title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: The Fourth Crusade in the 13th century brought new Roman Catholic overlords, which forced the monks to complain and ask for the intervention of Pope Innocent III until the restoration of the Byzantine Empire. The peninsula was raided by Catalan mercenaries in the 14th century in the so-called Catalan vengeance due to which the entry of people of Catalan origin was prohibited until 2005. The 14th century also saw the theological conflict over the hesychasm practised on Mount Athos and defended by Gregory Palamas (Άγιος Γρηγόριος ο Παλαμάς). In late 1371 or early 1372 the Byzantines defeated an Ottoman attack on Athos.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Serbian lords of the Nemanjić dynasty offered financial support to the monasteries of Mount Athos, while some of them also made pilgrimages and became monks there. Stefan Nemanja helped build the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos together with his son Archbishop Saint Sava in 1198.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: From 1342 until 1372 Mount Athos was under Serbian administration. Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan helped Mount Athos with many large donations to all monasteries. In the charter of emperor Stefan Dušan to the Monastery of Hilandar the Emperor gave to the monastery Hilandar direct rule over many villages and churches, including the church of "Svetog Nikole u Dobrušti" in Prizren, the church of "Svetih Arhanđela" in Štip, the Church of Svetog Nikole in Vranje and surrounding lands and possessions. He also gave large possessions and donations to the Karyes Hermitage of St. Sabas and the Holy Archangels in Jerusalem. Empress Helena, wife of the Emperor Stefan Dušan, was among the very few women allowed to visit and stay in Mount Athos, to protect her from the plague.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: She avoided breaking the ban by not touching the ground for her entire visit, being constantly carried in a hand carriage.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Thanks to the donations by Dušan, the Serbian monastery of Hilandar was enlarged to more than 10,000 hectares, thus having the largest possessions on Mount Athos among other monasteries, and occupying 1/3 of the area. Serbian nobleman Antonije Bagaš, together with Nikola Radonja, bought and restored the ruined Agiou Pavlou monastery between 1355 and 1365, becoming its abbot.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: The time of the Serbian Empire was a prosperous period for Hilandar and of other monasteries in Mount Athos and many of them were restored and rebuilt and significantly enlarged.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Serbian princess Mara Branković was the second Serbian woman that was granted permissions to visit the area. At the end of the 15th century five monasteries on Mount Athos had Serbian monks and were under the Serbian Prior: Docheiariou, Grigoriou, Ayiou Pavlou, Ayiou Dionysiou and Hilandar


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: From the account of the Rus' pilgrim Isaiah, by the end of the 15th century monasteries in Mount Athos represented monastic communities from large and diverse parts of the Balkans (Slavic, Albanian, Greek). Other monasteries listed by him bear no such designations. In particular, Docheiariou, Grigoriou, Ayiou Pavlou, Ayiou Dionysiou, and Chilandariou were Serbian; Karakalou and Philotheou were Albanian; Panteleïmon was Russian; Simonopetra was Bulgarian; Great Lavra, Vatopedi, Pantokratoros and Stavronikita were Greek; and Zographou, Kastamonitou, Xeropotamou, Koutloumousiou, Xenophontos, Iviron and Protaton did not bear any designation.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Sultan Selim I was a substantial benefactor of the Xeropotamou monastery. In 1517, he issued a fatwa and a "Hatt-i Sharif" ("noble edict") that "the place, where the Holy Gospel is preached, whenever it is burned or even damaged, shall be erected again." He also endowed privileges to the Abbey and financed the construction of the dining area and underground of the Abbey as well as the renovation of the wall paintings in the central church that were completed between the years 1533–1541.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: This new way of monastic organization was an emergency measure taken by the monastic communities to counter their harsh economic environment. Contrary to the cenobitic system, monks in idiorrhythmic communities have private property, work for themselves, they are solely responsible for acquiring food and other necessities and they dine separately in their cells, only meeting with other monks at church. At the same time, the monasteries' abbots were replaced by committees and at Karyes the Protos was replaced by a four-member committee.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: In 1749, with the establishment of the Athonite Academy near Vatopedi monastery, the local monastic community took a leading role in the modern Greek Enlightenment movement of the 18th century. This institution offered high level education, especially under Eugenios Voulgaris, where ancient philosophy and modern physical science were taught.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: In modern times after the end of Ottoman rule new Serbian kings from the Obrenović dynasty and Karađorđević dynasty and the new bourgeois class resumed their support of Mount Athos.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: In June 1913, a small Russian fleet, consisting of the gunboat "Donets" and the transport ships "Tsar" and "Kherson", delivered the archbishop of Vologda, and a number of troops to Mount Athos to intervene in the theological controversy over "imiaslavie" (a Russian Orthodox movement).


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Maryse Choisy entered the monastic community in the 1920s disguised as a sailor. She later wrote about her escapade in "Un mois chez les hommes" ("A Month with Men"). In the 1930s, Aliki Diplarakou dressed as a man and snuck into the monastic community. Her stunt was discussed in a 13 July 1953 "Time" magazine article entitled "The Climax of Sin".


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Following outbreak of World War II, "Time" magazine described during the German invasion of Greece in 1941 a bombing attack near the monastic community, "The Stukas swooped across the Aegean skies like dark, dreadful birds, but they dropped no bombs on the monks of Mount Athos". During the German occupation of Greece, the Epistassia formally asked Adolf Hitler to place the monastic community under his personal protection. Hitler agreed and received the title "High Protector of the Holy Mountain" () from the monks. The monastic community was able to avoid significant damage during the war.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: After the war, a Special Double Assembly passed the constitutional charter of the monastic community, which was then ratified by the Greek Parliament.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: In 1953, Cora Miller, an American Fulbright Program teacher, landed briefly along with two other women, stirring up a controversy among the local monks.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: After the dissolution of the Yugoslav Communist regime and Socialist Yugoslavia many presidents and prime ministers of Serbia visited Mount Athos.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: A 2003 resolution of the European Parliament requested the lifting of the ban for violating "the universally recognised principle of gender equality".


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: On 26 May 2008, five Moldovans illegally entered Greece by way of Turkey, ending up in the monastic community. Four of these migrants were women. The monks forgave them for trespassing and informed them that the area was forbidden to females.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: In January 2008 about a dozen Greek women violated the 1,000-year ban on females during a protest over disputed land. The demonstrators, totalling some 1,000, were opposing claims by five of the community’s monasteries to some of land on the nearby Chalkidiki peninsula.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: In 2018, the monastic community became an issue in Greece-Russia relations when the Greek government denied entry to Russian clerics headed for the monastic community. The media reported allegations that the Russian Federation was using the monastic community as a base for intelligence operations in Greece. In October 2018 the Moscow Patriarchate broke communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate banned its adherents from visiting sites controlled by Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople including the monastic community, in retaliation for his decision to grant autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: In the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions, in 2022 the money-laundering authority of Greece launched an investigation into the suspicious transfer of large funds from Russia to Russia-friendly monasteries and monks at Mount Athos. Several senior Russian officials had visited Mount Athos in the preceding months.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: The monasteries of Mount Athos have a history of opposing ecumenism, or movements towards reconciliation between the Orthodox Church of Constantinople and the Catholic Church. The Esphigmenou monastery is particularly outspoken in this respect, having raised black flags to protest against the meeting of Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople and Pope Paul VI in 1972. Esphigmenou was subsequently expelled from the representative bodies of the Athonite Community. The conflict escalated in 2002 with Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople declaring the monks of Esphigmenou an illegal brotherhood and ordering their eviction; the monks refused to be evicted, and the Patriarch ordered a new brotherhood to replace them.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: The monasteries also have opposed ecumenism between the Orthodox Church of Constantinople and Oriental Orthodox Churches. Following the "First" and "Second" "Agreed Statements" published by the Joint Commission of the Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches in 1989 and 1990 respectively, and the subsequent "Proposals for Lifting Anathemas" in 1993, a committee formed by the monasteries published a responding memorandum expressing their condemnation of what they perceived to be an imminent false union with "the Non-Chalcedonians".


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: After reaching a low point of just 1,145 mainly elderly monks in 1971, the monasteries have been undergoing a steady and sustained renewal. By the year 2000, the monastic population had reached 1,610, with all 20 monasteries and their associated sketes receiving an infusion of mainly young, well-educated monks. In 2009, the population stood at nearly 2,000. Many younger monks possess university education and advanced skills that allow them to work on the cataloging and restoration of the Mountain's vast repository of manuscripts, vestments, icons, liturgical objects and other works of art, most of which remain unknown to the public because of their sheer volume. Projected to take several decades to complete, this restorative and archival work is funded by UNESCO and the EU, and aided by many academic institutions. The history of the modern revival of monastic life on Mount Athos and its entry into the technological world of the twenty-first century has been chronicled in Graham Speake's book, now in its second edition, "Mount Athos. Renewal in Paradise".


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: A pilgrim/visitor to a monastery who is accommodated in the "" (αρχονταρίκι) or guesthouse can have a taste of the monastic life in it by following its daily schedule: praying (services in church or in private), common dining, working (according to the duties of each monk) and rest. During religious celebrations, long vigils are typically held and the daily program is dramatically altered. The gate of the monastery closes by sunset and opens again by sunrise.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Many of the monasteries are dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Vatopedi and Philotheou are dedicated to the Annunciation, Agiou Pavlou to the Purification, Hilandar to the Presentation, and Iviron to the Dormition.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: A cell is a house with a small church where 1–3 monks live under the supervision of a monastery. Usually, each cell possesses a piece of land for agricultural or other use. Each cell has to organize some activities for income.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Small communities of neighbouring cells have developed since the beginning of monastic life in the monastic community, some of which using the word "skete" (σκήτη) meaning "monastic settlement" or "lavra" (λαύρα) meaning "monastic congregation". The word "skete" is of Coptic origin and in its original form is a placename of a location in the Egyptian desert known today as Scetis.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Papazôtos (1988) lists the following former 11th-century monasteries at Mount Athos, most of which are located northwest of Karyes.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Other former monasteries include Amalfinon Monastery, a Latin Catholic monastery, and the Monastery of Zelianos, a Slavic (Bulgarian) monastery located near Xenophontos Monastery and .


