title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: Henry Wentworth Akeley is a Vermont folklorist and correspondent of Albert Wilmarth. Henry Akeley became a noted academic, probably in the study of folklore. His wife died in 1901 after giving birth to his only heir, George Goodenough Akeley. When he retired, Akeley returned to his ancestral home, a two-story farmhouse in the Vermont hills near the slopes of Dark Mountain. In September 1928, he was visited by Professor Wilmarth, who was researching bizarre legends of the region. Shortly thereafter, Akeley disappeared mysteriously from his mountaintop home—though Wilmarth believed that he fell victim to the machinations of the sinister Fungi from Yuggoth. S. T. Joshi, has suggested that the possible creature masquerading as Akeley is actually Nyarlathotep, due to a quote from what the Mi-go chant on the phonograph record: "To Nyarlathotep, Mighty Messenger, must all things be told. And He shall put on the semblance of men, the waxen mask and the robe that hides, and come down from the world of Seven Suns to mock..." He writes that "this seems a clear allusion to Nyarlathotep disguised with Akeley's face and hands but if so, it means that at this time Nyarlathotep is, in bodily form, one of the fungi — especially if, as seems likely, Nyarlathotep is one of the two buzzing voices Albert Wilmarth overhears at the end." Joshi notes this is problematic, because "if Nyarlathotep is (as critics have termed it) a 'shapeshifter', why would he have to don the face and hands of Akeley instead of merely reshaping himself as Akeley?"


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: In his sequel to "The Whisperer in Darkness", "Documents in the Case of Elizabeth Akeley" (1982), Richard A. Lupoff explores the idea that Akeley did not fall prey to the Mi-go as is suggested in the book, but instead joined them willingly. Lupoff also proposes that Akeley was the illegitimate son of Abednego Akeley, a minister for a Vermont sect of the Starry Wisdom Church, and Sarah Phillips, Abednego's maidservant.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: Akeley is mentioned in "The Whisperer in Darkness" as the son of Henry Wentworth Akeley. According to "The Whisperer in Darkness", George moved to San Diego, California, after his father retired.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: The 1976 Fritz Leiber story "The Terror From the Depths" mentions Akeley being consulted at his San Diego home by Professor Albert Wilmarth in 1937.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: "Documents in the Case of Elizabeth Akeley", a 1982 sequel to "The Whisperer in Darkness" by Richard A. Lupoff, describes Akeley, inspired by the evangelist Aimee McPherson, starting a sect called the Spiritual Light Brotherhood and serving as its leader, the Radiant Father. After his death, his granddaughter Elizabeth Akeley took over the role.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: In 1928, Lovecraft took a trip through rural Vermont with a man named Arthur "Goodenough". During his jaunt, he met a local farmer with a name that bears a striking resemblance to the ill-fated character of Lovecraft's tale: one Bert G. Akley.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: A largely unknown man who is allied with the Mi-Go, or the Outer Ones and is connected with both the disappearance of a local farmer, a man named Brown, and the security of the Mi-Go camp. He aided Wilmarth upon his arrival in Brattleboro and took him to Akeley's home. Afterward, Noyes is seen and heard sleeping on the sofa during Wilmarth's escape.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: In Lawrence King's 2018 novel "Haunted Hills", Noyes returns as both and aide and hindrance to the sinister plot of the Mi-Go "whisperer."


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: The following passage from "The Whisperer in Darkness" lists the names of various beings and places that occur in the works of Lovecraft and other writers:


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: In "The Whisperer in Darkness", narrator Albert Wilmarth initially dismisses those who believe that nonhuman creatures inhabit the Vermont hills as "merely romanticists who insisted on trying to transfer to real life the fantastic lore of lurking 'little people' made popular by the magnificent horror-fiction of Arthur Machen." This line, Lovecraft scholar Robert M. Price argues, is an acknowledgement of the debt Lovecraft's story owes to Machen's "The Novel of the Black Seal" (1895). He writes:


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: Price points out parallel passages in the two stories: Where Machen asks, "What if the obscure and horrible race of the hills still survived...?" Lovecraft hints at "a hidden race of monstrous beings which lurked somewhere among the remoter hills". Where Machen mentions "strange shapes gathering fast amidst the reeds, beside the wash in the river," Lovecraft tells of "certain odd stories of things found floating in some of the swollen rivers." Price suggests that Machen's reference to accounts of people "who vanished strangely from the earth" prompted Lovecraft to imagine people being literally spirited off the Earth.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: As noted by critics like Price and Lin Carter, "The Whisperer in Darkness" also makes reference to names and concepts in Robert W. Chambers's "The King in Yellow", some of which had previously been borrowed from Ambrose Bierce. In a letter to Clark Ashton Smith, Lovecraft wrote that "Chambers must have been impressed with 'An Inhabitant of Carcosa' & 'Haita the Shepherd', which were first published during his youth. But he even improves on Bierce in creating a shuddering background of horror—a vague, disquieting memory which makes one reluctant to use the faculty of recollection too vigorously."


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: The Vermont floods mentioned at the start of the story by Wilmarth, initiating his interest in the case, were a real natural disaster.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: The idea of keeping a human brain alive in a jar (with mechanical attachments allowing sight, hearing, and speech) to enable travel in areas inhospitable to the body might have been inspired by the book "The World, the Flesh, and the Devil" by J.D. Bernal, which describes and suggests the feasibility of a similar device. The book was published in 1929, just a year before Lovecraft wrote his story.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: In addition to being a textbook example of Lovecraft's characteristically non-occult brand of horror, in an age when the genre consisted almost entirely of ghosts, vampires, goblins, and similar traditional tales, "Whisperer" is one of the earliest literary appearances of the now-cliché concept of an isolated brain (although the alien brain case is not transparent as with later cinematic examples of this trope).


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: The story retains some seemingly supernatural elements, such as its claim that the alien fungi, although visible to the naked eye and physically tangible, do not register on photographic plates and instead produce an image of the background absent the creature (an impossibility by any known laws of optics, though a trait commonly attributed to vampires), although the story does mention that this is possibly due to the creatures' fungoid and alien structure which works differently from any known physical organism. It is stated that the electrons of these fungoid aliens possess a different vibrational frequency that would require the development of a novel technique by a chemist in order to record their image.


title: The Whisperer in Darkness

text: In a letter to the January 1932 "Weird Tales", Donald Wandrei praised "The Whisperer in Darkness", as well as "The Seeds of Death" by David H. Keller and the stories of Clark Ashton Smith. Robert Weinberg claimed the story's ending was "predictable". However, Weinberg also praised "the detailed buildup" of "The Whisperer in Darkness", arguing it created "the superb mood that needed no surprise to make it a classic of fantastic horror" .


title: Riot control

text: Riot control measures are used by law enforcement, military, paramilitary or security forces to control, disperse, and arrest people who are involved in a riot, unlawful demonstration or unlawful protest.


title: Riot control

text: If a riot is spontaneous and irrational, actions which cause people to stop and think for a moment (e.g. loud noises or issuing instructions in a calm tone) can be enough to stop it. However, these methods usually fail when there is severe anger with a legitimate cause, or the riot was planned or organized. Riot control personnel have long used less lethal weapons such as batons and whips to disperse crowds and detain rioters. Since the 1980s, riot control officers have also used tear gas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, stun grenades, and electric tasers. In some cases, riot squads may also use Long Range Acoustic Devices, water cannons, armoured fighting vehicles, aerial surveillance, police dogs or mounted police on horses. Persons performing riot control typically wear protective equipment such as riot helmets, face visors, body armor (vests, neck protectors, knee pads, etc.), gas masks and riot shields.


title: Riot control

text: There have been cases where lethal weapons are used to violently suppress a protest or riot, as in the Boston Massacre, Haymarket Massacre, Banana Massacre, Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Kent State Shootings, Soweto Uprising, Mendiola Massacre, Bloody Sunday (1905), Ponce massacre, Bloody Sunday (1972), 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, 2017 Venezuelan protests, 2018–2019 Gaza border protests, Citizenship Amendment Act protests, 2022 Sri Lankan protests and Mahsa Amini protests.


title: Riot control

text: Maintaining order during demonstrations and quenching riots has always been a challenge for governments and administrations. Until early in the 20th century, no dedicated force really existed in most countries and the traditional response when the regular police force proved inadequate was to call upon the army, often with disastrous results: either fraternization or use of excessive violence.


title: Riot control

text: In France, for example, several revolts were fueled by poor handling by the military. The National Gendarmerie created specialized "mobile" gendarmerie forces several times during the 19th century in times of trouble but these units were disbanded soon after the end of the troubles they had been tasked to handle and there was no permanent organization in place until it was finally decided in 1921 to create "Mobile Gendarmerie platoons" within the Departmental Gendarmerie. These platoons, either horse mounted or on foot were composed of 40 gendarmes each (60 in the Paris Region). In 1926, the platoons formed the "Garde Républicaine mobile" (mobile republican guard or GRM), which became a distinct branch of the Gendarmerie in 1927, the platoons becoming part of companies and legions. By 1940, the GRM was a force 21,000 strong, composed of 14 Légions, 54 company groups and 167 companies.


title: Riot control

text: Long the only large force specialized in maintaining or restoring law and order in France during demonstrations or riots, the GRM progressively developed the doctrine and skills needed in that role: exercise restraint, avoid confrontation as long as possible, always leave an "exit door" for the crowd, etc. In 1940, after the fall of France, the German authorities had the GRM disbanded but it was reinstated in 1944 and renamed Mobile Gendarmerie in 1954.


title: Riot control

text: The first squad trained in modern techniques of riot control in Asia was formed in 1925 in colonial Shanghai as a response to the mismanaged riot of the May Thirtieth Movement.


title: Riot control

text: New policing methods, including combat pistol shooting, hand to hand combat skills, and knife fight training, were pioneered by British Assistant Commissioner William E. Fairbairn and officer Eric Anthony Sykes of the Shanghai Municipal Police as a response to a staggering rise in armed crime in the Shanghai had become one of the world's most dangerous cities due to a breakdown in law and order in the country and the growth of organised crime and the opium trade.


