title: The Return of the Archons

text: Scholars Michael A. Burstein and John Kenneth Muir note that the plot of "The Return of the Archons" (in which Kirk and company discover a stagnant society worshiping a god-like being whom Kirk destroys with human illogic) became something of a cliché in the decades after the series ended. Burstein criticizes the episode for attacking organized religion, which it presented as suppressing freedom and creativity. But religious scholar Michael Anthony Corey praises the episode for realizing that the elimination of a huge number of moral evils can occur only by causing a single, massive moral evil (the loss of free will). Corey points out that the episode seems to draw heavily on German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz's "Principle of Radical Optimism", which concludes that ours is the best of all possible worlds because it contains the conditions for human existence (and not because it has a greater or lesser number of moral evils).


title: The Return of the Archons

text: Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a "B" rating, describing the episode as having a "loose, unpolished feeling" and lacking "the force of the series' best story lines", but praised the story's ambition.


title: The Return of the Archons

text: "Return of the Archons" is one of actor Ben Stiller's favorite episodes of "Star Trek". "Red Hour", the time of day when the "Festival" begins, is the name of his production company.


title: The Return of the Archons

text: This was noted as one of the episodes of "Star Trek" that does not have a traditional villain, and noted that computers gone wrong as a villain might be expected in a technologically advanced culture as depicted by "Star Trek".


title: The Return of the Archons

text: The "Festival" in this episode served as the inspiration behind the 2013 film "The Purge", and the subsequent media franchise it spawned.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: Gregory Keith Robinson (born October 21, 1992) is a former American football offensive tackle. After playing college football at Auburn, he was drafted by the St. Louis Rams second overall in the 2014 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Detroit Lions and the Cleveland Browns.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: Robinson attended Thibodaux High School in Thibodaux, Louisiana, where he was a two-time all-state lineman for the Tigers football team. He did not play on the offensive line until junior year of high school after playing defensive line as a freshman. After his senior season, Robinson participated in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: As a standout athlete, Robinson was one of the state's top performers in the shot put competition. In the discus, he got a top-throw of 43.48 meters at the 2010 Thibodaux Tiger Relays, placing second. He won the shot put event at the 2011 High School Last Chance Qualifier, recording a career-best throw of 18.26 meters.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: Regarded as a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Robinson was ranked as the second best guard prospect in the nation, behind Aundrey Walker.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: At Auburn, Robinson was redshirted in 2011. He took over as the starting left tackle in 2012 and started 11 games. As a sophomore in 2013, he was a first-team All-SEC selection.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: Robinson was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the first round with the second overall pick in the 2014 NFL Draft. Robinson was the highest Auburn Tigers offensive lineman ever selected, beating out Ken Rice, the eighth overall pick in the 1961 NFL Draft.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: On June 16, 2014, the Rams signed Robinson to a fully guaranteed, four-year, $21.28 million rookie contract that also included a $13.79 million signing bonus and no offset language.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: In the 2016 season, Robinson arrived at training camp 14-15 lbs overweight. He began the regular season as the starting left tackle, but was inefficient throughout the first ten games of the season and was also penalized 12 times in the first ten games. On November 27, 2016, Robinson was a healthy scratch for the Rams' Week 11 match-up against the New Orleans Saints and was replaced by starting left guard Rodger Saffold.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: On March 9, 2017, after signing tackle Andrew Whitworth, the Rams moved Robinson to guard. On April 11, 2017 Robinson was moved to right tackle and Rob Havenstein was moved from right tackle to guard. On May 2, 2017, the Rams declined the fifth-year option on Robinson's contract, making him a free agent after the 2017 season.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: On June 15, 2017, Robinson was traded to the Detroit Lions for a 2018 sixth-round draft pick. The trade was made after Lions starting left tackle Taylor Decker underwent shoulder surgery that made him miss 4–6 months. He was waived by the Lions on November 10, 2017, citing an injury. Prior to the waiver, Robinson missed two games due to an ankle injury. He was placed on injured reserve after clearing waivers.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: Robinson was signed by the Cleveland Browns on June 19, 2018. He was named a backup tackle to begin the season, behind rookie left tackle Desmond Harrison and right tackle Chris Hubbard. He was named the starting left tackle in Week 9, and started there the rest of the season, taking over from the undrafted rookie Harrison. The Browns finished with a 7-8-1 record.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: In 2019, Robinson remained the starting left tackle for the Browns, starting 15 games, missing the Browns Week 13 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers with a concussion. In Week 1 of the 2019 season against the Tennessee Titans, Robinson was ejected from the game after he kicked Titans' safety Kenny Vaccaro in the head. He was fined $10,527 for the incident. He recorded a recovered fumble in the Browns Week 5 loss to the San Francisco 49ers and was part of the offensive line that blocked for Nick Chubb as he finished second in the league in rushing yards. The Browns finished with a 6-10 record.


title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

text: On February 18, 2020, Robinson was jailed in El Paso County, Texas for possession of 156.9 pounds of marijuana. Robinson – who was also with 26-year-old ex-NFL player Quan Bray – was stopped around 7:15 PM on Monday evening after a Border Patrol drug-sniffing dog alerted to the rear cargo door of their 2020 Chevrolet Tahoe. According to the docs, Robinson and Bray were not reentering the country from Mexico – rather they were trying to get from Los Angeles to Louisiana and hit the checkpoint on the way. There was a third person in the SUV, an Uber driver who was not charged. During the stop, Robinson and Bray allegedly tried to get that person to take the fall for the weed. Robinson and Bray faced up to 20 years in prison, if convicted. He was ultimately sentenced to 5 years probation. On February 9, 2022, Robinson was arrested again with possession of $120,000 worth of illegal drugs in Louisiana.


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: Peter I (Portuguese: "Pedro I", ; 8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367), called the Just ("o Justiceiro") or the Cruel ("o Cruel"), was King of Portugal from 1357 until his death. He was the third but only surviving son of Afonso IV of Portugal and his wife, Beatrice of Castile.


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: In 1328, Peter's father, Afonso IV arranged for the marriage of his eldest daughter, Maria, to Alfonso XI of Castile. However, soon after their marriage Alfonso began a long affair with the beautiful and newly widowed Leonor de Guzman. Maria bore Alfonso a son in 1334, who ultimately became Peter of Castile, but after the Castilian king refused to end his affair Maria returned home to Portugal in 1335.


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: Alfonso had been married once before, to his cousin's daughter, Constanza Manuel (granddaughter of James II of Aragon). Alfonso had the marriage annulled in 1327, after only two years, to clear the way for marriage to Maria. This angered his cousin Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena, a powerful Castilian aristocrat, and for two years Juan Manuel waged war against the Castilians - who had kept his daughter Constanza hostage - until Bishop John del Campo of Oviedo mediated a peace in 1329.


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: Afonso, now enraged by the infidelity and mistreatment of his daughter Maria, forged an alliance with Juan Manual by marrying his son and heir, Peter, to Constanza. When Constanza arrived in Portugal in 1340, Inês de Castro, the beautiful and aristocratic daughter of a prominent Galician family (with links albeit through illegitimacy, to the Portuguese and Castilian royal families), accompanied her as her lady-in-waiting.


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: Peter soon fell in love with Inês, and the two conducted a long love affair that lasted until Inês's murder in 1355. Constanza died in 1349, following childbirth complications. The scandal of Peter's affair with Inês, and its political ramifications, caused Afonso to banish Inês from court after Constanza died. Peter refused to marry any of the princesses his father suggested as a second wife; and the king refused to allow his son to marry Inês as Peter wanted. The two aristocratic lovers began living together in secret. According to the chronicle of Fernão Lopes, during this period, Peter began giving Inês's brothers, exiles from the Castilian court, important positions in Portugal and they became the heir-apparent's closest advisors. This alarmed Afonso. He worried that upon his death, civil war could tear the country apart, or the Portuguese throne would fall into Castilian hands, either as Juan Manuel fought to avenge his daughter's honor, or the de Castro brothers supported their sister. Peter claimed that he had married Inês against his father's orders. In any event, in 1355, Afonso sent three men to find Inês at the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha in Coimbra, where she was detained, and they decapitated her in front of one of her young children. Enraged, Peter revolted against his father. Afonso defeated his son within a year, but died shortly thereafter, and Peter succeeded to the throne in 1357. The love affair and father-son conflict inspired more than twenty operas and many writers, including: the Portuguese national epic Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões, the Spanish "Nise lastimosa" and "Nise laureada" (1577) by Jerónimo Bermúdez and 'Reinar despues de morir' by Luís Vélez de Guevara, as well as "Inez de Castro" by Mary Russell Mitford and Henry de Montherlant's French drama "La Reine morte".


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: Peter reigned for a decade, and is often confused with his Castilian nephew because of their identical nicknames. Fernão Lopes labels Peter "the Just" and said that the Portuguese king loved justice—especially the dispensing of it, which he enjoyed doing for himself. Inês' assassins received his harshest punishment: the three had escaped to Castile, but Peter arranged for them to be exchanged for Castilian fugitives residing in Portugal with his nephew, Peter of Castile. The Portuguese king conducted a public trial of Pêro Coelho and Álvaro Gonçalves in 1361. After finding them guilty of Ines' murder, the king ripped their hearts out with his own hands, according to Lopes, because of what they had done to his own heart. Diogo Lopes Pacheco escaped and died in 1383.


