title: Stereochemistry

text: Stereochemistry has important applications in the field of medicine, particularly pharmaceuticals. An often cited example of the importance of stereochemistry relates to the thalidomide disaster. Thalidomide is a pharmaceutical drug, first prepared in 1957 in Germany, prescribed for treating morning sickness in pregnant women. The drug was discovered to be teratogenic, causing serious genetic damage to early embryonic growth and development, leading to limb deformation in babies. Some of the several proposed mechanisms of teratogenicity involve a different biological function for the ("R")- and the ("S")-thalidomide enantiomers. In the human body however, thalidomide undergoes racemization: even if only one of the two enantiomers is administered as a drug, the other enantiomer is produced as a result of metabolism. Accordingly, it is incorrect to state that one stereoisomer is safe while the other is teratogenic. Thalidomide is currently used for the treatment of other diseases, notably cancer and leprosy. Strict regulations and controls have been enabled to avoid its use by pregnant women and prevent developmental deformations. This disaster was a driving force behind requiring strict testing of drugs before making them available to the public.


title: Stereochemistry

text: The application of stereochemistry to biological macromolecules has allowed for the study of the structure and properties of polymers of biological origin. In regards to the degradation of starch and cellulose, D-glucose is produced by different intermediates which are stereoisomers of each other.  When starch and cellulose undergo strong hydrolysis “by means of particular enzymes or through the action of acids” and the carbon chain is broken, the reaction will procure D-glucose.  This D-glucose molecule is the basic unit of the macromolecular structure. Starch and cellulose are both polysaccharides, or polymers, of glucose.


title: Stereochemistry

text: Despite having similar molecular structures, starch and cellulose have many differing properties. Starch is easily digested by humans whereas cellulose is indigestible. When hydrolyzed β-glucose yields cellobiose from cellulose and α-glucose yields maltose from starch. β- and α-glucose are diastereomers. In these pairs of polymers, the chemical structure of the monomeric units is the same. The difference of the polymers lies within the substituents on the molecules, whether they are “cis of trans in the hydrocarbon polymers, and equatorial or axial in cellulose and starch.”


title: Stereochemistry

text: Many definitions that describe a specific conformer (IUPAC Gold Book) exist, developed by William Klyne and Vladimir Prelog, constituting their Klyne–Prelog system of nomenclature:


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot is an American digital series created for ABC.com, based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. and the character Yo-Yo Rodriguez. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the continuity of the franchise's films and other television series; it is a supplement to "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." The series is produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television, with executive producer Geoffrey Colo leading the series' crew.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: The series follows Rodriguez on a mission before the events of the fourth season of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." Natalia Cordova-Buckley reprises her role as Rodriguez from "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", along with Clark Gregg, Chloe Bennet, Jason O'Mara, Ming-Na Wen, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge and Henry Simmons. "Slingshot" was revealed at the end of the "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." episode "The Laws of Inferno Dynamics" in December 2016, with members of the main series' production team also working on the spin-off.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: All six episodes of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot" were released on December 13, 2016. It received a positive critical response, and won a Webby Award, along with nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award, Streamy Award, and Writers Guild of America Awards.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez is forced to sign the Sokovia Accords by S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement, and Logistics Division) because she is an Inhuman. This creates a conflict with a personal mission she is looking to complete.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: Natalia Cordova-Buckley revealed on December 5, 2016 that a surprise teaser would air the next day following "The Laws of Inferno Dynamics", the mid-season finale of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D."s fourth season. The teaser revealed "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot", a 6-part digital series following Cordova-Buckley's "S.H.I.E.L.D." character Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez. Produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television, each episode of the series is 3–6 minutes long. Maurissa Tancharoen, Jed Whedon, Jeffrey Bell, Jeph Loeb and Geoffrey Colo are executive producers on the series, with Colo described as the "mastermind behind" "Slingshot". Colo said ABC and Marvel had been "looking for a while to do a digital series connected to "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." The trick was finding something that fit snuggly into "S.H.I.E.L.D."s timeline and the greater MCU".


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: Cordova-Buckley was cast as Rodriguez in February 2016 for the third season of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", and was revealed to be starring in "Slingshot" with the December 2016 announcement. She is joined by other "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." cast members Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, Jason O'Mara as Jeffrey Mace, Henry Simmons as Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie, Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake, Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May, Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz, and Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: Yancey Arias recurs as arms dealer Victor Ramon, reprising his role from the "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." episode "Bouncing Back". Also reprising their roles from "S.H.I.E.L.D." are Alexander Wraith and Deren Tadlock as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Anderson and Cecilio, and Dale Pavinski as the "Alpha Dog" of the Watchdogs.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: Marvel Comics CCO Joe Quesada, who made his directorial debut with the first episode, created detailed storyboards of the episode like he would with a comic, stating, "The same rules of storytelling, whether its film or television, apply directly to comic books when you do it right." Much of the same crew that works on the main "S.H.I.E.L.D." series also worked on "Slingshot", including visual effects supervisor Mark Kolpack who returned to supervise the effects for "Slingshot". Kolpack also directed the final episode of the spin-off.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: The majority of the digital series takes place shortly before the events of the fourth season of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", which Quesada said would allow the series to tell the story "that is in between the cracks" and explore "missing time" since the end of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." season three. Cordova-Buckley added that "Slingshot" would help viewers "understand the reasoning for many of the decisions that characters make in Season 4," gaining "more of an overall answer of the 'why's'." Such insights include "the struggle between Yo-Yo and Mack, ... the closeness between Daisy and Yo-Yo, ... [and] the relationship between Yo-Yo and S.H.I.E.L.D." from her interactions with Mace and Coulson. In addition, Peggy Carter, Secretary Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross, and his prison The Raft are referenced.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: All six episodes of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot" debuted on ABC.com on December 13, 2016. The episodes were also available on ABC's mobile app, Marvel.com, and ABC and Marvel's YouTube channels.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot

text: Christina Roberts of "Culturess" felt "Slingshot" was "a cool premise" that built off established "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." characters and expanded on those less used. Roberts also felt "Slingshot" could have worked as a standalone episode of the main series since those episodes are "always a nice breath of fresh air", and was curious if "Slingshot" would be referenced in "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", "even if it's just a wink and a nod between Daisy and Elena." "Geek Exchange"s Georgia Ringelberg called "Slingshot" "unnecessary because the plot doesn't add anything to the larger series". Despite this, it was "a fun, quick watch that's perfect for getting through the mid-season break". Additionally, Ringelberg felt the use of Rodriguez in the series gave the character "some well-deserved attention" and would lead "to more screen time" including "maybe even preparing viewers for the "Inhumans" series... If they transition her to "Inhumans" or give her time on both shows, she could be strategically utilized instead of mostly forgotten the way she is now."


title: Ryan Kelley

text: Ryan Jonathan Kelley (born August 31, 1986) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in "Mean Creek", "Prayers for Bobby", as Ben Tennyson in "", and as Deputy Jordan Parrish on "Teen Wolf".


title: Ryan Kelley

text: Kelley was born and raised in a western suburb of Chicago, Glen Ellyn, Illinois. He is the fifth eldest of 15 siblings (9 brothers and 6 sisters), and was raised as a Lutheran.


title: Ryan Kelley

text: When he was two, his mother took him and five of his siblings to Chicago to meet an agent since the neighbors next door did the same thing. Kelley started appearing in commercials and gained his first role in a movie when he was in first grade and became a member of SAG at the age of four. He would travel to Los Angeles annually for pilot season and stay at the Oakwood apartments. Due to his being in and out of class, he was homeschooled during his last two years of high school. When he turned 18, he moved to Los Angeles.


title: Ryan Kelley

text: In 2002, he had a supporting role in "Stolen Summer", which was a film made during "Project Greenlight". He also played the role of Ryan James in two episodes of "Smallville".


title: Ryan Kelley

text: Kelley won an Independent Spirit Award for his performance in "Mean Creek" in 2004. Also in 2004 he played a lead role in the movie "The Dust Factory". In 2006, Kelley appeared in the film "Letters from Iwo Jima" as a marine. He also played Roy, a great-nephew of Butch Cassidy, in "".


title: Ryan Kelley

text: He played a leading role in the movie "Prayers for Bobby" alongside Sigourney Weaver, which premiered in January 2009 on Lifetime. The "Contra Costa Times" called Kelley's portrayal of Bobby Griffith a "stirring performance". In November, he played the role of Ben Tennyson in "". In January 2012, Kelley was in the TV movie "Sexting in Suburbia", with Liz Vassey and Jenn Proske. In 2014 Kelley joined the cast of the MTV show "Teen Wolf" as Jordan Parrish, a young deputy whose supernatural nature sparked an ongoing media buzz as neither audience nor Kelley himself knows what sort of creature Parrish is but later found out that he is a Hellhound in the summer finale of season five.


title: Junya Ito (footballer, born 1993)

text: After attending Kanagawa University for four years, Ito first became a Special Designated Player for Ventforet Kofu, and then obtained a new contract with the J1 League side.


title: Junya Ito (footballer, born 1993)

text: His first season as a professional player attracted attention from Kashiwa Reysol. The Chiba club signed him in January 2016.


title: Junya Ito (footballer, born 1993)

text: On 31 January 2019, Junya Ito moved from Kashiwa Reysol to Genk on a one-year loan deal. On 30 March 2020, Ito signed permanently with Genk on a three-year contract.


title: Ermine (heraldry)

text: Ermine () in heraldry is a "fur", a type of tincture, consisting of a white background with a pattern of black shapes representing the winter coat of the stoat (a species of weasel with white fur and a black-tipped tail). The linings of medieval coronation cloaks and some other garments, usually reserved for use by high-ranking peers and royalty, were made by sewing many ermine furs together to produce a luxurious white fur with patterns of hanging black-tipped tails. Due largely to the association of the ermine fur with the linings of coronation cloaks, crowns and peerage caps, the heraldic tincture of ermine was usually reserved to similar applications in heraldry (i.e., the linings of crowns and chapeaux and of the royal canopy).


