title: Taif

text: In the 6th century A.D., the city of Ta'if was dominated by the Thaqif tribe, which still lives in and around the city of Ta'if today. It has been suggested that Jewish tribes who were displaced by Ethiopian Christians in the Himyarite Kingdom wars settled near Ta'if. The walled city was a religious centre as it housed the idol of the goddess "Lāt", who was then known as "the lady of Ta'if." Its climate marked the city out from its dry and barren neighbours closer to the Red Sea. Wheat, vines and fruit orchards were grown around Ta'if, and this is how the city earned its title "the Garden of the Hejaz." Both Ta'if and Mecca were resorts of pilgrimage. Ta'if was more pleasantly situated than Mecca itself, and their people of Ta'if had close trading relations. The people of Ta'if carried on agriculture and fruit‑growing in addition to their trade activities.


title: Taif

text: In the early 7th century, Muhammad, who was born in Makkah, preached Islam to the inhabitants of Mecca and the Hijaz, and encountered resistance from many of the people there. In 630, a battle took place at Hunayn, close to the city. Shortly after that, the unsuccessful siege of Ta'if took place. The city was assaulted by catapults from Banu Daus, but it repelled the attacks. The Battle of Tabuk in 631 left Tā'if completely isolated, so members of Thaqīf arrived in Makkah to negotiate the conversion of the city to Islam. The idol of "Lāt" was destroyed along with all other signs of the city's pagan past.


title: Taif

text: The city then went through many exchanges-of-power, but most of the action within these conflicts took place between Makkah and Medina, and Ta'if dwindled in importance in contrast to the two holy cities.


title: Taif

text: On 17 July 1517, the Sharif of Mecca capitulated to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. As a sign of this, he surrendered to him the keys of the Islamic cities of Mecca and Medina. As part of the Hijaz, Ta'if was also given over to Ottoman control and the city remained Ottoman for a further three centuries, until in 1802, when it was retaken by rebels allied with the House of Saud. These forces then proceeded to take Mecca and Medina. The loss was keenly felt by the Ottoman Empire, which viewed itself as the protector of the holy cities. The Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II, called upon the "Wali" of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, who launched an attack on the Hejaz and reconquered Ta'if in 1813.


title: Taif

text: In 1813, the Swiss traveler and orientalist Johann Ludwig Burckhardt visited Ta'if and left an eyewitness account of the city just after its recapture by the Muhammad Ali, with whom he obtained several interviews while he was there. Burckhardt reported that the wall and ditch around the city had been built by Othman el-Medhayfe. There were three gates and several towers on the city walls, which, however, were weak, being in some places only thick. Burckhardt stated that the castle had been built by Sharif Ghalib ibn Musa'id. He noted the destruction of the city caused by the conquest of 1802. Most of the buildings were still in ruin while he was there, and the tomb of 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas – cousin of Muhammad and ancestor of the Abbasids – had been severely damaged. He also recorded that the population of the city was still mostly Thaqīfi. In terms of trade, the city was an entrepôt for coffee.


title: Taif

text: The castle and military barracks in Ta'if were repaired by the Ottomans in 1843, a "" – mansion for government business – was built in 1869, and a post office was established sometime later.


title: Taif

text: Prior to the Arab Revolt, Ahmed Bey had been made the commander of Ottoman forces in Tā'if. He had under him a force of 3,000 soldiers and 10 pieces of mountain artillery. Ghalib Pasha, the governor of the Hejaz was also present in the city. In 1916, the Hashemites launched their revolt against the Ottoman Empire in Mecca in June. That city had fallen and then in July, Abdullah, the eldest son of the Hashemite leader and Sharif of Mecca, Husayn ibn Ali, came with seventy men to Tā'if. Whilst his activities in the area aroused the suspicion of Ahmed Bey, Ghalib Pasha was unconcerned by so small a force. Abdullah secretly built up his army to 5,000 men. He then cut the telegraph wires to the city and took the offensive. All Hashemite assaults on the city were repelled by the mountain guns, and both sides settled down to an uneasy siege. However, Hashemite guns were slowly brought up to Tā'if, and then the city held out a little longer; before finally surrendering on 22 September. The city thus later became a part of the self-proclaimed Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz.


title: Taif

text: Ta'if did not remain in Hashemite hands for very long. Tensions between the King of the Hejaz, Husayn ibn Ali, and Abdulaziz al-Saud, the Emir of Nejd and Hasa, soon broke out into violence. Although hostilities subsided in 1919, by September 1924, the then Saudi-sponsored Ikhwan militia, under the leadership of Sultan bin Bajad and Khaled bin Luwai', was ready to attack Ta'if. The city was supposed to have been defended by the king's son, 'Ali, but he fled in panic with his troops. Three hundred of 'Ali's men were slain by the Ikhwan in what became known as the Ta'if massacre. In 1926, Abdulaziz al-Saud was officially recognized as the new King of Hejaz. Ta'if remained a part of the Kingdom of Hejaz until Abdulaziz al-Saud unified his two kingdoms and consolidated them into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. In 1934 the treaty was signed here that established the boundary lines between Yemen and the kingdom. The king himself was later to die in the city on 9 November 1953, as did King Khalid on 13 June 1982.


title: Taif

text: Ta'if was still little more than a medieval city when the Saudis took control of it. However, they later embarked on a project of modernizing the city. Saudi Arabia's first public power generator was set up in Ta'if in the late 1940s. In terms of building roads to the isolated city, in 1965 the then King Faisal inaugurated the mountain highway between Mecca and Ta'if, now part of Highway 15 and known as the Taif – Al-Hada Road. In 1974, the approximately-650-kilometer Ta'if-Abha–Jizan highway was commissioned part of the Highway 15. By the 1991 Gulf War, Ta'if was such a modern city in terms of communications that it was chosen as the site of the Rendon Group's television and radio network, which was used for communication with Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation.


title: Taif

text: The entirety of the Ta'if governorate is situated on a raised valley surrounded by the Hejaz Mountains (part of the Sarat mountains) to the west and south. The city is situated at an elevation of above mean sea level. For comparison, the surrounding mountains which separate Ta'if from nearby villages such as Al-Hada and Ash-Shafa, range in height anywhere from . Ta'if is known to have had many "wadis" with running water before, suggested by the presence of dams along many of these.


title: Taif

text: Ta'if has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification "BWh"), with hot summers and mild winters. Temperatures are not as extreme in summer as for lower-lying regions of Saudi Arabia. It is much cooler in Ta'if during the summertime than it is other parts of Saudi Arabia, particularly Riyadh. Precipitation is low, but all months see some rain, with more rain in spring and late autumn than in other months.


title: Taif

text: Historically, Ta'if's economy depended on agriculture and the cultivation of roses, which were traded throughout Central Asia and Transoxiana. Ta'if's modern economy is still mostly dependent on agriculture and perfumes, but an increasing diversification project has been taking place in order to combat the city's heavy dependence on these two industries. The distilled rose oil from the "Rosa × damascena" plant has been traditionally used as an 'ittar in the Middle East, usually as a masculine fragrance, and due to its cultivation in Ta'if, it has gained the name "Ta'if rose."


title: Taif

text: On October 1, 2017, King Salman of Saudi Arabia inaugurated the "New Ta'if" project, a $3.9 billion project aiming at establishing a new, international airport in the city, dubbed the Ta'if International Airport, renovation and modernization of the historic Souk 'Okaz, establishment of the Oasis of Technology, which is expected to include an Antonov aircraft manufacturing and assembly plant, an industrial airport with a 3.5-km runway, a solar farm covering 25,000 square meters (269,100 sq ft) expected to produce 30 MW of electricity, the Residential Suburb, which is expected to include 10,000 residential units, the Industrial City, an 11 square kilometer (4.25 sq mi) industrial city with a complex for heavy, medium and light industries along with a vocational training center, and the University City, 16 square kilometer (6.2 sq mi) university projected to be built in the Saiysad National Park.


title: Taif

text: Al Rudaf Park is a large natural park in South Ta'if, where trees stand amidst weathered granite rocks. The site also has a small zoo. Additionally, the park has a large lake with fountains and cannons. The Ta'if rose plantation is a complex of rose fields filled with small fragrant pink roses that are distilled into expensive Ta'if rose oil. The famous grown here is the 30-petal Damask rose ("Rosa damascena trigintipetala"), whose scent has been described as a robust, spicy, and dizzyingly complex scent which has been used by several luxury perfume brands, including Ormonde Jayne, Chanel, Guerlain and Hermès. The "Nuqbat al-Hamra"' park near Al-Hada is a large nature preserve at an elevation of above sea level. Ash-Shafā is a small village situated high up in the mountains at an elevation of above sea level, rich in agricultural products. The fruit gardens of Ta'if are located here. A camel ride is available, and Jabal Dakka is within view of the village. The Saiysad National Park is located in New Ta’if.


title: Taif

text: Located north of Ta'if is the site of the Souk 'Okaz, the largest and best known of the pre-Islamic "souks". The "souq" was a scene of annual social, political and commercial gatherings. It was also the location of competitive recitation of poetry and prose. The buildings remain, including prominent outlines of walls of basaltic stone. Wadi Mitna is a "wadi" believed to be the location where Muhammad sought refuge from the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif in 619 AD, after he was stoned by the tribes. He was later given sanctuary by his fellows in a small house, which has now been converted into a mosque. Shubra Palace is the regional museum of Ta'if, housed in a building built around 1900, which served as Ibn Saud's lodging in the 1930s, and was also used as the Presidency of the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia during King Faisal's reign. The Turkish Fort was a fort located near the Souk 'Okaz, many battles have been fought here and many prominent graves can be found, though only a small part of the original fort remains. Legend has it that Lawrence of Arabia also fought here. The Badawi Fortress is located in the southern reaches of East Ta’if.


