title: A Bride's Story

text: "A Bride's Story" is also licensed for regional language releases by Ki-oon in France, Tokyopop Germany in Germany, J-Pop Manga in Italy, Norma Editorial in Spain, Studio JG in Poland, Punainen jättiläinen in Finland, Level Comics in Indonesia, Daewon C.I. in Korea, Kadokawa Taiwan in Taiwan, Siam Inter Comics in Thailand, and IPM in Vietnam.


title: A Bride's Story

text: "A Bride's Story" won the Manga Taishō Award in 2014. It was previously nominated for the award in 2011 and 2013. The series also won the ("Intergenerational Award") at France's Angoulême International Comics Festival in 2012. It was nominated for an Eisner Award in 2012 and 2016. The American Library Association's YALSA division included the first volume on its list of Great Graphic Novels For Teens in 2012.


title: Sundanese language

text: Sundanese (: , ; Sundanese script: ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Sundanese. It has approximately 40 million native speakers in the western third of Java; they represent about 15% of Indonesia's total population.


title: Sundanese language

text: According to American linguist Robert Blust, Sundanese is closely related to the Malayic languages, as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the Land Dayak languages or the Kayan–Murik languages, based on high lexical similarities between these languages.


title: Sundanese language

text: Sundanese is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of Java, in an area known as Tatar Sunda (Pasundan). However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of Central Java, especially in Brebes and Cilacap Regency, because these areas were previously under the control of the Galuh Kingdom. Many place names in Cilacap are still Sundanese names such as Dayeuhluhur, Cimanggu, Cipari and so on.


title: Sundanese language

text: Until 1600 AD, Sundanese was the state language in the kingdoms of Salakanagara, Tarumanagara, Sunda, Galuh, and Pajajaran. During this period, Sundanese was heavily influenced by the Sanskrit language as seen in the "Batu Tapak Kaki Kiri Nyoreang" inscription at the time of King Purnawarman, using the Pallava script. Sundanese at that time was used in the fields of state, art, and daily life, many religious books were written in Sundanese and used Old Sundanese script such as the "Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian" Manuscript, "Carita Parahyangan", "Amanat Galunggung", and "Guru Talapakan".


title: Sundanese language

text: In addition, according to some Sundanese language experts until around the 6th century, the area of speech reached around the Dieng Plateau in Central Java, based on the name "Dieng" which is considered the name Sundanese (from the origin of the word dihyang which is an Old Sundanese word). Along with transmigration and immigration carried out by the Sundanese ethnics, speakers of this language have spread beyond the island of Java. For example, in Lampung, South Sumatra, Jambi, Riau, West Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi and even outside the country of Indonesia, such as Taiwan, Japan, Australia and other countries, a significant number of ethnic Sundanese live in areas outside the Pasundan.


title: Sundanese language

text: The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives ("Parahyangan" in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province.


title: Sundanese language

text: The language has been written in different writing systems throughout history. The earliest attested documents of the Sundanese language were written in the Old Sundanese script ("Aksara Sunda Kuno"). After the arrival of Islam, the Pegon script is also used, usually for religious purposes. The Latin script then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin. The regional government of West Java and Banten are currently promoting the use of Standard Sundanese script ("Aksara Sunda Baku") in public places and road signs. The Pegon script is still used mostly by pesantrens (Islamic boarding school) in West Java and Banten or in Sundanese Islamic literature.


title: Sundanese language

text: According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as , , (as in "fonem", "qur'an", "xerox", "zakat"). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with the letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c (pronounced ), j , h, ng (), ny , m, n, s , w, l, r , and y .


title: Sundanese language

text: Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v → p, sy → s, z → j, and kh → h.


title: Sundanese language

text: Epenthetic semivowels and are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in the words:


title: Sundanese language

text: Sundanese has an elaborate system of register distinguishing levels of formality. At the beginning of speech level development, it was known 6 levels of Sundanese language: "basa kasar" (rough), "sedeng" (medium), "lemes" (polite), "lemes pisan" (very polite), "kasar pisan" (very rough), and "basa panengah" (intermediate). But since the 1988 Congress of Sundanese Language in Bogor, the speech level has been narrowed to only two parts: "basa hormat" (respectful) and "basa loma" (fair). Besides that, the term was changed to ""tatakrama basa"" (), although the substance remained the same. The "hormat" variant is a subtle language to respect, while the loma variant is fair, neutral and familiar use. This variety of "loma" language is then used as a kind of "standard" variety of written languages in Sundanese society. Sundanese magazines, newspapers, literary books and theses, mostly using the "loma" variant.


title: Sundanese language

text: Apart from the two previous levels, there is actually one more lowest level, namely "cohag" (rough). This level is only used when angry or just to show intimacy between speakers. This register can only be found in the Sundanese Priangan dialect, while other dialects such as Bantenese Language, generally do not recognize this register.


title: Sundanese language

text: For many words, there are distinct "loma" and "lemes" forms, e.g. "arék" (loma) vs. "badé" (lemes) "want", "maca" (loma) vs. "maos" (lemes) "read". In the "lemes" level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. "rorompok" "(my own) house" vs. "bumi" "(your or someone else's) house" (the "loma" form is "imah").


title: Sundanese language

text: Other Austronesian languages commonly use reduplication to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts the "ar" infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with "l", or contains "r" following the infix, the infix "ar" becomes "al". Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as "um"), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix.


title: Sundanese language

text: However, it is reported that this use of "al" instead of "ar" (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example, the plural form of the adjective "curiga" (suspicious) is "caruriga" and not *"caluriga", because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable.


title: Sundanese language

text: The prefix can be reduplicated to denote "very-", or the plural of groups. For example, "bararudak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children ("budak" is child in Sundanese). Another example, "balalageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved".


title: Sundanese language

text: Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to the root, as with "diuk" "sit" or "dahar" "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root:


title: Sundanese language

text: "teuas" (hard), "tiis" (cool for water and solid objects), "tiris" (cool for air), "hipu" (soft), "lada" (hot/spicy, usually for foods), "haneut" (warm), etc.


title: Sundanese language

text: To express more specific spatial relations (like 'inside', 'under' etc.), these prepositions have been combined with locative nouns:


title: Sundanese language

text: "Di gigir/luhur/handap/tukang/hareup" (also "ka gigir", "ti gigir" etc.) are absolute adverial expressions without a following noun. To express relative position, they have to add the suffix "-eun", e.g.:


title: Sundanese language

text: "Di jero," "di luar" and the polite forms "luhur" & "pengker" can be used both with and without a following noun.


title: Civic Coalition (Poland)

text: The Civic Coalition (, KO) is a catch-all political alliance in Poland. The alliance was formed around Civic Platform in opposition to the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) party. The coalition's name uses a play on words with "Ja Obywatel", which translates to "I, [a] Citizen".


title: Civic Coalition (Poland)

text: The Civic Coalition was originally created by the Civic Platform and Modern parties for 2018 local elections. In June 2019, it was announced that the Civic Coalition would be slated to participate in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election and Civic Platform and Modern will form a joint parliamentary club. The Greens announced at the end of July 2019 that they will participate in the elections as part of the Coalition. In August 2019, the Silesian Autonomy Movement and other member organisations of the Silesian Electoral Agreement joined the Coalition.


title: Civic Coalition (Poland)

text: In the 2018 local elections, the Civic Coalition received 26.97% of votes (second place after Law and Justice), winning 194 seats. In 8 voivodships, it obtained the best result, and in the Pomerania the majority of seats. The coalition fared worse in the powiat and mayoral election. In the first round of 11 candidates of the Civic Coalition won elections for mayors of cities (including Rafał Trzaskowski in Warsaw). In addition, 15 candidates of the Civic Coalition went through to the second round, of which 8 were elected. Candidates of Civic Coalition were elected presidents of 19 cities, while it was placed second to the national-conservative Law and Justice in 4.


title: Civic Coalition (Poland)

text: The committee has shown stronger electoral performances in large cities, such as, Warsaw, Poznań, Gdańsk, Wrocław, Łódź, and Kraków. Better than average results were achieved in West and North Poland (Recovered Territories). In the Opole Voivodeship, Civic Coalition received high support among the German minority. However, it has weaker support in the villages and in the conservative Eastern Poland.


title: Civic Coalition (Poland)

text: In the 2019 parliamentary elections, the Coalition received most of its votes in major cities (as in 2018 local elections) and areas surrounding them.


title: Civic Coalition (Poland)

text: The Civic Coalition is a catch-all coalition, that is made up of political parties that occupy political positions from the centre-left to the centre-right, although media and academics have also described the coalition as centre-left, centrist, and centre-right. It is mainly orientated towards the principles of liberalism, and it aims to protect liberal democracy in Poland. It supports Poland's membership in the European Union and NATO.


title: Bonnie and Terry Turner

text: Bonnie and Terry Turner are an American husband-and-wife team of screenwriters and producers. They are best known for creating the sitcoms "3rd Rock from the Sun" and "That '70s Show".


title: Bonnie and Terry Turner

text: Between 1987 and 1995, they were responsible for writing or screenwriting six films, including "Coneheads", "Wayne's World", "Wayne's World 2", "Tommy Boy", and "The Brady Bunch Movie".


title: Bonnie and Terry Turner

text: Bonnie and Terry were part of a 1980s Atlanta comedy troupe whose members often appeared on the WTBS comedy TV show "Tush". Bonnie and Terry also worked as feature writers for (no relation) Ted Turner's new (at that time) CNN spinoff CNN Headline News. In the mid 1980s, they produced the WTBS Sunday morning magazine show "Good News" with host Liz Wickersham.


title: Bonnie and Terry Turner

text: Another comedy troupe member and good friend, Jan Hooks, after appearing in "Pee-wee's Big Adventure", landed a spot on "Saturday Night Live". Occasionally, Bonnie and Terry submitted comedy material for Jan (and via Jan) to Lorne Michaels. In 1986, Michaels convinced Bonnie and Terry to leave their lives in Atlanta and come to work in New York as full-time writers on SNL.


