title: Bryce Dessner

text: Dessner curated a brand new festival of music and art called Sounds from a Safe Harbour. The festival took place in Cork, Ireland, from September 17 to 20, 2015 and featured new commissions, collaborations and performances in venues throughout the city. The inaugural weekend featured performances by Shara Worden's My Brightest Diamond, celebrated English organist James McVinnie, Sō Percussion, and Mina Tindle. It also featured a collaboration between Bryce, Aaron Dessner, Marcel Dzama, Lisa Hannigan, members of internationally renowned new music group Crash Ensemble and virtuosic Canadian violinist, Yuki Numata Resnick.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: After a year off in 2016, Sounds from a Safe Harbour returned to Cork from the 14th to the 17th of September, 2017. The National kicked off their world tour, in support of the new album Sleep Well Beast, at the festival on September 16 at the Cork Opera House. Other marquee acts were Lisa Hannigan and Aaron Dessner with the RTE National Symphony Orchestra on September 14, and Bon Iver on September 15th, both also at the Cork Opera House. A myriad of other musicians played in venues around the city across the weekend, as well as the festival featuring Icelandic artist Ragnar Kjartansson presenting his piece "Guilt Trip" at the Crawford Art Gallery from the 14 to the 16th of September.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: Michelberger Music was a not-for-profit, one-off gathering of artists at the Funkhaus in Berlin for a weekend-long festival of music curated and produced by Bryce along with his brother Aaron Dessner, Justin Vernon, Vincent Moon, André de Ridder, Brandon Reid, Ryan Olson and Berlin's Michelberger Hotel. The festival took place October 1–2, 2016 in the historical radio recording studios of the former GDR. Before the festival, all the artists spent a week together in Berlin, rehearsing and working in the spaces where the shows took place. The festival featured 80 artists, including Bon Iver, Mouse on Mars' Andi Toma and Jan St. Werner, Erlend Øye, My Brightest Diamond's Shara Nova, Lisa Hannigan, Damien Rice, Woodkid, Boysnoize, Beirut and many more.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: On August 18 and 19, 2018, Bryce returned with the Michelberger Music Festival makers for a second edition, which was now called PEOPLE.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: This time 200 artists created across 30 Studios and performed across 8 stages over 170 unique performances at the historic Funkhaus in Berlin. Once again, all artists met one week prior to discover new music and engage with each other. PEOPLE was a non-hierarchical gathering put together by the artists with full creative freedom. There were no sponsors or brands. No line up. No artist fees. 100% of the ticket costs went towards the production. In addition to the artists of the 2016 edition, musicians like Leslie Feist, Moses Sumney, Arcade Fire's Richard Reed Parry, Lambchop's Kurt Wagner, Deerhof's Greg Saunier, Sigur Rós' Kjartan Sweinsson, Jenny Lewis, Adam Cohen, Greg Fox, Shahzad Ismaily and many more joined in.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: Crossing Brooklyn Ferry is a music festival curated by Aaron and Bryce Dessner. The festival showcases bands, composers, singer-songwriters and filmmakers from all corners of the New York music scene. The inaugural festival took place May 3–5, 2012 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music and included performances by the Walkmen, St. Vincent, Beirut, The Antlers, yMusic and Jherek Bischoff, as well as newly commissioned films by Jonas Mekas, Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Tunde Adebimpe, among others. The second season took place April 25–27, 2013 at BAM and included performances by The Roots, Solange, TV on the Radio, Phosphorescent and the Brooklyn Youth Chorus. The event also featured a curated program of film shorts and a visual art installation by Andrew Ondrejcak.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: Dessner is co-curator of HAVEN, Copenhagen's annual festival "for the senses, merging experiments in art, music, beer and food". The festival, which launched in 2017, explores the ways in which the art forms intersect, providing the opportunity to discover new tastes, sounds and sights. Its inaugural year saw performances from the likes of Arcade Fire, Ariel Pink, and Kamasi Washington.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: Dessner has produced and orchestrated tracks on The National's two most recent albums, "High Violet" (2010) and "Trouble Will Find Me" (2013). Outside of his work with The National, Dessner produced eighth blackbird's "Filament" (2015), which won Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance in the 2016 Grammy's. He also produced Pulitzer Prize-winning composer David Lang's album "Death Speaks" (2013), Pedro Soler and Gaspar Claus' album "Barlande" (2011) and Richard Reed Parry's album "Music for Heart and Breath," which was released on classical label Deutsche Grammophon. Additionally, Bryce orchestrated tracks on Local Natives' "Hummingbird" (2013) and Sharon van Etten's "Tramp" (2012), both of which were produced by his brother Aaron Dessner.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: In 2009, Bryce and Aaron produced an extensive AIDS charity compilation, "Dark Was the Night", for the Red Hot Organization. The record features exclusive recordings and collaborations from a long list of artists including David Byrne, Arcade Fire, Sufjan Stevens, Feist, Sharon Jones, Cat Power, Grizzly Bear, Antony Hegarty, My Morning Jacket, and Spoon. "Dark Was the Night" has raised over 1.6 million dollars for AIDS charities. On May 3, 2009, 4AD and Red Hot produced Dark Was the Night – Live, a concert celebrating the newest Red Hot album. The show took place at Radio City Music Hall and featured several of the artists that contributed to the compilation.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: In 2016, "Day of the Dead," the follow-up to "Dark Was the Night" was released. Bryce and Aaron also produced this album, and again, all profits will go to the Red Hot Organization's mission to fight HIV/AIDs around the world.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: Clogs is a mostly-instrumental improvising quartet led by Dessner and Padma Newsome. Since 2001, they have released five widely acclaimed albums on Brassland Records, and have toured with The Books in the UK and played at the Sydney Festival. Clogs' music served as the soundtrack to the Chris Eigeman film "Turn the River".


title: Bryce Dessner

text: Clogs' musical style and approach is hard to categorize. Although the band members all play classical instruments (they met at the Yale School of Music), their writing process is more akin to that of a rock band or a jazz quartet. Drawing upon a vast variety of styles and influences, the group members bring basic ideas and riffs into rehearsals, which, through group improvisations they then develop into complex, larger-scale pieces. Their music is often influenced by minimalism, folk and rock music, Americana, modernism and Indian classical music.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: Alongside Alec Hanley Bemis and Aaron Dessner, Bryce founded Brassland Records, a label that has released early albums from The National, Clogs, Doveman and Nico Muhly.


title: Bryce Dessner

text: Dessner is married to French singer Mina Tindle, who has provided vocals to several of The National's albums.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia Clark is a fictional character in the AMC television series "Fear the Walking Dead", created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson. Portrayed by Alycia Debnam-Carey, Alicia is the daughter of Madison Clark, the former main protagonist. She begins the series as a teenager who struggles with her family situation and plans to leave the city for a new life, before facing civilization slowly crumbling due to a zombie outbreak. The character has received praise, with critics calling her an emotional anchor of the series, complimenting her evolution, and naming her one of the most memorable characters of the "Walking Dead" universe.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia becomes more worried about her brother Nick's chemical dependency. School closes early due to the high levels of absenteeism and rumors of an epidemic. Alicia, her mother Madison, Nick, and Madison's fiancé Travis Manawa choose to flee to the desert, and they want Travis' son Chris, and Chris' mother Liza to follow. Alicia finds her boyfriend Matt ill in his disheveled house. Travis arrives and sees a bite on Matt, who convinces Alicia to leave. The group returns to Madison's home to gather supplies. Travis tells Madison to take the kids to the desert without him; he will catch up. Alicia witnesses her infected neighbor, Mr. Dawson, attacking Mrs. Cruz across the street, but Madison prevents her from intervening. The Manawas and Salazars flee the chaos in the streets. The group reaches Travis' truck and escapes, but Daniel Salazar's wife Griselda is injured by a collapsing scaffold. Unable to reach a hospital, the group drives to Madison's house, from which Alicia, Madison and Nick temporarily flee when Mr. Dawson enters, attracted by the barking dog Nick had let in.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Nick leads Madison and Alicia to the house next door, where they take a shotgun. All three families stay the night and evacuate in the morning. As the Clarks and Manawas start driving away, the National Guard arrives and quarantines the neighborhood into a Safe Zone. Later, Chris shows a video to Travis and Madison of a light signaling from the Dead Zone. Madison exchanges signals with the flashing light in the Dead Zone. She sneaks outside to investigate and finds evidence that the guardsmen killed civilians, including the uninfected. Soldiers take Griselda and Nick to a military hospital while Nick's family attempts to block his departure. Liza agrees to go assist the medical team, despite not wanting to leave Chris. Travis retreats to the roof and sees the signal from the Dead Zone. In the abandoned home of a wealthy family, Alicia and Chris get drunk, play luxury dress-up, and vandalize the home. In a military cell, Victor Strand bribes a guardsman to save a feverish Nick from being moved, and recruits Nick for an escape plot.


title: Alicia Clark

text: The group drives to the National Guard's headquarters to rescue Nick, Liza, and Griselda. Officer Adams agrees to be their guide when let go by Travis. The group infiltrates the base, and Travis, Madison, Daniel and his daughter Ofelia go inside, while Alicia and Chris stay behind. The infected breach the perimeter defenses and swarm the base. Alicia and Chris are threatened by soldiers who want to take their vehicle. Travis' group reach the holding cells and set the detainees free before reuniting with Nick, Liza, and Strand. They try to escape through the medical ward, where Dr. Exner tells them of an escape route, but stays behind. Before they can escape, the group encounters Adams, who shoots Ofelia in the arm. Enraged, Travis brutally beats Adams and leaves him for dead. Strand leads the group to his oceanside mansion, where he tells Nick that he owns a yacht on which they can escape. On the beach, Liza reveals to Madison that she was bitten during the escape. Liza pleads with Madison and Travis to kill her before she turns.


title: Alicia Clark

text: The city of Los Angeles is bombed by the military. Madison, Alicia, Nick and the others board Strand's yacht, the Abigail, and escape the bombing. Strand refuses to pick up survivors they come across at sea. Strand informs the group they are heading to San Diego. Alicia mans the radio, hears distress calls, and strikes up a conversation with another seaborne survivor named Jack. Alicia learns from Jack that his boat is sinking, and he asks for help. Strand rejects her plan to help Jack and threatens to throw overboard anyone who disobeys him.