title: Taif

text: The Souk 'Okaz, one of the best known pre-Islamic "souks," was not only a market, but in many ways, a historic theater, where sociopolitical and commercial exchanges took place between the tribes of pre-Islamic Arabia. People from around the peninsula would come to visit the idol of the goddess "Lat". This is proof that Ta'if has long been a historic center for trade and the arts in the Arabian Peninsula; contemporary theaters in the area include the 'Okaz Market Theater and the recently opened King 'Abdullah Park Theater. A performing arts theater is also located in the nearby town of Qia and is known as the Folk Theater of Qia.


title: Taif

text: In the framework of Saudi Seasons initiative, the first Ta'if Season took place on August 1, 2019. Artists from 7 countries participated in the event and a wide range of activities were overseen. Three main events have taken place during the season including the Souk 'Okaz festival and a camel race. As a sideline to the event, a rose festival in the city as well as a number of concerts and plays were held.


title: Taif

text: Like most of Saudi Arabia, the most popular sport among Saudis in Ta'if is football. The Wej SC (Saudi Arabian Football Federation) plays at the King Fahd Sports City in North Ta'if near as-Sayl as-Saghir and is the football team representing the city. The expatriate minority in the city has brought several other games with them to Ta'if, including cricket, badminton and volleyball.


title: Taif

text: Due to Ta'if's location in the mountains, most major highways either bend around the city or avoid the region completely. The only major highway in the Saudi Arabian network to pass through Ta'if is Highway 15 (known to locals as the Taif – Al-Hada Road) which arrives from Mecca in the west, bends around the mountains through Al-Hada, passes through the center of Ta'if, and travels to Abha and Khamis Mushait via Baha and Baljurashi. Ta'if is connected to Highway 40 via Highway 267 and Highway 287. Highway 267 forms the western part of the Ta'if beltway, but then continues southward toward Ash-Shafa, bypassing Mecca by using a longer route and gives access to Highway 304, Highway 301, Highway 40 and Highway 290 via Highway 298.


title: Taif

text: Ta'if is served by the Taif International Airport. It was scheduled to open in 2020, but this had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The new airport is mainly designed to cater to pilgrims of Hajj and 'Umrah, and to relieve pressure off the King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah.


title: Taif

text: The historically well-known tribe of Thaqif still lives in and around the city of Ta'if. ‘Utaibah is another Adnani tribe which still lives in Ta'if. Banu Harith is one of the Qahtani Arabs tribes living around Ta'if in Saudi Arabia. The tribe claims a very large area around the city in the area between Ta'if and Qunfudhah in Saudi Arabia. Thu al-Isba' al-'Adwani was an Arabic poet and a man of wisdom from the Banu 'Adwan tribe that historically lived in the northern parts of Ta'if. Furthermore, Banu Thabit are people descended from Thabit and the tribe is originally part of Hawazin clan.


title: Taif

text: During the pre-Islamic era, the city was populated by the tribe of Thaqif. The city had then the following chieftains:


title: Annette Roque

text: Annette Roque (born December 1966) is a model and equestrian. Her mother is Dutch and her father is Indonesian.


title: Annette Roque

text: As a model in the 1980s and 1990s, Roque was known professionally as "Jade Roque." She appeared widely in European cosmetics ads, and in the J. Crew and Victoria's Secret catalogs in the United States. Roque was a Revlon "spokesmodel".


title: Annette Roque

text: Roque was married to American television journalist Matt Lauer, whom she met on a blind date in July 1997. Lauer proposed to Roque after five months of dating and the two wed in Water Mill, New York, on October 3, 1998. They have three children together, son Jack (b. June 26, 2001), daughter Romy (b. October 2, 2003), and son Thijs (b. November 28, 2006).


title: Annette Roque

text: In September 2006, while pregnant with Thijs, Roque filed for divorce, citing cruel and inhumane treatment from Lauer, but she and Lauer later reconciled. However, in 2018, she filed for divorce a second time following a series of sexual assault allegations against Lauer by multiple victims.


title: Vasanth

text: Vasanth is an Indian director well known in Tamil language films for directing films such as "Keladi Kanmani" (1990), "Aasai" (1995), "Nerrukku Ner" (1997), "Rhythm" (2000) and "Satham Podathey" (2007).


title: Vasanth

text: Vasanth began his career as a journalist and short story writer, before he began working as an assistant director to K. Balachander on 18 films including "Sindhu Bhairavi" and "Punnagai Mannan". He made his first independent film in 1990, the critically acclaimed film "Keladi Kanmani", which starred noted playback singer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and enjoyed a 285-days-run at theatres. He next directed "Nee Pathi Naan Pathi", titled after a song from his previous film, which focussed on an unwed mother's issue. The film features the song "Nivedha", becoming noted for its visualisation and its lyrics consisting of a single word. His third directorial was the thriller "Aasai" (1995), which became a trendsetter and high financial success that ran for more than 200 days. Produced by Mani Ratnam. as well as the feature film debut of lead actress Suvalakshmi, while Vasanth received the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director.


title: Vasanth

text: In 1997, Vasanth's next project, "Nerrukku Ner" released. Also produced by Maniratnam, the film introduced actor Sivakumar's eldest son Suriya, who played a leading role and Bollywood actress Simran alongside Vijay and Kausalya also became a commercial success and ran for 175 days. Vasanth's subsequent project "Poovellam Kettuppar" (1999), also starred Suriya, pairing for the first time with Jyothika, who would later become his wife. The film is especially known as being composer Yuvan Shankar Raja's first major musical success. The following year, two of his directorial released, "Appu" and "Rhythm". The former was appreciated for Prakash Raj's performance as a eunuch, whilst the latter is considered a classic, mainly for its theme and realism by critics and public. "Rhythm" told the tale of two individuals who lose their life partners in the same accident and overcome their sorrow to start a new relationship. The film's soundtrack, scored by A. R. Rahman consists of five songs, each depicting one of the five elements. Vasanth had picked "Rhythm" to be the film "closest to heart". "Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke!" (2002) was his following project, with its major attraction being the first ensemble soundtrack in Indian cinema, featuring five songs, composed by five debutant music directors but failed at the box office. In 2007, he made the thriller film "Satham Podathey" (2007), which was critically acclaimed but not a commercial hit. and a blockbuster at the box office, while fetching him a Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Storywriter. 2013 he made the romantic musical "Moondru Per Moondru Kadhal", a film involving three love stories. In 2015, he began his next feature film titled "Sivaranjaniyum Innum Sila Pengalum", reported to be a "pro-women film", in which he would introduce Carnatic singer Sudha Ragunathan as a music director.


title: Vasanth

text: During his sabbaticals from filmmaking, Vasanth has worked on several ad films, short films and documentaries as well. The short films, "Thakkayin Methu Naanku Kangal(தக்கையின் மீது நான்கு கண்கள்)", for which he won the National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film at the 2005 ceremony, and the critically acclaimed "Visaranai Commission", based on Sakithya Academy prize-winning novel by Sa. Kandhasami, are the other notable works in his career. He has directed more than 40 advertising films for multinational brands and co-directed the Vijay TV extravaganza "Netru, Indru, Naalai" along with Mani Ratnam. Besides, Vasanth has been conducting workshops, too, teaching nuances of filmmaking. His short film "Sanath" won the National award for the best film on social awareness, in the 64th National Film Awards, 2016. "Sanath" is an inspiring story of a victim of medical negligence, who initially becoming invalid, struggles and opens educational institutions where thousands can learn and become successful in life. This is his second National award.


title: N-body problem

text: In physics, the -body problem is the problem of predicting the individual motions of a group of celestial objects interacting with each other gravitationally. Solving this problem has been motivated by the desire to understand the motions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and visible stars. In the 20th century, understanding the dynamics of globular cluster star systems became an important -body problem. The -body problem in general relativity is considerably more difficult to solve due to additional factors like time and space distortions.


title: N-body problem

text: The two-body problem has been completely solved and is discussed below, as well as the famous "restricted" three-body problem.


title: N-body problem

text: Knowing three orbital positions of a planet's orbit – positions obtained by Sir Isaac Newton from astronomer John Flamsteed – Newton was able to produce an equation by straightforward analytical geometry, to predict a planet's motion; i.e., to give its orbital properties: position, orbital diameter, period and orbital velocity. Having done so, he and others soon discovered over the course of a few years, those equations of motion did not predict some orbits correctly or even very well. Newton realized that this was because gravitational interactive forces amongst all the planets were affecting all their orbits.


title: N-body problem

text: The above discovery goes right to the heart of the matter as to what exactly the -body problem is physically: as Newton realized, it is not sufficient to just specify the initial position and velocity, or three orbital positions either, to determine a planet's true orbit: "the gravitational interactive forces have to be known too". Thus came the awareness and rise of the -body "problem" in the early 17th century. These gravitational attractive forces do conform to Newton's "laws of motion" and to his "law of universal gravitation", but the many multiple (-body) interactions have historically made any exact solution intractable. Ironically, this conformity led to the wrong approach.


title: N-body problem

text: After Newton's time the -body problem historically was not stated correctly "because it did not include a reference to those gravitational interactive forces". Newton does not say it directly but implies in his "Principia" the -body problem is unsolvable because of those gravitational interactive forces. Newton said in his "Principia", paragraph 21:


title: N-body problem

text: Newton concluded via his third law of motion that "according to this Law all bodies must attract each other." This last statement, which implies the existence of gravitational interactive forces, is key.


title: N-body problem

text: As shown below, the problem also conforms to Jean Le Rond D'Alembert's non-Newtonian first and second Principles and to the nonlinear -body problem algorithm, the latter allowing for a closed form solution for calculating those interactive forces.