title: Ermine (heraldry)

text: The "ermine spot", the conventional heraldic representation of the tail has had a wide variety of shapes over the centuries; its most usual representation has three tufts at the end (bottom), converges to a point at the root (top), and is attached by three studs. When "ermine" is specified as the tincture of the field (or occasionally of a charge), the spots are part of the tincture itself, rather than a semé or pattern of charges. The "ermine spot" (so specified), however, may also be used singly as a mobile charge, or as a mark of distinction signifying the absence of a blood relationship.


title: Ermine (heraldry)

text: On a "bend ermine", the tails follow the line of the bend. In the arms of William John Uncles, the field ermine is cut into bendlike strips by the "three bendlets azure", so the ermine tails are (unusually) depicted bendwise.


title: Ermine (heraldry)

text: Though ermine and vair were the two furs used in early armoury, other variations of these developed later. Both in continental heraldry and British, the fur pattern was used in varying colours as a blazon atop other tinctures (e.g., "" for black ermine spots on a gold field).


title: Ermine (heraldry)

text: British heraldry created three names for specific variants, rather than blazoning them longhand. Ermines is the reverse of ermine – a field sable semé of ermine-spots argent; it is sometimes called counter-ermine (cf. French and German ). Erminois is ermine with a field "or" (gold) instead of "argent" (silver), and pean is the reverse of erminois (i.e., "or" spots on a field "sable").


title: Ermine (heraldry)

text: Erminites is alleged to be the "same as ermine, except that the two lateral hairs of each spot are red." James Parker mentions it, as does Pimbley, though by the former's admission this is of doubtful existence. Arthur Charles Fox-Davies describes it as a "silly [invention] of former heraldic writers, not of former heralds."


title: Ermine (heraldry)

text: A etiological legend explaining the origin of the use of ermine in heraldry was given during the funeral orations of Anne of Brittany in 1514. In the oration, Guillaume Parvi traced Anne's ancestry back to Innogen, the daughter of Greek king Pandrasus and wife of Brutus of Troy from Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudo-history "Historia Regum Britanniae" (). He then recounted a story that, during a hunt near Le Croisic, a stoat being pursued by Brutus' dogs took refuge with Innogen, who saved and fed it, and adopted it for ().


title: Indian Summers

text: Indian Summers is a British drama television series that began airing on Channel 4 on 15 February 2015. The show details the events of summers spent at Simla, in the foothills of the Himalayas, by a group of the British governing and trading community at the time of the British Raj. The first series is set in 1932. It was broadcast in several countries subsequently.


title: Indian Summers

text: The show was renewed for a second and final series on 1 March 2015. The second and final series is set in 1935 and began airing on 13 March 2016. Although initially planned by producers for five series, on 25 April 2016 it was announced that the show would not be renewed for a third series due to poor ratings and strong competition in its timeslot.


title: Indian Summers

text: The series was filmed in Penang, Malaysia, as a stand-in for Simla. Simla was not chosen due to the large number of modern buildings and a monsoon season that would have interfered with filming. Shooting locations included Penang Hill and historic buildings in and around George Town, which share a similar British colonial architectural lineage.


title: Indian Summers

text: On 1 March 2015, Channel 4 confirmed that "Indian Summers" would return for a second and final series in 2016, starring new cast members including Art Malik and Academy Award nominated Rachel Griffiths. The first episode aired on Sunday 13 March 2016. The 10-part series returns to Simla in the summer of 1935, three years after the events of the first series. Paul Rutman, creator and writer of the series, said: "Our story moves forward three years, to a Viceroy’s last summer, a political gamble to stifle Independence and a great reckoning for Ralph, Alice and Aafrin."


title: Indian Summers

text: The first series of "Indian Summers" received largely positive reviews, gaining a score of 88% on Rotten Tomatoes. At the time, the first episode was Channel 4's highest rating original UK drama in over 20 years. After the first episode aired, "The Times" described the series as "A work of subtlety, intelligence and some beauty." "The Independent" wrote "Indian Summers is a fully immersive experience that plunges its audience headlong into 1930s Simla in British-ruled India." "The Daily Express" said "The opening did not disappoint." In the United States, the "San Francisco Chronicle" called the series "exemplary" and stated that Rutman had an "exquisite sense of character".


title: Indian Summers

text: "Indian Summers" premiered in the United States on PBS on 27 September 2015. It premiered in Australia on BBC First on 16 May 2015 while in New Zealand, it premiered on TVNZ TV One on 7 June 2015. In Estonia, the show premiered on Kanal 2 on 12 July 2015 and on SVT1 in Sweden on 20 June 2015. On 31 May 2015 it premiered on NRK1 in Norway. In Finland, the show premiered on Yle TV1 on 22 November 2017.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: Issa Hayatou (born 9 August 1946) is a Cameroonian sports executive, former athlete and football administrator best known for serving as the president of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) between 1988 and 2017. He served as the acting FIFA president until 26 February 2016 as previous president Sepp Blatter was banned from all football-related activities in 2015 as a part of the that year's FIFA corruption investigation. In 2002, he ran for president of FIFA but was defeated by Blatter. He is also a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).


title: Issa Hayatou

text: In November 2010 he was alleged by the BBC to have taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of World Cup television rights. The IOC has announced it will investigate him. Following the 2015 FIFA corruption case, Hayatou took charge of FIFA, as the acting president, until 26 February 2016 when Gianni Infantino was elected to the position. On 16 March 2017, he was defeated by Malagasy challenger Ahmad Ahmad, ending Hayatou's 29-year reign as the CAF President. On 24 May 2017, he was appointed President of the National Football Academy by the president of Cameroon, Paul Biya.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: Hayatou was born in Garoua, Cameroon on 9 August 1946, the son of a local Sultan, and became a middle distance runner and physical education teacher. Hayatou had a successful career as an athlete, becoming a member of the Cameroonian national squads in both Basketball and Athletics, and holding national record times in the 400 and 800-meter running.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: He is married with four children. The Hayatou family are traditional holders of the sultanate ("Lamidat", from the Sokoto Caliphate's traditional Fula title "Lamine") of Garoua. Hayatou was son of the reigning sultan, and many relatives have acceded to powerful positions in Cameroonian society. Most notable is Issa's brother Sadou Hayatou, a former Prime Minister of Cameroon and longtime high official under Cameroon president Paul Biya, who was among those tapped to succeed him. The Hayatou family continue to wield much political influence in northern Cameroon.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: In 1974, aged just 28, he became Secretary General of the Cameroonian Football Federation, and Chair of the FA in 1986. As chair, he was chosen the same year to sit on the CAF Executive Committee. Following the retirement of Ethiopia's Ydnekatchew Tessema from the CAF presidency in August 1987, Hayatou was elected as the fifth president in the body's history. He lost his seventh re-election campaign to Ahmad Ahmad in March 2017.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: President of CAF for almost three decades, Hayatou has overseen particularly successful FIFA World Cup appearances by Senegal, Nigeria, and Cameroon, and pushed for African places in the finals to increase from two to five, with the 2010 World Cup in South Africa seeing the hosts garner an automatic sixth spot for an African team. Mr. Hayatou has presided over both the bid and the organising committee for the 2010 games, the first in Africa. The African Cup of Nations finals expanded from 8 to 16 teams, in a confederation of over 50 nations in six zones and five regional confederations. Club competitions have undergone a similar growth in both numbers and scale, with more clubs participating in the African Cup of Champions Clubs, the CAF Confederation Cup (begun in 2004 for national cup winners and high-placed league teams), the CAF Cup, and the CAF Super Cup. There has also been an expansion outside men's football, with the CAF overseeing Youth, Women's, Fustal, and Beach soccer competitions.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: One of the major aims of Hayatou's presidency in the late 1990s was to provide incentives to African football clubs which would stem the flow of African players to Europe; an initiative which met with little success. Hayatou has couched some criticism of the uneven flow of football 'resources' in colonial terms, saying that "rich countries import the raw material – talent – and often send their less valuable technicians", an implied criticism of foreign coaching staffs that employed by most African national sides. A September 1997 initiative negotiated by Hayatou with UEFA saw the payment of fees to African governing bodies and clubs for African-born players working in Europe. This was followed by the Meridian Project signed in December 1997 with UEFA, which was to provide cash payments to African National Associations every other year, and created the UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup. The 1999 Goal Project created with FIFA gives 46 African FAs financial support worth one million dollars over four years. These negotiations, regardless of their impact on African club football, forged a close relationship between UEFA leaders and Hayatou, and led to UEFA's backing of Hayatou's nomination to replace Sepp Blatter as head of FIFA in 2002. Blatter, supported by the American and Asian confederations, defeated Hayatou by 139 votes to 56.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: In November 2010 Andrew Jennings, the presenter of FIFA's Dirty Secrets, an edition of BBC's flagship current affairs programme Panorama alleged that Hayatou had taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of contracts for the sale of television rights to the football World Cup. Panorama claimed to have obtained a document from a company called ISL which showed that Hayatou was paid 100,000 French Francs by the company. ISL won the contract to distribute the television rights. Hayatou has denied the allegations, saying that the money went not to him but to CAF. The IOC has announced it will investigate Hayatou, due to his membership of the organisation.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: In May 2011, "The Sunday Times" published claims from a whistle-blower that Hayatou had, along with fellow Executive Committee member Jacques Anouma, accepted $1.5 million bribes from Qatar to secure his support for their bid for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: Just days before the end of the 2010 African Cup in Angola, Issa Hayatou found himself in the middle of a controversy after the CAF's suspension of Togo national football team from the next two African Cup of Nations. Hayatou charged the Togolese government with interference in the Togolese Football Association's affairs when the team withdrew from the 2010 cup prior to its start. The Togolese team was victim of an January 8, 2010 armed attack while travelling to Angola by bus prior to the start of the Cup, resulting in two deaths in the Togo delegation. Togolese captain Emmanuel Adebayor and Togo coach Hubert Velud strongly criticised Hayatou in particular for the CAF decision, calling on him to resign from the CAF presidency.