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: A skete is a community of Christian hermits following a monastic rule, allowing them to worship in comparative solitude, while also affording them a level of mutual practical support and security. There are two kinds of sketes in Mount Athos. A coenobitic skete follows the style of monasteries. An idiorrhythmic skete follows the style of a small village: it has a common area of worship (a church), with individual hermitages or small houses around it, each one for a small number of occupants. The twelve main official sketes on Mount Athos are:


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Other settlements and hermitages at Mount Athos that are sometimes referred to as "sketes" include (Νέα Θηβαΐδα; a Russian skete), Little St. Anne's Skete, and the Skete of St. Basil (Άγιος Βασίλειος; a Greek-speaking skete). However, none of them are officially considered to sketes by the administration of Mount Athos. Former sketes include (Ρωσικό) and (Μετόχι Χουρμίτσας) (both Russian sketes).


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Daily visitors to Mount Athos are restricted to 100 lay Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox male pilgrims, and all are required to obtain a special entrance permit from the Mount Athos Pilgrims' Bureau called the "diamonitirion" (). Pilgrims pick up the permit from the Pilgrims' Bureau office in Thessaloniki and then present it at Ouranopoli or Ierissos before boarding the ferry to Mount Athos. This permit is valid for three days unless a monastery requests permission to extend it, or if an extension application is submitted at Karyes. Orthodox clergy are required to obtain a special entrance permit from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Only men are permitted to visit the territory, which is called the "Garden of Virgin Mary" () by the monks. Residents on the peninsula must be men aged 18 and over who are members of the Eastern Orthodox Church and also either monks or workers.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: As part of measures to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, visits to Mount Athos were suspended from 19 March 2020 until 11 May 2021.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: The monastic community bans women and female animals from entry in what is called an "avaton" (Άβατον). This intended to make living in celibacy easier for men who have chosen to do so. The main goal is to ensure celibacy, but also because the Virgin Mary alone represents her gender on Mount Athos, which is dedicated to her glory.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: The ban was officially proclaimed by several emperors, including Constantine Monomachos, in a chrysobull of 1046.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: Female domestic animals such as cows or sheep are also barred, the only exception being cats due to their mousing abilities.


title: Monastic community of Mount Athos

text: As part of an EU member state, Mount Athos is part of the European Union and, for the most part, subject to EU law. While outside the EU's Value Added Tax area, Mount Athos is within the Schengen Area. A declaration attached to Greece's accession treaty to the Schengen Agreement states that Mount Athos's "special status" should be taken into account in the application of the Schengen rules. The monks strongly objected to Greece joining the Schengen Area based on fears that the EU would be able to end the centuries-old prohibition on the admittance of women. The prohibition is unchanged and a special permit is required to enter the peninsula. The monks were also concerned that the agreement could affect their traditional right to offer sanctuary to people from Orthodox countries such as Russia. Such monks do nowadays need a Greek visa and permission to stay, even if that is given generously by the Greek ministry, based on requests from Athos.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Jennylyn Anne Pineda Mercado-Ho (born May 15, 1987) is a Filipino actress, singer, and songwriter. She was the winner of the first season of the reality talent competition "StarStruck". Mercado garnered acclaim at a young age for her acting performances on television and film. She starred in multiple commercially successful films, including "English Only, Please" (2014), "The Prenup" (2015), "Walang Forever" (2015), and "Just the 3 of Us" (2016). With GMA Records and Viva Records, Mercado has released three albums, which have several popular singles such as "Sa Aking Panaginip", "Moments Of Love" in collaboration with Janno Gibbs, "Basta't Nandito Ka", and "Kahit Sandali". In 2017, Mercado top billed the Philippine remake of "My Love from the Star".


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado's success in Philippine cinema has made her one of the top actresses in the country and established her status as the "Ultimate Star".


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Jennylyn Mercado was born on May 15, 1987 in Parañaque, Metro Manila. She spent her senior year of high school at the Augustinian Abbey School in Las Piñas. As a child, Mercado suffered physical abuse from her stepfather. Her biological mother returned from Dubai merely to bail her stepfather out. Henceforth, Mercado was raised by her aunt, whom she considers as her mother.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado started as a recording artist with Alpha Records in 1999 through the recommendation of her voice coach, Susanna Pichay. Mercado was in Nonoy Tan's singing group, G4. The group recorded two songs but never released an album due to two of the four members dropping out. After G4, Mercado went into commercial modeling, landing a stint with Bambini cologne and a Pond's TV advertisement. She was also part of the Elite Circle of "10 Modeling Search", where she competed with "StarStruck" co-finalist, Dion Ignacio.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: In 2002, Mercado made her debut acting appearance playing a minor role in ABS-CBN's TV series "Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay", which was top-billed by Bea Alonzo and John Lloyd Cruz.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: In 2003, Mercado joined the reality show "StarStruck". She and Mark Herras won, receiving 1,000,000 pesos and exclusive contracts from the GMA Network. After winning "StarStruck", Mercado starred in numerous TV series, including "Encantadia", "I Luv NY", "Dangal", "Super Twins", "Paano Ba Ang Mangarap?", "", "Ikaw Sana", and "Gumapang Ka Sa Lusak". She also acted in films such as "So Happy Together" (2004) and teen-flick "Let the Love Begin" (2005).


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado released her first album "Living the Dream", which contained original compositions by Vehnee Saturno, and a carrier single titled "Kahit Sandali". In May 2006, Mercado released her second album "Letting Go", which included the single "Sa Aking Panaginip" by Vehnee Saturno. Mercado's first major concert was held at the Music Museum in Greenhills on 15 May 2006. In May 2009, she held a sold-out birthday concert titled "I Am Woman" at the Music Museum. In January 2010, under Viva Records, she released her third album, "Love Is... Jennylyn Mercado".


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado starred in Filipino period piece "Rosario" (2010). Her acting career was handled by Becky Aguila and Viva Entertainment, where she joined her "Starstruck" co-alumnus Cristine Reyes. Mercado's singing career was managed by Viva Records. In 2011, her contract with Viva ended and was not renewed, though she joined Cristine Reyes. In 2013, Mercado signed with Regal Entertainment. She also signed with PolyEast Records, hoping to her reinvent herself as singer.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado branched out into television hosting, hosting reality series "" with co-hosts Ogie Alcasid and Dingdong Dantes. She was also in the GMA-7 Sunday talk show, "Showbiz Central".


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: In 2013, Mercado acted in the romance "The Bride and the Lover" (2013). Her contract with Polyeast Records ended that year. In 2014, she played the role of a woman with a split personality through Rhodora X. According to Mercado, this was the most challenging role she has ever played. In late 2014, she released her fifth album through GMA Records.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: At the end of 2014, Mercado agreed to participate in the 2014 Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF). Her entry, "English Only, Please" (2014), was originally offered to singer-actress Angeline Quinto and was chosen as one of the eight official movies for the film festival. It became a success despite having fewer promotions than the other movies included. Critics deemed it a "sleeper hit". In the film, Mercado played the role of Tere Madlansacay, a Filipino tutor. The film's success established her as a movie star. In early 2015, Mercado received the MMFF Best Actress award for the recently concluded film festival.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: In 2015, Mercado was first in the "FHM" "Philippines' 100 Sexiest Women" list after Marian Rivera vacated the title. Before Mercado traveled to New York for the film "PreNup" with actor Sam Milby, she was surprised and given a plaque by publisher Aeus Reyes, Allan Altera, and GMA News reporter Nelson Canlas. On 11 July, Mercado participated in the two-part "FHM" 100 Sexiest party at the SMX Convention Center in the SM Mall of Asia.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado played the lead role of Melanie "Mel" Fernandez-Dela Paz in the GMA series "My Faithful Husband", which aired on 10 August 2015. Despite its success, the series was not extended due to scheduling conflicts with Mercado, who at the time was acting in two films, "The Prenup" and "WalangForever". The series earned the lead actors multiple acting awards and nominations. After the commercial success of "WalangForever", Mercado earned her second consecutive MMFF Best Actress award in 2015.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Through social media, Mercado announced her upcoming project, confirming that she was acting in a new film with actor John Lloyd Cruz. The film, titled "Just the 3 of Us", was produced by Star Cinema. It earned 16 million pesos in its opening day, which was the highest opening day gross of any of Mercado's movies and set a record for the highest opening day gross for a Philippine film. It went on to be one of the highest-grossing Philippine films of 2016.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: After months of negotiations, Mercado and the GMA Network renewed their contract on 4 July 2016. As part of the contract, Mercado hosted GMA's new comedy-singing show "Superstar Duets". She was later chosen to play the role of Steffi for the Philippine remake of the South Korean series "My Love from the Star".


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: In October 2018, Mercado became the first Filipina brand ambassador for international makeup brand Max Factor.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado has spoken often on the matter of women's rights, particularly violence against women. She has been recognized by GABRIELA, a Philippine women's organization, which has made her an honorary member.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: In 2008, at age 21, Mercado announced that she was pregnant. Her ex-boyfriend Patrick Garcia, who distanced himself upon learning of her pregnancy, was announced as the father of her child. On 16 August 2008, she gave birth to her son, Alex Jazz, via Caesarian section.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado is also an aspiring triathlete. In her free time, she takes jujitsu and Muay Thai lessons. "They built up my muscles. I looked heavy onscreen," Mercado recounted. "I realized that I needed cardio exercises to slim down." She discovered running and biking, which soon led her to join duathlon competitions in Alabang and Laguna. She is also a diver and wishes to inspire people to be environment friendly.


title: Jennylyn Mercado

text: Mercado is a practitioner of Tabimina Balintawak, a close-range variant of Balintawak Arnis created Grandmaster Bobby Tabimina, who in turn developed its principles after studying the Balintawak system developed by Grandmaster Venancio Bacon in the 1950s.


title: Sanya

text: Sanya (; also spelled Samah) is the southernmost city on Hainan Island, and one of the four prefecture-level cities of Hainan Province in South China.


title: Sanya

text: According to the 2020 census, the total population of Sanya was 1,031,396 inhabitants, living in an area of . Nevertheless, its built-up (or metro) area encompassing Haitang and Jiyang Districts was home to 801,020 inhabitants as of 2020.