title: Riot control

text: Under Fairbairn, the SMP developed a myriad of riot control measures. These riot control techniques led to the introduction of Shanghai's "Reserve the first modern SWAT team. As a reserve unit, it was used to forcibly disband riots as well as to respond to high-level criminality like kidnappings and armed robberies.


title: Riot control

text: The skills developed in Shanghai have been adopted and adapted by both international police forces and clandestine warfare units. William Fairbairn was again the central figure, not only leading the Reserve Unit, but teaching his methods around the world, including in the United States, and the colonial regimes of Cyprus and Singapore.


title: Riot control

text: For protection, officers that are trained in police anti-riot schools performing riot control will often wear protective helmets and carry riot shields. These are designed to protect the wearer from those dangers that come from direct melee and hurled objects such as bottles and bricks. The gear frequently worn by riot control officers protects the entire body with no vulnerable spots to exploit. For example, the helmets worn by riot control officers have an additional outward-extending part that protects the back of the neck from assault. To provide even greater protection, the protective equipment often provides ballistic protection. If tear gas or other riot control agents are to be used, gas masks may also be worn.


title: Riot control

text: One of many additional concerns is to prevent people in the crowd from snatching officers' side arms, which may be stolen or even used against the police. In a very heavy crowd, the officer may not be able to see who is responsible for snatching a weapon, and may not even notice that it has happened. For this reason, riot police may have holsters with positive locking mechanisms or other extra means of retention, if their agencies can afford such tools. However, this can be a trade-off that increases the amount of time needed to draw the sidearm in an emergency. Alternately, riot police may not carry sidearms at all.


title: Riot control

text: The initial choice of tactics determines the type of offensive equipment used. The base choice is between lethal (e.g. 12 gauge shotgun) and less-than-lethal weaponry (e.g. tear gas, pepper spray, plastic bullets, tasers, batons, and other incapacitants). The decision is based on the perceived level of threat and the existing laws; in many countries it is illegal to use lethal force to control riots in all but the most extreme circumstances.


title: Riot control

text: Special riot hand weapons include the wooden or rubber baton; the African sjambok, a heavy leather or plastic whip, and the Indian lathi, a long cane with a blunt metal tip. Vehicle-mounted water cannons may serve to augment personal weapons. Some water cannons let police add dye to mark rioters or tear gas to help disperse the crowds.


title: Riot control

text: In major unrest, police in armoured vehicles may be sent in following an initial subduing with firepower. Occasionally, police dogs, fire hoses, or mounted police are deployed.


title: Riot control

text: Riot control agents (sometimes called RCAs) are “ non-lethal lachrymatory agents “ used for riot control. Most commonly used riot control agents are pepper spray and various kinds of tear gas. These chemicals disperse a crowd that could be protesting or rioting, or to clear a building. They can rapidly produce sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which usually disappear within 15 minutes (for tear gas) and up to 2 hours (for pepper spray) following termination of exposure. They can also be used for chemical warfare defense training, although their use in warfare itself is a violation of Article I.5 of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Article II.9 of the CWC specifically authorizes their use for domestic law enforcement.


title: Riot control

text: The active ingredient in pepper-spray is capsaicin, which is a chemical derived from the fruit of plants in the "Capsicum" genus, including chilies. Desmethyldihydrocapsaicin, a synthetic analogue of capsaicin also known as pelargonic acid vanillylamide or PAVA, is used in another version of pepper spray known as PAVA spray and used in the United Kingdom. Another synthetic counterpart of pepper spray, pelargonic acid morpholide, was developed and is widely used in Russia. Its effectiveness compared to natural pepper spray is uncertain and it reportedly has caused some injuries. When undesirables threaten an area, such as a riot after a soccer game, riot police are called in to subdue them. In these situations, the police may use pepper spray, or water cannons to neutralize the threat.


title: Riot control

text: Pepper spray typically comes in canisters, which are often small enough to be carried or concealed in a pocket or purse. Pepper spray can also be bought concealed in items such as rings. There are also pepper spray projectiles available, which can be fired from a paintball gun. Having been used for years against demonstrators, it is increasingly being used by police in routine interventions.


title: Riot control

text: Tear gas is a non-specific term for any chemical that is used to temporarily incapacitate through irritation of eyes and/or respiratory system. It is used as a hand-held spray or can be fired in canisters that heat up spewing out an aerosol cloud at a steady rate.


title: Riot control

text: Whilst the use of tear gas in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties that most states have signed, however police and private self-defense use is not banned in an international manner.


title: Riot control

text: Popular tear gases include the eye irritants ortho-chlorobenzylidene-malononitrile (CS gas), chloroacetophenone (CN gas), and dibenz (b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR gas). Among a long list of substances, these three have become of greater importance than the others because of their effectiveness and low risks when used. Today, CS has largely replaced CN as the most widely used tear gas internationally.


title: Riot control

text: At room temperature, tear gases are white solids. They are stable when heated and have low vapor pressure. Consequently, they are usually dispersed as aerosols. All of them have low solubility in water but can be dissolved in several organic solvents. Hydrolysis of CN is very slow in a water solution, especially if alkali is added. CS is rapidly hydrolyzed in water solution (half-life at pH 7 is about 15 min. at room temperature) and extremely rapid when alkali is added (half-life at pH 9 is about 1 min.). CR is hydrolyzed only to a negligible extent in water solution.


title: Riot control

text: CN and CR are, thus, difficult to decompose under practical conditions, whereas CS can easily be inactivated by means of a water solution. Skin is suitably decontaminated of CS and CN gas by thorough washing with soap and water. CS is then decomposed, whereas CN is only removed via soap and water. The effects of CR gas are greatly increased by water, causing any attempt to DECON CR via soap and water to increase the severity and duration of the effects. When decontamination of CR is attempted with soap and water the effects of CR can last up to 48 hours


title: Riot control

text: Decontamination of material after contamination with CR gas is not possible for up to 45 days. CS can be decontaminated l with a 5–10 percent soda solution or 2 percent alkaline solution. If this type of decontamination cannot be accomplished (e.g., contaminated rooms and furniture), then the only other means is by intensive air exchange—preferably with hot air. Exposed streets and sidewalks will have toxic and irritating CS powder that will be stirred into the air by traffic and pedestrians long after the cloud has dissipated, and should be washed away with water. In contrast to human beings, domesticated animals generally have lower sensitivity to tear gases. Dogs and horses can therefore be used by police for riot control even when tear gas is used.


title: Riot control

text: Backpack dispensers for riot control agents, when the intent is to use a larger quantity than possible with grenades, are one type of device used by organizations that might, for example, need to cover a prison yard. Dispensers are also made for attachment to helicopters; see CBU-19.


title: Riot control

text: The front-line officers in a riot control are often fully armored and carry weapons such as batons, designed to be in direct contact with the crowd. These officers subdue rioters and subsequently allow the less heavily armoured, more mobile officers to make arrests where it is deemed necessary. In face of a greater threat, the riot police will be backed up with other officers equipped with riot guns to fire tear gas, rubber bullets, plastic bullets or "beanbag" rounds.


title: Riot control

text: As a less aggressive step, mounted police may first be sent into the crowd. The might and height offered by the horse are combined with its training, allowing an officer to more safely infiltrate a crowd. Usually, when front-facing a riot, officers slowly walk in a line parallel to the riot's front, extending to both its ends, as they noisily and simultaneously march and beat their shields with their batons, to cause fear and psychological effects on the crowd.


title: Riot control

text: Since the advent of artillery, straight roads have been of notable importance in city defense and control. Upon coming to power, Napoleon III built great avenues, referred to as anti-riot streets, into the troublesome quarters of Paris. The wide straight roads also allowed for cavalry charges to subdue rioters.


title: Riot control

text: In the United Kingdom, usually when large demonstrations take place that are deemed unstable, the territorial police force responsible for the demonstration in that area will usually deploy Police Support Unit personnel who are trained in riot tactics, along with normal divisional officers. If the demonstration turns violent, police will seal roads and other exits to contain protesters in a single area (known as kettling) to prevent widespread damage and wait until the protesters tire. These tactics were seen during the 2009 G-20 London summit protests and the 2010 student protests in London. Tear gas and other more offensive tactics are used as a last resort. Throughout police will be videoing or photographing protesters for future arrests, "snatch squad" tactics might also be used where several police officers, usually in protective riot gear, rush forwards, occasionally in flying wedge formation to break through the front of a crowd, with the objective of snatching one or more individuals from a riot that are attempting to control the demonstration at which they are present; the target may be a leader or a speaker, or someone who seems to be leading the crowd. This tactic was used in the 2011 England Riots, most notably by Greater Manchester Police who deployed this tactic in Manchester city centre on 9 August 2011.


title: Riot control

text: A more straightforward tactic police may use is a baton charge which involves police officers charging at a crowd of people with batons and in some cases, riot shields. They run at the crowd hitting people with their batons, and in some situations use riot shields to push them away. Baton charging is designed to cause the maximum amount of pain, in the hope that they would be compelled to move away from the scene, dispersing the crowd.


title: Riot control

text: Research into weapons that are more effective for riot control continues. Netguns are non-lethal weapons designed to fire a net which entangles the target. Netguns have a long history of being used to capture wildlife, without injury, for research purposes. A netgun is currently in development for non-lethal riot control. Pepper-spray projectile launchers are projectile weapons that launch a fragile ball which breaks upon impact and releases an irritant powder called PAVA (capsaicin II) pepper. The launchers are often slightly modified .68 caliber paintball guns.


title: Riot control

text: Stink bombs are devices designed to create an extremely unpleasant smell for riot control and area denial purposes. Stink bombs are believed to be less dangerous than other riot control chemicals, since they are effective at low concentrations. Sticky foam weapons are being tested, which cover and immobilize rioters with a gooey foam.