title: Alicia Clark

text: The group arrives at a small island where they find a family who inform them that all the cities on the west coast have been bombed, and the borders have been closed. The group is later unable to save the family from the father's suicide plan. Nick, Alicia, Chris, and Daniel scavenge supplies from a plane crash. A herd of walkers attacks them, and the group make their escape with two plane survivors. After debating whether or not to take the new survivors aboard, they decide to tow the survivors in their life raft – until Strand severs the tow line. The group heads to Mexico, the true destination where Strand is headed.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Nick goes ashore to find Strand's contact in Mexico. The group on the yacht is deceived by two people in distress needing to board, and they turn out to be allied with Jack, the man Alicia had communicated with on the radio. The newcomers end up taking over the yacht. When their leader arrives, he takes Alicia and Travis with him and brings the yacht to shore. Nick and Luis, Strand's contact, head back to the Abigail, and help free those on the yacht. They take one hostage to get back Alicia and Travis. Alicia attempts to befriend Jack and find her way back to the yacht on her own, while Travis is locked in a cell. Madison obtains Travis' release by trading him for the infected brother of the leader, and they escape in the mayhem. Alicia breaks free from Jack, and goes with Travis and Madison back to the yacht.


title: Alicia Clark

text: The group arrives in Mexico. While walking to a compound, they are attacked by walkers and Madison is knocked to the ground while Chris stands by watching. Alicia sees this and kills Madison's attacker. The group arrives at the compound, where Luis' mother Celia tells them they can stay but must leave their weapons outside. Alicia tells Chris that she saw him do nothing about Madison's attack. Madison, now aware of what Chris did, tells Travis she thinks he isn't well. Daniel discovers that Celia is keeping the compound's dead family members in the cellar. Madison sleeps with Alicia that night to provide comfort and they are woken by a gunshot to find Chris standing over them holding a knife.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Chris runs off and Travis goes after him. Nick goes after Travis and Chris, and when he finds them Travis says they aren't coming back as he needs to help Chris. He asks Nick to tell Madison he couldn't find them. Celia takes Madison to the cellar to show her the dead, but Madison locks her inside the cell. Daniel goes to where the dead are held and sets the place on fire. Nick tells Madison that he couldn't find Travis and that he is leaving Madison and the group because Celia was right about the group destroying everything in their path, and he no longer wants to be a part of it.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Madison, Alicia, Strand, and Ofelia flee north and find a hotel in the city of Rosarito. A large horde of walkers attack the hotel, trapping all four inside. Ofelia, shaken by losing her father, leaves the group and Alicia on the verge of death. Alicia suggests luring all of the infected into the sea, where the riptide current will carry them away. Madison, Alicia and Strand manage to eliminate the walkers, and together with the survivors of the hotel begin to build a community there.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Upon returning to the hotel from Tijuana for a supply run, where she heard of Nick's survival, Madison turns on the hotel lights against everybody's wishes in hopes of attracting Nick's attention. Alicia argues with Madison, hurt by her mother putting everyone's lives at risk for Nick, and convinces her to respect Nick's decision to leave his family. Madison shuts off the lights, but not before Travis, now alone, sees it. The next morning, survivors who had seen the hotel's lights begin to flock to the hotel gates, but the hotel community refuses to let them enter. Madison spots Travis among the crowd and lets him inside. She later talks with Alicia and reveals to her that her father's car crash was not accidental, but suicide.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Madison sees that the survivors from earlier have been allowed into the hotel compound, and are being checked if they're healthy or sick. Later that night, a new group of survivors arrive at the hotel, among them Brandon and Luke, whom Travis recognizes and asks them about Chris. Travis finds out that Chris was killed by them, and Travis beats them to death, in the process severely injuring Oscar, the leader of the hotel survivors, who tried to stop him. Oscar dies from his injuries. Travis is kicked out of the hotel, and Madison decides to leave with him the following morning. Enraged, several of the hotel survivors break into Travis' room and attack him, forcing Alicia to kill one of them to save Travis' life.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Travis, Madison, and Alicia are forced to flee the hotel while Strand decides to stay behind after helping them escape. They go to the bandits' supermarket, where Madison had traded for medical supplies, and find the entire building abandoned. Alicia questions Madison's motives when she starts searching bodies for clues to find Nick. They arrive at an abandoned community, where Alicia finds a dying Alejandro, his last words instructing them to look for Nick at the border.


title: Alicia Clark

text: After encountering a military patrol on their way to the border, Alicia and her family are captured and taken to the military installations, where they were separated from Travis. Alicia and Madison meet a militia leader named Troy Otto, who assures them that they would release them once they passed the test. Looking for a way to escape, Alicia lends her basilong to her mother and together devise a plan to escape. Madison assures Alicia that she will not kill again, and Alicia carries out her mother's plan. Madison holds Troy hostage until his brother Jake arrives, who asks Madison to release Troy and takes Alicia and her family to their community. While traveling in a helicopter in the middle of the night, the helicopter is attacked and Travis is fatally wounded. Setting up a small camp for the night, Alicia and an unconscious Luciana stay with Jake. Once they reach Jake's ranch, Alicia informs her mother of Travis' death and Nick threatens Troy with his weapon with the intention of protecting Luciana.


title: Alicia Clark

text: At the ranch, Alicia befriends Gretchen who invites Alicia to join her "Bible study." Later, Alicia, Gretchen, and four other teens meet underground, where they drink, smoke from a bong, and chat. Alicia later begins a sexual relationship with Jake and gradually gains the trust of the ranch community. Madison manages to make peace with the community and convinces their militia to go extract Alicia from the reservation of Qaletaqa, leader of the Native Americans with whom the ranch's leader, Jeremiah Otto, has been in conflict. Alicia later questions her mother's decisions, after which Madison informs her and Nick of her dark past.


title: Alicia Clark

text: The problems in the ranch worsen and they are forced to sacrifice cattle to save water. When Jake asks Alicia to flee with him to start a new life, Alicia declines. Jake accuses Alicia of manipulating him in the way that he thinks Madison and Nick have done to his relatives. Nick informs them that a horde of infected, attracted by Troy (whom Nick covers for), are heading to the ranch. Jake and Nick leave to find Troy, leaving Alicia as the sole leader of the place. Determined to prevent the ranch from being destroyed, Alicia alerts the community of the situation, and they create motorhome barriers in an attempt to prevent the infected from crossing the ranch.


title: Alicia Clark

text: The horde brakes through the barrier, and Alicia and the ranchers fight the walkers until Alicia leads them to a pantry, after mercy killing one of her companions. As the walkers overtake the ranch, Alicia locks herself with Ofelia, Lee, and the remaining residents in the pantry. A number of the residents were bitten, and there is not enough air in the pantry for them to survive for long. While Ofelia and Lee attempt to fix the jammed air vent, Alicia kills the people bitten and others begin to turn into walkers. While fighting for her life Alicia goes unconscious. Ofelia and Lee manage to unblock the vent and Alicia wakes. Alicia becomes the only survivor in the pantry, and is rescued by Madison and her group. Alicia is informed that Jake died and the group has decided to leave for a nearby dam due to the destruction of the ranch. She refuses to go, wanting to visit the place that Jake had told her about, and find her own way.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia ventures through a small town where she finds a fast food restaurant and grabs a bucket of potatoes. Her scavenging attracts the infected. A woman named Diana kills some infected, and after threatening each other, Alicia and her decide to share the food. Spending the night together, the two talk about surviving alone. In the morning, Alicia wakes up to find Diana trying to start a vehicle, and she convinces her to accompany her. As they head to a trade center to exchange the dead parts Diana had collected, a vehicle collides with her car, causing a dizzy Alicia to fight against the bandits. After driving them away with her assault rifle, Alicia takes care of Diana's injured leg and takes her to the infirmary in El Bazar. There, Alicia is enlisted to assist in a life-saving operation on patient John, who is the leader of the Proctors, an outlaw gang opening a trade route from the Texas gulf coast to San Diego and wanting to take control of the dam.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia arrives at Gonzales Dam and finds Strand, who informs her that Madison and Nick are alive and assures her that he will get them all out of the dam if she agrees to help him in the process. Troy had learned that the Proctors intend to attack the dam, and warned Nick. Strand tells Nick to get his family out, having made a deal with the Proctors and no longer being able to guarantee anyone's safety. As the Proctors overrun the dam, Strand takes the detonator and hides Madison and Nick. John arrives at the dam with Alicia, displeased that Strand did not deliver on their deal, and Alicia bargains for Madison's safety. John intends to kill all four, starting with Alicia, and Nick uses the detonator in a standoff, threatening to blow up the dam. Alicia, Madison, and Strand escape on a raft. Nick detonates the explosives, blowing up the dam while the raft is caught in the current.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Years after the dam explosion, Alicia has taken refuge with Nick, Strand, Luciana and a new girl, Charlie, in a community established by her Madison at a baseball stadium in Round Rock, Texas. While out looking for Charlie's missing parents, Alicia and Madison meet Laura, a former nurse on the run.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Charlie is revealed to be a spy for The Vultures, a group led by Melvin and Ennis, both of whom serve as Charlie's guardians. Mel continuously harasses Madison and her family, waiting until they exhaust all of their resources and leave to find a new home so the Vultures can take stadium and their leftover supplies. Madison decides to stay, especially after Alicia and Laura conceive the idea to build a medical facility at the stadium. Nick and Luciana find fresh soil and produce to grow new crops, after Charlie secretly destroyed their previous vegetables with pests. Melvin accepts that Madison and the community in the stadium will continue to thrive and leaves. However, Ennis is bent on seizing the stadium and unleashes a horde of walkers doused in oil toward the stadium. To save Alicia, Nick, and the other members of the community, Madison herds the walkers inside of the stadium using a flare; she locks herself inside with the walkers and immolates them with the flare, causing an explosion and sacrificing herself in the process.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Months later, Alicia, Nick, Strand and Luciana, determined to get revenge on the Vultures for causing Madison's death, cross paths with Althea, John Dorie and Morgan Jones. Nick finds Ennis and kills him. Nick is subsequently killed by Charlie, and dies surrounded by Alicia, Luciana and Strand.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia finds and confronts Melvin, and it is revealed that Laura joined Melvin's group after the destruction of the stadium. Enraged at this discovery, Alicia pivots and aims her gun at Laura, but instead, shoots John in the abdomen after John steps in front of Laura to protect her. A gunfight ensues, which ends with Alicia killing Melvin with her sharpened barrel shroud. Alicia makes it her mission to kill Laura and prevent her from saving John, as she believes Laura was with the Vultures from the beginning and thus had a hand in Madison's demise. Morgan convinces Alicia to stand down, reminding her that Madison would not have wanted her to become a killer and that killing Laura won't solve anything and will only cause an innocent man (John) to die. Alicia breaks down crying and leaves with Morgan. Laura reveals her real name to be June. After burying Nick, Alicia, Strand and Luciana part ways with Morgan's newfound group.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Weeks later, Alicia is emotionally damaged and broken after the death of her mother and brother. She takes refuge inside an abandoned house during a hurricane, and soon discovers Charlie is hiding there. Alicia expresses her rage and sadness at Charlie and is afraid she'll kill Charlie if they stay together. She later finds out that Charlie, guilt ridden over murdering Nick, came to the house with the intention of killing herself. The two are unable to leave the house because of the storm outside, so they resolve to wait it out together. The storm becomes too severe and Alicia and Charlie are forced to go inside the basement. However, they become trapped inside as the basement floods with water. Charlie panics when she realizes she is going to drown. Not wanting to become a walker after she dies, Charlie begs Alicia to shoot her in the head, but Alicia is reminded of what her mother died for and cannot bring herself to pull the trigger. A walker trapped atop a tree by the house falls and collapses on the exit hatch of the basement, allowing Alicia and Charlie to leave. Alicia resolves to bring Charlie with her.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia and Charlie are eventually reunited with Morgan, Strand, Luciana, Althea, John and June, and newcomers. The group are soon attacked by Martha, a woman who lost her mind after the death of her husband. The group take refuge inside a hospital, but the building becomes surrounded by walkers. Later on, Martha poisons Alicia and the group with anti-freeze, but they are saved by Morgan, when he arrives with alcohol.


