title: Sankardev

text: and as he sat down, he sang a "borgeet", "narayana kahe bhakati karu tera", playing on the name of the king. At the debate with the court pundits that followed, Sankardev was able to refute all allegations against him. The king declared him free and furthermore honored him with a seat close to the throne. Sankardev began to attend Naranarayana's court regularly, and received the freedom to propagate his teachings.


title: Sankardev

text: Chilarai was instrumental in keeping Sankardev safe and supporting his work. Many of Sankardev's literary and dramatic works were completed in his domain with his patronage and protection. Sankardev acknowledged his appreciation in his play 'Ram Vijaya'.


title: Sankardev

text: Sankardev shuttled between Koch Behar the capital and Patbausi his seat. He was often hosted by Chilarai, and on his request agreed to have the images of the childhood days of krishna at Vrindavan woven on cloth. He engaged the weavers of Tantikuchi, near Barpeta, to weave a forty-yard long tapestry panel. Sankaradeva provided the designs to be woven, chose the various colours of thread to be used, and supervised the weaving. It took about a year to complete and, deriving its name from its theme, came to be known as the Vrindavani vastra. It was presented to Chilarai and Naranarayan. A section of this cloth is preserved now in the Victoria and Albert museum in London.


title: Sankardev

text: Chandsai, a Muslim tailor serving the Koch king became a disciple of Sankardev at Kochbehar. When Sankardev returned to Patbausi some time later, Chandsai too came with the saint. Sankardev frequented the capital for more than 20 years and enjoyed unstinted royal patronage for the first time.


title: Sankardev

text: He made arrangements with Madhavdev and Thakur Ata and gave them various instructions at Patbausi and left the place for the last time. He set up his home at Bheladonga in Kochbehar. During his stay at Kochbehar, Maharaja Naranarayana expressed his wish to be initiated. Sankardev was reluctant to convert a king and declined to do so. (According to one of the biographers Ramcharan Thakur) A painful boil; a "visha phohara" – had appeared in some part of his body and this led to the passing away of the Saint. Thus, in 1568, after leading a most eventful life dedicated to enlightening humanity; the "Mahapurusha" breathed his last – after four months of his last stay at Bheladonga– at the remarkable age of 120 years.


title: Sankardev

text: Sankardev preached pure devotion ("bhakti") to Krishna consisting primarily in the singing ("kirtan") and listening to ("sravan") of his deeds and activities. "Ekasarana" follows the "dasya" attitude ("bhava") of worship in which the devotee considers himself to be a servant of God. In contrast to other Vaishnava schools, Radha is not worshiped along with Krishna.


title: Sankardev

text: The people who practice his religion are referred to variously as "Mahapurushia", "Sarania" and "Sankari".


title: Sankardev

text: Srimanta Sankardev started a system of initiation ("Sarana") into his religion. He caused a huge social revolution by fighting against the caste discrimination prevailing at that time. He initiated people of all castes and religions, including Muslims. After initiation, the devotee is expected to adhere to the religious tenets of "Ekasarana" consisting in worship to one God, Krishna, and offering devotion to him, forsaking completely all forms of Vedic rites.


title: Sankardev

text: Though he himself married twice, had children and led the life of a householder, his disciple Madhavdev did not. Some of his followers today follow celibate life ("kevaliya bhakat") in the Vaishnavite monasteries – the "sattras".


title: Sankardev

text: Sankardev's famous debate with Madhavdev, who was a staunch sakta (devotee of Shakti) earlier, and Madhavdev's subsequent induction into Ekasarana, is often cited as the single most epoch-making event in the history of the neo-Vaishnavite movement in Assam. Madhavdev, an equally multi-talented person, became his most celebrated disciple.


title: Sankardev

text: Sankardev produced a large body of work. Though there were others before him who wrote in the language of the common man – Madhav Kandali who translated the Ramayana into Assamese in the 14th century – This was the first ramayana to be written in a modern Indian language – Harivara Vipra and Hema Saraswati, it was Sankardev who opened the floodgates and inspired others like Madhavdev to carry on where he left off.


title: Sankardev

text: His language is lucid, his verses lilting, and he infused "bhakti" into everything he wrote. His magnum opus is his "Kirtana-ghosha", a work so popular that even today it is found in many household in Assam. It contains narrative verses glorifying Krishna meant for community singing. It is a "bhakti kayva" par excellence, written in a lively and simple language, it has "stories and songs for amusement [for children], it delights the young with true poetic beauty and elderly people find here religious instruction and wisdom".


title: Sankardev

text: For most of his works, he used the Assamese language of the period so the lay person could read and understand them. But for dramatic effect in his songs and dramas he used Brajavali.


title: Sankardev

text: Other literary works include the rendering of eight books of the "Bhagavata Purana" including the "Adi Dasama" (Book X), "Harishchandra-upakhyana" (his first work), "Bhakti-pradip", the "Nimi-navasiddha-samvada" (conversation between King Nimi and the nine Siddhas), "Bhakti-ratnakara" (Sanskrit verses, mostly from the Bhagavata, compiled into a book), "Anadi-patana" (having as its theme the creation of the universe and allied cosmological matters), Gunamala and many plays like "Rukmini haran", "Patni prasad", "Keli gopal", "Kurukshetra yatra" and "Srirama vijaya". There was thus a flowering of great Bhakti literature during his long life of 120 years.


title: Sankardev

text: His translation of the "Bhagavata" is actually a transcreation, because he translates not just the words but the idiom and the physiognomy too. He has adapted the original text to the local land and people and most importantly for the purpose of bhakti. Portions of the original were left out or elaborated where appropriate. For example, he suppressed the portions that revile the lowers caste of "sudra" and "kaivartas", and extols them elsewhere.


title: Sankardev

text: Sankardev was the fountainhead of the "Ankiya naat", a form of one-act play. His "Cihna Yatra" is regarded as one of the first open-air theatrical performances in the world. "Cihna yatra" was probably a dance drama and no text of that show is available today. Innovations like the presence of a "Sutradhara" (narrator) on the stage, use of masks etc., were used later in the plays of Bertolt Brecht and other eminent playwrights.


title: Sankardev

text: He is a musician; All his creations were orienting to the Vishanav religion and one set of them is called 'Holy Songs', which are known as 'Borgeet(Bargit or Bargeet)' till today in Assam.


title: Sankardev

text: The "Borgeets" (literally: great songs) are devotional songs, set to music and sung in various "raga" styles. These styles are slightly different from either the Hindustani or the Carnatic styles. The songs themselves are written in the 'Brajavali' language.


title: Sankardev

text: Sattriya dance, that Sankardev first conceived and developed and which was later preserved for centuries by the "sattras", is now among the classical dance forms of India. Although certain devout Sankarite calls this form as Sankari dance


title: Sankardev

text: The famous "Vrindavani Vastra"—the cloth of Vrindavan—a 120 x 60 cubits tapestry depicted the "lilas" of Lord Krishna at Vrindavan through richly woven and embroidered designs on silk. A specimen, believed to be a part of this work, is at the Association pour l'Etude et la Documentation des Textiles d'Asie collection at Paris (inv. no. 3222).


