released. This absorption will cause the solution to change its colour from deep blue to light yellow when titrated with standardised thiosulfate solution. This indicates the end point of the titration. Iodometry is commonly used to analyse the concentration of oxidizing agents in water samples, such as oxygen saturation in ecological studies or active chlorine in swimming pool water analysis.


title: Iodometry

text: To a known volume of sample, an excess but known amount of iodide is added, which the oxidizing agent then oxidizes to iodine. Iodine dissolves in the iodide-containing solution to give triiodide ions, which have a dark brown color. The triiodide ion solution is then titrated against standard thiosulfate solution to give iodide again using starch indicator:


title: Iodometry

text: For simplicity, the equations will usually be written in terms of aqueous molecular iodine rather than the triiodide ion, as the iodide ion did not participate in the reaction in terms of mole ratio analysis. The disappearance of the deep blue color is, due to the decomposition of the iodine-starch clathrate, marks the end point.


title: Iodometry

text: The reducing agent used does not necessarily need to be thiosulfate; stannous chloride, sulfites, sulfides, arsenic(III), and antimony(III) salts are commonly used alternatives at pH above 8.


title: Iodometry

text: Some reactions involving certain reductants are reversible at certain pH, thus the pH of the sample solution should be carefully adjusted before the performing the analysis. For example, the reaction:


title: Iodometry

text: The volatility of iodine is also a source of error for the titration, this can be effectively prevented by ensuring an excess iodide is present and cooling the titration mixture. Strong light, nitrite and copper ions catalyse the conversion of iodide to iodine, so these should be removed prior to the addition of iodide to the sample.


title: Iodometry

text: For prolonged titrations, it is advised to add dry ice to the titration mixture to displace air from the Erlenmeyer flask so as to prevent the aerial oxidation of iodide to iodine. Standard iodine solution is prepared from potassium iodate and potassium iodide, which are both primary standards:


title: Iodometry

text: Iodine in organic solvents, such as diethyl ether and carbon tetrachloride, may be titrated against sodium thiosulfate dissolved in acetone.


title: Iodometry

text: Iodometry in its many variations is extremely useful in volumetric analysis. Examples include the determination of copper(II), chlorate, hydrogen peroxide, and dissolved oxygen:


title: Iodometry

text: Available chlorine refers to chlorine liberated by the action of dilute acids on hypochlorite. Iodometry is commonly employed to determine the active amount of hypochlorite in bleach responsible for the bleaching action. In this method, excess but known amount of iodide is added to known volume of sample, in which only the active (electrophilic) can oxidize iodide to iodine. The iodine content and thus the active chlorine content can be determined with iodometry.


title: Iodometry

text: The determination of arsenic(V) compounds is the reverse of the standardization of iodine solution with sodium arsenite, where a known and excess amount of iodide is added to the sample:


title: Iodometry

text: For analysis of antimony(V) compounds, some tartaric acid is added to solubilize the antimony(III) product.


title: Iodometry

text: Sulfites and hydrogensulfites reduce iodine readily in acidic medium to iodide. Thus when a diluted but excess amount of standard iodine solution is added to known volume of sample, the sulfurous acid and sulfites present reduces iodine quantitatively:


title: Iodometry

text: Although the sulfide content in sample can be determined straight forwardly as described for sulfites, the results are often poor and inaccurate. A better, alternative method with higher accuracy is available, which involves the addition of excess but known volume of standard sodium arsenite solution to the sample, during which arsenic trisulfide is precipitated:


title: Iodometry

text: The excess arsenic trioxide is then determined by titrating against standard iodine solution using starch indicator. Note that for the best results, the sulfide solution must be dilute with the sulfide concentration not greater than 0.01 M.


title: Iodometry

text: Under strongly acidic solution, the above equilibrium lies far to the right hand side, but is reversed in almost neutral solution. This makes analysis of hexacyanoferrate(III) troublesome as the iodide and thiosulfate decomposes in strongly acidic medium. To drive the reaction to completion, an excess amount of zinc salt can be added to the reaction mixture containing potassium ions, which precipitates the hexacyanoferrate(II) ion quantitatively:


title: Iodometry

text: The precipitation occurs in slightly acidic medium, thus avoids the problem of decomposition of iodide and thiosulfate in strongly acidic medium, and the hexacyanoferrate(III) can be determined by iodometry as usual.