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: Temple of the Dog is the only studio album by the American rock band Temple of the Dog, released on April 16, 1991, through A&M Records. It is a tribute to Andrew Wood, the former lead singer of Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone, who died on March 19, 1990, of a heroin overdose. The album has been certified platinum by the RIAA in the United States.


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: Soundgarden frontman Chris Cornell, who had been Mother Love Bone vocalist Andrew Wood's roommate, approached former Mother Love Bone members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament about working on material he had written when he was on tour with Soundgarden in Europe. The line-up eventually included Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and newcomers Mike McCready (lead guitar) and Eddie Vedder (background vocals). McCready and Vedder were featured on the album due to their involvement with Ament and Gossard's next project, which became Pearl Jam. The name Temple of the Dog is derived from the opening lyrics of the Mother Love Bone song "Man of Golden Words": "Wanna show you something, like joy inside my heart. Seems I been living in the temple of the dog".


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: The recording sessions took place from November to December 1990 at London Bridge Studios in Seattle, Washington. The album was recorded in only 15 days. The group worked with producer Rick Parashar, who also engineered, mixed, and played piano. Two songs on the album, "Reach Down" and "Say Hello 2 Heaven", were written in response to Wood's death, while other songs were written by Cornell on tour prior to Wood's death or re-worked from existing material from demos written by Gossard and Ament.


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: Ament described the collaboration as "a really good thing at the time" for him and Gossard that put them into a "band situation where we could play and make music". Gossard described the recording process as a "non-pressure filled" situation, as there were no expectations or pressure coming from the record company. Gossard later said it was "the easiest and most beautiful record, that we've ever been involved with".


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: This was the first recording studio experience for McCready and Vedder. Regarding McCready, Cornell said: "You almost kind of had to yell at him to get him to realize that in the five-and-a-half-minute solo of 'Reach Down', that was his time and that he wasn't going to be stepping on anybody else." The song "Hunger Strike" became a duet between Cornell and Vedder after Cornell was having trouble with the vocals at practice and Vedder stepped in. Cornell later said: "he sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively".


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: The recorded material was mostly slow and melodic; much different musically from the aggressive metal-influenced sound Cornell had been doing with Soundgarden. The songs bear the street-rock flavor of Mother Love Bone's music. Steve Huey of AllMusic said that the "record sounds like a bridge between Mother Love Bone's theatrical '70s-rock updates and Pearl Jam's hard-rocking seriousness ... Keeping in mind that Soundgarden's previous album was the overblown metallic miasma of "Louder Than Love", the accessibly warm, relatively clean sound of "Temple of the Dog" is somewhat shocking, and its mellower moments are minor revelations in terms of Cornell's songwriting abilities."


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: All of the lyrics on the album were written solely by Cornell, and he also wrote the music for all but three of the songs. "Say Hello 2 Heaven" and "Reach Down" were written by Cornell in direct response to Andrew Wood's death. Lyrically, the rest of the songs on the album cover a variety of topics. Cornell stated that the lyrics for "Hunger Strike" express "somewhat of a political, socialist statement".


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: The album was released on April 16, 1991, through A&M Records and initially sold 70,000<nowiki> </nowiki>copies in the United States. The album received favorable reviews, but failed to chart. In the summer of 1992, the album received renewed attention. Although it had been released more than a year earlier, A&M Records realized that they had in their catalog what was essentially a collaboration between Soundgarden and Pearl Jam, who had both risen to mainstream attention in the months since the album's release with their respective albums, "Badmotorfinger" and "Ten". A&M decided to reissue the album and promote "Hunger Strike" as a single, with an accompanying music video. The attention allowed both the album and single to chart on Billboard charts and resulted in a boost in album sales. "Temple of the Dog" ended up being among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992. By 2007, it had sold over 1,000,000<nowiki> </nowiki>copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan, and it has been certified platinum by the RIAA.


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: Allmusic staff writer Steve Huey gave the album four and a half out of five stars, writing: "The album's strength is its mournful, elegiac ballads, but thanks to the band's spontaneous creative energy and appropriately warm sound, it's permeated by a definite, life-affirming aura." "Rolling Stone" staff writer David Fricke gave "Temple of the Dog" four out of five stars, saying: "For 'Hunger Strike' and 'Reach Down' alone, "Temple of the Dog" deserves immortality; those songs are proof that the angst that defined Seattle rock in the 1990s was not cheap sentiment, at least in the beginning. And you can't help but love the irony of an album, made in great sadness, kick-starting the last great pop mutiny of the twentieth century." David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B+ and said: "Maybe because the musicians avoid the often-labored anthems they play with their own bands, the songs sound relaxed and airy without losing any of the crunch or drive of the best arena rock." He ended by stating: "Singer Chris Cornell's lyrics remain as annoyingly oblique as they are with Soundgarden, but don't worry. Just sit back and revel in the whomping guitars of Mike McCready and Love Bone member Stone Gossard as they mesh with the imaginative pummeling of Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron—the untamed side of the much-hyped Seattle sound, in all its wailing glory." In 2016, the album was ranked #12 in Rolling Stone's list of the "40 Greatest One-Album Wonders".


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: "Temple of the Dog" included the singles "Hunger Strike", "Say Hello 2 Heaven", and "Pushin Forward Back". "Hunger Strike", the lead single, was the most successful song from "Temple of the Dog" on the Billboard rock charts, reaching number four on the Mainstream Rock chart and number seven on the Modern Rock chart. "Say Hello 2 Heaven" also charted on the Mainstream Rock chart.


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: In 2016, a new mix of the album was made by Brendan O'Brien, and this mix was released in various formats to mark the 25th anniversary of the original release of "Temple of the Dog". There were single-CD and either single- or double-LP releases (the two-LP package containing music on three sides and an etching on the fourth) that did not add any bonus material, as well as a double-CD release that added alternative new mixes of three songs done by Adam Kasper, demos, and alternate takes of five songs from the album, and a four-disc double-CD/single-DVD/single-Blu-ray release that added those bonuses, as well as footage from live performances in both the 1990s and 2010s and the music video produced for "Hunger Strike".


title: Temple of the Dog (album)

text: The information regarding accolades attributed to "Temple of the Dog" is adapted in part from Acclaimed Music.


title: Baiae

text: Baiae (; ) was an ancient Roman town situated on the northwest shore of the Gulf of Naples and now in the "comune" of Bacoli. It was a fashionable resort for centuries in antiquity, particularly towards the end of the Roman Republic, when it was reckoned as superior to Capri, Pompeii, and Herculaneum by wealthy Romans, who built villas here from 100 BC to AD 500. It was notorious for its hedonistic offerings and the attendant rumours of corruption and scandal.


title: Baiae

text: The lower part of the town later became submerged in the sea due to local volcanic, bradyseismic activity which raised or lowered the land, and recent underwater archaeology has revealed many of the fine buildings now protected in the submerged archaeological park.


title: Baiae

text: Many impressive buildings from the upper town can be seen in the "Parco Archeologico delle Terme di Baia".


title: Baiae

text: Baiae was said to have been named after Baius (, "Baîos"), the helmsman of Odysseus's ship in Homer's "Odyssey", who was supposedly buried nearby. The adjacent "" () was named after the town. It now forms the western part of the Gulf of Pozzuoli.


title: Baiae

text: Baiae was built on the Cumaean Peninsula in the Phlegraean Fields, an active volcanic area. It was perhaps originally developed as the port for Cumae.


title: Baiae

text: Baiae was particularly fashionable towards the end of the Roman Republic. Marius, Lucullus, and Pompey all frequented it. Julius Caesar had a villa there, and much of the town became imperial property under Augustus. Nero had a notable villa constructed in the middle of the 1st century and Hadrian died at his villa in AD 138. It was also a favourite spot of the emperor Septimius Severus. The resorts sometimes capitalised on their imperial associations: Suetonius mentions in his history that the cloak, brooch, and gold bulla given to the young Tiberius by Pompey's daughter Pompeia Magna were still on display around AD 120.


title: Baiae

text: According to Suetonius, in AD 39, Baiae was the location for a stunt by the eccentric emperor Caligula to answer the astrologer Thrasyllus's prediction that he had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Gulf of Baiae". Caligula ordered a 3-mile-long pontoon bridge to be built from impounded ships of the area, fastened together and weighted with sand, stretching from Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. Clad in a gold cloak, he then crossed it upon a horse. Cassius Dio's "Roman History" also includes the event, with the detail that the emperor ordered resting places and lodging rooms with potable water erected at intervals along the bridge. As late as the 18th century, scattered fragments were still being shown to tourists as the "Bridge of Caligula". Malloch has argued that Suetonius's account was likely coloured by his bias against Caligula; instead, he claims that "the act of bridging the Bay of Naples was an excellent—and safe—means by which to lay the foundation for [Caligula’s] military glory."


title: Baiae

text: Baiae was notorious for the hedonistic lifestyle of its residents and guests. In 56 BC, the prominent socialite Clodia was condemned by the defence at the trial of Marcus Caelius Rufus as living as a harlot in Rome and at the "crowded resort of Baiae", indulging in beach parties and long drinking sessions. An elegy by Sextus Propertius written in the Augustan Age describes it as a "den of licentiousness and vice". In the 1st century, "Baiae and Vice" formed one of the moral epistles written by Seneca the Younger; he described it as a "vortex of luxury" and a "harbour of vice" where girls went to play at being girls, old women as girls and some men as girls according to a first century BC wag.