title: Alicia Clark

text: At the end of the season, Alicia has found a new purpose in life and, wanting to honor her mother's memory, joins Morgan in his mission to find other survivors and help them however they can.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Prior to the events of the fifth season, Alicia and her friends spend weeks searching for people to help, with little success. They are contacted by a man named Logan, who says he is in need of assistance. Alicia and the group board a plane, provided by Daniel Salazar, to travel to Logan's location. The plane malfunctions and crashes in a forest. Alicia emerges from the crash site and meets young brothers, Max and Dylan. She discovers that the area they have crash-landed in is potentially radioactive. Surrounded by walkers, Alicia and her group are rescued by Max and Dylan's older sister, Annie. It is revealed that Logan was lying about being in trouble in order to have Morgan's group leave the factory they were using as a home, so that he could take it back.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia and Morgan meet Grace, a former employee of a nearby nuclear power plant. The nuclear power plant suffered a meltdown shortly after the apocalypse began and everyone in the surrounding area died from radiation. Grace survived but she believes she is infected and will soon show symptoms, although she is not entirely sure. Grace warns Alicia and Morgan not to go near walkers that show signs of radioactive poisoning.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia is determined to help Annie and her brothers. Annie reveals to Alicia that her parents died from radioactive exposure after the first meltdown of the nuclear power plant. Annie is convinced that the only way to keep her brothers safe is for them to stay where they are. However, Alicia tells them that they will not survive for long if they stay alone and reject help from others. Annie refuses to join Alicia, and believes that Alicia only wants to help them because she is trying to relieve her own conscience after all of the wrongful actions she committed in her past. While trying to protect Annie, her brothers and the other children in Annie's care from a horde of walkers, Alicia is splashed with the blood of a radioactive walker after she stabs one. Alicia is worried that she may be infected and asks Grace for help. Grace decontaminates her, but Alicia decides to stop using her weapon and takes a hiatus from killing any more walkers.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Grace tries to keep the power plant running, but eventually, another meltdown is triggered and it becomes imperative that everyone leave the area. The group begins repairing the crashed plane using parts from another plane, also owned by Daniel. Meanwhile, John Dorie and June cross paths with Dwight, who has been looking for his wife, Sherry. The three of them reunite with Alicia and the group. The plane is successfully repaired and the group flies out just as the power plant completely melts down. When the plane lands in another city, Alicia is joyfully reunited with Daniel, who is ready for a fresh start after living alone.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Several weeks later, Alicia and Strand meet and help Wes, a survivor with a hobby for painting. Alicia is inspired by Wes to paint herself, using this as a therapeutic method to get over her temporary fear of killing walkers and find a purpose again.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia and her group struggle to find a permanent home, and with resources dwindling, survival becomes increasingly difficult. Their situation changes once the group are confronted by Virginia, the leader of multiple factions of communities stationed all over Texas. Morgan does not agree with Virginia's methods and utilitarianism, and instead wants to establish a place where everyone is welcome and not turned away because they are sick, have a troubled past or are deemed unnecessary.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Morgan's group declines Virginia's offer to join her and, eventually, travel to Humbug's Gulch, an abandoned Western-style park. However, the place is overrun by walkers. With no resources or strength to fight them, Morgan is forced to call Virginia for help, knowing that she will separate them all into different communities. Virginia and her rangers arrive. Before Alicia is taken away to one of Virginia's communities, she speaks with Strand, who tells her, "We can do more damage from the inside." After everyone is taken away from the Gulch, Virginia shoots Morgan and leaves him to be eaten alive by walkers. It is revealed in the sixth season, that Alicia heard the shot and Morgan's final message on the radio.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia is stationed with Strand at Lawton, the main hub of Virginia's network of communities in Texas. While at Lawton, Alicia meets Dakota, who reveals herself to be Virginia's younger sister.


title: Alicia Clark

text: After Strand assaults one of Virginia's rangers, Virginia sentences Alicia and Strand to work at an abandoned factory, and orders them to clear out walkers standing in the way of a "weapon" she wants to obtain and utilize against a doomsday cult that is spray-painting the threatening message, "THE END IS THE BEGINNING" throughout her settlements. Alicia is later reunited with Charlie. Alicia discovers that Dakota had come in the vehicle that took her and Strand to the factory. They all work together to defeat the walkers. Unbeknownst to Alicia, Strand murders one of the workers by using him as bait to lure the walkers away from her and the others so that they could kill them.


title: Alicia Clark

text: When Virginia arrives, she reveals that there never was any weapon and that killing the walkers was a test to prove that they were capable of fighting. Virginia promotes Strand to a leadership position and asks him to create an army of soldiers for her. Knowing that he is going to have to do more reprehensible things in order to win Virginia over, Strand sends Alicia to a different community far away from him. Having grown close to Alicia, Strand tells her he cares about how she views him and cannot bare for her to forget the goodness in him.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia is stationed with Charlie and is bitter over Strand sending her away. When Dakota goes missing, Strand enlists the help of Alicia to find her. Knowing that there will be consequences for herself and her friends if Dakota is not found, Alicia goes with Charlie to locate her. They eventually find Dakota taking shelter inside of a cabin owned by a former taxidermist, Ed. Dakota reveals that she fled to get away from Virginia, and says that Virginia murdered their parents. Ed tries to keep Alicia, Charlie and Dakota trapped inside the house. He then plays music on a loud stereo to draw in walkers. Ed dies, and they are saved from the walkers breaking into the cabin by Morgan. Alicia is shocked, but glad, to see that Morgan is alive.


title: Alicia Clark

text: When Morgan suggests trading Dakota for their friends, Alicia is tells him that was her initial plan, but she now disagrees. Morgan relents and agrees to take Dakota with them back to the stronghold he is in the process of building. When Strand arrives to collect Dakota, Alicia refuses to give her up. Strand points a gun at Alicia and she holds her defense with her weapon. Her trust in him has declined due to his history of betraying people and altering his position on matters as it suits his needs. Strand lowers his weapon, but claims that his allegiance to Virginia will get them out. Alicia later contemplates returning to the baseball stadium and rebuilding it into her own community, like her mother did.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia, Charlie and Dakota go with Morgan to the place he's building, a washed-out dam. Soon after, Morgan and Dakota cross paths with John Dorie, whom Dakota kills. Morgan has a standoff with Virginia, and takes a wounded Virginia to the dam. Strand, now in control of Virginia's rangers, shows up to kill Virginia. Alicia agrees to talk to Strand and convince him to relent. However, Virginia accepts responsibility for the conflict and agrees to be executed on the condition that Morgan kill her himself. Morgan initially agrees, but changes his mind, not wanting for any more blood to be spilt. Morgan forces Virginia to tell Dakota the truth that she is Dakota's biological mother.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Morgan, Alicia, and June agree to let Virginia and Dakota go, on the condition that they leave Texas. Alicia and Morgan leave the room while June changes Virginia's bandages. June learns that Virginia protected Dakota after Dakota killed one of Virginia's rangers, and that's why Dakota killed John. June is angered by Virginia's excuses and executes her.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Several weeks later, Alicia goes on a supply run with Althea, Luciana, and Wes. They come across the inhabitants of an underground bunker. They discover that they are in the midst of a doomsday cult led by Teddy, a former mortician, who plan on remaining locked inside of the bunker indefinitely. Alicia burns down the embalmed walkers the cult keeps stored for processing, allowing Al, Luciana and Wes to escape. Alicia is held captive, after which she meets Teddy.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Dakota stows away on one of the Teddy's scout buses, posing as one of his followers. She plans on killing Teddy and asks Alicia to join her, but Alicia refuses, making it clear that they are not friends and she will not accept Dakota due her actions despite Alicia having helped her. While out on a special trip with Teddy, Alicia and Dakota come across survivors from the baseball stadium whom Alicia believed to have died. However, Cole holds them hostage, demanding to know more about Teddy's underground bunker. Alicia ultimately escapes and kills Cole. Teddy is impressed with Alicia's resolve and desires her to be the new leader of his followers after he dies. Teddy reveals that he plans on launching a nuclear missile from an abandoned beached-submarine in Galveston to destroy Texas, as he believes old things have to die in order for new life to rebuild. Dakota betrays Alicia and joins Teddy's side. Alicia warns Strand and Morgan about Teddy's plan, before his crew capture her.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Teddy takes Alicia to another underground bunker he and his followers found at a hotel and locks her inside. He wants Alicia to rebuild the new world after he is gone, but Alicia angrily says that she will not make the world the way he wants it to be. Teddy turns to her as he leaves and says, "I know. That's what I'm counting on." Alicia is trapped inside the bunker for the remainder of the season and, as a result, survives the nuclear fallout.