title: Issa Hayatou

text: On 21 September 2011 it was announced that FIFA had appointed Hayatou President of FIFA's Olympic committee and approved his role as chairman of the Goal Bureau. Hayatou had previously headed FIFA's Olympic committee from 1992 to 2006. At the time of his appointment, Hayatou was still under investigation for alleged bribery. It was later denied by FIFA that Hayatou had been appointed President of the Olympic committee, his apparent appointment was described as "a technical error".


title: Issa Hayatou

text: On 3 November 2007, Hayatou was awarded an honorary degree from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology in Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.


title: MCA Inc.

text: MCA Inc. (originally an initialism for Music Corporation of America) was an American media conglomerate founded in 1924. Originally a talent agency with artists in the music business as clients, the company became a major force in the film industry, and later expanded into television production. MCA published music, booked acts, ran a record company, represented film, television, and radio stars, and eventually produced and sold television programs to the three major television networks, especially NBC.


title: MCA Inc.

text: MCA was the legal predecessor of Vivendi Universal and thereby NBCUniversal. Its other legal successor is Universal Music Group Holding Corp, a holding company owned by Universal Music Group (which has absorbed PolyGram).


title: MCA Inc.

text: MCA was formed in 1924 by Jules Stein and William R. Goodheart, Jr., as Music Corporation of America, a music booking agency based in Chicago, Illinois. MCA helped pioneer modern practices of touring bands and name acts. Early on, MCA booked such prominent artists as King Oliver and Jelly Roll Morton for clubs and speakeasies run by legendary notorious Chicago mobsters such as Al Capone and others.


title: MCA Inc.

text: Lew Wasserman joined MCA in 1936 at the age of 23 and rose through the ranks of MCA for more than four decades, with Sonny Werblin as his right-hand man. Wasserman helped create MCA's radio show, "Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge", which debuted on NBC Radio that same year. Following that success, Stein installed Wasserman in New York City in 1937, but Wasserman convinced him that Hollywood was the best place for the company's growth.


title: MCA Inc.

text: The company was guided by a codification of Stein's pet policies known as "The Rules of The Road". The Rules were passed down from the Prohibition era, Chicago–area MCA (referenced in "Citizen Cohn" and "The King and Queen of Hollywood" books) to the 1940s Los Angeles–area firm, which focused on representing movie actors. The Rules were next passed to the 1950s generation of MCA talent agents, including Jerry Perenchio, who later owned and headed a number of businesses including Univision from 1992 to 2007 . Perenchio is well known for his version of the Rules (now up to twenty rules), which vary from year to year and have some internal contradictions (Perenchio pointed out that while there is a "no nepotism" rule, he is aware his son was on the board of directors at the time).


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1939, MCA's headquarters moved from Chicago to Beverly Hills, California, creating a movie division and beginning to acquire talent agencies and represent established actors such as James Stewart, Henry Fonda, Bette Davis, and Ronald Reagan, whom Wasserman became very close with personally. In later decades, Wasserman became a guiding force in Reagan's political ambition by helping Reagan to win the presidency of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), then election as Governor of California in 1966, and finally President of the United States in 1980.


title: MCA Inc.

text: By the end of the 1930s, MCA had become the largest talent agency in the world, with over 700 clients, including movie stars, recording artists, Broadway actors, radio stars, and directors. Its aggressive acquisition of its clientele in all entertainment sectors earned MCA the nickname of "The Octopus". This behavior led U.S. Department of Justice agents to investigate not only whether MCA was a monopoly breaking antitrust laws, but also its suspected connections to underworld criminal activities. This investigation continued for the next few decades.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1948, Jules Stein moved up as MCA's first chairman, giving Lew Wasserman charge of day-to-day operations of the company as president. That year, Stein and Wasserman decided to get into a new medium that would soon change the entertainment industry: television. Although many motion picture studios would not touch this new medium, thinking it was just a fad and would fade away, MCA decided to embrace it. First, however, the company needed to get a waiver from the Screen Actors Guild, which ruled at the time that talent agencies such as MCA were prohibited from producing TV shows or films. Thanks to the newly elected SAG president, Ronald Reagan, MCA was granted a waiver to start producing TV shows.


title: MCA Inc.

text: After the waiver was granted, the company formed MCA Television Limited for syndication. In 1950 Revue Productions, once a live concert promotion division that produced "Stage Door Canteen" live events for the USO during World War II, was re-launched as MCA's television production subsidiary. By 1956, Revue became the top supplier of television for all broadcast networks, spanning three decades of television programs such as "Armour Theater", "General Electric Theater", "Leave It to Beaver", "Wagon Train", and many others. Prior to 1958, all Revue's shows were filmed at the old Republic Pictures studio lot in Studio City, California.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In February 1958, MCA acquired Paramount Pictures' pre-1950 sound feature film library through a newly created MCA subsidiary, EMKA, Ltd.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In December 1958, MCA bought the Universal Studios lot from Universal Pictures for $11,250,000 and renamed it, as well as the actual television unit, Revue Studios. As part of the deal, MCA leased the studios back to Universal for $2 million a year, plus unlimited access to MCA's clients such as Jimmy Stewart, Rock Hudson, Doris Day and Alfred Hitchcock to make films for Universal.


title: MCA Inc.

text: Stein, who by this time was the sole owner of MCA, decided to take the company public by giving 51% of his ownership of MCA to his employees, which included a 20% stake for Wasserman. The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange and was incorporated as MCA Inc. on November 10, 1958. A couple of years later, Alfred Hitchcock gave MCA his rights to "Psycho" and his television anthology in exchange for 150,000 shares, making him the third largest investor in MCA, and his own boss at Universal.


title: MCA Inc.

text: On June 18, 1962, Decca Records shareholders agreed to MCA's buyout offer after the record label had entered into talks about a merger that April. Decca at the time owned Coral Records and Brunswick Records, and an 89% stake in Universal Pictures Company, Inc. On July 13, 1962, the Department of Justice filed suit against MCA, charging that its acquisition of Decca's controlling interest in Universal violated antitrust laws. MCA would have to close its talent agency, which represented most of the industry's biggest names, in order to retain Universal. In reality, the agency became defunct the day the DOJ filed suit; dissolving it that October was a mere formality. MCA's now-former agents quickly formed new talent agencies, many of which are woven into the corporate fabric of today's talent management. Jerry Perenchio's Chartwell Artists represented Elizabeth Taylor and Muhammad Ali. By the end of 1962, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1964, MCA entered the music publishing business when it acquired Lou Levy's Leeds Music, and formed Universal City Studios the same year in effort to merge under one umbrella both Universal Pictures and its Revue Studios division, which was later reincorporated as Universal Television in 1966.


title: MCA Inc.

text: On July 15, 1964, MCA established the Studio Tour, which provided guests a sneak peek behind-the-scenes glimpse at movie and television production at the backlot of Universal Studios. This established a footprint of what is known today as the Universal Studios Hollywood film studio and theme park. Over the next few decades, similar parks were built and expanded under MCA for Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, Florida and Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records in Hollywood, California, and in 1967, MCA bought New York–based Kapp Records. That same year MCA also acquired guitar maker Danelectro and mall retailer Spencer Gifts.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1967, the MCA Records label was established outside the United States and Canada to issue releases by the MCA group of labels. Decca, Kapp and Uni were merged into MCA Records at Universal City, California in 1971; the three labels maintained their identities for a short time but were soon retired in favor of the MCA label. The first MCA Records release in the US was former Uni artist Elton John's "Crocodile Rock" in 1972. In 1973, the final Decca pop label release, "Drift Away", a #5 pop hit by Dobie Gray, was issued.


title: MCA Inc.

text: MCA had two failed mergers in 1969. Initially it planned a merger with Westinghouse Electric Corporation but that collapsed in April and in July, they announced a proposed merger with the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company but this too was called off in September.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1973, Stein stepped down from the company he founded and Wasserman took over as chairman and chief executive officer, while Sidney Sheinberg was appointed president and chief operating officer of MCA. Other executives within MCA were Lawrence R. Barnett, who ran the agency's live acts division during its glory agency years in the 1950s and 1960s, and Ned Tanen, head of Universal Pictures. Tanen was behind Universal hits such as "Animal House", John Hughes's "Sixteen Candles" and "The Breakfast Club".


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1975, the company entered the book publishing business with the acquisition of G. P. Putnam's Sons. In 1979, it acquired ABC Records along with its subsidiaries Paramount Records, Impulse! Records, and Dot Records. ABC had acquired the Paramount and Dot labels when it purchased Gulf+Western's record labels in 1974, then the parent company of Paramount Pictures.


title: MCA Inc.

text: From 1983 to 1989, Irving Azoff was chairman of MCA Records and is credited for turning around the fortunes of the label.


title: MCA Inc.

text: The Chess Records catalog was acquired from the remnants of Sugarhill in 1985. Motown Records was bought in 1988 (and sold to PolyGram in 1993). GRP Records (which became for some years MCA's jazz music label and thus began managing the company's jazz catalogue) and Geffen Records (which served as another mainstream music subsidiary) were acquired in 1990.


title: MCA Inc.

text: MCA also acquired other assets outside of the music industry. It became a shareholder in USA Network in 1981, eventually owning 50% of the network (the other half was owned by Paramount). In 1982, its publishing division, G. P. Putnam's Sons, bought Grosset & Dunlap from Filmways. In 1984, MCA bought Walter Lantz Productions and its characters, including Woody Woodpecker. In 1985, MCA bought toy and video game company LJN. It also bought a TV station in New York City, WWOR-TV (renamed from WOR-TV), in 1987, from RKO General subsidiary of GenCorp, which was in the midst of a licensing scandal.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1983, MCA Videogames, the video game division of MCA itself and video game developer/publisher Atari Inc. entered into a partnership to start out Studio Games, a joint venture that would develop video games based on MCA's film and television properties, most notably from then-sister Universal Pictures, and decided that they would gave them access to all motion picture and television properties coming from the unit.