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: According to legend, Peter later had Inês' body exhumed and placed upon a throne, dressed in rich robes and jewels, and required all of his vassals to kiss the hand of the deceased "queen". However, contemporary evidence that the event occurred is minimal; Peter did have Inês' body removed from her resting place in Coimbra and taken to Alcobaça where it was reburied in the royal monastery. Peter had two tombs constructed, one for each of them, so they would see each other when rising at the Last Judgment. The tombs show Peter and Inês facing each other, with the words ""Até o fim do mundo..."" ("Until the end of the world...") inscribed on the marble.


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: Peter was also the father of Ferdinand I of Portugal and John I of Portugal. John was the Master of the military order of Avis, and he would become the founder of the Avis dynasty after the 1383–85 Crisis.


title: Peter I of Portugal

text: Before his marriage to Constance, in 1329 he was betrothed to Blanche of Castile but because of her weak mental health and incapacity, the marriage never took place.


title: Hemosiderin

text: Hemosiderin or haemosiderin is an iron-storage complex that is composed of partially digested ferritin and lysosomes. The breakdown of heme gives rise to biliverdin and iron. The body then traps the released iron and stores it as hemosiderin in tissues. Hemosiderin is also generated from the abnormal metabolic pathway of ferritin.


title: Hemosiderin

text: It is only found within cells (as opposed to circulating in blood) and appears to be a complex of ferritin, denatured ferritin and other material. The iron within deposits of hemosiderin is very poorly available to supply iron when needed. Hemosiderin can be identified histologically with "Perls' Prussian blue stain"; iron in hemosiderin turns blue to black when exposed to potassium ferrocyanide. In normal animals, hemosiderin deposits are small and commonly inapparent without special stains. Excessive accumulation of hemosiderin is usually detected within cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) or occasionally within epithelial cells of the liver and kidney.


title: Hemosiderin

text: Several disease processes result in deposition of larger amounts of hemosiderin in tissues; although these deposits often cause no symptoms, they can lead to organ damage.


title: Hemosiderin

text: Hemosiderin is most commonly found in macrophages and is especially abundant in situations following hemorrhage, suggesting that its formation may be related to phagocytosis of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Hemosiderin can accumulate in different organs in various diseases.


title: Hemosiderin

text: Iron is required by many of the chemical reactions (i.e., oxidation-reduction reactions) in the body but is toxic when not properly contained. Thus, many methods of iron storage have developed.


title: Hemosiderin

text: Hemosiderin often forms after bleeding (haemorrhage). When blood leaves a ruptured blood vessel, the red blood cell dies, and the hemoglobin of the cell is released into the extracellular space. Phagocytic cells (of the mononuclear phagocyte system) called macrophages engulf (phagocytose) the hemoglobin to degrade it, producing hemosiderin and biliverdin. Excessive systemic accumulations of hemosiderin may occur in macrophages in the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. These accumulations may be caused by excessive red blood cell destruction (haemolysis), excessive iron uptake/hyperferraemia, or decreased iron utilization (e.g., anaemia of copper toxicity) uptake hypoferraemia (which often leads to iron deficiency anemia).


title: Hemosiderin

text: Cellular iron is found as either ferritin or hemosiderin. It is identified in cells by the Perls or Prussian blue reaction, in which ionic iron reacts with acid ferrocyanide to impart a blue color.<Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology>


title: Hemosiderin

text: Hemosiderin may deposit in diseases associated with iron overload. These diseases are typically diseases in which chronic blood loss requires frequent blood transfusions, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Gymnasium (; German plural: "Gymnasien"), in the German education system, is the most advanced and highest of the three types of German secondary schools, the others being "Hauptschule" (lowest) and "Realschule" (middle). "Gymnasium" strongly emphasizes academic learning, comparable to the British sixth form system or with prep schools in the United States. A student attending "Gymnasium" is called a "Gymnasiast" (German plural: "Gymnasiasten"). In 2009/10 there were 3,094 gymnasia in Germany, with students (about 28 percent of all precollegiate students during that period), resulting in an average student number of 800 students per school.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Gymnasia are generally public, state-funded schools, but a number of parochial and private gymnasia also exist. In 2009/10, 11.1 percent of gymnasium students attended a private gymnasium. These often charge tuition fees, though many also offer scholarships. Tuition fees are lower than in comparable European countries. Some gymnasia are boarding schools, while others run as day schools; they are now predominantly co-educational, and few single-sex schools remain.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Students are generally admitted at 10 years of age and are required to have completed four years (six in Berlin and Brandenburg where they are enrolled at the age of 12) of grundschule (primary education). In some states of Germany, permission to apply for gymnasium is nominally dependent on a letter of recommendation written by a teacher or a certain GPA, although when parents petition, an examination can be used to decide the outcome.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Traditionally, a pupil attended gymnasium for nine years in western Germany. However, since 2004, there has been a strong political movement to reduce the time spent at the gymnasium to eight years throughout Germany; nowadays most pupils throughout Germany attend the gymnasium for 8 years (referred to as G8), dispensing with the traditional ninth year or "oberprima" (except in Rhineland-Palatinate and Lower Saxony which still has a year 13; Bavaria will bring back the 13th year in 2024, North Rhine Westphalia and Schleswig Holstein will bring back the 13th year in 2025), which is roughly equivalent to the first year of higher education. Final year students take the "abitur" final exam.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The gymnasium arose out of the humanistic movement of the sixteenth century. The first general school system to incorporate the gymnasium emerged in Saxony in 1528, with the study of Greek and Latin added to the curriculum later; these languages became the foundation of teaching and study in the gymnasium, which then offered a nine-year course. Hebrew was also taught in some gymnasia. The integration of philosophy, English, and chemistry into the curriculum also set the gymnasium apart from other schools.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Prussian secondary schools only received the title "Gymnasium" in 1918, which for some time would be the only path to university study. Due to the rise of German nationalism in the 1900s, the Gymnasium's focus on humanism came under attack, causing it to lose prestige. One of the harshest critics was Friedrich Lange, who assaulted the school's "excessive humanism and "aesthetic idealism." He argued that they are not aligned with the aims of patriotism, duty, and the idea of Germanhood and that the country's history could also provide the education and insights offered by the models of classical antiquity. During the National Socialism era, it became virtually impossible for girls to study at a Gymnasium according to Hitler's idea, as stated in "Mein Kampf", the education of girls should be conditioned only by the task of motherhood.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: After the Second World War, German education was reformed with the introduction of new system, content, aims, and ethos. The Gymnasium was retained, along with vocational and general schools.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The "Realgymnasium" offered instead a nine-year course including Latin, but not Greek. Prussian "Progymnasien" and "Realprogymnasien" provided six- or seven-year courses, and the "Oberschulen" later offered nine-year courses with neither Greek nor Latin.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The early twentieth century saw an increase in the number of "Lyzeum" schools for girls, which offered a six-year course. The rising prominence of girls' gymnasia was mainly due to the ascendancy of the German feminist movement in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, corresponding to the rising demand for women's university education.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Co-educational gymnasia have become widespread since the 1970s, and today, single-sex gymnasia are rare in Germany.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: When primary school ended with the fourth grade and pupils left German basic secondary schools ("Volksschule/Hauptschule" or "Realschule") at the end of the ninth or tenth grade, the gymnasium used special terms for its grade levels:


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The introduction of French and English as elective languages in the early twentieth century brought about the greatest change to German secondary education since the introduction of the Realschulen in the eighteenth century. Today, German gymnasia teach English, French, or Latin as a compulsory primary foreign language, while the compulsory second foreign language may be English, French, Latin, Ancient Greek, Spanish or Russian. The German State of Berlin, where secondary education normally begins in the seventh year of schooling, has some specialised gymnasia beginning with the fifth year which teach Latin or French as a primary foreign language.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Teaching English as a subject, particularly, has a long history at the Gymnasium and this is demonstrated by the time-honoured practices and subject matter that are unique to the gymnasia and could be baffling to outsiders. It is often offered in the last three years at school.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Although some specialist gymnasia have English or French as the language of instruction, most lessons in a typical gymnasium (apart from foreign language courses) are conducted in Standard High German. This is true even in regions where High German is not the prevailing dialect.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include German, mathematics, informatics/computer science, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, art (as well as crafts and design), music, history, philosophy, civics / citizenship, social sciences, and several foreign languages.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: For younger students nearly the entire curriculum of a gymnasium is compulsory; in upper years more elective subjects are available, but the choice is not as wide as in a U.S. high school. Generally academic standards are high as the gymnasium typically caters for the upper 25-35% of the ability range.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects, but on producing well-rounded individuals, so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory, even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent. The German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state, so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory, students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Gynmasien are often conceived as schools for the gifted. This, however, depends on many factors; some states such as Bavaria select their students by elementary grades or by entrance examination, and so do certain specialist schools, like the Sächsisches Landesgymnasium Sankt Afra zu Meißen, in other states. In these federal states, it is not up to the parents to decide if a pupil will attend the Gymnasium but decision will mainly be based on the performance in elementary schools. However, even "the gifted" in this sense comprise a fourth or fifth of the population. Other gymnasia in other states have no such strict provisions. Though gymnasia traditionally impose strict grading that causes students of average academic ability to struggle, many schools share the motto: "No child left behind" (""Keiner darf verloren gehen"").