title: Sanya

text: The city is renowned for its tropical climate and has emerged as a popular tourist destination, also serving as the training site of the Chinese national beach volleyball team. Sanya is home to small concentrations of Utsul people. Sanya is also the location of Yulin Naval Base, a major military facility on the South China Sea which is home to the People's Liberation Army Navy ballistic nuclear missile fleet.


title: Sanya

text: Known in ancient times as Yazhou, postal romanization: Aichow (), literally "cliff state or prefecture", Sanya's history dates to the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE). Due to its remoteness from the political centers during the Qin Dynasty, Sanya was sometimes called "Tianya Haijiao" (), meaning "the end of the sky and ocean" or "the end of the earth". As a result, the city served as a place of exile for officials who found themselves out of favor with the country's rulers.


title: Sanya

text: During the Tang dynasty, a Buddhist monk accidentally landed here, using the site as a staging post on his missionary journey to Japan.


title: Sanya

text: In 1958, administration of Yaxian relocated from Yacheng to Sanya and Yaxian merged with Baoting, Lingshui, Niulou, and Xinglong, Wanning, to become a large county. In 1959 and 1961 these areas were separated to establish Baoting and Lingshui while Yaxian County remained in its current prefecture. Approved by the State Council of China, Yaxian was upgraded to Sanya City on September26, 1987 and on December30, Sanya City was officially established.


title: Sanya

text: In 2007 the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee announced that the city of Sanya would become the first leg of the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay in China.


title: Sanya

text: Sanya lies at the southern tip of Hainan Island on Sanya Bay. Located at 18° 15' N latitude, Sanya is–after Sansha (also administered by Hainan Province)–the second-southernmost prefecture-level city nationally. Though the administrative area (Sanya City) has a rough topography, the city itself is generally flat, lying on a parcel of land between low-level mountains to the north and the South China Sea.


title: Sanya

text: The area has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen "Aw"), featuring very warm weather all year around. Monsoonal influences are strong, with a relatively lengthy wet season and a pronounced dry season. The coolest month is January, at , while the hottest, unlike much of the rest of China, is June, at ; the annual mean is . Water temperatures remain above year-round.


title: Sanya

text: Before July 30, 2014, there were direct jurisdiction over four county-level districts and two township-level subdistricts (), six towns () and four state-run farms in Sanya City. Now there are four districts in Sanya.


title: Sanya

text: In recent years Sanya has become a popular tourist destination. Numerous international five star hotel chains are now established in the area. In 2009, the luxury Mandarin Oriental, Sanya hotel opened in the Dadong Hai area, the first Mandarin Oriental property in Hainan Island. There are now over 100 hotels, ranging from international brands to locally managed resorts.


title: Sanya

text: Russian and English signs can be seen throughout the city. In response to claims of over-charging of tourists (whether foreign or Chinese) at restaurants in the city, Hainan government officials and Sanya city officials have vowed to crack down on the practice. The Sanya Industrial and Commercial Bureau has implemented a real-time information system of the city's seafood restaurants during the May Day holiday for public supervision in order to stop any future price gouging by restaurants.


title: Sanya

text: Nature reserves of Yalong Bay Tropical Paradise Forest Park () and Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve () are located nearby Yalong Bay, and Yalong Bay National Tourism Holiday Resort was created. In recent years, as the waters of Sanya Bay and others below mentioned are becoming clearer and healthier, several species of dolphins, including endangered Chinese white dolphins, appear along the coasts from time to time. However, they have not been considered as targeted tourism attractions.


title: Sanya

text: Buses from other parts of Hainan serve Sanya's bus terminal. The No. 8 bus connects the airport to Dadonghai Beach. From there tourists can take the 24 or 25 bus to Yalong Bay or the 28 bus to Haitang Bay. There is also a free bus from Luhuitou Square to the Duty-Free Shopping Center at Haitang Bay, the largest such center in China.


title: Sanya

text: The Hainan East Ring Intercity Rail links Sanya and Haikou and runs along the east coast of Hainan Island. There are 15 stations in between, either in operation or still under construction. Trains are designed to travel at . Travel time from Sanya to Haikou is approximately 1 hour and 22 minutes. The Hainan Western Ring High-Speed Railway, running along the west coast of the province also links Sanya to Haikou.


title: Sanya

text: Sanya's tram service began trial operation on 7 January 2019. Trams are composed of five carriages with a maximum seating capacity of 362 people. In built up and urbanised areas, the maximum speed of the tram is 50 km/h. The current tram route begins at Sanya Railway Station and finishes at Jiankang Road Station. Full operation of the first line started on 10 October 2020.


title: Sanya

text: There are a total of 54 hospitals in Sanya as of March 2019, both public hospitals funded by the state and private hospitals. And numerous clinics for doing annual health-checks, which are usually brands of national chains in China, such as Ciming Healthcheck.


title: Sanya

text: Hainan 301 Hospital, a branch hospital of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, is located in the Haitang Bay area of Sanya. The hospital possesses a substantial number of state-of-the-art equipment for medical and research purposes which include a Da Vinci surgical system, different MIR system (including 1.5T MRI 3.0T MRI), Helical CT facilities (including 128-Slices CT), medical linear accelerator and electronic microscopes which are worth more than 450 million yuan. The hospital has 500 patient beds, and a total of 74 clinical, medical and nursing departments.


title: Sanya

text: Sanya Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital () is located on Fenghuang Road. It is a grade-A tertiary hospital offering medical care, education, research, healthcare services and International Chinese Medicine exchange and cooperation.


title: Sanya

text: Sanya University () Located at Xueyuan Rd., Yingbin Ave. Sanya Hainan 572022. Sanya University is an independent undergraduate university. The university has fourteen schools: Social Development, Law, Finance and Economics, Management, Tourism Management, Humanities and Communication, Arts, Foreign Languages, Engineering, Physical Education, General Education & Foundation Courses, International Tourism, International Education and Music, and other, and offers 56 undergraduate majors.


title: Sanya

text: Qiongzhou University () is located at 1 Yucai Road. The only public university located in Sanya, Qiongzhou is actively pursuing more foreign enrollments, hoping to attract Chinese tourism and language students to the city. Courses offered to international students are: elementary Chinese, intermediate Chinese, advanced Chinese (listening, speaking, reading and writing), English, Russian (listening, speaking, reading and writing), Chinese calligraphy and painting, Chinese martial arts, Chinese history, studies of Li and Miao Cultures, tourism and recreational management, and music performance.


title: Sanya

text: The city government states on its website that "Being the second-largest city in Hainan, the education in Sanya is relatively better than the average level in Hainan Province" but that the kindergartens are not as good as those in major Chinese cities and that the primary and secondary schools are still below the Chinese national average.


title: Sanya

text: According to the city government, Primary schools No.7 and No.9 Primary School are the best ones in the city and that Bayi Primary School "is also of good quality". The city government identifies the best lower secondary (junior high school) and upper secondary (senior high school) institutions as Sanya Shiyan Middle School and Sanya No.1 High School, respectively.


title: Sanya

text: The International School of Sanya (formerly Canadian International School of Sanya) is the first school to offer two programs: Canadian and Mandarin, in Hainan. The school has announced its relocation to the BanShanBanDao -Serenity Coast () residential area in August 2014, where the new campus will offer pre-K. day students and boarding facilities for students.


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: In physics (specifically, the kinetic theory of gases), the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, Albert Einstein in 1905, and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 in their works on Brownian motion. The more general form of the equation is


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: For a particle with electrical charge , its electrical mobility is related to its generalized mobility by the equation . The parameter is the ratio of the particle's terminal drift velocity to an applied electric field. Hence, the equation in the case of a charged particle is given as


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: In the limit of low Reynolds number, the mobility "μ" is the inverse of the drag coefficient formula_14. A damping constant formula_15 is frequently used for the inverse momentum relaxation time (time needed for the inertia momentum to become negligible compared to the random momenta) of the diffusive object. For spherical particles of radius "r", Stokes' law gives


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: where formula_17 is the viscosity of the medium. Thus the Einstein–Smoluchowski relation results into the Stokes–Einstein relation


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: This has been applied for many years to estimating the self-diffusion coefficient in liquids, and a version consistent with isomorph theory has been confirmed by computer simulations of the Lennard-Jones system.


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: In the case of rotational diffusion, the friction is formula_19, and the rotational diffusion constant formula_20 is


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: In a semiconductor with an arbitrary density of states, i.e. a relation of the form formula_22 between the density of holes or electrons formula_23 and the corresponding quasi Fermi level (or electrochemical potential) formula_24, the Einstein relation is


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: where formula_7 is the electrical mobility (see for a proof of this relation). An example assuming a parabolic dispersion relation for the density of states and the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, which is often used to describe inorganic semiconductor materials, one can compute (see density of states):


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: where formula_28 is the total density of available energy states, which gives the simplified relation:


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: By replacing the diffusivities in the expressions of electric ionic mobilities of the cations and anions from the expressions of the equivalent conductivity of an electrolyte the Nernst–Einstein equation is derived:


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: Suppose some fixed, external potential energy formula_31 generates a conservative force formula_32 (for example, an electric force) on a particle located at a given position formula_33. We assume that the particle would respond by moving with velocity formula_34 (see Drag (physics)). Now assume that there are a large number of such particles, with local concentration formula_35 as a function of the position. After some time, equilibrium will be established: particles will pile up around the areas with lowest potential energy formula_31, but still will be spread out to some extent because of diffusion. At equilibrium, there is no net flow of particles: the tendency of particles to get pulled towards lower formula_31, called the "drift current", perfectly balances the tendency of particles to spread out due to diffusion, called the "diffusion current" (see drift-diffusion equation).


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: i.e., the number of particles flowing past a given position equals the particle concentration times the average velocity.