title: MCA Inc.

text: On November 26, 1990, Japanese multinational conglomerate Matsushita Electric agreed to acquire MCA for US$6.59 billion. MCA was forced to sell WWOR-TV in 1991 to Pinelands, Inc. because of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules that foreign companies could not own over 25% of a U.S. TV station.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1995, Seagram acquired 80% of MCA from Matsushita. On November 26, 1996, MCA announced that it would acquire television syndication company Multimedia Entertainment from Gannett, whom acquired its parent company in 1995, for $40 million. On December 9, 1996, the new owners dropped the MCA name; the company became Universal Studios, Inc., and its music division, MCA Music Entertainment Group, was renamed Universal Music Group. MCA Records continued to live on as a label within the Universal Music Group. The following year, G. P. Putnam's Sons was sold to the Penguin Group subsidiary of Pearson PLC.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In 1996, MCA filed a lawsuit against Viacom over the latter's launch of the TV Land cable network. Viacom had purchased Paramount in 1994, and the contract for USA Network prohibited either of their owners from owning cable channels outside the joint venture. Viacom had owned MTV Networks (the parent of TV Land) since 1985. The suit was settled when Viacom sold MCA its half of the joint venture. TV Land eventually added shows from the MCA/Universal library in 1999.


title: MCA Inc.

text: On May 21, 1998, Seagram acquired PolyGram from Philips and merged it with its music holdings. The European Commission approved the merger on September 21, 1998. When France-based Pernod Ricard purchased Seagram's drinks business, Pernod sold its media holdings (including Universal) to Vivendi, which became Vivendi Universal in 2000.


title: MCA Inc.

text: In the spring of 2003, MCA Records was folded into Geffen Records. Its country music label, MCA Nashville Records, is still in operation. MCA's classical music catalog is managed by Deutsche Grammophon.


title: MCA Inc.

text: MCA's non-music assets at the time of the company's renaming, including Universal Studios and the 50% interest in USA Network, came under ownership of NBC Universal (now full owner of USA), which was 80% owned by General Electric, and 20% owned by Vivendi. In 2009, GE struck a deal to buy Vivendi's interest, and sold a controlling 51% interest to Comcast afterwards. The sale completed on January 28, 2011, with General Electric owning 49% of the newly formed NBCUniversal. Comcast bought GE's stake two years later.


title: MCA Inc.

text: The landmark Paul Williams–designed Beverly Hills property that MCA once occupied became the headquarters of Paradigm Talent Agency until 2018. Conference rooms inside the building are named after Jules Stein and Lew Wasserman in honor of the legendary occupants.


title: Yasmine Akram

text: Yasmine Akram (born 11 March 1981) is an Irish-Pakistani actress, writer and comedian. She has written comedy sketches for the BBC and Channel 4, and played Janine Hawkins in the third series of "Sherlock".


title: Yasmine Akram

text: Akram was born in Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates. Her family settled in Drogheda, Ireland when she was 18 months old. Her father is originally from Pakistan. Her mother Mona is from Drogheda and still lives in the town. She has a sister named Masooma.


title: Yasmine Akram

text: From the age of 14, Akram collaborated with the Calipo Theatre and the Picture Company. She graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art where she studied acting.


title: Yasmine Akram

text: After graduating from drama school, Akram wrote comedy sketches for the BBC and Channel 4, and hosted for BBC Radio. She wrote her first play, "10 Dates with Mad Mary", a monologue about a young woman's struggles after leaving prison, and performed the play at Project Arts Centre in Ireland in 2010. This was adapted into the feature film "A Date for Mad Mary" in 2016.


title: Yasmine Akram

text: She writes and performs as half of London-based comedy duo "Ford and Akram" with English comedian Louise Ford. The duo's live show in 2011 was directed by Alistair McGowan for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. In 2013, she co-wrote and co-presented BBC Radio 4's "Irish Micks and Legends" with Aisling Bea, with whom she worked on the Channel 4 sketch comedy "LOL".


title: Yasmine Akram

text: In 2014, she portrayed Janine Hawkins opposite Benedict Cumberbatch's Sherlock Holmes in two episodes of the third series of "Sherlock". She reprised the role in the 2016 special, "The Abominable Bride", in which her character's name was Janine Donlevy.


title: Mitragynine

text: Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid and the most abundant active alkaloid in the Southeast Asian plant "Mitragyna speciosa", commonly known as "kratom." The total alkaloid concentration in dried leaves ranges from 0.5 to 1.5%. In Thai varieties, mitragynine is the most abundant component (up to 66% of total alkaloids) while 7-hydroxymitragynine is a minor constituent (up to 2% of total alkaloid content). In Malaysian kratom varieties, mitragynine is present at lower concentration (12% of total alkaloids). Such preparations are orally consumed and typically involve dried kratom leaves which are brewed into tea or ground and placed into capsules. Mitragynine consumption for medicinal and recreation purposes dates back centuries, although early use was primarily limited to Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and Thailand where the plant grows indigenously. Recently, mitragynine use has spread throughout Europe and the Americas as both a recreational and medicinal drug. While research into the effects of kratom have begun to emerge, investigations on the active compound mitragynine are less common.


title: Mitragynine

text: , the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had stated that there were no approved clinical uses for kratom, and that there was no evidence that kratom was safe or effective for treating any condition. This reiterated the conclusion of an earlier report by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): , kratom had not been approved for any medical use. , the FDA had noted, in particular, that there had been no clinical trials to study safety and efficacy of kratom in the treatment of opioid addiction. , the United States Drug Enforcement Administration had, as well, stated, "There is no legitimate medical use for kratom".


title: Mitragynine

text: Mitragynine-containing kratom extracts, with their accompanying array of alkaloids and other natural products, have been used for their perceived pain-mitigation (i.e., antinociception) properties for at least a century. In Southeast Asia, the consumption of mitragynine from whole leaf kratom preparations is common among laborers who report utilizing kratom's mild stimulant and perceived antinociceptive properties to increase endurance and ease pain while working. In one laboratory study in a rat model in 2016, alkaloid-containing extracts of kratom gave evidence of inducing naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effects in hotplate and tail-flick tests to a level comparable to oxycodone.


title: Mitragynine

text: Kratom is commonly used in the United States as self-treatment for pain and opioid withdrawal. A 2019 review of existing literature suggested the potential of kratom as substitution therapy for chronic pain.


title: Mitragynine

text: As early as the 19th century, mitragynine ingested via kratom leaves was reportedly in use for the treatment of opium addiction and withdrawal. , review of mental health aspects of kratom use mention opioid replacement and withdrawal as a primary motivations for kratom use: almost 50% of the approximately 8,000 kratom users surveyed in one study indicated kratom use that resulted in reduced or discontinued use of opioids. Some animal models of opioid withdrawals suggest mitragynine can suppress and ameliorate withdrawal from other opioid agonists, e.g., after chronic administration of morphine in zebra fish.


title: Mitragynine

text: Mitragynine and its metabolite 7-hydroxymitragynine are thought to underlie the effects of kratom. Consumption of dried kratom leaves yields different responses depending on the dose consumed. At low doses, the plant is reported to induce a mild stimulating effect, while larger doses are reported to produce sedation and antinociception typical of opioids. The concentration of mitragynine and other alkaloids in kratom have been found to vary between particular strains of the plant, thus indicating strain-specific effects from consumption, as well. Kratom extracts are often mixed with other easily attainable psychoactive compounds—such are found in over-the-counter cough medicines—to potentiate the effects of the concentrated levels of mitragynine. Adverse effects associated with the consumption of mitragynine-containing preparations from "M. speciosa" include a negative impact on cognition; moreover, the potential for misuse of mitragynine and related alkaloids has been documented in animal studies, including through the use of the conditioned place preference (CPP) test, which indicated a distinct reward-effect for 7-hydroxymitragynine.


title: Mitragynine

text: Due to its activity on opioid receptors, mitragynine itself can result in dependence and lead to withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. Regular users report withdrawal symptoms comparable to that of other opioids following the discontinuation of kratom. A 2014 study which included 1118 male kratom users indicated that more than half of the regular users (67% of total subjects) experienced withdrawal when attempting to discontinue kratom with symptoms that included pain, muscle spasms, and insomnia. In a study following 239 male kratom users in Malaysia consuming between 40 and 240 mg of mitragynine per day, 89% indicated a previous attempt of discontinuing kratom consumption which resulted in withdrawal symptoms ranging from mild (65% of subjects) to moderate/severe (35% of subjects). In the same study, withdrawal symptoms ranged from physical symptoms such as nausea, diarrhea, and muscle spasms to psychological symptoms such as restlessness, anxiety, and anger but lasted less than 3 days for most subjects. However, the results from this study may be obfuscated by the occasional addition of other substances in the mitragynine preparation such as dextromethorphan and benzodiazepines, which could contribute to the withdrawal symptoms. In an animal study, mitragynine withdrawal symptoms were observed following 14 days of mitragynine i.p. injections in mice and included displays of anxiety, teeth chattering, and piloerection, all of which are characteristic signs of opioid withdrawal in mice and are comparable to morphine withdrawal symptoms.


title: Mitragynine

text: Mitragynine acts on a variety of receptors in the CNS, most notably the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. The nature of mitragynines' interaction with opioid receptors has yet to be fully classified with some reports suggesting partial agonist activity at the mu opioid receptor and others suggesting full agonist activity. Additionally, mitragynine is known to interact with delta and kappa opioid receptors as well, but these interactions remain ambiguous with some reports indicating mitragynine as a delta and kappa competitive antagonist and others as a full agonist of these receptors. In either case, mitragynine is reported to have lower affinity to delta and kappa receptors compared to mu receptors. Mitragynine is also known to interact with dopamine D2, adenosine, serotonin, and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, though the significance of these interactions is not fully understood. Additionally, several reports of mitragynine pharmacology indicate potential biased agonism activity favoring G protein signaling pathways independent of beta - arrestin recruitment, a primary component in opioid induced respiratory depression.