title: Baiae

text: From 36BC, Baiae included Portus Julius, the base of the western fleet of the Roman Navy before it was abandoned because of the silting up of Lake Lucrinus (from which a short channel led to Lake Avernus) for the two harbours at Cape Misenum south.


title: Baiae

text: Baiae was sacked during the barbarian invasions and again by Muslim raiders in the 8th century. It was deserted owing to recurrent malaria by 1500, but Pedro de Toledo erected a castle, the , in the 16th century.


title: Baiae

text: The site had occasionally revealed Roman sculptures. The Aphrodite of Baiae, a variant of the Venus de Medici, was supposedly excavated there sometime before 1803, when the English antiquary Thomas Hope began displaying it in his gallery on Duchess Street in London.


title: Baiae

text: The important archaeological remains were intensively excavated from 1941, revealing layers of buildings, villas and thermal complexes belonging to periods from the late Republican age, the Augustan, Hadrianic to the late Empire.


title: Baiae

text: The lowering of the ground below sea level, due to bradyseism, seems to have occurred in two phases: between the third and fifth centuries, still in the late Imperial era, followed by a more substantial submersion a century later. The lower part of Baiae was largely submerged by the sea by the 8th century.


title: Baiae

text: A cache of plaster casts of Hellenistic sculptures was discovered in the cellar of the Baths of Sosandra at Baiae; they are now displayed at the town's archaeological museum. The collection includes parts of several famous sculptures, including Athens's "Harmodius and Aristogeiton" and the Athena of Velletri. It suggests that the area had a workshop mass-producing marble or bronze copies of Greek art for the Italian market.


title: Baiae

text: Among the most significant and remarkable remains are several dome-like structures such as the great so-called Temple of Mercury, the Temple of Venus, and the Temple of Diana, which were traditionally credited to some of the more famous residents of the town's villas, (although they were not temples but parts of thermal baths).


title: Baiae

text: This colossal ogival dome, today half collapsed, originally collected vapours coming from the ground below and was used for thermal baths. It was decorated with marble friezes depicting hunting scenes.


title: Baiae

text: The so-called "Temple of Mercury" contains a large diameter dome, the largest in the world prior to the construction of Rome's Pantheon in 128 AD. The dome has a central hole or oculus, four square skylights, was made with large tuff blocks, and is the oldest known surviving dome made of concrete. Built in the 1st century BC during the late Roman Republic, it was used to enclose the frigidarium or cold pool of the public baths. From the eighteenth century descriptions it appeared to have had six niches of which four were semicircular.


title: Baiae

text: Another octagonal building, sunken 3 metres in the ground, had eight large arched windows and a balcony inside overlooking the pool. It owes its name to Scipione Mazzella who claimed to have found the statue of the goddess there.


title: Baiae

text: Overlooking the sea is the "Villa of the Ambulatio" with a series of six terraces connected to each other by a complex of staircases of which the last leads to the "sector of Mercury". It is named after the 'ambulatio', the long corridor with two longitudinal naves on the second terrace, intended to be a covered walk with large openings with a magnificent panorama of the gulf below. Traces of precious stucco can be seen on the brick structure of the central pillars.


title: Baiae

text: On the upper terrace were the residential areas, once richly decorated with several rooms dedicated to leisure. The third terrace is now transformed into a tree-lined garden. The fourth terrace was for service areas. On the fifth terrace are several rooms probably used as places to stay and rest, open to the sea and to the last terrace below that once was occupied by a garden, as today, perhaps surrounded by a colonnade.


title: Baiae

text: Bounded by two parallel staircases is the sector or "Temple of Sosandra" from the name of the statue found in 1953 and now located in the National Museum of Naples.


title: Baiae

text: The complexity of this sector on four terraces does not allow its intended use to be identified but it was either a spa, a villa, a hospitalia (a sort of hotel for visitors to the nearby spa), or even a meeting place of Nero for the entertainment of sailors of the nearby Classis Misenensis, the Miseno fleet.


title: Baiae

text: On the highest terrace are service areas and a small balneum with rich stucco decorations on the ceiling. The next level has a large terrace open to the sea and bordered on three sides by a portico. In the garden are four parallel walls that perhaps delimited three triclinia in the open. Above the peristyle are several residential rooms, once richly finished, particularly the original precious mosaic floors representing theatrical masks inside geometric frames. Below this level is a semicircular building surmounted by five vaulted rooms once hidden by a façade decorated with niches and columns, overall making an impressive composition. On the axis of the complex is a room perhaps used as a nymphaeum from which flowed the water that fed an existing large external circular tank. On the peristyle of the lower terrace are paintings from two successive periods: those with an Egyptian taste (characters and symbols of the cult of Isis) from the middle of the 1st century AD; these are largely covered by paintings of the 2nd century, which depict male and female figures within architectural schemes.


title: Baiae

text: Completely submerged by the waters is the nymphaeum of Emperor Claudius whose sculptures have been transferred to the town's archaeological museum, the , which also contains other items excavated on the site.


title: Baiae

text: The public and private baths of Baiae were filled with warm mineral water directed to their pools from underground hot springs, as many still are today. Roman engineers were also able to construct a complex system of chambers that channelled underground heat into facilities that acted as saunas. In addition to their recreational function, the baths were used in Roman medicine to treat various illnesses and physicians would attend their patients at the springs.


title: Baiae

text: Baiae was supplied with fresh drinking water from a branch of the Aqua Augusta aqueduct, a cross-section of which can be seen nearby.


title: Linda Doucett

text: Linda L. Doucett (born July 2, 1954) is an American actress and model. She had a supporting role on "The Larry Sanders Show" and appeared in "Playboy" magazine. She also appeared in "Herman's Head", "Tales from the Crypt", and the made-for-television film "Badge of Betrayal".


title: Linda Doucett

text: Doucett began her modeling career in high school and got her start in acting by working as an extra in music videos for bands, such as Toto and the Beach Boys.


title: Linda Doucett

text: From 1992 to 1994, she played Darlene Chapinni, a devoted assistant to the titular host's sidekick Hank Kingsley, on "The Larry Sanders Show". She was a regular for the first three seasons and replaced by Scott Thompson in 1994 after the first episode of the fourth season.


title: Linda Doucett

text: In 1993, Doucett posed in the September issue of "Playboy". The release of that issue of Playboy coincided with the episode "Broadcast Nudes" of "The Larry Sanders Show" where her character is fictionally asked to pose for Playboy as well.


title: Linda Doucett

text: Doucett met Garry Shandling at a party and dated him from 1987 to 1994. In 1994, when their relationship ended, Shandling had her dismissed from "The Larry Sanders Show". In turn, Doucett filed a lawsuit against Shandling and producer Brad Grey's company Brillstein-Grey Entertainment for sexual harassment and wrongful termination, which was settled out of court in 1997 for $1 million.


title: Linda Doucett

text: In 2008, Doucett testified along with Shandling, Sylvester Stallone, and others against Anthony Pellicano for illegal wiretapping and other crimes.


title: Crissy Moran

text: Crissy Moran (born December 22, 1975) is a Christian public speaker who was a former American pornographic actress. She began working in adult entertainment in 1999, and between 2001 and 2006 had performed in over 50 adult films. In 2006, Moran became a devout Christian and quit working in the adult industry. After retirement, she began speaking about her experiences in porn and appearing in national media projects addressing what she considers "the harms of pornography"; associating adult films with human sex trafficking and the exploitation of women and children.


title: Crissy Moran

text: Moran's career in the adult industry began in the fall of 1999 when she responded to an internet ad for models. At the time, she was working at a Hooters restaurant in Jacksonville, Florida. However, she felt that the environment became degrading and she began seeking employment elsewhere. She left Hooters and began working in a variety of other jobs which included a local retail store, the County Clerk of Courts, and the Supervisor of Elections office.


title: Crissy Moran

text: One day, after posting bikini photos of herself on the Internet, she received email responses that led to her modeling in Miami and Los Angeles for "Playboy" and "Hustler". She found greater financial success through establishing her own online pornography site. After moving to California, she eventually performed in over 50 mainstream porn films.


title: Crissy Moran

text: It was reported that Moran was making nearly $15,000 each month through her work in the porn business, along with receipts from her successful website. However, in October 2006, she became a Christian and announced that she was leaving the sex industry. Moran recounts her conversion during a visit to her boyfriend:


title: Crissy Moran

text: Though Moran left the pornography industry in 2006, pornographic photos and videos taken during her time working in the adult entertainment industry continue to remain online. Although efforts to date have been unsuccessful, Moran continues to attempt to have her photos legally removed from these web sites established by past boyfriends and business partners. Moran stated that she "maintained contact with many of the people that promoted my website. There was a forum they'd use to promote the site where they would post comments and I would [tell them to] take my website down. Eventually they just blocked me."


title: Crissy Moran

text: In 2012, Moran appeared in the documentary "After Porn Ends", which examined the lives of former pornographic actors.


title: Crissy Moran

text: In 2013, Moran worked for Treasures, a 501(c)3 nonprofit founded in 2003 by a former dancer to help women heal from what she calls "sexual brokenness." As of 2020, Moran is represented by her friend, and bridesmaid, Emily Hibard. The two met in Los Angeles while volunteering at Treasures. Moran is a presenter at the National Center on Sexual Exploitation's Annual Summit.


title: Crissy Moran

text: Prior to her retirement from the porn industry, Moran had a role in Nick Palumbo's theatrically released NC-17 horror film "Murder-Set-Pieces" (2004).


title: Crissy Moran

text: In 2008, Moran appeared in the short dramatic film "Oversold", which was a modern adaptation based on the Biblical story of Hosea and Gomer, in which she plays the leading role. Director Paul Morrell had approached Moran, originally wishing her to be a consultant for the adult business side of the story, but after discussing the project with her, he realized she would be perfect in the lead role.