title: N-body problem

text: The problem of finding the general solution of the -body problem was considered very important and challenging. Indeed, in the late 19th century King Oscar II of Sweden, advised by Gösta Mittag-Leffler, established a prize for anyone who could find the solution to the problem. The announcement was quite specific:


title: N-body problem

text: In case the problem could not be solved, any other important contribution to classical mechanics would then be considered to be prizeworthy. The prize was awarded to Poincaré, even though he did not solve the original problem. (The first version of his contribution even contained a serious error.) The version finally printed contained many important ideas which led to the development of chaos theory. The problem as stated originally was finally solved by Karl Fritiof Sundman for and generalized to by L. K. Babadzanjanz and Qiudong Wang.


title: N-body problem

text: The -body problem considers point masses in an inertial reference frame in three dimensional space moving under the influence of mutual gravitational attraction. Each mass has a position vector . Newton's second law says that mass times acceleration is equal to the sum of the forces on the mass. Newton's law of gravity says that the gravitational force felt on mass by a single mass is given by


title: N-body problem

text: where is the gravitational constant and is the magnitude of the distance between and (metric induced by the norm).


title: N-body problem

text: Hamilton's equations show that the -body problem is a system of first-order differential equations, with initial conditions as initial position coordinates and initial momentum values.


title: N-body problem

text: Symmetries in the -body problem yield global integrals of motion that simplify the problem. Translational symmetry of the problem results in the center of mass


title: N-body problem

text: moving with constant velocity, so that , where is the linear velocity and is the initial position. The constants of motion and represent six integrals of the motion. Rotational symmetry results in the total angular momentum being constant


title: N-body problem

text: where × is the cross product. The three components of the total angular momentum yield three more constants of the motion. The last general constant of the motion is given by the conservation of energy . Hence, every -body problem has ten integrals of motion.


title: N-body problem

text: Because and are homogeneous functions of degree 2 and −1, respectively, the equations of motion have a scaling invariance: if is a solution, then so is for any .


title: N-body problem

text: For systems in "dynamic equilibrium", the longterm time average of is zero. Then on average the total kinetic energy is half the total potential energy, , which is an example of the virial theorem for gravitational systems. If is the total mass and a characteristic size of the system (for example, the radius containing half the mass of the system), then the critical time for a system to settle down to a dynamic equilibrium is


title: N-body problem

text: Any discussion of planetary interactive forces has always started historically with the two-body problem. The purpose of this section is to relate the real complexity in calculating any planetary forces. Note in this Section also, several subjects, such as gravity, barycenter, Kepler's Laws, etc.; and in the following Section too (Three-body problem) are discussed on other Wikipedia pages. Here though, these subjects are discussed from the perspective of the -body problem.


title: N-body problem

text: The two-body problem () was completely solved by Johann Bernoulli (1667–1748) by "classical" theory (and not by Newton) by assuming the main point-mass was "fixed"; this is outlined here. Consider then the motion of two bodies, say the Sun and the Earth, with the Sun "fixed", then:


title: N-body problem

text: The equation describing the motion of mass relative to mass is readily obtained from the differences between these two equations and after canceling common terms gives:


title: N-body problem

text: The equation is the fundamental differential equation for the two-body problem Bernoulli solved in 1734. Notice for this approach forces have to be determined first, then the equation of motion resolved. This differential equation has elliptic, or parabolic or hyperbolic solutions.


title: N-body problem

text: It is incorrect to think of (the Sun) as fixed in space when applying Newton's law of universal gravitation, and to do so leads to erroneous results. The fixed point for two isolated gravitationally interacting bodies is their mutual barycenter, and this two-body problem can be solved exactly, such as using Jacobi coordinates relative to the barycenter.


title: N-body problem

text: Dr. Clarence Cleminshaw calculated the approximate position of the Solar System's barycenter, a result achieved mainly by combining only the masses of Jupiter and the Sun. "Science Program" stated in reference to his work:


title: N-body problem

text: The Sun wobbles as it rotates around the galactic center, dragging the Solar System and Earth along with it. What mathematician Kepler did in arriving at his three famous equations was curve-fit the apparent motions of the planets using Tycho Brahe's data, and "not" curve-fitting their true circular motions about the Sun (see Figure). Both Robert Hooke and Newton were well aware that Newton's "Law of Universal Gravitation" did not hold for the forces associated with elliptical orbits. In fact, Newton's Universal Law does not account for the orbit of Mercury, the asteroid belt's gravitational behavior, or Saturn's rings. Newton stated (in section 11 of the "Principia") that the main reason, however, for failing to predict the forces for elliptical orbits was that his math model was for a body confined to a situation that hardly existed in the real world, namely, the motions of bodies attracted toward an unmoving center. Some present physics and astronomy textbooks do not emphasize the negative significance of Newton's assumption and end up teaching that his mathematical model is in effect reality. It is to be understood that the classical two-body problem solution above is a mathematical idealization. See also Kepler's first law of planetary motion.


title: N-body problem

text: This section relates a historically important -body problem solution after simplifying assumptions were made.


title: N-body problem

text: In the past not much was known about the -body problem for . The case has been the most studied. Many earlier attempts to understand the "Three-body problem" were quantitative, aiming at finding explicit solutions for special situations.


title: N-body problem

text: Moulton's solution may be easier to visualize (and definitely easier to solve) if one considers the more massive body (such as the Sun) to be stationary in space, and the less massive body (such as Jupiter) to orbit around it, with the equilibrium points (Lagrangian points) maintaining the 60° spacing ahead of, and behind, the less massive body almost in its orbit (although in reality neither of the bodies are truly stationary, as they both orbit the center of mass of the whole system—about the barycenter). For sufficiently small mass ratio of the primaries, these triangular equilibrium points are stable, such that (nearly) massless particles will orbit about these points as they orbit around the larger primary (Sun). The five equilibrium points of the circular problem are known as the Lagrangian points. See figure below:


title: N-body problem

text: In the "restricted three-body problem" math model figure above (after Moulton), the Lagrangian points L and L are where the Trojan planetoids resided (see Lagrangian point); is the Sun and is Jupiter. L is a point within the asteroid belt. It has to be realized for this model, this whole Sun-Jupiter diagram is rotating about its barycenter. The restricted three-body problem solution predicted the Trojan planetoids before they were first seen. The -circles and closed loops echo the electromagnetic fluxes issued from the Sun and Jupiter. It is conjectured, contrary to Richard H. Batin's conjecture (see References), the two are gravity sinks, in and where gravitational forces are zero, and the reason the Trojan planetoids are trapped there. The total amount of mass of the planetoids is unknown.


title: N-body problem

text: The restricted three-body problem that assumes the mass of one of the bodies is negligible. For a discussion of the case where the negligible body is a satellite of the body of lesser mass, see Hill sphere; for binary systems, see Roche lobe. Specific solutions to the three-body problem result in chaotic motion with no obvious sign of a repetitious path.


title: N-body problem

text: The restricted problem (both circular and elliptical) was worked on extensively by many famous mathematicians and physicists, most notably by Poincaré at the end of the 19th century. Poincaré's work on the restricted three-body problem was the foundation of deterministic chaos theory. In the restricted problem, there exist five equilibrium points. Three are collinear with the masses (in the rotating frame) and are unstable. The remaining two are located on the third vertex of both equilateral triangles of which the two bodies are the first and second vertices.


title: N-body problem

text: Inspired by the circular restricted three-body problem, the four-body problem can be greatly simplified by considering a smaller body to have a small mass compared to the other three massive bodies, which in turn are approximated to describe circular orbits. This is known as the bicircular restricted four-body problem (also known as bicircular model) and it can be traced back to 1960 in a NASA report written by Su-Shu Huang. This formulation has been highly relevant in the astrodynamics, mainly to model spacecraft trajectories in the Earth-Moon system with the addition of the gravitational attraction of the Sun. The former formulation of the bicircular restricted four-body problem can be problematic when modelling other systems than the Earth-Moon-Sun, so the formulation was generalized by Negri and Prado to expand the application range and improve the accuracy without loss of simplicity.


title: N-body problem

text: The "planetary problem" is the -body problem in the case that one of the masses is much larger than all the others. A prototypical example of a planetary problem is the Sun–Jupiter–Saturn system, where the mass of the Sun is about 1000 times larger than the masses of Jupiter or Saturn. An approximate solution to the problem is to decompose it into pairs of star–planet Kepler problems, treating interactions among the planets as perturbations. Perturbative approximation works well as long as there are no orbital resonances in the system, that is none of the ratios of unperturbed Kepler frequencies is a rational number. Resonances appear as small denominators in the expansion.


title: N-body problem

text: The existence of resonances and small denominators led to the important question of stability in the planetary problem: do planets, in nearly circular orbits around a star, remain in stable or bounded orbits over time? In 1963, Vladimir Arnold proved using KAM theory a kind of stability of the planetary problem: there exists a set of positive measure of quasiperiodic orbits in the case of the planetary problem restricted to the plane. In the KAM theory, chaotic planetary orbits would be bounded by quasiperiodic KAM tori. Arnold's result was extended to a more general theorem by Féjoz and Herman in 2004.


title: N-body problem

text: A central configuration is an initial configuration such that if the particles were all released with zero velocity, they would all collapse toward the center of mass . Such a motion is called "homothetic". Central configurations may also give rise to "homographic motions" in which all masses moves along Keplerian trajectories (elliptical, circular, parabolic, or hyperbolic), with all trajectories having the same eccentricity . For elliptical trajectories, corresponds to homothetic motion and gives a "relative equilibrium motion" in which the configuration remains an isometry of the initial configuration, as if the configuration was a rigid body. Central configurations have played an important role in understanding the topology of invariant manifolds created by fixing the first integrals of a system.