title: Mitragynine

text: Pharmacokinetic analysis have largely taken place in live rodents as well as rodent and human microsomes. Owing to the heterogeneity of analysis and paucity of human experiments conducted thus far, the pharmacokinetic profile of mitragynine is not complete. However, initial pharmacokinetic studies in humans have yielded preliminary information. In a study of 10 healthy volunteers taking orally administered mitragynine from whole leaf preparations, mitragynine appeared to have a much longer half-life than typical opioid agonists (7–39 hours) and reached peak plasma concentration within 1 hour of administration.


title: Mitragynine

text: Mitragynine is primarily metabolized in the liver producing many metabolites during both phase I and phase II.


title: Mitragynine

text: During phase I metabolism, mitragynine undergoes hydrolysis of the methylester group on C16 as well as o-demethylation of both methoxy groups on positions 9 and 17. Following this step, oxidation and reduction reactions convert aldehyde intermediates into alcohols and carboxylic acids. P450 metabolic enzymes are known to facilitate the phase I metabolism of mitragynine which reportedly has an inhibitory effect on multiple P450 enzymes, raising the possibility of adverse drug interactions.


title: Mitragynine

text: During phase II metabolism, phase I metabolites undergo glucuronidation and sulfation to form multiple glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, which are then excreted via urine.


title: Mitragynine

text: Mitragynine toxicity in humans is largely unknown as studies examining mitragynine toxicity have thus far used animals which seem to have significant species specific differences in mitragynine tolerance. However, mitragynine toxicity in humans is rarely reported although specific examples of seizures and liver toxicity in kratom consumers have been reported. Due to P450 enzyme inhibition, the combination of mitragynine with other drugs poses a major concern regarding adverse reactions to mitragynine. As such, fatalities involving mitragynine tend to involve additional drugs including other opioids and cough suppressants. Post mortem toxicology screens indicate a wide range of mitragynine blood concentrations ranging from 10mcg/L to 4800mcg/L, making it difficult to calculate what constitutes a toxic dose. Such variations in blood concentrations are suggested to result from differences in the toxicology assays used and how long after overdose the assays were conducted.


title: Mitragynine

text: In the United States, kratom and its active ingredients are not scheduled under DEA guidelines. Despite the current legal status of the plant and its constituents, the legality of kratom has been turbulent in recent years. In August 2016 The DEA issued a report of intent stating that mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine would undergo emergency scheduling and be placed under schedule 1 classification until further notice, making kratom strictly illegal and thus hindering research on its active constituents. Following this report, the DEA faced significant public and administrative opposition in the form of a White House petition signed by 140,000 citizens and a letter to the DEA administrator backed by 51 members of the House of Representatives resisting the proposed scheduling. This opposition led the DEA to withdraw its report of intent in October 2016, allowing for unencumbered research into the potential benefits and health risks associated with mitragynine and other alkaloids in the kratom plant. Kratom and its active constituents are unscheduled and legally sold in stores and online in the United States except for a small number of states. As of June 2019, the FDA continues to warn consumers not to use Kratom, while advocating for more research for a better understanding of Kratom's safety profile.


title: Mitragynine

text: Inconsistencies in dosing, purity, and concomitant drug use makes evaluating the effects of mitragynine in humans difficult. Conversely, animal studies control for such variability but offer limited translatable information relevant to humans. Experimental limitations aside, mitragynine has been found to interact with a variety of receptors, although the nature and extent of receptor interactions has yet to be fully characterized. Additionally, the toxicity of mitragynine and associated kratom alkaloids have yet to be fully determined in humans, nor has the risk of overdose. More studies are necessary to assess safety and potential therapeutic utility.


title: Sloan Struble

text: Sloan Christian Struble (born August 10, 1999), is an American singer, songwriter, and producer from Aledo, Texas. He is best known as the founder and lead of the indie pop project Dayglow. Dayglow released its debut album, "Fuzzybrain", on September 28, 2018. Dayglow performing members include bassist Peyton Harrington, drummer Brady Knippa, keyboardist Norrie Swofford, guitarist Colin Crawford, and in the past have included guitarist Nate Davis, drummer Reece Myers, keyboardist Nico Fennell, bassist Eric Loop, and saxophonist Marshall Lowry.


title: Sloan Struble

text: Struble was born in Aledo, Texas. At 11 years old, he started to work with Garageband to teach himself how to play guitar, bass, keyboard, synthesizer and drums, as well as produce and mix to create music. He started attending the University of Texas at Austin in 2018, where he studied advertising.


title: Sloan Struble

text: On October 1, 2016, under the name Kindred, Struble released his first album, also titled "Kindred". Throughout 2017, Kindred released three singles. The first, a re-written version of "That's Just Life" by Francis and the Lights, was released on January 14, 2017. This was followed by "This Love" on March 6, 2017. On March 30, 2017, Struble released his last song under the name Kindred, "Spent my Life". "Spent my Life" is the only song released under the name Kindred that is available on streaming services such as Spotify, YouTube and Apple Music, while the rest of Kindred's songs are only available on SoundCloud.


title: Sloan Struble

text: In late 2017, Struble founded the solo indie pop project Dayglow. Despite being the sole member, Struble has stated that he does not view himself as a solo artist, and describes Dayglow as a band, similar to Tame Impala or Mutemath. On September 29, 2017, Dayglow released its first single, "Mindless Creatures". The next day, "Run The World!!!" was released. On January 30, 2018, Dayglow released "Can I Call You Tonight?". "Can I Call You Tonight?" became their first commercially successful song and was eventually certified Gold by the RIAA, in part due its popularity on TikTok and Spotify. On May 30, 2018, Dayglow released its fourth single, "False Direction".


title: Sloan Struble

text: On September 27, 2018, Dayglow released its first full length album, "Fuzzybrain", featuring the previously released singles "Run The World!!!", "Can I Call You Tonight?", and "False Direction". Following the album release, Dayglow was invited to perform at Austin City Limits Music Festival at BMI Stage on October 12, 2019. The album cover features a clay model of Struble's head, which he molded himself. On November 13, 2019, Struble released an expanded version of "Fuzzybrain", featuring the new songs "Nicknames" and "Listerine", under Acrophase Records.


title: Sloan Struble

text: On January 11, 2021, Dayglow released its first song since 2019, "Close to You", along with an accompanying music video. On January 13, 2021, the single "Can I Call You Tonight?" was certified Gold.


title: Sloan Struble

text: On February 22, 2021, Struble announced Dayglow's second full-length album, "Harmony House". On the same day, Dayglow released the album's second single, "Something". According to Struble, "Something" reflects on the way social media is used, saying, "Stuff is never going to fulfill us, yet we are always wanting more and more and it’s just such an unfortunate waste of time".


title: Sloan Struble

text: On April 1, 2021, the third single off of "Harmony House", "Woah Man" was released. "Balcony" followed on May 6.


title: Sloan Struble

text: On May 21, 2021 "Harmony House" was released through AWAL and Struble's own label Very Nice Records, alongside a music video for the second track on the album "Medicine".


title: Sloan Struble

text: On June 21, 2022, Struble announced Dayglow's third studio album, "People in Motion", alongside the lead single "Then It All Goes Away". On August 18, 2022, the second single off of "People in Motion", "Deep End" was released. The following single, "Second Nature", was released on September 23, 2022.