title: Riot control

text: Low frequency sound cannons are weapons of various types that use sound to injure or incapacitate subjects using a focused beam of sound or infrasound. Active denial systems (ADS) are a non-lethal, directed-energy weapon developed by the U.S. military. The ADS directs electromagnetic radiation, specifically, high-frequency microwave radiation, at a frequency of 95 GHz, which causes the water in the upper epidermis to boil, stimulating a "burning" sensation in the nerve endings and generating intense pain. Dazzler lasers are directed-energy weapons that use intense light to cause temporary blindness or disorientation of rioters.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: A Bengali Kayastha is a Bengali Hindu who is a member of the Kayastha community. The historical caste occupation of Kayasthas throughout India has been that of scribes, administrators, ministers and record-keepers; the Kayasthas in Bengal, along with Brahmins and Baidyas, are regarded among the three traditional higher castes that comprise the "upper layer of Hindu society." During the British Raj, the Bhadraloks of Bengal were drawn primarily, but not exclusively, from these three castes, who continue to maintain a collective hegemony in West Bengal.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: The social and religious patterns of Bengal had historically been distinctively different from those in the orthodox Hindu heartland of North India and this impacted on how the caste system developed there. Bengal, being located east of the traditional Aryavarta (Aryan) region between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, remained insulated from the full impact of Brahminical orthodoxy for many centuries, and the impact of Buddhism remained strong there. During the reign of the Gupta Empire beginning in the 4th century AD, when systematic and large-scale colonization by Aryan Kayasthas and Brahmins first took place, Kayasthas were brought over by the Guptas to help manage the affairs of state. But the influence of Buddhism continued under the Buddhist rulers of the Pala dynasty from the eighth through the eleventh century CE. Of note, the Kayasthas had not yet crystallised into a caste, and represented a professional group.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: According to Tej Ram Sharma, an Indian historian, the office of Kayastha in Bengal was instituted before the Gupta period ( to 550 CE), although there is no reference to Kayastha as a caste at that time. He says that


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: Sharma also mentions that D. R. Bhandarkar "has pointed out that identical surnames are used by the Nagara-brahmanas".


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: Referring to some medieval literature, Rabindra Nath Chakraborty mentions that according to such medieval texts, "the Kayasthas were descended from Nagara Brahmin who had a large settlement in Bengal in the eighth century AD".


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: According to André Wink, another historian, the caste is first referred to around the 5th–6th century CE, and may well have become so identified during the period of the Sena dynasty. Between that time and the 11th–12th century, this category of officials or scribes was composed of "putative" Kshatriyas and, "for the larger majority", Brahmins, who retained their caste identity or became Buddhists. As in South India, Bengal had lacked a clearly defined Kshatriya caste. The Pala, Sena, Chandra, and Varman dynasties and their descendants, who claimed the status of Kshatriya, "almost imperceptibly merged" with the Kayastha caste, "which also ranked as shudras". However, Richard M. Eaton opines that, after absorption of remnants of these dynasties, Kayastha became "the region's surrogate Kshatriya or warrior class".


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: Sekhar Bandyopadhyay also places their emergence as a caste after the Gupta period. In the eleventh century, Bengal was in the grip of Brahminism. The Kayastha evolved into a caste (from a professional group) in the 10th-11th century CE. Ancient scripts and inscriptions record a class of royal officials of writers or accountants, denoted as Karana or Kayastha. Lexicographer Vaijayanti (11th century CE) appears to consider Kayastha and Karana as being synonymous and depicts them as scribes. Two early scriptures of Bengal also note a caste group called Karana. Some scholars consider Karana and Kayastha castes as identical or equivalent. Other scholars claim that the Karana and Kayastha castes eventually fused to form a single caste in Bengal like other parts of India. Referring to the linkages between class and caste in Bengal, Bandyopadhyay mentions that the Kayasthas along with the Brahmins and Baidyas, refrained from physical labour but controlled land, and as such represented "the three traditional higher castes of Bengal". Eaton mentions that the Kayasthas continued as the "dominant landholding caste" even after the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent, and absorbed the descendants of the region's old Hindu rulers.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: In Bengal, between 1500 and 1850 CE, the Kayasthas were regarded as one of the highest Hindu castes in the region.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: The Hindu community in Bengal was divided into only two Varnas: Brahmins and Shudras. Hence, although the Bengali Kayasthas and Baidyas had a high social status along with Brahmins, their ritual status was low, according to Edmund Leach, S. N. Mukherjee, though it seems their ritual status is a subject of dispute as per other historians.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: A survey of Indian writers and observers suggests that many of those acquainted with the Kayasthas considered them as "Dvija" or twice-born. According to Bellenoit, Rabindranath Tagore supported the claims of Kshatriya origin, because of their "respectability and prominence in administration and overall rates of literacy". Abdul Sharar, who was well acquainted with them also supported their claims of twice-born origin citing their high literacy rate which a Shudra caste could not have achieved. However, the claims of Bengali Kayasthas of having Dvija status was not supported by Indian observers like Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya who cited their rituals to refute their claims. The Report of the 1931 census of Bengal noted that, the 'better-placed' Kayastha community claimed Kshatriya status.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: Professor Julius J. Lipner mentions that the varna status of the Bengali Kayasthas is disputed, and says that while some authorities consider that they "do not belong to the twice-born orders, being placed high up among the Shudras; for other authorities they are on a level with Kshatriyas, and are accorded twice-born status." According to John Henry Hutton, Kayastha is an important caste in Bengal, the caste is now "commonly regarded as 'twice-born', and itself claims to be Kshatriya, though it was perhaps more often regarded as clean Sudra a hundred years ago". Sanyal mentions that due to the lack of Vaishya and Kshatriya categories in Bengal, all non-Brahmin castes of Bengal, including the so-called "higher castes" are considered as Shudras; the Bengali Kayasthas are considered among the three "uchchajatis" or higher castes as their social standing has been high. Lloyd Rudolph and Susanne Rudolph mention that Ronald Inden (an anthropologist), after spending part of 1964-'65 in Bengal, states in his dissertation on Kayasthas that inter-caste marriages are increasing among the urban educated "twice-born castes", Kayasthas, Brahmins, and Baidyas.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: According to Inden, "many of the higher castes of India have historically been organised into ranked clans or lineages". The Bengali Kayastha was organised into smaller sub-castes and even smaller ranked grades of clans ("kulas") around 1500 CE. The four major subcastes were "Daksina-radhi", "Vangaja", "Uttara-radhi" and "Varendra". The "Daksina-radhi" and "Vangaja" subcastes were further divided into "Kulina" or Kulin ("high clan rank") and "Maulika" or Maulik, the lower clan rank. The Maulika had four further "ranked grades". The "Uttara-radhi" and "Varendra" used the terms "Siddha", "Sadhya", "Kasta" and "Amulaja" to designate the grades in their subcastes.


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: Bellenoit states that the Bengali Kayasthas are "largely seen as an offshoot of the main north Indian Kayasthas, they claim lineage from migrations into Bengal from the ancient capital of Kanauj at the request of Hindu Kings (900s) to settle the countryside. These Kayasthas took on the well known names of Ghosh, Mitra and Dutt. Over time they fashioned themselves as a Gaur subdivision of a broader Kayastha group, who claimed north Indian origins".


title: Bengali Kayastha

text: Kulin Kayasthas, a subcaste of Bengali Kayasthas have an associated myth of origin stating that five Kayasthas accompanied the Brahmins from Kannauj who had been invited to Bengal by the mythological king Adisur. Multiple versions of this legend exist, all considered by historians to be myth or folklore lacking historical authenticity. According to Swarupa Gupta this legend was According to this legend, the five original Kayastha clans are Bose/Basu, Ghosh, Mitra, Guha, and Datta, the first four of whom became Kulin Kayasthas.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Mikhail Cirkunovs (born February 27, 1987), better known as Misha Cirkunov is a Latvian-born Canadian professional mixed martial artist, who competed in the Light heavyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Son of Oleg and Olga, Cirkunov was born in Riga, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union (now Latvia) in 1987. In his childhood, Cirkunov was active in various sports like swimming, basketball, judo and karate. Growing up, Cirkunov dabbled into dubious circles which prompted the family to emigrate to Toronto, Ontario, when he was 13. With no skills in English, Cirkunov struggled in school but continued training judo and also picked up wrestling.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov won junior nationals in judo in 2003, Greco-Roman wrestling national championship in 2005 and national championships in freestyle wrestling in 2005 and 2006. After winning the latter championship, Cirkunov became a Canadian citizen. After graduating from high school Cirkunov found Brazilian jiu-jitsu, briefly relocating to Las Vegas to train but returned to Canada to open his own gym. After the unsuccessful venture as a gym owner, he started training at recently opened Xtreme Couture satellite gym in Etobicoke.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov made his professional debut in January 2010 and amassed a record of 9–2 before signing a four-fight contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the summer of 2015.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov was expected to make his promotional debut against Sean O'Connell on August 23, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 74. O'Connell withdrew from the bout due to injury and was replaced by Daniel Jolly. Cirkunov defeated Jolly via first-round KO after achieving full mount and battering him when he turned his back.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov faced promotional newcomer Alex Nicholson on February 6, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 82. Cirkunov submitted Alex Nicholson via a second-round neck crank, breaking both sides of his jaw in the process, after earlier breaking his nose. At the post-fight press conference, he told reporters, "I’m just really happy with the performance and especially – not just the submission – but I was able to break his jaw. I’m impressed."


