title: Kushwaha

text: Earlier, the Koeris were given fair representation in Laloo Yadav as well as Rabri Devi regime. The backward politics unleashed by Laloo Prasad resulted in rise to political prominence of numerous backward castes, among which Koeri were prominent. In this period, caste remained the most effective tool of political mobilisation and even leaders who were theoretically against caste-based politics also appealed to caste loyalties to secure their victory. The Rabri Devi government had appointed ten Koeris as minister in her cabinet, which was sought by many community leaders as a fair representation to the clan.


title: Kushwaha

text: The portrayal of Laloo Yadav as a "Messiah of backward castes" lost the ground when the Yadav ascendancy in politics led other aspirational backward castes to move away from his party. In the meantime during 1990s, Nitish Kumar, who was projected as the leader of Kurmi and Koeri communities formed the Samta Party, leading to the isolation of Koeri-Kurmi community from Yadavs and Laloo Prasad.


title: Kushwaha

text: Thus, the decades following independence witnessed a complete shift of power from upper castes to the "upper backward castes": a term coined to describe castes like the Koeri, Yadav, Kurmi and Bania in Bihar. The transfer of power was also witnessed at the local level of governance. The upper caste were first to acquire education and they benefitted from it initially but with the expansion in electoral franchise and growth of "party system", they lost the ground to upper backward communities. Nepotism and patronage for fellow caste members in government, which had previously been an upper-caste phenomenon, was now available to the upper backward communities. This phenomenon continued with Karpoori Thakur in the 1970s, who had provided 12% reservation to lower backward castes and 8% to upper backwards in which Koeri were included. The peak of this patronage was reached during the tenure of Laloo Yadav.


title: Kushwaha

text: From 1990 onwards the solidarity of backward castes was severely weakened due to division among the Koeri-Kurmi community and Yadavs. The former's voting pattern was in quite contrast to that of the latter. When Samta Party allied with the Bhartiya Janata Party, Koeris voted for this alliance and thus in 1996 Lok Sabha elections BJP fared well, primarily with the support of Koeri and Kurmis. The division among backwards also costed their representation in the assemblies. It was seen that profile of Bihar legislative assembly was changing rapidly since 1967 and till 1995-96 the representation of upper caste was reduced to as lower as 17%. But, the division among backwards served as a hope to the upper castes to at least increase their representation. The success of BJP-Samta coalition however also consolidated the Koeris and the Kurmis, who now emerged as political force in 1996 elections.


title: Kushwaha

text: Since 1996 the Koeris voted en masse for the JD (U) and BJP coalition. The caste based polarisation in states like Bihar drifted the dominant backward castes away from the Rashtriya Janata Dal and distributed their votes to various political parties. The Koeris who constituted one of the most populous caste group were shifted first towards JD (U)-BJP coalition. Later after the expulsion of Upendra Kushwaha from the JD (U) and formation of Rashtriya Lok Samata Party, their votes were distributed amongst the JD (U) on the one hand and the new social coalition made by BJP with Lok Janshakti Party and Rashtriya Lok Samata Party on the other hand.


title: Kushwaha

text: In 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections the Janata Dal (United) allied with its rival Rashtriya Janata Dal due to differences with Bhartiya Janata Party. The social composition of these parties and the core voter base are such that this coalition drew immense support from the Yadav, Kurmi and Kushwaha caste who hardly voted together after the 1990s. Consequently, the coalition emerged with massive victory with the number of legislators from these agrarian castes reaching higher as compared to previous elections. Later the coalition was ripped apart and in 2020 Assembly elections the disunity among the three castes and split of votes led to huge decline in number of Kushwaha legislators.


title: Kushwaha

text: In the central Bihar backward castes like Koeri are numerically and politically powerful and hence they reject the traditional "Jajmani system" which relies upon Brahmanical notion of purity and pollution. The backward caste groups in this region thus do not avail the services of Brahmin priests to perform their rituals. In most of the cases, Koeri households employ a Koeri priest to perform their rituals and their services are also availed by other backward castes like Yadav. These priest who belong to Koeri caste are different from the Brahmin priests in their approval of widow remarriage. They also promote non-vegetarianism and do not grow "tuft" like the Brahmins. The "tika" (liquid form of sandalwood on the head) which is made by the Brahmin priests on their forehead is also disapproved by them.


title: Kushwaha

text: The Kushwaha were traditionally a peasant community and considered to be of the Shudra varna. Pinch describes them as "skilled agriculturalists". The traditional perception of Shudra status was increasingly challenged during the later decades of British Raj rule, although various castes had made claims of a higher status well before the British administration instituted its first census. The Kurmi community of cultivators, described by Christophe Jaffrelot as "middle caste peasants", led this charge in search of greater respectability. Pinch describes that "The concern with personal dignity, community identity, and caste status reached a peak among Kurmi, Yadav, and Kushvaha peasants in the first four decades of the twentieth century."


title: Kushwaha

text: From around 1910, the Kachhis and the Koeris, both of whom for much of the preceding century had close links with the British as a consequence of their favoured role in the cultivation of the opium poppy, began to identify themselves as Kushwaha Kshatriya. An organisation claiming to represent those two groups and the Muraos petitioned for official recognition as being of the Kshatriya varna in 1928.


title: Kushwaha

text: This action by the All India Kushwaha Kshatriya Mahasabha (AIKKM) reflected the general trend for social upliftment by communities that had traditionally been classified as being Shudra. The process, which M. N. Srinivas called sanskritisation, was a feature of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century caste politics.


title: Kushwaha

text: The position of the AIKKM was based on the concept of Vaishnavism, which promoted the worship and claims of descent from Rama or Krishna as a means to assume the trappings of Kshatriya symbolism and thus permit the wearing of the sacred thread even though the physical labour inherent in their cultivator occupations intrinsically defined them as Shudra. The movement caused them to abandon their claims to be descended from Shiva in favour of the alternate myth that claimed descent from Rama. In 1921, Ganga Prasad Gupta, a proponent of Kushwaha Sanskritization, had published a book offering proof of the Kshatriya status of the Koeri, Kachhi, Murao and Kachwaha. His reconstructed history argued that the Kushwaha were Hindu descendants of Kush and that in the twelfth century they had served Raja Jaichand in a military capacity during the period of Muslim consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate. Subsequent persecution by the victorious Muslims caused the Kushwaha to disperse and disguise their identity, foregoing the sacred thread and thereby becoming degraded and taking on various localised community names. Gupta's attempt to prove Kshatriya status, in common with similar attempts by others to establish histories of various castes, was spread via the caste associations, which Dipankar Gupta describes as providing a link between the "urban, politically literate elite" members of a caste and the "less literate villagers". Some communities also constructed temples in support of these claims as, for example, did the Muraos in Ayodhya.


title: Kushwaha

text: Some Kushwaha reformers also argued, in a similar vein to Kurmi reformer Devi Prasad Sinha Chaudhari, that since Rajputs, Bhumihars and Brahmins worked the fields in some areas, there was no rational basis for assertions that such labour marked a community as being of the Shudra varna.


title: Kushwaha

text: William Pinch describes the growth of militancy among agricultural castes in the wake of their claims to Kshatriya status. Castes like Koeris, Kurmis and Yadavs asserted their Kshatriya status not merely by words but they joined the British Indian Army as soldiers in large number. The growing militancy among them turned rural Bihar into an arena of conflict in which numerous caste-based militias surfaced and atrocities against the Dalits became the new norm. The militias founded during this period were named after folk figures or popular personalities who were revered by the whole community.


title: Kushwaha

text: Kushwahas are classified as a Other Backward Class(OBC) in some of the states of India. In 2013, the Haryana government added the Kushwaha, Koeri/Maurya castes to the list of backward classes. In Bihar they are categorized as Other Backward Class. The various subcastes of Kushwaha community viz Kachhi, Shakya and Koeri are categorized as OBC in Uttar Pradesh also.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: Hedwig Potthast (5 February 1912 – 22 September 1994) was the private secretary and mistress of "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler, with whom she had two children.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: Born in 1912, Potthast began as Himmler's secretary in 1936 and by 1938 she had become his lover. She resigned from her duties in 1941, and subsequently had two children with Himmler, a boy and a girl. After World War II, Potthast married and lived the rest of her life outside the public eye. In post-war interviews, she refrained from answering questions about Himmler's involvement in war crimes committed by the Nazis or about her own knowledge of them. She died in 1994.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: Hedwig Potthast was born on 5 February 1912 in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia as the daughter of a local businessman. After her final "Abitur" exams at secondary school, she trained as a secretary qualified in foreign languages. At the end of her training in 1928, Potthast worked in Koblenz.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: Through Kurt Baron von Schröder, one of the founders of the "Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft" ("Circle of Friends of the Economy"), she met "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler. In 1934, she was employed at Gestapo headquarters at Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse in Berlin. From early 1936 until early 1941, Potthast was Himmler's private secretary, and in this function was particularly responsible for Himmler's sponsorship and giving of awards.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: Himmler and Potthast confessed their love for each other at Christmas time in 1938. At first they tried to keep it platonic, but they fell into an adulterous relationship. Himmler's wife since 1928 and mother of their daughter, Margarete Himmler, found out about Himmler's relationship with Potthast at some time in February 1941. She felt humiliated and bitter, and Potthast's parents rejected the extramarital relationship. Potthast first took up residence in Grunewald and from 1943 she lived in Brückentin, near the estate of Oswald Pohl, because she was a friend of his wife, Eleonore. Lina Heydrich, wife of Himmler's right-hand man Reinhard Heydrich, and Gerda Bormann, spouse of Martin Bormann, were also counted among her friends. Later she lived in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: Potthast had two children with Himmler. Helge, a son born 15 February 1942 in the Hohenlychen Sanatorium, and Nanette-Dorothea, a daughter born 20 July 1944 in Berchtesgaden. That same year, Himmler borrowed 80,000 "Reichsmarks" from the Nazi Party Chancellery and had a house built for Potthast near Berchtesgaden.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: Little is known about the overall relationship between Himmler and Potthast. The couple most likely saw each other only infrequently due to Himmler's activity in his numerous offices. It remains unclear how much, if anything, either Potthast or Himmler's wife knew about his "secret work", his involvement in the Final Solution, the genocide of the Jews. Potthast's relationship with Himmler ended in early 1945,—they met for the last time in mid-March 1945, after which they shared daily telephone calls until 19 April 1945.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: When World War II in Europe ended, Potthast was in Achensee, Austria, and, after having learned of the death of Himmler on the radio on 23 May 1945, went into hiding, living temporarily with Eleonore Pohl in Rosenheim, Upper Bavaria. In June/July 1945, she was arrested there by members of the U.S. Army and interrogated for several days in Munich. Margarete and Himmler's daughter, Gudrun Burwitz, did not learn of her half-siblings until after the war. When she tried to make contact with them, Potthast refused. She lived in Theissendorf and kept in contact with the family of Himmler's older brother, Gebhard, as well as Himmler's former close confidant, Karl Wolff, until the 1950s.