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC is a chain of fast food restaurants primarily located in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. The chain originated as the rebranding of the "RoBee's House of Beef" chain of Fort Wayne, Indiana, acquired by the Marriott Corporation in February 1968. However, Marriott first used the Roy Rogers Roast Beef name on conversions of the company's Junior Hot Shoppes in the Washington, D.C. area in April 1968, then the existing RoBee's stores. An aggressive nationwide franchising campaign was launched. At its peak, the chain included over 600 locations. The chain now has 41 restaurants in six states, of which 25 are company owned and the rest are franchised.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: The Roy Rogers chain was sold in 1990 to Imasco, then the parent company of Hardee's, and experienced severe decline as many locations converted to Hardee's. In 2002, the trademark was purchased by Plamondon Companies.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Roy Rogers' menu consists primarily of hamburgers, roast beef sandwiches, fried chicken, nine side items (including french fries), and beverages. Many locations also serve breakfast.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: In 1967 the Azar's Big Boy restaurant franchise started RoBee's House of Beef restaurants in Ft. Wayne, Indiana. The Marriott Corp., which had acquired Bob's Big Boy and the Big Boy trademark in 1967, acquired RoBee's in February 1968 with plans to expand nationwide. RoBee's franchises would first be offered to Big Boy franchisees to coincide with their existing Big Boy territory. At the time there were 13 RoBee's restaurants in six states.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: During the acquisition, in January 1968, the competing roast beef chain Arby's sued RoBee's for trademark infringement and (other similarities that it considered) unfair competition. Because "RoBee's" sounded too much like "Arby's" the settlement required a new brand name and Marriott wanted something recognizable. Big Boy founder Bob Wian, then sitting on Marriott's board of directors, was friends with Roy Rogers' agent and suggested that the company approach Rogers about the use of his name. Already interested in associating with a chain restaurant, Rogers was in similar discussions with another company when Marriott called. Nonetheless, he accepted Marriott's offer: Rogers would receive a licensing fee for use of his name and also be paid for personal appearances at the restaurants. The restaurants would be called "Roy Rogers Roast Beef Sandwich" restaurants, and despite Arby's complaints, it retained RoBee's building design and covered wagon logo design.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Several major Big Boy franchisees accepted Marriott's offer and became Roy Rogers regional franchisees, including Abdow's, Frisch's, Elias Brothers, Marc's, and Shoney's which together covered much of the Northeastern, Midwest and Southern US. Pittsburgh franchisee Eat'n Park rejected the offer and took public offense at paying fees to Rogers. In the Pittsburgh area and elsewhere, other regional franchisees were sought who would also subfranchise to smaller operators, and by January 1969 Marriott claimed regional franchises for every state but Alaska. Roy Rogers' restaurants also opened in Canada, franchised to that nation's Big Boy franchisee, JB's of Canada.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Marriott divided the United States into 33 franchise regions and required regional franchisees open a set number of restaurants in a four-year period. Regional franchisees would pay Marriott a 2% royalty, and subfranchisees typically pay the regional franchisee 3%, who would keep the additional 1%. A restaurant required a $35,000 cash investment upfront, including $7,500 paid to Marriott. Additionally, the cost of the building and equipment, with seating for 42 persons, cost about $100,000 in 1968, excluding the cost of land. Marriott offered financing but charged an interest rate of 12% on land and 17% for the building. The prototype restaurant seated 40 to 45 persons with additional outdoor seating on an optional patio in front of the building, but actual restaurants varied, one franchisee's dining area accommodating 75 persons.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: The first Roy Rogers restaurant opened up on Co- founder and Hot Shoppes manager, Henry L. Wright's property in April 1968 in the Bailey's Crossroads section of Falls Church, Virginia, on the corner of Leesburg Pike and Carlin Springs Road (5603 Leesburg Pike). Another opened at 5214 River Road, in Bethesda, Maryland. The area was selected because Marriott was headquartered in metropolitan Washington, D.C., the River Road unit located directly across the street. (Marriott executives and Marriott family members were frequent patrons of this store.) These first locations were conversions of Jr. Hot Shoppes, Marriott's existing fast food chain. In May 1968, RoBee's units began to open as Roy Rogers. Rogers made a four state tour of namesake restaurants in the Southern U.S., appearing at each location for an hour, shaking hands and handing out signed photographs. Filming for the first television commercials advertising Roy Rogers Restaurants took place in the Apple Valley, California area where Rogers lived with his family. In 1968 and 1969, Rogers and friends, Earl Bascom and Mel Marion, were filmed at various locations including the historic Las Flores Ranch in Summit Valley and the Campbell Ranch in Victorville.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Rapid growth began in 1968 and Marriott made optimistic projections. In October 1968, there were reportedly 38 units open and 65 under construction, and by December, 56 open and 39 under construction. Marriott projected 700 or more Roy Rogers restaurants in four years. By June 1969, 105 units were open with a new projection of 870 in four years. A February 1970 newspaper article reported that over 160 units were in operation. However, growth halted in 1970, when Marriott suspended Roy Rogers franchising, due to financial losses from closings of failing locations. The following year, the Texas–based regional franchise, Ram-Hart Systems, filed for Chapter 11 protection, asking to terminate leases found unprofitable, which were making the entire chain unprofitable. After franchising resumed, only 172 restaurants were open by September 1972, a quarter of the 700 stores projected four years earlier.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: In 1982, Marriott bought the Gino's restaurant chain for $48.6 million. The company converted 180 of the 313 restaurants to Roy Rogers to expand in the Baltimore/Washington area.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: In 1990, Marriott sold the chain for $365 million to Imasco, the parent company of Hardee's, a Midwestern and Southern chain seeking further expansion into the Mid-Atlantic market. The remaining non-franchised Roy Rogers locations were converted into Hardee's restaurants, although many of the converted Hardee's continued to offer Roy Rogers' fried chicken. The conversion of the Roy Rogers chain caused a customer revolt and the units returned the Roy Rogers' brand. The restaurants promoted new flame-broiled hamburgers, but they were not the same as the original Roy Rogers products and later failed.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Hardee's finally sold the remaining Roy Rogers locations to McDonald's, Wendy's, and Boston Market between 1994 and 1996. This left 13 Roy Rogers franchisees, with two dozen free-standing locations, in addition to locations owned by HMSHost in travel plazas along highways in the Northeast.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Prior to the Hardee's acquisition, Roy Rogers cooked its fries in a blend of beef tallow and vegetable oil. Hardee's, which had already replaced tallow with all vegetable shortening, implemented the same procedure for Roy Rogers.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: In 1997, CKE Restaurants acquired Hardee's from Imasco, but Imasco retained the Roy Rogers trademark and franchise system, finally selling Roy Rogers to Plamondon Enterprises (now Plamondon Companies) in 2002, after three years of negotiation. Roy Rogers was relaunched as Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC. Plamondon had already opened the first new Roy Rogers restaurant in Frederick, Maryland in 2000. At the time of the sale, there were 63 existing Roy Rogers franchises in nine states.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Plamondon Companies, which opened its first franchised Roy Rogers restaurant in 1980, took the lead among franchisees in developing products, hosting training sessions and shooting new food photography for their stores. The company is run by Jim Plamondon and Peter Plamondon Jr., the two sons of Peter Plamondon Sr., head of the restaurant division at Marriott when the Roy Rogers brand was created. Based in Frederick, Maryland, Plamondon is a privately held company.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Though standard Roy Rogers locations serve food in a typical fast-food fashion, some locations (such as the locations that were formerly Jr. Hot Shoppes) and the franchises located throughout Mid-Atlantic highway rest-stops serve the food in a cafeteria-style. An exception is the Allentown service plaza on the Pennsylvania Turnpike's Northeast Extension, which serves its customers in the typical fast-food fashion since it reopened in May 2008 (the entire service plaza had been rebuilt from its original form, which included cafeteria-style serving).


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: In the cafeteria-style restaurants, customers push their trays on rails past stations stocked with pre-wrapped packages of hamburgers, cheeseburgers, and roast-beef sandwiches. A feature of this chain in any of the locations is the Fixin's Bar which features numerous condiments. Due to this feature, sandwich items are delivered without any of the customary garnishes. After selecting and paying for these items, patrons can garnish them to their own taste at the Fixin's Bar with such items as ketchup, BBQ sauce, mayonnaise, horseradish sauce, lettuce, tomatoes, pickles, and onions. Numerous locations offer hand-dipped milkshakes made with Edy's Ice Cream.


title: Roy Rogers Restaurants

text: Popular items on the menu are roast beef sandwiches and fried chicken, which was advertised by Roy Rogers under the "Pappy Parker" name beginning in the 1970s using a cartoon prospector (the Pappy Parker name was inherited from Marriott's original Hot Shoppes chain). Other signature items at Roy Rogers are the Gold Rush chicken sandwich (a fried chicken breast with bacon, a slice of Monterey Jack cheese, and a honey-based BBQ sauce) and the Double-R Bar Burger (a cheeseburger with ham). The side items featured at Roy Rogers are french fries, baked potatoes, mashed potatoes with gravy, and baked beans.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: The Cadillac SRX is a mid-size luxury SUV and compact luxury crossover SUV (CUV) manufactured and marketed by Cadillac over two generations: the first generation as a five-door, three-row, seven-passenger CUV (2003–2009), and the second generation as a five-door, two-row, five-passenger CUV (2010–2016) – the latter becoming Cadillac's best selling model in the United States.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: Engine options included the High-Feature V6 and the 4.6 L Northstar V8. It was based on the GM Sigma platform and came with a five or six-speed automatic transmission; rear-wheel drive and four-wheel drive and MagneRide were available. As a Sigma platform vehicle, the first generation SRX had a longitudinal mounted front engine, longitudinal transmission mounted behind the engine, and a rear drive differential. The AWD option was implemented with a transfer case mounted to the rear of the transmission, with a propeller shaft forward to a front differential to power the front wheels.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: An all-leather interior and curtain side airbags were standard in both models. Heated front seats and wood interior trim were standard in the V8 and available as options in the V6. DVD, sunroof, navigation system, and a power foldable third-row seat were all available options. However the third row was no longer available for the 2010 model year on the SRX.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: The SRX won "Car and Driver's" Five Best Trucks "luxury SUV" award for 2004, 2005 and 2006 and was nominated for the "North American Truck of the Year" award for 2004.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found the 2005-08 SRX worst in its class for driver fatalities with a death rate of 63 compared to its class average of 23.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: For the 2005 model year, Cadillac added chrome accents to the gauge cluster and made the towing package available on V6 models and V8 models. The towing capacity also grew to .


title: Cadillac SRX

text: For 2006, power tailgate and satellite radio became standard. New wheel designs were also added. New interior wood trim was added to the center stack and ride height was lowered slightly.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: For the 2007 model year, a new console was implemented, V8 models received six-speed automatic transmission, and base audio system was changed to Bose. A Sport package was added which included 20-inch wheels, all-wheel drive and limited slip differential. Other added options include Bose 5.1 digital surround sound, Theater package (which included Bose 5.1 digital surround sound, navigation and rear seat entertainment), automatic odor filtration, and Passenger Side Inflatable Restraint Suppression.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: The second generation SRX followed the Provoq concept vehicle, using a variation of the Epsilon II platform. The V8 was no longer available. Production began in 2009 as a 2010 model, with an initial $34,155 MSRP. As it was based on the Epsilon platform, the second generation SRX drivetrain was a front transverse mounted V6 engine with a transverse mounted transaxle powering the front wheels. The AWD option was implemented with a power take-off output of the transaxle, and a propeller shaft to a rear differential to power the rear wheels.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: The SRX debuted in January 2009 with the choice of a 3.0 liter V6 with direct injection derived from the 3.6 liter unit in the Cadillac CTS, or a 2.8 liter turbocharged V6.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: 2016 was the last model year for the SRX as Cadillac replaced it by the XT5 in the spring of 2016 as a 2017 model.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: For the 2011 model year, a rear backup camera and Cadillac Premium Care Maintenance program became standard and full keyless access became standard on Luxury and Performance models. In January 2011, General Motors discontinued production of the 2.8 liter turbo-charged V6 engine in the SRX, citing poor sales numbers. Less than 10 percent of SRX buyers opted for the turbo-charged engine. This left the naturally aspirated 3.0 liter V6 as the only engine available for the remainder of the 2011 model year.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: For 2012, a 3.6 liter V6 with E85 flex-fuel capability was offered in the turbo V6's place. The six-speed transmission received an Eco feature for improved fuel economy. Other additions include Xenon Blue exterior color and ebony interior. Also, Bluetooth hands-free technology became standard on all trims and a heated steering wheel became available.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: For the 2013 model year, all trim levels of the SRX receive an infotainment system marketed as the "Cadillac User Experience" (CUE) as well as new safety features and active noise cancellation technology. Additional interior features included standard HD radio, Bluetooth audio streaming, additional USB ports, SD card slot and 12-volt outlet, revised headphone and remote design for rear seat entertainment, and revised shift knob, steering wheel, and instrument cluster. The front styling and faux fender vents were revised. Three new colors: Evolution Green Metallic, Glacier Blue Metallic and Silver Coast Metallic were added, and wheels options were revised.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: For the 2014 model year, 18-inch chrome wheels were added to the Luxury trim and the Driver Awareness package received Intellibeam headlights. Exterior colors Graphite Metallic, Terra Mocha Metallic, and Sapphire Blue Metallic were added caramel and ebony interior accents became options.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: The 2015 SRX added 4G LTE connection and a standard Wi-Fi hotspot. Exterior colors Cocoa Bronze Metallic and Majestic Plum Metallic were added.