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Humanities-oriented gymnasia usually have a long tradition. They teach Latin and Ancient Greek (sometimes also Classical Hebrew) and additionally teach English or French or both. The focus is on the classical antiquity and the civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: For certain subjects, such as History, many universities still require the "Latinum," some also the "Graecum," proof of study or comprehension of Latin or Ancient Greek, respectively.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: This type of school is less traditional. It teaches at least two modern languages. In most cases the students have the chance to learn Latin as well.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Often combined with the Neusprachliches Gymnasium this type of schools have a focus on STEM subjects.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The Gymnasium with focus on mathematics and sciences used to be called "Oberrealschule," the Gymnasium with focus on both modern languages and mathematics plus sciences used to be called "Realgymnasium." The Gymnasium was supposed to be the humanities-oriented variety; during the Nazi era, a common term for all of these schools put together was "Oberschule" (literally, "upper school"). In the 1960s, school reformers in an equalization effort discontinued these names. The most practical benefit of this was that it prevented the frequent confusion among parents about the fundamental difference between "Realgymnasium," "Oberrealschule" and "Oberschule" on the one side and "Realschule" on the other.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The Sportgymnasium is a school of the gymnasium-type, usually a boarding school, that has its main focus on sport. The Skigymnasium has a focus on skiing.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The Musikgymnasium has its focus on music. (In Bavaria) It requires to learn to play an instrument (mostly the piano or the violin) as one of their major subjects.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The Europäisches Gymnasium has its focus on languages. It exists in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg. In Bavaria, students are required to learn three different foreign languages. They start learning their first foreign language in 5th grade, the second in 6th grade and the third by grade 10 or 11. In Baden-Württemberg students attending the Europäisches gymnasium start learning Latin and English while in 5th grade. They pick up their third language by 7th or 8th grade and their fourth foreign language by 10th grade. By 10th grade, students also choose if they want to drop one of the languages they started in 5th grade. Later, they may drop another language. Students are required to take at least two foreign languages and fluency is a requirement for graduation. If they wish, students may also graduate with four foreign languages.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: There are a number of gymnasia for mature students, people who graduated from school, but did not receive an Abitur. Most of these schools have only the top three or four year groups, rather than the traditional 5th to 13th years. Examples are the Abendgymnasium, the Aufbaugymnasium and the Wirtschaftsgymnasium.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: In the most traditional schools, students rise when the teacher enters the classroom. The teacher says "Good morning, class" and the class answers "Good morning, Mr./Ms. ... ." The teacher then asks them to sit down.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Up to the 1960s, students used to be supposed to call their teachers by the appropriate title, e. g. "Herr Studienrat." This is generally outdated. The headmaster might also be addressed more laxly as Herr Direktor (the correct title being Herr Oberstudiendirektor). The general mode of address is these days Mr. + surname. Teachers mostly address students by their first name.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Corporal punishment was banned in 1973. Teachers who want to punish students put them in detention or assign them boring tasks. Some have them write essays like "Why a student should not interrupt his teachers." Students may also be subjected to official disciplinary measures, such as a "Verweis" (reprimand), not unlike equally-called measures in the disciplining of civil-servants or soldiers; the hardest of these measures is expelling from school. Such pupils have to go to another school, or even be banned from attending state schools altogether. This is rare though. Some private schools are more easy with expulsions, along with the line that the pupil in question does not fit into the community and should thus try his fortune with a school officially designated to take all pupils, i.e. a state school.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: There are written, as well as oral, exams. Written exams are essay-based and called "Klausur" and typically take one and a half hours. Many German students never take a multiple choice test.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Gymnasium is a school where most of the students are college-bound and stringent grading is traditional. Pupils of average ability find themselves at the bottom of their class and might have done better at another type of school.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: A study revealed that upper-class gymnasium students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of "5" (fail). Comprehensive school upper-class students of average ability in mathematics found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of "3+".


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Students who graduated from a gymnasium often do better in college than their grades or ranking in class would predict.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: To many traditionally minded Germans, a "gymnasium in the south" is the epitome of a good education, while to other Germans, it is the epitome of outmoded traditions and elitism.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: A study revealed that gymnasia in the south did have higher standards than those in other parts of Germany. On a standardised mathematics test provided by scientists, the study showed that students attending a southern gymnasium outperformed those attending one elsewhere in Germany.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: A 2007 study revealed that those attending a gymnasium in the north had similar IQs to those attending one in the south. Yet those attending a gymnasium in the north under-performed on standardised tests. The students who did worst came from Hamburg and the students who did best came from Baden-Württemberg. According to the study, the final year students in Hamburg lagged two years behind those attending a gymnasium in Baden-Württemberg. Because students had the same IQ, the difference in knowledge can only be explained by a difference in the teaching methods. On the other hand, gymnasia in the south have the reputation of valuing knowledge over creativity, while those in the north have the reputation of valuing creativity over knowledge. Comparing students on a creativity test could produce different results.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Students from all grades are required to take physical education classes. Most gymnasia have sports teams. Sports often include soccer, badminton, table tennis, rowing and field hockey.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Most gymnasia offer students the opportunity to participate in sport-related outings. In the summer months, they have the opportunity to enjoy rowing trips or sailing and in winter months, they may go skiing. Students are not required to participate, but teachers see the trips as good for building character and leadership skills and encourage students to participate. As a rule, most of these trips come with fees. A school "Förderverein" (booster club) pays for those wishing to attend, but unable to afford the fee.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Most gymnasia offer social and academic clubs. Most traditional among these (sports excepted) are drama, journalism (i. e. producing a "Schülerzeitung") and choir. However, chess, photography, debating, improv, environmentalism, additional math, experimental physics, IT classes, etc. can also be found.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Some gymnasia require students to participate in at least one club (of the student's choosing), but in most cases, participation is voluntary.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: It has become increasingly common for gymnasium students to spend some time attending school in another country. Very popular destinations are English-speaking countries such as the US, Great Britain, Canada and Ireland; however, as it is increasingly difficult to find partner schools in English-speaking countries (high demand, little supply, among other things because of the limited importance of German lessons) even countries whose language is not taught at all are visited. While this is not required, it is encouraged. Some pupils might go a year or half a year abroad (and are granted some time to catch up with their studies at home), while the more general thing is an organized stay of 2–4 weeks in either country in a group of 20+ students with two teachers (who are, naturally, dispensed from every-day duties during the time).


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Generally, gymnasia have no school uniforms or official dress codes. However, students may be expected to dress modestly and tastefully. Some gymnasia offer branded shirts, but students are allowed to choose whether or not to wear them. For specific school events (like the Abitur ball) students attending them may be expected to wear formal dress, usually consisting of dresses for women and blazer and tie for men, but even this is no longer the case for every gymnasium.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: In the past, "Gymnasiasten" wore a traditional cap, marking them as a gymnasium student. The colour of the cap differed by gymnasium and grade. In case of the Ludwig Meyn Gymnasium in Uetersen, for example, in 1920:


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: After the Machtergreifung of the Nazis, the gymnasium cap was banned for political reasons. Literature describing student caps was burned.Students received new clothing from the League of German Girls and the Hitler Youth. Gymnasium students were forbidden from wearing clothing that identified them as members of their school. Now, it is no longer illegal and these caps are again being sold however, few ever wear one.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: At some schools, when graduating, students receive an Abitur T-shirt, which is printed with the name of the school, the year of graduation and a slogan.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: As the new crop of students arrive at gymnasium, there is often a period of adjustment. Some gymnasia have mentors that help the new, younger students get settled in. They show them around the school and introduce them to older students. In the case of boarding schools, they also show them the city. The mentoring does not mean a student is seen as being "at risk." On the contrary, if there is a mentoring programme, all new students are likely to have a mentor.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Some schools have mentors (mostly alumni or parents) who help graduates choose a college and who arrange practical training for them.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: In 2008, a mentoring programme called "Arbeiterkind" ("working-class child") was founded to assist students from working-class families make the transition. A year later, this organization had 1000 mentors and 70 local chapters.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The "Schulverein" or "Förderverein" is an organization formed for financial support of the school. Members may be parents and alumni, or philanthropists. They pay for books for the school library and offer a hand to students from less affluent families, affording them the opportunity to participate in field trips and school outings.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: In general, to obtain a teaching degree for Gymnasia, prospective teachers have to study at least two subjects which are part of the curriculum of the gymnasia. Some decide to study three subjects or more. In addition, the university programmes for teachers always include lectures on educational sciences and didactics. After nine semesters (4.5 years) or more, students have to pass the "Erstes Staatsexamen," a state-level exam, roughly equivalent to a master's degree, which marks the end of their academic training. However, having passed this test does not qualify someone at once to become a gymnasium teacher. This education is followed by the "Referendariat" (training on-the-job), which normally lasts for 18–24 months. During this time, the student teacher gains practical teaching experience under the supervision of experienced colleagues. This phase is completed by the "Zweites Staatsexamen," which assesses the trainees' practical teaching ability. Those having successfully completed both the first and second state examinations may then apply for a position at a Gymnasium or lesser schools.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: However, the systems of teacher education differ among the Bundesländer, include exceptions and are often modified. One trend is the abolishing of the first state examination in favour of Master of Education programmes. The second state examination is not affected by this development.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Admission procedures vary by state and gymnasium. Most gymnasia do not have written entrance exams. In some cases, students need a certain grade point average in order to apply to gymnasium. In most cases, students applying to a gymnasium nominally need a letter of recommendation written by the primary school teacher. The letter covers the child's academic performance, classroom behaviour, personal attributes, leadership abilities and extracurricular activities.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Based on that letter, the gymnasium determines the applicant's suitability for the school. Some gymnasia have informal interviews during which they present their school to the applicant and in turn, learn about him as the school representative works with the applicant and his parents to find out if that gymnasium is a good fit for the child.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The state of Berlin allows its gymnasia to pick 65% to 70% of their students, the rest being selected by lottery. Any qualified child can enter the lottery, regardless of previous school performance (see: Education in Berlin).