title: Hedwig Potthast

text: Potthast later married and took her husband's name. Her son struggled with ailments throughout his life and stayed with her; her daughter became a physician. In a 1987 interview with former "Der Spiegel" editor Peter-Ferdinand Koch, Potthast remained silent about Himmler's responsibility for Nazi war crimes. She died on 22 September 1994, aged 82, in Baden-Baden, Baden-Württemberg.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: Luscious Jackson is an alternative rock/rap-rock group formed in 1991. The band's name is a reference to former American basketball player Lucious Jackson.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: The original band consisted of Jill Cunniff (vocals, bass), Gabby Glaser (vocals, guitar), and Vivian Trimble (keyboards, vocals). Drummer Kate Schellenbach joined the band midway through the recording of their 1992 debut EP "In Search of Manny".


title: Luscious Jackson

text: Between 1993 and 2000, the band released one EP, three full-length LPs, and ten singles on the Beastie Boys' Grand Royal label. Their biggest hit—and only "Billboard" Hot 100 entry—was "Naked Eye". Other singles include "Here," "Daughters of the Kaos", "Citysong", "Under Your Skin" and "Ladyfingers".


title: Luscious Jackson

text: Keyboardist Vivian Trimble left the group in 1998, and in 2000 the group announced their breakup, after releasing one album as a trio. February 2007 saw the release of the group's "Greatest Hits".


title: Luscious Jackson

text: In 2011, the three remaining members announced that they had reunited and were planning to make new music. The band released two new albums, including a children's album, in November 2013.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: In 1991, Jill Cunniff and Gabby Glaser created the first Luscious Jackson demo with tip money from their restaurant jobs. The band's name was derived from a malapropism of the name of former American basketball player Lucious Jackson, after the band members heard an announcer on ESPN's "SportsCenter" mispronounce Jackson's first name as "Luscious" and thought it would make for a great band name. Their first live performance was opening for Beastie Boys and Cypress Hill at the now-defunct Building in lower New York City. The Beastie Boys asked Luscious Jackson to be the first band on their Grand Royal label.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: Former Beastie Boys band member Kate Schellenbach soon joined Luscious Jackson on drums, while Vivian Trimble took keyboard and backing vocal duties.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: Three tracks from the original Luscious Jackson demo, along with four new songs, were released in 1992 as the "In Search of Manny" EP. "Let Yourself Get Down" and "Daughters of the Kaos" were issued as promotional singles, while a video was also filmed for the latter.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: After previewing two new recordings from their forthcoming album on the promotional "Daughters of the Kaos" EP, Luscious Jackson released their first full-length LP for the Grand Royal label, "Natural Ingredients" (1994). The album spawned three minor hits with "Citysong", "Deep Shag" and "Here", the latter featured in the film "Clueless" (1995). In addition, all three singles had music videos which received airplay on MTV.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: The years 1994 and 1995 brought continued success for the band. They took part in the Lollapalooza tour and were the musical guest on numerous television shows, including "Saturday Night Live", "Viva Variety" and MTV's "120 Minutes". They were also featured in a fashion segment on MTV's "House of Style" and on the Nickelodeon series "The Adventures of Pete and Pete" in the episode titled "Dance Fever", where the band performed "Angel", "Satellite", "Pele Merengue" and "Here" at Little Pete's first junior high dance.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: While on tour in 1995, Trimble and Cunniff recorded a collection of mellow, acoustic-driven songs under the name Kostars, titled "Klassics with a "K"". The album was released in 1996 and featured contributions by Schellenbach and Glaser, as well as Gene and Dean Ween of Ween, and was produced by Josephine Wiggs, bass player of the Breeders.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: The time between 1996 and 1997 was Luscious Jackson's most commercially successful period. While promoting the release of their second full-length album, 1996's "Fever In Fever Out" (produced by Daniel Lanois), they scored their first "Billboard" Top 40 hit with "Naked Eye". Two follow-up singles were released: "Under Your Skin" and "Why Do I Lie?," the latter of which was featured in the Gus Van Sant film "Good Will Hunting" (1997).


title: Luscious Jackson

text: During this time, Luscious Jackson's "Nice Duds" fan club members received a 10-track CD album of demos and live rarities titled "Tip Top Starlets".


title: Luscious Jackson

text: In 1998, Luscious Jackson recorded George Gershwin's "I've Got a Crush on You" for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album "Red Hot + Rhapsody", a tribute to Gershwin which raised money for various charities devoted to increasing AIDS awareness and fighting the disease. Luscious Jackson were featured in an ad campaign for the Gap throughout 1998 and 1999. Their Christmas ad "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" was voted the most popular of the campaign in "TV Guide".


title: Luscious Jackson

text: In April of that year, Trimble left Luscious Jackson to pursue other interests, stating that she had grown tired of touring and wanted to ground herself in New York City. Two years later, Trimble and Josephine Wiggs released a self-titled album under the name Dusty Trails.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: In 1999, Luscious Jackson (recording as a trio) released their third full-length LP, "Electric Honey". The single "Ladyfingers" was a moderate success, with the video put into heavy rotation on VH1. "Ladyfingers" was also featured in the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" TV series episode "Beer Bad", as well as the "Witch Trial" episode of "Charmed". A second single, "Nervous Breakthrough", was issued without a music video or commercial single release. Plans for releasing "Devotion" as the third single from "Electric Honey" were scrapped as interest in the album waned, although a radio/single remix was prepared.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: The band embarked upon a tour that year with Cibo Matto, and both bands had performed at that year's Lilith Fair. Trimble was replaced by Singh Birdsong on keyboards, and the touring group was joined by DJ Alex Young and bassist/percussionist Tia Sprocket. In August, the tour included a date at the Opera House in Toronto.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: In 2000, Luscious Jackson announced they would no longer be recording or touring, as they wanted to spend more time with their families.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: On February 20, 2007, Cunniff released her first solo album, "City Beach", on the Militia Group label.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: In 2006, Luscious Jackson announced plans to reunite to record a new album of songs for children. By September of that year, the band had completed eleven tracks for the album and was seeking a label to release it. It was untitled, although Cunniff told MTV she wanted to call it "It's All Goo".


title: Luscious Jackson

text: On July 8, Luscious Jackson's official Twitter and Facebook accounts became active and confirmed that the band had reunited. Cunniff, Glaser and Schellenbach all returned to the band, while Trimble did not. Working with Pledgemusic as part of a fundraising drive, the band hoped to finish their album for children that had first been planned in 2006. They also revealed plans to make a new studio album, their first since 1999. A previously unreleased track from 1999 called "Girlscout" was also made available by the band as a free download.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: On February 8, 2012, "Rolling Stone" magazine posted an article on how the band had reunited quietly in 2011 after more than a decade apart to begin work on their first album of new material since "Electric Honey". The band opted to skip signing to a traditional label in favor of funding their new project through Pledgemusic. A track titled "Are You Ready?" was made available via internet stream. In September 2013, the lead single from their forthcoming album "Magic Hour", "So Rock On", was premiered on NPR's "All Songs Considered" program.