title: Crissy Moran

text: In 2011, Moran had a minor role in another Paul Morell project, the indie horror film "Filth to Ashes, Flesh to Dust".


title: Crissy Moran

text: Moran was featured in a "700 Club" interview about her life, experience in the adult industry, and her religious experiences.


title: Crissy Moran

text: Moran has stated that she had a religious upbringing and she was encouraged by her father to not have sex until marriage. She stated that the end of her parents' marriage when she was a child resulted in her being a "rebellious teenager". She was married in May 2013 to a youth pastor, and lives in Texas.


title: Dark Places (novel)

text: Dark Places is a mystery novel by Gillian Flynn published in 2009. The novel deals with class issues in rural America, intense poverty and the Satanic cult hysteria that swept the United States in the 1980s. "Dark Places" was shortlisted for the Crime Writers' Association Ian Fleming Steel Dagger Award and won Dark Scribe Magazine's Black Quill Award for Dark Genre Novel of the Year. It was also listed on The New York Times Best Seller List for hardcover fiction for two consecutive weeks. A film adaptation of the novel starring Charlize Theron was released on August 7, 2015.


title: Dark Places (novel)

text: Libby Day, the novel's narrator and protagonist, is the sole survivor of a massacre in Kinnakee, Kansas, a fictional rural town. On January 3, 1985, somewhere around 2 A.M., Libby overhears the murders of her 10-year-old sister Michelle, 9-year-old sister Debby, and mother, Patty, in what appears to be a Satanic cult ritual. Libby escapes through a window, experiences severe frostbite that leaves her with missing fingers and toes, and later testifies in court against her teenage brother, Ben.


title: Dark Places (novel)

text: Twenty-four years after the massacre, Libby, in need of money, meets with a group of amateur investigators led by a man named Lyle Wirth who believe that her brother is innocent of the crime. At their coaxing, she meets her brother, Ben for the first time in jail. She also meets with her father Runner, who is now homeless and is constantly asking for money; a girl named Krissi Cates, a stripper who accused Ben of molesting her as a child; Trey Teepano, a former acquaintance of Ben's who was accused of being a Satanist as a teenager; and Diondra Wertzner, Ben's former girlfriend who may have had a hand in the massacre. Through her investigation, Libby learns of her brother's secrets and how the murders unfolded that evening.


title: Dark Places (novel)

text: Interspersed with the modern day investigation are flashbacks to the day of the massacre. These flashbacks are told from the points of view of Libby's mother, Patty, and her convicted brother, Ben. Patty's viewpoints discuss the difficulties of trying to keep the family farm while raising four children alone; Ben tells the story of a troubled teenager as he falls in with a bad crowd. These viewpoints paint a picture of a grim life of desperate poverty, marital abuse, and abandonment that characterize life on the farm prior to the murders.


title: Dark Places (novel)

text: "Dark Places" was listed on "The New York Times" Best Seller List for hardcover fiction on May 29, 2009, where it was ranked #15 for the week ending May 23. It was included in an expanded listing of the top 35 best sellers that appeared only online (Only the top ten best sellers are included in the print edition). It remained on the best seller list for two weeks; the June 5 listing of Hardcover Best Sellers ranked "Dark Places" #25 for the week ending May 30.


title: Dark Places (novel)

text: IndieBound, an independent booksellers section of the American Booksellers Association, included "Dark Places" in their May 2009 "Indie Next List" of recommendations by independent sellers.


title: Dark Places (novel)

text: The novel was nominated for Dark Scribe Magazine's Black Quill Award in the category of Dark Genre Novel of the Year on November 29, 2009. The award, which recognizes a "novel-length work of horror, suspense, or thriller from [a] mainstream publisher," was awarded to Gillian Flynn on February 7, 2010. "Dark Places" was the Editor's Pick for the category, where it was one of six nominees.


title: Dark Places (novel)

text: In 2015, the novel was adapted into a film directed by Gilles Paquet-Brenner. The cast includes Charlize Theron, Nicholas Hoult, Christina Hendricks, Drea de Matteo, Chloë Grace Moretz, and Sean Bridgers. The film was released on August 7, 2015.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: Nestlé Purina Petcare (), or simply Purina, is an American subsidiary of the Swiss corporation Nestlé, based in St. Louis, Missouri. It produces and markets pet food, treats, cat and dog litter. Some of its pet food brands include Purina Pro Plan, Purina Dog Chow, Friskies, Beneful and Purina One. The company was formed in 2001 by combining Nestlé's Friskies Petcare Company with Ralston Purina, which acquired it for $10.3 billion. , it is the second-largest pet food company globally (with the first being Mars Petcare), and the largest in the United States.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 1894, William H. Danforth, partnered with George Robinson and William Andrews, entered the business of feeding farm animals by founding the Robinson-Danforth Commission Company. The name was changed to Ralston Purina in 1902.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: Nestlé Purina Petcare was formed in December 2001, when Nestlé acquired Ralston Purina for $10.3 billion and merged it with Nestlé's pet food business, Friskies PetCare Company. Ralston had marketed the Dog Chow, Cat Chow and Pro Plan pet food brands, while Nestlé produced Friskies and Alpo brand pet foods.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: The merger was opposed by consumer advocates, such as the Consumer Federation of America, due to anti-trust concerns. The two companies combined would become the largest pet food brand by market-share with a 45 percent share of the cat food market. The Federal Trade Commission approved the merger after the Meow Mix and Alley Cat brands from Ralston were sold to J.W. Childs Equity Partners, creating the separate Meow Mix Company. Ralston's St. Louis, Missouri location was chosen as the new company's North America headquarters.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: Nestlé Purina Petcare continued integrating the two companies through 2002. It cut back dry dog food manufacturing at facilities inherited from Friskies PetCare Company in Jefferson, Wisconsin, St. Joseph, Missouri and Arden Hills, Minnesota, then moved those operations to manufacturing facilities acquired from Ralston. Expanded manufacturing facilities were planned in Dunkirk, New York and the St. Joseph location was later expanded for wet-food production. In Asia it shifted from a "dealer system" to managing its own distribution. In 2004 Nestlé Purina merged its North American and Latin America operations into a Nestlé Purina PetCare Americas division.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 2003, Nestlé Purina Petcare formed a partnership with the Canine Health Foundation to advance veterinary research. The following year the company donated 80 tons of pet food to pets affected by Hurricane Charley in Florida and donated $100,000 to local animal shelters. Nestlé Purina Petcare grew from about 11 percent of Nestlé's revenues in 2001, to one-third by 2005. By 2006 it was the largest market-share holder in the pet food industry with 32 percent of the market.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: By 2009, Purina was one of Nestlé's fastest-growing divisions, due to an increasing willingness by consumers to spend more money on petcare. In 2008, it formed a separate company called PurinaCare with headquarters in San Antonio, Texas that sold pet insurance. PetCare was later acquired by Pethealth Inc. in 2013. By 2009 Purina had also introduced pet litter products and built new manufacturing facilities in Russia and Thailand. Its Colorado plant built the largest privately owned solar panel system in the state. In September 2010, Nestlé reached an agreement to acquire Waggin' Train, a producer of pet treats with $200 million in annual revenues.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 2013, Nestlé Purina Petcare acquired the pet adoption website Petfinder. The following year it acquired Zuke's, a producer of cat and dog treats. From 2010 to 2012, Nestlé expanded its manufacturing operations in Australia, Hungary and Germany. It also implemented the company's largest solar panel farm at its facilities in Atlanta, Georgia. In April 2014, Nestlé Purina Petcare opened the first cat café in the US.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In February 2019, the company announced plans to spend $115 million to expand its factory in Bloomfield, Missouri, to support the demand for Tidy Cats. In November, the company invested $320 million in an old textile factory in Hartwell, Georgia.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In November 2020, Purina announced Nina Leigh Krueger as the new company CEO. Krueger is the first female CEO Nestlé Purina PetCare for the Americas.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: Purina has partnerships with several non-profit organizations, including Urban Resource Institute, which operates pet-friendly domestic violence shelters in New York City.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In May 2014, Nestlé Purina Petcare began a legal dispute with Blue Buffalo regarding its advertising practices. Blue Buffalo advertised that its products contain no meat byproduct or corn, whereas Purina said independent lab tests confirmed that they do. Blue Buffalo made similar allegations against Purina in a counter-suit less than a week later. It also alleged Purina was engaging in what it characterized as a "smear campaign". The National Advertising Review Board and the Advertising Self-Regulatory Council found that Blue Buffalo's advertising was misleading and its claims that competitors were hiding information about their ingredients were unsubstantiated. Blue Buffalo said it disagreed, but would obey the ruling.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 2015, after a dog died and others got sick, a class-action lawsuit was filed against Purina alleging that the company's Beneful brand of dog food contained propylene glycol and mycotoxins produced by mold found in grains – grain being a major ingredient in Beneful. The lawsuit was unsuccessful when the judge ruled that the plaintiff's attorneys did not prove that the food caused the dogs' illnesses, and the dog's death was found to have been caused by a heart tumor.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In April 2017, another lawsuit, regarding Purina's Beggin' line of dog treats and the accusation that its advertising fooled consumers into thinking that it was full of bacon, was dropped.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In January 2017 Nestlé Purina was responsible for the death of Tyson, a cat used in their testing facility. Tyson was boiled alive.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 2005, Nestlé Purina Petcare voluntarily recalled all of its dry pet food produced from a plant in La Encrucijada, Venezuela after an internal investigation verified contaminants that were causing illnesses in pets. According to "Fortune Magazine", in 2007 the pet food market "plunged into turmoil" due to the widespread discovery of contaminated ingredients. During this period, Nestle Purina voluntarily recalled some of its Alpo Prime Cuts in Gravy product in the US that contained wheat gluten from China contaminated with melamine.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In August 2013 Purina recalled some of its Purina ONE Beyond dog food, because of one bag that was found to contain salmonella. In 2012 a consumer sued Nestlé Purina Petcare when his pet died after eating Waggin' Train treats. The Food and Drug Administration received more than 900 reports from grieving pet owners that alleged the treat was causing illness or death in their pets due to chicken products from China. The FDA had issued warnings regarding these ingredients, but lab tests repeatedly confirmed there were no contaminants. Later that year, another consumer started a petition on Change.org asking retailers to voluntarily stop carrying the product. The petition attracted 60,000 signatures. The following year, Waggin' Train and Canyon Creek dog treats were voluntarily taken off the market temporarily after the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets identified trace amounts of antibiotic residue, which is allowed in Europe and China, but not approved in the US. In early 2014, a $6.5 million settlement was reached, pending approval by the court. According to "The Washington Post", the company later re-introduced the brands after "revamping its manufacturing process and overhauling its supply chain".