title: 2002 (song)

text: "2002" is a song by English singer and songwriter Anne-Marie. She co-wrote the song with Ed Sheeran, Julia Michaels, Benny Blanco and its producer Steve Mac. It was released on 20 April 2018 as the sixth single from Anne-Marie's debut studio album "Speak Your Mind" (2018). Other people officially credited as co-writers are Andreas Carlsson, George Clinton, El DeBarge, Randy DeBarge, Jay E, Ice-T, Etterlene Jordan, Kristian Lundin, Max Martin, Nelly, Alphonso Henderson, Jake Schulze and City Spud, due to co-writing or being sampled on one of the songs referenced in the chorus.


title: 2002 (song)

text: "2002" was a commercial success, becoming one of Anne-Marie's most successful singles worldwide. It peaked at number three on the UK singles chart, becoming Anne-Marie's fourth top-ten single at the time. The song has also reached the top ten in seven countries, including Australia, where it reached number four, Scotland where it peaked at number 3 and Ireland were it peaked at number 2. It was a massive success in South Korea, topping the country's year-end chart in 2019.


title: 2002 (song)

text: "2002" is a love ballad about a childhood romance of Anne-Marie's that took place in the titular year. She wrote the song with Ed Sheeran, Benny Blanco, Julia Michaels and Steve Mac. She was not initially planning to release "2002" as a single, but finally caved in after constant pestering from Sheeran on Instagram to bring it out.


title: 2002 (song)

text: The beginning of the song's chorus, "Oops, I got 99 problems singing 'bye, bye, bye' / Hold up, if you wanna go and take a ride with me / Better hit me, baby, one more time", references six songs released between 1998 and 2004: "...Baby One More Time", "Oops!... I Did It Again", "99 Problems", "Bye Bye Bye", "The Next Episode" and "Ride wit Me". In an interview with Polish music magazine "luvPOP", Anne-Marie explained the song: "It is all about that year, when I was that age just listening to that music that I loved at that time. You know, Christina Aguilera, Missy Elliott. All of these songs...Yeah, it just takes me back to that time." In a March 2017 interview, she mentioned Alanis Morissette as a big influence on her while growing up.


title: 2002 (song)

text: "2002" is originally in the key of E major with a tempo of 96 beats per minute and a time signature of . The chord progression E–B–Cm–Gm–A–B–E is used in the verses; the progression Cm–A–E–B–A–B in the pre-choruses and bridge, A–E–B–Cm in the choruses, and E–B–Cm–A (the I–V–vi–IV progression) after the last chorus.


title: 2002 (song)