title: Alicia Clark

text: As shown in flashbacks, following the events of season six, Alicia fails to escape the bunker. She meets Will, a survivor who has been in the bunker since the start of the apocalypse, and a former aide of Senator Elias Vazquez. Teddy's followers, led by Arno, found the bunker and killed everyone inside, including Vazquez, while Will hid. Alicia meets Arno, who was told by Teddy that she was the new leader.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia finds files of a secret government-established settlement called PADRE, of which only Vazquez knew the location. Alicia hopes with Will that Vazquez's reanimated corpse can subconsciously remember the location of PADRE and help lead them there. Alicia and Will try to find a way out of the bunker through its tunnels, taking Vazquez's body with them. As Teddy launches the nuclear missile, the tunnel collapses and Alicia becomes trapped with Vazquez. Vazquez bites Alicia on the arm, and after making Will promise that he kill her if she shows signs of not healing, she despairingly amputates her arm. Will breaks his promise because he has fallen in love with her. Alicia is angered at this, and spends the next few days in isolation. Will leaves the bunker. In present time, Alicia is still running a fever that does not subside. She fears that she did not amputate her arm in time and will soon succumb to her sickness.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia and Teddy's followers leave the bunker and search for PADRE, using Vazquez as a guide. A number of them die due to the unsafe conditions of the fallout. Arno blames Alicia for their deaths and he and few other members of Teddy's cult split from Alicia and form their own crew, "The Stalkers". Dwight and Sherry are found by Alicia's group and are taken in. Dwight fills Alicia in on what happened since she's been gone, including Strand's attempt to kill Morgan in order to be seen as a hero. Strand has found and built a stronghold that he is running as a totalitarian dictator, holding some of Morgan's group while rejecting shelter for others.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia is disgusted with Strand's actions and no longer wants anything to do with him. Their search for PADRE proves unsuccessful when Alicia mistakes Strand's Tower for the settlement. There, Alicia discovers Will's corpse. Strand admits to killing him because Will said he loved Alicia, and Strand needed to create distance between him and Alicia in order to be a ruthless leader, which he cannot do with Alicia near him. This proves to be the final straw for Alicia, who declares war on Strand, vowing to take the tower from him, and knowing that Morgan and their friends won't survive long in the beached-submarine they've been sheltering in.


title: Alicia Clark

text: While out searching for people to fight alongside her in her mission to take Strand's tower, Alicia passes out in the middle of the road, but is rescued by Paul, a deaf man. Alicia's illness worsens and, as a result, she becomes plagued with dreams and hallucinations, particularly of a mysterious young girl hiding her identity with a gas mask. Alicia and Paul are pursued by Arno and his group. The two of them hatch a plan to escape them, with Paul sacrificing his life so Alicia can get away. Alicia passes out again, but is found by Morgan. She deduces that the voices she hears in her dreams are her own, telling her what to do. Alicia decides to travel back to Teddy's bunker and retrieve a transmitter that will broadcast a message to call others to her; she decides that if she can't find the real PADRE, she will create PADRE herself by building it inside of Strand's tower. After retrieving the transmitter, Alicia helps Morgan, Dwight and Sherry shepherd and trap the horde of walkers from Strand's tower following Morgan into the bunker. As Alicia and her group head to Strand's tower to attack, Morgan decides to leave the fallout area with baby Mo to protect her, and he and Alicia bid each other farewell.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Once they arrive at the Tower, Alicia and Daniel enter the building. Daniel's mental state is compromised and he believes Strand is holding his dead daughter Ofelia captive. Wes, having lost faith in Morgan and Alicia's groups, has joined Strand's side. Strand reveals gathered a horde of walkers from a crater and is having his army lead them to Alicia's friends. Strand keeps Alicia locked in the tower so that she cannot warn them. Alicia overpowers Strand and demands he take her to the roof so she can turn off the beacon light drawing the radioactive walkers in. Alicia appeals to Strand's emotions, and makes a deal with him: she will live with him in the tower if he promises to call off the walkers. Strand agrees, but Wes believes Alicia is only playing Strand. Wes and other rangers turn on Strand. Strand tells Alicia that he loves her and views her as a daughter. Daniel demands Strand take him to Ofelia, but Strand and Alicia insist Ofelia died in Mexico. Angered, Daniel threatens to kill Strand for lying to him, but Alicia talks him down, encouraging him to be the man he wanted Ofelia to see.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia and Strand reach the roof, but they are intercepted by Wes. Alicia attempts to appeal to Wes, but Strand murders him. Just as he is about to turn off the beacon light, Strand has second thoughts about Alicia's motivations. He doesn't believe Alicia will truly forgive him after everything he's done and decides not to turn off the light. The two of them brawl. Alicia's metal arm pierces a tank of oil and the beacon light collapses, causing an electrical cord to strike the oil and start a fire. She climbs to the top of the tower and uses her transmitter to call others to her in order to help them clear out the oncoming horde of radioactive walkers. However, her illness gets the best of her and she faints. Strand rescues her and she is reunited with her group just before the herd reaches the tower, while he stays behind.


title: Alicia Clark

text: As Alicia's group prepares to the leave the fallout area via rafts, Alicia hallucinates the young girl again. The girl claims she knows the location of PADRE, but that she needs to find her "friend" before she goes there. With the help of her friends, Alicia clears out the walkers surrounding the entrance to the tower, but resolves to enter the burning building on her own. She finds Strand inebriated on the top floor, and they talk about their failures and hopes. Alicia is about to shoot herself with her only bullet before her hallucination saves her from doing so. She realizes that the girl she has been hallucinating is a younger version of herself and a manifestation of her own subconscious. Alicia rescues Strand, whom she considers family, and they head back to her group at the beach. Unwilling to risk putting them in danger when she succumbs to her illness, Alicia elects to stay behind while the others escape in the rafts. After saying goodbye to them, she stays alone on the beach and collapses.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia is then shown awaken and healthy at the beach. She speaks to her unconscious manifestation of her younger self, telling her she finally feels like herself. She decides to go find the people who heard her broadcast message and are on their way to the burning tower, and redirect them to safety. She puts on her gas mask and makes her way there. A lone walker approaches her and she uses her last bullet on it.


title: Alicia Clark

text: At the start of the series, Alicia is an "ambitious teen and model student" who is wanting to leave home to get away from her dysfunctional family and start college. Co-creator Robert Kirkman described Alicia an "atypical teenager", excelling at school and being self-sufficient and self-reliant; "she’s kind of the model child". Showrunner Dave Erickson said Alicia "had a really specific, defined idea of who she was and where she was going", and being more "fatalistic" in her thinking, she "has to work through that and process it".


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia is the antithesis of her brother Nick, with whom she is at odds. For Nick, who is "a parent's worst nightmare", Kirkman said, "it's exacerbated [things] to be next to this perfect sister who seemingly doesn't have anything going on in her life that is negative. But that's not really the case, that's just his perception." Debnam-Carey said Alicia and her brother had a close connection as kids, but the loss of their father and their new situation "takes them on very different paths." Their relationship is "fractured" and "it's going to take time to rebuild", she noted. "Because Nick has gone off, she's had to be very self-sufficient ... and that goes against [her] in some way". Her brother "gets all the attention because he's the one that's screwing up", while she is also "saddled with caring for him".


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia starts "in a difficult place" as well as "a much more hopeful place", Debnam-Carey said. She is "the only one who has ambitions and goals", and had to "compensate" for her brother. She felt emotionally "cut off" from her family, so she tried to protect herself from that and "decided to make a choice for herself". Maureen Ryan in "HuffPost" said Alicia's "dreams were her lifeline to get out of a difficult situation". Bridget Liszewski of "The TV Junkies" wrote, "Alicia lost a parent, had an addicted brother that monopolized much of her mother’s time and concern, and saw everything she had worked towards for her future being ripped away." When everything falls apart, she "has the most to lose, and she's roped back into this situation she's really trying to escape from."


title: Alicia Clark

text: The character is initially very skeptical about the events occurring in the city. Debnam-Carey said most people in that situation would attempt to rationalize everything and make "logic out of something absurd". There is a lot of "uncertainty in the beginning. Anyone who's infected, in their heads, they think they're just sick". Alicia is "kept in the dark more than everyone else. ... They like the idea that maybe this is temporary or it can be fixed, we don't know that much yet", and the family "just wants to keep at least someone safe and innocent and protected." Erik Kain of "Forbes" called Alicia early on in the first season, "the optimist, the type of character who will go out of her way to help another, in spite of her cold exterior." For the character, it becomes about "her figuring out this world, and it will also coincide with her recognizing her place, within herself, and knowing then, what she's going to do about it", Debnam-Carey said.


title: Alicia Clark

text: In the second season, Alicia tries to connect with the voice of another survivor, which gives her "a sense of normalcy", Fred Topel wrote for Rotten Tomatoes. "She's only just coming to terms with a lot of the information and events that have taken place", Debnam-Carey said. "She's tried to take the initiative and do something helpful", and having been a short amount of time since the outbreak, "you don’t suddenly relinquish those habits of just wanting a connection with someone". Liszewski said Alicia yearned to "hang on to any last bit of humanity that she could find", and after her mistake was confirmed, she "wasted no time stepping up and taking full responsibility" and "went to work setting things right". She becomes a "young woman who is growing more confident by the day", proving "on multiple occasions that she won't sit idly by while a group of adults decide her fate". Forced to grow up quickly, Alicia has had to "face some harsh realities", and has also "taken a direct stand against her mother" several times, staying resolute "in what she thought was best." Debnam-Carey said, "It's the first time she’s been able to step into that leadership role ... and proving herself as an equal." Alicia "starts to think what's important is what's in front of you". Her dynamic with her mother has been "filled with tension for a long time, because of the fact that Nick has been running off, and fueled by Travis becoming part of the family, and the two of them finally come head-to-head."