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Some gymnasia are inundated with applications and some children have to resort to second or third choices.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: State-funded schools (a big majority) are tuition-free, as foreseen by the respective laws, even often on constitutional level. Segregation of students by parent wealth or income is looked down upon, to the point of being an exception to the constitutionally guaranteed freedom to have private schools (Article 7 section 4 of the German constitution, "Sondierungsverbot"). Of the private gymnasia, the vast majority is run by the Catholic Church on very low tuition fees (which is more easy as by Concordat, the Church receives a high percentage of the amount of money the State need not spend for a pupil in a Church-school); fees for schools who need to earn money by teaching are higher. Schools with fees generally offer scholarships.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: In 2005, the German government spent €5,400 per student for those attending public gymnasium. This is less than what was spent on a student attending Hauptschule, but more than was spent on those attending Realschule. Some Hauptschule and Gesamtschule students have special needs requiring extra help, so those schools cannot operate as cost-effectively as gymnasia.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: While one third of all German youngsters have at least one foreign-born parent and other German schools are becoming more multicultural, gymnasia have remained more or less socially and ethnically exclusive. However, that is only half the truth. Children belonging to Russian-Jewish, Chinese, Greek, Korean or Vietnamese minorities are more likely to attend a gymnasium than ethnic Germans. Yet, most minorities are less likely to attend a gymnasium than ethnic Germans. A study done in Baden-Württemberg revealed that 85.9% of students attending a gymnasium were ethnic Germans. Thus the gymnasium is the German school with the most homogenous student body. According to "Der Spiegel" magazine, some minority students were denied a letter of recommendation for entrance to a gymnasium by their teachers simply because they were immigrants. According to "Der Spiegel," teachers think minority students would not feel at home at a school having such a homogenous student body.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: A study revealed that 50% of the students visiting a gymnasium come from families of the top levels of German society. Some people have voiced concerns that gymnasia are designed to accommodate a minority of privileged children and that talented working-class children are impeded in gaining access to gymnasium. There have been calls for the abolition of the gymnasium and a switch-over to comprehensive schools. Others want the gymnasia to target more children from poor backgrounds.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Some believe that gymnasia are "the great equaliser" and have pointed out that state-funded and parochial gymnasia have helped many students rise above humble backgrounds. Some also point to the fact that gymnasia are the only schools where working-class students nearly catch up with their middle-class peers, while in the case of comprehensive schools, the effects of social class on student academic performance are more pronounced than in any other type of school.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study revealed that working-class children needed to achieve higher reading scores than middle-class children in order to get letters of recommendation for entrance into the gymnasium. After testing their reading abilities, the odds for upper-middle-class children to be nominated for a gymnasium were 2.63 times higher than for working-class children.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: According to the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, students from ethnic German families were 4.96 times more likely than children from immigrant families to have their teacher write a letter of recommendation. Even when comparing children with the same reading scores, ethnic Germans were still 2.11 times as likely to receive the letter.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: According to the PISA study, competency was linked to social class. After allowing for cognitive competency, middle-class children were still attending gymnasium at three times the rate of working-class children. After allowing for reading competency and cognitive competency, children from the highest social class still attended gymnasium at four to six times the rate of working-class children. According to the study, immigrant children were not discriminated against. The reason so few immigrant children attended gymnasium was poor reading skills. After allowing for reading competency, children from immigrant families were as likely as children from native German families to attend gymnasium.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: The German scientist Lehmann did a longitudinal study on the performance of pupils in Berlin in standardised tests. Such pupils used to be admitted to a gymnasium after the fourth grade and after the sixth grade. Pupils in German schools do not undergo standardised testing, but rather write essays. However, Lehmann wanted to know if those test results would predict the likelihood of admission to a gymnasium after the sixth grade and if admission to a gymnasium after the fourth grade would boost their performance in standardised tests.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: A study by the University of Mainz revealed that of all children living in the city of Wiesbaden, 81% of children from the upper social classes and only 14% percent of working-class children received a letter of recommendation from their teachers. It also showed that only 76% of working-class children whose grades placed them at the top of the class, as well as 91% of children from the upper social classes in the same situation received a recommendation.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: According to scientists Joachim Tiedemann and Elfriede Billmann-Mahecha, there was a big-fish-little-pond effect. Children were more likely to have their teacher write a letter of recommendation if the remainder of their primary school class was not too bright. They stated,


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: In 2003, a study revealed that lower-class and working-class children attending a comprehensive school lagged behind their less disadvantaged peers in terms of mathematical abilities. The same study revealed that working- and lower-class children attending gymnasium nearly caught up to their peers attending the same school. However, special care must be taken in interpreting the data, since lower- and working-class children admitted to gymnasium may be different from other pupils in their class "ab initio."


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: A study done by Helmut Fend revealed that gymnasium may not matter as much as is generally perceived. According to the study, parents' social class, not schooling, determined children's life trajectories. The study revealed that upper-middle-class children graduating from gymnasium (and upper-middle-class children graduating from comprehensive schools) later graduated from college and followed the footsteps of their parents into higher professional jobs. It also revealed that for every working-class child who graduated from college, there were 12 upper-middle-class children who did.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Only a few specialised gymnasia admit their students on the basis of IQ tests. A 1999 study revealed 10th graders attending a normal gymnasium and 10th graders attending a Realschule had higher IQs than 10th graders attending a comprehensive. It also revealed that the difference was greater in 10th grade than it had been in 7th grade. The media reacted to the charge that comprehensive schools are "the place where intelligence atrophies." The Max Planck Institute for Human Development stated that nobody was "dumbed down" at the comprehensive school and that those attending a comprehensive in 10th grade did no worse on IQ tests than in 7th grade. The institute also stated that the IQ difference between comprehensives on the one hand and gymnasia and Realschulen on the other was greater by 10th grade than in 7th grade because the mean IQ of those at gymnasium and Realschule had risen. The institute did not believe, however, that attending Realschule or gymnasium boosts students' IQ. Instead, they stated that students with lower IQs who attend gymnasium or Realschule might find themselves increasingly unable to keep up and thus may drop out by 10th grade.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: As has been mentioned before, gymnasia and "Gesamtschulen" in Germany do not administer standardised tests to their students and few students are familiar with those kinds of tests. Yet, scientists sometimes use standardised tests to evaluate schools. 10th graders attending a gymnasium have been shown to outperform 10th graders attending a comprehensive school by one standard deviation on a standardised mathematics test. That equals 2 to 3 years of schooling. Proponents of comprehensive schools have criticised such studies, stating they believe standardised tests to be biased against those attending comprehensive school. They have said comprehensives taught their students "Independence, capacity for team work, creativity, conflict management and broad mindedness" and that those qualities cannot be measured on standardised tests.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: According to a disputed study evaluating students' character, based on a standardised test, those attending a Realschule or gymnasium were more likely to be respectful and considerate of other peoples' feelings than those attending a comprehensive school. According to this study, gymnasium students were more likely to be classified as "selfless" than students attending any other kind of school and those attending a comprehensive were more likely to be classified "self-serving" than those attending any other type of school. This study has been widely criticised. It has been claimed that character cannot be measured on standardised tests and that students' answers might not reflect their real behaviour. Charges were raised that questions were worded in academic language thus, students attending a comprehensive may not have understood them properly. It has also been suggested that the answers the students gave may have been influenced by social class, that gymnasium students may have been brought up to think they were selfless, while really they were not. Proponents of comprehensive schools stated gymnasium students were phony and elitist while pretending to be selfless.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: A study revealed that college-bound students attending a traditional gymnasium did better on the TOEFL than college-bound students attending a comprehensive, but those did better than college-bound students attending an "Aufbaugymnasium," "Technisches Gymnasium" or "Wirtschaftsgymnasium" (the last three schools serve students, who graduated from another school receiving no Abitur and give them the opportunity to earn the Abitur).


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Proponents of comprehensive schools often hold the opinion that it is unfair to compare gymnasia and Realschulen with comprehensive schools. While gymnasia and Realschulen often handpick their students, comprehensives are open to all.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Proponents of comprehensives also think they lack the most academically promising young people, who have been skimmed off by other schools. They also point out that some comprehensives (such as the "Laborschule Bielefeld" and the "Helene Lange School" in Wiesbaden) ranked among Germany's best schools.


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: Germany's "Left Party" introduced a discussion concerning affirmative action. According to Stefan Zillich, quotas should be "a possibility" to help working-class children who do not do well in school gain access to gymnasium. Headmasters have objected, saying this type of policy would be "a disservice" to poor children, that they would not be able to keep up academically. The headmasters have also expressed concerns that children of working-class families would not feel welcome at gymnasia. Wolfgang Harnischfeger, headmaster of a well-known Berlin gymnasium, has stated,


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: It can be noticed in children as young as kindergarten students, that children take after their parents. They emulate their language, their way of dressing, their way of spending their free time. Kids from Neukölln [a poor neighbourhood] would not feel good about themselves if they had to attend a type of school that mainly serves students from social classes different from their own. They will not be able to integrate. Every field day, every school party will show that."