title: Sloan Struble

text: Struble chose the name Dayglow from the song "Day Glo" by Brazos. Dayglow's music is a blend of alternative and indie pop. "Washington Square News" wrote that Struble's style "draws inspiration from the upbeat, groovy style of other artists such as the Doobie Brothers and Michael McDonald." Other inspirations for his musical style include Michael Jackson and Tame Impala.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Jerry Colangelo (born November 20, 1939) is an American businessman and sports executive. He formerly owned the Phoenix Suns of the NBA, the Phoenix Mercury of the WNBA, the Arizona Sandsharks of the Continental Indoor Soccer League, the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League, and the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball. He was also instrumental in the relocation of the original Winnipeg Jets team in the NHL to Phoenix to become the Phoenix Coyotes (now the Arizona Coyotes). In 2014, Grand Canyon University renamed its Christian based school of business after Jerry Colangelo, replacing Ken Blanchard's namesake. From December 2015 to April 2016, Colangelo served as Chairman of Basketball Operations for the Philadelphia 76ers, before serving as a special advisor to the team until December 2018.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: He became the youngest general manager in professional sports in 1968 after being hired as general manager for the Phoenix Suns. He has the second longest tenure running the same NBA franchise, exceeded only by Red Auerbach of the Boston Celtics.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: In the summer of 2005, Colangelo was named director of USA Basketball whose team represented the United States in the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 FIBA World Championship. Since 2009, he has served as Chairman of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Colangelo also serves as Chairman of the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), a nonprofit nonpartisan educational foundation that promotes Italian American culture and heritage.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Colangelo was born and raised in Chicago Heights, Illinois, to an Italian-American working class family. He played basketball and baseball for Bloom Township High School. Colangelo enrolled at the University of Kansas, but transferred to the University of Illinois after prospective teammate Wilt Chamberlain left. He played basketball for the Illinois Fighting Illini, earned All-Big Ten honors, and captained the Illini as a senior. He was later inducted into the Illinois Basketball Hall of Fame. Colangelo also played two years of baseball at Illinois. In 1962, he graduated from the University of Illinois with a degree in physical education.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: In his autobiography, "How You Play the Game", Colangelo tells of working after graduating college at the House of Charles, a tuxedo rental shop in Chicago Heights.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Colangelo began his sports career in 1966 in professional basketball with the Chicago Bulls. He worked as a marketing director, scout, and assistant to the president of the team. In 1968, he left the Bulls and was hired as the first general manager of the expansion team, the Phoenix Suns. He was the youngest general manager in professional sports. When he and his family left for Arizona, he had $200 in his wallet.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Colangelo got off to an unlucky start, losing a 1969 coin flip to the Milwaukee Bucks for the rights to UCLA phenom Lew Alcindor (who became Kareem Abdul-Jabbar). The Suns were competitive during most of the 1970s, making it to the NBA Finals in 1976, but losing to the Boston Celtics in six games. Colangelo had two stints as head coach during that decade, compiling a record of 59 wins and 60 losses.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Throughout most of the 1980s, Colangelo's Suns faced difficulties. Some players, including 1976 NBA Finals player Garfield Heard, were involved in an infamous drug scandal, young center Nick Vanos died in a 1987 plane crash, and, from 1985 through 1988, the Suns failed to qualify for the playoffs. Colangelo assembled a group of investors that bought the Suns in late 1987, in the wake of the drug scandal. He subsequently made a trade for Kevin Johnson in 1987.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: The Suns made one of the biggest turnarounds in NBA history in 1988–89, nearly doubling their win total (from 28 wins to 55) and making the first of 13 straight playoff appearances. In 1989, Colangelo was an essential part of the group that provided financial backing to build America West Arena (renamed Talking Stick Resort Arena). In 1992, Colangelo traded Jeff Hornacek, Tim Perry, and Andrew Lang to the Philadelphia 76ers for Charles Barkley. The trade proved to be productive for the Suns, and they reached the NBA Finals for the second time in 1993, this time losing to the Chicago Bulls starring Michael Jordan in six games. Barkley's relationship with Colangelo, however, grew sour over the years, and in 1996, he was traded to the Houston Rockets.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Throughout his time with the Suns, Colangelo would win four different NBA Executive of the Year honors with the team. It would stand to be the most honors for an executive of one team in the NBA. He eventually turned over the Suns' presidency to his son Bryan, who later left the organization to become general manager of the Toronto Raptors. Bryan ended up winning two NBA Executive of the Year honors: one with Phoenix, and one with Toronto only two seasons later.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: On December 7, 2015, Colangelo decided to return to the NBA to become the new chairman of basketball operations for the Philadelphia 76ers, as well as special adviser to the team's managing partner. On April 7, 2016, Colangelo's son, Bryan, took on the role of general manager and president of basketball operations for the 76ers after their former president and general manager, Sam Hinkie, resigned from his position before end of the 2015–16 season due to irreconcilable differences with Jerry. The move reunited the Colangelos for the first time since 2004 with the Phoenix Suns. Colangelo stepped down as Chairman of Basketball Operations following the hiring of his son, but he retained his role as special adviser to the managing partner. Just before his son's later resignation from the position of general manager, Colangelo attempted to save Bryan's job by threatening to damage the team's NBA relationships. On July 30, 2018, it was revealed that he would retire as of 2019.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: While in Chicago for a Suns game, Colangelo attended a Chicago Cubs baseball game at Wrigley Field. Soon thereafter he decided to inquire to Major League Baseball about bringing an expansion team to Arizona. He assembled a group of investors in 1994 to buy a franchise, a year ahead of MLB's proposed expansion selection meetings. In 1995, Colangelo's group was granted an expansion team, the Arizona Diamondbacks.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: The Diamondbacks began playing in 1998. For his new baseball club, Colangelo hired Joe Garagiola, Jr. as general manager. He next brought in Buck Showalter coming off a successful stint as manager of the New York Yankees. Showalter and Yankees owner George Steinbrenner did not agree to a contract extension, so Colangelo quickly hired Showalter as future manager of the Diamondbacks. These hirings proved to be instrumental to the expansion franchise's quick success. Key acquisitions made by Garagiola included the signing of Randy Johnson in 1999 and a trade for Curt Schilling in 2000 from the Philadelphia Phillies. They were co-MVPs of the 2001 World Series when the Diamondbacks beat the Yankees in seven games. This is, , the only major professional sports championship for the Phoenix area.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: The Diamondbacks had gone into significant debt to build the 2001 champions. For example, he asked 12 of the highest-paid players to defer their salaries for four years and repay them over eight years. The ensuing debt came back to haunt the Diamondbacks in 2004. Only three years after winning the World Series and two years after winning a third division title in three years, the Diamondbacks never recovered from a slow start. They ultimately finished 51–111, the worst record in baseball and remains the worst in franchise history.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: By then, Colangelo was gone. He was forced to resign as Managing General Partner in the summer of 2004, and subsequently sold his interest. Ken Kendrick succeeded him as managing general partner, while Jeff Moorad became CEO and operating head of the franchise.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: In an interview with "USA Today," Colangelo defended his approach to building the Diamondbacks, saying that he was only trying to build a winning team. He contrasted his approach with that of the Diamondbacks' expansion brethren, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, who at the time had finished in either last or next-to-last every season (and would not have a winning season until 2008). He claimed that the plan only backfired when the economy went sour and he didn't get as much from baseball's central fund as anticipated.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: In 1997, Colangelo's team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Phoenix Mercury, began playing. The following year, the Mercury reached the WNBA Finals but lost to the Houston Comets.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: In 1992, Colangelo founded the Arena Football League's Arizona Rattlers and owned them until 2005. Under Colangelo's guidance, the Rattlers won Arena Bowl championships in 1994 and 1997. They were also one of the AFL's model franchises and were a perennial playoff team. According to published reports, the Rattlers struggled to stay afloat as a franchise after Colangelo sold the team.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Following the demise of the proposed move of the Winnipeg Jets to Minneapolis, Colangelo was involved in bringing the National Hockey League (NHL) to Arizona, successfully convincing the team's ownership to relocate the franchise to the area as the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996. The move made Phoenix one of 13 metropolitan areas with franchises in all four major North American professional sports leagues). The team plays in the Phoenix suburb of Tempe at Arizona State University facilities (upon recently ending a tenure in the nearby suburb Glendale).


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: In April 2004, Colangelo sold the Suns, Mercury and Rattlers to an investment group headed by San Diego, California businessman, Tucson, Arizona native Robert Sarver for $401 million.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Late in the 2004 baseball season, Colangelo sold his controlling interest in the Arizona Diamondbacks to a group of investors led by Jeff Moorad.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Jerry Colangelo was part of an investment group planning development in Buckeye, Arizona. They planned a 300,000+ residence development called Douglas Ranch and a smaller development called Trillium.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: In 2011, Jerry Colangelo assisted in creating Grand Canyon University's Colangelo School of Sports Business and served as an advisor. On September 25, 2014, Grand Canyon University announced their college of business would be renamed Colangelo College of Business.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Colangelo has been named the NBA's Executive of the Year four times (1976, 1981, 1989, 1993). He is an honorary member of the Marchegiana Society of his hometown, Chicago Heights, Illinois. A street in that city bears his name.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: On November 4, 2007, Colangelo was inducted into the Phoenix Suns Ring of Honor at the halftime of a Suns game against the Cleveland Cavaliers.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: He is the National Leadership Director of the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame and is also a Hall of Fame inductee. It is located in the Colangelo Building on Taylor Street in Little Italy, Chicago.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: On Saturday, May 18, 2019, The Lincoln Academy of Illinois granted Colangelo the Order of Lincoln award, the highest honor bestowed by the State of Illinois.


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Colangelo is a Christian and has spoken about his faith saying, "The first priority in life is to have that relationship with Jesus Christ. So your faith is number one. ... God [has] a plan for my life. You know, the way I've tried to live my life is I have this platform, it was given to me by the Lord. And He's blessed me with a lot of things. And someday I'm going to be held accountable with what I did with those things."


title: Jerry Colangelo

text: Colangelo is married to Joan, whom he met on a blind date while at college. They have four children: Kathy Holcombe, Kristen Young, Mandie Colangelo, and Bryan Colangelo. Bryan had been president of the Phoenix Suns when his father was part of the ownership group, and rejoined his father with the Philadelphia 76ers from 2016 to 2018.


title: Woodside, California

text: Woodside is a small incorporated town in San Mateo County, California, United States, on the San Francisco Peninsula. Woodside is among the wealthiest communities in the United States, home to many technology billionaires and investment managers, with average home prices exceeding 5 million dollars. It has a council–manager system of government. The population of the town was 5,309 at the 2020 census.


title: Woodside, California

text: Woodside is among the wealthiest communities in the United States with a median household income of $375,561, median family income of $401,591 and median home price exceeding $4.5 million.


title: Woodside, California

text: The Woodside area was originally home to indigenous people belonging to the Ohlone tribe. In 1769, led by Gaspar de Portolá, Spanish explorers searching for San Francisco Bay camped at a site near Woodside.


title: Woodside, California

text: Woodside is said to be the oldest English-speaking settlement in the southern part of the San Francisco Peninsula. The first English-speaking settlers arrived in the early 19th century to log the rich stands of redwoods. Charles Brown constructed the first sawmill in Woodside on his Mountain Home Ranch around 1838. Brown's adobe house, built in 1839, still stands today. By mid-century, the Woodside area had a dozen mills producing building materials for a booming San Francisco.


title: Woodside, California

text: In 1849, during the California Gold Rush, 20-year-old Mathias Alfred Parkhurst purchased of timberland and named it “Woodside"; of course, this name was kept. By the late 19th century, Woodside was home to country estates. The Sequoia Redwood trees in Woodside are currently 3rd generation growth. The first generation of the Redwood trees were used to build San Francisco original homes. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the loggers returned to Woodside to cut the second growth of redwood so they could be used for the rebuilding of San Francisco.


title: Woodside, California

text: In 1909, the Family, a private club, set up camp facilities and rustic buildings in Woodside at the Family Farm, a rural retreat used by club members for recreation. Gatherings at the Family Farm include an annual Farm Play, written and performed by members. In 1912, the Family pooled funds to build Our Lady of the Wayside Church in Portola Valley, designed by 19-year-old Timothy L. Pflueger, his first commission. The historic building was repaired at a cost of US$600,000 after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.


title: Woodside, California

text: Woodside was incorporated in 1956 and it retains a rural residential character even though it is only a short commute to Silicon Valley and Stanford University.


