title: Dwight (The Walking Dead)

text: In the eighth season finale "Wrath", Dwight is now a prisoner. During the ambush against the Militia, Dwight is forced to watch as Negan plans to eliminate everybody with bullets that Eugene manufactured. However, it is revealed that Eugene sabotaged the bullets and caused them to explode in the Saviors' hands. Dwight seizes an opportunity to attack Negan when he is injured, but Negan throws him down and runs away. After Rick defeats Negan and the other Saviors surrender, Daryl takes Dwight out into the woods, intent on killing him. As Dwight accepts his fate, he begins to cry on his knees. Daryl takes pity on him and hands him keys to a truck, telling him to go find Sherry; he also warns Dwight that they will kill him if he ever returns. Dwight drives over to his and Sherry's old house, where he finds a note from her that simply reads, "Honeymoon". Dwight smiles.


title: Dwight (The Walking Dead)

text: In "Humbug's Gulch," Dwight attacks John (Garret Dillahunt) and June Dorie (Jenna Elfman), chasing them to a ghost town. It is revealed that Dwight has been searching for Sherry for a year since he left Virginia, following notes from Sherry who seems to be on the run from somebody. After the situation is defused, Dwight, John and June work together to escape a herd, but Dwight doubles back to check their car where he expects to find the latest note from Sherry. After it turns out to be a dead end, Dwight, remorseful for his actions, contemplates suicide while surrounded by a herd of walkers. June talks Dwight out of it and the three work together to take out the walkers. That night, as Dwight inscribes a message that he is still looking on a wall, John approaches him and reveals that he has discovered that Dwight was checking the wrong car. As a result, Sherry may still be out there and left Dwight a note in the right car with John reassuring Dwight he knows what he's talking about due to his past as a police officer. Shortly afterwards, Dwight is reunited with Morgan Jones (Lennie James) and the two men exchange easy banter, Morgan putting their past behind them. Dwight leads the group to the largest walker blockade yet, but their plan to take it out is derailed by a message from Max (Ethan Suess), leading them to find Dylan (Cooper Dodson) covered in blood in a van surrounded by walker guts. Dwight later continues his search with John, who finds a message from Sherry telling Dwight to stop searching for her as she doesn't want him to get hurt. John eventually tells Dwight the truth and he refuses to give up hope, but decides to join Morgan's group and rededicate himself to helping others in need to make up for his past.


title: Dwight (The Walking Dead)

text: In the second half of the season, Dwight is a member of Morgan's convoy. He takes part in the group's documentary, telling people about his search for his wife. While on a mission to answer a call for help Morgan, Dwight, and Grace (Karen David) discover a mall. Inside the mall appears to look just as before the time of the walkers, including food and an infirmary. In hopes to make it a new home and get the rest of the group, Dwight agrees to distract Logan's (Matt Frewer) group from the location. He calls out on an open channel the direction he's traveling. Dwight is taken as hostage by a member of Logan's group who was listening on that channel. When the group encounters Virginia (Colby Minifie) and her larger group, Virginia offers to use her large network to find out about Sherry for Dwight as incentive for him to join her, but he refuses. Virginia later reveals to Dwight that she did look as she promised and she found an engineer who claimed to have broken bread with Sherry only a few months before. According to the engineer, Sherry is extremely worried about Dwight. When Dwight expresses skepticism at Virginia's claims, Virginia points out that she knows Sherry's name as proof as Dwight had never called Sherry by name during the documentary. Dwight continues to refuse to join Virginia and later walks off when Morgan feels they have no choice but to call Virginia for help. After hearing a hallucination of Sherry's voice and finding some horses, Dwight returns and helps to deal with the herd at Humbug's Gulch. During John and June's wedding, Dwight gives them his and Sherry's wedding rings. Like the rest of Morgan's group, he is taken by Virginia and split up amongst her communities.


title: Dwight (The Walking Dead)

text: In "Alaska" Dwight goes with Althea on a mission assigned by Virginia, during the process of this mission, Dwight manages to find Sherry's whereabouts. They soon part ways once again, after Sherry becomes insecure.


title: Dwight (The Walking Dead)

text: In "J.D.," Sherry reveals that she intends to return to Virginia in order to kill Negan in revenge for his actions towards her. While initially reluctant, Dwight agrees to help Sherry begin her journey east again, but they help June and John Dorie Sr. with their attempt to get answers from Hill first. During this time, the two reminisce on happier times in their marriage. Sherry ends up choosing to give up on revenge and she and Dwight agree to start anew. June returns Dwight and Sherry's wedding rings to them as she no longer needs them.


title: Dwight (The Walking Dead)

text: In "The Beginning," Dwight and Sherry seek shelter from the coming destruction with the Larson family. Together, the two take out a couple of doomsday cultists that have forced the family out of their storm shelter. Tired of letting the bad guys win, Dwight cripples one of the bad guys and leaves him to die in the coming destruction. Hiding out in the storm shelter, Dwight and Sherry survive a nuclear shockwave that destroys the house.


title: Dwight (The Walking Dead)

text: In "Till Death," Dwight and Sherry are revealed to have become a team of "ethical outlaws" known as the Dark Horses. The two respond to distress calls and help those in need while also searching for the mysterious Padre. Victor Strand attempts to enlist their help to find Mickey, a woman who had escaped his tower, in exchange for a place in the Tower for themselves, but they both refuse, negatively comparing Strand and the Tower to Negan and the Sanctuary. Nevertheless, the two decide to help Mickey who turns out to be one of Dwight's favorite wrestlers alongside her missing husband whom Mickey is searching for. Returning to the storm shelter, Dwight and Sherry are devastated to find out that the Larson family have been murdered, something that Dwight blames himself for. Dwight splits off from the other two, intending to take Strand's offer, but he discovers that Eli, a criminal that the Dark Horses had previously fought, was hired by Strand to murder the Larsons. Enraged, Dwight purposefully leaves Eli to be devoured by a herd and aids Sherry and Mickey in taking out a herd at Mickey's old wrestling gym. Afterwards, Dwight reveals to Sherry that he wants to have a family with her. Having discovered her husband undead, Mickey chooses to join the Dark Horses, only to have the Stalkers ambush the three and "invite" them to help the Stalkers to find Padre.


title: Dwight (The Walking Dead)

text: Noel Murray of "Rolling Stone" ranked Dwight 22nd in a list of 30 best "Walking Dead" characters, saying, "The introduction of one of the comics' most important characters happened so stealthily (via what seemed at time like a one-off episode, last season's "Always Accountable") that even die-hard fans didn’t recognize that they'd just met the man who'll play such a major role in the Negan/Saviors storyline. Season Seven has fleshed Dwight (Austin Amelio) out a lot more, making his original appearance all the more tragic in retrospect."


title: Coelophysis

text: Coelophysis ( traditionally; or , as heard more commonly in recent decades) is an extinct genus of coelophysid theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 228 to 201.3 million years ago during the latter part of the Triassic Period from the Carnian and Rhaetian faunal stages in what is now the southwestern United States. "Megapnosaurus" was once considered a species within this genus, but this interpretation has been challenged since 2017 and the genus "Megapnosaurus" is now considered valid.


title: Coelophysis

text: "Coelophysis" was a small, slenderly-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore that could grow up to long. It is one of the earliest known dinosaur genera. Scattered material representing similar animals has been found worldwide in some Late Triassic and Early Jurassic formations.


title: Coelophysis

text: The type species "C. bauri", originally given to the genus "Coelurus" by Edward Drinker Cope in 1887, was described by the latter in 1889. The names "Longosaurus" and "Rioarribasaurus" are synonymous with "Coelophysis". "Coelophysis" is one of the most specimen-rich dinosaur genera.


title: Coelophysis

text: The type species of "Coelophysis" was originally named as a species of "Coelurus". Edward Drinker Cope first named "Coelophysis" in 1889 to name a new genus, outside of "Coelurus" and "Tanystropheus," which "C. bauri" was previously classified in, for "C. bauri", "C. willistoni" and "C. longicollis". An amateur fossil collector working for Cope, David Baldwin, had found the first remains of the dinosaur in 1881 in the Chinle Formation in northwestern New Mexico. Early in 1887, Cope referred the specimens collected to two new species, "C. bauri" and "C. longicollis" of the genus "Coelurus". Later in 1887 Cope reassigned the material to a yet another genus, "Tanystropheus". Two years later, Cope corrected his classification after realizing differences in the vertebrae, and named "Coelophysis", with "C. bauri" as the type species, which was named for Georg Baur, a comparative anatomist whose ideas were similar to Cope's. The name "Coelophysis" comes from the Greek words κοῖλος/koilos (meaning 'hollow') and φύσις/physis (meaning 'form'), together "hollow form", which is a reference to its hollow vertebrae. However, the first finds were too poorly preserved to give a complete picture of the new dinosaur. In 1947, a substantial 'graveyard' of "Coelophysis" fossils was found by George Whitaker, the assistant of Edwin H. Colbert, in New Mexico, at the Ghost Ranch, close to the original find. American Museum of Natural History paleontologist Edwin H. Colbert conducted a comprehensive study of all the fossils found up to that date and assigned them to "Coelophysis". The Ghost Ranch specimens were so numerous, including many well-preserved and fully articulated specimens, that one of them has since become the diagnostic, or type specimen, for the entire genus, replacing the original, poorly preserved specimen.""Syntarsus" rhodesiensis" was first described by Raath (1969) and assigned to Podokesauridae. The taxon "Podokesauridae", was abandoned because its type specimen was destroyed in a fire and can no longer be compared to new finds. Over the years paleontologists assigned the genus to Ceratosauridae (Welles, 1984), Procompsognathidae (Parrish and Carpenter, 1986) and Ceratosauria (Gauthier, 1986). In 2004 "Syntarsus" was found to be synonymous with "Coelophysis" by Tykoski and Rowe (2004). Ezcurra and Novas (2007) and Ezcurra (2007) also concluded that "Syntarsus" was synonymous with "Coelophysis". In a phylogenetic analysis by Ezcurra (2017), "Megapnosaurus" was recovered in a clade with "Segisaurus" and "Camposaurus", supporting the generic distinction of "Megapnosaurus". This was supported by Barta and colleagues in 2018, noting that "Coelophysis" still bears the vestigial 5th metacarpal, a feature absent in "Megapnosaurus".