title: Cadillac SRX

text: In May 2010, General Motors recalled about 550 of its 2010 Cadillac SRXs with the turbocharged 2.8-liter V-6 because of a possible engine failure if owners use regular gas and drove aggressively. The automaker said the fuel-filler lid and owner's manual warn that the engine should not be worked hard if regular fuel is used. Failures in several vehicles owned by GM and one external user led it to discover that using regular fuel and driving hard could cause possible internal engine damage including connecting rod failures. The automaker decided to conduct a "customer satisfaction program" to recalibrate the engine computer, but the NHTSA considered engine failures to be a safety issue and argued that a recall was required. The 2.8 liter V6 was permanently removed from production after the 2010 model year due to safety recalls and poor sales. 3.0L V6 was the only engine option available for the 2011 model year. The 3.0L V6 was replaced by a 3.6L V6 engine for the 2012 model year as the only engine option available.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: Multijet is Fiat Chrysler Automobiles' term for its current common rail direct injection turbodiesel engine range. Most of the Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Lancia range as well as certain Chrysler, RAM Trucks, Jeep and Maserati vehicles are equipped with Multijet engines. Ownership of some Fiat Multijet designs is shared with General Motors as part of a settlement of the failed merger between the two auto conglomerates. GM Powertrain Torino group in Turin, Italy manages their interest in these engines. Some PSA Peugeot Citroën diesel engines are also rebadged JTD units, and vice versa.(source needed) Fiat's common rail diesel engine is also known as JTD, an initialism of Jet Turbo Diesel.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The property that distinguishes the Multijet from previous generations of common rail diesel engines from FCA is the combustion of the fuel, which is split into multiple injections, thus allowing for a more complete, quieter combustion in the cylinder. Compared to the first-generation JTD engines (Unijet system) which only featured a smaller pilot and a larger main injection, Multijet is capable of up to five injections per combustion cycle which enables better, more efficient cold running, better performance especially in the lower rev-range, quieter operation as well as even lower consumptions and emissions. The time between injections has been reduced to 150 microseconds while the minimal injection quantity has been reduced from two to less than one microlitre.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: This enables even mid-sized sedans like the Alfa Romeo 156 and Lancia Lybra equipped with the 1.9 JTD to achieve fuel economy upwards of 45 mpg (55 mpg or 5L/100 km) on country roads and highways while offering an equal amount of torque as the 3.0L 24V V6 engine.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: A sophisticated electronic control unit controls the injection and changes the injection logic and number of injections based on a multitude of parameters, most importantly revolutions per minute of the engine, engine torque requested by the driver and the temperature of the coolant.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The injection pressure of the diesel fuel on the second-generation Multijet is limited to between bar ( psi) on the 1.3 Multijet and bar ( psi) on the 2.4 Multijet 20V.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: In 2009 Fiat Powertrain introduced the third generation of this technology, called Multijet II. With its new and innovative injectors with hydraulically balanced solenoid valve and even higher injection pressure of 2,000 bar (29,000 psi) it is capable of even more precise controlling of the injected diesel fuel, injecting it in a quicker and more flexible manner. It enables up to eight consecutive injections per combustion cycle and implemented Injection Rate Shaping technology, which provides two very close pilot injections making the fuel delivery more continuous and modulated. This results in an engine that is quiet and has a smoother operation, lower emissions, better fuel mileage and higher performance compared to the previous generation.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: A 3-cylinder variant, (called XSDE, Xtra Smart Diesel Engine) or "Smartech Diesel", was introduced in 2011. Co-developed by GM Powertrain Torino and the GM Technical Center India for the Indian market the engine is rated at of power and of torque.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: A small 1.3 L () version (called the SDE, Small Diesel Engine) introduced in February 2003 is produced in Bielsko-Biała, Poland, in Ranjangaon, Pune, India, by Fiat India Automobiles and Tata Motors joint venture plant since 2008, and by Maruti Suzuki in Gurgaon, Haryana, India since 2012. The Multijet 75 PS version was chosen in 2005 as the International Engine of the Year in the 1-litre to 1.4-litre category.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: There are five versions of this engine: a , a (used in the Fiat Punto, Panda, Palio, Albea, Idea; Opel Corsa, Combo, Meriva; Suzuki Ritz, Swift; and Tata Indica Vista), a variable inlet geometry (used in the Fiat Grande Punto, Linea; Opel Corsa, Astra; Suzuki Ertiga, SX4; Tata Indigo Manza and Alfa Romeo MiTo), a from the Multijet II generation, and a available on the Lancia Ypsilon. At the time of the launch this was the smallest four-cylinder diesel engine available and had a fuel consumption of in some applications. The engine is able to meet Euro IV pollution standards without the use of a diesel particulate filter.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: In January 2008, Tata Motors introduced the new Indica Vista model, which features new Quadrajet branded version of this engine. The second generation Ford Ka uses 1.3 Multijet named as Duratorq TDCi. In GM nomenclature, it is called Small Diesel Engine (SDE).


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: During 2009, Fiat launched a new generation badged Multijet II, with a new injection management system (up to 8 injections per cycle, instead of 5) and able to meet Euro V pollution standards. It is available with several power outputs, from , with fixed geometry turbocharger, to , with variable geometry turbocharger.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: As of 2013, more than 5 million 1.3 MultiJet engines were produced. In January 2020, the production of the 1.3 Multijet ended in India in both Maruti Suzuki plant and Fiat-Tata JV as the BS6 emission regulations come into effect in the country from 1 April 2020. Fiat-Tata built a total of 800,048 engines over 12 years.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: In 2006, Fiat Powertrain announced a downsized version of the 1.9 16V Multijet, a new 1.6L 16V Multijet (1,598 cc) with two power levels of and to replace the still-used 1.9L 8-valve engine. The new 1.6 Multijet diesel with 105 PS was released in December 2007, the 120 PS version arrived later in 2008.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The most common JTD engine is the 1.9 L straight-4 found on various brands and models. The first car that used this engine was Alfa Romeo 156 in 1997 (), making it the world's first common-rail diesel passenger car. In 1999, it was introduced on the Fiat Punto JTD with a smaller, fixed-geometry turbocharger and , as well as in the Fiat Brava, Bravo and Marea range. There were also , , , , and versions available. The engine block weighs approximately , the cylinder head features an overhead camshaft with directly actuated valves.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The Multijet second generation features an advanced common-rail system and is available with seven different power outputs. The 8-valve version has , , or and the 16-valve version has , , , or . Except for the 101 PS Multijet, all engines feature a variable-geometry turbocharger.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: Opel also uses a version of this engine. Their CDTI engine, manufactured in Pratola Serra, Italy and Kaiserslautern, Germany, is the product of the half-decade joint venture between GM and Fiat. It is used in the Vectra, Signum, Astra, Zafira, Cadillac BLS and Suzuki SX4 as well as some Saabs marked as TiD and TTiD (twinturbo version).


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: Fiat Powertrain Technologies released information about new two stage turbo (twin turbo) version of this engine in summer 2007, engine is available with two power levels, first one is producing and second one , both have a maximum torque output of at 2000 rpm. 180 PS version production started summer 2007. The engine weighs approximately . This engine will be sold both to Fiat Group Automobiles and other brands, but the version is reserved only to Fiat Group Automobiles.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: A new 2 litre (1,956 cc, 83 mm bore, 90.4 mm stroke) Multijet diesel was introduced in third generation Lancia Delta in summer 2008. At its first version this engine produces . For 2009 the engine was fitted to Alfa Romeo 159 as variant. Fiat Sedici, Suzuki SX4 and the new Fiat Doblò generation use a variant of this engine.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: GM Powertrain separately developed their diesel engines based on 1.9 JTD, after end of the GM and Fiat partnership, and first was the version for Astra and Insignia, which was later upgraded to 165 PS for Astra (163 PS in restyled version of Insignia), and less powerful version for Insignia with 110 PS and 130 PS. In 2011 GM Powertrain Europe developed a new derivative - the twin-turbocharger BiTurbo version, with , which is used in the Insignia and starting with 2013 in the Astra J. Internally the new engine is referred to as GM Ecotec Family B engine. The same engine was also available in the 2011 Saab 9–5 with 160 PS and 190 PS twin-turbo. In 2013 Opel introduced cleaner and more fuel efficient versions of the 2.0 CDTI engine and the ecoFLEX version, with 99 g/km of CO and 120 PS (140 PS for Insignia).