title: Woodside, California

text: In early 2022, the town drew widespread derision for declaring itself a mountain lion habitat to avoid state affordable housing requirements. It backed down on that attempt after California Attorney General Rob Bonta denied this claim. Bonta wrote: "There is no valid basis to claim that the entire town of Woodside is a habitat for mountain lions. Land that is already developed — with, for example a single-family home — is not, by definition, habitat. (...) Our message to local governments is simple: act in good faith, follow the law, and do your part to increase the housing supply."


title: Woodside, California

text: The intentionally small business district includes: a few restaurants; a grocery store; a saloon; a hardware and horse tack store; a home and garden store; an Aveda hair salon; a cleaner; and a post office. Outside of the business district are the Stillheart Institute educational event center, Skywood Trading Post and the Mountain Terrace event center.


title: Woodside, California

text: Town restaurants include the Michelin starred Village Pub, Buck's of Woodside restaurant, known among Silicon Valley entrepreneurs as the location where many VC investment deals have been signed, Firehouse Bistro, and the Little Country Store.


title: Woodside, California

text: Numerous residents keep horses, and the town government maintains a network of horse trails. Some residents live on farmland used for business. The town is also popular among local cyclists and draws them in large numbers on weekends. The most popular road cycling routes include Old La Honda Road, King's Mountain Road, Cañada Road, Southgate Drive, Skyline Boulevard and Highway 84. The Tour of California bicycle race includes several roads along and adjacent to CA-84 and Skyline Boulevard.


title: Woodside, California

text: Woodside is home to a number of open space preserves, including the Purisima Open Space (part of the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space), where both horseback riding and bicycling are allowed. For mountain biking, the famous Skeggs Point is located in Woodside along Skyline Boulevard.


title: Woodside, California

text: Dr. Carl Djerassi founded an artists' colony in the community in memory of his late daughter Pamela. The Djerassi Artists Residency is one of several Bay Area programs that houses artists. It is located adjacent to the campus of Stanford University, east of the town. Other Bay Area programs include Montalvo Arts Center in Saratoga and Headlands Center for the Arts in Marin. Woodside is also home to wellness centers including the Canyon Ranch Woodside luxury wellness retreat.


title: Woodside, California

text: Woodside is located on the San Francisco Peninsula, midway between San Jose and San Francisco, just north of Silicon Valley, in San Mateo County. The San Andreas fault runs through portions of Woodside. Much of Woodside is wooded, with redwoods and Douglas fir dominating in the western hills and more oaks and eucalyptus in the lower areas. San Francisco Bay lies to the east, while Pacific Ocean beaches lie to the west. The Santa Cruz mountains separate Woodside from the ocean and extend down to Monterey Bay about forty miles south.


title: Woodside, California

text: The nearest cities and towns are Redwood City, Menlo Park, Portola Valley, Atherton, San Carlos, Belmont, and Palo Alto.


title: Woodside, California

text: As is true of most of the California coastal areas, weather in Woodside is usually mild during most of the year. Summers are dry and can be hot; winter temperatures rarely dip much below freezing. Average January temperatures are a maximum of and a minimum of . Average July temperatures are a maximum of and a minimum of . Snowfall is extremely rare except in the nearby Santa Cruz Mountains, where several inches falls every several years. Annual precipitation averages 30.9 inches (785.4 millimeters) and falls on an average of 61 days annually.


title: Woodside, California

text: The record maximum temperature was on July 22, 2006, and the record minimum temperature was on February 6, 1989. Temperatures reach 90 °F (32 °C) or higher on an average of 48.4 days annually. Temperatures drop to freezing on an average of 10.0 days annually. The maximum rainfall in one year was in 1983. The maximum rainfall in one month was in December 2002 and the maximum in 24 hours was on December 1, 2002. On February 5, 1976, 3.0 inches of snow fell at the fire station.


title: Woodside, California

text: Hills and mountains between Woodside and the Pacific coast make fog much less prevalent than in nearby San Francisco. As well, during the summer, Woodside's climate is remarkably hotter than that of San Francisco.


title: Woodside, California

text: Woodside has a variety of habitat types including California oak woodland and riparian zones. There is considerable biodiversity present, Woodside being within the California Floristic Province. Notable species present include the rare and endangered species "Acanthomintha duttonii", the San Mateo Thornmint. It is also home to Huddart County Park, which is accessible by authorized motor vehicles, pedestrians, and horses on Kings Mountain Road.


title: Woodside, California

text: While Huddart County Park is probably the most well-known park in Woodside, Wunderlich Park is extremely popular with both hiking and horse enthusiasts. The trails in this park are shared by those on foot and on horse and span almost 1000 acres.


title: Woodside, California

text: At the 2010 census Woodside had a population of 5,287. The population density was . The racial makeup of Woodside was 4,717 (89.2%) White, 23 (0.4%) African American, 4 (0.1%) Native American, 332 (6.3%) Asian, 4 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 63 (1.2%) from other races, and 144 (2.7%) from two or more races. There were 243 residents of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (4.6%).


title: Woodside, California

text: There were 1,977 households. The average household size was 2.67. There were 1,487 families (75.2% of households); the average family size was 3.01. The median age was 48.8 years. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.7%.


title: Woodside, California

text: Woodside is home to many venture capital and investment firms including: Benchmark Capital Partners, Crosslink Capital, Defy.vc, GSV Asset Management, ND Capital, Redpoint Ventures, and Ridgelink Ventures.


title: Woodside, California

text: According to the California Secretary of State, as of October 24, 2016, Woodside has 4082 registered voters. Of those, 1606 (39.3%) are registered Democrats, 1256 (30.8%) are registered Republicans, and 1052 (25.9%) have declined to state a political party.


title: Woodside, California

text: The Woodside Elementary School District operates public elementary and middle schools. The Sequoia Union High School District operates Woodside High School.


title: Woodside, California

text: Funding for public schools in Woodside are supplemented by grants from private foundations set up for that purpose and funded by local residents that enables Woodside to have one of the highest per pupil funding rates for elementary school and middle school students in the Bay Area.


title: Woodside, California

text: The city is served by the Woodside Public Library of the San Mateo County Libraries, a member of the Peninsula Library System.


title: Woodside, California

text: The house in the Robin Williams movie "Bicentennial Man" is in Woodside. "Dynasty" was filmed at the Filoli Estate (not the interior of the mansion, but the exterior), as were the films "The Wedding Planner", "The Game", "Lolita", "George of the Jungle", "Heaven Can Wait", and "Harold and Maude". The musical "Rent" also has a scene filmed inside the Filoli Estate.


title: Miller test

text: The Miller test, also called the three-prong obscenity test, is the United States Supreme Court's test for determining whether speech or expression can be labeled obscene, in which case it is not protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and can be prohibited.


title: Miller test

text: The first two prongs of the Miller test are held to the standards of the community, and the last prong is held to what is reasonable to a person of the United States as a whole. The national reasonable person standard of the third prong acts as a check on the community standard of the first two prongs, allowing protection for works that in a certain community might be considered obscene but on a national level might have redeeming value.


title: Miller test

text: For legal scholars, several issues are important. One is that the test allows for community standards rather than a national standard. What offends the average person in Manhattan, Kansas, may differ from what offends the average person in Manhattan, New York. The relevant community, however, is not defined.


title: Miller test

text: Another important issue is that the Miller test asks for an interpretation of what the "average" person finds offensive, rather than what the more sensitive persons in the community are offended by, as obscenity was defined by the previous test, the Hicklin test, stemming from the English precedent.


title: Miller test

text: In practice, pornography showing genitalia and sexual acts is not "ipso facto" obscene according to the Miller test. For instance, in 2000, a jury in Provo, Utah, took only a few minutes to clear Larry Peterman, owner of a Movie Buffs video store, in Utah County, Utah. He had been charged with distributing obscene material for renting pornographic videos which were displayed in a screened-off area of the store clearly marked as adult-only. The Utah County region had often boasted of being one of the most socially conservative areas in the United States. However, researchers had shown that guests at the local Marriott Hotel were disproportionately large consumers of pay-per-view pornographic material, accessing far more material than the store was distributing.


title: Miller test

text: Because it allows for community standards and demands "serious" value, Justice Douglas worried in his dissent that this test would make it easier to suppress speech and expression. "Miller" replaced a previous test asking whether the speech or expression was "utterly without redeeming social value". As used, however, the test generally makes it difficult to outlaw any form of expression. Many works decried as pornographic have been successfully argued to have some artistic or literary value, most publicly in the context of the National Endowment for the Arts in the 1990s.