title: Coelophysis

text: "Coelophysis" is known from a number of complete fossil skeletons of the species "C. bauri": a lightly built dinosaur that measured up to in length and was more than a meter tall at the hips. Paul (1988) estimated the weight of the gracile form at , and the weight of the robust form at , but later presented a higher estimate of . "Coelophysis" was a bipedal, carnivorous, theropod dinosaur and a fast and agile runner. Despite being an early dinosaur, the evolution of the theropod body form had already advanced greatly from creatures like "Herrerasaurus" and "Eoraptor". The torso of "Coelophysis" conforms to the basic theropod body shape, but the pectoral girdle displays some special characteristics: "C. bauri" had a furcula (wishbone), the earliest known example in a dinosaur. "Coelophysis" also preserves the ancestral condition of possessing four digits on the hand (manus). It had only three functional digits, the fourth embedded in the flesh of the hand.


title: Coelophysis

text: "Coelophysis" had narrow hips, forelimbs adapted for grasping prey, and narrow feet. Its neck and tail were long and slender. The pelvis and hindlimbs of "C. bauri" are also slight variations on the theropod body plan. It has the open acetabulum and straight ankle hinge that define the Dinosauria. The hindlimb ended in a three-toed foot (pes), with a raised hallux. The tail had an unusual structure within its interlocking prezygapophysis of its vertebrae, which formed a semi-rigid lattice, apparently to stop the tail from moving up and down.


title: Coelophysis

text: "Coelophysis" had a long narrow head (approximately ), with large, forward-facing eyes that afforded it stereoscopic vision and as a result excellent depth perception. Rinehart "et al." (2004) described the complete sclerotic ring found for a juvenile "Coelophysis bauri" (specimen NMMNH P-4200), and compared it to data on the sclerotic rings of reptiles and birds and concluded that "Coelophysis" was a diurnal, visually oriented predator. The study found that the vision of "Coelophysis" was superior to most lizards' vision, and ranked with that of modern birds of prey. The eyes of "Coelophysis" appear to be the closest to those of eagles and hawks, with a high power of accommodation. The data also suggested poor night vision, which would mean this dinosaur had a round rather than a split pupil.


title: Coelophysis

text: "Coelophysis" had an elongated snout with large fenestrae which helped to reduce skull weight, while narrow struts of bones preserved the structural integrity of the skull. The neck had a pronounced sigmoid curve. The braincase is known in "Coelophysis bauri" but little data could be derived because the skull was crushed. Unlike some other theropods, the cranial ornamentation of "Coelophysis" was not located at the top of its skull. Low, laterally raised bony ridges were present on the dorsolateral margin of the nasal and lacrimal bones in the skull, directly above the antorbital fenestra.


title: Coelophysis

text: A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group.


title: Coelophysis

text: According to Ezcurra (2007), and Bristowe and Raath (2004) "Coelophysis" can be distinguished based on the following features: the absence of an offset rostral process of the maxilla; the quadrate is strongly caudally; a small external mandibular fenestra, which is 9–10% of the mandibular length; and the anteroposterior length of the ventral lacrimal process is greater than 30% of its height.


title: Coelophysis

text: Several paleontologists consider "Coelophysis bauri" to be the same dinosaur as "Megapnosaurus rhodesiensis" (formerly "Syntarsus"), however this has been refuted by the following: Downs (2000) concluded that "C. bauri" differs from "C. rhodesiensis" in cervical length, proximal and distal hindlimb proportions and proximal caudal vertebral anatomy; Tykoski and Rowe (2004) concluded that "C. bauri" differs from "M. rhodesiensis" in that it lacks a pit at the base of the nasal process of the premaxilla; Bristowe and Raath (2004) concluded that "C. bauri" differs from "M. rhodesiensis" in having a longer maxillary tooth row; Barta "et al". (2018) concluded that "C. bauri" differed from "M. rhodesiensis" in that it bears its 5th metacarpal; and several features in the musculature of the limbs according to Griffin (2018).


title: Coelophysis

text: "Coelophysis" is a distinct taxonomic unit (genus), composed of one species; "C. bauri." Two additional originally described species, "C. longicollis" and "C. willistoni", are now considered dubious and undiagnostic. "M. rhodesiensis" was referred to "Coelophysis" for several years, but it is likely its own genus, and is known from the early Jurassic of southern Africa. A third possible species is "Coelophysis kayentakatae", previously referred to the genus "Megapnosaurus," from the Kayenta Formation of the southwestern US. In recent phylogenetic analyses, ""Syntarsus" kayentakatae" has been shown to be distantly related to "Coelophysis" and "Megapnosaurus", suggesting that it belongs to its own genus.


title: Coelophysis

text: In the early 1990s, there was debate over the diagnostic characteristics of the first specimens collected, compared to the material excavated at the Ghost Ranch "Coelophysis" quarry. Some paleontologists were of the opinion that the original specimens were not diagnostic beyond themselves and, therefore, that the name "C. bauri" could not be applied to any additional specimens. They therefore applied a different name, "Rioarribasaurus", to the Ghost Ranch quarry specimens.


title: Coelophysis

text: Since the numerous well-preserved Ghost Ranch specimens were used as "Coelophysis" in most of the scientific literature, the use of "Rioarribasaurus" would have been very inconvenient for researchers, so a petition was given to have the type specimen of "Coelophysis" transferred from the poorly preserved original specimen to one of the well-preserved Ghost Ranch specimens. This would make "Rioarribasaurus" a definite synonym of "Coelophysis", specifically a junior objective synonym. In the end, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) voted to make one of the Ghost Ranch samples the actual type specimen for "Coelophysis" and dispose of the name "Rioarribasaurus" altogether (declaring it a "nomen rejectum", or "rejected name"), thus resolving the confusion. The name "Coelophysis" therefore became a "nomen conservandum" ("conserved name").


title: Coelophysis

text: In a situation affecting many dinosaur taxa, some more recently discovered fossils were originally classified as new genera but may be species of "Coelophysis". For example, Prof. Mignon Talbot's 1911 discovery which she named "Podokesaurus holyokensis", has long been considered to be related to "Coelophysis", and some modern scientists consider "Podokesaurus" a synonym of "Coelophysis". Another specimen from the Portland Formation of the Hartford Basin, now at the Boston Museum of Science, has also been referred to "Coelophysis". The specimen consists of sandstone casts of a pubis, tibia, three ribs, and a possible vertebra, and probably originated in a quarry in Middletown, Connecticut. However, both the type specimen of "Podokesaurus" and the Middletown specimen are typically considered indeterminate theropods today.


title: Coelophysis

text: Sullivan & Lucas (1999) referred one specimen from Cope's original material of "Coelophysis" (AMNH 2706) to what they thought was a newly discovered theropod, "Eucoelophysis". However, subsequent studies have shown that "Eucoelophysis" was misidentified, and is actually a primitive, non-dinosaurian ornithodiran closely related to "Silesaurus".


title: Coelophysis

text: The genus "Syntarsus" was named by Raath in 1969 for the type species "Syntarsus rhodesiensis" from Africa, and later applied to the North American "Syntarsus kayentakatae". It was renamed by American entomologist Dr. Michael Ivie (Montana State University of Bozeman), Polish Australian Dr. Adam Ślipiński, and Polish Dr. Piotr Węgrzynowicz (Muzeum Ewolucji Instytutu Zoologii PAN of Warsaw), the three scientists who discovered that the genus name "Syntarsus" was already taken by a colydiine beetle described in 1869. Many paleontologists did not like the naming of "Megapnosaurus", partially because taxonomists are generally expected to allow original authors of a name to correct any mistakes in their work. Raath was aware of the homonymy between the dinosaur "Syntarsus" and beetle "Syntarsus", but the group who published "Megapnosaurus" were led to believe Raath was deceased and therefore unable to correct his mistake, and proceeded accordingly. Mortimer (2012) pointed out that "Paleontologists might have reacted more positively if the replacement name ("Megapnosaurus") hadn't been facetious, translating to "big dead lizard". Yates (2005) analyzed "Coelophysis" and "Megapnosaurus" and concluded that the two genera are almost identical, and suggested that "Megapnosaurus" was possibly synonymous with "Coelophysis". In 2004, Raath co-authored two papers in which he argued that "Megapnosaurus" (formerly "Syntarsus") was a junior synonym of "Coelophysis". "Megapnosaurus" was regarded by Paul (1988) and Downs (2000) as being congeneric with "Coelophysis". Then in 1993, Paul suggested that "Coelophysis" should be placed in "Megapnosaurus" (then known as "Syntarsus") to get around the above-mentioned taxonomic confusion. Downs (2000) examined "Camposaurus" and concluded that it was a junior synonym of "Coelophysis", because of its similarity to some of the "Coelophysis" Ghost Ranch specimens. However, a reassessment of the "Camposaurus" holotype by Martin Ezcurra and Stephen Brusatte published in 2011 revealed a pair of autapomorphies in the holotype, indicating that "C. arizonensis" was not a synonym of "C. bauri", although it was a close relative of "M. rhodesensis". Barta "et al". (2018) concluded that "C. bauri" differed from "M. rhodesiensis" in that it bears its 5th metacarpal and several features in the musculature of the limbs according to Griffin (2018).


title: Coelophysis

text: The teeth of "Coelophysis" were typical of predatory dinosaurs, blade-like, recurved, sharp and jagged with fine serrations on both the anterior and posterior edges. Its dentition shows that it was carnivorous, probably preying on the small, lizard-like animals that were discovered with it. It may also have hunted in packs to tackle larger prey. "Coelophysis bauri" has approximately 26 teeth on the maxillary bone of the upper jaw and 27 teeth on the dentary bone of the lower jaw. Carpenter (2002) examined the bio-mechanics of theropod forelimbs and attempted to evaluate their usefulness in predation. He concluded that the forelimb of "Coelophysis" was flexible and had a good range of motion, but its bone structure suggested that it was comparatively weak. The "weak" forelimbs and small teeth in this genus, suggested that "Coelophysis" preyed upon animals that were substantially smaller than itself. Rinehart "et al." agreed that "Coelophysis" was a "hunter of small, fast-moving prey". Carpenter also identified three distinct models of theropod forelimb use and noted that "Coelophysis" was a "combination grasper-clutcher" as compared to other dinosaurs that were "clutchers" or "long armed graspers".