title: Luscious Jackson

text: The trio released "Magic Hour" on November 5, 2013, followed by their children's album, "Baby DJ", on November 12. The band performed two shows in support of "Magic Hour" in Philadelphia on November 23 and New York on December 7, followed by an appearance on "Late Show with David Letterman" on November 18. Sporadic performances followed in 2014 and 2016, before Luscious Jackson halted activities in 2017.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Water scarcity in India is an ongoing water crisis that affects nearly hundreds of million of people each year. In addition to affecting the huge rural and urban population, the water scarcity in India also extensively affects the ecosystem and agriculture. India has only 4% of the world’s fresh water resources despite a population of over 1.39 billion people. In addition to the disproportionate availability of freshwater, water scarcity in India also results from drying up of rivers and their reservoirs in the summer months, right before the onset of the monsoons throughout the country. The crisis has especially worsened in the recent years due to climate change which results in delayed monsoons, consequently drying out reservoirs in several regions. Other factors attributed to the shortage of water in India are a lack of proper infrastructure and government oversight and unchecked water pollution.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: The acute shortage of water for daily needs has prompted many government and non government organizations to take stringent measures to combat the problem. The Government of India has launched multiple schemes and programs, including the formation buck of an entire 'Jal Shakti' Ministry to deal with the problem. The government has also insisted on techniques such as rainwater harvesting, water conservation and more efficient irrigation. Agriculture alone is responsible for 80% of the country’s water usage.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Several large cities of India have experienced water shortages in recent years, with Chennai being the most prominent in 2019. The shortage of water affected the entire city of 9 million people and resulted in the closure of several hotels, restaurants and businesses. According to a report by the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), at least 21 major Indian cities, including the capital New Delhi will completely run out of groundwater by 2020. The report also noted that approximately 200,000 people die in India each year due to the lack of access to safe drinking water.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: The scarcity of water in India affects hundreds of millions of people across the country. A major portion of the population does not have a reliable and constant means of getting water for their daily needs. In June 2019, 65% of all reservoirs in India reported below-normal water levels, and 12% were completely dry. Since tap water is unavailable in many cities including some megacities such as Chennai, residents are reliant on alternative water sources. The country has scattered public water pumps but a lot of them are located far away from cities and their water flow is intermittent and unpredictable. A lot of Indians are forced with the option of spending money to buy drinking water but the poor sections of the society are unable to afford it on a daily basis which creates a massive problem of water scarcity for the rural population of India.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Limited accessibility to water is a threat to the people's health. Insufficient water has the capacity to deteriorate the health of an entire city in times of a water crisis. In the city of Latur, the depletion of more than 90% of water sources resulted in a major health crisis and people were forced to dig borewells into the ground, exposing themselves to dangerous chemicals and risking contamination. Some local residents were forced to consume polluted water sources due to the crisis at hand. In June 2016, the count of health problems skyrocketed in Latur, with multiple people showing symptoms of fever, infection, dehydration, vomiting, and kidney ailments. In addition to this health crisis, hospitals were unable to safely perform any surgery due to the increased threat of post-operative infections and complications resulting from a lack of clean drinking water.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: A similar crisis emerged in Chennai in 2019 resulting in violent incidents and protests amongst the residents of the city. In June 2019 in Chennai, a woman was stabbed by her neighbor as she attempted to dig a borewell for water.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: In February 2016, New Delhi was led to the brink of a severe water crisis by some Jat tribe demonstrators who purposefully damaged the Munak canal, a crucial source of water supply for the city. The protests were in retaliation to the Supreme Court judgement which cancelled Other Backward Class (OBC) quotas for them.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: The water crisis in India was also exacerbated by the emergence of the so-called water mafia or 'tanker mafia'. Tanker mafia refers to private water tank owners who smuggle clean water illegally and sell it to local people at expensive prices. The tanker mafia is notorious in the city of Bhopal, where the mafia has been reported to bully poor residents and competing businesses, creating an atmosphere of social instability.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Water scarcity also threatens the lives of wild animals across India. Wild animals are forced to infiltrate villages and cities in India as they attempt to find potable water. In 2016, the city of Mettur and Kolathur experienced an acute water shortage caused by a drought, which caused water bodies in nearby forests to dry out. Eventually, local wild animals like elephants, tigers, and spotted deers started to sneak into the cities in search of water. Some of these animals pose a threat to the citizens, as they can attack people. Some animals like spotted deers get physically attacked by dogs in the process, or they wind up injured or dead in accidents. In the Madurai district, the acute water shortage caused Indian gaurs to die by falling into wells as they looked for water.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Water is essential to the popular occupation of agriculture in India. Farmers are unable to produce crops in the absence of water. The drought in 2019 even destroyed the supplementary crops in addition to the winter crops. The scarcity of water has rendered a lot of valuable farmland in India completely useless and much of the farming industry in these regions has ceased to operate. In 2016, the city of Latur witnessed mass unemployment, where about half of its workforce was threatened to be unemployed as the agricultural industry struggled. Much of the local economy and farming regions nearly collapsed as the citizens were left with no choice but to use the polluted water. This implied reduced job opportunities in rural areas, which pushed citizens to move to the cities in search of jobs. Such a trend only adds pressure to the already strained infrastructure as the demand for water in large cities continues to increase.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Monsoon is defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. The North-East monsoon is responsible for 10%-20% rainfall of the total rainfall in India, while the South-West monsoon provides approximately 80% of rainfall. Therefore, the effects of climate change on the monsoon seasons is one of the important reasons for decrease in rainfall and water shortage in India. In recent years, monsoons in India have become more sporadic while also reducing in their length and hence reducing the total precipitation.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: In 2018, the North-East monsoon decreased by 44% and the South-West monsoon was deficient by 10%. The summer South-West monsoon that usually results in rainfall from the months of June till September was delayed for 10 days, causing the rainfall in the area to decrease by 36 percent in comparison to the 50-year average. Because of the lower rainfall, water levels in reservoirs across the country decreased and led to extreme shortages of water in many major cities of India. During the first half year of 2019, 91 major reservoirs in the country recorded a 32% drop in their water capacity, resulting in disasters such as the Chennai Water Crisis


title: Water scarcity in India

text: The economic impact of rising sea levels is substantially evident within India. The damage cost is estimated at between US$24 billion and US$36 billion. This is primarily due to the rate of high emissions in conjunction with the increasing instability of ice sheets. These rising emissions are a predominant factor behind why India is consequently facing higher temperatures. The ‘wet-bulb temperature’, an approximate tool that integrates heat and humidity is expected to be at a constant rate of 31 Celsius. That rate resembles an adverse impact on human life due to the impacts of climate change in relation to water.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Due to the lack of a long-term water management plan, many of the country’s rivers either run dry or have been polluted. Although one of the most important river in India, Ganga is also the one that is most severely polluted. The pollution mostly results from untreated sewage from densely populated cities, industrial waste as well as due to religious ceremonies in and around the river. Ganga is a holy river in Hindu mythology and during religious festivals, over 70 million people bathe in the Ganges, believed to wash off their sins. The bones and ashes remaining after Hindu cremation are also thrown into Ganges along with other religious waste. Sometimes, half-cremated bodies are also thrown into the Ganges in order to let them decompose in water.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Although the Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1984 in a bid to clean the Ganges River within 25 years, the river is still highly polluted, with a high proportion of heavy metals and lethal chemicals that can even cause cancer. The unsatisfying result of the Ganga Action Plan has been attributed to a "lack of technical knowledge" and "misplaced priorities". Other cited reasons also include lack of maintenance of the facilities as well as an inadequate fees for the services.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: India is the world's biggest groundwater user, extracting of groundwater in 2010, compared to of groundwater extracted by the United States. From 2007 to 2017, the continued exploitation of groundwater caused the groundwater level in India to decrease by 61 percent, according to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). The unmonitored and unregulated extraction of groundwater has diminished and contaminated the water resources, and therefore threatens the people who depend on these water sources for their daily needs. According to a report by NITI Ayog in 2018, “the country was suffering from the worst water crisis in the history”. The report also pointed out that 21 Indian cities will run out of ground water by 2020.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Groundwater meets more than half of the country’s need of water supply, and nearly 89% of the groundwater extracted in India is used for irrigation. The traditional techniques of irrigation are also to blame for the water crisis as they result in a majority of water loss and evaporation during the irrigation process.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: According to the Central Water Commission, even though climate change has resulted in a reduction in rainfall and thereby the water supply, the country still receives enough rainfall to meet the needs of over 1 billion people. However, India only catches only 8 percent of its annual rainfall due to poor rainwater harvesting. Due to rapid urbanisation, a lot of the ponds used to capture water have been lost due to the rising population and inefficient implementation of city planning guidelines.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: India has also been lacking in the treatment of wastewater for reuse. Approximately 80 percent of domestic wastewater is drained out as waste and ends up flowing into other water bodies which lead to salt water sources such as the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: The Government of India has reformed several of its departments and initiated several water supply projects in the last 3 years to respond to the country’s growing water needs. The reforms include the establishment of a new ministry for water known as the Jal Shakti Ministry. The government also launched several projects in the main rivers and underground water sources. The Indian government has claimed that the new ministry and projects could increase the whole country’s water use efficiency by 20% in addition to enhancing the capacity of its water reserves and protecting the currently over-exploited area.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: In June 2019, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched a new plan, “Piped Water for All by 2024” in order to integrate different water resources management departments together to take charge of the ground and surface water depletion. The newly formed Jal Shakti ministry is responsible for publishing the policy guideline for water resources usage, regulating and leading the water resources related projects, and dealing with the cooperation, facilitation, and negotiation of water resources both internationally and in between states.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Prior to the formation of the Jal Shakti ministry, water resources in India were managed by different departments under the governance of either the local state government or the union government. The new ministry combines the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation with the former Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The government aims that this step will prevent various departments from conflicting and overlapping with each other. The Jal Shakti Ministry is responsible for managing the financial and technical resources, policy support and the pollution regulation deployment regarding the water resources throughout the country.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: The Ganges, a popular holy river in India, feeds millions of people in North India. Despite the heavy reliance of public life on the river, it was named as one of the 10 most dangerous rivers in the world in 2007 due to water pollution.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: The first Ganga river cleaning program (Ganga Action Plan) was started in 1985 with an aim to tackle the problem of excessive water pollution in the river. The program was gradually expanded to look after the other rivers in India as well. Over the past 20 years, over £100m has been spent to mitigate the effect of industrial pollution on rivers and other water bodies. However, the Ganga Action Plan has not shown any significant results over the years. In 2018, the Central Pollution Control Board and National Green Tribunal of India reported that only 7% of the water region in Ganga River is drinkable and only about 10% of the water can be used for bathing.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: To combat the problem of government incompetence in solving the water crisis, the Modi government announced that it will be launching new projects with more investment along with formulating new policies to manage the pollution in Ganga and other rivers in India.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: India has a huge number of Non Government Organisations that focus on solving water shortage problems for the citizens in affected areas. Some of the organizations such as 'FORCE' and 'Safe Water Network' are actively involved in dealing with the water crisis in India. International organisations such as 'We are Water' and UNICEF also very active in alleviating the problems of basic water supply and sanitation in villages.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Most of the non-governmental organizations work on raising social awareness and  establishing water resources projects for the heavily affected parts of the country.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Most non-governmental organizations consider raising social awareness as one of their main responsibilities. They are actively involved in teaching the locals how to preserve the water resources and how to increase the water usage efficiency by installing new water gathering stations and improving their irrigation techniques.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: ‘We are Water’ publishes documentary films every year broadcasting the severe water scarcity in India to raise social awareness. In its documentaries, We are Water highlights the main reasons for water scarcity in the country and how each civilian can work towards conserving water in their own homes. These documents are especially relevant in rural areas as the residents don’t have direct access to government schemes.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: A lot of non-governmental organisations in India are involved in establishing water harvesting structures in rural areas. For example, villagers in Palve Budruk, near Ahmednagar, developed a catchment plan covering 1,435 hectares – over 80% of the land available with support from UNICEF. The system consists of 3 dams, 20 canal bunds, two small percolation tanks linked to the main tank and 19 village ponds. Water stored in the percolation tank, is strictly meant for domestic use. Piped water is supplied for an hour a day in the morning, during which families are expected to fill up water for drinking and cooking.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: The Jal Bhagirathi Foundation is one of the most prominent non profit organisations in India dealing with the issues of water scarcity in the desert terrains of Rajasthan. The foundation has covered over 550 villages and revived more than 2000 water harvesting structures in the region. The organisation claims to harvest over 4000 million litres of water every year along with reclamation of 100+ hectares of barren land. The organisation also works actively with schools in the region, providing safe water and sanitation facilities to them. The Jal Bhagirathi Foundation is also actively involved in raising awareness about water conservation and has been awarded numerous awards for its efforts.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Rainwater harvesting is the name given to the innovative way of collecting rainwater in order to recharge the underground water. A lot of houses have built their own rainwater harvesting structures in order to be self sufficient. In Banglore, Biome Environmental Trust and Friends of Lakes launched citizen initiatives to dig up to 1 million recharging wells and connect them to the groundwater using funnels. The nonprofit organisations expect this initiative to collect as much as 60% of the total rain water.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Coastal reservoir is a fresh/river water storage reservoir located on sea coast area near a river delta. It does not submerge the land area and there is no requirement of land acquisition and rehabilitation of displaced population. These multi purpose water storage reservoirs can be built at low cost to supply adequate water for all the water requirements such as irrigation, drinking, industrial, salt export, base flows, environmental flows, etc. benefiting all water deficit areas of India India is not running out of water but water is running out of India without reaping benefits from the available water resources in India.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Desalination is a potential advanced technique to solve the problem of water shortage, especially in coastal regions. Desalination involves treating sea water to remove its salt content, making it fit for drinking. In the past decades, Israel has already developed a systematic method to desalinate the sea water into fresh water for industrial and domestic usage. India is already looking into installing desalination plants near the coastal regions to fulfil the water needs cities such as Chennai.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: Employing almost 44% of India's working population, agriculture is one of the most important occupations in India. Consequently, up to 80% of the groundwater in India is used for irrigation. The Indian Agriculture Institute has been promoting the drip irrigation technology to relieve the water scarcity in India for decades. The technology has the advantage of being applicable to all kinds of terrains in the country. Furthermore, the technique helps farmers use water more efficiently by modifying the water supply based on the moisture level of the soil. With the help of the Indian government, drip irrigation has seen a massive rise in implementation over the last 15 years. Currently, almost 351,000 hectares of irrigated land is under drip irrigation, compared to just 40 hectares in 1960s.