text: The official music video was directed by Hannah Lux Davis, who also directed the video for Anne-Marie's previous single "Friends". It was filmed in London and uploaded to YouTube on 8 May 2018. It features Anne-Marie recreating the videos of the songs referenced in the chorus.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: Steven Lee Anderson (born July 24, 1981) is an American preacher and founder of the New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist movement. He is pastor of Faithful Word Baptist Church in Tempe, Arizona. He advocates for the death penalty for homosexuals, and prayed for the deaths of former U.S. president Barack Obama and Caitlyn Jenner. He produced a documentary titled "Marching to Zion" in which he "championed a wide range of antisemitic stereotypes", according to Matthew H. Brittingham of Emory University.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: He has been banned from many countries, including The Netherlands, South Africa, United Kingdom, Botswana, Canada, Jamaica, the Schengen Area, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: Anderson was born in Sacramento, California to an Independent Baptist family, and he attended Woodcreek High School, in Roseville.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: Anderson established Faithful Word Baptist Church as a fundamentalist Independent Baptist church in Tempe, Arizona, on Christmas Day in December 2005 and he remains its pastor. The church describes itself as "an old-fashioned, independent, fundamental, King James Bible–only, soul-winning Baptist church." Members of the church meet in an office space that is located inside a strip mall.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: The group is nondenominational. Anderson has used his influence to found the New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist movement, which includes other churches.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: The church has been described as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center, because Anderson has advocated the death penalty for homosexuals.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: The Southern Poverty Law Center describes him as a proponent of anti-government views. Anderson operates a website titled "True Sons of Liberty" where he recommends elimination of the Internal Revenue Service, the Federal Reserve Bank, the Social Security Administration, and child protective services. He has appeared on InfoWars on numerous occasions, and the InfoWars store used to offer for sale video productions by Anderson.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: The Anti-Defamation League cited Anderson of "a history of antisemitism through his sermons and a series of YouTube videos." Emory University PhD candidate Matthew Brittingham suggested that Anderson is part of a connected but "diffuse group of theologically-focused, antisemitic Christian conspiracists who deny the Holocaust." In March 2015, Anderson released a documentary titled "Marching to Zion", in which he argued that the anticipated Jewish messiah is the Antichrist and that the Talmud is blasphemous. Pastor and conspiracy theorist Texe Marrs appears in the documentary. In May 2015, he posted a YouTube video, titled "The Holocaust Hoax Exposed", promoting Holocaust denial.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: The church received national attention in the United States in August 2009, when Anderson was reported to have delivered a sermon—entitled "Why I Hate Barack Obama"—in which he said he prayed for the death of the president.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: Anderson did not solicit the killing of President Obama but he did suggest that the country would "benefit" from his death. Anderson told local television station KNXV-TV that he would like it if Obama were to die of natural causes because he does not "want him to be a martyr" and "we don't need another holiday." He told columnist Michelangelo Signorile that he "would not judge or condemn" anyone who killed the president.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: Anderson's invective against Obama stems in part from his opposition to Obama's support for abortion rights. Anderson was then the recipient of death threats while a group, People Against Clergy Who Preach Hate, organized a "love rally" which was attended by approximately one hundred people outside the church.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: The day after Anderson delivered his "Why I Hate Barack Obama" sermon, a church member, Chris Broughton, carried an AR-15 semiautomatic rifle and a pistol to the Phoenix Convention Center, where President Obama was speaking. Broughton explained that he was not motivated by the sermon although he agreed with it. Broughton's appearance at the rally was part of a publicity stunt that was organized by conservative radio talk show host Ernest Hancock, who also came to the rally armed, and engaged in a staged interview with Broughton which was later broadcast on YouTube. Anderson told ABC News affiliate KNXV-TV in Phoenix that the Secret Service contacted him after this event.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: In 2009, Anderson had a confrontation with United States Border Patrol agents at an interior checkpoint on Interstate 8, about 70 miles (110 km) east of Yuma, Arizona. He refused to move his car or roll down his windows, triggering a 90-minute standoff and the calling of Arizona Department of Public Safety officers to the scene. The confrontation ended when authorities broke Anderson's car windows, tased him, and forced him out of the vehicle. Anderson said they beat him while he was lying prone on the ground.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: At his arraignment in April 2009, Anderson pleaded not guilty to two misdemeanor counts of resisting a lawful order. He was acquitted of the two charges by a jury in August 2010.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: As of 2019, Anderson has been banned from more than thirty countries, including every English-speaking developed country other than the United States (his home country); and most English-speaking African countries. In September 2016, after he had announced his intention to travel to South Africa, Malusi Gigaba, the Minister for Home Affairs banned Anderson and his followers, citing the Constitution of South Africa and stating "I have identified Steven Anderson as an undesirable person to travel to South Africa".


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: Anderson was also banned from entering the United Kingdom, leading him to change his travel route to Botswana by flying via Ethiopia. On September 20, 2016, he was banned and deported from Botswana.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: In a YouTube video, Anderson mentioned a planned missionary trip to Malawi to set up a church there. But Malawian authorities subsequently made it known that he would not be welcome in the country and that he would also be banned from entering it in the future.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: Anderson was scheduled to preach in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on May 23, 2019. The Dutch government began looking into banning him from entering the Netherlands on April 24, leading to the factual ban from the Netherlands, and the rest of the European Union's Schengen area on May 1. According to the Dutch state secretary, there is "no space for discrimination or the encouragement of hate, intolerance or violence in a democratic rechtsstaat like ours".