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov next faced another promotional newcomer in Ion Cuțelaba on June 18, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 89. He won the fight via submission in the third round.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov faced Nikita Krylov on December 10, 2016, at UFC 206. He won the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: In March 2017, Cirkunov signed a new, six-fight deal with UFC and fought Volkan Oezdemir on May 28, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 109. He lost the fight via knockout in just 28 seconds of the very first round.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov was scheduled to face Glover Teixeira on October 28, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 119. However, the pairing was delayed after a recent hand surgery for Teixeira was slow to heal and the bout eventually took place on December 16, 2017, at UFC on Fox 26. Cirkunov lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov faced Patrick Cummins on October 27, 2018, at UFC Fight Night 138. He won the fight by submission in the first round via an arm triangle choke.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov was expected to face Ovince Saint Preux on March 2, 2019, at UFC 235. However, on February 11, it was announced that Saint Preux suffered an injury and was pulled from the fight. Cirkunov instead faced Johnny Walker.<ref name="Cirkunov/Walker"></ref> He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov faced Jimmy Crute on September 14, 2019, at UFC Fight Night 158. He won the back-and-forth fight via a Peruvian necktie submission in the first round. The win also earned Cirkunov his first "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov was expected to face Ryan Spann on December 19, 2020, at UFC Fight Night 183. However, Cirkunov pulled out in early December due to an injury. The fight was rescheduled to March 13, 2021, at UFC Fight Night 187. Cirkunov lost the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov faced Krzysztof Jotko in a middleweight bout on October 2, 2021, at UFC Fight Night 193. He lost the fight via split decision.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov was scheduled to face Makhmud Muradov on February 26, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 202. However, Muradov pulled out in late January due to a hand injury and he was replaced by Wellington Turman. Cirkunov lost the fight via armbar in the second round.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: After two straight losses at Middleweight, Misha was scheduled to return to Light heavyweight against Shamil Gamzatov on August 6, 2022, at . However, Gamzatov was unable to obtain a US visa and the bout was scrapped.


title: Misha Cirkunov

text: Cirkunov faced Alonzo Menifield on October 15, 2022, at UFC Fight Night 212. He lost the fight via knockout in round one.


title: Mole fraction

text: In chemistry, the mole fraction or molar fraction (x or ) is defined as unit of the amount of a constituent (expressed in moles), "n", divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture (also expressed in moles), "n". This expression is given below:


title: Mole fraction

text: The same concept expressed with a denominator of 100 is the mole percent, molar percentage or molar proportion (mol%).


title: Mole fraction

text: The mole fraction is also called the amount fraction. It is identical to the number fraction, which is defined as the number of molecules of a constituent "N" divided by the total number of all molecules "N". The mole fraction is sometimes denoted by the lowercase Greek letter (chi) instead of a Roman "x". For mixtures of gases, IUPAC recommends the letter "y".


title: Mole fraction

text: The National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States prefers the term amount-of-substance fraction over mole fraction because it does not contain the name of the unit mole.


title: Mole fraction

text: Whereas mole fraction is a ratio of moles to moles, molar concentration is a quotient of moles to volume.


title: Mole fraction

text: The mole fraction is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture with a dimensionless quantity; mass fraction (percentage by weight, wt%) and volume fraction (percentage by volume, vol%) are others.


title: Mole fraction

text: Mole fraction is used very frequently in the construction of phase diagrams. It has a number of advantages:


title: Mole fraction

text: The ratios "X", "Y", and "Z" of mole fractions can be written for ternary and multicomponent systems:


title: Mole fraction

text: This equality can be rearranged to have differential quotient of mole amounts or fractions on one side.


title: Mole fraction

text: The mixing of two pure components can be expressed introducing the amount or molar mixing ratio of them formula_15. Then the mole fractions of the components will be:


title: Mole fraction

text: due to division of both numerator and denominator by the sum of molar amounts of components. This property has consequences for representations of phase diagrams using, for instance, ternary plots.


title: Mole fraction

text: Mixing binary mixtures with a common component gives a ternary mixture with certain mixing ratios between the three components. These mixing ratios from the ternary and the corresponding mole fractions of the ternary mixture x, x, x can be expressed as a function of several mixing ratios involved, the mixing ratios between the components of the binary mixtures and the mixing ratio of the binary mixtures to form the ternary one.


title: Mole fraction

text: Multiplying mole fraction by 100 gives the mole percentage, also referred as amount/amount percent [abbreviated as (n/n)% or mol %].


title: Mole fraction

text: where "M̄" is the average molar mass of the solution, "c" is the total molar concentration and "ρ" is the density of the solution.


title: Bobblehead

text: A bobblehead, also known by common silly nicknames such as nodder, wobbler, or wacky wobbler, is a type of small collectible action figure. Its head is often oversized compared to its body. Instead of a solid connection, its head is connected to the body by a spring or hook in such a way that a light tap will cause the head to move around, or "bobble", hence the name.


title: Bobblehead

text: During the seventeenth century, figurines of Buddha and other religious figures called "temple nodders" were produced in Asia. The earliest known Western reference to a bobblehead is thought to be in Nikolai Gogol's 1842 short story "The Overcoat", in which the main character's neck was described as being "like the necks of plaster cats which wag their heads". During the nineteenth century, bisque porcelain bobbleheads were being made in limited quantities for the US market. Many of the bobbleheads in the US were produced in Germany, with an increase in imports during the 1920s and 30s. By the 1950s, bobbleheads had a substantial surge in popularity, with items made of either plastic or bisque porcelain.


title: Bobblehead

text: By 1960, Major League Baseball produced a series of papier-mâché Bobblehead dolls, one for each team, all with the same cherubic face, and a few select players over time. The World Series held that year brought the first player-specific baseball bobbleheads, for Roberto Clemente, Mickey Mantle, Roger Maris and Willie Mays, still all with the same face. Over the next decade bobbleheads were also made of ceramic. Within a few years, they would be produced for other sports, as well as cartoon characters. One of the most famous bobbleheads of all time also hails from this era: The Beatles bobblehead set, which is a valuable collectible today.


title: Bobblehead

text: The next increase in popularity was in the late 1990s. Although older bobbleheads such as the baseball teams and The Beatles were sought after by collectors during this period, new bobblehead dolls were uncommon. Prompting their resurgence were cheaper manufacturing processes, and the main bobblehead material switched, this time from ceramic to plastic. It was now possible to make bobbleheads in the limited numbers necessary for them to be viable collectibles. On August 2, 1997, the minor league Birmingham Barons gave away Barons Bobblehead Doll bobbleheads at a game. The first major league baseball team to offer a bobblehead giveaway was the San Francisco Giants, which distributed 35,000 Willie Mays head nodders at their May 9, 1999 game.


title: Bobblehead

text: The variety of bobbleheads has grown to include even relatively obscure popular culture figures and notable people. The new millennium brought a new type of bobblehead toy, the mini-bobblehead, two or three inches tall and used for free gifts in some package foods. Post Cereals packaged 22 million mini-bobble heads of MLB players with its cereal before opening day in 2002.


title: Bobblehead

text: On November 18, 2014, it was announced that the National Bobblehead Hall of Fame and Museum would open in 2016 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US. The National Bobblehead HOF and Museum held a preview exhibit at RedLine Milwaukee from January 7, 2016 to April 30, 2016, which showcased the largest public display of bobbleheads in history. The 2000s also saw the rise of a competitive market for personalized, on-demand bobbleheads, typically 6–7 inches tall, from a number of on-line vendors. In 2015, the Pope Francis bobblehead became so popular that a nationwide shortage was reported.


title: Bobblehead

text: January 7, 2015 was the inaugural National Bobblehead Day in the US. In 2016, the "Guinness Book of World Records" mark for world's largest bobblehead was set at 15 feet 4 inches tall. Named "Goldie" a St. Bernard, the mascot of Applied Underwriters, it was created for Applied Underwriters, designed by Nate Wells, constructed by Dino Rentos and BobbleHeads.com.


title: Bobblehead

text: Thanjavur dolls are a type of Indian bobblehead dolls known as "Thanjavur Thalayatti Bommai" in the Tamil language, meaning "Tanjore Head-Shaking Doll". They are a native art form in the Thanjavur region of Tamil Nadu. These dolls are usually 6" to 12" tall (15 to 30 cm). They are made of clay or wood and painted over in bright colors, and are often dressed up in fancy clothes. They form a part of an elaborate display of dolls known as "Golu (kolu)", exhibited in Indian houses during the "Dasara (Navaratri)" festival in Sep-Oct. These dolls are examples of how to start separating out the movements of three distinct part of body, namely, head, torso, and the hip and skirt parts.


title: Bobblehead

text: A different version of these, 'Thalayatti Bommai' are the king and queen versions where the purpose is to show that the semi-circular bottoms, filled with sands, do not topple with a structure that is sharply raising, a mode that is used in building the Thanjavur Peruvudaiyar Koil. The recent excavations near the walls of the temple shows bases filled with sands of different colors that indicate that the architecture of the temple has lot more planning than simple stacking of the heavy stones.


title: Tupolev Tu-141

text: The Tupolev Tu-141 Strizh ("Swift"; ) is a Soviet reconnaissance drone that served with the Soviet Army during the late 1970s and 1980s, as well as the Ukrainian Armed Forces since 2014.


title: Tupolev Tu-141

text: The Tu-141 was a follow-on to the Tupolev Tu-123 and is a relatively large, medium-range reconnaissance drone. It is designed to undertake reconnaissance missions within a radius, flying at transsonic speeds. It can carry a range of payloads, including film cameras, infrared imagers, EO imagers, and imaging radar..


title: Tupolev Tu-141

text: As with previous Tupolev designs, it has a dart-like rear-mounted delta wing, forward-mounted canards, and a KR-17A turbojet engine mounted above the tail. It is launched from a trailer using a solid-propellant booster and lands with the aid of a tail-mounted parachute.


title: Tupolev Tu-141

text: The Tu-141 was in Soviet service from 1979 to 1989, mostly on the western borders of the Soviet Union.