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The 2.2 Multijet II (2,184 cc) was introduced by Fiat Chrysler in mid-2015. These engines produce and with of torque at 2500 RPM in the Jeep Cherokee. It was developed to offer more torque in the low-rev range compared to the 2.0L Multijet. This engine further improves the existing 2.0 Multijet in various areas, such as a higher injection pressure (2,000 Bar instead of 1,600 Bar) with Injector Rate Shaping, an oil pump with variable displacement and counterbalance-shafts to reduce noises and vibrations. This engine meets Euro 6 emission norms without the use of diesel exhaust fluid injection.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: A 2.2 Multijet III (2,184 cc) was introduced by Stellantis on the Fiat Ducato in 2021 with 4 power outputs: 120, 140, 160, & 180 hp. It meets Euro 6d emissions standards.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: A further development of this engine with a 2,143 cc displacement, and a die-cast Aluminium block, is used in the Alfa Romeo Giulia (952), Alfa Romeo Stelvio, and Jeep Wrangler (JL).


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The 2.4 L (2,387 cc) straight-5 version is based on the 2.4 5 cylinder TD engine as used in the Mk1 Fiat Marea and the Mk1 Lancia Kappa. The JTD version benefits from the solid build of the TD block, and an improved head/injection system. There are 2 versions of the 2.4 JTD, the 10-valve as used in the Fiat Marea 130 JTD and the earlier Alfa Romeo 156/Alfa Romeo 166/Lancia Lybra diesels where it was available as , , and later a Multijet 20-valve version as used in the later (2003>) Alfa Romeo 156 as well as some Lancia vehicles.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: It was designed for transverse front-wheel drive use and was deemed too long and tall for widespread use in other GM Ecotec or Fiat products. A newer Multijet variant of this engine, capable for , is used in the Alfa Romeo 159, Alfa Romeo Brera and Fiat Croma. The latest version of this engine produces and at 1500 rpm, and is used in Alfa Romeo vehicles.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The 2.3 Multijet (2,287 cc) was developed by Iveco for heavy-duty applications and is available in three versions 120 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481D), 130 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE0481N or F1AE6481D) and 150 MultiJet (Sofim F1AE3481E), these engines produce , and respectively.


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The 2.8 JTD (2,798 cc) made by Iveco (Sofim) was used in second generation Fiat Ducato, it produces or .


title: Fiat JTD engine

text: The 160 MultiJet Power, introduced in 2007, saw displacement increased to 3.0 L (2,998 cc). This engine produces or in Fiat-badged models. In Iveco Massif this engine is also available as version.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Rick and Morty is an American animated science-fiction comedy franchise, owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, whose eponymous duo consists of Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith. Rick and Morty were created by cartoonist Justin Roiland for a 2006 parody film of "Back to the Future" for Channel 101, a short film festival co-founded by Dan Harmon. After six years, the sketch was developed into "Rick and Morty", a half-hour prime time show that was a hit for Adult Swim, receiving universal acclaim across all seasons. The popularity of "Rick and Morty" has made it a billion-dollar merchandising and media franchise. Alongside the original television series, the characters of the show have been featured in a variety of media, including spin-offs, comic books, musical releases and video games.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: The series centers on the misadventures of cynical mad scientist Rick Sanchez and his good-hearted but fretful grandson Morty Smith, who split their time between domestic life and interdimensional adventures, with the characters traveling to other planets and dimensions through portals and Rick's flying car. Different versions of the characters inhabit other dimensions throughout the show's multiverse and their personal characteristics can vary from one reality to another. The "Rick and Morty" franchise has received widespread critical acclaim, winning two Annie and Emmy Awards.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Justin Roiland conceived of the idea for "Rick and Morty" as an evolution of his 2006 short film parody series "The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti", inspired by "Back to the Future" and "", the latter series of which future "Rick and Morty" co-creator Dan Harmon had written for.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Dan Harmon has described "Rick and Morty" as "a never-ending fart joke wrapped around a studied look into nihilism". The formula of the series consists of juxtapositioning two conflicting scenarios: an extremely selfish, alcoholic grandfather dragging his grandson along for interdimensional adventures, intercut with domestic family drama, while addressing the insignificance of human existence as compared to the size of the universe, with no recognizable divine presence, as described by H. P. Lovecraft's philosophy of cosmicism. The characters of the series deal with existential dread and cosmic horror, either by asserting the utility of science over magic or by choosing a life in ignorant bliss. However, as Joachim Heijndermans of "Geeks" notes, none of the characters appear able to handle the absurd and chaotic nature of the universe, as Jerry gets by through denial while Rick is a "depressed, substance-addicted, suicidal mess".


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Harmon describes the titular Rick Sanchez as a self-interested anarchist, who doesn't like being told what to do. He believes that the character's life on a larger scale has caused him mental illness, and opines that "the knowledge that nothing matters—while accurate—gets you nowhere". Matthew Bulger of "The Humanist" noted that the creators of the series were trying to communicate the message that we need to focus on human relationships and not preoccupy our minds with unanswerable questions, in order to find a sense of purpose and live a better life. Eric Armstrong of "The New Republic" notes that Morty represents the audience, as he is "mostly there to react to Rick's deranged schemes". The character is transformed by the truths he discovers during his interdimensional adventures with his grandfather. However, instead of sinking into depression, Morty accepts these truths that empower him to value his own life.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Occasionally, characters will acknowledge an episode's narrative or hint at the presence of a fourth wall, suggesting that they are aware of the fact that they are characters of a television series. Thereunder, Troy Patterson of "The New Yorker" notes that "Rick and Morty" "supplies an artful answer to the question of what follows postmodernism: a decadent regurgitation of all its tropes, all at once, leavened by some humanistic wistfulness." Sean Sebastian of "Junkee" says that the show can be both hilarious and deeply disturbing at the same time as it excels at the "intersection between big ideas, flippancy and wit."


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: The main characters of the show are the members of the Smith household, which consists of parents Jerry and Beth (and Space Beth), their children Summer and Morty, and Beth's father, Rick Sanchez, who lives with them as a guest. According to Justin Roiland, the family lives outside of Seattle, Washington.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon first met at the latter's Los Angeles-based non-profit monthly short film festival Channel 101, at which participants submit a short film in the format of a pilot, and a live audience decides which pilots continue as series. Roiland, then a producer on reality programming, began submitting shock value—"sick and twisted" pilots to the festival a year after its launch, in 2004, eliciting confused reactions from the audience to which Harmon took a liking, leading to the two beginning an ongoing collaboration. In 2006, following the cancellation of Roiland's "House of Cosbys", a series he regarded as "intensely creatively stifling," Roiland funneled his creative energies into creating a web series for Channel 101. The result was The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti, an animated short starring parodies of Doc Brown and Marty McFly, characters from the "Back to the Future" film trilogy, while promoting Harmon's run on "". Harmon would later dub the shorts "a bastardization, a pornographic vandalization" of what "Rick and Morty" would ultimately represent, despite their positive critical reception.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Roiland, who voiced the title characters in "Doc and Mharti", would later reprise his roles in "Rick and Morty".


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: In 2012, Harmon was briefly fired from his NBC sitcom "Community". The Adult Swim network, searching for a more prime-time, "hit" show, approached Harmon shortly afterward, who initially viewed the channel as unfit for his style, citing his unfamiliarity with animation and his process for creating television focusing more heavily on dialogue, characters, and story than popular animated series of the time. Instead, Harmon phoned Roiland to inquire if he had any ideas for an animated series, to which Roiland proposed a series focused on the Doc and Mharti characters, ultimately renamed Rick and Morty. Roiland initially wanted the show's run time to consist of one eleven-minute segment, but Adult Swim pushed for a half-hour program. Harmon felt the best way to extend the voices into a program would be to build a family around the characters, to which decision Adult Swim development executive Nick Weidenfeld suggested that Rick be made to be Morty's grandfather. Having pitched multiple television programs that did not get off the ground, Roiland was initially very unreceptive to others attempting to give notes on his pitch. Prior to developing Rick and Morty, he had created three failed animated pilots for Fox, and he had begun to feel "burned out" with developing television.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: The first draft of the series' pilot was completed in six hours on the Paramount Pictures lot in Dan Harmon's unfurnished "Community" office. The duo had broken the story that day, sold the pilot, and then sat down to write. Roiland, while acknowledging a tendency for procrastination, encouraged Harmon to stay and write the entire first draft. "We were sitting on the floor, cross-legged with laptops and I was about to get up and go home and he said, 'Wait, if you go home, it might take us three months to write this thing. Stay here right now and we can write it in six hours.' He just had a premonition about that," recalled Harmon. Adult Swim was initially unsure of Roiland doing both voices, partially due to the undeveloped nature of the character of Morty. Harmon wrote four short premises in which Morty took a more assertive role and sent it to Mike Lazzo. Adult Swim subsequently placed a tamer TV-14 rating on the program, which initially was met with reluctance from the show's staff. The network's reason behind the rating was that it would soon begin broadcasting in prime-time, competing with major programs.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Harmon described the series as a cross between Matt Groening's two shows "The Simpsons" and "Futurama", balancing family life with heavy science fiction. Harmon has stated that his inspiration behind much of the concept and humor for the series comes from various British television series, such as "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" and "Doctor Who". He figures that the audience will only understand developments from Morty's point of view, but stated "we don't want to be the companions. We want to hang out with the Doctor, we idolize the Doctor, but we don't think like him, and that's really interesting."


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: "Rick and Morty" has received universal acclaim, holding an approval rating of 94% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes for the entire series. While later seasons would focus on the wider Smith family, Rick was the lead character in most of the first two seasons. In July 2020, following the conclusion of the fourth season, it was revealed that 70 episodes were ordered by Adult Swim in 2018, leaving 60 more to air over an unspecified number of seasons. Hallmarks of the show include the opening sequence; its theme song; the Mr. Meeseeks and Mr. Poopybutthole characters, which have themselves inspired an offshoot of merchandise; its use of cultural references; sight gags; and the use of catchphrases, such as Rick's drunken "Wubba lubba dub dub".