title: Water scarcity in India

text: In June 2019, the Indian city of Chennai faced an acute water shortage after its 4 main water reservoirs ran completely dry. Chennai is India’s 6th largest metropolis with a population of roughly 9 million people. The dire shortage of water affected the huge population of Chennai very badly as hundreds of people waited in lines with empty water buckets for hours. Several restaurants and hotels in the city also shut down due to the shortage of water. Even the IT firms in the city otherwise known for its thriving IT and automobile sectors were forced to ask their employees to work from home as the crisis worsened. Out of the daily requirement of , the city was only able to provide . Chennai Metro Water was forced to cut short its daily water supply by 40% to deal with the ongoing crisis. The government responded by sending water tankers to residential areas. Water was also delivered to the city by a special train with the capacity to carry 10 million liters of water daily.


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: Takeshi Lev Kovacs is the protagonist in the books "Altered Carbon", "Broken Angels", and "Woken Furies" by Richard K. Morgan, which take place in or around the 26th century.


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: Kovacs was human born in the city of Newpest, on November 23, 2100 at the planet Harlan's World. He is of Japanese and Eastern European (possibly Hungarian or Serbian) descent.


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: Kovacs is a former Envoy, a member of an elite military force of futuristic soldiers, part intelligence operative and part shock trooper, trained to adapt quickly to new bodies and new environments. Envoys are used by the governing Protectorate to infiltrate and crush planetary unrest and maintain political stability. Envoy training is actually a form of psychospiritual conditioning that operates at subconscious levels.


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: After leaving the Envoys, Kovacs returned to criminal life and became a mercenary. He was eventually imprisoned, his cortical "stack" stored without a body (or "sleeve") for decades at a time as punishment, before being paroled or hired out to work high-risk situations.


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: Envoys possess total recall and are able to discern subtle patterns within seemingly unrelated events. They possess a thorough understanding of body language and vocal tonality, such that they can discern intention and manipulate others with ease. They are able to control their physiological and psychological responses, such as fear and anger, at will.


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: Another aspect that figures prominently in an Envoy's training is the systematic removal of every violence-limiting instinct a human is born with. Due to this training, most worlds prohibit past or present Envoys from holding any political or military office. The fear elicited by the mere mention of Envoys is often used by Kovacs to threaten and intimidate.


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: Author Paul Di Filippo said of the character "Takeshi Kovacs has to be the worst friend you can have. Everyone who's affiliated with him eventually ends up slaughtered. His enemies die in smaller numbers than his buddies and allies. If you had a choice, you'd be wise to get on his bad side."


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: In the Netflix series "Altered Carbon", Kovacs is portrayed by Joel Kinnaman (in the body of Elias Ryker) in the show's first season, Will Yun Lee (original body), Byron Mann (Takeshi's prior body), and Morgan Gao (Young Tak). Anthony Mackie portrays the character in a different host body for the show's second season. Jihae played the character as a Torch Singer in the season 2 premiere episode. In the spin-off animated film "", Kovacs is voiced by Tatsuhisa Suzuki and Ray Chase in Japanese and English respectively.


title: Takeshi Kovacs

text: The television adaptation makes several significant changes to the source material of the novels, including changing the nature of the Envoys to freedom fighters, creating a relationship between Takeshi and Quellcrist Falconer, and changing the character of Reileen Kawahara to be Takeshi's sister (amongst many).


title: Weissman score

text: The Weissman score is a performance metric for lossless compression applications. It was developed by Tsachy Weissman, a professor at Stanford University, and Vinith Misra, a graduate student, at the request of producers for HBO's television series "Silicon Valley", a television show about a fictional tech start-up working on a data compression algorithm. It compares both required time and compression ratio of measured applications, with those of a "de facto" standard according to the data type.


title: Weissman score

text: The formula is the following; where "r" is the compression ratio, "T" is the time required to compress, the overlined ones are the same metrics for a standard compressor, and alpha is a scaling constant.


title: Weissman score

text: Weissman score has been used by Daniel Reiter Horn and Mehant Baid of Dropbox to explain real-world work on lossless compression. According to the authors it "favors compression speed over ratio in most cases."


title: Weissman score

text: This example shows the score for the data of the Hutter Prize, using the paq8f as a standard and 1 as the scaling constant.


title: Weissman score

text: Although the value is relative to the standards against which it is compared, the unit used to measure the times changes the score (see examples 1 and 2). This is a consequence of the requirement that the argument of the logarithmic function must be dimensionless. The multiplier also can't have a numeric value of 1 or less, because the logarithm of 1 is 0 (examples 3 and 4), and the logarithm of any value less than 1 is negative (examples 5 and 6); that would result in scores of value 0 (even with changes), undefined, or negative (even if better than positive).


title: Ashwini Bhave

text: Ashwini Bhave (also spelled Ashvini Bhave) is an Indian model and actress known for her work in both Hindi and Marathi-language films and television serials. Born and raised in India, she lives in the San Francisco Bay Area.


title: Ashwini Bhave

text: Bhave was first noticed on television in a Hindi Sci-Fi serial "Antariksh". She later portrayed the lead heroine in Marathi films such as "Dhadakebaaz", "Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi" and "Kalat Nakalat" opposite top Marathi movie stars like Laxmikant Berde, Ashok Saraf, Sachin and Vikram Gokhale.


title: Ashwini Bhave

text: Her career spans over 40 films with several critically acclaimed performances in films such as Kalat Nakalat, Ahuti, Ashi Hi Banawa Banvi, Bhairavi, Purush, and the film, "Henna" by R.K. Productions. Subsequently, she starred in other Hindi movies such as "Meera Ka Mohan", "Honeymoon", "Sainik" and "Bandhan". Bhave again switched over to television and Marathi movies. In 1993, she performed in the Kannada film Vishnu Vijay directed by Keshu starring South Indian actor Dr.Vishnuvardhan, Akshay Kumar (her co-star in Sainik), Ashutosh Rana and others. In 1997 she acted in V. Manohar's directorial Kannada film "Rangenahalliyage Rangada Rangegowda" starring Dr.Ambareesh and Ramesh Aravind.