title: Tupolev Tu-141

text: About midnight on 10 March 2022, a Tu-141 crashed in front of a student campus in Zagreb, Croatia, over from Ukraine. Before it crashed, it had flown over Romania and Hungary. There were no casualties. The Ukrainian Air Force said that the drone did not belong to them. The Russian Embassy in Zagreb stated that Russian forces had not had such drones in their arsenal since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Croatian president, Zoran Milanović, said it was clear the drone came from the direction of Ukraine, entering Croatia after flying over Hungary. On 15 March, an undisclosed source close to the ministry of defence of Croatia was cited in the Croatian news magazine "Nacional" as saying that the investigation had concluded that the crashed drone belonged to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and carried a bomb that was meant for striking Russia's positions, but the drone had strayed off course and crashed after it ran out of fuel.


title: Tupolev Tu-141

text: On 3 July 2022, the governor of the Kursk region wrote on Telegram that "our air defenses shot down two Ukrainian Strizh drones".


title: Tupolev Tu-141

text: On 5 December 2022, explosions were reported at two Russian airbases: the one at Engels-2 reportedly damaged two Tu-95s according to Baza; the other at the Dyagilevo military airbase near Ryazan, destroyed a fuel truck, damaged a Tu-22M3 and killed three, injuring five. The Russian Ministry of Defence said that Ukraine struck these bases with Soviet-made jet drones, and that the drones were subsequently shot down at low altitude when approaching the air bases. The Ministry of Defence of Ukraine has not confirmed the information.


title: Tupolev Tu-141

text: This article contains material that originally came from the web article "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles" by Greg Goebel, which exists in the Public Domain.


title: Life (2020 TV series)

text: Life is a British drama television series by the BBC, written by Mike Bartlett. It was first broadcast on 29 September 2020. The series follows the residents of four flats who live in a converted Victorian house, with an ensemble cast led by Alison Steadman and Peter Davison. Melissa Johns and Adrian Lester also star, with Victoria Hamilton reprising her role as Anna Baker – now known as Belle Stone – from Bartlett's series "Doctor Foster". Her ex-husband Neil Baker (Adam James) reprises his role for three of the six episodes.


title: Liz Wheeler

text: Elizabeth Theresa Wheeler (born July 12, 1989) is an American conservative political commentator, author, and podcast host. From 2015 to 2020, Wheeler hosted One America News Network (OANN)'s "Tipping Point with Liz Wheeler", where she was known for her finale segment, "Final Point." In 2019, Wheeler published her first book, "Tipping Points: How to Topple the Left's House of Cards." In September 2020, Wheeler left OANN and currently hosts a podcast, "The Liz Wheeler Show".


title: Liz Wheeler

text: In 2013, Wheeler at age 24 partnered with 13 other young conservatives to co-author and publish "Young, Conservative, & Why it's Smart to be Like Us." The book went to #2 on Amazon's Civics Books List.


title: Liz Wheeler

text: On October 26, 2015, Wheeler was introduced as the host of the primetime talk show "Tipping Point with Liz Wheeler", which aired weeknights at 9 PM ET/6 PM PT on One America News Network (OANN).


title: Liz Wheeler

text: Wheeler spoke at Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in 2016. She speaks at Young America's Foundation events. In 2018, Wheeler was profiled by "Politico" magazine as a "titan" of conservative media alongside Ben Shapiro, Sean Hannity, Laura Ingraham, Mark Levin, Tucker Carlson, Dana Loesch, and others. In the "Politico" profile, Wheeler said she chose a career in political media because: "We're at a point that we're replacing God with government. So, instead of debating theology, instead of debating family, we're looking at government and looking to politics for the answers—and that's why everyone is so obsessed with it."


title: Liz Wheeler

text: In a 2018 segment on OANN, Wheeler incorrectly claimed that a proposed California bill would ban the sale of Bibles. Snopes determined that the claim was a misrepresentation; the bill actually targeted gay conversion therapy.


title: Liz Wheeler

text: In 2019, Regnery Publishing published Wheeler's first book, "Tipping Points: How to Topple the Left's House of Cards". In 2020, President Donald Trump issued a tweet encouraging his followers to "buy the book" and "give Liz great reviews."


title: Liz Wheeler

text: In a May 2020 segment on OANN, Wheeler incorrectly claimed that "mainstream media pretended there was a deadly surge in COVID cases" after the 2020 Wisconsin Spring election. PolitiFact rated the claim "Pants on Fire", having found that there were no references to a "surge" in their review of state and national articles about the election, and that reports had accurately listed the number of COVID-19 cases potentially related to the election. At OANN, Wheeler denounced Black Lives Matter protesters as "trained Marxists".


title: Liz Wheeler

text: In a January 2021 video titled "Fauci lied to you AGAIN", Wheeler made incorrect claims about Anthony Fauci, COVID-19, and the effectiveness of face masks. FactCheck.org determined that Wheeler had falsely claimed that Fauci "lied" to the American public about the pandemic, and that she misled about COVID-19 vaccination prioritization and distorted the findings of a scientific paper to claim that face masks do not need to be worn by healthy people.


title: Liz Wheeler

text: On May 25, 2021, Wheeler premiered her podcast, "The Liz Wheeler Show". In an episode posted on June 30, 2021, Wheeler lied that a "peer reviewed, scientific study showed that the COVID-19 vaccine causes two deaths for every three lives it saves." The video was flagged by Facebook as part of its efforts to combat misinformation, and PolitiFact found that the MDPI "Vaccines" journal, which had published the study, had posted a notice raising serious questions about it two days prior to the episode being uploaded. The notice called the study's conclusions a "misrepresentation of the data" and stated that the authors' assertion that the deaths were caused by vaccination efforts was "incorrect and distorted".


title: Kyoto University

text: , or , is a public research university located in Kyoto, Japan. Founded in 1897, it is one of the former Imperial Universities and the second oldest university in Japan. KyotoU is consistently ranked amongst the top two in Japan, the top ten in Asia, and the world's top fifty institutions of higher education.


title: Kyoto University

text: Founded upon the principles of its motto, “freedom of academic culture”, KyotoU is currently composed of three campuses with ten Faculties, eighteen Graduate Schools, thirteen Research Institutes, and twenty-two Research and Educational Centers. The Kyoto University Library, boasting over 7 million volumes, is Japan's second-largest academic library.


title: Kyoto University

text: Furthermore, KyotoU was one of the first three Designated National Universities and is categorized by the Japanese government as a Top Type university in the Top Global University Project. As of March 2019, the university's total net assets were valued at 316 billion JPY. Advocating for international collaboration in education and research, KyotoU has partnerships with various academic institutions outside Japan.


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyoto University has generated 5 prime ministers of Japan and 1 president of Taiwan to date, and is famed for producing world-class researchers. As of October 2019, 19 Nobel Prize laureates, 2 Fields medalists, and 1 Gauss Prize winner have been affiliated with Kyoto University, giving it the most Nobel laureates of all universities in Asia. Apart from distinguished politicians and scholars, the university also counts in its alumni esteemed medical and legal professionals, writers, artists, and business leaders. KyotoU was ranked twelfth globally in Time's Higher Education's Alma Mater (Global Executives) Index in 2017, indicating the influence of its alumni on the business world. In addition, the university is the birthplace of the Kyoto School of philosophy, known for its discourse on religion and the meaning of "nothingness".


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyoto University's forerunner was the founded in Osaka in 1869, which, despite its name, taught physics as well ( is a transcription of a Dutch word ). Later, the , was established in the place of "Seimi-kyoku" in 1886, it then transferred to the university's present main campus in the same year.


title: Kyoto University

text: After World War II, the current Kyoto University was established by merging the imperial university and the Third Level School, which assumed the duty of teaching liberal arts as the . The faculty was dissolved with the foundation of the in 1992.


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyoto University has since 2004 been incorporated as a national university corporation under a new law which applies to all national universities.


title: Kyoto University

text: Despite the incorporation which has led to increased financial independence and autonomy, Kyoto University is still partly controlled by the .


title: Kyoto University

text: The university's Department of Geophysics and their Disaster Prevention Research Institute are represented on the national Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction.


title: Kyoto University

text: Yoshida Campus is the main campus, with some laboratories located in Uji. The Graduate School of Engineering is currently under process of moving to the newly built Katsura Campus.


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyoto University promotes itself as an academic institution fostering a "spirit of freedom". The university claims eleven Nobel Laureates and two Fields Medalists among its faculty and alumni. The university is also known as the starting point for the Kyoto School philosophical movement.


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyoto University is considered one of the most prestigious universities in Japan, and is consistently ranked second in Japan and in the top ten in Asia by Academic Ranking of World Universities, Times Higher Education, QS World University Rankings.


title: Kyoto University

text: The university was ranked 3rd in 2008 and 2010 in the ranking "Truly Strong Universities" by Toyo Keizai. In another ranking, Japanese prep school ranked Kyodai as the 2nd best university in Japan.


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyodai is usually considered one of the top research institution in Japan. In fact, it has the second largest number of investment from , which is the national grants program for research institutions.


title: Kyoto University

text: This financial support from the Japanese government has a direct effect on Kyodai's research outcomes. According to Thomson Reuters, Kyodai is the No.1 research university in Japan. Its research excellence is especially distinctive in Chemistry (1st in Japan, 4th in the world), Biology & Biochemistry (2nd in Japan, 23rd in the world), Pharmacology & Toxicology (2nd in Japan, 30th in the world), Immunology (3rd in Japan, 25th in the world), Material Science (4th in Japan, 22nd in the world), and Physics (4th in Japan, 25th in the world).


title: Kyoto University

text: In another ranking, Nikkei Shimbun on 2004/2/16 surveyed about the research standards in Engineering studies based on Thomson Reuters, and questionnaires to the heads of 93 leading Japanese Research Centers. Kyodai was placed in the 10th position (research planning ability 6th) in this ranking.


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyodai also has a high research standard in Social Sciences & Humanities. Repec in January 2011 ranked Kyodai's Institute of Economic Research as Japan's 3rd best economic research institution. Kyodai has provided 6 presidents of the Japanese Economic Association in its 42-year history, which is the 3rd largest number.


title: Kyoto University

text: Asahi Shimbun summarized the number of academic papers in Japanese major legal journals by university, and Kyodai was ranked 6th for the period between 2005 and 2009.