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: The Republic of Ireland banned him on May 12, 2019. On July 23, 2019, Anderson was denied entry to Australia. On August 7, 2019, Anderson was denied entry to New Zealand.


title: Steven Anderson (pastor)

text: Anderson met his wife Zsuzsanna in Munich, Bavaria, by presenting her with the gospel. Prior to meeting Anderson, she had been raised as a Catholic but she had become an agnostic as a young adult. After converting Zsuzsanna to fundamentalist baptist Christianity, the couple married in 2000 and, as of November 2022, they have twelve children whom they homeschool.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Princess Sophia Alexandrovna Duleep Singh (8 August 1876 – 22 August 1948) was a prominent suffragette in the United Kingdom. Her father was Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh, who had been taken from his kingdom of Punjab to the British Raj, and was subsequently exiled to England. Sophia's mother was Bamba Müller, and her godmother was Queen Victoria. She had four sisters, including two half-sisters, and three brothers. She lived in Hampton Court in an apartment in Faraday House given to her by Queen Victoria as a grace-and-favour home.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: During the early twentieth century, Singh was one of several Indian women who pioneered the cause of women's rights in Britain. Although she is best remembered for her leading role in the Women's Tax Resistance League, she also participated in other women's suffrage groups, including the Women's Social and Political Union.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Sophia Duleep Singh was born on 8 August 1876 in Belgravia and lived in Suffolk. She was the third daughter of Maharaja Duleep Singh (the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire) and his first wife, Bamba Müller. Bamba was the daughter of Ludwig Müller, a German merchant banker of Todd Müller and Company, and Sofia, his mistress, who was of Abyssinian (Ethiopian) descent. The Maharaja and Bamba had ten children, of whom six survived. Singh combined Indian, European, and African ancestry with a British aristocratic upbringing, which her string of names reflected. She was named "Sophia" for her maternal grandmother, the formerly enslaved woman from Ethiopia; and "Alexandrovna" in tribute to her godmother, Queen Victoria ("Alexandrina Victoria"). Some sources also report an additional forename, "Jindan", after her paternal grandmother, the Maharani Jind Kaur.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: In the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, her father had been forced, at age11, to abdicate his kingdom to the East India Company and give the Koh-i-Noor diamond to Lord Dalhousie. He was exiled from India by the East India Company at age15 and moved to England, where Queen Victoria treated him with maternal fondness. She and Prince Albert were impressed by his handsomeness and regal bearing. They formed a close bond with him over the years. The queen was godmother to several of his children, and his family's upkeep was provided for by the East India Company. Duleep Singh converted to Christianity at a young age, some time prior to his removal from India. In later life, he reconverted to Sikhism and espoused the independence movement in India as he became more aware of the way in which the politics of the British Empire had resulted in the loss of his own kingdom.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Singh's brothers included Frederick Duleep Singh; her two full sisters were Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh, a suffragette, and Bamba Duleep Singh.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Singh developed typhoid at age 10. Her mother, who was attending her, contracted the disease, fell into a coma, and died on 17September 1887. On 31May 1889 her father married Ada Wetherill, a chambermaid, with whom he had two daughters. In 1886, when Sophia was ten, her father attempted to return to India with his family against the wishes of the British government; they were turned back in Aden by arrest warrants.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Queen Victoria was fond of Duleep Singh and his family, particularly Sophia, who was her goddaughter, and encouraged her and her sisters to become socialites. Sophia, with her fashionable address, wore Parisian dresses, bred championship dogs, pursued photography and cycling, and attended parties.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: After a period of ill health, her father died in a rundown Paris hotel on 22October 1893 at age 55. She inherited substantial wealth from her father at his death in 1893, and in 1898 Queen Victoria, her godmother, granted her a grace and favour apartment in Faraday House, Hampton Court. Singh did not initially live in Faraday House; she stayed at the Manor House in Old Buckenham, near her brother Prince Frederick.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: The British government lessened their vigilant watch on the shy, silent, grief-stricken Singh, which proved a misjudgment. She made a secret trip to India with her sister, Bamba, to attend the 1903 Delhi Durbar, where she was ignored. This impressed on Singh the futility of public and media popularity, and she returned to England determined to change her course. During a 1907 trip to India, she visited Amritsar and Lahore and met relatives. This visit was a turning point in her life, as she faced the realities of poverty in India and what her family had lost by choosing to surrender. In India, Singh hosted a "purdah party" in Shalimar Bagh in Lahore (her grandfather's capital). During the visit, all the while shadowed by British agents, she encountered Indian independence activists such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Lala Lajpat Rai and expressed sympathy for their cause. Singh admired Rai, and his imprisonment by the authorities on "charges of sedition" turned Sophia against the British Raj.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: In 1909 her brother bought Blo' Norton Hall in South Norfolk for himself and a house in Blo' Norton, Thatched Cottage, for his sisters. That year, Sophia attended a farewell party at the Westminster Palace Hotel for Mahatma Gandhi.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Bamba Duleep Singh, Sophia's oldest sister, married DrColonel Sutherland, principal of King Edward's Medical College in Lahore. They had no children.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: After Singh returned from India in 1909, she joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) at the behest of Una Dugdale, a friend of the Pankhurst sisters; Emmeline Pankhurst had co-founded the Women's Franchise League in 1889. In 1909 Singh was a leading member of the movement for women's voting rights, funding suffragette groups and leading the cause. An example of her support to the Women's Social and Political Union was her loan of a trap for the work of the Kingston and District branch. She also contributed towards fundraising efforts, which as self-denial weeks, where supporters would deprive themselves of luxuries and give the money saved to their chosen organisation. She refused to pay taxes, frustrating the government. King George V asked in exasperation, "Have we no hold on her?"