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: "Rick and Morty" has won several awards since it debuted as a series, including a Critics' Choice Television Award, two Annie Awards, an American Cinema Editors Award, and two Primetime Emmy Awards.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: "Mathlete's Feat" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the twenty-sixth season of the animated television series "The Simpsons", and the 574th episode of the series overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on May 17, 2015. The couch gag of "Mathlete's Feat" is a crossover with "Rick and Morty", featuring the titular duo crashing into the Simpson family.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On May 20, 2021, Adult Swim announced a short spin-off series entitled "The Vindicators" was in development, alongside spin-offs from other Adult Swim shows like "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", "Robot Chicken", and "Your Pretty Face Is Going to Hell". The ten-episode series premiered on Adult Swim's Youtube channel, with each episode being between two and three minutes. The series centers on the characters Supernova, Vance Maxiumus, Alan Rails, Crocubot, Million Ants and Noop Noop previously introduced in the Season 3 episode, "", along with Diablo Verde, Lady Katana and Calypso, the former Vindicators first mentioned in the Season 3 episode and featured in the "Rick and Morty" comic series arc "Vindicators 1: Origin of the Vindicators". Following the series premiere on YouTube in July 2022, entitled Vindicators 2: Last Stand Between Earth and Doom, or simply Vindicators 2, showrunner Sarah Carbiener expressed interest in further seasons of the series being produced.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On May 18, 2022, Adult Swim ordered a 10-episode anime series, Rick and Morty: The Anime, directed by Takashi Sano and from Telecom Animation, who also helmed two anime short films for the franchise.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Following the series premiere of "Vindicators 2" in July 2022, "Rick and Morty" spin-off showrunner Sarah Carbiener expressed interest in a further spin-off series potentially being produced about Dr. Wong (voiced by Susan Sarandon), tentatively entitled In Treatment with Dr. Wong, featuring "different "Rick and Morty" characters [doing] the five-episodes-a-week therapy session. Never cut away, it's just her and like a year ahead doing therapy."


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: From 2017 to 2019, Adult Swim released a series of claymation short films called "" on YouTube. They were created by Lee Hardcastle, and parody films in the horror and science fiction genres.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On March 29, 2020, an anime short film called "Samurai & Shogun" on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block and were promptly uploaded to the network's YouTube channel. It was directed by Kaichi Saton and produced and animated by Studio Deen.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On July 26, 2020, a second special "Rick and Morty" anime short was aired, titled "Rick and Morty VS. Genocider". It was written and directed by Takashi Sano, produced by Sola Entertainment, and animated by Telecom Animation Film. The 8-minute, 15-second-long short features Japanese dialogue with English subtitles.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On April 30, 2021, a pixel art-animated short film was aired, titled "Rick + Morty in the Eternal Nightmare Machine". The 17-minute short film was written, directed, and animated solely by animator Paul Robertson, in the style of a 16-bit video game.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On August 2, 2021, a third anime short film titled "Summer Meets God (Rick Meets Evil)" was uploaded to YouTube and aired on Adult Swim the next day. It was also written and directed by Takashi Sano and produced and animated by Sola Entertainment and Telecom Animation Film, respectively. Like the previous short films, the 15-minute feature contains Japanese dialogue with English subtitles.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On October 10, 2021, a fourth anime short film titled "The Great Yokai Battle of Akihabara" was released on YouTube and aired on Adult Swin the following day. It was directed by Masaru Matsumoto, written by Naohiro Fukushima, animated by Yamato Works Inc and produced by Sola Entertainment. The 10 and a half minute animation has Japanese dialogue with English subtitles and continues with Yōhei Tadano and Keisuke Chiba voicing Rick and Morty respectively.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: In 2014, "Rick and Morty's Rushed Licensed Adventure", a Flash point-and-click adventure game, was released on the Adult Swim website. In December 2014, "Rick and Morty: Jerry's Game" was released for iOS and Android. The game consists of the player endlessly popping balloons, with characters showing up from time to time. The number of balloons popped is counted and used as currency for unlocking special balloons, backdrops and features. The game is based on a game Jerry was seen playing in an episode. The game includes micro-transactions. On August 10, 2015, a "Rick and Morty"-themed announcer pack was released for the competitive multiplayer video game "Dota 2". The announcer pack can be purchased by players and replaces the Default announcer and Mega-Kills announcer with characters from "Rick and Morty", voiced by Justin Roiland.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Both Rick and Morty are set to appear as playable characters in "MultiVersus", along with a stage based on the episode "Get Schwifty".


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: "Pocket Mortys" is a "Pokémon" parody game, released on iOS and Android as a free-to-play game from Adult Swim Games, released early on January 13, 2016. Coinciding with the many-worlds interpretation, the game follows versions of Rick and Morty that belong to an alternate timeline, rather than the duo followed in the show. The game uses a style and concept similar to the "Pokémon" games, with catching various "wild" Mortys, battling them with a variety of Aliens, Ricks, and Jerrys. The game features voice acting from Roiland and Harmon.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: "Rick and Morty: Virtual Rick-ality", announced on July 15, 2016, and released on April 20, 2017, for Microsoft Windows and on April 10, 2018, for PlayStation 4, is a VR game for HTC Vive VR and Oculus Rift developed by Owlchemy Labs, the developers of "Job Simulator".


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: The 11-episode first season of "Rick and Morty" was released by Warner Home Video on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on October 7, 2014. Special features include commentary and animatics for every episode, deleted scenes, behind the scenes featurette and commentaries by special guests Matt Groening, Robert Kirkman, Pendleton Ward, Al Jean and others. The 10-episode second season was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on June 7, 2016. Special features include behind the scenes, commentary and animatics for every episode, deleted animatic sketches and a "Plumbus Owner's Manual" booklet. The 10-episode third season, was released on DVD (2-disc set) and Blu-ray (single BD-50 disc) on May 15, 2018. Special features include exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode", the origins of "Rick and Morty", and an exclusive "inside the recording booth" session. On February 12, 2019, a set containing seasons 1-3 was released on DVD and Blu-ray.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Uncensored versions of the show are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes and Amazon, with the digital releases of each season containing bonus material. The digital release of the first season includes the 2013 "Rick and Morty" Comic-Con panel, the digital release of the second season includes the 2015 ATX Television Festival panel, and the digital release of the third season includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On August 27, 2017, the song "Terryfold", recorded by the American indie pop band Chaos Chaos and featuring Justin Roiland on vocals, was released onto music streaming platforms and made available for digital download. The song was created for the third-season episode "Rest and Ricklaxation". On March 16, 2018, Adult Swim released a music video directed by Juan Meza-León in which the series' eponymous characters embark on an adventure, while the song "Oh Mama" from the American hip hop duo Run the Jewels plays in the background. The video promoted the duo's appearance in the 2018 Adult Swim Festival.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: On June 22, 2016, Cryptozoic Entertainment released "Total Rickall", a co-operative strategy card game based on the plot of the second-season episode of the same name, where players must determine which characters are real and which ones are parasites. On August 3, 2016, Cryptozoic Entertainment released "Mr. Meeseeks' Box o' Fun", a game combining elements of dice games and truth or dare featuring the popular Mr. Meeseeks character from the first-season episode "Meeseeks and Destroy". On July 12, 2017, Cryptozoic Entertainment released "Anatomy Park — The Game", a co-operative tile-placing strategy game based on the plot of the first-season episode of the same name, where players score points by placing park tiles into the best spots within the body. On November 19, 2019, Wizards of the Coast released "Dungeons & Dragons vs. Rick and Morty", a starter box set for 5th Edition "Dungeons & Dragons". It includes a "Rick and Morty" themed adventure ("The Lost Dungeon Of Rickedness: Big Rick Energy"), a rulebook, five pre-generated character sheets inspired by characters in the show, a specially designed DM screen, and a set of dice.


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: As a promotion for the third season of "Rick and Morty", on May 11, 2017, the Rickmobile, a traveling shop with exclusive merchandise, made its first stop in Atlanta for the "Rick and Morty Don't Even Trip Road Trip".


title: Rick and Morty (franchise)

text: Several licensed Funko Pops have been based on various characters of "Rick and Morty." Hot Topic has sold many licensed "Rick and Morty" products such as T-shirts, Boxer Briefs, Hats, socks, Tank tops, shoes, hoodies, and Sweatshirts.


title: Closed set

text: In geometry, topology, and related branches of mathematics, a closed set is a set whose complement is an open set. In a topological space, a closed set can be defined as a set which contains all its limit points. In a complete metric space, a closed set is a set which is closed under the limit operation.


title: Closed set

text: By definition, a subset formula_1 of a topological space formula_2 is called if its complement formula_3 is an open subset of formula_2; that is, if formula_5 A set is closed in formula_6 if and only if it is equal to its closure in formula_7 Equivalently, a set is closed if and only if it contains all of its limit points. Yet another equivalent definition is that a set is closed if and only if it contains all of its boundary points.


title: Closed set

text: Every subset formula_8 is always contained in its (topological) closure in formula_9 which is denoted by formula_10 that is, if formula_8 then formula_12 Moreover, formula_1 is a closed subset of formula_6 if and only if formula_15


title: Closed set

text: An alternative characterization of closed sets is available via sequences and nets. A subset formula_1 of a topological space formula_6 is closed in formula_6 if and only if every limit of every net of elements of formula_1 also belongs to formula_20 In a first-countable space (such as a metric space), it is enough to consider only convergent sequences, instead of all nets. One value of this characterization is that it may be used as a definition in the context of convergence spaces, which are more general than topological spaces. Notice that this characterization also depends on the surrounding space formula_9 because whether or not a sequence or net converges in formula_6 depends on what points are present in formula_7


title: Closed set

text: A point formula_24 in formula_6 is said to be a subset formula_8 if formula_27 (or equivalently, if formula_24 belongs to the closure of formula_1 in the topological subspace formula_30 meaning formula_31 where formula_32 is endowed with the subspace topology induced on it by formula_6).