title: Alicia Clark

text: In his review of the third season's "This Land is Your Land", David Zapanta of "Den of Geek" described Alicia as "bold but not fearless, brave but vulnerable, elated yet in mourning", and "at her most vulnerable". She is "the flip side of [Nick and Troy's recklessness], thinking before she acts", while "her choices weigh heavily on her." "Killing the living—even in the name of the greater good—has killed something vital in Alicia that she will likely never get back", Zapanta wrote. She knows "that safety is an illusion ... so it makes sense that she’s striking off by herself", now "more alone than ever, but she's at least able to live and die on her own terms." The character has had "a real growth", Debnam-Carey said. She "went from being a normal teenage girl before the apocalypse to someone who has been really ravaged by it. And not in necessarily a bad-ass way. [...] There has been something very dark, very real, and very traumatic." Alicia emerged as a leader and a fighter.


title: Alicia Clark

text: In the fourth season, Alicia becomes the only surviving character introduced in the series premiere. This season, Alicia's journey has her "struggling to emulate the hero that Madison ended up becoming" while dealing with loss of both her brother and her mother, wrote Ian Sandwell of "Digital Spy". She is confronted with the decision to forgive or take vengeance on a child, a choice that gives her a new perspective and role. Morgan reaching out to Alicia later compels her to accept companionship and search it for others. Alicia "can come back to finding herself", Debnam-Carey said. She "is able to face her demons and also have such generosity, empathy and forgiveness, and come to some sort of relief with her relationship with Charlie, who has basically destroyed her family." It is the "beginning of Alicia as a new person", and she chooses to be a "protector of sorts" in her journey for redemption, while remaining a realist.


title: Alicia Clark

text: Liam Mathews of TV Guide described Alicia as "a normal kid" who grows "into a wily survivor tormented by inner demons". In a 2020 interview, Debnam-Carey commented on a potential father/daughter flashback scene between Alicia and her deceased father: "I'm always for showing some of the more revealing aspects of a character, before this whole apocalypse ... But I do think now she has had to work through so much pain and grief and we're on the other side of it in a way."


title: Alicia Clark

text: Alicia became a fan favorite character as viewers have "watched her grow from a callow young woman to a confident and strong force of nature." Alicia and her brother Nick were the series' emotional anchors from the beginning, "Vanity Fair"s Laura Bradley wrote, "especially Alicia, whose insistently open heart was a welcome presence in this cruel world". Debnam-Carey's performance in the series has received acclaim, especially for the third season episode "This Land Is Your Land" and fourth season episode "Close Your Eyes". E.A. Hanks of "The New York Times" declared the "most moving aspect" of season two to be "the relationship between Madison and Alicia, particularly after the fall of the Abigail compound". [Dickens and] Debnam-Carey, "whose thoughtful performance continues to deepen, are completely honest as mother and daughter." "The TV Junkies"s Bridget Lissewski said the second season benefited from Alicia's more central role and character growth, appreciating that her storyline has evolved "without the services of any sort of romantic relationship".


title: Alicia Clark

text: David Zapanta of "Den of Geek" regarded Alicia as one of the "more fully realized characters" of the third season. Emily Hannemann of "TV Insider" considered the "Bible study" meeting in the episode "TEOTWAWKI" "one of Alicia’s most profound and chilling moments on the series." Reviewing "This Land is Your Land", Paul Tassi of "Forbes" wrote, "The entire sequence with Alicia in the bunker is one of the best pieces of zombie fiction I've seen in years." Zapanta said the episode is one of the strongest of the series, crediting Debnam-Carey's performance for anchoring a "transformative" hour of television. "Digital Spy"s Ben Lee felt the character "truly excelled in the episode." Hannemann called the episode a "love letter to Alicia's development throughout the first three seasons", with Alicia showing she has what it takes to lead. "IGN"s Matt Fowler said the episode "had an amazing, harrowing Alicia-centric story inside of it - one that really helped shape her character". Writing for "Forbes", Erik Kain said Debnam-Carey's performance "elevated the show beyond anything it had been before."


title: Alicia Clark

text: Bradley of "Vanity Fair" regarded season four's "Close Your Eyes" as Debnam-Carey's "most powerful performance yet, one that proved Alicia still has a lot of story left", naming Alicia the series' "strongest throughline" who "can also still be the most fascinating to watch." Tassi considered it a "fantastic" episode anchored by the actress, stating that "in Alicia she's created one of the most impressive, memorable characters in the entire "Walking Dead" universe across either show." CarterMatt.com said "Close Your Eyes" provided "a chance to dive into Alicia’s head like never before as she continued much of her isolation from the world", while Debnam-Carey gave an "outstanding" performance. Kain said the episode is one of the series' best and it reinforced his view that Alicia "should become the central protagonist of the show". ComicBook.com's Brandon Davis felt the actress "brilliantly delivered on an intensely heartfelt script", with a performance as strong as her "This Land is Your Land" work. Zapanta said Alicia is "a house divided against herself" in the "powerful" episode, with "arguably a career-defining performance from Debnam-Carey". Ray Flook of "Bleeding Cool" considered it a "very important" episode for the character to move forward, navigating an "impressive" arc and cycle of duality and inner conflict. Praising Debnam-Carey's portrayal, Flook credited her for "almost single-handedly renewing [his] faith in where [the season] was going". Ian Sandwell of "Digital Spy" called the episode a "gripping showcase" for the actress, who makes "the sudden shifts [in sentiments] work", noting that the show "soars" when it gives focus to Alicia.


title: Alicia Clark

text: After the fifth season premiere, Hannemann said the series has "made a definitive statement about Alicia's survival abilities, her toughness and her capacity to make decisions for not only herself, but those following her", and this along with her character journey makes her deserving of the group's leadership. In his review of season six's "Mother", Tassi lamented that Alicia has become "little more than a background character" in recent years, "but she's still got the magic when the show gives her a chance like they did", deeming the episode "one of the most compelling" the series has had in a while. Discussing the recent seasons, Kain also expressed disappointment with the character's screen time, stating that Alicia has barely featured in the story, was "neutered", and "relegated to a secondary character who ... doesn't even act like herself anymore", blaming the "short shrift" of the original cast on the series' new showrunners. "Starburst" magazine wrote of season seven episode "PADRE", "The return of Debnam-Carey as the impassioned and resourceful Alicia is a potent reminder of how much her recent absence has been to the show's detriment." For the episode, Paul Dailly of TV Fanatic wrote, "When your most popular character disappears for half a season, you need to bring them back in a blaze of glory, but all we got was more torment for Alicia", adding that her arm amputation was "harrowing" and she deserves better storylines while the current one needs "a considerable payoff". Jake Gleason of "Screen Rant" said that Morgan's expanded protagonist role over the past few seasons came at the expense of Alicia's role, which the show has possibly acknowledged in "PADRE".


title: Alicia Clark

text: Christine Persaud of "Screen Rant" wrote in 2021: "Alicia has had the most compelling character arc. She began as an afraid young woman living in her troubled brother's shadow and evolved into a fierce, confident, and ruthless fighter. While Alicia has suffered through periods of sadness, unsure of herself and her abilities ... she is relatable and someone who has taken tough situations and done her best to overcome them." In January 2022, Comic Book Resources stated that Alicia's evolution from the beginning of the series "remains one of "Fear the Walking Dead" most captivating character arcs", while Debnam-Carey's performance has made her "a vital part" of the series.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: A mass (air) flow sensor (MAF) is a sensor used to determine the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: The air mass information is necessary for the engine control unit (ECU) to balance and deliver the correct fuel mass to the engine. Air changes its density with temperature and pressure. In automotive applications, air density varies with the ambient temperature, altitude and the use of forced induction, which means that mass flow sensors are more appropriate than volumetric flow sensors for determining the quantity of intake air in each cylinder.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: There are two common types of mass airflow sensors in use on automotive engines. These are the vane meter and the hot wire. Neither design employs technology that measures air mass directly. However, with additional sensors and inputs, an engine's ECU can determine the mass flow rate of intake air.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: Both approaches are used almost exclusively on electronic fuel injection (EFI) engines. Both sensor designs output a 0.0–5.0 volt or a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal that is proportional to the air mass flow rate, and both sensors have an intake air temperature (IAT) sensor incorporated into their housings for most post on-board diagnostics (OBDII) vehicles. Vehicles prior to 1996 could have MAF without an IAT. An example is 1994 Infiniti Q45.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: When a MAF sensor is used in conjunction with an oxygen sensor, the engine's air/fuel ratio can be controlled very accurately. The MAF sensor provides the open-loop controller predicted air flow information (the measured air flow) to the ECU, and the oxygen sensor provides closed-loop feedback in order to make minor corrections to the predicted air mass. Also see manifold absolute pressure sensor (MAP sensor). Since around 2012, some MAF sensors include a humidity sensor.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: The VAF (volume air flow) sensor measures the air flow into the engine with a spring-loaded air vane (flap/door) attached to a variable resistor (potentiometer). The vane moves in proportion to the airflow. A voltage is applied to the potentiometer and a voltage appears on the output terminal of the potentiometer proportional to the angle the vane rotates, or the movement of the vane may directly regulate the amount of fuel injected, as in the K-Jetronic system.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: Many VAF sensors have an air-fuel adjustment screw, which opens or closes a small air passage on the side of the VAF sensor. This screw controls the air-fuel mixture by letting a metered amount of air flow past the air flap, thereby leaning or richening the mixture. By turning the screw clockwise the mixture is enriched and counterclockwise the mixture is leaned.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: The vane moves because of the drag force of the air flow against it; it does not measure volume or mass directly. The drag force depends on air density (air density in turn depends on air temperature), air velocity and the shape of the vane, see drag equation. Some VAF sensors include an additional intake air temperature sensor (IAT sensor) to allow the engines ECU to calculate the density of the air, and the fuel delivery accordingly.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: A "hot wire mass airflow sensor" determines the mass of air flowing into the engine’s air intake system. The theory of operation of the hot wire mass airflow sensor is similar to that of the hot wire anemometer (which determines air velocity). This is achieved by heating a wire suspended in the engine’s air stream, like a toaster wire, by applying a constant voltage over the wire. The wire's electrical resistance increases as the wire’s temperature increases, which varies the electrical current flowing through the circuit, according to Ohm's law. When air flows past the wire, the wire cools, decreasing its resistance, which in turn allows more current to flow through the circuit, since the supply voltage is a constant. As more current flows, the wire’s temperature increases until the resistance reaches equilibrium again. The current increase or decrease is proportional to the mass of air flowing past the wire. The integrated electronic circuit converts the proportional measurement into a proportional voltage which is sent to the ECU.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: If air density increases due to pressure increase or temperature drop, but the air volume remains constant, the denser air will remove more heat from the wire indicating a higher mass airflow. Unlike the vane meter's paddle sensing element, the hot wire responds directly to air density. This sensor's capabilities are well suited to support the gasoline combustion process which fundamentally responds to air mass, not air volume. (See stoichiometry.)