title: N-body problem

text: Solutions in which all masses move on the "same" curve without collisions are called choreographies. A choreography for was discovered by Lagrange in 1772 in which three bodies are situated at the vertices of an equilateral triangle in the rotating frame. A figure eight choreography for was found numerically by C. Moore in 1993 and generalized and proven by A. Chenciner and R. Montgomery in 2000. Since then, many other choreographies have been found for .


title: N-body problem

text: For every solution of the problem, not only applying an isometry or a time shift but also a reversal of time (unlike in the case of friction) gives a solution as well.


title: N-body problem

text: In the physical literature about the -body problem (), sometimes reference is made to "the impossibility of solving the -body problem" (via employing the above approach). However, care must be taken when discussing the 'impossibility' of a solution, as this refers only to the method of first integrals (compare the theorems by Abel and Galois about the impossibility of solving algebraic equations of degree five or higher by means of formulas only involving roots).


title: N-body problem

text: As and are given as initial conditions, every is known. Differentiating results in which at which is also known, and the Taylor series is constructed iteratively.


title: N-body problem

text: Lastly, Sundman's result was generalized to the case of bodies by Qiudong Wang in the 1990s. Since the structure of singularities is more complicated, Wang had to leave out completely the questions of singularities. The central point of his approach is to transform, in an appropriate manner, the equations to a new system, such that the interval of existence for the solutions of this new system is .


title: N-body problem

text: The latter ones are called Painlevé's conjecture (no-collisions singularities). Their existence has been conjectured for by Painlevé (see Painlevé conjecture). Examples of this behavior for have been constructed by Xia and a heuristic model for by Gerver. Donald G. Saari has shown that for 4 or fewer bodies, the set of initial data giving rise to singularities has measure zero.


title: N-body problem

text: While there are analytic solutions available for the classical (i.e. nonrelativistic) two-body problem and for selected configurations with , in general -body problems must be solved or simulated using numerical methods.


title: N-body problem

text: For a small number of bodies, an -body problem can be solved using direct methods, also called particle–particle methods. These methods numerically integrate the differential equations of motion. Numerical integration for this problem can be a challenge for several reasons. First, the gravitational potential is singular; it goes to infinity as the distance between two particles goes to zero. The gravitational potential may be "softened" to remove the singularity at small distances:


title: N-body problem

text: Second, in general for , the -body problem is chaotic, which means that even small errors in integration may grow exponentially in time. Third, a simulation may be over large stretches of model time (e.g. millions of years) and numerical errors accumulate as integration time increases.


title: N-body problem

text: There are a number of techniques to reduce errors in numerical integration. Local coordinate systems are used to deal with widely differing scales in some problems, for example an Earth–Moon coordinate system in the context of a solar system simulation. Variational methods and perturbation theory can yield approximate analytic trajectories upon which the numerical integration can be a correction. The use of a symplectic integrator ensures that the simulation obeys Hamilton's equations to a high degree of accuracy and in particular that energy is conserved.


title: N-body problem

text: Direct methods using numerical integration require on the order of computations to evaluate the potential energy over all pairs of particles, and thus have a time complexity of . For simulations with many particles, the factor makes large-scale calculations especially time consuming.


title: N-body problem

text: A number of approximate methods have been developed that reduce the time complexity relative to direct methods:


title: N-body problem

text: In astrophysical systems with strong gravitational fields, such as those near the event horizon of a black hole, -body simulations must take into account general relativity; such simulations are the domain of numerical relativity. Numerically simulating the Einstein field equations is extremely challenging and a parameterized post-Newtonian formalism (PPN), such as the Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations, is used if possible. The two-body problem in general relativity is analytically solvable only for the Kepler problem, in which one mass is assumed to be much larger than the other.


title: N-body problem

text: Most work done on the -body problem has been on the gravitational problem. But there exist other systems for which -body mathematics and simulation techniques have proven useful.


title: N-body problem

text: In large scale electrostatics problems, such as the simulation of proteins and cellular assemblies in structural biology, the Coulomb potential has the same form as the gravitational potential, except that charges may be positive or negative, leading to repulsive as well as attractive forces. "Fast Coulomb solvers" are the electrostatic counterpart to fast multipole method simulators. These are often used with periodic boundary conditions on the region simulated and Ewald summation techniques are used to speed up computations.


title: N-body problem

text: In statistics and machine learning, some models have loss functions of a form similar to that of the gravitational potential: a sum of kernel functions over all pairs of objects, where the kernel function depends on the distance between the objects in parameter space. Example problems that fit into this form include all-nearest-neighbors in manifold learning, kernel density estimation, and kernel machines. Alternative optimizations to reduce the time complexity to have been developed, such as "dual tree" algorithms, that have applicability to the gravitational -body problem as well.


title: N-body problem

text: A technique in Computational fluid dynamics called Vortex Methods sees the vorticity in a fluid domain discretized onto particles which are then advected with the velocity at their centers. Because the fluid velocity and vorticity are related via a Poisson's equation, the velocity can be solved in the same manner as gravitation and electrostatics: as an -body summation over all vorticity-containing particles. The summation uses the Biot-Savart law, with vorticity taking the place of electrical current. In the context of particle-laden turbulent multiphase flows, determining an overall disturbance field generated by all particles is an -body problem. If the particles translating within the flow are much smaller than the flow's Kolmogorov scale, their linear Stokes disturbance fields can be superposed, yielding a system of 3 equations for 3 components of disturbance velocities at the location of particles.


title: Let's Stay Together (Al Green song)

text: "Let's Stay Together" is a song by American singer Al Green from his 1972 album of the same name. It was produced and recorded by Willie Mitchell, and mixed by Mitchell and Terry Manning. Released as a single in 1971, "Let's Stay Together" reached number 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and remained on the chart for 16 weeks and also topped "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s R&B chart for nine weeks. "Billboard" ranked it as the number 11 song of 1972.


title: Let's Stay Together (Al Green song)

text: It was ranked the 60th greatest song of all time by "Rolling Stone" magazine on their 2004 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and has been covered by numerous other performers, most notably Tina Turner.


title: Let's Stay Together (Al Green song)

text: It was selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry, which selects recordings annually that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The song went on to claim the number 1 position on the "Billboard" Year-End chart as an R&B song for 1972.


title: Let's Stay Together (Al Green song)

text: "Let's Stay Together" was later covered by Tina Turner, her second collaboration with the British Heaven 17 and British Electric Foundation production team after "Ball of Confusion" in 1982, and served as her comeback single in late 1983. Unlike Al Green's version, Turner sings verse 2 first, then verse 1 when the band starts playing.


title: Let's Stay Together (Al Green song)

text: Released by Capitol Records in November 1983, the single charted at number 6 in the UK (one place higher than Al Green's original) and became the third time she reached the UK top ten, the first two being with former husband Ike Turner on "River Deep, Mountain High" and "Nutbush City Limits". Following the US release in January 1984, the single reached number 26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 1 on the "Billboard" Dance Chart.


title: Let's Stay Together (Al Green song)

text: At the time, the song was the most successful solo single Turner had released. It was included on her multi-platinum selling album "Private Dancer", released a few months later in the spring of 1984. The music video was directed by David Mallet. The cover photography was by Norman Seeff.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The Theatre of Pompey (, ) was a structure in Ancient Rome built during the latter part of the Roman Republican era by Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus). Completed in 55BC, it was the first permanent theatre to be built in Rome. Its ruins are located at Largo di Torre Argentina.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: Enclosed by the large columned porticos was an expansive garden complex of fountains and statues. Along the stretch of the covered arcade were rooms dedicated to the exposition of art and other works collected by Pompey during his campaigns. On the opposite end of the garden complex was the Curia of Pompey for political meetings. The senate would often use this building along with a number of temples and halls that satisfied the requirements for their formal meetings. The curia is infamous as the place where Julius Caesar was assassinated by Brutus and Cassius during a session of the Senate on 15 March 44 BC.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: Pompey paid for this theatre to gain political popularity during his second consulship. The theatre was inspired by Pompey's visit in 62BC to a Greek theatre in Mytilene. Construction began around 61BC. Prior to its construction, permanent stone theatres had been forbidden, and so to side-step this issue, Pompey had the structure built in the Campus Martius, outside of the "pomerium", or sacred boundary, that divided the city from the "ager Romanus" (the territory immediately outside the city). Pompey also had a temple to Venus Victrix built near the top of the theatre's seating; Pompey then claimed that he had "not [built] a theatre, but rather a temple of Venus to which I have added the steps of a theatre".