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: He also said "this kind of policy would weaken the gymnasium" and that this would be dangerous because "German society could not afford to do without the excellence the gymnasium produces." Stefan Zillich answered this, saying that "German society [cannot] afford to have so few adults with a world-class education."


title: Gymnasium (Germany)

text: In 2009, the Senate of Berlin decided that Berlin's gymnasium should no longer be allowed to handpick all of their students. It was ruled that while gymnasia should be able to pick 70% to 65% of their students, the other places are to be allocated by lottery. Every child will be able to enter the lottery, no matter how the child performed in primary school. It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of working-class students attending gymnasium. The Left Party proposed that Berlin gymnasia should no longer be allowed to expel students who perform poorly, so that the students who won a gymnasium place in the lottery have a fair chance of graduating from that school. It is not clear yet whether the Berlin Senate will decide in favour of The Left Party's proposal.


title: Kushal Tandon

text: Kushal Tandon (born 28 March 1985) is an Indian model and actor known for his portrayal of Virat Singh Vadhera in "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai" and Arjun Sharma in "Beyhadh". He also participated in "Nach Baliye", "Bigg Boss" and "".


title: Kushal Tandon

text: Tandon was born on 28 March 1985 and is from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. He studied in Hansraj College, Delhi and in New York Film Academy. Tandon and Gauahar Khan were in a relationship during Bigg Boss 7 but broke up in 2014 after almost a year. Tandon was also in a relationship with Ridhima Pandit but they broke up after 9 months.


title: Kushal Tandon

text: Tandon was the first runner-up of Grasim Mr. India contest held in January 2005. Upon return from the United States after his acting course, he played Virat Singh Vadhera in "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai." During the show, he shaved off his hair to show his support for a bald young cancer patient.


title: Kushal Tandon

text: In 2012, he was ranked second in "Eastern Eye"s 50 Sexiest Asian Men List 2012. Later, Tandon participated in "Nach Baliye 5" with his then partner Elena Boeva. In 2013, he participated in reality television show "Bigg Boss 7". In 2015, Tandon was seen in Rahat Fateh Ali Khan's music video "Zaroori Tha" along with girlfriend Gauahar Khan.


title: Kushal Tandon

text: In 2016, Tandon portrayed Arjun Sharma opposite Jennifer Winget and Aneri Vajani in Sony TV's "Beyhadh." In 2018, he portrayed Rahul in Alt Balaji's "Hum - I'm Because of Us". On 26 June 2020, he starred in tech horror film, "Unlock" in Zee5. In August 2020, he acted in ALTBalaji's "Bebaakee".


title: Kushal Tandon

text: Tandon also owns a restaurant called "Arbour 28" in Mumbai. He opened the restaurant in February 2020.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: Kurt Barlow is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Stephen King's 1975 horror novel "'Salem's Lot". The character is a powerful vampire who moves to the Maine town of Jerusalem's Lot with the intent to form a vampire colony of its residents. Due to his own predations as well as those of the residents he turns, the entire town is ultimately overrun by vampirism; only a few of the residents escape. Although his true age is unknown, he claims to be so old that he predates the founding of Christianity by centuries.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: Before the events of the novel, it is suggested that Barlow's original name or alias was Breichen and that he was an Austrian nobleman. As Breichen, Barlow corresponded for twelve years with Hubert "Hubie" Marsten, a former Depression-era Boston hitman living in the town of Jerusalem's Lot, Maine, or "The Lot". Marsten murdered his wife and committed suicide, but not before burning his letters with Barlow. The novel strongly implies that Marsten entered into an agreement with Barlow that allowed him to eventually come to Jerusalem's Lot.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: In 1975, Barlow arrives in Jerusalem's Lot in a box shipped overseas by his human assistant (or familiar), an Englishman named Richard Straker. The two take residence in Marsten's former mansion, which is considered haunted by almost everyone in town. Straker poses as an antiques dealer and opens a shop in town. He tends to the shop and handles business arrangements while Barlow is never seen in public, telling inquiring visitors that Barlow is frequently away on business. Straker kidnaps a local boy, Ralphie Glick, and makes a human sacrifice of the child in an appeasement ritual. Ralphie's brother, Danny, becomes Barlow’s first victim and begins to turn other locals.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: Barlow makes his first appearance in the book when he encounters Dud Rogers, a hunchbacked dump custodian. Barlow also encounters Corey Bryant, a young telephone worker who has been tortured and ordered to leave town by Reggie Sawyer, the man Bryant was cuckolding. Knowing their desires, Barlow turns Rogers and Bryant.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: Danny Glick later pays a night-time visit to one of his schoolmates, Mark Petrie. However, Mark, an intelligent and resourceful child, identifies Glick as a vampire and drives him off with a plastic cross. Mark sneaks into the Marsten House the next day with Susan Norton, intending to destroy Barlow. However, they are both captured by Straker; Susan is turned by Barlow and becomes a vampire, but Mark manages to escape, mortally wounding Straker in the process. Straker is later found hanging upside down, having been drained of his blood by Barlow. Petrie informs Susan's boyfriend, writer Ben Mears, of Susan's fate, and becomes part of the effort to destroy the town's vampires, together with Ben, the Catholic priest Father Callahan, doctor Jimmy Cody and the Lot's high school English teacher, Matt Burke.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: When Father Callahan and Mark head over to Mark's parents to explain the danger that the family is in, the power is suddenly cut, and Barlow appears. He kills Mark's parents by smashing their heads together, but does not infect them. Barlow then takes Mark hostage briefly. Callahan pulls out his cross in an attempt to drive him off, and for a time it works, until Barlow challenges him to throw away the cross. Callahan, not having faith enough to do so, is overwhelmed by Barlow, who takes the now-useless cross and snaps it in two. Barlow then forces Callahan to drink his vampire blood, making him "unclean".


title: Kurt Barlow

text: By now Mark has escaped, part of Barlow's deal with Callahan, and has fled to warn the others. At the end of the book, Barlow is destroyed by Ben Mears and Mark Petrie in the basement of Eva Miller's boarding house, whose residents have, like almost everyone else in the town, become vampires.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: The town's locals remain vampires, even after the destruction of Barlow, and inevitably start to spread outside the town's limits into surrounding areas. Ben Mears and Mark Petrie flee the town, the only surviving members of the group which set out to stop Barlow and Straker. After recovering somewhat from the ordeal, they return a year later and set a brush fire near the Marsten House with the intent to burn down the town. The fire is intended to destroy as many vampires and their daylight hiding places as possible, as the beginning of an all-out effort by the two to destroy the vampire colony entirely.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: In "The Dark Tower" series, it is revealed that Barlow is a Type One vampire, capable of hibernating for centuries and is highly intelligent and cunning. However, he seems to appear more human than the other Type One vampires when making his appearances in "Salem's Lot". His appearance even seems to change toward the end of the novel into a younger-looking version of himself, de-aging from the older way he looked earlier in the novel. It is unknown if other Type One vampires can shift into a true human appearance like Barlow was able to do.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: In "Salem's Lot" (1979), In the 1979 miniseries, he is depicted with a grotesque Nosferatu-like appearance. In "The Dark Tower", it is mentioned in the beginning that "Type One" vampires (such as Barlow) are horribly disfigured, mutant-like creatures whose teeth grow out so wildly that they cannot close their mouths. In addition, Kurt Barlow did not speak, and only communicated in growls, hisses and grunts.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: This version of Barlow has a variety of supernatural powers, such as telekinesis; he opens a locked cell door with a wave of his hand, moves his own coffin along with the (unnaturally freezing cold) crate that it is inside, and causes the Petries' entire house to shake before entering.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: In the 2004 miniseries adapted from the novel, Barlow is portrayed by Rutger Hauer. He is a sophisticated, well-dressed older gentleman and, at first glance, his only difference from the rest of the community is his mildly anachronistic appearance (his dress and behavior seem to come from an earlier time).


title: Kurt Barlow

text: Richard Throckett Straker is Barlow's "familiar" or human thrall. All of Barlow's business concerns are enacted by him. He buys the Marsten house and prepares the way for his master. After Mark Petrie wounds Straker during his escape from the Marsten house, Straker is drained of his blood by Barlow who is unable to resist feeding on his servant's freshly spilled blood. Barlow is furious at this turn of events, as he considers Straker the best servant he ever possessed.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: In "Salem's Lot" (1979), Straker was the main antagonist and a more prominent villain than Barlow, unlike the novel, and was alive until the climax of the miniseries. Though seemingly human, this version of Straker turns out to be something more with incredible strength, and it is implied he possesses some kind of supernatural power; he manages to summon a fast wind as he abducts Ralphie Glick in the woods and easily manages to lift Dr. Bill Norton off the ground by himself with little effort, as he impales him on a wall filled with animal horns. He was, however, still mortal and was shot and killed by Ben Mears on the stairs of the Marsten house, though he took several bullets to the abdomen and continued to move until finally succumbing to his wounds. Straker was English in this version (as played by James Mason) and came from London. His name, according to Constable Gillespie, was actually Richard "K." Straker, though it remains unknown what the middle initial stood for.