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: Now consider the equilibrium condition. First, there is no net flow, i.e. formula_40. Second, for non-interacting point particles, the equilibrium density formula_41 is solely a function of the local potential energy formula_31, i.e. if two locations have the same formula_31 then they will also have the same formula_41 (e.g. see Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics as discussed below.) That means, applying the chain rule,


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: As this expression holds at every position formula_33, it implies the general form of the Einstein relation:


title: Einstein relation (kinetic theory)

text: The relation between formula_41 and formula_31 for classical particles can be modeled through Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Nicole Nichols is a fictional character played by Natasha Lyonne on the Netflix series "Orange Is the New Black". She is a recurring character in season one and a main character from season two onwards. Lyonne received an Emmy nomination in 2014 for the role.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Natasha Lyonne had intended to audition for the part of Lorna Morello but, according to Lyonne, "they wouldn’t let me [audition for Morello], because they already liked me for Nicky." Yael Stone, who had auditioned for the role of Nichols, was cast as Morello.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Lyonne feels that she can relate closely to Nichols's storyline as she has had experience of drug addiction. She says, "believe me, there's no shortage of things for me to draw on when it comes to Nicky's backstory". The scar that is visible on Nichols's chest during the series is a real scar from Lyonne's heart surgery in 2012. "Orange Is the New Black" is Lyonne's first time as a series regular.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Nicky is introduced as a drug addict from a wealthy family. Her upbringing was privileged but dysfunctional; her father was absent for much of her childhood, her mother is cold and distant, and she alludes to having been "interfered with" by her uncle Pete.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Nichols is first seen in the premiere episode. Early on, she becomes friends with the series' protagonist Piper Chapman (played by Taylor Schilling). Nichols has a sexual relationship with Lorna Morello which ends in the fifth episode because Morello says that she wants to remain loyal to her fiancé and complains that Nichols is "making her feel like a cave". Galina "Red" Reznikov (played by Kate Mulgrew) is a close friend and 'mother figure' to Nichols, however, the two have a disagreement when Red cuts off fellow inmate Tricia Miller (played by Madeline Brewer) and allows her to be sent to solitary confinement. Nichols retaliates against Red by reporting to a correctional officer exactly how Red manages to smuggle contraband into the prison. In the final episode of the season, Nichols is seen to be seducing Alex Vause (played by Laura Prepon), who is a love interest of Chapman.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Nichols engages in a competition with Carrie "Big Boo" Black (played by Lea DeLaria) to see who can have sex with the most women in the prison. Nichols spends a long time trying to seduce one of the correctional officers. She is not successful. Eventually, they both call it a draw at 36 points and engage in a 'cookie-eating contest' instead. The other major storyline for Nichols in this season involves heroin that she accepts from another inmate.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Nichols and Big Boo attempt to sell their stash of heroin and they cooperate with correctional officer Joel Luschek, who finds a buyer. Nichols then says that it has been stolen but, in reality, she has hidden it for her own use. Other inmates Leanne Taylor (played by Emma Myles) and Angie Rice (played by Julie Lake) find the heroin and start taking it. Luschek discovers this and confiscates the drug. When assistant warden Joe Caputo (played by Nick Sandow) discovers the heroin, Luschek blames Nichols and Nichols is sent to a maximum security prison. This is Nichols's last appearance in the third season.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: In the midst of season four, Nichols can be seen in an episode as a maximum security inmate, along with Sophia Burset (played by Laverne Cox) and Stella Carlin (played by Ruby Rose). Luschek repents of his actions against Nichols, and asks new inmate Judy King to use her connections to get Nichols out of maximum security. She returns to minimum security where she is welcomed with a big party. Her drug problem persists, however.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: During a prison riot, Nichols decides to take over the pharmacy with Lorna Morello. Later, while Soso is depressed and asking Nichols for drugs, Nichols confess that she has hopelessly fallen in love with "an incredible, insane, beautiful woman" who would never love her back. Morello overhears everything but does not comment. In a later episode, Nichols and Morello restart their sexual relationship, but Morello ends it a few hours after, saying that during their intercourse she realized she was pregnant. Nichols does not believe her and is heartbroken. Vause finds her crying in the shower. While Red is becoming paranoid because of the correctional officer (CO) Piscatella, Nichols decides to take care of her but is eventually abducted by the CO. She is kept in a room tied up with the rest of her prison "family". After they are able to escape, Nichols goes back to the pharmacy to see Morello and realizes that she is actually pregnant. She then calls Morello's husband to convince him to stay with her because "some people would give anything to be loved like that". While the police begins to raid the prison, she asks Morello to surrender and tell them that she is pregnant. Nichols then returns to Frieda's bunker and they all wait for the police to enter.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Nicky is held in Ad-Seg at the beginning of season six, along with Piper, Daya, Red, Taystee, Cindy, Blanca, Suzanne and Frieda. Upon a granted ten-minute phone call, she calls her father, Les Nichols, with a request for an attorney to defend her innocence. During this, she learns that she has a half-sister named Sammi that she was unaware of prior. Upon reuniting with her father and her attorney, Michelle, Nicky also learns that they are engaged and have two children together. She decides she made a mistake in calling them and leaves.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Later, Red gets the message to her that Piscatella is dead. Nicky requests again to speak to her father and his fiancée, who instructs her to give up Red. When she refuses, they tell her that breaking into the prison pharmacy and handing out drugs during the riot racked up what could amount to 70 years in drug charges added to her sentence, which would be waived if she gave up Red. She arranges for both of them to have phone time so that she can tell Red what she's facing. After giving Red's name up, she is taken out of AdSeg to gen pop. On her way out, Red bangs on the glass of her cell and mouths, "it's okay."


title: Nicky Nichols

text: She offered to join Flaca's show when Flaca was looking for a partner, but Nicky was too comedic and not gossipy.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: In gen pop, Nicky arrives at C-Block and drops off the supplies needed to inseminate Blanca, she later shares a conversation with Red. Nicky helps Flores attempt to get pregnant. However, since Flores had to buy drugs off of C-Block and gave them to D-Block in order to get Diablo's semen snuck in, they get beat up during the insemination process in the library by Brock, Charlene Teng, Akers, Creech and Shruti Chambal.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: They end up in the hospital ward, but Flores is released early to make room for Barbara, who OD'd on bath salts. Barbara and Nicky end up bonding over their shared addiction. Nicky encourages Barbara to get sober. Nicky states that she is in her 8th time of being sober. ("Break the String")


title: Nicky Nichols

text: After they are released from the hospital ward, she spends time with Annalisa, Lorna and Nicky. She shows them her bottle trick and Lorna is completely amazed. Nicky gives her a 30-day sober chip. Deitland arrives and Barb allows the 3 to order whatever they want from the commissary. Nicky gets 3 honey buns. She also states she wants to have sex with someone to Lorna as she eyes up an inmate, Nicky mocks Barb when she is angered when Carol allegedly bought all the Noxzema. Nicky goes to C-Block to clean, Red is called over by Nicky and sneaks around to see her. Red states she hates Madison. Nicky warns her about Carol, but Red calls Carol real and they argue about Carol and Barbara. She sets up a plan to kill Carol while she's getting a haircut in the salon, alongside Red, who has become Carol's confidante, due to their mutual hatred of Frieda. She tells Nicky, much to the dismay of Annalisa and Daddy. Nicky tries to discourage her from doing it. ("Chocolate Chip Nookie")


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Nicky comes into Lorna's cell and calls Adeola 'Miss Cleo', much to her annoyance. Then she says that she believes some rats have returned. Adeola corrects Nicky and explains they all died from poison, and leaves. Nicky thinks of a way to save Red. She hides a note in a bottle cap and tries to kick it towards Red, but it is picked up by Copeland instead. Inside is a warning about Barbara's plan, so Copeland takes Carol into custody for protection and clears the salon. Later, Nicky is summoned by Barbara by Annalisa, who is told to smile, and does sarcastically. When asked what she was doing, Nicky replies she was masturbating. Barbara states that the girls think she is a mole but Nicky reminds her that she sold out Red, Nicky is angered and squares up to Daya, wondering why she thinks she's a big shot. Barb apologises, hugging Nicky and saying she loves Nicky's company and that she's funny and Nicky leaves. Nicky sighs of relief when outside. A day before the kickball game, Nicky is still unsure about this new plan but pretends to go along with it. ("Well This Took a Dark Turn")


title: Nicky Nichols

text: On the day of the kickball game, Nicky officiates Piper and Alex's wedding, being sarcastic and lighthearted. She takes away Lorna's shiv, which has all the wedding traditions in one. Piper and Alex kiss early and Nicky stops them and Lorna cries, calling Nicky a monster. Afterwards, Nicky tries to convince Lorna that it's stupid to go to war against people who randomly got assigned to either C or D-Block. She manages to finally break through to Lorna, telling her that she just witnessed a C-Block wedding and the two of them head in the opposite direction of the field. They hide in a utility closet in the laundry room. Annalisa shows up and Nicky is forced to reveal herself after Lorna accidentally makes a noise. Annalisa shoves her against the washer and asks her what she was doing. Nicky lies and says that she was there to grab a weapon. Annalisa pins her against the wall, saying she's done with her bullshit and asks where her weapon is. Nicky brings out Lorna's shiv. The two of them head out to the kickball field. ("Be Free")


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Out on the kickball field, Maria gets the guard to mix up the teams. Annalisa says that Barbara isn't going to like this but Nicky points out that Barbara isn't out there with them. Daddy says that doesn't change anything. Nicky is asked where Lorna is as they need her as a distraction. As they play the game, Annalisa says that they should rush the other girls now but Nicky tells her that she doesn't have beef with any of these girls. Daddy even agrees. She continues to play the game and the gang war doesn't come to pass. ("Be Free")


title: Nicky Nichols

text: In season 7, Nichols is reunited with Red, Morello and Gloria in the new kitchen for immigrant detainees (ICE). While working there, a volunteer chef from ICE, Shani Abboud, becomes the love interest of Nicky and they pursue a relationship together. Distracted by her new love, she neglects Red who is deteriorating after spending time in isolation and develops early-onset dementia, which worsens over the season. Her past love interest, Lorna, also begins having problems when she finds out her son died as a result of pneumonia and can't accept that his death was real. Her mental state also deteriorates but Nichols is adamant that she will be there for Morello, especially since she was so naive about Red.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Abboud and Nichols's relationship becomes complicated when Nicky learns that Abboud was forced into having female genital mutilation as a 12 year old. Nicky discovers this when she attempts to go down on Abboud, who quickly admits that she is uncomfortable. Abboud soon fails to impress the immigration judge and is deported back home, she gives Gloria her final note for Nicky. The final episode sees Nicky apparently having taken over from Red as head cook.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Sarah Karlan of "BuzzFeed" praised the character's "impossibly quick wit" and "perfectly deadpan delivery". Rebekah Allen of "SheWired" said Lyonne is "wonderful" in the role, and called Nichols one of the best characters on the series. MTV's Crystal Bell called Nichols a "fan-favorite" and "our beloved smart mouth" and expressed disappointment at the character's departure in the third season.