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The sources on the dedication are contradictory. Pliny reports its dedication in 55BC, the year of Pompey's second consulship. However, Gellius preserves a letter by Cicero's freedman, Tiro that dates the dedication to 52BC. Two performances are associated with the dedication: "Clytemnestra" by Accius, and "Equos Troianus" either by Livius Andronicus or Gnaeus Naevius. Clodius Aesopus, a renowned tragic actor, was brought out of retirement in order to act in the theatre's opening show. The show was also accompanied by gladiatorial matches featuring exotic animals.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: For forty years, the theatre was the only permanent theatre located in Rome, until Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger constructed the Theatre of Balbus in 13BC in the Campus Martius. Regardless, the Theatre of Pompey continued to be the main location for plays, both due to its splendour and its size. In fact, the site was often considered the premiere theatre throughout its entire life. Seeking association with the great theatre, others constructed their own in and around the area of Pompey's. This led to the eventual establishment of a theatre district, in the most literal sense.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: Following Pompey's defeat and subsequent assassination in 48 BC during the Great Roman Civil War (49–45BC), Caesar used the theatre to celebrate the triumph over Pompey's forces in Africa. The Theatre was the site of Caesar's assassination as it was the temporary meeting location of the Roman Senate.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The porticos and theatre were maintained for centuries. Octavian restored parts of the complex in 32BC, and in AD 21 Tiberius initiated a reconstruction of the part of the theatre that had been destroyed by fire which was completed during the reign of Caligula. Claudius rededicated the Temple of Venus Victrix; Nero gilded the interior of the temple, and Domitian and Septimius Severus significantly repaired and altered the structure. A catalogue complied at the end of the 4th century recorded that the theatre's seating capacity was 22,888 persons.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, the Theatre of Pompey remained in use and when the city of Rome came under the dominion of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, the structure was once again renovated between AD 507–511. However, this renovation would be its last. Following the destructive Gothic War (535–554) there was no need for a large theatre because the population of Rome had declined drastically. As such, the theatre was allowed to deteriorate.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: During the Early Middle Ages, the marble covering of the theatre was used as a material to maintain other buildings. Being located near the Tiber, the building was also regularly flooded which caused further damage. Nevertheless, the concrete core of the building remained standing in the 9thcenturyAD, as a pilgrim guidebook from that time still listed the site as a "theatrum". By the 12th century, buildings had started to encroach upon the remains; two churches, Santa Barbara and Santa Maria in Grotta Pinta were constructed on the site, with the latter probably having been built over one of the theatre's access corridors. However, the floor plan of the old theatre was still recognizable. In 1140, one source referred to the ruins as the "Theatrum Pompeium", whereas another referred to it as the "temple of Cneus [sic] pompeii". In 1150, Johannes de Ceca is reputed to have sold a "trillium", or round structure (i.e. the theatre curve) to an ancestor of the Orsini family. In 1296, the site of the theatre was turned into a fortress by the Orsini. Later in the Middle Ages, the square of Campo de' Fiori was built and the remaining parts of the theatre were quarried to supply stone for many newer buildings which still exist in modern Rome.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: Today, not much remains visible of the once majestic theatre, as the vestiges of the structure have entirely been enveloped by the structures that lie between the Campo de' Fiori and Largo di Torre Argentina. The largest intact sections of the theatre are found in the Palazzo della Cancelleria, which used much of the bone-coloured travertine for its exterior from the theatre. The large red and grey columns used in its courtyard are from the porticoes of the theatre's upper covered seating; however, they were originally taken from the theatre to build the old Basilica of S. Lorenzo. And while the theatre itself is no longer discernible, the imprint of the building itself can still be detected; the structure’s semicircular form can today be traced by walking east from the Campo de' Fiori through the Palazzo Orsini Pio Righetti. The path of the Via di Grotta Pinta, near the Via dei Chiavari, also roughly follows the outline of the theatre's original stage. Deep within the recesses of basements and wine cellars of buildings located in the Campo de' Fiori, arches and fragments of the theatre's walls and foundations can still be seen. The ground plan of the Palazzo Pio also reveals that many of the supporting spokes of the theatre were re-purposed into walls for new rooms. The arches that were left after the theatre’s abandonment even led to the name of the aforementioned Santa Maria di Grotta Pinta (i.e. the "painted grotto").


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: One of the first individuals to draw the ruins of the theatre was Giovanni Battista Piranesi, who made two notable etchings depicting the theatre in the middle of the 18thcentury. The first, entitled "A Demonstration of the Current Remains of the Theatre of Pompey" ("Dimonstrazione del Odierno Avanzo del Teatro di Pompeo"), illustrates, from both a top-down and a cross-section perspective, a view of the ruins. This illustration suggests that the only remnants of the once-great structure in the 18thcentury were portions of the seating closest to the orchestra, or the "ima cavea". Piranesi specifically notes that four of the large doors ("vomitoria") through which spectators would have entered the complex were still preserved. However, much of the height of the building had long ago been stripped away.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: Another etching, entitled "The Remains of the Theatre of Pompey", shows a more artistic view of the structure. This illustration, facing the south-east, postulates that the remaining "ima cavea" was split on the Western side, where the ancient stairs to the Temple of Venus would have been located. The image also prominently shows a remaining substructure arch that originally would have supported the "media" and "summa caveae". Piranesi seems to have been basing his drawings largely on what he could imagine, as in the legend for "A Demonstration of the Current Remains of the Theatre of Pompey", he explicitly mentions that these etchings illustrate what the theatre would look like if modern structures were removed from the site ("protratta secondo il giro delle moderne fabbriche situate sullo rovine della medesima").


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: Luigi Canina (1795–1856) was the first to undertake serious research on the theatre. Canina examined what ruins he could and then combined this information with Vitruvius' famous description of a Roman theatre, thereby producing a working plan of the theatre. Later in 1837, Victoire Baltard used Canina's work, as well as information gleaned from the "Forma Urbis" to construct a more refined plan. Much like Piranesi before him, Baltard also created a sketch of what the ruins would look like were they to be completely excavated.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The structure and connecting quadriporticus had multiple uses. The building had the largest "Crypta" of all the Roman theatres. This area, located behind the stage and within an enclosure, was used by patrons between acts or productions to stroll, purchase refreshments or just to escape to the covered porticoes from the sun or rain.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The Porticus Pompei contained statues of great artists and actors. Long arcades exhibiting collections of paintings and sculpture as well as a large space suitable for holding public gatherings and meetings made the facility an attraction to Romans for many reasons. Lavish fountains were fed by water purchased from a nearby aqueduct and stored. It is not known if the water supply would have been enough to run the waterworks for more than a few hours a day, or if some other supply allowed the fountains to run nearly nonstop.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The remains of the east side of the quadriporticus, and three of four temples from an earlier period often associated with the theatre can be seen on the Largo di Torre Argentina. The fourth temple remains largely covered by the modern streets of Rome. This archaeological site was excavated by order of Mussolini in the 1920s and 1930s. The scarce remains of the theatre itself can be found off the Via di Grotta Pinta underground. Vaults from the original theatre can be found in the cellar rooms of restaurants off this street, as well as in the walls of the hotel Albergo Sole al Biscione. The foundations of the theatre as well as part of the first level and cavea remain, but are obscured, having been overbuilt and extended. Over building throughout the centuries has resulted in the surviving ruins of the theatre's main structure becoming incorporated within modern structures.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The characteristics of Roman theatres are similar to those of the earlier Greek theatres on which they are based. However, Roman theatres have specific differences, such as being built upon their own foundations instead of earthen works or a hillside and being completely enclosed on all sides.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: Rome had no permanent theatres within the city walls until this one. Theatres and amphitheatres were temporary wooden structures that could be assembled and disassembled quickly. Attempts to build permanent stone structures were always halted by political figures or simply did not come to full fruition.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: Pompey was supposedly inspired to build his theatre from a visit to the Greek theatre of Mytilene on Lesbos. The structure may have been a counterpart to the Roman Forum. The completion of this structure may also have prompted the building of the Imperial Fora. Julius Caesar would come to copy Pompey's use of the spoils of war to illustrate and glorify his own triumphs when building his forum which in turn would be copied by emperors. The use of public space incorporating temple architecture for personal political ambition was taken from Sulla and those prior to the dictator. Using religious associations and ritual for personal glorification and political propaganda were an attempt to project a public image.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The use of concrete and stone foundations allowed for a free standing Roman theatre and amphitheatre.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: The stage and scaenae frons sections of the theatre is attached directly to the auditorium, making both a single structure enclosed all around, whereas Greek theatres separate the two. This created acoustic issues requiring different techniques to overcome.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: This architecture was the model for nearly all future theatres of Rome and throughout the empire. Notable structures that used a similar style are the Theatre of Marcellus and the Theatre of Balbus, both of which can be seen on the marble plan of the city.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: In order to build the theatre as a permanent stone structure, a number of things were done, including building outside the city walls. By dedicating the theatre to Venus Victrix and building the temple central within the cavea, Pompey made the structure a large shrine to his personal deity. He also incorporated four Republican temples from an earlier period in a section called the "Sacred Area" in what is today known as Largo di Torre Argentina. The entire complex is built directly off the older section which directs the structure's layout. In this manner, the structure had a day-to-day religious context and incorporates an older series of temples into the newer structure.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: "Temple A" was built in the 3rdcenturyBC, and is probably the "Temple of Juturna" built by Gaius Lutatius Catulus after his victory against the Carthaginians in 241BC. It was later rebuilt into a church, whose apse is still present.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: "Temple B", a circular temple with six columns remaining, was built by Quintus Lutatius Catulus in 101BC to celebrate his victory over Cimbri; it was "Aedes Fortunae Huiusce Diei", a temple devoted to the "Luck of the Current Day". The colossal statue found during excavations and now kept in the Capitoline Museums was the statue of the goddess herself. Only the head, the arms, and the legs were of marble: the other parts, covered by the dress, were of bronze.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: "Temple C" is the most ancient of the four, dating back to the 4th or 3rdcenturyBC, and was probably devoted to "Feronia", the ancient Italic goddess of fertility. After the fire of 80AD, this temple was restored, and the white and black mosaic of the inner temple cell dates back to this restoration.


title: Theatre of Pompey

text: "Temple D" is the largest of the four; it dates back to the 2nd centuryBC with Late Republican restorations, and was devoted to "Lares Permarini", but only a small part of it has been excavated (a street covers the most of it).


title: Jericho Appreciation Society

text: The Jericho Appreciation Society (JAS) is a villainous professional wrestling stable formed in American professional wrestling promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW), created and led by Chris Jericho and also appears in AEW's sister promotion, Ring of Honor (ROH). The group also consists of Daniel Garcia, Jake Hager, Angelo Parker, Matt Menard, Sammy Guevara, Tay Melo, and Anna Jay. Real life husband and wife Guevara and Melo hold the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship from AEW partner promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) in their first reign.


title: Jericho Appreciation Society

text: The gimmick of the group uses the references of "sports entertainment", a term used by WWE, where Jericho previously wrestled from 1999 until 2018.