title: Ashwini Bhave

text: Bhave also played the lead role in a famous Marathi stage play "Lagnachi Bedi" (The Handcuffs of Marriage). In 1993, she played the character of a mother to Saif Ali Khan & Aamir Khan (albeit step one in Aamir's case) in the Yash Chopra's movie "Parampara". She later acted in a television mega-serial "Yugpurush".


title: Ashwini Bhave

text: Bhave graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Philosophy from Ruparel College, Mumbai and a Bachelor's degree in Motion Pictures & Television from the Academy of Art University in San Francisco .


title: Ashwini Bhave

text: Ashwini is married to Kishore Bopardikar, an entrepreneur. In 2007, she made a comeback as a producer and lead actress in the Marathi language movie "Kadachit", which was shown in both Maharashtra and the US.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes is a 2012 Lego-themed action-adventure game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game is a sequel to "" and the second installment in the "Lego Batman" series. The game's main storyline follows Batman, Robin and later Superman as they attempt to foil the Joker and Lex Luthor's plans to have the latter become president of the United States, joining forces with the Justice League along the way. As a result, the game's cast is larger than its predecessor and includes characters outside of the Batman series.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: The game is presented in a third-person perspective, with missions in the game showing an emphasis on exploration. The player is able to complete various side missions within the fictional Gotham City to unlock characters and use them within missions once completed. The game is the first in Traveller's Tales' Lego series to feature spoken dialogue and an open world.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: "Lego Batman 2" was released worldwide for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo 3DS, Wii, Nintendo DS, Microsoft Windows, iOS, and Android in June 2012. An OS X version of the game, published by Feral Interactive, was released in September 2012, followed by a Wii U version in May 2013. The game received generally positive reviews for most platforms, and mixed reviews for the 3DS and Vita, and sold 3.4 million copies by March 2013. A film adaptation was released on Blu-ray and DVD in May 2013 as a compilation of cutscenes from the game. A standalone sequel, "" was released in November 2014, followed by a spin-off, "Lego DC Super-Villains", in October 2018.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: "Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes" is an action-adventure open world game, and is in some ways similar to the "" series. The gameplay is similar to "", and presented in the third-person perspective where the playable character is allowed access through the visible elements of the 3D space they are in, although some missions force the camera to be in a 2.5D perspective. The game is set primarily within Gotham City, although Metropolis is also visited as part of a mission. The player can freely explore Gotham City and unlock various characters within it, and some elements of Gotham City are broken into "bricks", which the player can use to build new suits or construct objects that can help solve puzzles.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Like its predecessor, the player can defeat enemies by using the abilities each character provides, such as Superman's super freeze or the Joker's handbuzzer, as well as traditional combat moves such as standard punches and kicks. Most enemies in the game don't carry weapons, although boss levels may have certain weapons or abilities that the player must counter. Combat rewards the player with studs, which the player can use to purchase new characters to use in the game's free roam section, and thereby contributes to their "True Hero" percentage for the mission. Some suits from "Lego Batman: The Videogame" return in "Lego Batman 2," such as the magnetic suit for Robin, and the sonic, demolition and sonars suit for Batman. Certain adjustments exist between the two games, including the addition of a glass shattering gun to the glide suit (now called the bat suit), and the addition of a gun that can store water to the bio suit (now called the hazard suit). New suits available in "Lego Batman 2" include the acrobat suit allowing for Robin to traverse areas that require acrobatics, magnet suit allowing for Robin to traverse areas with magnets and control magnetic elements, and ice suit to freeze water for Robin, and the sensor suit to go invisible and view X-rays, power suit to destroy silver objects and use super strength, and electricity suit to transfer energy between switches and move through areas with electricity for Batman.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: The game takes approximately 15 hours to complete, with the main missions taking 9 hours and the various extras taking 6 hours. These extras take multiple forms. One such form is Citizen in Peril, where a citizen has put themself in a situation within the various missions where they must be saved by the hero. Another is each mission's gold bricks, which can be obtained through destroying certain objects, and a similar system exists with each mission's "minikits" wherein challenges must be completed in order to find them. Completing these various extras contributes to the total game's completion percentage.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Once a mission has been completed, it can be replayed at any time using the various characters that the player has unlocked in order to complete the aforementioned extras or to accrue more studs to purchase various characters.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: A local multiplayer mode is also present using a split screen. The decision to use a split screen was due to the game's open-world environment. The Wii U version allows the use of the GamePad's screen instead of a split screen, allowing both players to have independent screens.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Unlike its predecessor, "Lego Batman 2" features 50 playable characters from outside Gotham City, such as Superman and Wonder Woman. The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of "Lego Batman 2" feature exclusive downloadable content with two packs of characters, the Heroes Pack and the Villains Pack. Nightwing, Katana, Shazam, Zatanna, and Damian Wayne are playable in the Heroes Pack, while Bizarro, Captain Cold, Black Adam, Black Manta, and Gorilla Grodd are playable in the Villains Pack. These packs were included with pre-orders from some retailers, such as Best Buy and Amazon for the Heroes Pack, and GameStop for the Villains Pack.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: "Lego Batman 2" features a larger cast of characters than and is the first Traveller's Tales Lego game to feature full spoken dialogue, as opposed to the mime acting, grunts, and mumbles of the previous games. Returning characters from "Lego Batman: The Videogame" include Batman (Troy Baker), Robin (Charlie Schlatter), and the Joker (Christopher Corey Smith), as well as Alfred Pennyworth (Steve Blum, who also voices Bane, Ra's al Ghul, and The Penguin), James Gordon (Townsend Coleman, who also voices Mr. Freeze and the Mad Hatter), Clayface (Fred Tatasciore, who also voices Killer Croc), the Riddler (Rob Paulsen), Harley Quinn (Laura Bailey), Scarecrow (Nolan North), Poison Ivy (also voiced by Bailey), and Catwoman (Katherine Von Till). Baker also reprises his role as Two-Face from "".


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Characters new to the series include Superman (Travis Willingham), Lex Luthor (Clancy Brown, who reprises the role from the DC Animated Universe), Martian Manhunter (Cam Clarke), The Flash (also voiced by Schlatter), Wonder Woman (also voiced by Bailey), Green Lantern (also voiced by Clarke), Cyborg (Brian Bloom), Aquaman (also voiced by Bloom), Lois Lane (Bridget Hoffman), Supergirl (also voiced by Hoffman), Vicki Vale (Anna Vocino), and Captain Cold (also voiced by Blum, reprising his role from ""). Brainiac (also voiced by Baker) makes a cameo appearance in the game. Clarke also served as the voice director of the game.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: At an award show held in Gotham City, Lex Luthor loses the "Man of the Year" award to Bruce Wayne. Suddenly, the ceremony is interrupted by a group of villains led by the Joker, who rob the audience and steal the award. As the Joker presents a film about himself, which showcases his laughing gas that can make people temporarily adore him, Bruce dons the Batsuit and, with Robin's help, defeats Harley Quinn, the Riddler, Two-Face, and the Penguin. The Joker escapes via motorboat, but Batman and Robin pursue him to Amusement Mile and capture him.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: As the villains are sent to Arkham Asylum, Superman arrives to congratulate Batman and Robin, much to the former's perceived chagrin. Meanwhile, Luthor, believing the Joker's gas could help him get elected president, breaks the Joker out of Arkham using the "Deconstructor", a kryptonite-powered weapon that can deconstruct unbreakable black objects. The Joker uses the Deconstructor to release more inmates before escaping with Luthor. Batman and Robin respond to Commissioner Gordon's distress call and round up the Penguin, Two-Face, Harley, the Riddler, Catwoman, Bane, and Poison Ivy in the asylum's courtyard, as well as Scarecrow inside the asylum, before realizing the Joker has escaped.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: While responding to a break-in at Ace Chemicals, Batman and Robin realize it was the Joker's doing and search for clues, but the factory is destroyed by a series of explosive chemical reactions caused by the Joker before he left. The pair are rescued by Superman, who puts out the fire, but Batman declines his help in finding the Joker. Batman discovers the chemicals Joker stole could be mixed into synthetic kryptonite, and uses the Batmobile's on-board computer to track their signature to Luthor's mobile operations center. Batman and Robin board the vehicle and confront Luthor and the Joker, but are thrown out into the street before the Joker uses the Deconstructor to destroy the Batmobile. Unable to continue the pursuit, the pair return to the Batcave to analyze a piece of synthetic kryptonite they retrieved, unaware it contains a tracking device, which Luthor and the Joker use to find them. The villains destroy the Batcave and steal Batman's supply of real kryptonite, which was their target all along. Batman and Robin are again rescued by Superman, whom the former reluctantly allows to help.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: While Robin salvages what is left of Batman's equipment, Batman and Superman travel to Metropolis and infiltrate LexCorp, stumbling upon a giant Joker-esque robot piloted by Luthor and the Joker. The villains use the robot's kryptonite weapon to subdue Superman and crush Batman with a large crate, unaware that the heroes had swapped costumes prior. Having survived, Batman and Superman pursue the robot and destroy its flying gear before Superman is exposed to its kryptonite power source, causing him and Batman to crash-land in Gotham. The pair make their way to the city hall, where Luthor discovers that the Joker's gas' affectionate properties were only effective on the Joker, not Luthor. Following another fight with the robot, Superman damages its power source, causing it to leak liquid kryptonite, but is left completely weakened. Robin arrives in a multi-colored Batmobile, which counters the Deconstructor's effects, and he and Batman trick Luthor and the Joker into chasing them around Gotham. The kryptonite creates a giant Joker face, which is seen from the Watchtower by Martian Manhunter, who contacts the rest of the Justice League: Wonder Woman, Cyborg, Green Lantern and the Flash. Once they arrive to help, Luthor concedes defeat but attempts to destroy Wayne Tower in an act of retaliation against Bruce Wayne.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Superman recovers his strength and he and Wonder Woman try to save Wayne Tower, while the others battle the Joker robot on top, sending it plummeting onto the street below. With the robot destroyed, the Joker and Luthor (now wearing power armor) come out to fight the heroes, but are ultimately defeated, while Green Lantern rebuilds Wayne Tower's supports, stabilizing it. As the two villains are arrested, Gordon thanks Batman for saving the day, to which he admits he could not have done it without his friends' help, and that he is glad to have friends that he can always count on. As the League prepare to rebuild the Batcave, Green Lantern shoots a beacon from his power ring into space in victory. The beacon is seen by Brainiac, who utters "I have located it"; hinting at its appearance in LEGO Batman 3 Beyond Gotham