title: Mass flow sensor

text: This sensor sometimes employs a mixture screw, but this screw is fully electronic and uses a variable resistor (potentiometer) instead of an air bypass screw. The screw needs more turns to achieve the desired results. A hot wire burn-off cleaning circuit is employed on some of these sensors. A burn-off relay applies a high current through the platinum hot wire after the vehicle is turned off for a second or so, thereby burning or vaporizing any contaminants that have stuck to the platinum hot wire element.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: The hot film MAF sensor works somewhat similar to the hot wire MAF sensor, but instead it usually outputs a frequency signal. This sensor uses a hot film-grid instead of a hot wire. It is commonly found in late 1980s and early 1990s fuel-injected vehicles. The output frequency is directly proportional to the air mass entering the engine. So as mass flow increases so does frequency. These sensors tend to cause intermittent problems due to internal electrical failures. The use of an oscilloscope is strongly recommended to check the output frequency of these sensors. Frequency distortion is also common when the sensor starts to fail. Many technicians in the field use a tap test with very conclusive results. Not all HFM systems output a frequency. In some cases, this sensor works by outputting a regular varying voltage signal.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: The GM LS engine series (as well as others) use a coldwire MAF system (produced by AC Delco) that works similarly to the hot-wire MAF system; however, it uses an additional "cold" resistor to measure the ambient air and provide a reference for the "hot" resistor element used to measure the air flow.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: The mesh on the MAF is used to smooth out airflow to ensure the sensors have the best chance of a steady reading. It is not used for measuring the air flow per se. In situations where owners use oiled-gauze air filters, it is possible for excess oil to coat the MAF sensor and skew its readings. Indeed, General Motors has issued a Technical Service Bulletin, indicating problems from rough idle all the way to possible transmission damage resulting from the contaminated sensors. To clean the delicate MAF sensor components, a specific MAF sensor cleaner or electronics cleaner should be used, "not" carburetor or brake cleaners, which can be too aggressive chemically. Instead, the liquid phase of MAF sensor cleaners and electronics cleaners is typically based on hexanes or heptanes with little to no alcohol content and use either carbon dioxide or HFC-152a as aerosol propellants. The sensors should be gently sprayed from a careful distance to avoid physically damaging them and then allowed to thoroughly dry before reinstalling. Manufacturers claim that a simple but extremely reliable test to ensure correct functionality is to tap the unit with the back of a screwdriver while the car is running, and if this causes any changes in the output frequency then the unit should be discarded and an OEM replacement installed.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: A Kármán vortex sensor works by disrupting the air stream with a perpendicular bow. Providing that the incoming flow is laminar, the wake consists of an oscillatory pattern of Kármán vortices. The frequency of the resulting pattern is proportional to the air velocity.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: These vortices can either be read directly as a pressure pulse against a sensor, or they can be made to collide with a mirror which will then interrupt or transmit a reflected light beam to generate the pulses in response to the vortices. The first type can only be used in pull-thru air (prior to a turbo- or supercharger), while the second type could theoretically be used push- or pull-thru air (before or after a forced induction application like the previously mentioned super- or turbocharger). Instead of outputting a constant voltage modified by a resistance factor, this type of MAF outputs a frequency which must then be interpreted by the ECU. This type of MAF can be found on all DSMs (Mitsubishi Eclipse, Eagle Talon, Plymouth Laser), many Mitsubishis, some Toyotas and Lexus, and some BMWs, among others.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: An emerging technology utilizes a very thin electronic membrane placed in the air stream. The membrane has a thin film temperature sensor printed on the upstream side, and one on the downstream side. A heater is integrated in the center of the membrane which maintains a constant temperature similar to the hot-wire approach. Without any airflow, the temperature profile across the membrane is uniform. When air flows across the membrane, the upstream side cools differently from the downstream side. The difference between the upstream and downstream temperature indicates the mass airflow. The thermal membrane sensor is also capable of measuring flow in both directions, which sometimes occur in pulsating situations. Technological progress allows this kind of sensor to be manufactured on the microscopic scale as microsensors using microelectromechanical systems technology. Such a "microsensor" reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with macroscopic approaches. See also MEMS sensor generations.


title: Mass flow sensor

text: Laminar flow elements measure the volumetric flow of gases directly. They operate on the principle that, given laminar flow, the pressure difference across a pipe is linearly proportional to the flow rate. Laminar flow conditions are present in a gas when the Reynolds number of the gas is below the critical figure. The viscosity of the fluid must be compensated for in the result. Laminar flow elements are usually constructed from a large number of parallel pipes to achieve the required flow rating.


title: Echo Park

text: Echo Park is a neighborhood in the east-central region of Los Angeles, California. Located to the northwest of Downtown, it is bordered by Silver Lake to the west and Chinatown to the east. The culturally diverse neighborhood has become known for its trendy local businesses, as well as its popularity with artists, musicians and creatives. It has been home to numerous notable people. The neighborhood is centered on the lake and park of the same name.


title: Echo Park

text: Established in 1892, and long before "Hollywood" became synonymous with the commercial film industry of the United States, the area of Echo Park known as Edendale was the center of filmmaking on the West Coast.


title: Echo Park

text: By the 1910s, several film studios were operating on Allesandro Avenue (now Glendale Boulevard) along the Echo Park-Silverlake border, including the Selig Polyscope Company, Mack Sennett's Keystone Studios, the Pathe West Coast Film Studio, and others.


title: Echo Park

text: Silent film who stars worked in the Edendale studios included Mabel Normand, Fatty Arbuckle, and Harold Lloyd, and Gloria Swanson. Charlie Chaplin's first film was made at Keystone Studios, as well as the very first feature-length comedy, which starred Charlie Chaplin and Mabel Normand.


title: Echo Park

text: The first pie-in-the-face scene was filmed at what later became the Mack Sennett Studios on Glendale Boulevard near Effie Street. The complex, which is now part of a storage facility, dates from 1909 and includes one of the area's first permanent sound stages, the factories where movies are made. The former studio, 1712 Glendale Boulevard, is City of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 256.


title: Echo Park

text: Echo Park Lake's earliest use by the city was as a reservoir. The Los Angeles Canal and Reservoir Co. formed Reservoir No. 4 in 1868. The company obtained the water by digging a ditch that sent water flowing from the Los Angeles River — in the area now known as Los Feliz — along a zigzag path that emptied into the reservoir.


title: Echo Park

text: In 1891 the four owners of the surrounding area gave up 33 acres (13 ha) of land to the city around the reservoir so that it could be used as a park. The city began work landscaping the park in October 1892. City parks superintendent Joseph Henry Tomlinson is recognized for coining the name of the new park, which later became the name of the neighborhood. He chose the name because of echoes he heard during the construction of Echo Park Lake in 1892. By 1895, the park and accompanying boathouse were completed.


title: Echo Park

text: By the late 1910s, motion picture companies on Allesandro Street, now Glendale Boulevard, had been using the park as a filming location. City leaders responded by barring Keystone Studios, home of the Keystone Cops, from shooting any of its comedies at the lake, on the grounds that too many flowers were being trampled.


title: Echo Park

text: Echo Park Lake was identified as an impaired body of water in 2006, and the city allocated $64.7 million to fund its cleanup and revitalization. The lake was closed off and drained in the summer of 2011 when renovation work began. The rehabilitation project tackled Echo Park Lake not only as a recreational body of water, but also as an important part of the Los Angeles ecosystem. Although Echo Park Lake is man-made, it is part of the local watershed. The lake reopened on June 5, 2013, after a $45 million renovation.


title: Echo Park

text: Starting in November 2019, a growing population of homeless people began moving into tents in the park, eventually covering the northwest corner of the facility and the entire west bank by the lake. On March 25, 2021, the park was closed for renovations and cleared of the homeless encampments. This was done to address the high increase of the homeless population throughout the park and repair any damages. Closure notices were posted throughout the park days before the sweep, but a crowd of over 200 protesters met LAPD. According to Mitch O'Farrell, more than 120 people experiencing homelessness at Echo Park Lake were successfully moved into transitional housing. This situation has caused tension between neighbors on how to handle the homeless problem in Los Angeles properly.


title: Echo Park

text: The Glendale Freeway (SR 2) was originally planned and constructed in 1959 to connect with the Hollywood Freeway (US-101) through the neighborhoods of Silver Lake and Echo Park, but terminates roughly northeast of its intended terminus at the Hollywood Freeway due to opposition from residents living and developers building on a hill that is now a private gated community called Hathaway Estates. In 1962, as a result of this local community opposition, the full build-out plan was rescinded and construction was terminated at the present SR-2 terminus near Glendale Bl and Duane Street. Since then, commuter traffic exiting and entering on to SR-2 has passed through the community, primarily along Glendale Bl and Alvarado Street, which has contributed to congestion. Since that plan has been scrapped, the freeway is somewhat isolated from the remainder of the Los Angeles freeway system. There have been proposals to turn the freeway stub into a sort of public park.


title: Echo Park

text: The Pacific Electric Railway, better known as the Red Cars, used to run through Echo Park along the center of Glendale Boulevard. The citywide system of electric trolleys began with the dawn of the 20th century, ultimately spinning a web of rail that linked cities in Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino and Riverside counties. It was the largest and most advanced public transit system in the world at the time.