title: Closed set

text: Because the closure of formula_1 in formula_6 is thus the set of all points in formula_6 that are close to formula_37 this terminology allows for a plain English description of closed subsets:


title: Closed set

text: In terms of net convergence, a point formula_38 is close to a subset formula_1 if and only if there exists some net (valued) in formula_1 that converges to formula_41


title: Closed set

text: If formula_6 is a topological subspace of some other topological space formula_43 in which case formula_44 is called a of formula_9 then there exist some point in formula_46 that is close to formula_1 (although not an element of formula_6), which is how it is possible for a subset formula_8 to be closed in formula_6 but to be closed in the "larger" surrounding super-space formula_51


title: Closed set

text: If formula_8 and if formula_44 is topological super-space of formula_6 then formula_1 is always a (potentially proper) subset of formula_56 which denotes the closure of formula_1 in formula_58 indeed, even if formula_1 is a closed subset of formula_6 (which happens if and only if formula_61), it is nevertheless still possible for formula_1 to be a proper subset of formula_63 However, formula_1 is a closed subset of formula_6 if and only if formula_66 for some (or equivalently, for every) topological super-space formula_44 of formula_7


title: Closed set

text: Closed sets can also be used to characterize continuous functions: a map formula_69 is continuous if and only if formula_70 for every subset formula_8; this can be reworded in plain English as: formula_72 is continuous if and only if for every subset formula_73 formula_72 maps points that are close to formula_1 to points that are close to formula_76 Similarly, formula_72 is continuous at a fixed given point formula_38 if and only if whenever formula_24 is close to a subset formula_73 then formula_81 is close to formula_76


title: Closed set

text: The notion of closed set is defined above in terms of open sets, a concept that makes sense for topological spaces, as well as for other spaces that carry topological structures, such as metric spaces, differentiable manifolds, uniform spaces, and gauge spaces.


title: Closed set

text: Whether a set is closed depends on the space in which it is embedded. However, the compact Hausdorff spaces are "absolutely closed", in the sense that, if you embed a compact Hausdorff space formula_83 in an arbitrary Hausdorff space formula_9 then formula_83 will always be a closed subset of formula_6; the "surrounding space" does not matter here. Stone–Čech compactification, a process that turns a completely regular Hausdorff space into a compact Hausdorff space, may be described as adjoining limits of certain nonconvergent nets to the space.


title: Closed set

text: Furthermore, every closed subset of a compact space is compact, and every compact subspace of a Hausdorff space is closed.


title: Closed set

text: Closed sets also give a useful characterization of compactness: a topological space formula_6 is compact if and only if every collection of nonempty closed subsets of formula_6 with empty intersection admits a finite subcollection with empty intersection.


title: Closed set

text: A topological space formula_6 is disconnected if there exist disjoint, nonempty, open subsets formula_1 and formula_91 of formula_6 whose union is formula_7 Furthermore, formula_6 is totally disconnected if it has an open basis consisting of closed sets.


title: Closed set

text: A closed set contains its own boundary. In other words, if you are "outside" a closed set, you may move a small amount in any direction and still stay outside the set. Note that this is also true if the boundary is the empty set, e.g. in the metric space of rational numbers, for the set of numbers of which the square is less than formula_95


title: Closed set

text: In fact, if given a set formula_6 and a collection formula_97 of subsets of formula_6 such that the elements of formula_99 have the properties listed above, then there exists a unique topology formula_100 on formula_6 such that the closed subsets of formula_2 are exactly those sets that belong to formula_103


title: Closed set

text: The intersection property also allows one to define the closure of a set formula_1 in a space formula_9 which is defined as the smallest closed subset of formula_6 that is a superset of formula_20


title: Closed set

text: Specifically, the closure of formula_6 can be constructed as the intersection of all of these closed supersets.


title: Closed set

text: Sets that can be constructed as the union of countably many closed sets are denoted F sets. These sets need not be closed.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The Expedition of the Thousand () was an event of the Italian Risorgimento that took place in 1860. A corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto, near Genoa (now Quarto dei Mille) and landed in Marsala, Sicily, in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The project was an ambitious and risky venture aiming to conquer, with a thousand men, a kingdom with a larger regular army and a more powerful navy. The expedition was a success and concluded with a plebiscite that brought Naples and Sicily into the Kingdom of Sardinia, the last territorial conquest before the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The sea venture was the only desired action that was jointly decided by the "four fathers of the nation" Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II, and Camillo Cavour, pursuing divergent goals. However, the Expedition was instigated by Francesco Crispi, who utilized his political influence to bolster the Italian unification project.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The various groups participated in the expedition for a variety of reasons: for Garibaldi, it was to achieve a united Italy; to the Sicilian bourgeoisie, an independent Sicily as part of the kingdom of Italy, and for common people, land distribution and the end of oppression.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The expedition and the whole enterprise was heavily supported by the British, who wanted to establish a friendly government in Southern Italy, which was becoming of great strategic value because of the imminent opening of the Suez Canal. The Bourbons were considered unreliable due to their increasing openings towards the Russian Empire. The Royal Navy defended the landing party from the Bourbons and donors from the United Kingdom supported the expedition financially with large part of the money being used to bribe disloyal Bourbon military officers.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The Expedition took place within the overall process of the unification of Italy, which was largely orchestrated by Camillo Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont, as his life's work. After the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchies of Modena and Parma and the Romagna to Piedmont in March 1860, Italian nationalists set their sights on the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which comprised all of southern mainland Italy and Sicily, as the next step toward their dream of unification of all Italian lands.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: In 1860 Garibaldi, already the most famous Italian revolutionary leader, was in Genoa planning an expedition against Sicily and Naples, with the covert support of the United Kingdom. Lorenzo del Boca suggested that British support for Garibaldi's expedition was spurred by the necessity to obtain more favourable economic conditions for Sicilian sulfur, which was needed in great quantities for munitions.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont needed a presentable casus belli in order to attack the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. This was needed for the House of Savoy, which however never gave any declaration of war against the Bourbon kingdom, a necessary condition, since this was among the requirements presented to Cavour. The only occurrence that would have satisfied this requirement was an uprising from within. Such an event would have felt the alienation of the people to the dynasty that ruled in Naples and, particularly, the inability of Francis of Bourbon, to ensure, in forms acceptable public policy in their domains. Sicily, as shown by the history of the past decades, was fertile ground, and the liberal south, especially those returning after an amnesty granted by the young King, who worked in this direction for some time.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: In March 1860, exile Rosolino Pilo exhorted Giuseppe Garibaldi to take charge of an expedition to liberate southern Italy from Bourbon rule. Garibaldi was against it at first, but eventually agreed. By May 1860, Garibaldi had collected 1,089 volunteers for his expedition to Sicily.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: A total of 336 volunteers came from the contemporary Italian regions, including Genoa (156 volunteers), Tuscany (78 volunteers), Sicily (45 volunteers) and Naples (46 volunteers), with only 11 from Rome and the Papal States. The largest number of volunteers came from Austrian Lombardy and Venetia, with 434 from Lombardy and 194 from Venetia. An additional 33 foreign volunteers joined the expedition. This included 14 ethnic Italians from the Trentino region of Austria, as well as István Türr and three other Hungarians. The volunteers came from middle-class backgrounds, with the vast majority being students and skilled craftsmen.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The 1,089 volunteers were unfavourably armed with obsolete muskets, and wore red shirts and grey trousers as their uniform.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: During the night of 5 May, a small group led by Nino Bixio "seized" two steamships in Genoa from the Rubattino shipping company. (The ships were actually secretly provided by Rubattino.) The two ships were renamed "Il Piemonte" and "Il Lombardo". At nearby Quarto dei Mille, the volunteers (including Francesco Crispi's wife, Rosalia Montmasson) embarked for Sicily.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: According to Schneid, "Before embarking on the adventure, Garibaldi once again pledged his lotalty to Victor emmanuel II and proclaimed that his intention was to conquer Sicily for the king. There is every indication that there was far more collusion between Cavour and Garibaldi, if not Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi. After Garibaldi landed in Sicily, Admiral Persano received orders to support the expedition."