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: The idea of a sequel to "Lego Batman: The Videogame" began shortly after its release. The success of the first game led TT Games to begin development of a sequel. Early in the development process, a open-world design system was considered and later built upon.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: The decision to include voice acting into the game was brought up by co-director Jonathan Smith, which resulted in large discussions about voice acting versus mimes and grunts from previous Lego games. After development on the cutscenes had begun, voices were inevitably added.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: An idea was brought up to introduce traffic and pedestrians to Gotham City. When development on Gotham City had begun, the development team quickly had issues implementing such a system. After consideration from Jon Burton, the idea was scrapped in favor of a chaotic city with burned-up vehicles and fleeing pedestrians.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: An original score was written by the game's composer, Rob Westwood. In addition, the game's background music also consists of Danny Elfman's score from "Batman (1989)" and John Williams' score from "Superman (1978)".


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Prior to the game's official trailer, a promo for the game was leaked online by Lego fansite Bricktuts. On March 15, 2012, the game's first reveal trailer featuring gameplay was released to the public. The reveal trailer attracted almost a million views, and another trailer was released during E3 2012, two weeks before the game's release. During the 2012 Game Developers Conference held in San Francisco, a 45-minute hands-on demo of the game was presented.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: "Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes" was released in North America on June 19, 2012, for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo 3DS, Wii, Nintendo DS, Microsoft Windows, iOS, and Android, followed by a release in Europe on June 22, 2012. The game was released digitally on PC through Steam, and later expanded to the Epic Games Store on September 19, 2019.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: An OS X version of the game developed by Feral Interactive was released on September 6, 2012. TT Games later developed a port for the Wii U that was released on May 28, 2013.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Exclusively on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game, two add-on packs were released: the Heroes Pack and the Villains Pack. The Heroes Pack included 5 new characters: Nightwing, Katana, Shazam, Zatanna, and Damian Wayne. The Villains Pack included 5 new characters as well: Bizarro, Captain Cold, Black Adam, Black Manta, and Gorilla Grodd. These packs were originally released as pre-order bonuses for certain retailers.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: "Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes" received mostly positive reviews. According to the review aggregation site Metacritic, the 3DS version of the game received an average review score of 72/100, the PC and PlayStation 3 versions both received a score of 81/100, the PlayStation Vita version had 62/100, the Wii U version had 77/100, and the Xbox 360 version had 79/100.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Eurogamer's Dan Whitehead gave the game a 9/10, and stated it would be an "absolute joy for adults" and "revelation" for kids. Whitehead also labeled the game as "phenomenally assured" and "pleasurable to explore". IGN's Greg Miller drew similar claims, stating the game did exploring better than any game done before it.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: Game Informer's Andrew Reiner highlighted the dialogue between Batman and Robin and the narrative the game presented, in comparison to its , and appreciated the depth of Gotham City. Push Square's Mike Mason, writing about the PlayStation 3 version of the game, also brought up a similar point to the former, although experienced technical issues such as the initial time to load the game taking longer than expected and a delay which switching characters.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: GameSpot's Tom McShea gave the game a less positive review, criticizing it for non-challenging AI, lackluster vehicle controls, and tedious combat, although praised it for its open-world concept and visual design. Writing about the Wii U version of the game, Nintendo Life's Gaz Plant criticized the lack of improvements made and the incoherent usage of the GamePad, but like McShea also praised its open-world concept.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: The Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita versions of the game received mixed reviews. Nintendo Power criticized the 3DS version's lack of innovation like Plant while criticized the Vita version's formulaic approach to the Lego series.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: According to NPD Group, "Lego Batman 2" was the best-selling video game for June 2012, selling 450,000 units that month. By March 4, 2013, it was reported that "Lego Batman 2" had sold 3.4 million copies.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: "" was announced on May 24, 2014, and released on November 11, 2014, for Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 3DS, OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. Following the events of "Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes", the story follows the Justice League as they attempt to stop Brainiac from shrinking the planet.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: "Lego DC Super-Villains" was announced on May 30, 2018, and released on October 16, 2018, for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and OS X, and is intended to be a spin-off of the series following the various villains in the series as they attempt to stop the Justice Syndicate who pose as the Justice League in their absence while looking for the Anti-Life Equation for Darkseid.


title: Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes

text: A direct-to-video film adaptation of the game was released by Warner Premiere on May 21, 2013 as "Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite". The film was directed by Jon Burton and produced by TT Animation and uses cutscenes from the game as well as new scenes to replace gameplay.


title: The Baker and the Beauty (American TV series)

text: In November 2018, it was announced that an adaptation of the series was being developed by Dean Georgaris and David Frankel through Keshet Studios and Universal Television for ABC. The series is one of two collaborations between Georgaris and Universal for the 2019–20 season, along with "Bluff City Law" for NBC's fall schedule. Georgaris and Frankel are set to write and direct, respectively, and both will executive produce alongside Avi Nir, Alon Shtruzman, Peter Traugott, and Rachel Kaplan. In January 2019 ABC ordered the adaptation to pilot. On May 11, 2019, ABC green-lighted the series. A few days later, it was announced that the series would premiere as a mid-season replacement in the spring of 2020. On January 8, 2020, it was reported that the series was set to premiere on April 6, 2020. On January 29, 2020, the premiere date was moved to April 13, 2020. On June 15, 2020, ABC canceled the series after one season.


text: In February 2019, it was announced that Carlos Gomez, Lisa Vidal and Dan Bucatinsky had been cast in the pilot's lead roles. Alongside the pilot's order announcement, in March 2019 it was reported that Nathalie Kelley, Victor Rasuk, Michelle Veintimilla and David Del Rio had joined the cast. In September 2019, Georgina Reilly was cast in a recurring role.


text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 89% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10.


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: Cats and dogs have a range of interactions. The natural instincts of each species lead towards antagonistic interactions, though individual animals can have non-aggressive relationships with each other, particularly under conditions where humans have socialized non-aggressive behaviors.


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: The generally aggressive interactions between the species have been noted in cultural expressions. In domestic homes where dog and cat are reared and trained properly they tend to relate well with each other, especially when their owner is taking good care of them.


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: The signals and behaviors that cats and dogs use to communicate are different and can lead to signals of aggression, fear, dominance, friendship or territoriality being misinterpreted by the other species. Dogs have a natural instinct to chase smaller animals that flee, an instinct common among cats. Most cats flee from a dog, while others take actions such as hissing, arching their backs and swiping at the dog. After being scratched by a cat, most dogs will become fearful of cats.


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: If appropriately socialized, cats and dogs may have relationships that are not antagonistic, and dogs raised with cats may prefer the presence of cats to other dogs. Even cats and dogs in the same household that have historically had positive interactions may revert to aggressive reactions due to external stimuli, illness, or play that escalates and could eventually be harmful.


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: The phrase "fight like cats and dogs" reflects a natural tendency for the relationship between the two species to be antagonistic. Other phrases and proverbs include "The cat is mighty dignified until the dog comes by" and "The cat and dog may kiss, but are none the better friends."


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: Eugene Field's children's poem, "The Duel," projects and amplifies the real-life antipathy between cats and dogs onto a stuffed gingham dog and a stuffed calico cat who had an all-night fight during which they "ate each other up." In Fam Ekman's children's book "Kattens Skrekk" ("The Cat's Terror"), a cat visits a museum to find that all of the artworks, like "Mona Lisa" and "Venus de Milo", have been replaced by parodies featuring dogs. The only piece not converted is "The Scream" which "symbolizes the cat's terror in the face of so many dogs." The American animated television series "CatDog" features the adventures of the protagonist, CatDog, a genetically altered creature with the head of a dog on one side of its body and the head of a cat on the other. The episodes frequently play on "cats and dogs being what they are" to incorporate "a lot of running and chasing."


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: The comedy films "Cats & Dogs," released in 2001, and its sequel "," released in 2010, both project and amplify the above-mentioned antipathy between dogs and cats into an all-out war between the two species wherein cats are shown as being out-and-out enemies of humans, whereas dogs are shown as being more sympathetic to humans.