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: According to a SWOT analysis by MarketLine, Nestlé Purina Petcare's pet food brands that contribute substantially to revenue include Purina, Purina Dog Chow, Friskies, Purina Beneful and Purina ONE. Some brands, such as Alpo are intended for budget shoppers, while others like Purina ONE and Beneful cost more and are for health or ingredient conscious consumers. Purina ONE has been its fastest-growing brand.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: The company introduced an appetizer cat food, Fancy Feast Appetizers, in 2009. A Purina Pro Plan line for senior dogs was introduced in 2010. It contains medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) for brain function and has whole grains for digestion. A grain-free product, Purina ONE Beyond, was introduced in 2011. Purina Pro Plan Sport, which contains extra fat and protein and is intended for athletic dogs, was made available in 2013. In 2014 Purina introduced a product for the growing Brazilian market called Ravena, which used locally available ingredients, such as acerola and jabuticaba fruits. Purina-branded accessories, such as training pads, beds, leashes and cleaners began being sold in 2011 under the Purina PetGear name through brand licensing agreements with other manufacturers.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In the mid-1970s, the Purina Cat Chow brand launched the "Chow-Chow-Chow" advertising campaign, variations of which would run for the next 20 years. The television commercials featured cats seemingly dancing the cha-cha-cha, by means of a post-production and editing trick that involved rapidly playing the film forward and backward, giving the humorous illusion of the cats dancing as they walked or ran in time with the music. The earliest such spots featured character actress Patsy Garrett, who would appear in several other Cat Chow spots as an official spokesperson for many more years.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 2006, Nestlé Purina Petcare introduced a sponsored email application, Doggie-Mail, that could send messages online through a talking dog. In 2009 it sponsored the PawNation.com site developed by AOL, which hosted crowd-sourced pet videos, tips, Q&As and other content about pet ownership. Purina also sponsored Martha Stewart's pet tips site, Living Omnimedia. The company introduced an advertising campaign for the Alpo brand with the slogan "Real dogs eat meat". In the ad, over-pampered pets were "rescued" and fed Alpo, implying that pets needed to stay in touch with their primal nature by eating real meat. In 2009 it released a free iPhone app called "petcentric places" that allows users to map local pet-related locations, like dog parks or pet-friendly hotels. In 2010, Purina released a branded Facebook game called Purina Pet Resort, where players manage a virtual pet resort.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 2011, Nestlé Purina Petcare became the official sponsor of the Westminster show hosted by the American Kennel Club. The company introduced a competition for pet owners to win a part-time job earning $50,000 annually to travel with their cat, interview other pet owners and write for the Purina website. Nestle Purina also produced television advertisements intended for Austria that had audio effects only pets could hear. It was the first set of advertisements targeting pets directly, rather than their owners.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 2012, Purina and another Nestlé business, Jenny Craig, jointly created "Project: Pet Slim Down", an online program intended to help pets and pet owners lose weight together. Grumpy Cat became a "spokescat" for the Friskies brand in late 2013. In 2013, Purina featured ads during the Westminster Show that featured crowd-sourced videos submitted to Purina in response to the question "How is Your Dog Great?"


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: Nestlé Purina Petcare is operated as a subsidiary of Nestlé. It is headquartered in St Louis, Missouri and has operations in North America, Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America and Oceania. There are sixteen buildings on 50 acres at its headquarters, including a 15-story main tower, four-story research facility built in 2010 and a Learning and Training center built in 2011. In 2010, Purina built the $10 million Purina Event Center for dog shows and competitions. Nestlé Purina Petcare sponsors various charitable activities, such as the Pet Care Pride Day annual event where employees do volunteer work. Employees are allowed to bring their pets to work. The company has on-site gyms, physical fitness trainers, medical care, and an employee turnover of approximately 5 percent. NestlePurina also has its own in-house creative agency called, CheckMark. Purina's St Louis headquarters houses between 2,500–3000 employees and also houses IT and auditing departments as part of Nestle Shared Services.


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: As of 2005, Purina Petcare was Nestlé's second most profitable division behind pharmaceuticals. It was the largest pet food manufacturer by market share in the US and the second-largest in Europe. As of 2012, globally Purina has a 23.1 percent share of the pet food market, while its largest competitor, Mars, has a 23.4 percent share. According to a Research and Markets report, competition between Nestlé and Mars has been "fierce."


title: Nestlé Purina PetCare

text: In 2010, Nestlé Purina Petcare won the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award based on organizational and manufacturing performance. Its manufacturing operations have continuously reduced the amount of materials used in packaging, increased the recycling of waste product and reduced water usage, in addition to installing solar panels to produce electricity for its offices and facilities. In 2011, Nestlé Purina Petcare was ranked as one of 11 most sustainable companies in Two Tomorrow's annual ranking. As of 2014, it has 19 manufacturing plants.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Susan G. Komen (formerly known as Susan G. Komen for the Cure; originally as The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation; often simply as Komen) is a breast cancer organization in the United States.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Komen focuses on patient navigation and advocacy, providing resources for breast cancer patients to understand the American medical system. It has also funded research into the causes and treatment of breast cancer. However, the organization has been mired by controversy over pinkwashing, allocation of research funding, and CEO pay. Its revenue and public perception have steeply declined since 2010.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: The foundation's namesake, Susan Goodman Komen, died of breast cancer in 1980 at the age of 36. Susan Komen's younger sister, Nancy Brinker, believed that Susan's outcome might have been better if patients knew more about cancer and its treatment, and founded the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation in 1982.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In 2008, the 25th anniversary of the organization, the organization changed its name to "Susan G. Komen for the Cure" and its logo to the pink ribbon. The logo was meant to represent Komen's signature Race for the Cure event, a jogging race that raises money for the foundation.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In December 2009, Brinker was appointed CEO of the organization. Judith A. Salerno became CEO in 2012. In November 2016, the organization announced that Salerno would step down as CEO the following month. In 2017, former fashion executive and breast cancer survivor Paula Schneider took over as CEO.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In the 2020 fiscal year, Komen reported $195 million in public support, less direct benefits to donors. Of this, $137 million came from contributions, and $72 million from Komen's flagship Race for the Cure and Breast Cancer 3 Day fundraisers. It used the majority (51%) of this money on education efforts, which include advocacy, patient support services, and national campaigns and educational events. A substantial portion of the budget (36%) goes towards fundraising and administrative costs. The remaining 13% is split between research, treatment, and screening efforts.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Komen provides funding for basic, clinical, and translational breast cancer research and for work in breast health education. As of 2007, it had awarded more than 1,000 breast cancer research grants totaling more than $180 million.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Since 1992, Komen has also annually awarded work in the field of cancer research with the Komen Brinker Award for Scientific Distinction.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In recent years, Komen has more than halved the proportion of fundraising dollars it spends on research grants. In 2011, the foundation spent $63 million (15%) of its donations on research grants and awards.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In 2006, Komen joined the US-Middle East Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research, a Middle East Partnership Initiative program. Komen has programs in Egypt, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: On October 28, 2010, Jerusalem held its first Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure, with over 5,000 Christian, Muslim, and Jewish participants. Before the race, the Old City's walls were illuminated pink by Komen's founder Nancy Brinker, Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat, and the Prime Minister of Israel's wife Sara Netanyahu.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: The Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure is Komen's flagship fundraising event, and the world's largest funding event for breast cancer. It consists of a series of 5K runs and fitness walks to raise money and awareness for breast cancer.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: The first race was run in Dallas, Texas in 1983, with 800 participants. By 2016, over 1.6 million people participated in the race.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: The race's primary source of revenue is donations collected by the participants. In 2011, Komen said that three-quarters of the event's proceeds were being used locally to pay for community outreach programs, breast health education, and breast cancer screening and treatment projects run by the Komen affiliate, with the remaining quarter sent to the central organization.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In 2010, Komen was rated one of the most trusted nonprofit organizations in America. But in light of scandals breaking between 2011 and 2017, revenue declined by roughly 80% and a number of affiliates merged or dissolved. Komen's ranking on Charity Navigator, which was four stars (the highest rating) in 2013, sank to two stars in 2014. As of 2021, it ranks three stars, with a score of 82 out of 100.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Komen is a key entity in the controversy over "pinkwashing". The term has been used to describe two different situations: (1) organizations getting disproportionate publicity for donating very little, and (2) organizations using the pink ribbon to promote products that may be carcinogenic.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Komen benefits from corporate partnerships, receiving over $55 million a year from 216 corporate sponsors. Critics say many of these promotions are deceptive, benefiting the companies more than the charity, and promoting products that may cause cancer.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Some campaigns required that consumers mail proof of purchase for a promoted item before the manufacturer donates a few cents per purchase to charity; some have a cap on the maximum amount donated, with all sales beyond this limit benefiting only the company, not the promoted cause.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Since its Save Lids to Save Lives campaign began in 1998, Yoplait has donated more than $25 million to Komen. In 2010, its annual maximum commitment was raised to $1.6 million.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In return, a major sponsor such as Yoplait obtains an exclusive contract; no other yogurt manufacturer (such as Dreyer's, which inquired in 2000) may use the branding. In 2002, credit card operator American Express launched a "Charge for a Cure" campaign that claimed that "in the search for a cure, every dollar counts." The amount donated per qualifying transaction, regardless of the purchase amount, was one cent.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In 2006, Major League Baseball (MLB) partnered with Komen by selling and donating amounts from pink MLB Louisville Slugger bats, pink baseballs, and necklaces sold. On Mother's Day, breast cancer survivors were eligible to be bat girls in games where pink bats were used. MLB, a $1.2 billion industry, donates around $100,000 a year.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Several water bottle retailers have partnered with Komen. Water cooler bottles made of polycarbonate may contain BPA, which has been linked to breast cancer tumor growth. For the 2008 model year, Ford Motor Company built a branded limited edition of 2,500 Ford Mustang motorcars with a "Warriors in Pink" package as part of its long-running association with Komen; an additional 1,000 were offered for 2009's model year. A longitudinal study found that women employed in the automotive plastics industry are almost five times as likely to develop breast cancer before menopause than women in a control group.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In April 2010, Komen paired with fast food restaurant chain KFC to offer "Buckets for the Cure", a promotion in which fried and grilled chicken was sold in pink, branded buckets. The collaboration was criticized by media outlets, including "The Colbert Report" and "Bitch" magazine, and raised questions about promoting unhealthy eating habits. KFC contributed over $4.2 million to Komen, the largest single contribution in the organization's history. The partnership with KFC, which has since ended, allowed Komen "to reach many millions of women that they had been unable to reach before", said Brinker.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In April 2011, Komen introduced a perfume brand, "Promise Me", promoted by Brinker on the Home Shopping Network, only to encounter opposition due to its potentially harmful ingredients coumarin, oxybenzone, toluene and galaxolide. Komen said it intended to reformulate the perfume but did not withdraw existing stocks of the "Promise Me" product from distribution.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In October 2014, the Houston-based oil field services company Baker Hughes was reported to have produced 1,000 pink drill bits to raise breast cancer awareness. The bits are used to break up geologic formations in oil patches for hydraulic fracturing. These ties have been criticized, because more than a third of the more than 700 chemicals used in fracking are endocrine disruptors and at least a quarter increase the risk of cancer.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In 2007, the organization changed its name to Susan G. Komen for the Cure and trademarked the running ribbon as part of its branding strategy. Komen has come under fire for legal action against other organizations using the phrase "for the cure" in their names. An August 2010 "Wall Street Journal" article detailed a case in which Komen told the organization Uniting Against Lung Cancer no longer to use the name "Kites for the Cure" for its annual fund-raising event. Komen also wrote to the organization to warn it "against any use of pink in conjunction with 'cure.'" More than 100 small charities have received legal opposition from Komen for use of the words "for the cure" in their names. Among the offending organizations and events were "Par for the Cure", "Surfing for a Cure", "Cupcakes for a Cure" and "Mush for the Cure".