title: Nicky Nichols

text: Lyonne received an Emmy nomination for her role as Nichols. She lost out to fellow "Orange Is the New Black" actress Uzo Aduba.


title: Hadouken

text: The is a special attack from Capcom's "Street Fighter" series of fighting games. Game designer Takashi Nishiyama credits an energy attack called Hadouho (lit. the "Wave Motion Gun"), from the 1970s anime "Space Battleship Yamato", as the origin of Hadouken. It is used by the characters Ryu, Ken, Sakura, Akuma (Gouki in Japan) and Gouken. The Hadouken and the Shoryuken are the two archetypal moves of these characters, as well as some of the most iconic and famous elements of the "Street Fighter" series or even video games in general.


title: Hadouken

text: "Street Fighter" characters that use the Hadouken are Ryu and Ken since the first "Street Fighter", later joined by Sakura, Gouken and Akuma. The move is achieved by the character thrusting their palms forward, sending a blast of spirit energy (or ki) towards the opponent ("chi blast"). It is normally performed by the player moving the joystick or D-pad a quarter circle forward towards the opponent from the down position, then pressing a punch button (so, for example, a character facing to the right would execute the move by pressing ↓, ↘, → and then "punch" in a smooth motion). Although the execution has been always the same, the design, speed, damage and other attributes of the technique vary in different games.


title: Hadouken

text: Most fighting games of the sprite-based era used at least some characters with projectile special moves, and while the actual type of projectile launched varies from game to game and character to character, the execution and behavior of these attacks are often rather similar to the Hadouken. The Hadouken can usually be performed in three different degrees depending on which type punch is used; these will affect its speed, damage caused on impact, amount of recovery frames and sometimes its range. The Hadouken itself has many variations depending on the character in question that the move is associated with. For example, both Ryu and Akuma use a fire-based variant of the move called the Shakunetsu Hadouken (灼熱波動拳) or Blazing Surge Fist, which briefly engulfs its target in flames. Later titles in the series that use super combo moves ramp up the power of the Hadouken, evolving it into the Shinku Hadouken (真空波動拳 – Vacuum Surge Fist). This takes one of two forms depending on the game: an outsized fireball or a blast of constant energy. "Street Fighter III" introduced the Denjin Hadouken (電刃波動拳), an unblockable, electrified version which could be 'stored' by holding down the punch key, for timing purposes. Introduced in the "Capcom vs. SNK" series, the "Evil Ryu" Kage's Satsui no Hadou Ryu uses a more powerful version called the Metsu Hadouken (滅波動拳), which acts similar to Denjin Hadouken, being unblockable and stunning the opponent. "Street Fighter IV" brought back the Metsu Hadouken, though it instead acts simply like a more powerful variant of the Shinkuu Hadouken. The latest entry in the series, "Street Fighter V", brought back the Denjin Hadouken, which can be performed by performing the Shinku Hadouken while in Ryu's V Trigger mode.


title: Hadouken

text: An unofficial "Rainbow Edition" of "" gave the Hadouken abilities to all characters, possibly influencing later official games. Since then, many others in the "Street Fighter" series have been given similar moves, but have their own names for it. For instance, Kairi and Allen Snider both have such a move, the latter calling it Fire Force. Dhalsim spits fire ("Yoga Fire") and Chun-Li eventually gained a projectile move she calls the Kikouken (気功拳, Chi-Gong Fist). In "Street Fighter III", Sean has no routine Hadouken, but can employ a similar super-move named the Hadou Burst. Dan Hibiki utilizes a single-handed projectile called the Gadouken (我道拳, Self-Taught Fist), which has barely any range or power. Ace can also use the Hadouken in "Street Fighter EX3" once the third set of usable arts is unlocked in Character Edit Mode.


title: Hadouken

text: Other special moves derived from the Hadouken include the Soul Fist of Morrigan in the "Darkstalkers" series. The Hadouken has been seen several times in the Capcom's "Mega Man X" platform game series. It was a hidden Easter egg ability in the first game ("Mega Man X") and its remake ("Mega Man Maverick Hunter X"). In "Mega Man X4", Magma Dragoon uses the move (the copy of Magma Dragoon also uses the move in "Mega Man X5"). It was also available to the player in the "Mega Man Xtreme" games. , a group of secret bosses in "", use a move called "Annihilator Hadouken". There are also Hadouken emotes in the massive multiplayer role-playing video game "". Among the official or licensed merchandise, Multiverse Studio made plush Hadouken balls in 2015, Naked & Famous Denim produced the "Ryu Hadoken Selvedge" jeans pants in 2017 and Everlast released cologne perfume named after the Hadouken in 2018.


title: Hadouken

text: Eurogamer's Wesley Yin-Poole claimed that most players of a "certain generation" had "ingrained in [their] psyche". Both Yin-Poole and "The Escapist" author Earnest Cavalli compare moves from non-"Street Fighter" games to the Hadouken technique. GamesRadar included "Hadouken!" in their list of the 100 best video game quotes. The PlayStation 4 received a "viral teaser" which featured a fake taxi service called Hadouken Cabs. A card in "Street Fighter"-themed "Monopoly" game was based on the Hadouken.


title: Hadouken

text: "Game Informer"s Kyle Hilliard included the Hadouken's cameo in "Mega Man X" in his list of his five favourite video game Easter eggs. He claimed that this was in part due to the fact that without Internet at the time, which prevented him from verifying whether it was true. GamesRadar featured it in his list of the 100 best video game Easter eggs.


title: Hadouken

text: A meme called "Hadouken-ing" became popular in Japan and later the United States, where one person poses as though he or she have fired a Hadouken, and another person poses as if he or she was struck by it. Several celebrities have taken pictures of themselves performing the Hadouken meme. "Community" and "Mad Men" star Alison Brie performed a number of different Internet memes, one of which was Hadouken-ing. The cast of "The Good Wife" also took a picture of the meme being performed. Television personality Carrie Keagan also posed for this meme. "NY Daily News" Jacob E. Osterhout called it the biggest meme since the Harlem Shake. Critics of the meme claim that the meme is in fact a depiction of the Kamehameha from "Dragon Ball Z" and was in fact a "marketing ploy" for "".


title: Meagan Tandy

text: Meagan Yvonne Tandy (born May 3, 1985) is an American actress and model. She is a former Miss California USA who placed as third runner-up at Miss USA 2007. As an actress, she had long running roles in "Jane by Design", "Teen Wolf", "Survivor's Remorse", and recently starred as Sophie Moore on The CW's "Batwoman".


title: Meagan Tandy

text: Tandy, born in Fremont, California and raised in Fontana, graduated from Etiwanda High School in Rancho Cucamonga. She was a student at Chaffey College, and is the first student from this school to win the Miss California USA title.


title: Meagan Tandy

text: Tandy studied business and film production at Chaffey College for two years where she had to produce, create and edit several commercials and short film projects for the class. While there, Tandy landed a job as a stand-in for December 2003 wedding of "Trista and Ryan", from Season 1 of "The Bachelorette". Although a fan of the show, Tandy said being a stand-in for the Live wedding was a "terrible" experience and has never worked as a stand-in since. After receiving associate degrees at Chaffey, Tandy attended Cal Poly Pomona where she worked on a degree in business management and marketing.


title: Meagan Tandy

text: Tandy won the Miss California USA title in a state pageant held in San Rafael, California on October 15, 2006. It was her second attempt at the title, as she has placed fourth runner-up to Tamiko Nash the previous year. Tandy also won the Best Swimsuit Award in the 2007 Miss California USA pageant.


title: Meagan Tandy

text: Tandy competed in the Miss USA 2007 pageant, placing 3rd runner-up. Her evening wear gown was created by Nick Verreos, a participant on Season 2 of "Project Runway". She was only the fourth African-American Miss California USA and the first African-American to succeed another African-American titleholder.


title: Meagan Tandy

text: Tandy is a member of the Screen Actors Guild. She filmed several television commercials for national campaigns, including Wendy's, Boost Mobile and a Super Bowl commercial for Pepsi Max. Tandy appeared in a movie promotion for the 2007 film "Shrek the Third". Tandy had her first film role in the 2010 movie "Unstoppable", briefly appearing as a Hooters waitress who is a lead character's daughter.


title: Meagan Tandy

text: In May 2012, Tandy founded her own program for teens called "GIRL TALK" where she collaborated with the Women On The Move Network of Rancho Cucamonga. The 1st Annual "GIRL TALK" seminar was held in July 2013.


title: Meagan Tandy

text: Tandy currently resides in Los Angeles where she continues her acting career. She played Lulu Pope on the ABC Family show "Jane By Design". Tandy appeared in "Piranha DD", where she played Ashley Sorby, who meets a gruesome demise. Tandy also appeared in Trey Songz music video single called Simply Amazing from his new album Chapter V.


title: Meagan Tandy

text: In June 2013, she made her debut onto the MTV supernatural drama series "Teen Wolf" where she played the recurring and fan-favorite role of Braeden for 3 seasons.


title: Meagan Tandy

text: In 2014, she played Sabrina on the teen medical dramedy series "Red Band Society", cancelled after 10 episodes. In 2015, she joined the cast of the sitcom "Survivor's Remorse", playing the recurring role of Allison Pierce, for the second through fourth seasons. In 2016, Tandy played Chantal for the second season of the dramedy television series "UnREAL". From 2019 to 2022, she was a regular on The CW's "Batwoman" as Sophie Moore.


title: AJJ (band)

text: AJJ is an American folk punk band from Phoenix, Arizona, originally formed in 2004 as Andrew Jackson Jihad. Their lyrics handle themes of shyness, poverty, humanity, religion, addiction, existentialism, and politics. Singer/guitarist Sean Bonnette and bassist Ben Gallaty are the only remaining founding members.