title: Kurt Barlow

text: In "Salem's Lot" (2004), Straker's name is once again changed, this time into Richard "Thomas" Straker. He was portrayed by Donald Sutherland. Although he again has more screen time than Barlow in this version, his role is somewhat reduced from that of the original miniseries. He is also never actually seen in any of the same scenes with Barlow. In this version, he is killed as in the novel and left hanging upside down from the rafters of the Marsten house, drained of his blood by Barlow.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which in turn are a class of steroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: The name mineralocorticoid derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in the retention of sodium, a mineral. The primary endogenous mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, although a number of other endogenous hormones (including progesterone and deoxycorticosterone) have mineralocorticoid function.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to provide active reabsorption of sodium and an associated passive reabsorption of water, as well as the active secretion of potassium in the principal cells of the cortical collecting tubule and active secretion of protons via proton ATPases in the lumenal membrane of the intercalated cells of the collecting tubule. This in turn results in an increase of blood pressure and blood volume.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: Aldosterone is produced in the zona glomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal gland and its secretion is mediated principally by angiotensin II but also by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and local potassium levels.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: The effects of mineralocorticoids are mediated by slow genomic mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated receptors and signaling cascades.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: Mineralocorticoids bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor in the cell cytosol, and are able to freely cross the lipid bilayer of the cell. This type of receptor becomes activated upon ligand binding. After a hormone binds to the corresponding receptor, the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many hormone response elements (HREs) in the promoter region of the target genes in the DNA.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: The opposite mechanism is called transrepression. The hormone receptor without ligand binding interacts with heat shock proteins and prevents the transcription of targeted genes.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: Aldosterone and cortisol (a glucosteroid) have similar affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor; however, glucocorticoids circulate at roughly 100 times the level of mineralocorticoids. An enzyme exists in mineralocorticoid target tissues to prevent overstimulation by glucocorticoids. This enzyme, 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (), catalyzes the deactivation of glucocorticoids to 11-dehydro metabolites. Licorice is known to be an inhibitor of this enzyme and chronic consumption can result in a condition known as pseudohyperaldosteronism.


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: Hyperaldosteronism (the syndrome caused by elevated aldosterone) is commonly caused by either idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia or by an adrenal adenoma. The two main resulting problems:


title: Mineralocorticoid

text: Hypoaldosteronism (the syndrome caused by underproduction of aldosterone) leads to the salt-wasting state associated with Addison's disease, although classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other disease states may also cause this situation. Acute underproduction (hemorrhagic adrenalitis) is often life-threatening.


title: Umji

text: Kim Ye-won (; born August 19, 1998), better known by her stage name Umji (), is a South Korean singer and dancer. She is a former member of the girl group GFriend, and a current member of the trio Viviz.


title: Umji

text: Umji was born on August 19, 1998, in Incheon, South Korea and is the youngest daughter of her family (one older brother and one older sister). Her father is dentist and chairman of a famous dental corporation in South Korea.


title: Umji

text: Umji went to English preschool and graduated from Shinsong Middle School, Incheon. She graduated from the School of Performing Arts Seoul (SOPA - Theater Department) in February 2017, along with her groupmate, SinB.


title: Umji

text: Umji made her debut as a member of the group GFriend on January 15, 2015, with the release of the extended play "Season of Glass", along with the single "Glass Bead". The group first live performance took place on the KBS2's "Music Bank" on January 16.


title: Umji

text: In September 2016, she released her first solo soundtrack for the South Korean drama "Shopping King Louie", entitled "The Way". In October 2016, the singer stopped activities with the group after being diagnosed with a twist in the sarus muscle. She returned a month after recovering for the Melon Music Awards.


title: Umji

text: In November 2017, she took part in "King of Mask Singer", participating in two rounds until she was eliminated by Sunwoo Jung-a.


title: Umji

text: In 2018, along with member Sanha from the boys band Astro, the singer was chosen to host a talk show for the youth audience entitled "Yogobara".


title: Umji

text: In March 2020, the singer released her second soundtrack for the South Korean drama "Welcome" called "Welcome". In April 2020, she replaced her fellow group member Eunha as a new DJ for Naver Now "Avenger Girls".


title: Umji

text: In October 2020, Umji appeared with Eunha on the show "Knowing Bros" and showcased a tip of the single "Mago" from GFriend's studio album 回:"Walpurgis Night" released two weeks later on November 9.


title: Umji

text: On October 6, 2021, it was announced that Umji, along with former GFriend members, Eunha and SinB, have signed a contract with BPM Entertainment to debut as a trio. On October 8, 2021, it was announced their new group name would be Viviz. Viviz debuted on February 9, 2022, with the extended play "Beam of Prism".


title: Umji

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database unless stated otherwise.


title: Powerviolence

text: Powerviolence (sometimes written as power violence) is an extremely dissonant and fast subgenre of hardcore punk which is closely related to thrashcore and grindcore. In contrast with grindcore, which is a "crossover" idiom containing musical aspects of heavy metal, powerviolence is just an augmentation of the most challenging qualities of hardcore punk. Like its predecessors, it is usually socio-politically charged and iconoclastic.


title: Powerviolence

text: Siege are considered the pioneers of powerviolence. Additionally, Infest have received credit for having an early impact on the genre. The microgenre solidified into its commonly recognized form in the early 1990s. This is best exemplified by bands such as Man Is the Bastard, Crossed Out, Neanderthal, No Comment and Capitalist Casualties. Powerviolence groups took inspiration from Siege, Hüsker Dü, SSD, Deep Wound, Neon Christ, Hirax, Impact Unit, Dirty Rotten Imbeciles, Negative FX and Corrosion of Conformity.


title: Powerviolence

text: Spazz vocalist and bassist Chris Dodge's record label Slap-a-Ham Records was a fixture during the rapid rise and decline of powerviolence, releasing influential records by Neanderthal, No Comment, Crossed Out, Infest, Slight Slappers, and Spazz. The label's Fiesta Grande was an annual powerviolence festival held at 924 Gilman from 1993 to 2000. The label 625 Thrashcore (founded by Spazz drummer Max Ward) started a similarly themed festival in 2003, called Super Sabado Gigante.


title: Powerviolence

text: While powerviolence is closely related to thrashcore (often referred to simply as "thrash"), it is markedly different from thrash metal in both sound and approach.


title: Powerviolence

text: While the term "powerviolence" originally included a number of stylistically diverse bands, it typically refers to bands who focus on speed, brevity, breakdowns, and constant tempo changes. Powerviolence songs are often very short, with some lasting less than twenty seconds. Groups such as Man Is the Bastard, Plutocracy, Azucares, and No Le$$ took influence from progressive rock and jazz fusion.


title: Powerviolence

text: Powerviolence groups tend to be very raw and under-produced. This is true of both their sound and packaging. Some groups (e.g. Man Is the Bastard and Dystopia) took influence from anarcho-punk and crust punk, emphasizing animal rights and anti-militarism. Groups such as Despise You and Lack of Interest wrote lyrics about misanthropy, drugs, and inner-city issues. Groups such as Spazz and Charles Bronson, on the other hand, wrote lyrics mocking points of interest for hardcore and metal fans. Their lyrics often consisted of inside jokes that referenced specific people, many of whom were unfamiliar to those outside the band.


title: Powerviolence

text: Other groups associated with powerviolence included The Locust, Dropdead, Black Army Jacket, Hellnation, and Rorschach. The doom metal group Burning Witch (who released music on the Slap-A-Ham label) often played shows with powerviolence groups.


title: Powerviolence

text: Powerviolence groups had a strong influence on later grindcore acts, such as Agoraphobic Nosebleed. Mark McCoy of Charles Bronson went on to form Das Oath, a popular thrashcore group. Members of Man Is the Bastard formed Bastard Noise.


title: Powerviolence

text: A handful of bands from the powerviolence scene of the 1990s have continued to record and perform decades later, including Bastard Noise, Capitalist Casualties, Despise You, Lack of Interest, Infest, Slight Slappers, Stapled Shut, etc. Weekend Nachos, Nails, Magrudergrind, early Ceremony, Hatred Surge, Mind Eraser and Full of Hell are considered contemporary powerviolence acts. When Eric Wood from Man Is The Bastard was asked in 2021 about the new Powerviolence bands he answered:


title: Powerviolence

text: Emoviolence is a fusion genre that combines elements of powerviolence and screamo. Common characteristics shared by emoviolence bands include screamed vocals, blast beats, extensive use of amplifier feedback, and small elements of melody. The term "emoviolence" was jokingly created by the band In/Humanity,<ref name="I/HVRPM"></ref> and bands commonly associated with the term include Orchid, Usurp Synapse, Jeromes Dream, and Pg. 99.


title: Show tune

text: A show tune is a song originally written as part of the score of a work of musical theatre or musical film, especially if the piece in question has become a standard, more or less detached in most people's minds from the original context.


title: Show tune

text: Though show tunes vary in style, they do tend to share common characteristics—they usually fit the context of a story being told in the original musical, they are useful in enhancing and heightening choice moments. A particularly common form of show tune is the "I Want" song, which composer Stephen Schwartz noted as being particularly likely to have a lifespan outside the show that spawned it.