title: Miller test

text: The advent of the Internet has made the "community standards" part of the test even more difficult to judge; as material published on a web server in one place can be read by a person residing anywhere else, there is a question as to which jurisdiction should apply. In "United States of America v. Extreme Associates", a pornography distributor from North Hollywood, California, was judged to be held accountable to the community standards applying in western Pennsylvania, where the Third Circuit made its ruling, because the materials were available via Internet in that area. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has ruled in "United States v. Kilbride" that a "national community standard" should be used for the Internet, but this has yet to be upheld at the national level.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–1942 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces from the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II. Forces from the Allies attempted unsuccessfully to defend the islands. The East Indies were targeted by the Japanese for their rich oil resources which would become a vital asset during the war. The campaign and subsequent three and a half year Japanese occupation was also a major factor in the end of Dutch colonial rule in the region.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: The East Indies was one of Japan's primary targets if and when it went to war because the colony possessed abundant valuable resources, the most important of which were its rubber plantations and oil fields; the colony was the fourth-largest exporter of oil in the world, behind the U.S., Iran, and Romania. The oil made the islands enormously important to the Japanese, so they sought to secure the supply for themselves. They sent four fleet carriers and a light carrier along with the four fast battleships of the , 13 heavy cruisers, and many light cruisers and destroyers to support their amphibious assaults in addition to conducting raids on cities, naval units and shipping in both that area and around the Indian Ocean.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: Access to oil was the main goal of the Japanese war effort, as Japan has no native source of oil; it could not even produce enough to meet even 10% of its needs, even with the extraction of oil shale in Manchuria using the Fushun process. Japan quickly lost 93 percent of its oil supply after President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order on 26 July 1941 which froze all of Japan's U.S. assets and embargoed all oil exports to Japan. In addition, the Dutch government in exile, at the urging of the Allies and with the support of Queen Wilhelmina, broke its economic treaty with Japan and joined the embargo in August. Japan's military and economic reserves included only a year and a half's worth of oil. As a U.S. declaration of war against Japan was feared if the latter took the East Indies, the Japanese planned to eliminate the U.S. Pacific Fleet, allowing them to take over the islands; this led to the attack on Pearl Harbor.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: In late November, the Netherlands government in the East Indies under the Dutch government-in-exile (already at war with Imperial Japan's Axis power ally Germany in Europe) began preparing for war against Japan itself: ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy were sent to sea and the KNIL Air Force was mobilised. On 4 December, three days after having decided on a policy of war against America, Britain and the Netherlands, the Japanese government decided instead to "treat the Netherlands as a quasi enemy until actual hostilities ... occur." This was in the hope that the Dutch would not preemptively destroy oil installations before the Japanese were ready to invade. On 8 December 1941, in a public proclamation, the Netherlands declared war on Japan. By 7:00 a.m. on the day of the attack, the East Indies government had warned merchantmen at sea to make for the nearest port. At that hour, the governor general made a public announcement over the radio that the Netherlands "accepts the challenge and takes up arms against the Japanese Empire." Instructions had been telegraphed to the embassy in Tokyo at 2:30 a.m., even before news of the attack on Pearl Harbor had reached the Dutch government in London at 4:00. The instructions were only received on the evening of the next day, and the declaration of war was finally handed to the Japanese foreign minister, Shigenori Tōgō, by the Dutch ambassador, J. C. Pabst, on the morning of 10 December. The Swedish ambassador agreed to handle Dutch interests for the duration of the conflict.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: The Dutch declaration did not alter the Japanese decision, and the latter's declaration of war did not come until 11 January 1942. When Japan was charged with waging a "war of aggression" before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in 1946, it was argued that her attitude towards the Netherlands proved otherwise, since the Dutch had declared war first. The tribunal rejected this, on the grounds that Japan's sole intention was "to give less time to the Netherlands for destroying oil wells." They found that the Netherlands' declaration was in self-defence.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: General Hisaichi Terauchi, commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group, began the campaign by sending the 16th Army under command of General Hitoshi Imamura to attack Borneo. On 17 December, Japanese forces successfully landed on Miri, an oil production centre in northern Sarawak, with support from a battleship, an aircraft carrier, three cruisers and four destroyers.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: Initially, the Japanese forces launched air strikes on key areas and gained air superiority. Following the airstrikes, landings were made at several locations targeting airfields and other important points in the area. In addition to the landings at Miri, the Japanese forces made landings at Seria, Kuching, Jesselton and Sandakan between 15 December 1941 and 19 January 1942. After these main objectives in Borneo were completed, the Japanese forces planned a three-pronged assault southward using three forces named Eastern Force, Center Force and Western Force. The aim of this assault was to capture the oil resources in the East Indies. The Eastern Force was to advance from Jolo and Davao and move on to capture Celebes, Amboina and Timor, while protecting the Center Force's flank. The Center Force was to capture oil fields and airfields in Tarakan Island and Balikpapan. Both these forces would support the Western Force, which was to attack and capture the oil refineries and airfields in Palembang. The Japanese forces launched the assault on 11 January and landed at Tarakan.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: To coordinate the fight against the Japanese, the American, British, Dutch, and Australian forces combined all available land and sea forces under the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM or ABDA) banner. This command was activated on 15 January 1942, with the overall commander being British Field Marshal Sir Archibald Wavell. The command structure had the American Army Air Force Lieutenant General George Brett as deputy commander, the British Lieutenant General Henry Royds Pownall as chief of staff; under them were the American Admiral Thomas C. Hart as naval commander, the Dutch Lieutenant General Hein ter Poorten as ground forces commander, and the British Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Peirse as the air commander. Although the forces were combined, they had differing priorities: the British believed the defense of the territory of Singapore and the eastern entrances to the Indian Ocean (the route to British Ceylon and British India) to be paramount, the Americans and Australians did not want a total penetration of Southeast Asia that would deprive them of bases necessary for any serious counterattack, and the Dutch considered Java and Sumatra, their "second homeland where [they] had been trading and living for over three centuries", to be the most important place to defend.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: Even the combined forces could not stop or even slow the Japanese advance due to their much greater numbers; to face the Japanese attacking naval forces, the ABDA command had a conglomerate of ships drawn from any available units, which included the U.S. Asiatic Fleet (fresh from the fall of the Philippines), a few British and Australian surface ships, and Dutch units that had previously been stationed in the East Indies. Major forces included two seaplane tenders ( and ), two heavy cruisers ( and ), seven light cruisers (, and , and [though "Boise" was forced to leave the area after striking a shoal on January 21], and ), 22 destroyers, and, perhaps their greatest strength, 25 American and 16 Dutch submarines. Being based on Java, these ships had to take on the central and western prongs of the three-headed Japanese assault. The central force's combat ships included the light carrier , the seaplane tenders and "Sanuki Maru", three light cruisers, and 16 destroyers, while the western force contained five heavy cruisers and seven destroyers. In addition, four Japanese fleet carriers (, , and ) and the four battleships were in the theater of operation.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: The Japanese forces were using Tarakan airfield as a forward airbase by 17 January, and Balikpapan was also captured a week later. However, the Dutch garrisons had destroyed the oil fields before they were captured by the Japanese in both cases. Several Japanese vessels were destroyed or damaged due to naval and air counterattacks from the Allied forces, but the defending Dutch battalions were overrun by the Japanese forces. By 28 January, the Japanese had taken control of the airfields at Balikpapan, and their aircraft were operating from them. By the end of January, Japanese forces had captured parts of the Celebes and Dutch Borneo. By February, Japanese forces had landed on Sumatra and encouraged a revolt in Aceh.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: Most of the naval components of the allied force were crushed in the battles of Java Sea, Sunda Strait and Second Java Sea; the only American ship larger than a destroyer to survive the battles was the old cruiser "Marblehead". In addition, the land forces on the islands were quickly overwhelmed and most major resistance was overcome within two months of the initial assaults, although a guerrilla campaign in Timor was successfully waged for a time. The ABDA command was dissolved at about 01:00 on 1 March, less than two months after its inception, by Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: On 8 March, Dutch surrendered without condition to Japan in Kalijati, Subang, West Java. This is also known as Kalijati treaty. On 9 March, the Dutch Commander-in-Chief of Allied forces on Java, Lt. Gen. Ter Poorten surrendered along with Governor General Jonkheer A.W.L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer. Ter Poorten's surrender announcement was made without consulting the commanders of the British and US forces, which wanted to continued fighting, but which had no choice but to comply with the surrender.


title: Dutch East Indies campaign

text: Allied forces did not attempt to retake the islands of Java, Sumatra, Timor, or Bali during the war. Japanese forces on those islands surrendered at the conclusion of World War II. Most of the Japanese military personnel and civilian colonial administrators were repatriated to Japan following the war, except for several hundred who were detained for investigations of war crimes, for which some were later put on trial. About 1,000 Japanese soldiers deserted from their units and assimilated into local communities. Many of these soldiers provided assistance to Indonesian Republican forces during the Indonesian National Revolution.


title: Carol Decker

text: Carol Ann Decker (born 10 September 1957) is an English singer and musician. She is the lead vocalist of the band T'Pau, which had international success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Although Decker is mainly associated with the group, she also released "One Heart," a solo single in 1995, to support the centenary of the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union (the Rugby League code) and sometimes performs solo at shows and festivals.


title: Carol Decker

text: In addition to her musical achievements, Decker has also acted on both stage and screen, including the role of Steven Berkoff's wife in the 2002 film "9 Dead Gay Guys". TV appearances include "Hit Me, Baby, One More Time" (in which she reached the final round, ultimately being beaten by Shakin' Stevens). Decker also appeared in the British comedy series "Trigger Happy TV", in which she appeared in a "bull in a china shop" sketch (the joke being that she had previously had a hit with the song, "China in Your Hand"), and in another sketch where she accompanied Dom Joly as he pretended to be a door-to-door salesman.


title: Carol Decker

text: In 2003 she appeared in the play "Mum's The Word" (written by Linda A Carson, Jill Daum, Alison Kelly, Robin Nichol, Barbara Pollard and Deborah Williams) at the Albery Theatre in London.


title: Carol Decker

text: Decker took part in the prime time BBC One show "Just the Two of Us", which began on 2 January 2007. However, despite singing duets with Beverley Knight, Tony Christie and Natasha Hamilton, she and her singing partner Gregg Wallace were the first to be eliminated from the show after singing The Jacksons' "Blame It on the Boogie".


title: Carol Decker

text: Decker appeared in the video for Peter Kay and Matt Lucas's charity single "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day 2007. She released the single "Just Dream" in download-only format in September 2007.


title: Carol Decker

text: In 2018 she made a guest appearance in an episode of the British comedy TV series "Benidorm", as herself.


title: Carol Decker

text: T'Pau member Ronnie Rogers was her boyfriend at the time, and they co-wrote the majority of the band's songs.


title: Carol Decker

text: Decker began a relationship with restaurateur Richard Coates in 1996. They have two children, Scarlett (born 1998) and Dylan (born 2002), and married in 2006. That same year, Decker became a joint tenant of the Cherry Tree Inn at Stoke Row near Henley, which Coates had established. Although it closed in 2012, it has since reopened under new ownership. The couple live in Henley-on-Thames.


title: Thomas à Kempis

text: Thomas à Kempis (c. 1380 – 25 July 1471; ; ) was a German-Dutch canon regular of the late medieval period and the author of "The Imitation of Christ", published anonymously in Latin in the Netherlands c. 1418–1427, one of the most popular and best known Christian devotional books. His name means "Thomas of Kempen", Kempen being his home town.