title: AJJ (band)

text: AJJ (formerly known as Andrew Jackson Jihad) was formed by Sean Bonnette, Ben Gallaty, and drummer Justin James White, who left the band soon after. They recorded the band's first LP, "Candy Cigarettes & Cap Guns", released through the Audioconfusion Manifesto label in 2005.


title: AJJ (band)

text: On April 15, 2006, the band played as part of the 2006 New Times Music Showcase, nominated for Best Americana Band, and won a Best of Phoenix award later that year.


title: AJJ (band)

text: They released a split LP with Ghost Mice on Plan-It-X-Records in 2007. Following this, Asian Man Records issued their second full-length album, "People Who Can Eat People Are the Luckiest People in the World", on September 11, 2007.


title: AJJ (band)

text: In 2008 the band was a part of the Asian Man Records "Making Punk Fun Again" tour with The Queers, Bomb the Music Industry!, Lemuria, and Kepi Ghoulie. 2008 also saw the release of "Only God Can Judge Me", a mostly acoustic EP on Plan-it-X Records.


title: AJJ (band)

text: In 2009, the band's third record, "Can't Maintain", was released by Asian Man Records. They toured the US with Kepi Ghoulie and Partners in 818. At this point, the band consisted of Bonnette, Gallaty, Deacon Batchelor on drums, and Preston Bryant on guitar and keyboards.


title: AJJ (band)

text: In 2010, the band toured the US with Blunt Mechanic, Europe with Kepi Ghoulie, and the west coast with Royal Monsters.


title: AJJ (band)

text: 2011 had the band go on their second European tour. They also played festivals such as Plan-It-X Fest and the Asian Man Records 15th Anniversary. Mark Glick joined the band, rounding out the sound with cello parts. The fourth full-length album, "Knife Man", was released on September 20 by Asian Man Records and on cassette by Lauren Records. In support of this record, the band was a part of a full US tour with Frank Turner and Into It. Over It.


title: AJJ (band)

text: 2012 was a busy year of extensive touring. In March, the band toured with Laura Stevenson and ROAR, which was quickly followed by another tour in April with Joyce Manor and Treasure Fleet. In September, the band did a short string of shows with Against Me! and Joyce Manor, followed by a full US tour with Future of the Left and Jeff Rosenstock.


title: AJJ (band)

text: 2013 saw yet another busy year for the band. In April, Bonnette went on a solo tour with Ian Graham of Cheap Girls. He also collaborated on a track with Sole that was released in May. In September, the band's first live album, "Live at the Crescent Ballroom", was released by Asian Man Records and on cassette by Lauren Records. In November, the band embarked on a west coast tour with The Gunshy. In June, the band had recorded a new album entitled "Christmas Island" with John Congleton and members of their full touring lineup Preston Bryant and Deacon Batchelor. The album was released on May 6, 2014, on Side One Dummy Records.


title: AJJ (band)

text: In 2016, the band officially changed their name from "Andrew Jackson Jihad" to AJJ (a moniker that many of their fans had been using to refer to them for several years). In a statement on the band's website, Bonnette wrote "1.) We are not Muslims, and as such, it is disrespectful and irresponsible for us to use the word jihad in our band’s name. 2.) We no longer wish to be a living reminder of the president Andrew Jackson. Interesting historical figure as he was, he was an odious person and our fascination with him has grown stale."


title: AJJ (band)

text: On June 28, 2016, AJJ announced their 6th studio album, "The Bible 2", along with a tracklist and pre-order bundles. The band also released a music video for the album's lead single, "Goodbye, Oh Goodbye." The clip is a style parody of the viral video approach to music videos made by the band OK Go. On August 1, 2016, the music video for "Junkie Church" was released.


title: AJJ (band)

text: In 2017, the band released an EP on Lauren Records of new material entitled "Back in the Jazz Coffin", consisting of acoustic songs. They also released "Decade of Regression", a live album as a Record Store Day exclusive.


title: AJJ (band)

text: In August 2017, after Chris Clavin of Plan-It-X Records was "accused of and acknowledged a pattern of sexual abuse", AJJ took their music off of the label and re-released it themselves.


title: AJJ (band)

text: On October 30, 2019, AJJ announced a new studio album titled "Good Luck Everybody". This announcement coincided with the release of "A Poem", the lead single from the album. After three more singles and two music videos, for "Mega Guillotine 2020" and "Loudmouth", "Good Luck Everybody" was released on January 17, 2020. Unlike previous releases, "Good Luck Everybody" is self-published under a newly formed label entitled "AJJ unlimited LTD".


title: Susan Richardson

text: Susan Richardson is a retired American actress, best known for her role as Susan Bradford on the television series "Eight Is Enough", which she played from 1977 to 1981.


title: Susan Richardson

text: Born in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, Richardson first started acting in plays in high school. She graduated from Coatesville Area Senior High School in Coatesville, Pennsylvania in 1969, and moved to Hollywood in 1971.


title: Susan Richardson

text: Initially, Richardson played bit roles in feature films "American Graffiti" (1973) and "A Star Is Born" (1976), and she guest-starred on the television series "Happy Days" and "The Streets of San Francisco". Shortly before her 25th birthday, about six years after moving to the West Coast, Richardson was picked to play the fourth-oldest child in the Bradford family on "Eight is Enough".


title: Susan Richardson

text: In her "Eight Is Enough" heyday, Richardson appeared in two installments of "Battle of the Network Stars" (May 1979 and December 1980), as well as numerous appearances on "The $20,000 Pyramid", "Password Plus", and "Match Game", in addition to a one-hour All-Star episode of "Family Feud" in 1978 and a three-episode celebrity tournament on the daytime version in May 1979.


title: Susan Richardson

text: On March 15, 1978, Richardson married Michael Virden, and shortly thereafter became pregnant, which was also written into "Eight Is Enough". She gave birth to their daughter, Sarah, on February 27, 1980. After her pregnancy, a rumor was spread that Richardson would lose her job if she did not shed her pregnancy weight; she had gained . Finding it very difficult to slim down by normal means, she started using cocaine.


title: Susan Richardson

text: In January 2013, "The Huffington Post" published a report from a "National Enquirer" interview with Richardson. She reported she had experienced extremely hard times, living in an unheated trailer with a rotting floor in Wagontown, Pennsylvania, not far from her hometown of Coatesville. Richardson said she had developed diabetes, suffered three mini-strokes, had lost , and lost her teeth as the result of a digestive condition.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC, ; ) is a megaproject announced in 2005 by King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the former king of Saudi Arabia.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: It was one of six megaprojects that were announced in 2005 and is the only one that was launched. By 2018, "The Financial Times" wrote that the city had not attracted investment or become a hub for logistics and manufacturing, contrary to the grand plans behind the project. By 2018, the city had a population of 7,000.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: With a total development area of 173 km² (66.8 sq mi), the city is located along the coast of the Red Sea, around 100 km north of Jeddah, the commercial hub of Saudi Arabia. The city is also approximately an hour and 20 minutes away from the city of Mecca, 3 hours from Medina by car and an hour away from all Middle Eastern capital cities by plane.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: The total cost of the city is around SR 207 billion, with the project being built by Emaar Properties. A Tadawul-listed company created from Emaar Properties, a Dubai-based public joint stock company and one of the world’s largest real estate companies, and SAGIA (Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority) which is the main facilitator of the project.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: The city, along with another five economic cities, is a part of an ambitious "10x10" program to place Saudi Arabia among the world's top ten competitive investment destinations by the year 2010, planned by SAGIA. The first stage of the city was completed in 2010 and the whole city was planned to be fully completed by 2020. The city aims to diversify the nation's oil-based economy by bringing direct foreign and domestic investments. The city also aspires to help create up to one million jobs. Upon completion, KAEC is intended to have a population of 2 million. By 2018, it only had a population of 7,000. The "Financial Times" wrote that the city served as a warning for grand megaprojects in the region, as the project fell well short of the initial grand proposals behind the project.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: It is being built along with 4 other new cities in Saudi Arabia to control sprawl and congestion in existing cities.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: The port of the city is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its connections to Central and Eastern Europe.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: On June 12, 2008, King Abdullah visited the city and evaluated the progress. Some of the proposed projects in the city included:


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: The king also inaugurated the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). The university is 20 km away south of the city in the village of Thuwal. It opened in September 2009.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: Emaar, E.C. and SAGIA have signed several memorandums of understanding and contracts with international and local developers in many fields. These developers include:


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: KAEC will be served by Al-Haramain High Speed line. The construction of the station has been completed by 2018. On 25 September 2018, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud inaugurated the project.


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: The city is the destination of Alan Clay, the protagonist in Dave Eggers's 2012 novel "A Hologram for the King".


title: King Abdullah Economic City

text: Alberini C. (2011), "Urbanistica e Real Estate. Il ruolo della finanza nei processi di trasformazione urbana", Milano, Franco Angeli Ed., Cap.5 - "Nuove realizzazioni e fondi di investimento: KAEC new towns nel deserto fondate sul petrolio" (pag. 125-132).