title: Show tune

text: Show tunes were a major venue for popular music before the rock and roll and television era; most of the hits of such songwriters as Jerome Kern, Cole Porter, and George Gershwin came from their shows. (Even into the television and rock era, a few stage musicals managed to turn their show tunes into major pop music hits, sometimes aided by film adaptations and exposure through variety shows.) Although show tunes no longer have such a major role in popular music as they did in their heyday, they remain somewhat popular, especially among niche audiences. Show tunes make up a disproportionate part of the songs in most variations of the Great American Songbook.


title: Show tune

text: The reverse phenomenon, when already popular songs are used to form the basis of a stage musical, is known as a jukebox musical.


title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), commonly known as the Pusa Institute, is India's national institute for agricultural research, education and extension. The name Pusa Institute is derived from the fact that the institute was originally located in Pusa, Bihar as the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research in 1911. It was then renamed as the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in 1919 and following a major earthquake in Pusa, it was relocated to Delhi in 1936. The current institute in Delhi is financed and administered by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The IARI was responsible for the research leading to the "Green Revolution in India" of the 1970s.


title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: The institute was established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar, with the financial assistance of Henry Phipps, Jr., an American philanthropist. Phipps was a family friend of Lady Curzon, the daughter of an American millionaire, and the wife of Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India. Phipps stayed as a guest of the Curzons during his visit to India. More importantly, Phipps left behind with them a donation of £30,000, which was used to establish the institute. He laid the foundation stone of the Agricultural Research Institute and college on 1 April 1905.


title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: The institute was originally called the Agricultural Research Institute (ARI). Its name was changed to the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research in 1911, and to the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in 1919.


title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: A reason for establishing it in Pusa in northern Bihar was the proximity to the indigo plantations which were in need of revival after the German synthesis of aniline in 1899. One of the first scientists to be deputed to the institute was the English chemist John Walter Leather in 1892.


title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: However, the institute was damaged during the devastating Bihar earthquake of 15 January 1934. The Secretary of State approved the transfer in July, 1934. The Standing Finance Committee of the Union Assembly finally announced on 25 August 1934 in Shimla, the decision to shift the institute to New Delhi at the approximate cost of . to a place that is now called Pusa in New Delhi. B. Viswanath was the director at that time. He also happened to be first Indian director of IARI. The new campus at New Delhi was inaugurated on 29 July 1936, while the new building of the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research was inaugurated by the then Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow on 7 November 1936.


title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: Post-independence, the institute was renamed the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, and in 1950 the Shimla sub-station of institute developed Rust-resistant varieties of wheat, including Pusa 718, 737, 745, and 760. In 1958, it was recognized as a "deemed university" under the UGC act of 1956 of Parliament and since then it has awarded MSc and PhD degrees.


title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: What remained of the institute at the original location was downgraded to an agricultural research station until 1970, when the Government of Bihar established the Rajendra Agricultural University at the location.


title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: The campus is spread over , 8 km west of New Delhi Railway Station. This was initially outside Delhi, but over the decades the city has grown much beyond the campus. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute is affiliated with and is located in the campus of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: "Coming Up" is a song written and performed by English musician Paul McCartney, released as the opening track on his 1980 solo album "McCartney II". Like other songs on the album, the song has a synthesised sound, featuring sped-up vocals created by using a vari-speed tape machine. McCartney played all instruments.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: The single was a hit in Britain, peaking at on the singles chart. In the United States and Canada, the live version of the song performed by Paul McCartney and Wings in Glasgow the year prior (released as the B-side to the single) saw greater success.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: John Lennon described "Coming Up" as "a good piece of work" and it prompted him to return to recording in 1980. After hearing it on the radio for the first time, Lennon reportedly stated “Fuck a pig! It’s Paul!” Lennon later stated his preference for the studio version over the live version that was released as a single: "I thought that Coming Up was great and I like the freak version that he made in his barn better than that live Glasgow one. If I'd have been with him I would've said 'that's the one' too. And I thought that the record company had a nerve changing it round on him, and I know what they mean, they want to hear the real guy singing, but I like the freaky one."


title: Coming Up (song)

text: A live version of the song was recorded in Glasgow, Scotland, on 17 December 1979 by Wings during their tour of the UK. An edited version from the performance was included as one of two songs on the B-side; the other song on the B-side was "Lunchbox/Odd Sox", a Wings song that dated back to "Venus and Mars". Both songs were credited to Paul McCartney and Wings.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: Columbia Records wanted to put the live version on "McCartney II" but McCartney resisted the change, wanting to keep it a solo album. Instead, a one-sided 7" white-label promotional copy of the Wings version was included with the album in North America.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: "Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)" has since appeared on the US versions of the McCartney compilations "All the Best!" (1987) and "" (2001), while the solo studio version is included on UK and international releases.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: The full length version of the song with an additional verse from the 1979 Glasgow show was finally released as bonus track on the "Paul McCartney Archive Collection" reissue of "McCartney II" in 2011.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: A different live Wings recording of "Coming Up" appears on the album "Concerts for the People of Kampuchea", also recorded in 1979.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: The music video for "Coming Up", directed by Keith McMillan, features Paul McCartney playing ten roles (himself, two guitarists, a bassist, a drummer, a keyboard player, and four saxophone players) and Linda McCartney playing two (one female backing singer and one male backing singer). The "band" identified as "The Plastic Macs" on the drum kit (a homage to Lennon's conceptual Plastic Ono Band), features Paul and Linda's imitations of various rock musician stereotypes, as well as a few identifiable musicians.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: In his audio commentary on the 2007 video collection "The McCartney Years", McCartney identified characters that were impersonations of specific artists: Hank Marvin (guitarist from the Shadows), Ron Mael of Sparks (keyboards), a 'Beatlemania-era' version of himself (bass), and a drummer vaguely inspired by John Bonham from Led Zeppelin. Others, such as authors Fred Bronson and Kenneth Womack, have suggested that there are other identifiable impersonations in the video, such as Andy Mackay, Frank Zappa and Buddy Holly; McCartney said the other roles were simply comic relief.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: The video premiered in the UK on "The Kenny Everett Video Show" on 14 April 1980 and in the US on "Saturday Night Live" on 17 May 1980.


title: Coming Up (song)

text: In the US, Columbia Records promoted the live version, which subsequently received more airplay than the studio version. McCartney was unaware of Columbia's move; otherwise, he might have pushed for the A-side, which he thought was the stronger version. An executive from Columbia Records explained the switch by stating "Americans like the sound of Paul McCartney's real voice." The live version reached on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies. Although the live version received more airplay and was considered to be the "hit", "Billboard" listed the A-side on the Hot 100 for the first 12 weeks on the chart, including three weeks at , before switching to the more popular B-side for the remaining nine weeks on the chart.


title: Pathologic 2

text: Pathologic 2 () is a 2019 horror-adventure game, developed by Russian game development studio Ice-Pick Lodge and published by tinyBuild. "Pathologic 2" was originally conceived of as a remake of the developer's earlier 2005 video game "Pathologic", but during development grew to encompass a much greater scope. The game has variously been described as a remake, a reboot and a remaster, and draws elements from all three. Three storylines have been planned for the game, mirroring the stories of the Bachelor, Haruspex and Changeling from the original "Pathologic". The game was released with the story of the Haruspex on 23 May 2019.


title: Pathologic 2

text: A playable demo (released on 2 December 2016) called "The Marble Nest" with its own short story is freely available on the internet, as well as an alpha build which was released on 11 September 2018. Another playable demo was released on 24 April 2019, one month prior to the game's release. An updated version of "The Marble Nest" was released on Steam as DLC content on 28 October 2019. It was available for free to players who had owned the base game before this date.


title: Pathologic 2

text: "Pathologic 2" takes place in a small town on the steppe only referred to as the Town on the Gorkhon River, or simply "the town." The culture of the town is a fusion of 20th century technology and architecture with ancient steppe culture and traditions, which bring about customs that greatly affect the course of events in the town. Though the exact location and date are never mentioned, it is very heavily implied by character dialogue and environment clues that the game is set during the Russian Civil War.


title: Pathologic 2

text: The world of "Pathologic 2" leans heavily into the surreal, meta-commentary and symbolism, frequently making discerning what is fiction and what is "reality" difficult. The events in the town are framed as a play in the style of Bertolt Brecht's "epic theatre," where the player is an "actor" "playing the part" of the player character. The player's "reality" often comes into contact with the this framing, with theater-like elements such as spotlights, "scene changes" between day and night and a disembodied stagehand-like voice appearing intermittently throughout the game. At certain points, such as during plays performed in the town's theater or after the player's death, the player encounters the mysterious and supernatural theater director Mark Immortell, who is often critical of the player's "acting" and frequently breaks the fourth wall, referring to the game's development, referencing the mechanics and inner workings of the game's systems and referencing events or aspects from the original "Pathologic", both contextually and literally.


title: Pathologic 2

text: The protagonist of the game is a surgeon named Artemy Burakh, also known as the Haruspex. The game begins at the end of a previous, seemingly failed run, on 'day 12' of the first "Pathologic". The town is nearly empty, filled with bodies and the sounds of screaming. Artemy speaks to various characters and makes his way to the Cathedral, where he is able to speak to the mysterious theatre manager, Mark Immortell, and requests a 'second attempt'. This is granted, and time resets to the prologue of Artemy on a train, travelling to the Town. The player controls Artemy through a series of strange dreams and visions. Through dialogue with a character known as the 'Fellow Traveller', it is revealed that Artemy was born and raised in the town but has not been back in many years. His father, Isidor Burakh, is the local physician and a leading member of the Kin, the native inhabitants of the steppe. He sent Artemy to the capital as a teenager to gain an education in medicine, but has now requested that he return, stating that 'great difficulties' are coming.