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Although as a British subject Singh's primary interest was women's rights in England, she and her fellow suffragettes also promoted similar activities in the colonies. She valued her Indian heritage, but was not bound by allegiance to a single nation and supported the women's cause in a number of countries. Her title, Princess, was useful. Singh sold a suffragette newspaper outside Hampton Court Palace, where Queen Victoria had allowed her family to live. According to a letter from Lord Crewe, King George V was within his rights to have her evicted.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Singh, Emmeline Pankhurst and a group of activists went to the House of Commons on 18 November 1910, hoping for a meeting with the Prime Minister. The Home Secretary, Winston Churchill, ordered their expulsion. Churchill's refusal to meet with the group paired with the government's lack of response on the Conciliation Bill caused a protest with around 300 women. Many of the women were seriously injured during this demonstration, with reports of police brutality. The incident became known as Black Friday.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: At first, Singh kept a low profile; in 1911 she was reluctant to make speeches in public or at Women's Social and Political Union meetings. She refused to chair meetings, telling her WSPU colleagues she was "quite useless for that sort of thing" and would only say "five words if nobody else would support the forthcoming resolution". However, Singh later chaired and addressed a number of meetings. Mithan Tata and her mother Herabai met Singh in India, in 1911, and noted that Singh wore a small yellow-and-green badge with her motto: "Votes for women".


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: Singh authorised an auction of her belongings, with proceeds benefiting the Women's Tax Resistance League. She solicited subscriptions to the cause, and was photographed selling "The Suffragette" newspaper outside her home and from press carts. On 22May 1911 Singh was fined £3 by the Spelthorne Petty Sessions Court for illegally keeping a coach, a helper, and five dogs and for using a roll of arms. She protested that she should not have to pay the licence fees without the right to vote. That July a bailiff went to Singh's house to collect an unpaid fine of 14 shillings, which she refused to pay. Her diamond ring was then confiscated by the police and auctioned a few days later; a friend bought it and returned it to her. In December 1913, Singh was fined £12/10s for refusing to pay licence fees for two dogs, a carriage and a servant. On 13December 1913 she and other WTRL members appeared in court and Singh was again accused of keeping dogs without a licence. Singh tried to fall in front of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's car while holding a poster reading, "Give women the vote!" She supported the manufacture of bombs, encouraging anarchy in Britain. Despite Singh's activism as a suffragette, she was never arrested; although her activities were watched by the administration, they may not have wanted to make a martyr of her.


title: Sophia Duleep Singh

text: During World War I, Singh initially supported the Indian soldiers and Lascars working in the British fleets and joined a 10,000-woman protest march against the prohibition of a volunteer female force. She volunteered as a British Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse, serving at an auxiliary military hospital in Isleworth from October 1915 to January 1917. She tended wounded Indian soldiers who had been evacuated from the Western Front. Sikh soldiers could hardly believe "that the granddaughter of Ranjit Singh sat by their bedsides in a nurse's uniform".