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyodai Law School is considered one of the top law schools in Japan. From 2007 to 2017, it was ranked 2nd out of the 74 law schools in Japan for bar examination pass ratio, at 79.93%.


title: Kyoto University

text: In 2019, Kyodai Law School became 1st out of the 72 law schools in Japan, with a pass ratio of 62.69%.


title: Kyoto University

text: Eduniversal ranked Japanese business schools, and the Faculty of Economics in Kyodai is placed 4th in Japan (111th in the world).


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyoto University has the second highest deviation and difficulty level after the University of Tokyo as a university in Japan.


title: Kyoto University

text: According to the 's 2010 rankings, graduates from Kyodai have the 10th best employment rate in 400 major companies in Japan. However, it has to be noted that this lower ranking position is because of the large number of alumni who become government bureaucrats, which is 2nd largest among Japanese universities. In fact, alumni of Kyodai's average salary is the 5th best in Japan, according to the .


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyodai is one of the most selective universities in Japan. Its entrance difficulty is usually considered one of the top among 180 national and public universities.


title: Kyoto University

text: Kyoto University competes in 48 sports. The university is a member of the Kansai Big Six Baseball League.


title: Kyoto University

text: Members of the university's American football team, the Kyoto University Gangsters, were arrested in 2006 for gang rape, which had been recently added to the Penal Code in January 2005 following the Super Free rape controversy. The three students had forced a female university student to drink liquor to the point of unconsciousness, at which point they gang-raped her. They were all convicted.


title: Kyoto University

text: Notable people from academic are eleven Nobel Prize winners, Fields Medal winners Heisuke Hironaka (1970) and Shigefumi Mori (1990) and one Carl Friedrich Gauss Prize winner Kiyosi Itô. In addition, the lecturer against vaccine conspiracies received the John Maddox Prize: Riko Muranaka, winner in 2017 for her combat of anti-HPV vaccination.


title: The Alan Parsons Project discography

text: The following is the complete discography of the Alan Parsons Project. Over the years they have released 12 studio albums, 14 compilation albums and 38 singles.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: Yamaguchi topped Japan's National Junior Championship in 2010, and her first entry into professional competition took place at Osaka International Challenge in 2012. In July 2012, she represented Japan at the Asian Junior Championships in Gimcheon, South Korea. She reached the semi-finals in the women's singles event and was awarded the bronze medal, losing to Nozomi Okuhara with a score of 19–21 and 9–21. She was also inducted into Japan's national junior team that won Japan's first junior mixed team title. Yamaguchi reached the finals of the World Junior Championships in the singles event, coming second when she lost to Okuhara again.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In April 2013, Yamaguchi finished second to Kaori Imabeppu at the Osaka International in the women's singles event with a score of 20–22, 16–21. She was the women's singles runner-up in the New Zealand Open, a Grand Prix tournament. She participated in the Japanese Open, unseeded. She defeated P. V. Sindhu, the bronze medalist from the recently concluded World Championships in two straight games in round sixteen.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: She also defeated seeded player Tai Tzu-ying in a semifinal, leading to her match-up with her compatriot Shizuka Uchida, whom she beat in the final to become the youngest player to win the BWF Super Series tournament, aged only 16. This was also Japan's first ever victory at the home event since 1981.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: One year after losing the final at the World Juniors competition, Yamaguchi won the title by beating her teammate Aya Ohori.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: While in high school, Yamaguchi won the national badminton competition, competing in the women's singles event. At the 2nd Asian Youth Games held in Nanjing, China in August 2013, where she represented Fukushima Prefectural Tomioka High School, she won the gold medal in mixed doubles. In October, she represented Japan at the East Asian Games held in Tianjin, China, where she finished third in the women's singles event, losing in three sets to Wang Shixian. After graduating from high school, she joined the Re-Shunkan Pharmaceutical badminton team.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: Yamaguchi was named the Most Promising Player of the Year by the Badminton World Federation in late 2013 and 2014.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: At the Malaysian Open in January, Yamaguchi defeated reigning World Champion Ratchanok Intanon in the first round in three games. In February, still a teenager, Yamaguchi entered the 2014 Asian Junior Championships as a fourth seed. She won the title by defeating Chen Yufei from China. She competed at the All England Open in March. She defended her World Junior crown, winning against Chinese player He Bingjiao in the final round.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: She was part of the Japanese team that won the silver medal at the 2014 Uber Cup. Yamaguchi lost no match in any tie. On 16 August, Yamaguchi served as the flag-bearer for the Japanese team at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, China. She was the number one seed in the women's singles event, eventually winning the silver medal.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: At the China Open in November, Yamaguchi defeated top ranked players in two straight games, Wang Shixian, Sun Yu, Bae Yeon-ju and reached the final. She finished as runner-up in the tournament after losing to Saina Nehwal. She then won the All Japan General Championships in December. At 17 years of age, she was the second-youngest player to win the tournament.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: She qualified for participation in the end of year championships, the Super Series Finals tournament held in December. She won all of her group matches against former champion Wang Yihan then against Ratchanok Intanon and Tai Tzu-ying as well. She lost against Korean player Sung Ji-hyun and finished as the semi-finalist.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In the second round of the Indonesian Open in June 2015, Yamaguchi registered victory over the reigning Olympic champion Li Xuerui. At the Japan Open, where she was the champion two years ago, this time she was beaten in the final by Nozomi Okuhara. In October, she became champion of the Bitburger Open with a victory over Thailand's Busanan Ongbamrungphan.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In August 2016, Yamaguchi represented her country at the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She was eliminated in the quarter finals by sixth seed Nozomi Okuhara. In October, Yamaguchi won her second Super Series title at the Korea Open, beating Sung Ji-hyun. She followed this with a win at the Denmark Open held at Odense. On her way to victory, Yamaguchi defeated her teammate Okuhara in the quarter-finals and two-time World Champion and Olympic gold medalist Carolina Marín in a close three-set match in the semi-finals. In the women's singles final, she defeated the No. 2 seed, Tai Tzu-ying, winning the tournament.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In February 2017, Yamaguchi represented Japan at the Asia Mixed Team Championships held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and helped the team win its first mixed team championship. In the same month, she won the title at the German Open. Her opponent Carolina Marín gave walkover in the final showdown. In April, she participated in the Asian Championships held in Wuhan, China, losing to Tai Tzu-ying in the final.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In August, Yamaguchi played in the World Championships in Glasgow. She was the No. 1 seed and had a bye in the first round. She defeated Denmark's Line Kjærsfeldt in the second round, but faced No. 9 seed Chen Yufei in the third round and was defeated 18–21, 19–21. She was the finalist at the Australian Super Series where she lost to Nozomi Okuhara. Afterwards she finished as a finalist in Denmark where she lost to Ratchanok Intanon. She was 19–16 up in the decider but her opponent reeled off five straight points and won.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In October, she played in the French Open and lost the final to the top seed, Tai Tzu-ying in a one-sided match. Her consistent run continued and she reached final in the China Open. She defeated her rival from China Gao Fangjie with 21–13, 21–15 to win her first title of the year.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In December, she played in the Dubai World Super Series Finals, defeating Sayaka Sato and He Bingjiao and losing to India's P. V. Sindhu in the group stage. She won the semi-final, defeating Ratchanok Intanon. In the final, Yamaguchi defeated Sindhu, the World Championship runner-up, winning the women's singles championship in the Super Series Finals. Yamaguchi ended up the year collecting US$261,363 from 15 tournaments, becoming the highest-paid player of the year.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In March 2018, Yamaguchi played in the Super 300 German Open tournament. She won the title after defeating the No. 4 seed, China's Chen Yufei, in the final. She reached her first ever final at the All England Open where she was in the losing side to Tai Tzu-ying. In April, 20-year-old Yamaguchi ascended to the pinnacle of World rankings, dethroned Tai Tzu-ying as a World no. 1 player and was awarded the "Honorary Citizen Award" by the mayor of Katsuyama, Japan, on 1 May 2018. In May, she was selected as the main force of the Uber Cup women's singles, helping the Japanese team regain the women's team championship after 48 years, or 37 years if both genders are considered.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In July, she participated in the World Championships held in Nanjing, China. She was the second seed. In the top four, facing the Olympic runner-up P. V. Sindhu, she lost both games, finishing in third place in the World Championships women's singles.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In August, she represented Japan in the Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia, and helped the Japanese women's team win the gold medal. In the women's singles semi-finals, facing the tournament's No. 3 seed Olympic runner-up P. V. Sindhu, Yamaguchi lost 1–2, winning the women's singles bronze medal. In a repeat clash of previous edition's French Open final, Yamaguchi beat the top seeded Tai Tzu-ying in three games, 22–20, 17–21, 21–13. In the process, she avenged her defeat to Tai at the same stage an year ago.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In February 2019, Yamaguchi played in the German Open. In the final, she defeated the No. 3 seed Ratchanok Intanon 2–1 to become the Super 300 women's singles champion. In April, she played in the Malaysia Open, finishing as the runner-up after losing to her arch rival Tai Tzu-ying, 0–2. She won the Asian Championships. In the semi-final, she defeated Chen Yufei, the top seed and made it through to the final where she defeated He Bingjiao, winning her first such title and becoming the first Japanese Women's singles player to do so.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In July, she won the Japan Open, her second Japan Open title since her first six years prior. That same month, she won a match against Taiwanese competitor Tai Tzu-ying, the highest-ranked player in the world, placing her in the finals of her first Indonesia Open. She outlasted P. V. Sindhu in the final round and bagged her first Super 1000 title. In August, Yamaguchi suffered injury and was defeated in the second round of the 2019 BWF World Championships held in Basel, Switzerland, by 20-year-old Yeo Jia Min of Singapore 0–2. She qualified for competing in the World Tour Finals in Guangzhou and finished as a semifinalist after being defeated by Chen Yufei.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: In 2020, Yamaguchi claimed her first title victory of the year at the Thailand Masters, winning against An Se-young in two consecutive games. She was then in the Japanese team that won the Asian Women's team championship.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: Yamaguchi competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics as the number four seed. Just like the last edition, she was defeated in the quarterfinals. She lost against P. V. Sindhu. Yamaguchi became the Denmark Open champion for the second time by besting her rival from South Korea, An Se-young. This was also her second super 1000 title. She won her second consecutive title by winning the French Open Super 750 event against Sayaka Takahashi. Her rivalry against An Se-young continued and both met at the Indonesian Masters final. This time Yamaguchi lost to An in two games. Yamaguchi was crowned the World Champion after she defeated Tai Tzu-ying in the final and with this she became only the second Japanese women's singles player to win the World Championships after Nozomi Okuhara.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: Chinese player Sun Yu has commented on Yamaguchi's style, pointing out that while small, she is diligent and runs swiftly, and she is capable of picking up the kinds of difficult shots that others are typically unable to save. Sun Yu suggested that her style of play is based upon patience and consistent performance, observing that she does not make mistakes often, and simultaneously takes advantage to score from opponents who rush and make errors. Another Chinese player, Wang Shixian, agrees that Yamaguchi is quick and nimble, and for challengers to be successful, they need to be capable of matching her speed.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the BWF. BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the BWF and played between 2007 and 2017.