title: Jericho Appreciation Society

text: On March 6 at Revolution, Chris Jericho was defeated by Eddie Kingston. On March 9, Jericho turned heel when he, 2point0, Daniel Garcia, and Jake Hager attacked Santana and Ortiz, and Kingston. The following week, Jericho stated that the fans and the Inner Circle did not appreciate him and that Eddie Kingston embarrassed him by making him tap out. He then dubbed the stable as "sports-entertainers" who beat up wrestlers. On the May 11 episode of "Dynamite", Kingston along with Santana and Ortiz, united with the Blackpool Combat Club (William Regal, Bryan Danielson, Jon Moxley, and Wheeler Yuta) to fight off the Jericho Appreciation Society.


title: Jericho Appreciation Society

text: The following week, Kingston agreed to team with Moxley and Danielson, along with Santana and Ortiz, to wrestle the Jericho Appreciation Society in an Anarchy in the Arena match at Double or Nothing, in which the Jericho Appreciation Society emerged victorious. On June 15 at Road Rager, Jericho defeated Ortiz in a Hair vs. Hair match following interference from former Inner Circle teammate Sammy Guevara, who joined the stable along with his fiancé, Tay Conti. On June 26, 2022, at , Chris Jericho and Sammy Guevara, under the sub-unit of "Le Sex Gods" teamed up with Minoru Suzuki to defeat Eddie Kingston, Shota Umino, and Wheeler Yuta. At Blood and Guts on June 29, The JAS were defeated by the Blackpool Combat Club, Santana and Ortiz, and Kingston in a Blood and Guts match. On July 20 at Fyter Fest, Anna Jay joined the stable after attacking Ruby Soho and allowing the JAS to help Jericho defeat Kingston in a "Barbed Wire Everywhere Deathmatch". On August 17, after Bryan Danielson defeated Daniel Garcia on a 2 out of 3 falls match, Jericho attacked Danielson from behind but was pulled off by Garcia, who slapped his hand away before Jericho left the ring. On September 4 at All Out, Jericho defeated Danielson after which he celebrated with the entirety of the JAS, minus Garcia. The following week on "Dynamite", Garcia defeated Wheeler Yuta for the ROH Pure Championship. After the match, he showed respect to Yuta and celebrated with Danielson, increasing tensions between Jericho and Garcia.


title: Jericho Appreciation Society

text: On September 22 during "Dynamite: Grand Slam", Jericho defeated Claudio Castagnoli to win the ROH World Championship, marking his overall eighth world title. The following week on "Dynamite", Jericho gave Garcia a bucket hat as a peace offering but demanded he picks a side. Garcia threw down the hat and told Jericho he didn't take orders from him. Bryan Danielson came down and told Garcia to make his own decision, and offered him a spot in the Blackpool Combat Club. The next week Danielson and Garcia teamed up in a tag team match against Jericho and Sammy Guevara. Jericho and Guevara would win the match following Jericho hitting Garcia with his Ring of Honor World Championship belt.


title: Jericho Appreciation Society

text: On the October 12 episode of "Dynamite", Garcia would assist Jericho in retaining the ROH World Championship against Danielson, realigning himself with the JAS.


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: The Pakistan Stock Exchange (, abbreviated as PSX) is a stock exchange in Pakistan with trading floors in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore. PSX was classified by MSCI as a frontier market on 8 September 2021.


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: The PSX was established on 11 January 2016 after the merger of the Karachi Stock Exchange, Lahore Stock Exchange and Islamabad Stock Exchange. As of January 2022, there are about 375 companies listed on the PSX with a total market capitalisation of PKR 7,756 billion (US$52 billion).


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: Investors on the exchanges include 1,886 foreign institutional investors and 883 domestic institutional investors along with about 220,000 retail investors. There are also about 400 brokerage houses which are members of the PSX as well as 21 asset management companies. One of the PSX's constituent stock exchanges, the Karachi Stock Exchange, was listed among the world's best performing frontier stock markets: between 2009 and 2015 it delivered an average 26% return annually. In December 2016, PSX sold 40% strategic shares to a Chinese consortium for US$85 million.


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: The Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) came into existence in January 2016 when the Government of Pakistan decided to merge the three large exchange markets of the country (based in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad) into one combined market.


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: Founded on 18 September 1947, Karachi Stock Exchange Limited (KSE) was registered in Pakistan. It was located at the Stock Exchange Building (SEB) on Stock Exchange Road, in the heart of Karachi's business district near I. I. Chundrigar Road. It was Pakistan's largest stock exchange, and was listed among the ten best stock markets in the world in 2015. According to "Bloomberg", the Pakistani benchmark stock market index is the third-best performer in the world since 2009. In June 2015, Khaleej Times reported that since 2009, the Pakistani equities delivered 26 percent a year for US dollar investors, making Karachi the best-performing stock exchange in the world. As of 10 July 2015, total market capitalization reached Rs. 7.33 trillion (US$72 billion approximately).


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) was located in Lahore, Pakistan. The Lahore Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited came into existence in October 1970, under the Securities and Exchange Ordinance of 1969 by the Government of Pakistan in response to the needs of the provincial metropolis of the province of Punjab. It initially had 83 members and was housed in a rented building in the crowded Bank Square area of Lahore.


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE) was the youngest of the three stock exchanges of Pakistan, and was located in the capital city, Islamabad. ISE was incorporated as a guarantee-limited company on 25 October 1989. It was located in the ISE Towers, a 22-storey building which is one of the tallest buildings of the city. The area covered by the building is , and it consists of three levels of basements and ground plus 18 floors above.


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: The PSX was launched on 11 January 2016. Prior to the formal launch, the Karachi Stock Exchange held a two-day pre-production mock trading session for all certificate holders of the three exchanges. The integration is expected to help reduce market fragmentation and create a strong case for attracting strategic partnerships necessary for providing technological expertise and assistance. The integration of the three exchanges has completed the second phase of the Stock Exchanges Demutualization and Integration Act 2012, passed by a joint session of the Parliament.


title: Pakistan Stock Exchange

text: Historic high trading volumes staggering at 2.20 billion shares were recorded on 27 May 2021. It broke the previous record all-time high volume of 1.56 billion shares, recorded on 26 May 2021.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Silvia Celeste Rabimbi Cortesi (; born December 15, 1997) is a Filipino-Italian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Philippines 2022. She will represent the Philippines at the Miss Universe 2022 competition.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Cortesi was previously crowned Miss Earth Philippines 2018 and represented the Philippines at the Miss Earth 2018 pageant, where she finished in the Top 8.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Silvia Celeste Rabimbi Cortesi was born on December 15, 1997 in Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines, to a Filipino mother, Maria Luisa Rabimbi, and an Italian father from Venezuela. Her mother was from Camarines Sur, Bicol and was also of distant Spanish and Chinese descent. Her parents met at an Italian restaurant in Manila which her father owned and her mother worked. Cortesi grew up in a multicultural household, exposed to both her Filipino and Italian ancestries.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Cortesi was initially brought up in a Filipino neighborhood in Pasay, where her older sister Monica was raised. When she was six months old, her family moved to Parma, Italy, where she spent most of her upbringing. Upon her father's death when she was young, her mother raised both her and her sister as a single parent. As a teenager, Cortesi worked as a model and store cashier in Parma. She would also join several pageants in secret, which her mother discovered and allowed as long as she maintained good grades in school.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Cortesi became interested in pursuing pageantry as a career and exploring her Filipino roots after being informed by her mother of Pia Wurtzbach's win representing the Philippines at Miss Universe 2015, and watching her performance during the event. Initially unsure of her career path at 18 years old, she was motivated by Wurtzbach's win to go into pageantry. She moved to the Philippines in hopes of representing the country in Miss Universe despite only knowing her native Italian and not being fluent in English and Filipino; she eventually learned both languages her own. She admitted to facing discrimination in both Italy and the Philippines due to being biracial.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Cortesi is the inaugural winner of the Miss Philippines Earth-Italy pageant in Rome. She joined the pageant as she was encouraged by her mother.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Cortesi represented the Filipino community of Rome, Italy at the Miss Earth Philippines 2018 pageant.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: On May 19, 2018, she was crowned as Miss Earth Philippines 2018 by the outgoing titleholder Karen Ibasco.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: After winning the Miss Earth Philippines 2018 pageant, she gained the right to represent the Philippines at the Miss Earth 2018 pageant.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: At the end of the competition, she finished as a Top 8 finalist. Nguyễn Phương Khánh of Vietnam won the said pageant.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: On April 6, 2022, representing Pasay, Cortesi was confirmed as one of the 32 official contestants for the Miss Universe Philippines 2022 competition.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: At the competition proper, she passed all rounds of competition including both the swimsuit and evening gown portions. At the final question and answer portion, she was asked: “If you could stop time for a day, how would you spend it?”, to which she responded:


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: At the end of the competition, Cortesi was crowned by outgoing Miss Universe Philippines 2021 Beatrice Gomez as Miss Universe Philippines 2022.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Cortesi is in a relationship with Filipino national football player Mathew Custodio, of professional football club United City. She has residences in both Taguig City and Pasay.