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: Adlai Stevenson invoked the dog-cat conflict in his explanation of a veto he delivered as Governor of Illinois: "If we attempt to resolve [this problem] by legislation, who knows but what we may be called upon to take sides as well in the age-old problems of dog versus cat, bird versus bird, even bird versus worm."


title: Cat–dog relationship

text: The popular "Tom and Jerry" cartoons contain multiple instances of conflict between the titular character Tom the cat, and Spike the bulldog. The series exploits this negative dog-cat relationship by having Jerry create scenarios for Tom to clash with Spike as means for Jerry's escape.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The Mexico City Metro () is a rapid transit system that serves the metropolitan area of Mexico City, including some municipalities in Mexico State. Operated by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo (STC), it is the second largest metro system in North America after the New York City Subway. In 2019, the system served 1.655 billion passengers, the tenth highest ridership in the world.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The inaugural STC Metro line was long, serving 16 stations, and opened to the public on 4 September 1969. The system has expanded since then in a series of fits and starts. , the system has 12 lines, serving 195 stations, and of route. Ten of the lines are rubber-tired. Instead of traditional steel wheels, they use pneumatic traction, which is quieter and rides smoother in Mexico City's unstable soils. The system survived the 1985 Mexico City earthquake.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Of the STC Metro's 195 stations, 44 serve two or more lines ("correspondencias" or transfer stations). Many stations are named for historical figures, places, or events in Mexican history. It has 115 underground stations (the deepest of which are below street level); 54 surface stations and 26 elevated stations. All lines operate from 5 a.m. to midnight.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: At the end of 2007, the Federal District government announced the construction of the most recent STC Metro line, Line 12, which was built to run approximately towards the southeastern part of the city, connecting with Lines 7, 3, 2 and 8. This line opened on 30 October 2012.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The Metro has figured in Mexico's cultural history, as the inspiration for a musical composition for strings, "Metro Chabacano" and Rodrigo "Rockdrigo" González's 1982 song, "Metro Balderas". It was also a filming location for the 1990 Hollywood movie "Total Recall". Public intellectual Carlos Monsiváis has commented on the cultural importance of the Metro, "a space for collective expression, where diverse social sectors are compelled to mingle every day".


title: Mexico City Metro

text: By the second half of the twentieth century, Mexico City had serious public transport issues, with congested main roads and highways, especially in the downtown zone, where 40 percent of the daily trips in the city were concentrated. 65 of the 91 lines of bus and electric transport served this area. With four thousand units in addition to 150,000 personal automobile peak hours, the average speed was less than walking pace.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The principal promoter of the construction of the Mexico City Metro was engineer Bernardo Quintana, who was in charge of the construction company Ingenieros Civiles y Asociados (Spanish for Civil Engineers and Associates). He carried out a series of studies that resulted in a draft plan which would ultimately lead to the construction of the Mexico City Metro. This plan was shown to different authorities of Mexico City but it was not made official until 29 April 1967, when the Government Gazette (""Diario Oficial de la Federación"") published the presidential decree that created a public decentralized organism, the "Sistema de Transporte Colectivo", with the proposal to build, operate and run a rapid transit of subterranean course for the public transport of Mexico City.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Mexico Metro benefited from a large technical assistance made available by France. RATP's engineering branch SOFRETU played a major role in its initial planning and the design of the first lines, hence the choice of tyre/rail technology.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: On 19 June 1967, at the crossroads of Chapultepec Avenue with Avenida Bucareli, the inauguration ceremony for the Mexico City Metro took place. Two years later, on 4 September 1969, an orange train made the inaugural trip between Zaragoza and Insurgentes stations, thus beginning daily operation up to today.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The first stage of construction comprised the construction, done by Grupo ICA, and inauguration of lines 1, 2 and 3. This stage involved engineers, geologists, mechanics, civil engineers, chemists, hydraulic and sanitation workers, electricians, archaeologists, and biologists; specialists in ventilation, statistics, computation, and in traffic and transit; accountants, economists, lawyers, workers and laborers. Between 1,200 and 4,000 specialists and 48,000 workers participated, building at least one kilometer of track per month, the fastest rate of construction ever for a subway.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: During this stage of construction workers uncovered two archaeological ruins, one Aztec idol, and the bones of a mammoth (under exhibit in Talismán station).


title: Mexico City Metro

text: By the end of the first stage, namely on 10 June 1972, the STC Metro had 48 stations and a total length of : Line 1 ran from Observatorio to Zaragoza, Line 2 from Tacuba into the southwestern Tasqueña and line 3 from Tlatelolco to Hospital General in the south, providing quick access to the General Hospital of Mexico.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: No further progress was reached during President Luis Echeverría's government, but during José López Portillo's administration, a second stage began. The "Comisión Ejecutiva del Metro" (Executive Technical Commission of Mexico City Metro) was created in order to be in charge of expanding the STC Metro within the metropolitan area of Mexico City.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Works began with the expansion of Line 3 towards the north from Tlatelolco to La Raza in 1978 and to the current terminal Indios Verdes in 1979, and towards the south from Hospital General to Centro Médico in 1980 and to Zapata months later. Construction of lines 4 and 5 was begun and completed on 26 May – 30 August 1982, respectively; the first one from Martín Carrera to Santa Anita and the latter from Politécnico to Pantitlán. Line 4 was the first STC Metro line built as an elevated track, owing to the lower density of big buildings.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: This construction stage took place from the beginning of 1983 through the end of 1985. Lines 1, 2 and 3 were expanded to their current lengths, and new lines 6 and 7 were built. The length of the network was increased by and the number of stations to 105.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Line 3 route was expanded from Zapata station to Universidad station on 30 August 1983. Line 1 was expanded from Zaragoza to current terminal Pantitlán, and line 2 from Tacuba to current terminal Cuatro Caminos. These latter were both inaugurated on 22 August 1984.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Line 6 first route ran from El Rosario to Instituto del Petróleo; Line 7 was opened from Tacuba to Barranca del Muerto and runs on the bottom of the Sierra de las Cruces mountain range that surrounds the Valley of Mexico by its west side, outside of the ancient lake zone. This made possible Line 7 to be built as a deep-tunnel.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: On the morning of 19 September 1985, an 8.1 Richter magnitude earthquake struck Mexico City. Many buildings as well as streets were left with major damage making the transportation on the ground difficult, but the STC Metro was not damaged because a rectangular structure had been used instead of arches, making it resistant to earthquakes, thus proving to be a safe means of transportation in a time of crisis.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: On the day of the quake, the Metro stopped service and completely shut down for fear of electrocution. This caused people to get out of the tunnels from wherever they were and onto the street to try to get where they were going. At the time, the Metro had 101 stations, with 32 closed to the public in the weeks after the event. On Line 1, there was no service in stations Merced, Pino Suárez, Isabel la Católica, Salto del Agua, Balderas or Cuauhtémoc. On Line 2, there was no service between stations Bellas Artes and Tasqueña. On Line 3 only Juárez and Balderas were closed. Line 4 continued to operate normally. All of the closed stations were in the historic center area, with the exception of the stations of Line 2 south of Pino Suárez. These stations were located above the ground. The reason these stations were closed was not due to damage to the Metro proper, but rather because of surface rescue work and clearing of debris.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Fourth stage saw the completion of Line 6 from Instituto del Petróleo to eastern terminal Martín Carrera and Line 7 to the north from Tacuba to El Rosario. Line 9 was the only new line built during this stage. It originally ran from Pantitlán to Centro Médico, and its expansion to Tacubaya was completed on 29 August 1988. For Line 9, a circular deep-tunnel and an elevated track were used.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: For the first time, a service line of the Mexico City Metro ran into the State of Mexico: planned as one of more "líneas alimentadoras" (feeding lines to be named by letters, instead of numbers), line A was fully operational by its first inauguration on 12 August 1991. It runs from Pantitlán to La Paz, located in the municipality of the same name. This line was built almost entirely above ground, and to reduce the cost of maintenance, steel railway tracks and overhead lines were used instead of pneumatic traction, promoting the name "metro férreo" (steel-rail metro) as opposed to the previous eight lines that used pneumatic traction.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The draft for Line 8 planned a "correspondencia" (transfer station) in Zócalo, namely the exact center of the city, but it was canceled due to possible damage to the colonial buildings and the Aztec ruins, so it was replanned and now it runs from Garibaldi, which is still downtown, to Constitución de 1917 in the southeast of the city. The construction of line 8 began in 1988 and was completed in 1994.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: With this, the length of the network increased , adding two lines and 29 more stations, giving the metro network at that point a total of , 154 stations and 10 lines.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Assessment for began in late 1993. Line B was intended as a second "línea alimentadora" for northeastern municipalities in the State of Mexico, but, unlike line A, it used pneumatic traction. Construction of the subterranean track between Buenavista (named after the old Buenavista train station) and Garibaldi began in October 1994.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Line B was opened to public in two stages: from Buenavista to Villa de Aragón on 15 December 1999, and from Villa de Aragón to Ciudad Azteca on 30 November 2000.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Plans for a new STC Metro line started in 2008, although previous surveys and assessments were made as early as 2000. Line 12 first service stage was planned for completion in late 2009 with the creation of track connecting Axomulco, a planned new transfer station for Line 8 (between Escuadrón 201 and Atlalilco) to Tláhuac. The second stage, connecting Mixcoac to Tláhuac, was to be completed in 2010.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Construction of Line 12 started in 2008, assuring it would be opened by 2011. Nevertheless, completion was delayed to 2012. Free test rides were offered to the public in some stations, and the line was fully operational on 30 October 2012. With minor changes, Line 12 runs from Mixcoac to Tláhuac, serving southern Mexico City for the first time. With , it is the longest line in the system.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Line 12 differs from previous lines in several aspects: no hawkers are allowed, neither inside the train nor inside the stations; it is the first numbered-line to use steel railway tracks; one must have a Tarjeta DF smart card to access any station since Metro tickets are no longer accepted.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: In the book "Los hombres del Metro", the original planning of Line 12 is described; although it was to begin at Mixcoac as it does today, Atlalilco and Constitución de 1917 stations of Line 8 were to be part of Line 12. The same map shows that Line 8 would have reached the Villa Coapa area and that it would not have had a terminal at Garibaldi, but at Indios Verdes, linking with Line 3. In addition, the book shows that Line 7 would have terminated at San Jerónimo. None of these plans have been confirmed by the Mexico City government.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: In 2015, mayor Miguel Ángel Mancera announced the construction of two more stations and a terminal for Line 12: Valentín Campa, Álvaro Obregón and Observatorio, both west of Mixcoac. With this, Line 12 is to be connected to Line 1, providing new metro access to the Observatorio zone, which will become the terminal for the intercity train between Mexico City and Toluca.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The metro system's construction has resulted in more than 20 thousand archeological findings, from various time periods in the history of the indigenous people. The excavations needed to make way for the rails gave opportunities to find artifacts from different periods of the region's inhabitants, in areas that are now densely urbanized. Objects and small structures were found, with origins spanning from prehistoric times to the 20th century. Some examples of artifacts preserved by the Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia de México (INAH)) are: parts of pyramids (like an altar to the Mexica god "Ehecatl"), a sculpture of the goddess Coatlicue, and remains of a mammoth. The altar to Ehécatl is now in Pino Suárez station, between lines 1 and 2, and is called by the INAH the smallest archeological site in Mexico. The metro has led to a large quantity of archeological findings, and has also let us understand more about the pattern of ancient civilizations in the Mexican capital by analyzing its underground from various time periods.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Distinguished architects were hired to design and construct the stations on the first metro line, such as Enrique del Moral, Félix Candela, Salvador Ortega and Luis Barragán. Examples of Candela's work can be seen in San Lázaro, Candelaria, and Merced stations on Line 1.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Each line offers one service only, and to each line, a number (letter if feeding line) and color are assigned. Every assigned color is present on square-shaped station logos, system maps and street signs, and neither colors nor numbers have been changed. Line B is the only exception to the color assignment, as green (upper half) and grey (lower half) are used, producing thus bicolor logos and signs. Gray only may be used to avoid confusion with line 8, which uses a similar green.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The names of metro stations are often historical in nature, highlighting people, places, and events in Mexican history. There are stations commemorating aspects of the Mexican Revolution and the revolutionary era. When it opened in 1969 with line 1 (the "Pink Line"), two stations alluded to the Revolution. Most directly referencing the Revolution was Pino Suárez, named after Francisco I. Madero's vice president, who was murdered with him in February 1913. The other was Balderas, whose icon is a cannon, alluding to the Ciudadela armory where the coup against Madero was launched. In 1970, Revolución opened, with the station at the Monument to the Revolution. As the Metro expanded, further stations with names from the revolutionary era opened. In 1980, two popular heroes of the Revolution were honored, with Zapata explicitly commemorating the peasant revolutionary from Morelos. A sideways commemoration was División del Norte, named after the Army that Pancho Villa commanded until its demise in the Battle of Celaya in 1915.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The year 1987 saw the opening of the Lázaro Cárdenas station. In 1988, Aquiles Sedán honors the first martyr of the Revolution. In 1994, Constitución de 1917 opened, as did Garibaldi, named after the grandson of Italian fighter for independence, Giuseppe Garibaldi. The grandson had been a participant in the Mexican Revolution. In 1999, the radical anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón was honored with the station of the same name. Also opening in 1999 was Romero Rubio, named after the leader of Porfirio Díaz's "Científicos", whose daughter, Carmen Romero Rubio, became Díaz's second wife. In 2012, a new Metro line opened with a Hospital 20 de Noviembre stop, a hospital named after the date that Francisco I. Madero in his 1910 Plan de San Luis Potosí called for rebellion against Díaz. There are no Metro stops named for Madero, Carranza, Obregón, or Calles, and only an oblique reference to Villa in Metro División del Norte.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Each station is identified by a minimalist logo, first designed by Lance Wyman, who had also designed the logo for the 1968 Mexico Olympics. Logos are generally related to the name of the station or the area around it. At the time of Line 1's opening, Mexico's illiteracy rate was high. As of 1960, 38% of Mexicans over the age of five were illiterate and only 5.6% of Mexicans over the age of six had completed more than six years of school. Since one-third of the Mexican population could not read or write and most of the rest had not completed high school, it was thought that patrons would find it easier to guide themselves with a system based on colors and visual signs.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The logos are not assigned at random; rather, they are designated by considering the surrounding areas, such as:


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The logos' background colors reflect those of the line the station serves. Stations serving two or more lines show the respective colors of each line in diagonal stripes, as in Salto del Agua. This system was adopted for the Guadalajara and Monterrey metros, and for the Mexico City Metrobús. Although logos are no longer necessary due to literacy being now widespread, their usage remained.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The Mexico City Metro offers in and out-street transfers to four major rapid transit systems: the Mexico City Metrobús and State of Mexico Mexibús bus rapid transit systems, the Mexico City light rail system and the Ferrocarril Suburbano (FSZMVM) commuter rail. None of these are part of the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo network and an extra fare must be paid for access.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Metrobús line 1 was inaugurated in 2005. According to the 1985 STC Metro Master Plan, Metrobús Line 1 roughly follows the route planned for STC Metro Line 15 by 2010, which was never built. Every transfer is out-of-station, but the same smart card may be used for payment. All five lines (Line 5 to be built during 2013) offer a connection to at least one STC Metro station. STC Metro stations that connect to Metrobús lines include Indios Verdes, La Raza, Chilpancingo, Balderas, Etiopía / Plaza de la Transparencia, Insurgentes Sur and others.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The sole light rail line running from Tasqueña to Xochimilco is operated by the Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos and is better known as Tren Ligero. Line 2 terminal Tasqueña offers an in-station transfer, but an extra ticket must be purchased.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: In 2008, the Ferrocarril Suburbano commuter rail, commonly known as Suburbano, was inaugurated with a sole line running from Cuatitlán to Buenavista as of 2013. STC Metro offers two in-station transfers: Line B terminal Buenavista to the Suburbano terminal of the same name, and Line 6 station Ferrería / Arena Ciudad de México into Suburbano station Fortuna. An extra fare must be paid, and a Ferrocarril Suburbano smart card is required for access.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Another commuter rail, Tren Interurbano de Pasajeros Toluca-Valle de México is estimated to be completed in 2023. This line will connect Observatorio station in Mexico City with Toluca.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: A single ticket, currently MXN $5.00, allows a rider one trip anywhere within the system with unlimited transfers. A discounted rate of MXN $3.00 is available upon application for women head of households, the unemployed, and students with scarce resources.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Mexico City Metro offers free service to the elderly, the physically impaired, and children under the age of 5 (accompanied by an adult). Tickets can be purchased at booths.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: Until 2009, a STC Metro ticket cost MXN $2.00 (€ 0.10, or US$ 0.15 in 2009); one purchased ticket allowed unlimited distance travel and transfer at any given time for one day, making the Mexico City Metro one of the cheapest rail systems in the world. Only line A's transfer in Pantitlán required a second payment before 13 December 2013. In January 2010, the price rose to MXN $3.00 (€ 0.15, or US$ 0.24), a fare that remained until 13 December 2013; a 2009 survey showed that 93% of citizens approved of the increase, while some said they would be willing to pay even more if needed.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: STC Metro rechargeable cards were first available for an initial cost of MXN $10.00. The card would be recharged at the ticket counter in any station (or at machines in some Metro stations) to a maximum of MXN $120.00 (around € 6.44, or US$ 7.05 in 2015) for 24 trips.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: In an attempt to modernize public transport, in October 2012, the Mexico City government implemented the use of a prepaid fare card, or stored-value card, called "Tarjeta DF" (Tarjeta del Distrito Federal, literally Federal District Card) as a payment method for STC Metro, Metrobús and the city's trolleybus and light rail systems, though they are all managed by different organizations. Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos manages both the Xochimilco Light Rail line and the city's trolleybus system. Previous fare cards that were valid only on STC Metro or Metrobús remained valid for the system for which they were acquired.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: As of April 2012, 14 types of standard gauge rolling stock totalling a number of 355 trains running in 6-or 9-car formation are currently in use on the Mexico City Metro. Most of the stock is rapid transit type, with the exception of the Line A stock, which is light metro. Four manufacturers have provided rolling stock for the Mexico City Metro, namely the French Alstom (MP-68, NM-73, NM-79), Canadian Bombardier (FM-95A and NM-02), Spanish CAF (NM-02, FE-07, FE-10 and NM-16 and Mexican Concarril (NM-83 and FM-86) (now Bombardier Transportation Mexico, in some train types with the help of Alstom and/or Bombardier).


title: Mexico City Metro

text: The maximum design speed limit is (average speed ) for rubber-tired rolling stock and (average speed ) for steel-wheeled rolling stock. Forced-air ventilation is employed and the top portion of windows can be opened so that passenger comfort is enhanced by the combination of these two types of ventilation. Like the rolling stock used in the Paris Métro and the Montreal Metro, the numbering of the Mexico City Metro's rolling stock are specified by year of design (not year of first use).


title: Mexico City Metro

text: In chronological order, the types of rubber-tired rolling stock are: MP-68, NM-73A, NM-73B, NM-73C, NM-79, MP-82, NC-82, NM-83A, NM-83B, NE-92, NM-02 and NM-16; and the types of steel-wheeled rolling stock are: FM-86, FM-95A, FE-07, and FE-10.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: From May 2024, Line 1 will receive 30 new rubber-tired trains manufactured by CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive in China, replacing earlier rolling stock. This is in line with ongoing upgrading works for Line 1, including the installation of CBTC.


title: Mexico City Metro

text: On 20 October 1975, two trains crashed in Viaducto station while both were going towards Tasqueña station. The first was stopped picking up passengers when it was hit by another train that did not stop in time. According to official reports, from 31 to 39 people died, and between 71 and 119 were injured. After the crash, automatic signals were incorporated to all lines.