title: Akane Yamaguchi

text: Yamaguchi's record against year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 20 December 2022.


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang Wen (born 5 January 1963) is a Chinese actor, screenwriter, and director. As a director, he is sometimes grouped with the "Sixth Generation" that emerged in the 1990s. Jiang is also well known internationally as an actor, having starred with Gong Li in Zhang Yimou's debut film "Red Sorghum" (1986), and more recently as Baze Malbus in the Star Wars film "Rogue One" (2016). He is the older brother of fellow actor Jiang Wu.


title: Jiang Wen

text: Born in Tangshan, Hebei, in a family of military personnel, Jiang relocated to Beijing at the age of ten. In 1973 he attended Beijing No. 72 Middle School, where he studied alongside Ying Da. In 1980, he entered China's foremost acting school, the Central Academy of Drama, graduating in 1984. After graduation, he was assigned to China Youth Art Institute as an actor. That same year, he started acting both on the stage (with the China Youth Theater) and in films.


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang's debut role was in the film "The Last Empress", where he portrayed Puyi. He then starred in "Hibiscus Town" directed by Xie Jin; his role as an intellectual revolutionary earned him the Best Actor Award at the Hundred Flowers Awards. Jiang once again paired with "Hibiscus Town" co-star in the film "Chun Tao" directed by Ling Zifeng. Jiang was cast in Zhang Yimou's debut film "Red Sorghum".


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang also featured in the France-Chinese film "Tears of the Bridal Sedan", and his first commercial film "The Trial".


title: Jiang Wen

text: After appearing in many television series and films, Jiang became known in China for his role in the 1992 television series "A Native of Beijing in New York", based on the novel Beijinger in New York, which made him one of the most popular actors of his generation. In addition to these he also starred in "Black Snow" (1990), "" (1991), "The Emperor's Shadow" (1996), and "The Soong Sisters" (1997). Apart from "Red Sorghum", Jiang also collaborated with Zhang Yimou for the 1997 film "Keep Cool".


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang wrote and directed his first film in 1994, "In the Heat of the Sun", adapted from a novel by Wang Shuo. A tale set in the Cultural Revolution, it won for its young lead actor Xia Yu the Best Actor prize at the Venice Film Festival and garnered six Golden Horse Awards in Taiwan.


title: Jiang Wen

text: In 2000, Jiang co-wrote and directed the black comedy film "Devils on the Doorstep". The film premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival and clinched the Grand Prix but was subsequently banned in its home country; said to undermine the country because it "seriously distorts Chinese history". Jiang himself was banned from making films for seven years. In 2001 he was a member of the jury at the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival.


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang starred in several films in the early 2000s; namely "The Missing Gun", "Green Tea", "My Father and I", "Warriors of Heaven and Earth", "Jasmine Women" and "Letter from an Unknown Woman".


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang has also acted in television series, such as "Da Qing Fengyun" (2006), in which he played Hong Taiji. He also played notable historical figures, Mao Renfeng in the propaganda film "The Founding of a Republic"; and Cao Cao in the historical war film "The Lost Bladesman".


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang returned with his fourth feature "The Sun Also Rises" in 2007; a fantasy realism film which contains a polyptych of interconnected stories in different time-zones; the film received positive reviews from critics but bombed at the box office. He then collaborated with 10 other directors on the romance anthology film "New York, I Love You".


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang's fifth feature, a Western-styled action comedy "Let the Bullets Fly" set a box office record by becoming the fastest Chinese-language film to break RMB100m mark ($15.15m) in Chinese cinemas; and received critical acclaim.


title: Jiang Wen

text: In 2014, Jiang directed the action comedy film "Gone with the Bullets", which screened at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang co-starred in the "Star Wars" anthology film "Rogue One", released in December 2016. In the film, he portrays Baze Malbus, a native of the moon of Jedha who is drawn into the war against the Galactic Empire.


title: Jiang Wen

text: In 2018, Jiang directed the Republican-era spy comedy "Hidden Man". The film was China's submission to the 91st Academy Awards.


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang Wen's father is Jiang Hongqi, a veteran of the Korean War. Described as taciturn and bookish, he played a minor role in his son's 2011 film, "Let the Bullets Fly". Jiang's mother Gao Yang — “a cheerful, extroverted woman” — worked as a piano teacher. Jiang Wen is the eldest son in the family; in addition to his younger brother, Jiang Wu, he has a younger sister, Jiang Huan.


title: Jiang Wen

text: Close to his family, Jiang has a deep bond with his parents: whenever he is on site for shooting or acting, he arranges for them to come to his workplace so that he can spend time with them. Each movie he makes, he saves the best seats for them and asks for their opinions. Even on artistic composition, he sometimes resorts to them for advice. It was his parents' endorsement on the original novel of "A Native of Beijing in New York" that propelled Jiang into his performance. Later, during the filming of his first feature film, "In the Heat of the Sun", Jiang again considered their evaluation of Xia Yu, before settling on him as the leading actor.


title: Jiang Wen

text: Jiang met his first partner, Liu Xiaoqing during the production of his debut film "Hibiscus Town". As he was 23 and she was 31, their relationship was controversial in the entertainment industry at that time, although it was reported that the crew was very supportive of their relationship. Liu Xiaoqing never confirmed the relationship, but only claimed that the media pressure was so suffocating that she once considered going abroad. Years later at one ceremony, Director Xie Jin finally verified this rumor, revealing that they had actually lived together for three years. Liu and Jiang separated amicably in 1994.


title: Jiang Wen

text: In 1995, Jiang began a relationship with Sandrine Chenivesse, a Doctor of Anthropology at the University of Paris, researching philosophy and Taoism in China, at an artistic event. In 1997, they were married in Paris and conceived a daughter together, but the marriage remained discreet until their appearance on the red carpet of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. In 2005, Chenivesse announced divorce with Jiang, citing long-distance separation as the cause.


title: Jiang Wen

text: In 2001, during the filming of "Warriors of Heaven and Earth," Jiang was introduced to cast member Zhou Yun, by fellow actress Zhao Wei. Later, Jiang recommended Zhou to the cast of "The Music Box," but each left the crew after a creative difference between Jiang and the director Chen Yifei. After a period of media rumors, Jiang and Zhou were officially married at the end of 2005, and have conceived two sons.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: Provincial elections were held in British India in January 1946 to elect members of the legislative councils of British Indian provinces. The consummation of British rule in India were the 1945/1946 elections. As minor political parties were eliminated, the political scene became restricted to the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League who were more antagonised than ever. The Congress, in a repeat of the 1937 elections, won 90 percent of the general non-Muslim seats while the Muslim League won the majority of Muslim seats (87%) in the provinces. Nevertheless, the All India Muslim League verified its claim to be the sole representative of Muslim India. The election laid the path to Pakistan.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: On 19 September 1945, following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom, the Viceroy Lord Wavell announced that elections to the provincial and central legislatures would be held in December 1945 to January 1946. It was also announced that an executive council would be formed and a constitution-making body would be convened after these elections. These elections were important as the provincial assemblies thus formed were to then elect a new Constituent Assembly which would begin formulating a constitution for an independent India. All contesting parties began campaigning. The Congress contended that it represented the entire Indian population while the Muslim League professed to speak for the whole Muslim population. The dominant issue of the election campaign became the issue of Pakistan.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: Originally, the Muslim League had been a party which received most of its support from the Muslim-minority provinces, where fear of Hindu ‘domination’ was greater as was the sense of ‘a loss of privilege’, and to showcase its argument for Muslim nationhood the League needed support from both Muslim-majority as well as Muslim-minority provinces. In the election campaign, the League resorted to establishing networks with traditional power bases, such as landowners and the religious elite, in the Muslim-majority provinces to win support. Religious slogans were utilized and the term ‘Pakistan’ was put forward. Some scholars state that the meaning of Pakistan was kept vague so that it meant different things to different people. On the other hand, Venkat Dhulipala observes that, rather than being vague, the proposals for Pakistan were vigorously debated in public, maps printed, economic foundations analysed and Pakistan was envisioned as a modern Islamic state.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: In contrast to earlier elections, the religious commitment was intertwined with a declaration of Muslim communal unity. Casting the vote became an Islamic act. Consequently, for the Muslim electorate, Pakistan represented both a nation-state for India's Muslims, but one which surpassed the common state structure, and an awakening of an Islamic polity where Islam would be blended with the state's functioning.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: The results were not in favour of the Muslim league. Of the total of 1585 seats, Congress won 923 (58.23%) and the All-India Muslim League won 425 seats (26.81% of the total), placing it as the second-ranking party. It captured all Muslim constituencies in the central assembly as well as most of the Muslim constituencies in the provincial legislatures. The vote opened the path to Pakistan. The system of separate electorates ensured that Muslim contestants would compete with other Muslim candidates instead of facing non-Muslim contestants. Thus, the establishment of Pakistan was debated mainly among Muslims themselves.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: The Muslim League's biggest success was in Bengal where out of 119 seats for Muslims, it won 113. The League reinforced its vote in the Muslim minority provinces. It won 54 out of 64 Muslim seats in the United Provinces and 34 of Bihar's 40 Muslim seats. It captured all Muslim seats in Bombay and Madras. The party demonstrated that it was the representative of Muslim India.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: The Communist Party of India had presented 108 candidates, out of whom only 8 won a seat. The set-back came as a result of the decision of the party not to support the Quit India movement of 1942. Seven out of the eight seats it won were reserved for labour representatives. All in all, the Communist Party obtained 2.5% of the popular vote. Albeit far from competing with the two main parties, the communists became the third force in terms of the popular vote. Amongst the communist candidates elected were Jyoti Basu (railways constituency in Bengal), Ratanlal Brahman (Darjeeling) and Rupnarayan Ray (Dinajpur).