title: Coelophysis

text: It has been suggested that "C. bauri" was a cannibal, based on supposed juvenile specimens found "within" the abdominal cavities of some Ghost Ranch specimens. However, Robert J. Gay showed in 2002 that these specimens were misinterpreted. Several specimens of "juvenile coelophysids" were actually small crurotarsan reptiles such as "Hesperosuchus". Gay's position was lent support in a 2006 study by Nesbitt "et al." In 2009, new evidence of cannibalism came to light when additional preparation of previously excavated matrix revealed regurgitate material in and around the mouth of "Coelophysis" specimen NMMNH P-44551. This material included tooth and jaw bone fragments that Rinehart "et al." considered "morphologically identical" to a juvenile "Coelophysis."


title: Coelophysis

text: In 2010, Gay examined the bones of juveniles found within the thoracic cavity of AMNH 7224, and calculated that the total volume of these bones was 17 times greater than the maximum estimated stomach volume of the "Coelophysis" specimen. Gay observed that the total volume would be even greater when considering that there would have been flesh on these bones. This analysis also noted the absence of tooth marks on the bones as would be expected in defleshing, and the absence of expected pitting by stomach acids. Finally, Gay demonstrated that the alleged cannibalized juvenile bones were deposited stratigraphically below the larger animal that had supposedly cannibalized them. Taken together these data suggested that the "Coelophysis" specimen AMNH 7224 was not a cannibal and that the bones of the juvenile and adult specimens were found in their final position as a result of "coincidental superposition of different sized individuals.


title: Coelophysis

text: The discovery of over 1000 specimens of "Coelophysis" at the Whitaker quarry at Ghost Ranch, has suggested gregarious behavior to researchers like Schwartz and Gillette. There is a tendency to see this massive congregation of animals as evidence for huge packs of "Coelophysis" roaming the land. No direct evidence for flocking exists; the deposits only indicate that large numbers of "Coelophysis", along with other Triassic animals, were buried together. Some of the evidence from the taphonomy of the site indicates that these animals may have been gathered together to feed or drink from a depleted water hole or to feed on a spawning run of fish, and then became buried in a catastrophic flash flood or a drought.


title: Coelophysis

text: With 30 specimens of "C. rhodesiensis" found together in Zimbabwe some palaeontologists have suggested that "Coelophysis" was indeed gregarious. Again there is no direct evidence of flocking in this case and it has also been suggested that these individuals were also victims of flash flooding as it appears to have been commonplace during this period.


title: Coelophysis

text: Rinehart (2009) assessed the ontogenic growth of this genus using data gathered from the length of its upper leg bone (femur) and concluded that "Coelophysis" juveniles grew rapidly, especially during the first year of life. "Coelophysis" likely reached sexual maturity between the second and third year of life and reached its full size, just above 10 feet in length, by its eighth year. This study identified four distinct growth stages: 1-year, 2-year, 4-year, and 7+ year. It was also thought, that as soon as they were hatched, they would have to fend for themselves.


title: Coelophysis

text: Two "morphs" of "Coelophysis" have been identified: a more gracile form, as in specimen AMNH 7223, and a slightly more robust form, as in specimens AMNH 7224 and NMMNH P-42200. Skeletal proportions were different between these two forms; the gracile form has a longer skull, a longer neck, shorter forelimbs, and has sacral neural spines that are fused; and the robust form has a shorter skull, a shorter neck, longer forelimbs, and unfused sacral neural spines. Historically, many arguments have been made that this represents some sort of dimorphism in the population of "Coelophysis", probably sexual dimorphism. Raath agreed that dimorphism in "Coelophysis" is evidenced by the size and structure of the forelimb. Rinehart "et al." studied 15 individuals, and agreed that two morphs were present, even in juvenile specimens, and suggested that sexual dimorphism was present early in life, prior to sexual maturity. Rinehart concluded that the gracile form was female and the robust form was male based on differences in the sacral vertebrae of the gracile form, which allowed for greater flexibility for egg laying. Further support for this position was provided by an analysis showing that each morph comprised 50% of the population, as would be expected in a 50/50 sex ratio.


title: Coelophysis

text: However, more recent research has found that "C. bauri" and "C. rhodesiensis" had highly variable growth between individuals, with some specimens being larger in their immature phase than smaller adults were when completely mature; this indicates that the supposed presence of distinct morphs is simply the result of individual variation. This highly variable growth was likely ancestral to dinosaurs but later lost, and may have given such early dinosaurs an evolutionary advantage in surviving harsh environmental challenges.


title: Coelophysis

text: Through the compilation and analysis of a database of nearly three dozen birds and reptiles, and comparison with existing data about the anatomy of "Coelophysis" Rinehart "et al." (2009) drew the following conclusions. It was estimated that average egg of "Coelophysis" was 31–33.5 millimeters across its minor diameter, and that each female would lay between 24 and 26 eggs in each clutch. The evidence suggested that some parental care was necessary to nurture the relatively small hatchlings during the first year of life, where they would reach 1.5 meters in length by the end of their first growth stage. "Coelophysis bauri" invested as much energy in reproduction as other extinct reptiles of its approximate size.


title: Coelophysis

text: In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists, 14-foot bones referred to "Coelophysis" were examined for signs of stress fracture, but none were found.


title: Coelophysis

text: In "C. rhodesiensis", healed fractures of the tibia and metatarsus have been observed, but are very rare. "[T]he supporting butresses of the second sacral rib" in one specimen of "Syntarsus rhodesiensis" showed signs of fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry results from developmental disturbances and is more common in populations under stress and can therefore be informative about the quality of conditions a dinosaur lived under.


title: Coelophysis

text: Edwin H. Colbert has suggested that the theropod footprints referred to the ichnogenus "Grallator", located in the Connecticut River Valley across Connecticut and Massachusetts, may have been made by "Coelophysis". The footprints are from the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic aged Newark Supergroup. They clearly show digits II III and IV but not I or V. That condition is strange for footprints of their age. The digits I and V were presumed to be stubby and ineffective, not touching the ground when the dinosaur was walking or running. They have been thought to be from an unidentified, primitive saurischian similar to "Coelophysis" by David B. Weishampel and L. Young more recently. Skeletal remains resembling "Coelophysis" have also been found in the valley, supporting the idea that a species similar to "Coelophysis" is responsible for the footprints.


title: Coelophysis

text: Specimens of "Coelophysis" have been recovered from the Chinle Formation of New Mexico and Arizona, more famously at the Ghost Ranch (Whitaker) quarry in the Rock Point member among other quarries in the underlying Petrified Forest member, the sediments of which have been dated to approximately 212 million years ago, making them part of the middle Norian stage of the Late Triassic, but Thomas Holtz Jr. interpreted that it was during the Rhaetian stage from approximately 204 to 201.6 million years ago.


title: Coelophysis

text: "C. rhodesiensis" has been recovered in the Upper Elliott Formation in the Cape and Free State provinces of South Africa as well as the Chitake River bonebed quarry at the Forest Sandstone Formation in Zimbabwe.


title: Coelophysis

text: Ghost Ranch was located close to the equator over 200 million years ago, and had a warm, monsoon-like climate with heavy seasonal precipitation. Hayden Quarry, a new excavation site at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, has yielded a diverse collection of fossil material that included the first evidence of dinosaurs and less-advanced dinosauromorphs from the same time period. The discovery indicates that the two groups lived together during the early Triassic period 235 million years ago.


title: Coelophysis

text: Therrien and Fastovsky (2001) examined the paleoenvironment of "Coelophysis" and other early theropods from Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona, and determined that this genus lived in an environment that consisted of floodplains marked by distinct dry and wet seasons. There was a great deal of competition during drier times when animals struggled for water in riverbeds that were drying up.


title: Coelophysis

text: In the upper sections of the Chinle Formation where "Coelophysis" is found, dinosaurs were rare; so far only "Chindesaurus" and "Daemonosaurus" are known, the terrestrial fauna being dominated instead by other reptiles like the rhynchocephalian "Whitakersaurus"; the pseudosuchian "Revueltosaurus"; the aetosaurs "Desmatosuchus", "Typothorax" and "Heliocanthus"; the crocodilomorph "Hesperosuchus"; the "rauisuchians" "Shuvosaurus", "Effigia" and "Vivaron"; along other rare components like the dinosauriform "Eucoelophysis", and the amniote "Kraterokheirodon". In the waterways there are the phytosaur "Machaeroprosopus"; the archosauromorph "Vancleavea;" the amphibians "Apachesaurus" and "Koskinonodon"; and the fishes "Reticulodus", "Arganodus" and "Lasalichthyes".


title: Coelophysis

text: The multitude of specimens deposited so closely together at Ghost Ranch was probably the result of a flash flood, which swept away a large number of "Coelophysis" and buried them quickly and simultaneously. In fact, it seems that such flooding was commonplace during this period of the Earth's history and, indeed, the Petrified Forest of nearby Arizona is the result of a preserved log jam of tree trunks that were caught in one such flood. Whitaker quarry at Ghost Ranch is considered a monotaxic site because it features multiple individuals of a single taxon. The quality of preservation and the ontogenic (age) range of the specimens helped make "Coelophysis" one of the best known of all genera. In 2009, Rinehart "et al." noted that in one case the "Coelophysis" specimens were "washed into a topographic low containing a small pond, where they probably drowned and were buried by a sheet flood event from a nearby river."


title: Coelophysis

text: The 30 specimens of "C. rhodesiensis" found together in Zimbabwe was also probably the result of a flash flood, which swept away a large number of "Coelophysis" and buried them quickly and simultaneously as well.


title: Coelophysis

text: "Coelophysis" was the second dinosaur in space, following "Maiasaura" (STS-51-F). A "Coelophysis" skull from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History was aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-89 when it left the atmosphere on 22 January 1998. It was also taken onto the space station Mir before being returned to Earth.