title: Celeste Cortesi

text: Cortesi is concurrently completing her degree in real estate management (Bachelor of Science in Real Estate Management) from the Lyceum of Alabang, and pursuing her Philippine real estate license.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world. It has more than 37,000 members who are involved in psychiatric practice, research, and academia representing a diverse population of patients in more than 100 countries. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used mostly in the United States as a guide for diagnosing mental disorders.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: At a meeting in 1844 in Philadelphia, thirteen superintendents and organizers of insane asylums and hospitals formed the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII). The group included Thomas Kirkbride, creator of the asylum model which was used throughout the United States. The group was chartered to focus "primarily on the administration of hospitals and how that affected the care of patients", as opposed to conducting research or promoting the profession.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: In 1893, the organization changed its name to the "American Medico-Psychological Association". In 1921, the association changed that name to the present "American Psychiatric Association". The association was incorporated in 1927.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: The cover of the publication "Semi-Centennial Proceedings of the American Medical Psychological Association", which the association distributed in 1894 at its 50th annual meeting in Philadelphia, contained the first depiction of the association's official seal. The seal has undergone several changes since that time.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: The present seal is a round medallion with a purported likeness of Benjamin Rush's profile and 13 stars over his head to represent the 13 founders of the organization. The outer ring contains the words "American Psychiatric Association 1844." Rush's name and an MD are below the picture.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: An association history of the seal states:The choice of Rush (1746–1813) for the seal reflects his place in history. ... Rush's practice of psychiatry was based on bleeding, purging, and the use of the tranquilizer chair and gyrator. By 1844 these practices were considered erroneous and abandoned. Rush, however, was the first American to study mental disorder in a systematic manner, and he is considered the father of American Psychiatry.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: In 2015, the association adopted a new logo that depicts the serpent-entwined Rod of Asclepius superimposed over the image of two hemispheres of a human brain. The logo appears next to the words "American Psychiatric Association", with the word "Psychiatric" in bold type; the tagline "Medical leadership for mind, brain and body" appears below the logo. The association will continue to use the seal bearing Rush's profile for ceremonial purposes and for some internal documents.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: APA is led by the President of the American Psychiatric Association and a board of trustees with an executive committee.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: APA reports that its membership is primarily medical specialists who are qualified, or in the process of becoming qualified, as psychiatrists. The basic eligibility requirement is completion of a residency program in psychiatry accredited by the Residency Review Committee for Psychiatry of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPS[C]), or the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). Applicants for membership must also hold a valid medical license (with the exception of medical students and residents) and provide one reference who is an APA member.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: APA operates a non-profit subsidiary called the American Psychiatric Association Foundation (APAF), offering community-based programs and research initiatives intended to better understand and support issues of mental health. Its strategic partners include the Council of State Governments (CSG) Justice Center, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and the National Association of Counties (NACo).


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: APAF partners with industry organizations to collaborate on mental health research and development through its Corporate Alliance. Current and recent members of the alliance include:


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: Donors to the foundation in 2019 include the Austen Riggs Center, BB&T, Cenveo, McLean Hospital, Menninger Foundation, NeuroStar, Newport Academy, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Sheppard Pratt, and Silver Hill Hospital.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: APA position statements, clinical practice guidelines, and descriptions of its core diagnostic manual (the DSM) are published.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: APA publishes several journals focused on different areas of psychiatry, for example, academic, clinical practice, or news.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: In coordination with the American Board of Internal Medicine, the APA proposes five recommendations for physicians and patients. The list was compiled by members of the Council on Research and Quality Care. The APA places a primary focus on antipsychotic medications due to a rapid increase in sales, from $9.6 billion in 2004 to $18.5 billion in 2011.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: In his book "Anatomy of an Epidemic" (2010), Robert Whitaker described the partnership that has developed between the APA and pharmaceutical companies since the 1980s. APA has come to depend on pharmaceutical money. The drug companies endowed continuing education and psychiatric "grand rounds" at hospitals. They funded a political action committee in 1982 to lobby Congress. The industry helped to pay for the APA's media training workshops. It was able to turn psychiatrists at top schools into speakers, and although the doctors felt they were independents, they rehearsed their speeches and likely would not be invited back if they discussed drug side effects. "Thought leaders" became the experts quoted in the media. As Marcia Angell wrote in "The New England Journal of Medicine" (2000), "thought leaders" could agree to be listed as an author of ghostwritten articles, and she cites Thomas Bodenheimer and David Rothman who describe the extent of the drug industry's involvement with doctors. "The New York Times" published a summary about antipsychotic medications in October 2010.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: In 2008, for the first time, Senator Charles Grassley asked the APA to disclose how much of its annual budget came from drug industry funds. The APA said that industry contributed 28 percent of its budget ($14 million at that time), mainly through paid advertising in APA journals and funds for continuing medical education.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: The APA receives additional funding from the pharmaceutical industry through its American Psychiatric Association Foundation (APAF), including Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, among others.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: In the 1964 election, "Fact" magazine polled American Psychiatric Association members on whether Barry Goldwater was fit to be president and published "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater". This led to a ban on the diagnosis of a public figure by psychiatrists who have not performed an examination or been authorized to release information by the patient. This became the Goldwater rule.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: Supported by various funding sources, the APA and its members have played major roles in examining points of contention in the field and addressing uncertainties about psychiatric illness and its treatment, as well as the relationship of individual mental health concerns to those of the community. Controversies have related to anti-psychiatry and disability rights campaigners, who regularly protest at American Psychiatric Association offices or meetings. In 1971, members of the Gay Liberation Front organization protested the APA conference in San Francisco. In 2003 activists from MindFreedom International staged a 21-day hunger strike, protesting at a perceived unjustified biomedical focus and challenging APA to provide evidence of the widespread claim that mental disorders are due to chemical imbalances in the brain. APA published a position statement in response and the two organizations exchanged views on the evidence.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: The APA's DSM came under criticism from autism specialists Tony Attwood and Simon Baron-Cohen for proposing the elimination of Asperger's syndrome as a disorder and replacing it with an autism spectrum severity scale. Roy Richard Grinker wrote a controversial editorial for "The New York Times" expressing support for the proposal.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: The APA president in 2005, Steven Sharfstein, praised the pharmaceutical industry but argued that American psychiatry had "allowed the biopsychosocial model to become the bio-bio-bio model" and accepted "kickbacks and bribes" from pharmaceutical companies leading to the over-use of medication and neglect of other approaches.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: In 2008 APA was the focus of congressional investigations on how pharmaceutical industry money shapes the practices of nonprofit organizations that purport to be independent. The drug industry accounted in 2006 for about 30 percent of the association's $62.5 million in financing, half through drug advertisements in its journals and meeting exhibits, and the other half sponsoring fellowships, conferences and industry symposiums at its annual meeting. The APA came under increasing scrutiny and questions about conflicts of interest.


title: American Psychiatric Association

text: The APA president in 2009–10, Alan Schatzberg, was identified as the principal investigator on a federal study into the drug Mifepristone for use as an antidepressant being developed by Corcept Therapeutics, a company Schatzberg had created and in which he had several million dollars' equity.


title: Huaxia

text: Huaxia (華夏, ) is a historical concept representing the Chinese nation, and came from the self-awareness of a common cultural ancestry by the various confederations of pre-Qin ethnic ancestors of Han people.


title: Huaxia

text: The earliest extant authentic attestion of the concept "Huáxià" is in the historical narrative and commentary Zuo zhuan (finished around 300 BCE). In Zuo zhuan, Huaxia refers to the central states (中國 "Zhōngguó") in the Yellow River valley, dwelt by the Huaxia people, ethnically equivalent to Han Chinese in pre-imperial discourses.


title: Huaxia

text: According to Confucianist Kong Yingda's "True Meaning of "Chunqiu Zuo zhuan"", "xià" () "grand" signified the "greatness" () in the ceremonial etiquettes of the central states, while "huá" () "flower" or "blossom" was used in reference to the "beauty" () in the clothing that those states' denizens wore.


title: Huaxia

text: Han historian Sima Qian asserts that Xia was the name of the state enfeoffed to legendary king Yu the Great, and Yu used its name as his surname. In modern historiography, Huaxia refers to a confederation of tribes—living along the Yellow River—who were the ancestors of what later became the Han ethnic group in China. During the Warring States (475–221 BCE), the self-awareness of the Huaxia identity developed and took hold in ancient China. Initially, "Huaxia" defined mainly a civilized society that was distinct and stood in contrast to what was perceived as the barbaric peoples around them. The Huaxia identity arose in the Eastern Zhou period as a reaction to the increased conflict with the Rong and Di peoples who migrated into the Zhou lands and extinguished some Zhou states.


title: Huaxia

text: Although still used in conjunction, the Chinese characters for "hua" and "xia" are also used separately as autonyms.


title: Huaxia

text: The official Chinese names of both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) use the term "Huaxia" in combination with the term "Zhongguo" (, translated as "Middle Kingdom"), that is, as "Zhonghua" (). The PRC's official Chinese name is "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo" (), while that of the ROC is "Zhonghua Minguo" (). The term "Zhongguo" is confined by its association to a state, whereas "Zhonghua" mainly concerns culture. The latter is being used as part of the nationalist term "Zhōnghuá Mínzú" which is an all Chinese nationality in the sense of a multi-ethnic national identity.


title: Huaxia

text: The term "Huaren" () for a Chinese person is an abbreviation of "Huaxia" with "ren" (, person). "Huaren" in general is used for people of Chinese ethnicity, in contrast to "Zhongguoren" () which usually (but not always) refers to citizens of China. Although some may use "Zhongguoren" to refer to the Chinese ethnicity, such usage is not common in Taiwan. In overseas Chinese communities in countries such as Singapore and Malaysia, "Huaren" or "Huaqiao" (overseas Chinese) is used as they are also not citizens of China.


title: Junípero Serra High School (San Mateo, California)

text: Junípero Serra High School (commonly Serra or JSHS) is a Catholic college preparatory high school in San Mateo, California, United States, serving students in grades 9–12. A part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco, this school provides education for young men. The school has an academic focus with a college preparatory curriculum.