title: Echo Park

text: The Red Car system was sold to Metropolitan Coach Lines, whose executive, Jesse Haugh, had connections to a public transportation company funded by General Motors and other auto-related industries. The Red Cars faded out of service not long afterwards, with the Los Angeles-Glendale-Burbank Line that traveled through Echo Park officially ending service on June 19, 1955.


title: Echo Park

text: Echo Park has been infamous as being a hot spot for gang activity. This was true in the 1980s and 1990s, but in the early 2010s as the neighborhood began gentrifying, rents started to skyrocket, and a controversial gang injunction forced gang members to move outside their turf, instances of gang violence waned.


title: Echo Park

text: In 2013, a Los Angeles judge signed off on a permanent gang injunction aimed at six rival gangs in the Echo Park area, creating what authorities call a "safety zone" for the area. The injunction targets the members of six gangs, namely Echo Park Locos, the Crazys, the Big Top Locos, the Diamond Street Locos, Frogtown Rifa, and Head Hunters. The perimeter for the safety zone is roughly bound by the Los Angeles River to the north, the 110 Freeway to the east, Beverly Boulevard to south and Glendale Boulevard to the west. It includes Echo Park Lake park and Dodger Stadium.


title: Echo Park

text: The injunction, a civil order, prohibits two or more listed gang members from associating in any way in public or in common areas like courtyards. It also allows for stricter penalties if any listed gang member is caught with drugs, alcohol, guns or vandalizing property.


title: Echo Park

text: Echo Park has many rolling hills and valleys with a few flat areas like Echo Park Lake. Its main commercial corridors are Sunset and Glendale boulevards.


title: Echo Park

text: According to the "Los Angeles Times" "Mapping L.A." project, Echo Park is in Central Los Angeles, between Hollywood and Downtown Los Angeles. It is situated near the 101, the 2, and the 5 freeways. Echo Park is flanked by Elysian Valley to the north and northeast, Elysian Park to the east, Chinatown and Downtown to the southeast, Westlake to the southwest and west, and Silver Lake to the northwest.


title: Echo Park

text: Boundaries are the Golden State Freeway–Glendale Freeway interchange at the north apex, Riverside Drive on the northeast, Elysian Park neighborhood on the east, Stadium Way and Beaudry Avenue on the southeast, the south apex being Beaudry Avenue and West Second Street and the west limit being an irregular line consisting of Second Street and Beverly Boulevard, then moving upward north along Benton Way and the Glendale Freeway.


title: Echo Park

text: Being in the central part of Los Angeles, Echo Park experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). Temperatures here are almost identical to that of Downtown Los Angeles.


title: Echo Park

text: Angelino Heights is most notable for its Victorian era residences, although these are few in number. It lies at an elevation of .


title: Echo Park

text: Since the 1910s, Elysian Heights, along with Edendale, has been home to many of the counter-culture, political radicals, artists, writers, architects and filmmakers. The children of many progressives attended school there during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.


title: Echo Park

text: Temple–Beaudry forms a triangle south of the Hollywood Freeway, east of Glendale Boulevard, and west of Beaudry. Settled in the late 1800s as a residential neighborhood, many of the residences were torn down as part of slum clearance in preparation for a high school, which was instead turned into Vista Hermosa Park, and in anticipations of the expansion of the Downtown business district west across the Harbor Freeway, for which some promoters used the term "Central City West" around 1990 for this area plus the area to its south, immediately west of the Harbor Freeway and as far south as Olympic Boulevard.


title: Echo Park

text: Victor Heights lies between Chinatown, Los Angeles, and the central part of Echo Park, off Sunset Boulevard near the Pasadena Freeway below Elysian Park. One of its streets is the hilly Figueroa Terrace, where in 1992 a resident named Betty Oyama lived and helped popularized a name for Victor Heights as the "Forgotten Edge", because, as she said, the Police Department couldn't figure out where Victor Heights was exactly. In a feature story about Oyama's successful fight to form a Neighborhood Watch, a "Los Angeles Times" reporter said of Victor Heights that it was "a mix of new and old housing styles and [of] residents who span the socioeconomic and ethnic spectrums. New condominium complexes stand next to 1920s-era bungalow houses and old apartment buildings."


title: Echo Park

text: In 2009 Victor Heights and its hilly streets were described as "a collection of stuccoed apartments and faded bungalows, a place with a lot of old-timers." With its dramatic views of the Los Angeles Civic Center, Victor Heights had a population of "older Italians and Croatians who once dominated the area," along with "newer Asian and Latino immigrants [and] a smattering of hipsters betting that Victor Heights will be the next big thing." The area became known for the flock of peacocks and peahens, with their chicks, who had taken over parts of the district, often on Everett Street, where they gathered in the morning.


title: Echo Park

text: Victor Heights is an old area. In 1887 "Choice lots, commanding a splendid view," were being advertised for $1,200. Lesser lots went for $700 to $1,300. All had "Water piped through the street." In 1908 its residents took a fight against disruptive dynamite blasting by the Los Angeles Brick Company in Chavez Ravine to the Los Angeles City Police Commission. They complained that the explosions were "cracking the plaster on their walls and causing their homes to settle to such an extent that they could not open their doors.


title: Echo Park

text: The 2000 U.S. census counted 40,455 residents in the neighborhood—an average of 16,868 people per square mile, one of the highest densities in Los Angeles and among the highest densities for the county. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 43,832. The median age for residents was 30, about the same as the city norm.


title: Echo Park

text: Echo Park was considered moderately diverse ethnically. The breakdown was Latinos, 64%; Asians, 18.8%; whites, 12.9%; blacks, 2%, and others, 2.3%. Mexico (41.3%) and El Salvador (15.2%) were the most common places of birth for the 53% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high compared to the city as a whole.


title: Echo Park

text: The median household income in 2008 dollars was $37,708, a low figure for Los Angeles, and a high percentage of households earned $20,000 or less. The average household size of three people was about the same as the rest of the city. Renters occupied 76% of the housing units, and house- or apartment owners the rest.


title: Echo Park

text: The percentages of never-married men and women, 46.8% and 38.3%, respectively, were among the county's highest. The 2000 census found 5,325 families headed by single parents, a high rate for both the city and the county. There were 1,034 military veterans in 2000, or 3.5%, a low figure for Los Angeles.


title: Echo Park

text: Census data below for Echo Park is generally cited from only US Census District 1974.20 and does not include a large portion of what is geographically and culturally considered Echo Park. District boundaries shifted from 2000 to 2010 in most of the other contributing districts, so trends are not necessarily reliably reported by the data. It is also alleged that Echo Park and Hollywood are among the lowest responding areas to census polls.


title: Echo Park

text: The 2010 US Census estimates that the neighborhood demographics for tract 1974.20 are as follows: Latinos still form the majority of the community, though the percentage fell from 69.8% in 2000 to 59.5% in 2010; Whites grew from 13.2% in 2000 to 23.2% in 2010; Asian population remained almost unchanged at 13.3% in 2010 compared to 13.2% in 2000; Other grew from 3.4% in 2000 to 4% in 2010. The number of people in the district shrank by almost 15% to around 3500 people. This represents less than 10% of the number of residents considered to live in Echo Park. The demographic shift from Latino to White is generally acknowledged as the overall trend in the area.


title: Echo Park

text: Data collected by Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count in 2019 show that Echo Park's homeless population is 367 (0.9%).


title: Echo Park

text: Elysian Park is one of the largest in Los Angeles at 600 acres (240 ha). It is also the city's oldest park, founded in 1886 by the Elysian Park Enabling Ordinance. Most of Elysian Park falls in the Eastern neighborhood of the same name, but a small portion of the park does fall in Echo Park.


title: Echo Park

text: Originally built in the 1860s as a reservoir for drinking water, today Echo Park Lake is a Los Angeles icon that functions primarily as a detention basin in the city's storm drain system, while providing recreational benefits and wildlife habitat. Echo Park Lake also plays host to community events, such as the annual Lotus Festival every July.


title: Echo Park

text: A major renovation was completed in 2013. Beginning in 2019, the shores of the lake spawned a homeless encampment that became a "flashpoint in L.A's homelessness crisis."


title: Echo Park

text: As of March 25, 2021, the park was closed indefinitely for renovations. It reopened on May 26, 2021, after the tents were removed.


title: Echo Park

text: A urban natural park which features walking trails, streams, meadows, oak savannahs, picnic grounds, sweeping views of Downtown Los Angeles skyline, and a nature-themed playground amidst native Mediterranean vegetation. It is built on former residential land in the Temple–Beaudry district, houses that were torn down as part of slum clearance efforts, and which originally was destined for use as the site of a high school.


title: Echo Park

text: Echo Park resides in both Los Angeles City Council District 13 under Councilmember Mitch O'Farrell and Los Angeles City Council District 1 under Councilmember Gil Cedillo.


title: Echo Park

text: The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) operates the Rampart Community Police Station at 1401 West 6th St., 90017, located near Echo Park in the Westlake district of east-central Los Angeles. LAPD also operates an


title: Echo Park

text: LAPD Police Academy training facility Including a weapons firing range in Elysian Park adjacent to Dodger Stadium.


title: Echo Park

text: Mitch O'Farrell is an American politician and member of the Los Angeles City Council representing the 13th district, including Echo Park. O'Farrell was elected on May 21, 2013, to succeed outgoing incumbent Eric Garcetti, the 42nd Mayor of Los Angeles. His office resides at 1722 Sunset Blvd. in Downtown Echo Park.


title: Echo Park

text: The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Central Health Center in Downtown Los Angeles, serving Echo Park.


title: Echo Park

text: Maria Elena Durazo (born March 20, 1953) is an American politician serving in the California State Senate. A Democrat, she represents the 24th State Senate district, which encompasses Central Los Angeles and East Los Angeles, including Echo Park. Her District Office resides at 1808 Sunset Blvd. in Downtown Echo Park.


title: Echo Park

text: Eighteen percent of residents 25 and older have a four-year degree, about average for the city and the county, but there is a high percentage of residents with less than a high school diploma.


title: Echo Park

text: The Los Angeles Public Library operates two branches in Echo Park: Echo Park Branch and Edendale Branch.