title: Coelophysis

text: As being over 100 years old, "Coelophysis" is one of the best-known dinosaurs in literature. It was designated as the official state fossil of New Mexico in 1981, and is now the logo of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History.


title: Smashburger

text: Smashburger IP Holder LLC, doing business as Smashburger, (stylized as SmasHBURGER), is an American fast-casual hamburger restaurant chain founded in Denver, Colorado. As of 2022, it has more than 227 corporate and franchise-owned restaurants in 35 U.S. states and the District of Columbia and 2 Canadian provinces.


title: Smashburger

text: Founded in 2007 by restaurant industry veterans Rick Schaden and Tom Ryan, the chain serves "smashed" burgers using a specialized process of cooking them on a flattop grill at a high heat. This technique originated in the Great Lakes region at pressed-chuck burger restaurants, and has been a staple there for decades. The method sears the burger for flavor. These are then topped with additional ingredients and can be customized. At one time, the chain offered unique burgers in each city where its restaurants are located. The menu also includes chicken, turkey and portobello sandwiches as well as french fries, sweet potato fries, fried pickles and other items. Some locations offer the Udi’s gluten-free bun.


title: Smashburger

text: The restaurant saw rapid growth after its first location opened in 2007 and it added several hundred locations within a few years, although a larger slowdown of the "better burger" industry saw it slow its size and expansion plans. Company leaders initially considered an IPO, but Philippine-based quick-service operator Jollibee Foods Corporation bought a 40 percent stake in the company in 2015, at which time it was valued at $335 million. As of December 2018, Jollibee acquired 100% of Smashburger.


title: Smashburger

text: Smashburger was founded in 2007 by two fast food industry veterans. Tom Ryan had previously helped to develop the stuffed crust pizza concept for Pizza Hut and later served as chief concept officer for McDonald's, and Rich Schaden was a former owner of Quiznos. The two launched the venture with private equity firm Consumer Capital Partners. The restaurant was envisioned to highlight a higher market for hamburgers, as a part of a wave of "better burger" restaurants including Shake Shack, which uses similar techniques. It adopted the name Smashburger, Ryan later said, because the name "had this really great hand-crafted connotation, which we do. It also kind of had this organic, earthy, commonly popular approach, and it had a little edginess to it, for younger [generation] people." Ryan has a Ph.D. in flavor and fragrance technology and lipid toxicology from Michigan State University.


title: Smashburger

text: With $15 million in capital, the two bought a Denver restaurant, Icon Burger, to experiment with cooking and management techniques for a higher-end burger restaurant. The founders then spent six months developing an efficient and fast "kitchen engine", designing the restaurant's kitchen to have modular surfaces, and with a central griddle that houses a refrigerated area underneath where meatballs are stored. This allows the burger cook to be properly supplied without having to walk away from the griddle. The kitchen concept was later adapted and standardized for every Smashburger location. The restaurant's signature "smashing" technique is achieved with a special cutter and technique, which also allows it to train new cooks quickly and open new locations without having to redesign the back-end process. They used flattop grills for the kitchen and rejected char broilers or barbecue grills, and the founders did a blind taste test of 300 kinds of beef, including varieties of Wagyu and Kobe, for the burgers before settling on chopped Angus beef. During the taste testing, the founders systematically narrowed the choices of beef based on test results; when only four beef types remained, they found that all were Angus beef from different distributors.


title: Smashburger

text: With David Prokupek as CEO and Ryan focusing on developing the menu, the restaurant was designed with quick scalability in mind. The first Smashburger restaurant opened in Denver in June 2007, and the chain then expanded to Houston, and then to Minneapolis, areas where Ryan and other founding management were familiar with the local real estate market.


title: Smashburger

text: Marketing for the restaurants focused on the customizability of the menu, freshness of ingredients, and features to give each restaurant a local feel. The chain's first marketing revolved around the tagline "Smash, sizzle, savor." In 2011, as the business was growing at a steady clip, it shifted its theme to "Smashed Fresh. Served Delicious." The restaurant identified 14 distinct customer archetypes to pursue based on income levels, geography, education and lifestyle. While it initially relied heavily on social media to build its brand, the company started television and radio advertising in 2013 with Denver-based Definite Productions as a marketing manager. It later hired one of the executives from that company as chief marketing officer.


title: Smashburger

text: The restaurant chain grew to 143 locations, half franchises, and $54 million in annual revenue by the end of 2011. That year, it was reported to have as many as 450 franchise agreements in the books. That year it announced plans to open new locations around airports in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain through franchises. It had grown to 170 locations around the world by 2013, and $228 million in revenue. In 2014 it grew to 256 locations and $300 million in revenue. It had grown to 312 stores with 7,000 employees in early 2015. In mid-2016 this had grown to 365 locations. That year, the company announced a franchise agreement with Pearl Investments LLC to open 26 new locations in the United Arab Emirates and Qatar. By mid-2017, this had grown to 380 locations in 38 U.S. states and nine countries, of which 220 were company owned and the rest were franchises.


title: Smashburger

text: The success of Smashburger and other specialty burger restaurants is credited with taking market share from major fast food brands like McDonald's, even with Smashburger's burgers selling at higher prices. Where McDonald's was considered the market leader for casual dining, it saw a sales drop of 2.4 percent and a 15 percent drop in net income in 2014, the first decline in those figures in 33 years. Changed consumer tastes, in particular Smashburger's popularity, was credited, because of a customer perception that Smashburger's food was of higher quality and more customizable. Still, Smashburger commands a relatively small portion of the larger U.S. market for burgers. The restaurant had an estimated 0.2 percent U.S. market share in 2014, compared to 1.4 percent for Five Guys and a combined 71 percent for McDonald's, Wendy's and Burger King.


title: Smashburger

text: Growing quickly, Smashburger was by 2013 considered an attractive prospect for an IPO. That year, it secured a $35 million debt facility from Golub Capital. This capital, in addition to the revenue generated by business operations, was thought to support two or three years worth of expansion by the chain. Its CEO said, though, that converting to a public company was a possibility for the company over the long-term. In 2015, Smashburger CEO Scott Crane again suggested the company could prepare for its own IPO at some point, saying it had until that point grown 20 to 25 percent and that it was adding 60 to 80 restaurants a year.


title: Smashburger

text: In October 2015, the Philippine-based quick-service operator Jollibee Foods Corporation announced that it had acquired a 40 percent stake in Smashburger for $100 million, in a deal that gave the chain an enterprise value of $335 million. Its CEO said the decision to sell would mean more stable long-term growth as opposed to relying on the stock market, which could be unpredictable. Following this, Smashburger began additional advertising, renegotiated leases for some of its restaurants and launched a subscription-based rewards program platform called Smash Pass in order to increase customer traffic. The chain also introduced Apple Pay, as well as offering specials like a pass that allows customers to buy a $1 burger a day for 54 days in a bid to build loyalty. It also introduced new menu items including a turkey burger, tater tots and a "triple double", although the latter prompted a copyright infringement lawsuit from In-n-Out Burger.


title: Smashburger

text: The restaurant faced difficulties in continuing to grow, in part as shoppers began to shift away from shopping in traditional retail centers where its restaurants were concentrated. At the same time, larger restaurant chains increased their efforts to grow sales and brought on higher-quality menu items to compete with Smashburger and restaurants like it. Subsequently, Smashburger saw its overall same-store sales decline as a number of other local "better burger" concepts grew. Crane left as CEO in April 2016, and was replaced by Mike Nolan, but he resigned nine months later and Ryan took over the role. The restaurant thus condensed its expansion strategy to focus on existing markets and began mentorship programs to develop leadership talent from within its ranks of workers. It also bought back some franchise restaurants in several major markets. Smashburger competitors like Shake Shack and Five Guys experienced many of these difficulties, as well.


title: Smashburger

text: In 2016, Smashburger was estimated to have $338.3 million in sales. On 13 February 2018, Jollibee increased its ownership stake to 85 percent of Smashburger in another $100 million deal. In making the acquisition, the companies said the move would allow Smashburger to further expand its presence in southeast Asia.


title: Smashburger

text: Smashburger uses market research to determine where to open new restaurants, and the restaurant has favored opening new locations next to many major college campuses in the United States, sometimes opening shops directly on campus which are run by concessionaire companies like Compass Group and Aramark. It has also sought to open locations in casinos, in particular signing agreements in casinos in Las Vegas and in Oklahoma. It has also opened locations in high-traffic airports as well, partnering with HMSHost. A typical Smashburger location sees $3,000 to $5,000 in revenue during a mealtime rush, but its highest-volume restaurants can see $3 million to $5 million a year in sales.


title: Smashburger

text: Ryan integrated ambiance, decor and music as a part of a larger customer experience. Restaurants are designed with specific decor, a prominently bright red color scheme, and customer flow. But, the restaurant does not have a model footprint and so each location can be tailored to the available space. Restaurant interiors are designed in a modern style with indirect lighting and decorated with locally produced photo murals. Customers order at a central counter and food is brought to them in stainless steel baskets. They are given silverware to eat with in place of plasticware. Restaurants are designed with a social feel in mind, and feature high tables and low tables, booths, and an outdoor patio.


title: Smashburger

text: The company has a tailored music soundtrack for restaurants as well. An internal team designed and built the initial soundtracks around the restaurant's "Smash, sizzle, savor" theme. As Smashburger began to grow, management brought in outside consultants in 2011 to develop a new program for music that would better fit a "modern, high-energy" restaurant concept, although it retains a family-friendly vibe. Music in restaurants was subsequently designed with a target audience of 32 years old, avoiding overly bubblegum or electronic music and rooted in contemporary pop, allowing its sound track to remain mainstream but allowing for older classics as well as new and emerging international music. International locations feature an American-inspired soundtrack as well.


title: Smashburger

text: The company also has employee incentives for stores it owns directly which it credits with boosting morale, including paying $9 an hour in 2011, above the then-minimum wage of $7.25. Bonuses are awarded for certain milestones as well. Cooks are awarded extra money for filling orders in under six minutes, while managers are given bonuses for meeting monthly revenue goals and gaining positive customer reviews.