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Komen says that the organization protects its trademarks as a matter of financial stewardship to prevent confusion among donors; others suggest that the trademark issue is more about dominating the pink ribbon market.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Critics have also asserted that the slogan itself implies the majority of Komen's income will fund research for a cure, instead of mere treatment or detection, however Komen's own figures for the 2020 fiscal year reveal that only 5% of their total budget goes to research. In the words of cancer survivor Alicia Staley, "an organization that is actively pursuing other small charities over the use of the term 'for the cure' does not spend the majority of their own funds towards research for a cure."


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Beginning in 2007, Komen granted money to pay for 170,000 clinical breast exams and 6,400 mammogram referrals through Planned Parenthood Federation of America and affiliates. Komen had said its affiliates provide funds for screening, education and treatment programs in dozens of communities where Planned Parenthood is the only place poor, uninsured or under-insured women can receive these services. Planned Parenthood clinics do not perform mammograms, instead making referrals for their patients to sites that do them.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: On January 31, 2012, Komen stopped funding exams provided by Planned Parenthood, citing a congressional investigation by Representative Cliff Stearns and a newly created internal rule about not funding organizations under federal, state or local investigation. While conservative religious and anti-abortion groups applauded the move, it was denounced by several editorials, women's health advocacy groups, and politicians.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In the 24 hours after the news broke, Planned Parenthood received more than $400,000 from 6,000 donors, followed by pledges of a $250,000 matching grant from New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and a $250,000 gift from a foundation run by the CEO of Bonanza Oil Co. in Dallas to replace the lost funding.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Four days later, Komen's board of directors reversed the decision and announced that it would amend the policy to "make clear that disqualifying investigations must be criminal and conclusive in nature and not political". Several top-level staff members resigned from Komen during the controversy. In August, Brinker announced she would leave her CEO role. The number of participants at various Komen fundraising events dropped 15–30% in 2012. The Susan G. Komen 3-Day for the Cure fundraising walks were scaled back to seven US cities in 2013, from 14, due to a 37% drop in participation over the preceding four years. In January 2014 it was reported that the foundation saw a decline of 22% in contributions in the year following their decision to cease (and then continue) funding for Planned Parenthood.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: Karen Handel, the Brinker protégée whose opposition to abortion was at the center of the Planned Parenthood controversy, resigned and has published a book on the controversy titled "Planned Bullyhood".


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: In 2006, Komen wrote in its newsletter that embryonic stem cell research had promise for curing breast cancer. One such grant recipient was Robert A. Weinberg, Ph.D. through Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at MIT. In 2011, the anti-abortion Coalition on Abortion/Breast Cancer said that Komen gave $12 million to institutions such as Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the U.S. National Cancer Institute that funded stem cell research, which the Coalition considered to be abortion. In 2012, Komen said that it did not fund stem cell research and never has. According to "Science" magazine, Christopher Umbricht got nearly $600,000 from Komen for molecular marker research at Johns Hopkins that includes stem cells.


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: According to Komen's 2011–12 IRS Form 990 declarations, Brinker made $684,717 that fiscal year, a 64% raise. Komen said the last CEO salary hike had taken place in November 2010. Charity Navigator continued to give Komen very favorable overall ratings on the basis of figures Komen had declared to the IRS, but Charity Navigator president and CEO Ken Berger called this compensation "extremely high".


title: Susan G. Komen for the Cure

text: After the release of this information, Judith A. Salerno was named CEO, with Brinker named Founder and Chair of Global Strategy.


title: Nikola Tesla Museum

text: The Nikola Tesla Museum () is a science museum located in the central area of Belgrade, Serbia. It is dedicated to honoring and displaying the life and work of Nikola Tesla as well as the final resting place for Tesla. It holds more than 160,000 original documents, over 2,000 books and journals, over 1,200 historical technical exhibits, over 1,500 photographs and photo plates of original, technical objects, instruments and apparatus, and over 1,000 plans and drawings. Very little is on display in the small ground floor exhibition space.


title: Nikola Tesla Museum

text: The Nikola Tesla Archive was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2003 due to its critical role regarding history of electrification of the world and future technological advancements in this area.


title: Nikola Tesla Museum

text: The Nikola Tesla Museum is housed in a residential villa built in 1927 according to the designs of Dragiša Brašovan, a distinguished Serbian architect. The building was used for various purposes until December 5, 1952, when the Nikola Tesla Museum was founded in accordance with the decision of the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Certain items for the museum were shipped from New York City to Belgrade, Yugoslavia, on September 7, 1951, as a result of efforts by Sava Kosanović, Tesla's nephew and closest relative and his attorney Philip Wittenberg.


title: Nikola Tesla Museum

text: The permanent exhibition was arranged in 1955. It consists of four rooms on the ground floor. From time to time there have been some modifications, but for many years the basic concept has remained the same. Its first part is primarily a memorial exhibition, while the second part is an interactive one, with 3D computer generated models of Tesla's inventions. From time to time, the museum organizes thematic exhibitions of documents, photographs and other material in order to display some periods from Tesla's inventive life.


title: Nikola Tesla Museum

text: Reconstruction of the Nikola Tesla Museum started on November 3, 2006. The first phase of the project was scheduled to have been complete by the end of 2006. The garden on the roof of the museum was designed to be enclosed by glass windows, which would turn the roof into a computer room. This reconstruction is now complete, and the museum is available to visit.


title: Bourbon Street

text: Bourbon Street (, ) is a historic street in the heart of the French Quarter of New Orleans. Extending thirteen blocks from Canal Street to Esplanade Avenue, Bourbon Street is famous for its many bars and strip clubs.


title: Bourbon Street

text: With 17.74 million visitors in 2017 alone, New Orleans depends on Bourbon Street as a main tourist attraction. Tourist numbers have been growing yearly after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and the city has successfully rebuilt its tourist base. For millions of visitors each year, Bourbon Street provides a rich insight into New Orleans' past.


title: Bourbon Street

text: The French claimed Louisiana in the 1690s, and Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville was appointed Director General in charge of developing a colony in the territory. He founded New Orleans in 1718. In 1721, the royal engineer Adrien de Pauger designed the city's street layout. He named the streets after French royal houses and Catholic saints. He paid homage to France's ruling family, the House of Bourbon, with the naming of Bourbon Street.


title: Bourbon Street

text: New Orleans was given to the Spanish in 1763 following the Seven Years' War. The Great New Orleans Fire of 1788 destroyed 80 percent of the city's buildings. The Spanish rebuilt many of the damaged structures, which are still standing today. For this reason, Bourbon Street and the French Quarter display more Spanish than French influence.


title: Bourbon Street

text: Following a brief restoration of French rule, the Americans gained control of the colony with the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. They translated the French street names into English, with Rue Bourbon becoming Bourbon Street.