title: Echo Park

text: The trendy Echo Park area, known as one of "the city's hippest neighborhoods", has many bars, night clubs, and restaurants. The sprawling historic Taix French restaurant (originally known as Les Freres Taix) has been a landmark in the community since moving to 1911 Sunset Boulevard from downtown Los Angeles in 1964. The 321 Lounge cocktail bar inside the restaurant has hosted live music and comedy for many years and is a longtime destination for Los Angeles Dodgers fans to congregate before or after a baseball game.


title: Mohini (Tamil actress)

text: Mahalakshmi Sreenivasan, better known by her stage name Mohini, is an Indian former actress who has acted in South Indian Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada films.


title: Mohini (Tamil actress)

text: Mohini was born as Mahalakshmi in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. She attended Children's Garden Higher Secondary School, Chennai.


title: Mohini (Tamil actress)

text: Mohini was a child actress. She acted in the movie 'Kootu Puzhukkal' (1987), starring Raghuvaran and Amala, as the hero's little sister. Mohini made her adult debut as a heroine with Eeramana Rojave and then was selected to act alongside Akshay Kumar in the 1991 Hindi film "Dancer", the only hindi film in her career. She has acted in over 100 movies in all South Indian languages, working with directors like Hariharan, Kamal and Singeetham Srinivasa Rao.


title: Walther Funk

text: Walther Funk (18 August 1890 – 31 May 1960) was a German economist and Nazi official who served as Reich Minister for Economic Affairs (1938–1945) and president of Reichsbank (1939–1945). During his incumbency, he oversaw the mobilization of German economy for rearmament and arrangement of forced labor in concentration camps. After the war he was tried and convicted as a major war criminal by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Sentenced to life in prison, he remained incarcerated until he was released on health grounds in 1957. He died three years later.


title: Walther Funk

text: Funk was born into a merchant family in 1890 in Danzkehmen (present-day Sosnowka in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast) near Trakehnen in East Prussia. He was the only one of the Nuremberg defendants who was born in the former eastern territories of Germany. He was the son of Wiesenbaumeister Walther Funk the elder and his wife Sophie (née Urbschat). He studied law, economics, and philosophy at the University of Berlin and the University of Leipzig. In World War I, he joined the infantry, but was wounded and subsequently discharged as medically unfit for service in 1916. Following the end of the war, he worked as a journalist, and in 1924 he became the editor of the centre-right financial newspaper the "Berliner Börsenzeitung". In 1920, Funk married Luise Schmidt-Sieben.


title: Walther Funk

text: Funk, who was a nationalist and anti-Marxist, resigned from the newspaper in the summer of 1931 and joined the Nazi Party, becoming close to Gregor Strasser, who arranged his first meeting with Adolf Hitler. Partially because of his interest in economic policy, he was elected a "Reichstag" deputy in July 1932, and within the party, he was made chairman of the Committee on Economic Policy in December 1932, a post that he did not hold for long. After the Nazi Party came to power, he stepped down from his "Reichstag" position and was made "Reich" Chief Press Officer, a post which involved censorship of anything deemed critical of Nazi policies. His boss was Joseph Goebbels.


title: Walther Funk

text: In March 1933, Funk was appointed as a State Secretary ("Staatssekretär") at the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ("Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda"). In the summer of 1936 when Hitler commissioned Albert Speer for the rebuilding of central Berlin, it was Funk who proposed his new title of "Inspector-General of Buildings for the Renovation of the Reich Capital". On 5 February 1938, Funk became General Plenipotentiary for Economics ("Generalbevollmächtigter für die Wirtschaft"), as well as "Reichsminister" of Economics ("Reichswirtschaftsminister") permanently replacing Hjalmar Schacht, who had resigned on 26 November 1937. Schacht had been engaged in a power struggle with "Reichsmarschall" Hermann Göring, who wanted to tie the ministry more closely to his Four Year Plan Office and who briefly served as Schacht's immediate successor between November 1937 and January 1938.


title: Walther Funk

text: Between April 1938 and March 1939 Funk was also a Director of the Swiss-based multi-national Bank of International Settlements, and in January 1939, Hitler appointed Funk as President of the "Reichsbank". Funk recorded that by 1938 the German state had confiscated Jewish property worth two million marks, using decrees from Hitler and other top Nazis to force German Jews to leave their property and assets to the State if they emigrated, such as the Reich Flight Tax.


title: Walther Funk

text: On 30 August, immediately prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, Funk was appointed by Hitler to the six-person Council of Ministers for Defense of the Reich which was set up to operate as a "war cabinet". Throughout the war years, Funk was present at a great many important meetings, including that held in the Great Hall of the [still extant] Air Ministry on 13 February 1942 chaired by Field-Marshal Erhard Milch about the four-year plan, which embraced the entire economy. 30 crucial people were present. Funk sat to the right of Milch, at his request. After much debate Albert Vogler said "there must be one man able to make decisions. Industry did not care who it was." After further discussion Funk stood up and nominated Milch as that man. Speer whispered to Milch this was not a good idea and Milch declined. Five days later Hitler conferred the role on Speer. As he and Funk walked Hitler back to his apartment in the Chancery Funk promised Speer that he would place everything at his disposal and do all in his power to help him. Speer relates that Funk "kept the promise, with minor exceptions." In September 1943, Funk was appointed as a fourth member of the Central Planning Board, which was charged with managing the raw materials and manpower for the entire war economy. He subsequently joined Robert Ley, Speer and Goebbels in the struggle against the influence on Hitler by Martin Bormann. Funk and Milch were again together for Goering's birthday party on 12 January 1944 when Funk, as he did every year, delivered the birthday speech at the banquet.


title: Walther Funk

text: Funk stayed in office until nearly the end of the Nazi regime and was named by Hitler in his political testament to continue as "Reichsminister" for the Economy in the cabinet of Joseph Goebbels. However, after Goebbels' suicide on 1 May 1945, Funk was not named to the cabinet formed by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk. Arrested by American forces on 11 May, he was sent to Camp Ashcan to await trial.


title: Walther Funk

text: Funk was tried with other Nazi leaders at the Nuremberg trials. He was accused by Allied prosecutors of having been closely involved in the State confiscation and disposal of the property of German Jews; and of conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes and crimes against humanity. He argued that, despite his employment titles, he had very little power in the regime. He did however, admit to signing the laws that "aryanized" Jewish property and in that respect claimed to be "morally guilty". At the Nuremberg trials American Chief Prosecutor Robert Jackson labeled Funk as "The Banker of Gold Teeth", referring to the practice of extracting gold teeth from Nazi concentration camp victims, and forwarding the teeth to the Reichsbank for melting down to yield bullion. Many other gold items were stolen from victims, such as jewellery, eyeglasses and finger rings. Other items stolen from the victims included their clothing, furniture, artwork and paintings, as well as any wealth in stocks, shares, businesses and companies. Such business assets were taken by aryanization with often large and profitable businesses sold for less than their true worth. The monetary proceeds of auctions of such assets as furniture were passed to the Reichsbank in Max Heiliger accounts for use by the Nazi state or the SS. Even the hair of the victims was taken by shaving either just before or just after their murder. When clothing was distributed after the victims were shot by the Einsatzgruppen, blood stains were often visible at and near the bullet holes.


title: Walther Funk

text: Funk was clearly distressed during the proceedings and cried during presentation of evidence such as the murders carried out in the Nazi concentration camps, and needed sleeping pills at night. Hjalmar Schacht relates that he, Funk and von Papen formed a close intimate circle at Nuremberg. He felt Funk was unable to comprehend the serious nature of the duties which he had undertaken. Schacht believed that there were many matters of which Funk had no knowledge whatsoever and that he gave a poor performance in the witness-box. However Albert Speer gave a different version of events. He said that when he first came into contact with Funk at Nuremberg "he looked extremely worn and downcast." But "Funk reasoned skillfully and in a way that stirred my pity" in the witness box.


title: Walther Funk

text: Göring meanwhile described Funk as "an insignificant subordinate", but documentary evidence and his wartime biography "Walther Funk, A Life for the Economy" were used against him during the trial, leading to his conviction on counts 2, 3 and 4 of the indictment and his sentence of life imprisonment.


title: Walther Funk

text: Funk was held at Spandau Prison along with other senior Nazis. He was released on 16 May 1957 because of ill health. He made a last-minute call on Rudolf Hess, Albert Speer and Baldur von Schirach before leaving the prison. He died of diabetes three years later in Düsseldorf .


title: Walther Funk

text: Schacht, who knew Funk well, said he was "extraordinarily musical" being "a first-rate connoisseur of music whose personal preferences in life were decidedly for the artistic and literary." At a dinner when he sat next to Funk, the orchestra played a melody by Franz Lehár. Funk remarked "Ah! Lehár – the Fuhrer is particularly fond of his music." Schacht replied, jokingly, "It's a pity that Lehár is married to a Jewess", to which Funk immediately responded, "That's something the Fuhrer must not know on any account!" Speer relates how Hitler played for him a record of Liszt's "Les Préludes" and said "This is going to be our victory fanfare for the Russian campaign. Funk chose it!"


title: Equal-loudness contour

text: An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure level, over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones. The unit of measurement for loudness levels is the phon and is arrived at by reference to equal-loudness contours. By definition, two sine waves of differing frequencies are said to have equal-loudness level measured in phons if they are perceived as equally loud by the average young person without significant hearing impairment.


title: Equal-loudness contour

text: The Fletcher–Munson curves are one of many sets of equal-loudness contours for the human ear, determined experimentally by Harvey Fletcher and Wilden A. Munson, and reported in a 1933 paper entitled "Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation" in the "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America". Fletcher–Munson curves have been superseded and incorporated into newer standards. The definitive curves are those defined in ISO 226 from the International Organization for Standardization, which are based on a review of modern determinations made in various countries.


title: Equal-loudness contour

text: Amplifiers often feature a "loudness" button, known technically as loudness compensation, that boosts low and high-frequency components of the sound. These are intended to offset the apparent loudness fall-off at those frequencies, especially at lower volume levels. Boosting these frequencies produces a flatter equal-loudness contour that appears to be louder even at low volume, preventing the perceived sound from being dominated by the mid-frequencies where the ear is most sensitive.