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: The results for the North-West Frontier Province came through in March. Congress achieved a strong majority, largely due to the personality of Abdul Ghaffar Khan, enabling them to form a government without trouble.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: In Punjab, the concerted effort of the Muslim League led to its greatest success, winning 75 seats of the total Muslim seats and becoming the largest single party in the Assembly. The Unionist Party suffered heavy losses winning only 20 seats in total. The Congress was the second-largest party, winning 43 seats, whilst the Sikh centric Akali Dal came third with 22 seats.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: In Assam, Congress won all of the general seats and most of those were reserved for special interest, thus forming the local government. The Muslim League won all of the Muslim seats.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: In the Muslim majority province of Sind, the Muslim League won the most seats. Congress however also achieved strong results, and initially hoped to form a coalition in government with four Muslims who had defected from the Muslim League. At the last minute, one of the four Muslim dissidents went over to the Muslim League, handing them a majority of one. Congress then lobbied three European members, who would swing the balance of power into their favour, but their overtures were rejected. The Governor of Sind, therefore, asked the Muslim League to form the local government.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: In the 1946 elections, the appeal for Pakistan was crucial for the Muslim league's victory. According to Robert Stern, religious fervour played part in the league's victory. In Punjab also religious appeal was the factor in the battle between the league and the Muslim members of the Unionist party who were not interested in Pakistan.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: Compared to above table Indian Annual Register, 1946, vol. I shows different scenario. There has been some differences between the results of the two sources.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: The Congress formed its ministries in Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces, Madras, NWFP, Orissa and United Provinces. The Muslim League formed its ministries in Bengal and Sind. A coalition government consisting of the Congress, Unionist Party and the Akalis was formed in Punjab Province.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: A well-documented account of how the Coalition Government − under popular Punjabi Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh leaders such as Khizar Hayat Tiwana, Chhotu Ram, and Tara Singh − lead by the secular Unionist Party in Punjab Province collapsed as a result of a massive campaign launched by the then Punjab Muslim League has been given by Sharma, Madhulika. AIML (Punjab) deemed the coalition government as a 'non-representative' government and thought it was their right to bring such government down (notwithstanding the fact that it was a legal and democratically elected government). AIML (P) called for a 'Civil Disobedience' movement − fully backed by Mr. Jinnah and Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan, after they had failed to enlist Sikh's support to help form an AIML led government in Punjab. This led to bloody communal riots in Punjab during the later part of 1946.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: By early 1947, the law and order situation in the province came to such a point where civil life was utterly paralyzed. It was under such circumstances that the Premier of Punjab (Chief Minister), Khizar Hayat Tiwana of the coalition-led Unionist Party was forced to resign, on 2 March 1947. His cabinet was dissolved the same day. As there was no hope left for any other government to be formed to take the place of the Khizer government, the then Punjab Governor Sir Evan Jenkins imposed Governor's rule in Punjab on 5 March which continued up to the partition day, that is 15 August 1947.


title: 1946 Indian provincial elections

text: Akali-Dall Sikhs, with 22 seats, were major stakeholders in the coalition along with Congress(51) and the Unionist Party (20), who were infuriated over the dissolution of the Khizer Government. It was in this backdrop that on 3 March 1947, Akali Sikh leader Master Tara Singh brandished his "kirpan" outside Punjab Assembly saying openly 'down with Pakistan and blood be to the one who demands it'. From this day onwards, Punjab was engulfed in such bloodied communal riots that history had never witnessed before. Eventually, Punjab had to be partitioned into the Indian and Pakistani Punjab. In the process, over a million innocent people were massacred, millions were forced to cross over and become refugees while thousands of women were abducted, raped and killed, across all religious communities in Punjab.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: Disney–ABC Domestic Television (doing business as Disney–ABC Home Entertainment and Television Distribution, and formerly named Buena Vista Television) is the in-home sales and content distribution firm of Disney Platform Distribution, a subsidiary of the Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution division of The Walt Disney Company. Content distribution responsibilities include domestic television syndication, domestic pay TV, Internet and cable video-on-demand (VOD), and pay-per-view outlets. Disney–ABC Domestic TV replaces the original 20th Television since August 10, 2020, and is currently running as a syndication and distribution arm.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: ABC's first syndication arm, ABC Films (established in July 1953), was spun off as Worldvision Enterprises (now CBS Media Ventures) in March 1973 due to fin-syn laws (which have since been repealed).


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: Despite having some TV shows and feature films, Disney only had two syndicated shows, "The Mickey Mouse Club" and "The Mouse Factory", prior to the formation of this unit.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: Disney established a television syndication unit in 1985, with Robert Jacquemin as senior vice president of domestic television distribution. None of its animated feature films were planned to enter syndication at the time. The division was incorporated as Buena Vista Television, Inc. on November 5, 1985, with its first release in the first-run syndication market called "Siskel & Ebert". The company produced the business-oriented morning show, "Today's Business", in August 1986, only to put an end to the show in April 1987, indicating that they were unable to get enough advertisers. In 1990, the company offered its first game show, "The Challengers", into first-run syndication.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: In late 1986, Buena Vista was shopping "DuckTales" for a 1987 debut, with a 4–6 p.m. placement and a 2.5/3.5 syndicator/station ad split. In late 1990 and early 1991, after launching The Disney Afternoon syndicated block, Buena Vista had considered starting a new one-hour morning block to start in 1992.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: On August 24, 1994, a reorganization of Disney took place in which Richard H. Frank became head of a newly formed Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications, which was split from Walt Disney Studios and included Buena Vista TV.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: In April 1996, due to the ongoing post Disney–Capital Cities/ABC Inc. merger realignment and the retirement of its president, Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications' divisions were reassigned to other groups. Therefore, Buena Vista TV, as a part of Walt Disney Television International, was transferred to Disney–ABC Television Group.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: In February 1997, Buena Vista began development on the Comedy Central original daytime game show "Win Ben Stein's Money", presided over by actor, financial planner, motivator and author Ben Stein. The series debuted July 27, 1997 on Comedy Central; and Jimmy Kimmel was named co-host and quizmaster opposite Stein himself.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: In March 2007, Starz Inc. sued Buena Vista TV for breaching their agreement by allowing films to be available online through Apple Inc.'s iTunes Store and other outlets. The introduction of the Apple TV device forced Starz to file suit, which hinged on the "contractual definition of 'television'" and whether complete TV exclusivity was granted, as Starz then had a secondary distribution deal with Netflix.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: In May 2007, The Walt Disney Company announced plans to semi-retire the use of the Buena Vista brand in favor of focusing on the three core brands of Disney, ABC, and ESPN instead. As a result, Buena Vista Television was rebranded as Disney–ABC Domestic Television (DADT). Buena Vista TV converted to a limited liability business form on April 10, 2009.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: By July 2008, Disney–ABC Domestic TV signed additional carriage agreements with Vudu and CinemaNow, which was then added to the Starz lawsuit. On December 2, 2008, Disney–ABC Domestic TV and Starz Entertainment settled their online distribution lawsuit with the terms undisclosed.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: Distribution units were transferred to Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International (DTCI) as part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 14, 2018 strategic reorganization in anticipation of integrating 21st Century Fox's assets. In February 2020, Disney licensed 21 TV series, from "Ally McBeal" to "Witches of East End" including "Lost" and "Desperate Housewives", to Amazon-owned IMDb ad supported streaming service. On August 10, 2020, Disney–ABC Domestic TV took over the syndication function of the original 20th Television.


title: Disney–ABC Domestic Television

text: The Walt Disney Studios libraries (including Walt Disney Pictures, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, Searchlight Pictures, Touchstone Pictures and Hollywood Pictures) except "Titanic" and "Braveheart" (both distributed by Paramount Pictures in North America)


title: Powerhouse Hobbs

text: William Hobson (born January 23, 1991), better known by the ring name Powerhouse Hobbs, is an American professional wrestler signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW).


title: Powerhouse Hobbs

text: Hobson attended Sequoia High School in Redwood City, California, where he played football and other sports. As a youth, he attended professional wrestling events, including SuperBrawl VIII in the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California.


title: Powerhouse Hobbs

text: After graduating from high school, Hobson attended the All Pro Wrestling (APW) professional wrestling school in Hayward, California. He made his professional wrestling debut on July 18, 2009 at APW's "Gym Wars" event under the ring name "Will Rood". Hobson wrestled for APW over the following decade, during which time he held the APW Worldwide Internet Championship three times. He also held the APW Tag Team Championship thrice, teaming with Marcus Lewis as "Lion Power". In 2014 he briefly used the ring name "Will.I.IS"; in 2016 he changed his ring name to "Will Hobbs".