title: Smashburger

text: The restaurant chain was named "America's Most Promising Company" in 2011 by "Forbes". In 2014, it again made this list coming in at number 6 for "America's Most Promising Companies". In 2017 the chain was named the number 9 favorite burger restaurant brand in America by The Harris Poll’s annual EquiTrend Study. Crane was named one of "10 Executives to Watch" by "Nation's Restaurant News" during his tenure at the company.


title: Smashburger

text: Smashburger’s menu focuses primarily on burgers, chicken sandwiches, black bean burgers and salads, with a variety of toppings and options that can be customized to a customer's taste. The company also offers a number of sides, including french fries, sweet potato fries, fried onions, and fried pickles, and "smash fries" which are topped with rosemary and olive oil. Many of the sandwiches are topped with an in-house "smash sauce" made with mayonnaise, mustard, pickles and lemon juice. Smashburger's main dessert item is a milkshake made with Häagen-Dazs ice cream. About 20 milkshakes are sold per 100 burgers.


title: Smashburger

text: The chain experimented with a breakfast menu for a time but it found this to be unprofitable, accounting for just 10 percent of its revenue but 30 percent of expenses. Some of its specialized locations such as those in casinos do continue to offer breakfast menus. Smashburger also attempted a system for customers to fill out menu cards as they waited in line which was not successful.


title: Smashburger

text: The restaurant's burgers are created using chopped Angus beef chuck steak cut into thin slices. Fast food restaurants more typically use ground beef to form burger patties. It also markets its meat as "fresh, never frozen" and the beef is transported in portions from distribution sites to restaurants each morning. There, employees divide the beef into loosely packed meatballs by hand. The burger meatball contains a bouillon-like flavoring and it is also seasoned with a proprietary blend that includes kosher salt, black pepper, and garlic, shortly before cooking. Meanwhile, the burger buns are made using a compression toaster and butter wheel so that they do not become too soggy once a patty is placed on them.


title: Smashburger

text: Burgers are produced in a made-to-order format, with Smashburger's signature "smashing" technique achieved by placing the meatball on a griddle heated to and pressing it hard using a special tool for 10 seconds to flatten it. Burgers typically are not further pressed after they have begun to cook; once the patty is heated to the point that fat begins to melt, pressing the burger will squeeze the juices out and cause it to dry out. The technique caramelizes the bottom of the patty onto the buttered griddle and locks the juices into the burger, preventing them from escaping and marinating the burger in its own juices. Smashburger's "smashing" technique also lets it cook burgers in three minutes, where a traditional burger can take up to eight minutes to cook. During mealtime rushes, this also means customers cycle through the tables in the restaurant more quickly and each table can turn three successive groups of guests per hour instead of two.


title: Smashburger

text: In order to avoid the stigma of a restaurant chain, Smashburger crafts local burgers for each city where it is located and markets them extensively. These burgers are designed after consulting with distributors for the kinds of ingredients that are most shipped to a particular city or geographic area. For instance, Smashburger's Colorado locations serve burgers with roasted green chiles, while locations in Miami serve burgers with grilled chorizo. In Minneapolis, the chain has a double-cheese, double-onion variety evoking Scandinavian and Germanic cuisine. Its Oklahoma variety features locally popular fried pickles, while Boston locations serve a burger with onions and a cranberry chutney supplied locally by Ocean Spray. The burgers tend to be original creations as opposed to duplicating local flavors; in the case of Minneapolis the chain deliberately avoided selling a burger that would resemble the locally renowned Jucy Lucy. There are exceptions, such as in Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids restaurants, where the local burger is topped with olives, a tradition that had once been locally popular.


title: Smashburger

text: The restaurant attracted criticism from health experts for the unhealthiness of some of its menu offerings. A large "BBQ Bacon and Cheddar" Smashburger has 1,050 calories, while a "Chocolate Oreo Shake" has 950 calories. Initially, the restaurant made only larger burgers and marketed large servings as a value add, but as it grew it began to offer different sizes to appeal to a larger audience. In order to appeal to people who are health-conscious and people who want less-expensive meals, the chain now offers burgers in , and varieties.


title: Smashburger

text: Smashburger sources its ingredients from producers local to its stores, where possible. Chicago-based locations serve burgers made with Sweet Baby Ray's barbecue sauce, while Tennessee burgers use Jack Daniel's BBQ sauce, Florida locations use barbecue sauce containing orange juice, New Orleans locations have a barbecue sauce containing Barq's syrup and Utah locations serve honey barbecue. Telera rolls are used as buns in California restaurants, pretzel buns are served in Chicago restaurants, onion rolls in Minnesota restaurants and brioche in New York restaurants.


title: Smashburger

text: In 2012, the company launched a program to partner with regional craft beer breweries to serve local beers to pair with its burgers and sandwiches. It promoted the new program with tasting events featuring bloggers and local media. In this program, each burger on Smashburger's menu is paired with a specific beer from the brewer, which is then sold in restaurant locations in that area. The partnerships caused a 30 to 50 percent increase in beer sales in stores, Ryan later said. About 15 to 20 percent of all orders now include a beer order. Among the breweries Smashburger partners with (as of 2016) are Deep Ellum Brewing Co. in Dallas, Summit Brewing Co. in Minneapolis, Sixpoint Brewery in New York, and Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. in Cincinnati.


title: Punjabi culture

text: Punjabi culture grew out of the settlements along the five rivers (the name "Punjab", is derived from two Persian words, "Panj" meaning "Five" and "Âb" meaning "Water") which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to 3000 BCE. Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership. The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the Green Revolution during the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan". Besides being known for agriculture and trade, the Punjab is also a region that over the centuries has experienced many foreign invasions and consequently has a long-standing history of warfare, as the Punjab is situated on the principal route of invasions through the northwestern frontier of the Indian subcontinent, which promoted to adopt a lifestyle that entailed engaging in warfare to protect the land. Warrior culture typically elevates the value of the community's honour (izzat), which is highly esteemed by Punjabis.


title: Punjabi culture

text: "Bhangra" is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that are increasingly listened to in the West and becoming a mainstream favourite. Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing with other compositions to produce award-winning music. Sufi music and Qawali, commonly practiced in Pakistani Punjab; are other important genres in the Punjab region.


title: Punjabi culture

text: Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with traditional musical instruments. Bhangra is one of the most famous dances originating in the Punjab by farmers during the harvesting season. It was mainly performed while farmers did agricultural chores. As they did each farming activity they would perform bhangra moves on the spot. This allowed them to finish their job in a pleasurable way. For many years, farmers performed bhangra to showcase a sense of accomplishment and to welcome the new harvesting season. Traditional bhangra is performed in a circle and is performed using traditional dance steps. Traditional bhangra is now also performed on occasions other than during the harvest season.


title: Punjabi culture

text: Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Christians may be conducted in Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Hindi or Pali by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times and itself have evolved in Pakistani Punjab and Indian Punjab.


title: Punjabi culture

text: Punjabi cuisine has a wide range of dishes and enjoys world wide popularity. Many entrepreneurs have built large personal fortunes by investing in the sector promoting Punjabi cuisine which uses a uniquely appealing spice palette. Punjabi cuisine has become popular in the world due, not only to its intrinsic quality, but also due to the Punjabi diaspora promoting popularity and visibility in the western world including the UK, and the U.S. Some of the most popular dishes include Butter Chicken, Tandoori chicken, Dal makhni, chicken tikka lababdar, Saron da saag and stuffed or un stuffed naans (a type of unleavened bread).


title: Punjabi culture

text: The Punjabi language is written with the Gurmukhi alphabet in India and with the Shahmukhi alphabet in Pakistan. Approximately 130 million people speak the Punjabi language.


title: Punjabi culture

text: In Punjabi literature, there are three major Punjabi romantic epic poems based on folktales: "Heer Ranjha" by the poet Waris Shah (1722-1798), "Sohni Mahiwal" and "Mirza Sahiban" (sung by late Alam Lohar). By the 10th century, many Hindu Nath poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works. Among the major Punjabi poets are Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179-1266), Baba Guru Nanak (1469-1539) and Bulleh Shah (1680-1757).


title: Punjabi culture

text: A Dastar is an proud of headgear associated with Sikhism and is an important part of the Punjabi and Sikh culture. Among the Sikhs, the "dastār" is an article of faith that represents equality, honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The Khalsa Sikh men and women, who keep the Five Ks, wear the turban to cover their long, uncut hair ("kesh"). The Sikhs regard the "dastār" as an important part of the unique Sikh identity. After the ninth Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur, was sentenced to death by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru created the Khalsa and gave five articles of faith, one of which is unshorn hair, which the "dastār" covers. Prior to Sikhi, only kings, royalty, and those of high stature wore turbans, but Sikh Gurus adopted the practice to assert equality and sovereignty among people.


title: Punjabi culture

text: Sari is also a favourite clothing to wear when it comes to punjabis, Lahore is known to wear the most saris, phulkari is the most loved sari design in punjab.


title: Punjabi culture

text: A Punjabi suit that features two items - a "qameez" (top), "salwar" (bottom) is the traditional attire of the Punjabi people. "Shalwars" are trousers which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt, which causes them to become pleated around the waist. The trousers can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the bias. The "kameez" is a long shirt or tunic. The side seams are left open below the waist-line (the opening known as the "chaak"), which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. The kameez is usually cut straight and flat; older kameez use traditional cuts; modern kameez are more likely to have European-inspired set-in sleeves. The combination garment is sometimes called "salwar kurta", "salwar suit", or "Punjabi suit". The shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn, and national dress, of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a dupatta around the head or neck. The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the chador or burqa (see hijab and purdah); for Sikh and Hindu women, the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered, as in a temple or the presence of elders. Everywhere in South Asia, modern versions of the attire have evolved; the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with higher splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves.


title: Punjabi culture

text: The Punjabi Muslims typically observe the Islamic festivals. The Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus typically do not observe these, and instead observe Lohri, Basant and Vaisakhi as seasonal festivals. The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to the lunar Islamic calendar (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year. The Hindu and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni-solar Bikrami calendar or Punjabi calendar and the date of the festival also typically varies in the Gregorian calendar but stays within the same two Gregorian months.


title: Punjabi culture

text: Some Punjabi Muslims participate in the traditional, seasonal festivals of the Punjab region: Baisakhi, Basant and to a minor scale Lohri, but this is controversial. Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation because of the religious basis of the Punjabi festivals, and they being declared haram (forbidden in Islam).


title: The Sentinel (short story)

text: "The Sentinel" is a science fiction short story by British author Arthur C. Clarke, written in 1948 and first published in 1951 as "Sentinel of Eternity", which was used as a starting point for the 1968 and "2001: A Space Odyssey".


title: The Sentinel (short story)

text: "The Sentinel" was written in 1948 for a BBC competition (in which it failed to place) and was first published in the magazine "10 Story Fantasy" in its Spring 1951 issue, under the title "Sentinel of Eternity". It was subsequently published as part of the short story collections "Expedition to Earth" (1953), "The Nine Billion Names of God" (1967), and "The Lost Worlds of 2001" (1972). Despite the story's initial failure, it changed the course of Clarke's career.


title: The Sentinel (short story)

text: "The Sentinel" (published 1982) is also the title of a collection of Arthur C. Clarke short stories, which includes the eponymous "The Sentinel", "Guardian Angel" (the inspiration for his 1953 novel "Childhood's End"), "The Songs of Distant Earth", and "Breaking Strain".


title: The Sentinel (short story)

text: The story deals with the discovery of an artefact on Earth's Moon left behind eons ago by ancient aliens. The object is made of a polished mineral, is tetrahedral in shape, and is surrounded by a spherical force-field. The narrator speculates at one point that the mysterious aliens who left this structure on the Moon may have used mechanisms belonging "to a technology that lies beyond our horizons, perhaps to the technology of para-physical forces."


title: The Sentinel (short story)

text: The narrator speculates that for millions of years (evidenced by dust buildup around its force-field) the artefact has been transmitting signals into deep space, but it ceases to transmit when, sometime later, it is destroyed "with the savage might of atomic power". The narrator hypothesizes that this "sentinel" was left on the Moon as a "warning beacon" for possible intelligent and spacefaring species that might develop on Earth.


title: The Sentinel (short story)

text: Algis Budrys found "The Sentinel" to be infuriating, saying that "one can raise a formidable reputation for profundity by repeating, over and over again, that the universe is wide and man is very small ... while our instruments show that the universe is wide, they are our instruments and we managed somehow to build them. There is no evidence whatsoever that Man is that goddamned small".


title: The Sentinel (short story)

text: The story was adapted and expanded upon in the 1968 film "", made by filmmaker Stanley Kubrick. Kubrick and Clarke modified and fused the story with other ideas. Clarke expressed impatience with its common description as the story on which the novel and movie are based. He explained


The 2020 United States presidential election in Louisiana was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Louisiana voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, incumbent President Donald Trump, and running mate Vice President Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, and his running mate California Senator Kamala Harris. Louisiana has eight electoral votes in the Electoral College.


title: 2020 United States presidential election in Louisiana

text: Trump won Louisiana on the day of the election 58.5% to 39.9%, a margin of 18.6%, down from 19.4% in 2016. Per exit polls by the Associated Press, his strength in Louisiana came from White born-again/Evangelical Christians as well as conservative Roman Catholics who have a high population in Louisiana, who supported Trump with 91% and 80% of their vote. On the issue of abortion, 57% of voters believed abortion should be illegal in most or all cases. As is the case in most southern states, there was a stark racial divide in voting for this election: Whites supported Trump by 77%–22% while African-Americans supported Biden by 88%–10%.


text: The primary elections were originally scheduled for April 4, 2020. On March 13, they were moved to June 20 due to concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic. Then on April 14, they were further pushed back to July 11.


text: Incumbent President Donald Trump was essentially uncontested in the Republican primary. The state has 46 delegates to the 2020 Republican National Convention.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: Shimla Mirchi () is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Ramesh Sippy, starring Hema Malini, Rajkummar Rao and Rakul Preet Singh. It is jointly produced by Ramesh Sippy, Rohan Sippy and Kiran Juneja. The film had a 5 years delay due to no buyer to buy the film. It was theatrically released in India on 3 January 2020.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: Avinash, former translator at Japanese Embassy in India, visits a temple with his family, where he meets beautiful Naina and falls for her. His family also encounters Naina in another scene and likes her very much and wants Avi to marry her. To court Naina, Avi stays around the temple and works at her coffee shop that is about to open.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: Naina's parents have separated for long. Her father Tilak even has a new girlfriend around her age. However, her mother Rukmini is always unwilling to sign the divorce paper because she still loves Tilak, and she is having depression due to the situation.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: Avi successfully befriends Naina, and sends her an anonymous love letter, which however annoys her but gives her and idea to cheer up her mom. She writes the same letter to her mom, which successfully cheers up the latter and Rukmini decides to find the secret lover.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: Meanwhile, Naina gets suspicious about Avi's over-excellence in the job, assuming he is not here to work for her, but to gradually take over the cafe. She fires him, but he says he will stay another month because according to the law, an employer must not fire an employee without noticing him in advance for at least a month.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: Accidentally, Rukmini mistakes Avi as her secret lover. Naina therefore request Avi to help, by pretending to be the secret lover for a few days. Avi agrees.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: After that, Avi realizes Naina is not interested in him at all, and even gets angry when receiving his love letter and that she just wants to use him to cheer up her mom. Upset Avi leaves Naina, but tells her that he was her actual secret lover before leaving.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: Rukmini also realizes that Avi loves Naina, and Naina finds out that she loves Avi too. Some time later, Naina receives wedding invitation from Avi. Shocked Naina immediately visits Avi, and asks him to cancel the wedding and marry her instead. Avi agrees.


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: It is finally revealed that Avi was not actually going to marry. The wedding invitation is a plan made up with by Rukmini to re-unite the two lovers. Later in Avi and Naina's wedding, Rukmini meets and reconciles with one of her former lover (Dharmendra)


title: Shimla Mirchi

text: It was theatrically released in India on 3 January 2020. And it was made available on Netflix on 27 January 2020.


title: Somoza family

text: The Somoza family () is a former political family that ruled Nicaragua for forty-three years from 1936 to 1979. Their family dictatorship was founded by Anastasio Somoza García and was continued by his two sons Luis Somoza Debayle and Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Anastasio Somoza García was the President of Nicaragua from 1937 until 1956. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Luis Somoza Debayle, who held the presidency from 1957 to 1963. The youngest Somoza son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, held two presidential terms: 1967-1972 and 1974-1979. Although the Somozas did not hold the presidency for the full forty-three years, they continued to rule through puppet presidents and their control of the National Guard.


title: Somoza family

text: While the Somoza family made advancements towards modernising Nicaragua, their rule was still characterised by repression and inequality. Over four decades, the Somoza family accumulated wealth through corporate bribes, land grabbing and foreign aid siphoning. The family was supported by the United States and the leadership styles of each Somoza president differed.


title: Somoza family

text: Ultimately, the Somoza family was overthrown by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (SNLF) during the Nicaraguan Revolution. Widespread discontent with the Somoza regime emerged following the Managua earthquake of 1972. Anastasio Somoza Debayle declared himself the Head of the National Emergency Committee and used his power to participate in looting and the mismanagement of international aid funding. Discomfort increased with the rise of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and the Somoza government’s human rights violations. Various opposition groups emerged and two key approaches to overthrow the dictatorship became clear. While the Broad Opposition Front (FAO) attempted to reach a solution via negotiation, the FSLN pushed insurrection. When negotiations failed, the insurrection movement gained momentum resulting in the Somoza government's international, political and military isolation. On 17 July 1979, Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned as President of Nicaragua, marking the end of the Somoza family dictatorship.


title: Somoza family

text: For their more than four decades in power, the Somoza family accumulated wealth through corporate bribes, industrial monopolies, land grabbing, and foreign aid siphoning. By the 1970s, the family owned around 23 percent of the land in Nicaragua. The Somoza's wealth reached approximately $533 million, which amounted to half of Nicaragua's debt and 33 percent of the country's 1979 GDP.


title: Somoza family

text: Anastasio Somoza García (1 February 1898 – 29 September 1956) was the founder of the Somoza dictatorship. He was born into a wealthy coffee planter family as the son of senator Anastasio Somoza Reyes and Julia García. He was educated at the Instituto Nacional de Oriente and the Pierce School of Business Administration in Philadelphia. During his time in the United States, he learned the English language and met his wife Salvadora Debayle Sacasa, the daughter of a wealthy and politically connected family.


title: Somoza family

text: After returning to Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza García joined the Liberal revolt in 1926. He worked as an interpreter during peace talks between the United States and the Nicaraguan factions, improving his reputation among United States officials. When José María Moncada assumed the presidency in 1929, he served as the Governor of León, the Consul to Costa Rica, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Moncada’s personal aide. When the United States Marines organised the National Guard, Somoza became an officer and later an assistant to the Commander. Following the Marine departure in 1933, he became the Head of the National Guard.


title: Somoza family

text: In 1936, Anastasio Somoza García executed a military coup. Leveraging his control of the National Guard, he overthrew President Juan Bautista Sacasa and replaced him with his own candidate for Acting President, Carlos Brenes Jarquín. Somoza was nominated for the presidency a week later at a Liberal Party convention on 16 June 1936 and was inaugurated into office on 1 January 1937.


title: Somoza family

text: Anastasio Somoza García was the President of Nicaragua for the next nineteen years. He occupied the presidency directly for most of this period, only occasionally ruling through puppets. To maintain support from the National Guard, he put family members and close friends in positions of power. He fostered the support of the United States, with his regime backing U.S. foreign policy. He pursued economic developmentalism and sought to modernise Nicaragua. García's policies focused on growing exports, as well as creating economic infrastructure and public agencies. These policies did little for the common citizen, but benefited Somoza’s fortune significantly.


title: Somoza family

text: Anastasio Somoza García was assassinated in 1956. He was shot by poet Rigoberto López Pérez and died several days later on 29 September 1956.


title: Somoza family

text: Luis Somoza Debayle (18 November 1922 – 13 April 1967) was the eldest son of Anastasio Somoza García. He was born in León, Nicaragua and received an American education at Saint Leo College Prep School, La Salle Military Academy and Louisiana State University. He became a captain in the National Guard by the age of eighteen and entered Congress by 1950. By 1956 he became the President of Congress, constitutionally empowering him to fill the Presidency in the instance of an unexpected vacancy. Upon his father’s assassination in 1956, Luis Somoza Debayle became the Acting President of Nicaragua. He was formally elected into presidency through fraudulent elections in 1957, making him the 26th President of Nicaragua.


title: Somoza family

text: Luis Somoza Debayle’s presidential term made attempts at modernisation and political liberalisation. In 1959, he restored the constitutional ban on immediate re-election and presidential succession by relatives. This prevented his younger brother, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, from running in the 1963 presidential election. In 1960, Nicaragua established the Central American Common Market alongside El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. This improved Nicaragua’s Central American relations and led to rapid growth of the Nicaraguan economy. Luis maintained his father’s favourability to the United States. Luis' government condemned the Cuban Revolution and played a leading role in the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. He put in place numerous socio-economic reforms in public housing, education, social security and agrarian reform, closely coinciding with the United States’ Alliance for Progress initiative. While these policies created jobs, they further enriched the privileged and had limited benefit for impoverished Nicaraguans.


title: Somoza family

text: Luis Somoza Debayle’s presidential term ended in 1963. Between 1963 and 1967, he ruled through puppet presidents. René Shick Guitérrez won the 1963 presidential election and ruled until his death in 1966. He was succeeded by Lorenzo Guerrero Guitérrez. Luis Somoza Debayle died of a heart attack in 1967.


title: Somoza family

text: Anastasio Somoza Debayle (5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was the youngest son of Anastasio Somoza García. He received an American education at West Point and was the Head of the National Guard from 1955.


title: Somoza family

text: Anastasio Somoza Debayle’s first presidential term was from 1967 to 1972. His leadership differed from his older brother’s and marked a return to his father's harsher style of personalist dictatorship. He relied on military power and exercised no restraint in using public office for personal enrichment. He encouraged corruption and protected his officers from prosecution. He developed a reputation as a human rights violator and replaced his brother’s skilled administrators with unqualified political allies. By the 1970s, the government was becoming corrupt and inefficient.


title: Somoza family

text: While his first term was meant to expire in 1971, Anastasio Somoza Debayle amended the re-election ban in the constitution, allowing him to serve as president for an additional year. Somoza ruled through puppets in the period between his first and second presidential terms. He organised a pact with Fernando Agüero, the leader of the Conservative party, whereby he would transfer power to a triumvirate. Under the arrangement, the triumvirate would rule temporarily while an election was held, and a new constitution was written. When the transfer took place in 1972, Somoza returned to his role as the Head of the National Guard. He was later re-elected as president in 1974.


title: Somoza family

text: The downfall of the Somoza dictatorship coincided with Anastasio Somoza Debayle’s second presidential term. He resigned as president in July 1979 and was assassinated in September 1980.


title: Somoza family

text: On 23 December 1972, an earthquake devastated the Nicaraguan capital city of Managua. The earthquake killed 10,000 people, left many homeless and caused widespread infrastructural damage. Although he was not president at the time, Anastasio Somoza Debayle quickly established the National Emergency Committee of which he was the head. This put him in the position to allocate relief funds, which he did in a corrupt and self-serving manner. International aid enriched the Somoza family instead of reaching victims. Emergency housing funds received from the United States Agency for International Development went disproportionately into the construction of luxury housing for National Guard officers, with the homeless provided hastily constructed wooden shacks. Furthermore, as Head of the National Guard, Somoza allowed the National Guard to participate in the looting of the remaining business establishments, purchasing land and industries that would figure lucratively in the reconstruction. The promised reconstruction of the city never took place with reconstruction of roads, drainage systems and public transportation grossly mishandled.


title: Somoza family

text: It was at this point that open expressions of discontent with the Somoza regime began to surface. In particular, the Somoza government began to lose the support from Nicaragua’s economic elite which it had previously been supported by. As a result, the business community began financially supporting the FSLN, an opposition group.


title: Somoza family

text: In 1961, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) was formally organised. The FSLN began as a group of Marxist, antigovernment student activists at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua in the late 1950s. By the early 1970s, the group had gained enough support to launch limited military initiatives.


title: Somoza family

text: On 27 December 1974, a group of FSLN guerrillas seized the home of former government official, José Maria Castillo, and held a group of leading Nicaraguan officials hostage, many of whom were Somoza relatives. The FSLN made their demands known and an agreement was made between the Somoza government and the guerrillas on 30 December 1974. As a result, the guerrillas received a US$1 million ransom and had a FSLN declaration read over the radio and printed in La Presna. Furthermore, the guerrillas negotiated the release and transportation of fourteen FSLN prisoners to Cuba along with themselves. The success of the operation saw the FSLN’s prestige soar and damaged perceptions of the Somoza regime.


title: Somoza family

text: Anastasio Somoza Debayle responded to the increasing opposition brought about by the FLSN by imposing a state of siege and censoring the press. During this time, the National Guard engaged in widespread torture, rape, arbitrary imprisonment and execution of opponents and peasants. These human rights violations led to national and international condemnation of the Somoza regime and built support for the FSLN.


title: Somoza family

text: In 1977, the Jimmy Carter administration made United States military assistance conditional on improvements to human rights. This, accompanied by condemnation, led Somoza to lift the state of siege and reinstated freedom of the press in September 1977.


title: Somoza family

text: Reinstated freedoms allowed newspapers to cover opposition activities and the rights violations of the Somoza government. This led to rising discomfort with the Somoza government and strengthened support of the opposition.


title: Somoza family

text: The FSLN attacked National Guard outposts across the country and gained support from Los Doce, an opposition group composed of Nicaragua’s elite calling for the inclusion of the FSLN in any post-Somoza government.


title: Somoza family

text: On 10 January 1978, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, the owner of La Presna and founder of the Democratic Liberation Union opposition group, was assassinated. Somoza’s son and the National Guard were held responsible, provoking mass demonstrations against the Somoza government.


title: Somoza family

text: During the Somoza regime, numerous opposition groups emerged in addition to the FSLN. In May 1978, the Conservative Party joined the Democratic Liberation Union, Los Doce and the Nicaraguan Democratic Movement in creating the Broad Opposition Front (FAO). FAO aimed to achieve a negotiated solution with the Somoza government, operating through strikes and mediation. The FSLN responded to FAO by establishing the United People’s Movement. The United People’s Movement had a different approach to reaching a solution, promoting warfare and nationwide insurrection as the means to overthrow the dictatorship.


title: Somoza family

text: In August 1978, the FSLN took over the National Palace, holding government officials and members of congress hostage. Somoza had no choice but to meet their demands, further tarnishing the Somoza image and undermining the regime’s power.


title: Somoza family

text: By late 1978, FAO’s failure to obtain a negotiated solution led to the increasing strength of the insurrection movement. Los Doce withdrew from FAO in October and many FAO members resigned. The mediation effort officially collapsed in January 1979, when Somoza refused to hold a national plebiscite and insisted on remaining in power until 1981. As a result, the insurrection movement gained momentum and fighting increased.


title: Somoza family

text: In February 1979, the FSLN seized the opportunity afforded by the collapse of negotiations to broaden its support base and form the National Patriotic Front which included Los Doce, the Independent Liberal Party and Popular Social Christian Party. Heavy fighting broke out all over Nicaragua and the FSLN’s final offensive was launched in May 1979. These efforts saw the National Guard lose control over many areas of the country. By the end of June, most of Nicaragua was under FSLN control.


title: Somoza family

text: The Somoza regime’s political, international and military isolation forced Anastasio Somoza Debayle to consider resignation. A provisional Nicaraguan government in exile was organised in Costa Rice on 18 June 1979. The five-member junta promised a mixed economy, a nonaligned foreign policy and political pluralism.


title: Somoza family

text: On 17 July 1979, Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned as President of Nicaragua and fled to Miami, marking the end of the Somoza family dictatorship. Somoza handed over power to Francisco Maliano Urcuyo who would in turn transfer the government to the junta. He lived in Paraguay until 17 September 1980 when he was murdered by Argentine guerrillas.


title: Praful Patel

text: Praful Manoharbhai Patel (born 17 February 1957) is an Indian Nationalist Congress Party politician, industrialist and sports administrator.


title: Praful Patel

text: He was the president of India's association football governing body the All India Football Federation (AIFF) from 2009 till 2022 when the Committee of Administrators (CoA) took over the interim administration following the appointment by the Supreme Court. He became the Asian Football Confederation's vice president of the SAFF region at the AFC Congress held in Bahrain in 2015. In December 2016 he was appointed as the Senior Vice President of the Asian Football Confederation. In 2017, He became a member of a FIFA Finance Committee for a term of four years.


title: Praful Patel

text: Patel is the son of Indian National Congress politician Manoharbhai Patel, who represented Gondia in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. His father died when Patel was 13. His family runs the CEEJAY group tobacco conglomerate. He attended Mumbai's Campion School, and the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics. He graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of Bombay.


title: Praful Patel

text: Patel followed in his father's footsteps in choosing a political career. In 1985, he became the president of the Gondia Municipal Council, and in the 1991 Indian general election was elected to the 10th Lok Sabha. In 1996 and 1998 he was re-elected to the 11th Lok Sabha and 12th Lok Sabha respectively. Patel has served on a number of parliamentary committees, including the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (1991–1996), the Committee on Science and Technology (1994–1995), the Committee on Home Affairs (1995–1996), the Committee on Finance (1996–97), and the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha as a representative of Maharashtra in 2000. He was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha for his second term in 2006, and in the 2009 was elected to the 15th Lok Sabha for a fourth term. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha from Maharashtra in 2016.


title: Praful Patel

text: From 2004 to 2011, Patel was served as the Minister of Civil Aviation. In this role, the government increased the foreign direct investment cap in the domestic airlines sector from 40% to 49%. On 19 January 2011, Patel was relieved of Civil Aviation portfolio and became the cabinet minister for Minister of the Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises.


title: Praful Patel

text: On 9 January 2013, Patel launched the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 roadmap for introducing electric and hybrid vehicles in India. Patel launched a project to build the world's largest solar power plant near Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan. The project was planned to generate roughly 4000 MW of power, but following protest from environmental groups, the project site was moved to Kharaghoda in Surendranagar district of Gujarat.


title: Praful Patel

text: Under Patel, the All India Football Federation (AIFF) introduced the Indian Super League run by the Football Sports Development Pvt Ltd., which aims to make Indian football more competitive at an international level. In April 2014, Patel announced of the eight franchise owners in the Indian Super League.


title: Praful Patel

text: Patel signed agreements with the German Football Association (DFB), the French Football Federation (FFF) and the Japan Football Association (JFA) in 2015 for their support and expertise for the "mutual growth, promotion and continuous emphasis on the development of football."


title: Praful Patel

text: Patel brought back international friendlies to India, with Mumbai awarded its first international match in 61 years when India hosted Puerto Rice in 2016. Praful has said that India will host more friendly matches in the future.


title: Praful Patel

text: On 28 March 2016, Patel announced the commencement of a women's league later in 2016. In a Special General Body Meeting of the AIFF held in New Delhi, a women's league was introduced in line with Patel's plans to place more emphasis on women's football. On 17 October 2016, the women's football league trial kicked off for the first time in India in the city of Cuttack. On 24 January 2017 AIFF President Praful Patel launched the inaugural edition of the Indian Women's League at New Delhi. The league will commence from 28 January with six teams participating in it.


title: Praful Patel

text: On 1 December 2016, Patel was appointed as the senior vice president of the Asian Football Confederation. India subsequently won the rights to host the FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 and hosted the AFC U-16 Championship in September 2016. The All India Football Federation has also won the AFC Developing Member Association of the Year Award at the AFC's Annual Awards 2016 held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.


title: Praful Patel

text: On 21 January 2016, Praful Patel was elected unopposed as the AIFF President for the third consecutive terms.


title: Praful Patel

text: Patel was removed from his presidency of the AIFF by the Supreme Court and replaced by a Committee of Administrators (CoA) after failing to organise presidential elections despite his third term expiring in December 2020.


title: Praful Patel

text: In August 2022, FIFA suspended the All India Football Federation for violating its statutes on third-party interference. India was stripped off its hosting rights for international football tournaments, including the 2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup scheduled for October 2022. Patel who had stayed in office as the AIFF president despite his third term expiring in December 2020 had been replaced by a Supreme Court appointed Committee of Administrators (CoA). Patel was accused of orchestrating the AIFF's suspension by arranging a letter from FIFA and the Asian Football Confederation threatening AIFF with a suspension if he wasn't restored to its presidency. The Supreme Court dissolved the CoA and restored day-to-day management to the AIFF on August 22. FIFA lifted its suspension of the AIFF on August 26, and restored it the rights of the U-17 Women's World Cup.


title: Praful Patel

text: Patel is chairman of the Manoharbhai Patel Charitable Trust, which funds the Manoharbhai Patel Institute of Engineering and Technology, the president of the Gondia Education Society, the Gondwana Club, Nagpur Lions International Club, the Cricket Club of Mumbai and Mumbai Cricket Association.


title: Praful Patel

text: He married Varsha Patel, the daughter of a Gujarati businessman, on 10 February 10 1977. They have one son - Prajay - and three daughters - Poorna, Niyati and Avni.


title: Jim Furyk

text: James Michael Furyk (born May 12, 1970) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour and the PGA Tour Champions. In 2010, he was the FedEx Cup champion and PGA Tour Player of the Year. He has won one major championship, the 2003 U.S. Open. Furyk holds the record for the lowest score in PGA Tour history, a round of 58 which he shot during the final round of the 2016 Travelers Championship, and has earned notoriety for his unorthodox golf swing.


title: Jim Furyk

text: In September 2006 he reached a career high of second in the Official World Golf Ranking. He ranked in the top-10 for over 440 weeks between 1999 and 2016.


title: Jim Furyk

text: James Michael Furyk was born on May 12, 1970, in West Chester, Pennsylvania. His ancestry is Czech and Polish on his mother's side and Ukrainian and Hungarian on his father's side. His father, Mike, was an assistant pro at the Edgmont Country Club and later also spent time as a pro at West Chester Golf and Country Club as well as Hidden Springs Golf Course in Horsham. His early years were spent in the Pittsburgh suburbs learning the game from his father, who was also head pro at Uniontown Country Club in Uniontown, Fayette County.


title: Jim Furyk

text: Furyk graduated from Manheim Township High School in Lancaster County in 1988, where he played basketball in addition to being a state champion golfer. He played his junior golf at Meadia Heights Golf Club just south of Lancaster city. He played college golf at the University of Arizona in Tucson, where he was an All-American twice, and led the Wildcats to their first (and only) NCAA title in 1992.


title: Jim Furyk

text: Furyk turned professional in 1992. He won the Nike Mississippi Gulf Coast Classic on the Nike Tour in 1993. He joined the PGA Tour in 1994 and won at least one tournament each year between 1998 and 2003. At the time, this was the second-best streak of winning seasons behind Tiger Woods and he made the top ten in the Official World Golf Ranking. Furyk's biggest win to date came on June 15, 2003, when he tied the record for the lowest 72-hole score in U.S. Open history to win his first major championship.


title: Jim Furyk

text: In 2004, he only played in fourteen events after missing three months due to surgery to repair cartilage damage in his wrist; he missed six cuts and his highest finish was T6, which caused him to fall out of the top hundred on the money list. He returned to good form in 2005 and regained his top ten ranking, winning a PGA Tour event in that year and two in 2006. In the 2006 season, he finished a career-high second on the money list and won the Vardon Trophy for the first time. He had 13 top-10 finishes, including nine top-3s, four second-place finishes, and two victories.


title: Jim Furyk

text: The 2010 season was a banner one for Furyk. After going more than two seasons winless, he won a career-best three tournaments on Tour in 2010: The Transitions Championship, the Verizon Heritage, and the season-ending Tour Championship. His victory in the Tour Championship also earned him the 2010 FedEx Cup after winning by one stroke. His accomplishments in 2010 won him both the PGA Player of the Year and PGA Tour Player of the Year for the first time.


title: Jim Furyk

text: Since 2012, Furyk has come close on several occasions to winning more titles. At the 2012 U.S. Open, Furyk led after 54 holes and was still the leader deep into the final day, before snap hooking his drive into the trees at the 16th which led to a bogey and was followed by another at the 18th. He finished in a tie for fourth, two strokes behind Webb Simpson. At the 2012 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, Furyk led after the first three rounds and looked set to win the championship as he held a one-stroke lead going into the final hole, but a double-bogey cost him the title to Keegan Bradley.


title: Jim Furyk

text: At the 2013 PGA Championship, Furyk led by one stroke going into the final day over Jason Dufner, but this time his lead was overturned on the front nine and he was unable to reduce the deficit as Dufner won by two strokes. Furyk's caddy since 1999 has been Mike "Fluff" Cowan, who was Tiger Woods' caddy for Woods's first two years as a professional.


title: Jim Furyk

text: On September 13, 2013, Furyk shot a 12-under-par 59 in the second round of the BMW Championship at Conway Farms Golf Club in Lake Forest, Illinois, becoming just the sixth player to shoot 59 in a PGA Tour event.


title: Jim Furyk

text: In July 2014, Furyk held the 54-hole lead at the RBC Canadian Open, with a three stroke advantage over his nearest competitor Tim Clark. However Clark produced five birdies in his last eight holes to claim the title, after Furyk missed a 12 footer on the 18th green to force a playoff.


title: Jim Furyk

text: In February 2015, Furyk held a one shot lead at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am going into the final round, but shot a two over round of 74 to finish six strokes behind Brandt Snedeker. Furyk's round was the worst of any player to finish within the top 50 on the final day. Since Furyk's last victory at The Tour Championship in 2010, he is 0-for-9 with a lead/co-lead after 54 holes. On April 19, 2015, Furyk ended the long slump when he defeated Kevin Kisner with birdie on the second playoff hole at the RBC Heritage. The victory was his second at the event and his 17th victory on the PGA Tour.


title: Jim Furyk

text: In 2015, at the BMW Championship, Furyk withdrew with a wrist injury. This was his first withdrawal since 1995, it also came at the same course he had shot a 59 two years before. Furyk qualified for the 2015 Presidents Cup team but could not play due to the same injury and instead became an assistant captain. J. B. Holmes replaced him on the team.


title: Jim Furyk

text: Furyk missed the early part of the 2016 season after under-going wrist surgery. This caused him to miss the 2016 Masters Tournament and brought to end a run of 47 consecutive major championship appearances. In June 2016, at the 2016 U.S. Open, Furyk finished in a tie for second, three shots behind Dustin Johnson at one under par. He shot a four-under round of 66 in the final round to vault up the leaderboard. This was the third time during his career Furyk had been runner-up at the U.S. Open.


title: Jim Furyk

text: On August 7, 2016, Furyk shot a 12-under-par 58 in the final round of the Travelers Championship at TPC at River Highlands in Cromwell, Connecticut, becoming the first player to shoot 58 in a PGA Tour event. This also made Furyk the first PGA Tour pro to card two rounds under 60.


title: Jim Furyk

text: On January 11, 2017, Furyk was named as the United States Ryder Cup captain for 2018. At the 2018 Ryder Cup, the U.S. lost to the Europe team by 17½ points to 10½ at Le Golf National in France. Following the matches, Furyk was subject to criticism from Masters champion Patrick Reed. Reed criticized Furyk's manner of making pairings and, more specifically, his decision to break up the previously successful Reed-Jordan Spieth pairing.


title: Jim Furyk

text: The 2017–18 season was the first time Furyk was not fully exempt on the PGA Tour, playing the season with only past champion status. He started the 2018–19 season out of the 126–150 category.