title: Bourbon Street

text: During the 19th century, New Orleans was similar to other Southern cities in that its economy was based on selling cash crops, such as sugar and tobacco. By 1840, newcomers whose wealth came from these enterprises turned New Orleans into the third largest metropolis in the country. The city's port was the nation's second largest, with New York City being the largest.


title: Bourbon Street

text: The main difference between New Orleans and other Southern cities was its unique cultural heritage as a result of formerly having been a French and Spanish possession. Promoters emphasized this cultural legacy, in the form of its architecture, cuisine and traditions, to attract tourists to New Orleans.


title: Bourbon Street

text: The French Quarter was central to this image of cultural legacy and became the best-known part of the city. Recent arrivals in New Orleans criticized the perceived loose morals of the Creoles, a perception that drew many travelers to New Orleans to drink, gamble and visit the city's brothels, beginning in the 1880s.


title: Bourbon Street

text: Bourbon Street was a premier residential area prior to 1900. This changed in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when the Storyville red-light district was constructed on Basin Street adjacent to the French Quarter. The area became known for prostitution, gambling and vaudeville acts. Jazz is said to have developed here, with artists such as King Oliver and Jelly Roll Morton providing musical entertainment at the brothels.


title: Bourbon Street

text: This was also the era when some of New Orleans' most famous restaurants were founded, including Galatoire's, located at 209 Bourbon Street. It was established by Jean Galatoire in 1905. Known for years by its characteristic line snaking down Bourbon Street, patrons waited for hours just to get a table — especially on Fridays.


title: Bourbon Street

text: Before World War II, the French Quarter was emerging as a major asset to the city's economy. While there was an interest in historic districts at the time, developers pressured to modernize the city. Simultaneously, with the wartime influx of people, property owners opened adult-centered nightclubs to capitalize on the city's risqué image. Wartime Bourbon Street was memorably depicted in Erle Stanley Gardner’s detective novel “Owls Don’t Blink”. After the war, Bourbon Street became the new Storyville in terms of reputation. By the 1940s and 1950s, nightclubs lined Bourbon Street. Over 50 different burlesque shows, striptease acts and exotic dancers could be found.


title: Bourbon Street

text: There was a move in the 1960s under District Attorney Jim Garrison to clean up Bourbon Street. In August 1962, two months after he was elected, Garrison began raiding adult entertainment establishments on Bourbon. His efforts mirrored those of his predecessors, which had been largely unsuccessful; however, he had more success. He forced closure on a dozen nightclubs convicted of prostitution and selling overpriced alcohol. Following this campaign, Bourbon Street was populated by peep shows and sidewalk beer stands.


title: Bourbon Street

text: When Mayor Moon Landrieu came into office in 1970, he focused his efforts on stimulating tourism. He did so by making Bourbon Street a pedestrian mall, making it more inviting. The 1980s and 1990s were characterized by a Disneyfication of Bourbon Street. Critics of the rapid increase of souvenir shops and corporate ventures said that Bourbon Street had become Creole Disneyland. They also argued that the street's authenticity had been lost in this process.


title: Bourbon Street

text: On April 5, 2018, a giant saxophone, nearly high, was inaugurated in the street. It was offered by the city of Namur (Belgium) to recall that the inventor of the instrument Adolphe Sax is from the region of Namur, specifically Dinant.


title: Bourbon Street

text: Given Bourbon Street's high-ground location in the French Quarter, it was mostly intact following 2005's Hurricane Katrina. A major tourist attraction, Bourbon Street renovation was given high priority after the storm. However, New Orleans was still experiencing a lack of visitors. In 2004, the year before Katrina, the city had 10.1 million visitors. The year after the storm, that number was 3.7 million.


title: Bourbon Street

text: One third of the city's operating budget, approximately $6 billion before Katrina, came from visitors and conventions, so officials saw tourism as vital for post-disaster economic recovery.


title: Bourbon Street

text: The New Orleans Tourism Marketing Corporation initiated efforts to draw visitors back to the city, featuring celebrities such as Emeril Lagasse and Patricia Clarkson with the slogan, "Come fall In love with Louisiana all over again." Travelers heard mixed messages in the media. Advertising campaigns gave the impression that New Orleans was thriving, while city leaders asked for increased federal financial assistance and National Guard troops to help control municipal crime waves.


title: Bourbon Street

text: New Orleans has been working its way back to pre-Katrina tourist numbers, as it attracted 9.5 million visitors in 2014 and 10.5 million visitors in 2016. The 2016 record was the highest since 2004.


title: Bourbon Street

text: For a time in April 2017, the 100 block of Bourbon Street was closed off for reconstruction of the street and its underground utilities as part of the city's $6 million French Quarter infrastructure project.


title: Bourbon Street

text: Largely quiet during the day, Bourbon Street comes alive at night – particularly during the French Quarter's many festivals. Most famous of these is the annual Mardi Gras celebration, when the streets teem with thousands of people. Local open container laws allow drinking alcoholic beverages on the Quarter's streets. Popular drinks include the hurricane cocktail, the resurrection cocktail, the hand grenade and the so-called "huge-ass beers" – a large plastic cup of draft beer marketed to tourists at a low price.


title: Bourbon Street

text: The most heavily visited section of Bourbon Street is "upper Bourbon Street" toward Canal Street, an eight-block section of visitor attractions including bars, restaurants, souvenir shops and strip clubs. In the 21st century, Bourbon Street is the home of New Orleans Musical Legends Park, a free, outdoor venue for live jazz performances. The park has sculptures and other tributes to the city's legendary music personalities.


title: Bourbon Street

text: Most of the bars are located in the central section of Bourbon. Popular spots include Pat O'Brien's, Johnny White's, the Famous Door, Spirits on Bourbon, Channing Tatum's Saints and Sinners, Razzoo and The Cat's Meow. Marie Laveau's House of Voodoo is located on the corner of St. Ann Street.


title: Bourbon Street

text: The most renowned restaurant on Bourbon Street is Galatoire's; it represents traditional New Orleans dining and has a dress code. Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop and the Old Absinthe House are two of the many casual eateries. Also notable is the locals’ hangout, the Bourbon House.


title: Bourbon Street

text: "Lower Bourbon Street" (lower being a reference to downriver, or downstream Mississippi River), from the intersection of St. Ann Street, caters to New Orleans' thriving gay community. Featuring such establishments as Oz and the city's largest gay nightclub, the Bourbon Pub, St. Ann Street has been referred to as "the Velvet Line" or "the Lavender Line," the edge or approximate boundary of the French Quarter's gay community. Cafe-Lafitte-in-Exile is the oldest gay bar in the nation. The intersection of Bourbon and St. Ann Streets is also the center of the Labor Day weekend event Southern Decadence, commonly referred to as the Gay Mardi Gras, which attracts upwards of 100,000 participants.


title: Bourbon Street

text: Historically, noise violations were the responsibility of the individual making the noise. This changed in 1996 with "Yokum v. 615 Bourbon Street," which ruled that the property owner, not the noise-maker, is responsible for noise violations. A 2010 city ordinance states that no music may be played in the French Quarter between 8 pm and 9 am. Enforcement has been inconsistent, and critics claim its goals are vague. Some even say that the local law is unconstitutional. Besides being difficult to enforce, music enthusiasts claim that noise ordinances threaten the city's notable music culture. Local jazz bands who play in the streets, such as the To Be Continued Brass Band, would be prohibited from doing so under such ordinances.


title: Bourbon Street

text: "Aggressive solicitation" bans are a more recent issue on Bourbon Street. In 2011, an ordinance was passed which prohibited individuals and groups from "disseminating any social, political or religious message" at night. The ordinance did not explain the justification for the rule. On September 21, 2012, the ACLU of Louisiana won a temporary restraining order against the ban, on behalf of Kelsey McCauley (Bohn), a woman who converted to Christianity through a religious group's activities on Bourbon Street. The group had several of its members arrested, some of whom were cited on September 14, 2012, for violating the anti-solicitation ordinance. A hearing was set for October 1, 2012.


title: Bourbon Street

text: On July 25, 2013, the New Orleans City Council voted 6-0 to amend the law and exempt Bourbon Street from the ban, with legal language found acceptable by the participating attorneys.


title: Caroline Manzo

text: Caroline Manzo (née Laurita; born August 23, 1961) is an American television personality and entrepreneur. She is best known for starring in the reality television series "The Real Housewives of New Jersey", and her own spin-off show, "Manzo'd with Children".


title: Caroline Manzo

text: Manzo first appeared on the first season of Bravo's "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" in 2009. Her sister, Dina Manzo (now Dina Cantin), and sister-in-law, Jacqueline Laurita, were also cast members when the show first aired. Manzo departed "The Real Housewives" after its fifth season and began filming a spin-off series about her family called "Manzo'd with Children". The show premiered on October 5, 2014, on Bravo; it attracted over 1.7 million viewers. In March 2015, Bravo renewed "Manzo'd with Children" for a second season. In April 2016, it was renewed for a third season. In February 2017, it was announced the series would not return for a fourth season.


title: Caroline Manzo

text: Manzo has written a book entitled "Let Me Tell You Something" which was released on December 1, 2013, by HarperCollins.


title: Caroline Manzo

text: Manzo was offered a part-time role on the tenth season of "The Real Housewives of New Jersey", but turned it down, finding the offer "insulting".


title: Caroline Manzo

text: Manzo is married to Albert Manzo, co-owner of The Brownstone, an event and catering facility in Paterson, New Jersey. The couple have three children: Albert "Albie" (b. 1986), Lauren Michele (b. 1988), and Christopher Thomas (b. 1989).


title: Caroline Manzo

text: Manzo's husband Albert and his brother, Dina Cantin's ex-husband Tommy Manzo, inherited The Brownstone from their father, Albert "Tiny" Manzo. The Brownstone was used as a location on "The Sopranos".