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The ships were then accompanied by the British Royal Navy which consisted of HMS "Hannibal" followed by the gunboats "Argus" and "Intrepid" under the command of Admiral Rodney Mundy. They landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily, on 11 May. With British ships present in the harbour, the Bourbon ships were deterred from interfering. The "Lombardo" was attacked and sunk only after the disembarkation had been completed, while the "Piemonte" was captured. The landing had been preceded by the arrival of Francesco Crispi and others, who had the task of gaining the support of the locals for the volunteers.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The "Mille" won a first battle at Calatafimi against around 2,000 Neapolitan troops on 15 May. The battle boosted the morale of the "Mille" and, at the same time, depressed the Neapolitans, who were poorly led by their often corrupted higher officers, and started to feel themselves abandoned. Having promised land to every male who volunteered to fight against the Bourbons the ranks of the "Mille" enlarged to 1,200 with local men.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: On 27 May, with the help of a popular insurrection organized by La Masa and Gilbrossa, Garibaldi took Porto Termini and began the Siege of Palermo. General Lanza had replaced Castelcicala, and had under his command 21,000 troops, and a squadron of warships. Yet, the British Admiral Mundy organized an armistice, and the garrison evacuated on 7 July, after King Francis II authorized the Neapolitan withdrawal.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: On 7 July, Garibaldi proclaimed himself Dictator of Sicily "in the name of Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy." He reorganized the Thousand into the Southern Army, with the arrival of Giacomo Medici's additional troops, weapons, and ammunition. Garibaldi then ordered Medici to advance towards Messina, Enrico Cosenz to advance upon Catania, and Nino Bixio to advance upon Siracusa, gathering more Sicilian volunteer irregulars. Francis II strengthened his Neapolitan garrisons at Messina and Siracusa.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The Bourbon troops were ordered to retreat eastwards and evacuate the island. An insurrection that had broken out in Catania on 31 May, led by Nicola Fabrizi, was crushed by the local garrison, but the order to leave for Messina meant that this Neapolitan tactical success would have no practical results.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: At the time only Syracuse, Augusta, Milazzo and Messina remained in royal hands in Sicily. In the meantime Garibaldi issued his first law. A levy failed to muster more than 20,000 troops, while the peasants, who hoped for an immediate relief from the grievous conditions to which they were forced by the landowners, revolted in several localities. At Bronte, on 4 August 1860, Garibaldi's friend Nino Bixio bloodily repressed one of these revolts with two battalions of Redshirts.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The pace of Garibaldi's victories had worried Cavour, who in early July sent him a proposal of immediate annexation of Sicily to Piedmont. Garibaldi, however, refused vehemently to allow such a move until the end of the war. Cavour's envoy, La Farina, was arrested and expelled from the island. He was replaced by the more malleable Agostino Depretis, who gained Garibaldi's trust and was appointed as pro-dictator.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: On 25 June 1860, King Francis II of the Two Sicilies had issued a constitution. However, this late attempt to conciliate his moderate subjects failed to rouse them to defend the regime, while liberals and revolutionaries were eager to welcome Garibaldi.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: On 20 July Garibaldi attacked Milazzo with 4,000 men, under the command of Medici and Cosenz, against Bosco's 4,500. On 1 August, Bosco surrendered with honors, and was taken by ship to Real Cittadella, which was soon under siege. Over the next three weeks, with firm control of Sicily, Garibaldi prepared to cross the Straits of Messina.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: On 19 August Garibaldi's men disembarked in Calabria, a move opposed by Cavour, who had written the Dictator a letter urging him to not cross the strait. Garibaldi, however, disobeyed, an act which had the silent approval of King Victor Emmanuel.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: According to Schneid, "The timing of Garibaldi's crossing of the Straits of Messina and the invasion of the Papal States was more than coincidence.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The Bourbons had some 20,000 men in Calabria, but, apart from some episodes like that of Reggio Calabria, which was conquered at high cost by Bixio on 21 August, they offered insignificant resistance, as numerous units of the Bourbon army disbanded spontaneously or even joined Garibaldi's ranks. On 30 August a conspicuous Sicilian army, led by general Ghio, was officially disbanded at Soveria Mannelli, while only minor and dispersed units continued the fight. The Neapolitan fleet behaved in a similar way.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: On 6 September, King Francis II fled Naples for the fortress city of Gaeta, and moved his army to the Volturno river. Garibaldi took possession of Naples, and on 11 September, crossed the Papal frontier.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: On 11 September, Cavour insitgated the invasion of the Papal States, led by Manfredo Fanti. The Papal Army was led by Lamorciére, though Pius IX's hope that Napoleon III and Franz Josef would come to his aid was unfounded. Cialdini's IV Corps attacked Pesaro, Enrico Morozzo Della Rocca's V Corps advanced on Perugia, while Persano blockaded Ancona. On 18 September, the Papal Army under Lamoriciére were defeated during the Battle of Castelfidardo, and the siege of Ancona began, finally to surrender on 29 September. According to Schneid, "The fall of Ancona ended the campaign in the Papal States. The Piedmontese Army occupied most of Umbria and Marche."


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: According to Schneid, "Garibaldi narrowly won the Battle of Volturno. The Southern Army placed Capua under siege, and the Piedmontese forces marched on Gaeta where the erstwhile Neapolitan king had taken refuge." The Savoia Brigade landed north of Capua, while Della Rocca's V Corps, and the rest of the Piedmontese Army, crossed the Neapolitan frontier.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: A few days later (21 October) a plebiscite confirmed the annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to the Kingdom of Sardinia by an overwhelming majority.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The end of the expedition is traditionally set with the famous meeting in Teano (northern Campania) between Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi (26 October 1860). Others assign instead the end of the campaign to the King's entrance into Naples on 7 November.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: However, the military campaign was not yet fully completed, as Francis II held out in Gaeta until February of the next year, when he finally surrendered to the Sardinian army led by Enrico Cialdini, and left for exile in the Papal States. Shortly thereafter, in March 1861, the new Kingdom of Italy ("Regno d'Italia") was formally established.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: Garibaldi asked the King to remain in the former Two Sicilies for a year as dictator. He also asked that his officers be integrated in the new Italian Army. When Victor Emmanuel refused to grant the dictator his request but agreed to integrate the men and officers, he returned to Caprera.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The Expedition of the Thousand has traditionally been one of the most celebrated events of the Italian Risorgimento, the process of the unification of Italy.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: In the following years, the rise of local resistance (the so-called "brigantaggio" or brigandage), required at one point the presence of some 140,000 Piedmontese troops to maintain control of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Traditionally, the handling of the "brigantaggio" has received a negative judgement by Italian historians, in strict contrast with the heroism attributed to Garibaldi and his followers; the English historian Denis Mack Smith, for example, points out the deficiencies and reticence of the sources available for the period 1861–1946, but the same historian also pointed out the backwardness of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at the time of the unification.


title: Expedition of the Thousand

text: The expedition, moreover, obtained the support of the powerful great landowners of southern Italy in exchange for the promise that their properties be left intact in the upcoming political settlement. Numerous Sicilian peasants, however, had joined the Mille hoping instead for a redistribution of the land to the people working it. The consequences of this misunderstanding became evident at Bronte.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Vladislav Aleksandrovich Tretiak, MSM (; born 25 April 1952) is a Russian former goaltender for the Soviet Union national ice hockey team. Considered to be one of the greatest goaltenders in the history of the sport, he was voted one of six players to the International Ice Hockey Federation's (IIHF) Centennial All-Star Team in a poll conducted by a group of 56 experts from 16 countries. He is the current president of the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia and was the general manager of the Russian 2010 Winter Olympic team.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Tretiak grew up in the USSR. His parents are from Dmitrovsky District. His father served 37 years as a military pilot, and his mother was a physical education teacher. Although he initially followed his brother as a swimmer, as a child Tretiak excelled at many sports, and is remembered for his ambition to master all of them. However, like many children of his generation, he loved hockey, and at age 11 entered the Children and Youth Sports School of the Central Sports Club of the Army (known by its abbreviation CSKA). His first trainer was Vitaly Erfilov. He began playing goaltender when he saw that no one else had the desire or courage to play the position.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Although Tretiak did not play his first hockey game until the age of eleven (1963), he was well known in the USSR by 1971 (aged 19), when he was named to the Soviet Ice Hockey League's First All-Star Team, while playing for the powerhouse Red Army team, CSKA Moscow. He also played well in the 1972 Winter Olympics, in which the Soviets took the gold medal.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Tretiak became internationally famous after his outstanding performance in the Summit Series in 1972, when he helped surprise the world, including the Canadian team, en route to a narrow loss to the Canadians. A famous story was told of how Canadian scouts seriously underestimated his ability prior to the series; they witnessed him let in eight goals on a particular night, not knowing that he had been married the previous evening (and most of the team had been in attendance). Of the entire Soviet roster, Canadian players and fans held Tretiak in the highest regard and respect and Tretiak was one of the most famous players of the Series along with Phil Esposito, Paul Henderson, Alexandr Iakushev and Valeri Kharlamov. As a result of Tretiak's stellar performance, many NHL teams wanted to draft him – Montreal ultimately did, in 1983 – and Tretiak was willing, but the Soviet government did not let him leave.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: During the 1976 Super Series, Tretiak put on a dominant performance against the Montreal Canadiens, holding them to a 3–3 tie despite his team being outshot 38–13.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Tretiak went on to star for the Soviet Union, helping them win gold medals in the 1976 Winter Olympics, and again winning gold in the 1984 Winter Olympics and the 1981 Canada Cup. Tretiak also back-stopped the Soviets to ten IIHF World Championships victories and nine in the IIHF European Championships.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: In the 1980 Winter Olympics, a USSR team loss to team USA in a medal round game denied Tretiak a chance at another gold. The Soviet team won silver, as they had the second-highest number of points in the tournament..