title: John B. Calhoun

text: John Bumpass Calhoun (May 11, 1917 – September 7, 1995) was an American ethologist and behavioral researcher noted for his studies of population density and its effects on behavior. He claimed that the bleak effects of overpopulation on rodents were a grim model for the future of the human race. During his studies, Calhoun coined the term "behavioral sink" to describe aberrant behaviors in overcrowded population density situations and "beautiful ones" to describe passive individuals who withdrew from all social interaction. His work gained world recognition. He spoke at conferences around the world and his opinion was sought by groups as diverse as NASA and the District of Columbia's Panel on overcrowding in local jails. Calhoun's rat studies were used as a basis in the development of Edward T. Hall's 1966 proxemics theories.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: John Bumpass Calhoun was born May 11, 1917, in Elkton, Tennessee, the third child of James Calhoun and Fern Madole Calhoun. Their first child died in infancy. Calhoun had three siblings: an older sister, Polly; and two younger brothers, Billy and Dan. His father was a high school principal who rose to a position in administration in the Tennessee Department of Education. His mother was an artist.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: Calhoun's family moved from Elkton to Brownsville, Tennessee, and finally to Nashville, when Calhoun was in junior high school.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: At this time, Calhoun began attending meetings of the Tennessee Ornithological Society. A Mrs. Laskey, distinguished for her work in bird banding and in the study of the chimney swift, was a pivotal influence on his developing interest in birds and bird habits. Calhoun spent his junior high and high school years banding birds and recording the habits of birds. His first published article was in "The Migrant", the journal of the Tennessee Ornithological Society, when he was 15 years old.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: Despite his father's refusal to help him attend an out-of-state university, Calhoun made his way to the University of Virginia where he earned his bachelor's degree in 1939. During the summers, he worked for Alexander Wetmore, head of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., doing ornithology work. He then earned his M.S. and Ph.D. from Northwestern University in 1942 and 1943. The subject of his thesis was the 24-hour rhythms of the Norway rat.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: Calhoun met his future wife, Edith Gressley, at Northwestern, where she was a biology major and a student in one of his classes.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: After graduating from Northwestern, he taught at Emory University and Ohio State University. In 1946, he and his wife, Edith, moved to Towson, Maryland, a suburb of Baltimore. Calhoun worked on the Rodent Ecology Project at Johns Hopkins University. In March 1947, he began a 28-month study of a colony of Norway rats in a outdoor pen. Even though five females over this time-span could theoretically produce 5,000 healthy progeny for this size pen, Calhoun found that the population never exceeded 200 individuals, and stabilized at 150. Moreover, the rats were not randomly scattered throughout the pen area, but had organized themselves into twelve or thirteen local colonies of a dozen rats each. He noted that twelve rats is the maximum number that can live harmoniously in a natural group, beyond which stress and psychological effects function as group break-up forces.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: While posted at Jackson Lab in Bar Harbor, Maine, Calhoun continued studying the Norway rat colony until 1951. While in Bar Harbor, his first daughter, Cat Calhoun, was born. The family lived in the guesthouse on the Luquer estate.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: In 1951, Calhoun and family moved back to Silver Spring, Maryland. He worked for Walter Reed Army Medical Center in the division of neuropsychiatry before gaining his position at the National Institutes of Health in 1954 where he worked for the next 33 years. 1954 was also the year his second daughter, Cheshire Calhoun, was born.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: Calhoun pursued his experiments in behavior, using domesticated Norway rats, at his lab on the second floor of a huge barn on the Casey farm in the country outside Rockville, MD. The area is now a suburban center but the barn still stands, renovated for suburban usage. In the days of Calhoun's occupancy there was a small, cluttered office area at the top of the stairs. The rodent odor was overpowering, and it took some time before one could breathe normally.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: The research area was divided into three parts. In the center section a box-like room was built. There was a hallway all the way around this box and stairs that led to the top of it. This box was divided into 4 rooms, or habitats, . Each room had a door for a researcher or caretaker to enter by, and in the ceiling of each room was a glass window. The activity in each room could be observed through these windows. Each room was divided into quarters by partitions. "V" shaped ramps connected pens I and II, II and III, and III and IV. Pens I and IV were not connected. Mounted on the wall in the corner of each quarter was an artificial burrow, which could be accessed via a spiral staircase. In two of the quarters the "burrows" were from the floor, and in the other two the "burrows" were from the floor. Each quarter also contained a drinking station and a feeding station. These variations in environment led to differences in behavior patterns and ultimately to the concept of "behavioral sinks".


title: John B. Calhoun

text: The research carried on in the lab on Casey's farm began in 1958 and lasted until 1962, when Calhoun was invited to spend a year at The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford, California.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: In the early 1960s, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) acquired property in a rural area outside Poolesville, Maryland. The facility that was built on this property housed several research projects, including those headed by Calhoun. It was here that his most famous experiment, the mouse universe, was created. In July 1968, four pairs of mice were introduced into the habitat. The habitat was a square metal pen with sides. Each side had four groups of four vertical, wire mesh "tunnels". The "tunnels" gave access to nesting boxes, food hoppers, and water dispensers. There was no shortage of food or water or nesting material. There were no predators. The only adversity was the limit on space.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: Initially, the population grew rapidly, doubling every 55 days. The population reached 620 by day 315, after which the population growth dropped markedly, doubling only every 145 days. The last surviving birth was on day 600, bringing the total population to a mere 2200 mice, even though the experiment setup allowed for as many as 3840 mice in terms of nesting space. This period between day 315 and day 600 saw a breakdown in social structure and in normal social behavior. Among the aberrations in behavior were the following: expulsion of young before weaning was complete, wounding of young, increase in homosexual behavior, inability of dominant males to maintain the defense of their territory and females, aggressive behavior of females, passivity of non-dominant males with increased attacks on each other which were not defended against.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: After day 600, the social breakdown continued and the population declined toward extinction. During this period females ceased to reproduce. Their male counterparts withdrew completely, never engaging in courtship or fighting and only engaging in tasks that were essential to their health. They ate, drank, slept, and groomed themselves – all solitary pursuits. Sleek, healthy coats and an absence of scars characterized these males. They were dubbed "the beautiful ones". Breeding never resumed and behavior patterns were permanently changed.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: The conclusions drawn from this experiment were that when all available space is taken and all social roles filled, competition and the stresses experienced by the individuals will result in a total breakdown in complex social behaviors, ultimately resulting in the demise of the population.


title: John B. Calhoun

text: Calhoun saw the fate of the population of mice as a metaphor for the potential fate of man. He characterized the social breakdown as a "second death", with reference to the "second death" mentioned in the Biblical book of Revelation (). His study has been cited by writers such as Bill Perkins as a warning of the dangers of living in an "increasingly crowded and impersonal world". Others took different lessons; medical historian Edmund Ramsden has hypothesized that the mouse society fell from excessive social interaction, rather than density "per se". A writer in "io9" stated "Instead of a population problem, one could argue that (the mouse universe) had a fair distribution problem."


title: John B. Calhoun

text: During the 1960s, Calhoun and Leonard Duhl formed an informal group, the Space Cadets, which met to discuss the social uses of space. The members of this group came from as diverse professions as architecture, city planning, physics, and psychiatry. In Calhoun's own words:


title: John B. Calhoun

text: "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH" (1973), by Robert C. O'Brien and published in 1971, was inspired by Calhoun's work. The book later inspired an animated film, "The Secret of NIMH". Edmund Ramsden described one of Calhoun's experiments in which rats were placed in a sealed enclosure:


title: John B. Calhoun

text: Calhoun's phrase "behavioral sink" was sometimes used by others in reference to perceived urban moral degradation. Alan Grant, co-creator of the dystopian Judge Dredd character, has acknowledged Calhoun's work as an influence. Ramsden believes Calhoun's work may have influenced other apocalyptic fiction as well, including "Soylent Green".


title: John B. Calhoun

text: Calhoun died on 7 September 1995 at the age of 78. His papers were donated to the National Library of Medicine by Edith Calhoun and the American Heritage Center.


title: Stollen

text: Stollen ( or ) is a fruit bread of nuts, spices, and dried or candied fruit, coated with powdered sugar or icing sugar and often containing marzipan. It is a traditional German Christmas bread. During the Christmas season the cake-like loaves are called Weihnachtsstollen (after "Weihnachten", the German word for Christmas) or Christstollen (after Christ).


title: Stollen

text: Stollen is a cake-like fruit bread made with yeast, water and flour, and usually with zest added to the dough. Orangeat (candied orange peel) and candied citrus peel (Zitronat), raisins and almonds, and various spices such as cardamom and cinnamon are added. Other ingredients, such as milk, sugar, butter, salt, rum, eggs, vanilla, other dried fruits and nuts and marzipan, may also be added to the dough.


title: Stollen

text: Except for the fruit added, the dough is quite low in sugar. The finished bread is sprinkled with icing sugar. The traditional weight of Stollen is around , but smaller sizes are common. The bread is slathered with melted unsalted butter and rolled in sugar as soon as it comes out of the oven, resulting in a moister product that keeps better. The marzipan rope in the middle is optional. The dried fruits are macerated in rum or brandy for a superior-tasting bread.


title: Stollen

text: Dresden Stollen (originally Striezel), a moist, heavy bread filled with fruit, was first mentioned in an official document in 1474, and "Dresdner Stollen" remains notable and available – amongst other places – at the Dresden Christmas market, the Striezelmarkt.


title: Stollen

text: Dresden Stollen is produced in the city of Dresden and distinguished by a special seal depicting King Augustus II the Strong. This "official" Stollen is produced by only 110 Dresden bakers.


title: Stollen

text: Early Stollen was different, with the ingredients being flour, oats and water. As a Christmas bread stollen was baked for the first time at the Council of Trent in 1545, and was made with flour, yeast, oil and water.


title: Stollen

text: The Advent season was a time of fasting, and bakers were not allowed to use butter, only oil, and the cake was tasteless and hard. In the 15th century, in medieval Saxony (in central Germany, north of Bavaria and south of Brandenburg), the Prince Elector Ernst (1441–1486) and his brother Duke Albrecht (1443–1500) decided to remedy this by writing to the Pope in Rome. The Saxon bakers needed to use butter, as oil in Saxony was expensive, hard to come by, and had to be made from turnips.


title: Stollen

text: Pope Nicholas V (1397–1455), in 1450 denied the first appeal. Five popes died before finally, in 1490, Pope Innocent VIII (1432–1492) sent a letter, known as the "Butter-Letter", to the Prince. This granted the use of butter (without having to pay a fine), but only for the Prince-Elector and his family and household.


title: Stollen

text: Others were also permitted to use butter, but on the condition of having to pay annually 1/20 of a gold Gulden to support the building of the Freiberg Minster. The ban on butter was removed when Saxony became Protestant.


title: Stollen

text: Over the centuries, the bread changed from being a simple, fairly tasteless "bread" to a sweeter bread with richer ingredients, such as marzipan, although traditional Stollen is not as sweet, light and airy as the copies made around the world.


title: Stollen

text: In the GDR, Dresdner Stollen were sent to West Germany as a way of thanking the citizens of West Germany for sending care packets (Westpaket), as they were both available to the GDR citizens and of a high enough standard to be appropriate to a West German.