title: Caroline Manzo

text: Manzo's first grandchild, Marchesa Anna Scalia, was born to her daughter, Lauren, and son-in-law, Vito Scalia (the best friend of Albie Manzo), on February 24, 2017.


title: Ken Oosterbroek

text: Ken Oosterbroek (14 February 1962 – 18 April 1994) was a South African photojournalist and member of the Bang-Bang Club. He worked for "The Star" in Johannesburg, which was South Africa's biggest daily broadsheet. He won numerous photography awards for his work.


title: Ken Oosterbroek

text: Oosterbroek initially struggled to get his start in photography, going from paper to paper trying to get a job based on photos he'd taken illegally during his military service in southern Angola. Years later, in 1989, he achieved his first success, winning the Ilford Award (South African Press Photographer of the Year). In reference to this, he wrote:And then in the morning this kind of emptiness or what-now feeling and it just wasn't so important anymore. I've got it, it's history, it's on record and now my head is free of a single-minded one-stop goal. Now I can really let it rip. Will somebody please give me a gap to let it rip? BUT, give me a break to shoot the real thing. Real, happening, life. Relevant work. Something to get the adrenaline up and the eyes peeled, the brain rolling over with possibilities and the potential for powerhouse pictures. I am a photographer. Set me free. He would be named South African Press Photographer of the Year again by 1991, and in August of that year he was chief photographer at "The Star".


title: Ken Oosterbroek

text: Oosterbroek was shot and killed by members of South Africa's National Peacekeeping Force (NPKF) in Thokoza Township, about east of Johannesburg, on 18 April, nine days before the 27 April 1994 elections in South Africa, the country's first all-race elections. He and other photographers were covering a clash between peacekeepers and the African National Congress when the peacekeepers opened fire and shot Oosterbroek and fellow Bang-Bang Club member Greg Marinovich.


title: Ken Oosterbroek

text: In July 1995, South Africa began a fifteen-month inquest into Oosterbroek's death. Despite overwhelming evidence and ballistics proving that only the peacekeepers were close enough to have shot and killed him, the magistrate ruled that no one could be found responsible for Oosterbroek's death. However, in January 1999, photographer Greg Marinovich, a close friend of Oosterbroek's, had a chance meeting with one of the peacekeepers who had been fighting in Thokoza the day of Oosterbroek's death, Brian Mkhize. Although Mkhize initially claimed it must have been Inkatha supporters shooting from the hostel that were responsible, on 14 February 1999, he said that out of fear and panic, the peacekeepers had unthinkingly opened fire. He stated: "I think, somewhere, somehow ... I think somewhere, one of us, the bullet that killed your brother – it came from us."


title: Ken Oosterbroek

text: Kevin Carter wrote about Ken Oosterbroek in his suicide note, "[...] I have gone to join Ken if I am that lucky."


title: Ken Oosterbroek

text: Oosterbroek's life and photographs are recorded in "The Invisible Line: The life and photography of Ken Oosterbroek" by Mike Nicol (Kwela Books & Random House 1998).


title: Ken Oosterbroek

text: Oosterbroek was nominated the South African Press Photographer of The Year three times and won a second prize in General News category of World Press Photo in 1992.


title: Ken Oosterbroek

text: Oosterbroek was married to journalist Monica Oosterbroek (née Nicolson), from 1991 until his death. He had one daughter, named Tabitha (born 1989), from a previous relationship.


title: End of slavery in the United States of America

text: From the late 18th to the mid-19th century, various states of the United States of America allowed the enslavement of human beings, mostly of African Americans, Africans who had been transported from Africa during the Atlantic slave trade. The institution of slavery was established in North America in the 16th century under Spanish colonization, British colonization, French colonization, and Dutch colonization.


text: After the United States was founded in 1776, abolition of slavery occurred in the Northern United States, and the country was split into slave and free states, but slavery was not finally ended throughout the nation until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865.


text: On 22 August 1791, the Haitian Revolution began; it concluded in 1804 with the Independence of Haiti. Slavery in Haiti thus came to an end, and Haiti became the first country on the planet that abolished slavery.


text: In 1804, Alexander von Humboldt visited United States and expressed the idea that slavery was not a good way to treat citizens; this was during Thomas Jefferson's presidency. Humboldt's ideas were expanded by the followed generation of American politicians, writers, and clergy members, among them Ralph Waldo Emerson and Abraham Lincoln.


text: The growing U.S. abolitionism movement sought to end, gradually or immediately, slavery in the United States. It was active from the late colonial era until the American Civil War, which culminated in the abolition of American slavery through the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.


text: The Civil War in the United States from 1861 until 1865 was between the United States of America ("the Union" or "the North") and the Confederate States of America (Southern states that voted to secede: "the Confederacy" or "the South"). The central cause of the war was the status of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into newly acquired land after the Mexican–American War. On the eve of the Civil War in 1860, four million of the 32 million American population (nearly 13%) were black slaves, mostly in the South.


text: The practice of slavery in the United States was one of the key political issues of the 19th century; decades of political unrest over slavery led up to the war.


text: At the start of the Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states. Eleven of these slave states, after conventions devoted to the topic, issued declarations of secession from the United States and created the Confederate States of America and were represented in the Confederate Congress. The slave states that stayed in the Union -- Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky (called border states) -- remained seated in the U.S. Congress. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in 1863, Tennessee was already under Union control. Accordingly, the Proclamation applied only in the 10 remaining Confederate states. During the war, abolition of slavery was required by President Abraham Lincoln for readmission of Confederate states.


text: The U.S. Congress, after the departure of the powerful Southern contingent in 1861, was generally abolitionist: In a plan endorsed by Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the District of Columbia, which the Southern contingent had protected, was abolished in 1862. The Union-occupied territories of Louisiana and eastern Virginia, which had been exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation, also abolished slavery through respective state constitutions drafted in 1864. The State of Arkansas, which was not exempt but which came partly under Union control by 1864, adopted an anti-slavery constitution in March of that year. The border states of Maryland (November 1864) and Missouri (January 1865), and the Union-occupied Confederate state, Tennessee (January 1865), all abolished slavery prior to the end of the Civil War, as did the new state of West Virginia (February 1865), which had separated from Virginia in 1863 over the issue of slavery. However, slavery persisted in Delaware, Kentucky, and (to a very limited extent) in New Jersey — and on the books in 7 of 11 of the former Confederate states.


text: The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the Civil War. Lincoln preceded it with the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, which read:


text: On January 1, 1863, the Proclamation changed the legal status under federal law of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the secessionist Confederate states from enslaved to free. As soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government, either by running away across Union lines or through the advance of federal troops, the person was permanently free. Ultimately, the Union victory brought the proclamation into effect in all of the former Confederacy.


text: The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, was ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on December 6, 1865, and was proclaimed on December 18. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War.


text: President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, effective on January 1, 1863, declared that the enslaved in Confederate-controlled areas were free. When slaves escaped to Union lines or federal forces — including now-former slaves — that had advanced south, emancipation occurred without any compensation to the former owners. On June 19, 1865 — Juneteenth — U.S. Army general Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas, to proclaim that the war had ended and so had slavery (in the Confederate states). In the slave-owning areas controlled by Union forces on January 1, 1863, state action was used to abolish slavery. The exceptions were Kentucky and Delaware, where slavery was finally ended by the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865.


text: Juneteenth is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the emancipation of African-American slaves. It is also observed to celebrate African-American culture. Originating in Galveston, Texas, it has been celebrated annually on June 19 in various parts of the United States since 1865. The day was recognized as a federal holiday on June 17, 2021, when President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act into law. Juneteenth's commemoration is on the anniversary date of the June 19, 1865, announcement of General Order No. 3 by Union Army general Gordon Granger, proclaiming freedom for slaves in Texas, which was the last state of the Confederacy with institutional slavery.


text: During the American Civil War (1861–1865), emancipation came at different times to different places in the Southern United States. Large celebrations of emancipation, often called Jubilees (recalling the biblical Jubilee in which slaves were freed) occurred on September 22, January 1, July 4, August 1, April 6, and November 1, among other dates. In Texas, emancipation came late: Enforced in Texas on June 19, 1865, as the Southern rebellion collapsed, emancipation became a well known cause of celebration. While June 19, 1865, was not actually the actual end of slavery even in Texas (like the Emancipation Proclamation, itself, General Gordon's military order had to be acted upon), and although it has competed with other dates for emancipation's celebration, ordinary African Americans created, preserved, and spread a shared commemoration of slavery's wartime demise across the United States.


text: The end of slavery effectively occurred with the federal Padrone Act of 1874 (18 Stat. 251), which was enacted on June 23, 1874, "in response to exploitation of immigrant children in forced begging and street crime by criminalizing the practice of enslaving, buying, selling, or holding any person in involuntary servitude."


text: Since the abolition of slavery in the United States in 1865, efforts have been made to eliminate other forms of slavery. In 1890 the Brussels Conference Act adopted a collection of anti-slavery measures to put an end to the slave trade on land and sea. In 1904 the International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic was signed. In 1926 the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery was ratified.


text: Even after slavery became illegal more than a century ago, many criminal organizations continued to engage in human trafficking and slave trading. For this reason human trafficking was made a federal crime. In 2000 the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 was signed, and in 2014 the Human Trafficking Prevention Act was created. It amended the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 to require training for federal government personnel related to trafficking in persons. On 12 Dec 2000 the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime was put in charge of implementing the protocol. In 2002 the Polaris Project was founded. Polaris is one of the few organizations working on all forms of trafficking, including both sex trafficking and labor trafficking. It furnishes support for survivors, whether male, female, transgender, or children, and whether U.S. citizens or foreign nationals.