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Though he was only 32 in 1984 and still capable of playing top-level hockey, Tretiak retired. It is said that he wanted to spend more time with his family and asked the national team coach Viktor Tikhonov for a training regime, in which he could live at home and come to the training camp before games. Since the rest of the team spent most of their time away from home in the training camp, Tikhonov refused. This move by Tikhonov contributed to Tretiak's decision to retire.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Tretiak was one of the guests who spoke at the ceremony during which the Montreal Canadiens retired the jersey number of Ken Dryden on 29 January 2007. Dryden had been one of Team Canada's goaltenders during the 1972 Summit Series, opposite Tretiak.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Tretiak retired in 1984, following a 2–0 victory over Czechoslovakia. He was awarded Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1984). In 1987 Tretiak wrote an autobiography, "Tretiak, The Legend". He was named to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1989, the first Soviet player to be honored.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: In 1990, Mike Keenan hired Tretiak as a goaltender coach for the Chicago Blackhawks, which allowed him to coach goaltenders such as Ed Belfour, Dominik Hašek, and Jocelyn Thibault. Keenan was so impressed with Tretiak's abilities in practice that he suggested the 38-year-old might still be able to play in the NHL. Tretiak said that coaching was the next best thing to playing in the NHL. After leaving the Blackhawks, Belfour wore uniform number 20 as a tribute to Tretiak. Numerous other goalies, including Evgeni Nabokov, also wore number 20 as a tribute to Tretiak.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: In 2000, he was voted Best Russian Hockey Player of the 20th century. He was a vital cog for some of the most dominant hockey teams in history and is now considered one of hockey's greatest ambassadors.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Tretiak was elected to the State Duma as a member of the United Russia party in December 2003, representing the Saratov constituency. He is chairman of the State Duma Committee on Physical Culture, Sport, and Youth.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: He continued to work for the Chicago Blackhawks until the start of 2006–07 season. On 25 April 2006, his 54th birthday, Tretiak was elected head of the Russian Ice Hockey Federation. He obtained 93 out of the possible 96 votes, with the remaining three voters abstaining. A few days later, on 28 April, the Governor General of Canada awarded Tretiak the Meritorious Service Medal in a ceremony at Rideau Hall. Tretiak earned the award for, among other things, his founding of the Friends of Canada organization to foster good relations between Canada and Russia. He was the first Russian to be conferred this honor.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: He also ran a goalie school at the Canlan Ice Sports in Toronto, Ontario. Called the Vladislav Tretiak Elite School of Goaltending, it was considered one of the most physically punishing goaltending schools in the world, and students could be refused admittance if not in top physical condition. He also ran a goalie school in Montreal during the 1990's where he trained many famous NHL goaltenders such as Jose Theodore and Martin Brodeur. Tretiak also ran a goalie hockey camp in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota in the early 2000s.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: On 28 March 2007, Tretiak went to Ottawa to discuss with Canadian officials the possibilities of holding another Summit Series during the summer of 2007, which would be 35 years after the initial event. Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov had also discussed with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper about the possibilities of holding another event. In the end, a series was held in September 2007 between the national junior teams of Canada and Russia.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: On 21 December 2012, he voted in favor of the "Dima Yakovlev Law" in the State Duma. This legislation bars the adoption of Russian children by U.S. citizens. The legislation was the response to the Magnitsky bill.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Tretiak was the final torchbearer in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi and lit the Olympic Flame during the opening ceremony along with Irina Rodnina.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: Tretiak married his wife Tatiana (born 1950) on August 23, 1972, six weeks after they met. Their first son, Dmitri, was born the following year and their daughter, Irina, was born 3 years later. Tatiana is qualified as a Russian literature teacher, although she no longer works. Tretiak is a devout Russian Orthodox Christian.


title: Vladislav Tretiak

text: The Super Series were exhibition games between an NHL team and Soviet teams (usually a club from the Soviet Championship League). Tretiak competed in three such series.


title: Railway air brake

text: A railway air brake is a railway brake power braking system with compressed air as the operating medium. Modern trains rely upon a fail-safe air brake system that is based upon a design patented by George Westinghouse on April 13, 1869. The Westinghouse Air Brake Company was subsequently organized to manufacture and sell Westinghouse's invention. In various forms, it has been nearly universally adopted.


title: Railway air brake

text: The Westinghouse system uses air pressure to charge air reservoirs (tanks) on each car. Full air pressure causes each car to release the brakes. A subsequent reduction or loss of air pressure causes each car to apply its brakes, using the compressed air stored in its reservoirs.


title: Railway air brake

text: In the air brake's simplest form, called the "straight air system", compressed air pushes on a piston in a cylinder. The piston is connected through mechanical linkage to brake shoes that can rub on the train wheels, using the resulting friction to slow the train. The mechanical linkage can become quite elaborate, as it evenly distributes force from one pressurized air cylinder to 8 or 12 wheels.


title: Railway air brake

text: The pressurized air comes from an air compressor in the locomotive and is sent from car to car by a "train line" made up of pipes beneath each car and hoses between cars. The principal problem with the straight air braking system is that any separation between hoses and pipes causes loss of air pressure and hence the loss of the force applying the brakes. This could easily cause a runaway train. Straight air brakes are still used on locomotives, although as a dual circuit system, usually with each bogie (truck) having its own circuit.


title: Railway air brake

text: In order to design a system without the shortcomings of the straight air system, Westinghouse invented a system wherein each piece of railroad rolling stock was equipped with an air reservoir and a "triple valve", also known as a "control valve".


title: Railway air brake

text: The triple valve is so named because it performs three functions: It allows air into an air tank ready to be used, it applies the brakes, and it releases them. In so doing, it supports certain other actions (i.e. it 'holds' or maintains the application and it permits the exhaust of brake cylinder pressure and the recharging of the reservoir during the release). In his patent application, Westinghouse refers to his 'triple-valve device' because of the three component valvular parts comprising it: the diaphragm-operated poppet valve feeding reservoir air to the brake cylinder, the reservoir charging valve, and the brake cylinder release valve. Westinghouse soon improved the device by removing the poppet valve action, these three components became the piston valve, the slide valve, and the graduating valve.


title: Railway air brake

text: When the engine operator applies the brake by operating the locomotive brake valve, the train line vents to atmosphere at a controlled rate, reducing the train line pressure and in turn triggering the triple valve on each car to feed air into its brake cylinder. When the engine operator releases the brake, the locomotive brake valve portal to atmosphere is closed, allowing the train line to be recharged by the compressor of the locomotive. The subsequent increase of train line pressure causes the triple valves on each car to discharge the contents of the brake cylinder to the atmosphere, releasing the brakes and recharging the reservoirs.


title: Railway air brake

text: The Westinghouse system is thus fail safe—any failure in the train line, including a separation ("break-in-two") of the train, will cause a loss of train line pressure, causing the brakes to be applied and bringing the train to a stop, thus preventing a runaway train.


title: Railway air brake

text: When the train brakes are applied during normal operation, the engine operator makes a "service application" or a "service rate reduction”, which means that the brake pipe pressure reduces at a controlled rate. It takes several seconds for the brake pipe pressure to reduce and consequently takes several seconds for the brakes to apply throughout the train. Pressure changes during a service reduction propagate at the local speed of sound, which means the brakes of the rear-most cars will apply sometime after those of the forward-most cars apply, so some slack run-in can be expected. The gradual reduction in brake pipe pressure will mitigate this effect.


title: Railway air brake

text: Modern locomotives employ two air brake systems. The system which controls the brake pipe is called the "automatic brake" and provides service and emergency braking control for the entire train. The locomotive(s) at the head of the train (the "lead consist") have a secondary system called the "independent brake." The independent brake is a "straight air" system that makes brake applications on the head-of-train locomotive consist independently of the automatic brake, providing for more nuanced train control. The two braking systems may interact differently as a matter of preference by the locomotive builder or the railroad. In some systems, the automatic and independent applications will be additive; in some systems the greater of the two will apply to the locomotive consist. The independent system also provides a "bail off" mechanism, which releases the brakes on the lead locomotives without affecting the brake application on the rest of the train.


title: Railway air brake

text: In the event the train needs to make an emergency stop, the engine operator can make an "emergency application," which will rapidly vent all of the brake pipe pressure to atmosphere, resulting in a faster application of the train's brakes. An emergency application also results when the integrity of the brake pipe is lost, as all air will also be immediately vented to atmosphere.


title: Railway air brake

text: An emergency brake application brings in an additional component of each car's air brake system. The triple valve is divided into two portions: the service section, which contains the mechanism used during brake applications made during service reductions, and the emergency section, which senses the faster emergency reduction of train line pressure. In addition, each car's air brake reservoir is divided into two sections—the service portion and the emergency portion—and is known as the "dual-compartment reservoir”. Normal service applications transfer air pressure from the service section to the brake cylinder, while emergency applications cause the triple valve to direct all air in both the sections of the dual-compartment reservoir to the brake cylinder, resulting in a 20 to 30 percent stronger application.


title: Railway air brake

text: The emergency portion of each triple valve is activated by the higher rate of reduction of brake pipe pressure. Due to the length of trains and the small diameter of the brake pipe, the rate of reduction is highest near the front of the train (in the case of an engine operator-initiated emergency application) or near the break in the brake pipe (in the case of loss of brake pipe integrity). Farther away from the source of the emergency application, the rate of reduction can be reduced to the point where triple valves will not detect the application as an emergency reduction. To prevent this, each triple valve's emergency portion contains an auxiliary vent port, which, when activated by an emergency application, also locally vents the brake pipe's pressure directly to atmosphere. This serves to more rapidly vent the brake pipe and hasten the propagation of the emergency reduction rate along the entire length of the train.


title: Railway air brake

text: Use of distributed power (i.e., remotely controlled locomotive units mid-train and/or at the rear end) somewhat mitigates the time-lag problem with long trains, because a telemetered radio signal from the engine operator in the front locomotive commands the distant units to initiate brake pressure reductions that propagate quickly through nearby cars.


title: Railway air brake

text: The locomotive's air compressor charges the main reservoir with air at . The train brakes are released by admitting reduced and regulated main reservoir air pressure to the brake pipe through the engineer's automatic brake valve. A fully charged brake pipe typically operates at for freight trains and for passenger trains. The brakes are applied when the engineer moves the automatic brake handle to a "service" position, which causes a reduction in brake pipe pressure.


title: Railway air brake

text: During normal service, the pressure in the brake pipe is never reduced to zero and in fact, the smallest reduction that will cause a satisfactory brake response is used to conserve brake pipe pressure. A sudden pressure reduction caused by a loss of brake pipe integrity (e.g., a blown hose), the train breaking in two and uncoupling air hoses, or the engineer moving the automatic brake valve to the emergency position, will cause an emergency brake application. On the other hand, a slow leak that gradually reduces brake pipe pressure to zero, something that might happen if the air compressor is inoperative and therefore not maintaining main reservoir pressure, will not cause an emergency brake application.


title: Railway air brake

text: Electro-pneumatic or EP brakes are a type of air brake that allows for immediate application of brakes throughout the train instead of the sequential application. EP brakes have been in British practice since 1949 and also used in German high-speed trains (most notably the ICE) since the late 1980s; they are fully described in Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains. Electro-pneumatic brakes are currently in testing in North America and South Africa on captive service ore and coal trains.


title: Railway air brake

text: Passenger trains have had for a long time a 3-wire version of the electro-pneumatic brake, which gives up to seven levels of braking force.