title: Stollen

text: Commercially made Stollen has become a popular Christmas food in Britain in recent decades, complementing traditional dishes such as mince pies and Christmas pudding. All the major supermarkets sell their own versions, and it is often baked by home bakers.


title: Stollen

text: Every year Stollenfest takes place in Dresden. This historical tradition ended only in 1918 with the fall of the monarchy, and started again in 1994, but the idea comes from Dresden's history.


title: Stollen

text: Dresden's Christmas market, the Striezelmarkt, was mentioned in the chronicles for the first time in 1474.


title: Stollen

text: The tradition of baking Christmas Stollen in Dresden is very old. Christmas Stollen in Dresden was already baked in the 15th century.


title: Stollen

text: In 1560, the bakers of Dresden offered the rulers of Saxony Christmas Stollen weighing each as gift, and the custom continued.


title: Stollen

text: Augustus II the Strong (1670–1733) was the Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.


title: Stollen

text: The King loved pomp, luxury, splendour and feasts. In 1730, he impressed his subjects, ordering the Bakers’ Guild of Dresden to make a giant 1.7-tonne Stollen, big enough for everyone to have a portion to eat. There were around 24,000 guests who were taking part in the festivities on the occasion of the legendary amusement festivity known as Zeithainer Lustlager. For this special occasion, the court architect Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann (1662–1737), built a particularly oversized Stollen oven. An oversized Stollen knife also had been designed solely for this occasion.


title: Stollen

text: Today, the festival takes place on the Saturday before the second Sunday in Advent, and the cake weighs between three and four tonnes. A carriage takes the cake in a parade through the streets of Dresden to the Christmas market, where it is ceremoniously cut into pieces and distributed among the crowd, for a small sum which goes to charity. A special knife, the Grand Dresden Stollen Knife, a silver-plated knife, long weighing , which is a copy of the lost baroque original knife from 1730, is used to festively cut the oversize Stollen at the Dresden Christmas fair.


title: Stollen

text: The largest Stollen was baked in 2010 by Lidl; it was long and was certified by the Guinness Book of World Records, at the railway station of Haarlem.


title: Johnny Olson

text: John Leonard Olson (May 22, 1910 – October 12, 1985) was an American radio personality and television announcer. Olson is perhaps best known for his work as an announcer for game shows, particularly the work he did for Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions. Olson was the longtime announcer for the original "To Tell the Truth" and "What's My Line?", and spent over a decade as the announcer for both "Match Game" and "The Price Is Right", working on the latter series at the time of his death.


title: Johnny Olson

text: Born in Windom, Minnesota, Olson enrolled in pharmacy classes at the University of Minnesota. He also worked a string of odd jobs, from soda jerk to singer. After 1928, he landed jobs at WIBA in Poynette, Wisconsin and KGDA in Mitchell, South Dakota.


title: Johnny Olson

text: Olson joined WTMJ in Milwaukee in early 1933, organizing a five-piece jazz band called The Rhythm Rascals, and became one of the station's most popular personalities. The Rascals eventually made it to Hollywood, and would send daily recordings of their shows back to WTMJ. Olson would eventually return to Milwaukee and WTMJ, where he would go on to create the first iteration of "Johnny Olson's Rumpus Room". The show attracted major national performers, including Spike Jones and The Andrews Sisters. By 1942, the immense popularity of "Rumpus Room" prompted WTMJ to dedicate the large unfinished television studio (plans for what would later become WTMJ-TV were suspended due to World War II) in their new facility to the program.


title: Johnny Olson

text: Olson's first network job on radio was in New York City in 1944, hosting (with his wife) the audience-participation show "Ladies Be Seated", a stunt game along the lines of "Truth or Consequences", broadcast on NBC Blue. He had previously hosted several radio shows in Chicago, including the second iteration of "Johnny Olson's Rumpus Room", a late-night variety show broadcast from 10:30 p.m. to 12 midnight, which was also the name of a later daytime talk show he hosted on the DuMont Television Network. He also was host of "Johnny Olson's Luncheon Club" on ABC radio in 1950-1951.


title: Johnny Olson

text: In 1945, Olson and his wife hosted a five-week run of a TV version of "Ladies Be Seated". From May 1947 to July 1949, Olson hosted "Doorway to Fame", an evening television talent show on the new DuMont Television Network. From January 1949 to July 1952, Olson hosted "Johnny Olson's Rumpus Room", a daytime television talk show which was the first daytime show broadcast from DuMont's flagship station WABD over DuMont's small East Coast network. Olson also hosted the Saturday-morning children's show "Kids and Company" on DuMont from September 1951 to June 1952, with co-host Ham Fisher.


title: Johnny Olson

text: On television, Olson was an announcer on "Break the Bank" and was the announcer and sometimes the host on "Fun for the Money" on ABC-TV in 1949. Olson also was the announcer for "Play Your Hunch".


title: Johnny Olson

text: Olson was host of "Homemaker's Jamboree", an audience-participation game show that debuted on WJZ-TV on October 5, 1952.


title: Johnny Olson

text: Beginning in 1960, Olson announced the CBS prime-time panel game "To Tell the Truth". The following year, he added duties on sister show "What's My Line?", and in 1962 began announcing on the original "Match Game" in daytime on NBC until that series ended in 1969. Before going live, Olson did an audience warm-up by asking questions and getting the audience ready for the live telecast.


title: Johnny Olson

text: Olson continued to announce "What's My Line?" and "To Tell the Truth" after both shows moved from CBS to syndication in the late 1960s. His involvement with those shows ended when he was designated announcer of the 1972 revivals of "The Price Is Right" and "I've Got a Secret", both of which were taped in Hollywood, where he relocated.


title: Johnny Olson

text: While "Name That Tune", "To Tell the Truth", "What's My Line", and "The Match Game" put Olson in the elite class of television game-show announcers, the revival of "The Price Is Right" cemented Olson's fame. In addition to serving as host Bob Barker's sidekick, Olson was a beloved and valued member of the "cast." He warmed up the audiences prior to taping; during taping, he often received on-camera exposure (occasionally bantering with Barker) prior to calling out the contestants' names; he also frequently appeared in the showcases.


title: Johnny Olson

text: His exhortation for contestants to "Come on down!" became a catchphrase, and a "Price Is Right" tradition observed by his successors Rod Roddy (1986–2003), Rich Fields (2004–2010), and George Gray (2011–present).


title: Johnny Olson

text: In 1973, Olson began announcing for the revived "Match Game", another show transplanted from New York to California; the show's tagline, "Get ready to match the stars!" became a second catchphrase associated with him for the following nine years. Like executive producer Mark Goodson, Olson filled in on the days when a scheduled guest failed to appear in time for a taping. Olson only missed one taping of "Match Game" during the CBS years; Bern Bennett served as his fill-in for one week of daytime shows and one nighttime show in 1975 (a week's worth of shows was taped in one workday).


title: Johnny Olson

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, during the peak of his announcing duties on "Price" and "Match", he worked on several other Goodson-Todman game shows. He announced:


title: Johnny Olson

text: On October 6, 1985, Olson suffered a stroke and was taken to St. Johns Hospital and Health Center in Santa Monica, California, where he died on October 12, 1985, at age 75. Shortly afterwards, Bob Barker paid tribute to him at the end of the remaining episodes of "TPIR" that were taped with Olson as announcer before he died:


title: Paridhi Sharma

text: Paridhi Sharma is an Indian television actress best known for playing Jodha Bai in Zee TV's "Jodha Akbar" and Goddess Vaishno Devi in Jag Janani Maa Vaishno Devi - Kahani Mata Rani Ki. She also played the role of Babita Chaddha in Sony Entertainment Television's "Patiala Babes" and Ambika in &TV's "Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum".


title: Paridhi Sharma

text: Paridhi Sharma was born in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. Since 2009, she is married to Ahmedabad based businessman, Tanmai Saksena. They have a son together, who was born in 2016.


title: Paridhi Sharma

text: Sharma was named Top Television Actress by "Rediff"s in their Top 10 Television Actresses List of 2014.


title: Flesh Gordon

text: Flesh Gordon is a 1974 American sex comedy feature film serving as a spoof of Universal Pictures first (of three) "Flash Gordon" serial films from the 1930s. The film was produced by Walter R. Cichy, Bill Osco, and Howard Ziehm. It was co-directed by Ziehm and Michael Benveniste, who also wrote the screenplay. The cast includes Jason Williams, Suzanne Fields, and William Dennis Hunt. It was distributed by Mammoth Films.


title: Flesh Gordon

text: The storyline is reminiscent of the first Universal Pictures "Flash Gordon" serial "Flash Gordon" (1936), but written and directed with a purposely campy adult flavor. The planet Porno (in the serial: Mongo) and major characters are suggestive innuendos: the hero Flesh Gordon (Flash Gordon); his love interest Dale Ardor (Dale Arden); the evil Emperor Wang the Perverted (Ming the Merciless); scientist Dr. Flexi Jerkoff (Dr. Alexi Zarkov); seductive Amora, queen of Magic (Ming's daughter Aura); and effeminate Prince Precious (Prince Barin). The film features production values comparable to the original serial, but with stop-motion animation of creatures, frequent use of gratuitous nudity, and brief sex scenes.


title: Flesh Gordon

text: Distinguished Professor Gordon explains that Earth is being tormented by periodic "sex rays", which send people into a sexual frenzy. When one of the rays hits the Ford Trimotor passenger aircraft carrying Flesh Gordon and Dale Ardor, the pilots abandon the controls and everyone aboard has manic sex. When they finish, Flesh and Dale escape the imminent plane crash by parachute. They land near the workshop of Dr. Flexi Jerkoff, who has a plan to stop the sex rays at their source.


title: Flesh Gordon

text: They travel to the planet Porno aboard Jerkoff's phallic rocket ship, and are briefly hit by a sex ray, resulting in a frantic three-way orgy. They crash land after being shot down by the minions of Emperor Wang and are attacked by several one-eyed Penisauruses before being taken prisoner by Wang's soldiers. They are brought before Wang, who is presiding over a sex orgy of more than a dozen men and women. Jerkoff is sent to work in Wang's laboratory, while Wang announces his intention to marry Dale. Flesh is sentenced to death, but is saved from execution by Queen Amora, who takes him as her sex slave.