title: Pathologic 2

text: Upon arriving in the town, Artemy is greeted by three locals who try to kill him. In a cutscene, he kills the attackers. Nearby strangers in plague doctor suits tell him that the locals suspect him of killing an important resident of the town and that the attack on him was an act of revenge. It is soon revealed that, in fact, two people have seemingly been murdered. The first is Simon Kain, a prominent leader of the town who had previously been assumed to be immortal; the second is Isidor.


title: Pathologic 2

text: Artemy is suspected of patricide and attacked by many of the townspeople, who have been driven to unusual violence. Young women are targeted in particular due to old steppe legends of a 'Shabnak-adyr', a creature with clay legs who brings death. A local gang of children known as the 'Soul-And-A-Halves' request Artemy's assistance with finding a boy who poisoned their dogs, while an old friend of his known as Bad Grief requests assistance with an injured local man. The leader of the town's economy and industry, a powerful man known as 'Fat Vlad', vouches for Artemy, and his innocence is restored.


title: Pathologic 2

text: At his father's funeral, Artemy discovers that his father died of a strange stab wound. He is urged to accept his father's legacy as a menkhu, a special caste of Kin folk with the right to cut open bodies. In doing so, he is given a list containing the names of seven local children, plus a strange steppe sigil that he is told means 'udurgh'. He learns that these are the children his father felt would be most important in 'rebuilding the town', and must be kept safe at all costs. Signs of an outbreak appear in the village, including a strange rot on the sides of buildings and a black cloud in his father's old bedroom. A plague known as 'Sand Pest' strikes the town, killing people within a day of infection and leaving the districts abandoned and rife with looters.


title: Pathologic 2

text: Artemy is required to perform daily tasks at the hospital in exchange for food and money, as food prices rise rapidly once the outbreak hits. It is revealed that the Sand Pest has hit the town once before, and Isidor managed to curb the outbreak by boarding up the infected district and leaving all those within to die. He encounters a young Herb Bride - a caste of Kin women who dance barefoot to encourage the growth of sacred herbs such as twyre - who seems to know him, and eventually tells him he is destined to kill her. Artemy is able to use his father's old equipment to create tinctures that increase immunity, and later use organs or blood to produce antibiotics and painkillers. He collects sacred blood from a crack in the ground in an ancient steppe village, and finds that this produces a panacea that cures Sand Pest; however, there is only enough blood for two doses.


title: Pathologic 2

text: An Inquisitor, Aglaya Lilich, arrives in the city. She has been sent to save the town at any cost, and Artemy is warned by others that Inquisitors are inherently manipulative and dangerous. He continues to search for larger amounts of sacred blood, eventually learning that the only way to get enough to stop the plague is to destroy a tower known as the Polyhedron. The mysterious 'udurgh' refers to the Earth itself, which is leaking out the sacred blood due to being repeatedly harmed and nearly killed by the Town's presence. Destroying the Polyhedron will produce enough of this blood to cure everyone, but kill the Earth in the process, causing many of the 'miracles' of the world - including many aspects of the Kin - to fade and die. It is up to the player which option they choose: either the tower is destroyed and the town is saved, or the tower remains in place and the Kin retake the Town.


title: Pathologic 2

text: Gameplay in "Pathologic 2" takes place primarily in the Town on the Gorkhon River, with occasional diversions for tutorial sequences and other one-off events. The town is divided into a number of districts named after various body parts, such as 'The Gut' or 'The Hindquarters', which may become infected or abandoned throughout the game as a result of the plague. The player's actions often directly affect which districts become infected with the plague and which remain healthy, and travelling through infected districts (which the player must do for some objectives or to scavenge supplies) greatly raises the player's own infection risk.


title: Pathologic 2

text: "Pathologic 2" takes place over day cycles, consisting of a day and a short night. During the day, most things will be available for the player to pursue and townsfolk will take part in their daily activities (as long as the district is not infected); shops will be open, children will be playing in parks and on streets and citizens will move around the city. After midnight, the night phase begins. Many events that could have occurred during the previous day will be locked off, either until the next day or sometimes permanently. During the night, many shops are closed, there are very few citizens other than night watchmen roaming the town, and the player may be attacked by roaming bandits, who may also rob any citizens caught unaware. Each night, a play is rehearsed at the theater in the center of the town. These short plays consist of bizarre and surreal scenes that cryptically predict future events. After the play is performed, the Dead Item Shop opens at a random location in the town, which allows the player to exchange normally useless "dead" items (such as wrappers, broken bottles or used bandages) for various, sometimes very rare, goods.


title: Pathologic 2

text: The player is able to obtain items in three primary ways; they can be purchased from shops or merchants, bartered for with townsfolk, or found in containers in the game world. Shops will often be the player's only source for very rare items such as high quality food, antibiotics or surgical equipment, but such items will usually come at an extremely steep monetary cost. Many items can be bartered for, which will allow the player to offload mostly useless items (such as candles, soap or religious charms) for useful ones. Each item in a barter has a barter value, which represents how much the person values said item, and the value of the offer against the request must be zero or positive to be accepted. The identity of a person determines what items they will be willing to barter and what items they will be interested in from the player's inventory. Workers, for example, will usually prioritize items like chisels or grindstones from the player, and be willing to give up metal scrap or tools that the player can use to repair their items. Finding items in containers is a way to acquire items without any material penalty, but comes with its own downsides. Trash cans will often have items in them, but they are rarely useful. Better items can be found inside houses, but getting to them requires either committing burglary and possibly becoming hated by the community, or breaking into an abandoned home that has been infected with the plague. The player can also acquire organs by performing an autopsy on a body, provided they possess a scalpel. Organs sell for very high prices and can be sometimes useful, but the process involved in obtaining them is frowned upon by the town, causing the player to lose their trust if it is done too many times.


title: Pathologic 2

text: The player's activities are guided by the "thought map," which displays the thoughts and events of the main character in a chart that can be accessed at any time. These thoughts often point to locations on the map where the player can go to advance a certain plot thread or learn new information. When a thought thread has reached a conclusion, the connections will terminate in a thought with a yellow icon which summarizes the results of the endeavor. "Pathologic 2" is designed specifically so that, especially on later days, the player does not have the ability to investigate every curiosity or thought in a single day and will often be forced to choose what they consider more important, with the knowledge that they may lose the chance to investigate certain things once the day ends.


title: Pathologic 2

text: The player must manage a variety of needs in order to stay alive, including hunger, thirst, exhaustion, health, immunity from the plague and their reputation with the areas of the town. Hunger can be sated with food, which becomes significantly more expensive and rare the longer time progresses due to the plague and an absence of supplies from the train network. Thirst can be sated with water, which is plentiful during the early game but gradually becomes infected once districts are taken by the plague. The player's thirst also acts as their stamina, which is consumed while running, jumping, attacking or performing other strenuous activities. The more thirsty the player is, the less maximum stamina they have available. Exhaustion can be cured by sleeping or by eating coffee beans, which can be dangerous if done too many times, forcing the player to sleep at least occasionally. During sleep, the player may experience a dream sequence, which reinforces events that have happened previously and may foreshadow future events. Overall health will begin to drop when any of these needs are not adequately met, in addition to dropping when the player is attacked or takes another form of direct damage, such as falling or the plague. Immunity from the plague drops gradually while the player is in an infected area, and must be maintained by staying out of infected areas (where it recovers a moderate amount naturally) and using medicine, like immunity pills or herbal tinctures. If the player's immunity drops to zero, they become infected with the plague and must consistently treat themselves with antibiotics to avoid dying until a cure is found.


title: Pathologic 2

text: The player's reputation is per town district, and will improve or degrade based on many different actions. Doing good deeds such as treating the sick and helping people will usually increase the player's reputation within the area, as will giving a more valuable item for a less valuable item in a barter. Performing any frowned upon action will diminish the player's reputation in the area. Criminal actions like robbery, burglary, home invasion and assault will quickly degrade reputation, while extremely resented actions like murder will spread throughout other nearby districts and possibly the entire town. Performing various taboo actions may also cause the player's reputation to drop. For example, performing an autopsy on any body, even a criminal, will harm the player's reputation with the town until they permitted to do so by being declared a "menkhu," a type of religious healer, by the local religion's elders.


title: Pathologic 2

text: The player will die if their health reaches zero. Upon death, the player will be transported to the theater in the center of the town and lambasted by mysterious theater director Mark Immortell for their poor performance in "playing the part" of the main character. He comments that every time the player dies, the "world gets wounded," and says that every "actor" that comes after will have things worse than the ones that came before. The player is struck with a permanent debuff that affects the stats or actions of their character. These penalties range from extremely minor, like the inability to hug other characters or minor changes in interactions, to incredibly damaging, like a reduction in immunity or maximum health. These penalties begin minor, but will progressively get more intense as the player continues to die. They will persist through every game save the player has of that character, even those made before their death. Upon dying eight times and reaching eight permanent penalties, the player is offered the ability to have them removed for an unspecified cost. If the player chooses to do this, they will lose access to one of the endings to the game on that character.