text: Serra High School was founded in 1944 by the Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco and was originally located at Columbia Drive and Alameda de las Pulgas in San Mateo, which is the current site of St. Bartholomew's Catholic Parish. The original student body consisted of 86 freshmen and sophomores. The school moved to new facilities at 451 West 20th Avenue in San Mateo in the fall of 1955 when the student body grew to 576. In 1978, Michael Peterson was named the first lay principal of Serra and Fr. Stephen H. Howell was named the school's first president. From 2002-2004, Fr. Joe Bradley (class of '73) served as president, overseeing fundraising efforts for major campus renovation. In 2008, Barry Thornton, Ed.d, was named principal and Lars Lund was named president. Under their tenure, the school expanded course offerings and completed large-scale renovations.


text: Phase I of Serra's master plan was completed in 2005, featuring new facilities for football, baseball, and wrestling, along with a 150-space parking structure. Phase II was completed in 2011, and created five new science lecture-labs, a new music room, two art classrooms, an academic resource center, and a 550,000-gallon infinity pool for competitive aquatics. In 2016, Serra undertook a smaller project, renovating the playing surfaces used for baseball, football, soccer, lacrosse, and track.


text: More than 60 percent of Serra students are enrolled in honors and Advanced Placement courses. Serra has averaged an 80 percent AP pass rate over the past five years, which is more than 20 points higher than the national average. Serra's Class of 2018 received more than $27 million in college scholarships.


text: Serra has a one-to-one device program in each classroom and 99 percent of Serra graduates exceed the minimum course requirements set for the CSU and the University of California. Serra features 30 honors and AP classes, and 93 percent of Serra faculty members hold advanced degrees.


text: The Serra athletic program has grown dramatically since its very modest beginnings in the mid-1940s. For a time in the years after World War II, the San Mateo school offered just three sports: Football, basketball, and baseball. Boxing was also available, particularly on one night of the year when so-called student "Golden Gloves" competition was presented. Early on, Serra joined an embryonic Catholic Athletic League, a Bay Area-wide aggregation of what were then small Catholic schools. The Padres had some significant successes in that circuit. Two of its varsity football teams were unbeaten in 1949 and 1954; those remain the only unblemished football teams in school history. Serra captured five CAL baseball championships and seven CAL football crowns. In 1967, as new Catholic schools were opening throughout the region, the Padres joined what was a direct outgrowth of the CAL, the new West Catholic Athletic League. Since that point, Serra's athletic program has flourished.


text: The school offers 14 competitive team sports. Stars like Tom Brady, Lynn Swann and Barry Bonds have attended the school. As time went by, the Padres became one of Northern California's signature prep sports entities and the league itself morphed into a state powerhouse. As of early 2018, the school had won 67 West Catholic Athletic League varsity titles, 31 Central Coast Section championships, and two state crowns (basketball in 2016 and football in 2017). Serra athletes had garnered individual state championships in several sports. A number of them had become Olympians. A total of 11 Serra baseball players, including the record-setting Bonds, have played in the major leagues; Jim Fregosi, Serra's first big league star, also managed several teams in the majors. Nearly a dozen Padres have played professional football. Brady and Swann, an all-American at USC and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, were both Super Bowl MVP's. Tom Scott is in the Canadian Football League Hall of Fame. In the mid-1970s, Jesse Freitas led the nation in passing at San Diego State. One of the most dominating exhibitions by a Serra football team occurred in 2017 when the Padres, coached by Patrick Walsh, posted an overall 13-2 record (10-0 vs. West Catholic Athletic League opponents, a feat never accomplished before in the history of the league) and won a California Interscholastic Federation state championship, the first for a San Mateo County high school football team since 1926.


text: Junípero Serra High School is a Roman Catholic school. It offers faith and theology education through its Campus Ministry program and curriculum. Campus Ministry offers four-day-long Kairos retreats, retreat leadership opportunities, liturgical leadership opportunities and Immersion trips to Watsonville, West Virginia, Nicaragua, San Jose and Los Angeles. The Campus Ministry office also manages the school's Christian Service program. Theology courses offer instruction in the Catholic faith, morality and worship, and stress the importance of individual faith development.


text: Junípero Serra High School is a part of a program called "Tri-School", a partnership with Notre Dame High School, Belmont, and Mercy High School, Burlingame, both all-female schools. The schools host some morning classes with mixed education and collaborate in other activities as well.


title: Abraham Beame

text: Abraham David Beame (March 20, 1906February 10, 2001) was the 104th mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977. As mayor, he presided over the city during the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, when the city was almost forced to declare bankruptcy.


title: Abraham Beame

text: Beame was born Abraham David Birnbaum in London. His parents were Esther (née Goldfarb) and Philip Birnbaum, Jewish immigrants from Poland who fled Warsaw. Beame and his family left England when he was three months old. He was raised on New York City's Lower East Side.


title: Abraham Beame

text: He graduated from P.S. 160 and the High School of Commerce before enrolling at the City College of New York's School of Business and Civic Administration (later spun off as Baruch College), where he received his undergraduate degree in business with honors in 1928.


title: Abraham Beame

text: While in college, Beame co-founded an accounting firm, Beame & Greidinger. He was an accounting teacher at Richmond Hill High School in Queens from 1929 to 1946 and also taught accounting and commercial law at Rutgers University from 1944 to 1945.


title: Abraham Beame

text: From 1952 to 1961, Beame served as New York City's director of the budget, having also served as assistant director from 1946 to 1952. In this capacity, he "negotiated all city labor contracts without a strike and kept books on city spending and borrowing; he also set up management programs that saved the city $40 million."


title: Abraham Beame

text: Beame was a "clubhouse" or machine politician, a product of the Brooklyn wing of the patronage-oriented "regular" Democratic organization, the borough's equivalent of Manhattan's Tammany Hall and the locus of New York patronage politics following the ascent of Meade Esposito, as opposed to the policy-oriented "reform" Democrats who entered New York City politics, most effectively in Manhattan and the Bronx in the 1950s.


title: Abraham Beame

text: Before being elected to two nonconsecutive terms as city comptroller in 1961 and 1969, he was a longstanding member of Crown Heights's influential Madison Democratic Club and served as political boss Irwin Steingut's personal accountant. Members of the Madison Club, including attorney/fundraiser Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum and Steingut's son, Stanley, frequently liaised with real estate developer Fred Trump. The club also played a decisive role in the political ascent of Park Slope-based attorney Hugh Carey, whose tenure as governor of New York coincided with Beame's administration, though Carey eventually broke with the organization by endorsing Mario Cuomo's 1977 primary bid to unseat Beame.


title: Abraham Beame

text: In 1965, Beame was the Democratic nominee for mayor of New York City. Edward N. Costikyan was his campaign manager and James Farley his campaign chair. Despite having Senator Robert F. Kennedy's strong support, Beame lost to the Republican nominee, John Lindsay.


title: Abraham Beame

text: Beame won the 1973 Democratic mayoral primary with 34% of the vote, ahead of Herman Badillo (29%), Mario Biaggi (24%), and Albert H. Blumenthal (16%). He defeated State Senator John J. Marchi, Blumenthal, and Biaggi in the 1973 mayoral election, becoming the 104th mayor of New York City.


title: Abraham Beame

text: Fiorello La Guardia—mayor from 1934 to 1945—had a Jewish mother, but Beame was the first mayor of New York City who was an observant Jew. He entered office facing the worst fiscal crisis in the city's history and spent most of his term attempting to ward off bankruptcy. Soon after being sworn in as mayor, Beame slashed the city workforce, froze salaries, and reconfigured the budget, which proved unsatisfactory until reinforced by actions from newly created state-sponsored entities and the granting of federal funds.


title: Abraham Beame

text: In October 1975, the city of New York was in debt of $453 million. Beame made a statement on October 17 that the city had insufficient cash on hand to meet its debt obligations for that day. He added that New York City citizens needed to take immediate steps to protect the city's essential life support systems and to preserve their well-being. President Gerald Ford at first turned down New York's request for a loan, inspiring the legendary "Daily News" headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead", but Ford later approved federal support for New York.


title: Abraham Beame

text: On the evening of July 13, 1977, a massive power failure hit the city. With temperatures in the mid-nineties Fahrenheit and the humidity high, New Yorkers sweltered. By the time power was restored at 10:39 p.m. the next night, the city had been without power for 25 hours. Beame set up a Blackout Action Center at the New York City Police Department headquarters. The blackout resulted in raw sewage washing up on beaches and spoiled food in hundreds or thousands of restaurants around the city.


title: Abraham Beame

text: After a chaotic four years as mayor, Beame ran for a second term in 1977, and finished third in the Democratic primary, behind Representative Ed Koch and New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo, and ahead of former Representative Bella Abzug, Representative Herman Badillo and Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton. He was succeeded by Koch, who won the general election on November 8, 1977.


title: Abraham Beame

text: Beame "was credited with distributing the City's dwindling resources equitably". When he left office on January 1, 1978, the city budget had changed from a $1.5 billion deficit to a surplus of $200 million.


title: Abraham Beame

text: He was married to his childhood sweetheart, Mary (née Ingerman), for 67 years. They met when Beame was 15, playing checkers at University Settlement Society of New York. They raised two sons, Edmond and Bernard (Buddy), and lived in Brooklyn, first in Crown Heights and later in a "modest apartment" on Plaza Street West in Park Slope. Throughout his life, Beame summered in the Rockaway neighborhood of Belle Harbor.


title: Abraham Beame

text: Beame received the Townsend Harris medal in 1957, and awards from numerous charitable, religious and civic organizations.


title: Abraham Beame

text: Beame died at the age of 94 on February 10, 2001—two months after the death of his predecessor, Lindsay—after open-heart surgery at New York University Medical Center.


title: Fur trade

text: The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the early modern period, furs of boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, and the South Shetland and South Sandwich Islands.


title: Fur trade

text: Today the importance of the fur trade has diminished; it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer trapping, but has become controversial. Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive. Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas.