title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: At the time he wrote "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" in early 1940, Borges was little known outside of Argentina. He was working in a local public library in Buenos Aires and had certain local fame as a translator of works from English, French and German, and as an "avant-garde" poet and essayist (having published regularly in widely read Argentinian periodicals such as "El Hogar", as well as in many smaller magazines, such as Victoria Ocampo's "Sur", where "Tlön..." was originally published). In the previous two years, he had been through a great deal: his father had died in 1938, and on Christmas Eve 1938, Borges himself had suffered a severe head wound in an accident; during treatment for that wound, he nearly died of a blood infection.


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: For some time before his father's death and his accident, Borges had been drifting toward writing fiction. His "" ("Universal History of Infamy"), published in 1935, used a baroque writing style and the techniques of fiction to tell the stories of seven historical rogues. These ranged from "" ("The Dread Redeemer Lazarus Morell")—who promised liberty to slaves in the American South, but brought them only death—to "El incivil maestro de ceremonias Kotsuké no Suké" ("The Insulting Master of Etiquette Kôtsuké no Suké"), the story of the central figure in the Japanese "Tale of the 47 Ronin", also known as Kira Kozuke-no-Suke Yoshinaka. Borges had also written a number of clever literary forgeries disguised as translations from authors such as Emanuel Swedenborg or from Don Juan Manuel's "Tales of Count Lucanor". Recovering from his head wound and infection, Borges decided it was time to turn to the writing of fiction as such.


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: Several of these fictions, notably "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" and "Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote" ("Pierre Menard, Author of "The Quixote"", published ten months earlier in "Sur", and also included in ""), could only have been written by an experienced essayist. Both of these works apply Borges's essayistic style to the largely imaginary subject matter. His massive erudition is as evident in these fictions as in any non-fictional essay in his body of works.


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: Buenos Aires was, at this time, a thriving intellectual center. While Europe was immersed in World War II, Argentina, and Buenos Aires in particular flourished intellectually and artistically. (This situation was to change during the presidency of Juan Perón and the subsequent military governments, where many of Argentina's leading intellectuals went into exile, something that Borges and most of his circle did not contemplate.)


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: Borges's first volume of fiction failed to garner the literary prizes many in his circle expected for it. Victoria Ocampo dedicated a large portion of the July 1942 issue of "Sur" to a "Reparation for Borges"; numerous leading writers and critics from Argentina and throughout the Spanish-speaking world contributed writings to the project, which probably brought his work as much attention as a prize would have.


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: Over the next few decades "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" and Borges's other fiction from this period formed a key part of the body of work that put Latin America on the international literary map. Borges was to become more widely known throughout the world as a writer of extremely original short stories than as a poet and essayist.


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" originally appeared in Spanish in SUR in May 1940. The Spanish-language original was then published in book form in "" (later translated in English as "The Book of Fantasy") —December 1940—, then in Borges's 1941 collection "El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan" ("The Garden of Forking Paths"). That entire book was, in turn, included within "Ficciones" (1944), a much-reprinted book (15 editions in Argentina by 1971).


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: The first published English-language translation was by James E. Irby. It appeared in the April 1961 issue of "New World Writing". The following year, Irby's translation was included as the first piece in a diverse collection of Borges works entitled "Labyrinths". Almost simultaneously, and independently, the piece was translated by Alastair Reid; Reid's version was published in 1962 as part of a collaborative English-language translation of the entirety of "Ficciones". The Reid translation is reprinted in "Borges, a Reader" (1981, ), p. 111–122. Quotations and page references in this article follow that translation.


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: It was a finalist for the "Retro Hugo Award" for Best Short Story from 1940 (in 2016). It is the first non-English work to be nominated in its original language rather than as a translation.


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: According to the Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgaard, "Tlon, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" is "the best short story ever written."


title: Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

text: Trumpeter Nils Petter Molvær released the album "Khmer" on ECM in 1998 which includes the track "Tlön".


title: Grey seal

text: The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean. In Latin Halichoerus grypus means "hook-nosed sea pig". It is a large seal of the family Phocidae, which are commonly referred to as "true seals" or "earless seals". It is the only species classified in the genus Halichoerus. Its name is spelled gray seal in the US; it is also known as Atlantic seal and the horsehead seal.


title: Grey seal

text: The type specimen of "H. g. grypus" (Zoological Museum of Copenhagen specimen ZMUC M11-1525, caught off the island of Amager, Danish part of the Baltic Sea) was believed lost for many years but was rediscovered in 2016, and a DNA test showed it belonged to a Baltic Sea specimen rather than from Greenland, as had previously been assumed (because it was first described in Otto Fabricius' book on the animals in Greenland: "Fauna Groenlandica"). The name "H. g. grypus" was therefore transferred to the Baltic subspecies (replacing "H. g. macrorhynchus"), and the name "H. g. atlantica" resurrected for the Atlantic subspecies.


title: Grey seal

text: Molecular studies have indicated that the eastern and western Atlantic populations have been genetically distinct for at least one million years, and could potentially be considered separate subspecies.


title: Grey seal

text: This is a fairly large seal, with bulls in the eastern Atlantic populations reaching long and weighing ; the cows are much smaller, typically long and in weight. Individuals from the western Atlantic are often much larger, with males averaging up to and reaching a weight of as much as and females averaging up to and sometimes weighing up to . Record-sized bull grey seals can reach about in length. A common average weight in Great Britain was found to be about for males and for females whereas in Nova Scotia, Canada adult males averaged and adult females averaged . It is distinguished from the smaller harbor seal by its straight head profile, nostrils set well apart, and fewer spots on its body. Wintering hooded seals can be confused with grey seals as they are about the same size and somewhat share a large-nosed look but the hooded has a paler base colour and usually evidences a stronger spotting. Grey seals lack external ear flaps and characteristically have large snouts. Bull greys have larger noses and a less curved profile than harbor seal bulls. Males are generally darker than females, with lighter patches and often scarring around the neck. Females are silver grey to brown with dark patches.


title: Grey seal

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the grey seal breeds in several colonies on and around the coasts. Notably large colonies are at Blakeney Point in Norfolk, Donna Nook in Lincolnshire, the Farne Islands off the Northumberland Coast (about 6,000 animals), Orkney and North Rona. off the north coast of Scotland, Lambay Island off the coast of Dublin and Ramsey Island off the coast of Pembrokeshire. In the German Bight, colonies exist off the islands Sylt and Amrum and on Heligoland.


title: Grey seal

text: In the Western North Atlantic, the grey seal is typically found in large numbers in the coastal waters of Canada and south to Nantucket in the United States. In Canada, it is typically seen in areas such as the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, the Maritimes, and Quebec. The largest colony in the world is at Sable Island, NS. In the United States it is found year-round off the coast of New England, in particular Maine and Massachusetts. Archaeological evidence confirms grey seals in southern New England with remains found on Block Island, Martha's Vineyard and near the mouth of the Quinnipiac River in New Haven, Connecticut. Its natural range now extends much further south than previously recognised with confirmed sightings in North Carolina. Also, there is a report by Farley Mowat of historic breeding colonies as far south as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.


title: Grey seal

text: Besides these very large colonies, many much smaller ones exist, some of which are well known as tourist attractions despite their small size. Such colonies include one on the Carrack rocks in Cornwall.


title: Grey seal

text: During the winter months, grey seals can be seen hauled out on rocks, islands, and shoals not far from shore, occasionally coming ashore to rest. In the spring recently weaned pups and yearlings occasionally strand on beaches after becoming separated from their group.


title: Grey seal

text: Grey seals are vulnerable to typical predators for a pinniped mammal. Large sharks are known to prey on grey seals in Canada, particularly great white sharks but also, upon evidence, additionally Greenland sharks. In the waters of Great Britain, grey seals are a fairly common prey species for killer whales. Apparently, grey seal pups are sometimes taken alive by white-tailed eagles, as well.


title: Grey seal

text: The grey seal feeds on a wide variety of fish, mostly benthic or demersal species, taken at depths down to 70 m (230 ft) or more. Sand eels ("Ammodytes spp") are important in its diet in many localities. Cod and other gadids, flatfish, herring, wrasse and skates are also important locally. However, it is clear that the grey seal will eat whatever is available, including octopus and lobsters. The average daily food requirement is estimated to be 5 kg (11 lb), though the seal does not feed every day and it fasts during the breeding season.


title: Grey seal

text: Recent observations and studies from Scotland, The Netherlands, and Germany show that grey seals will also prey and feed on large animals like harbour seals and harbour porpoises. In 2014, a male grey seal in the North Sea was documented and filmed killing and cannibalising 11 pups of his own species over the course of a week. Similar wounds on the carcasses of pups found elsewhere in the region suggest that cannibalism and infanticide may not be uncommon in grey seals. Male grey seals may engage in such behaviour potentially as a way of increasing reproductive success through access to easy prey without leaving prime territory.


title: Grey seal

text: While it was originally understood that marine mammals communicate vocally, new research conducted by researchers at Monash University shows that grey seals clap their flippers as another form of communication. They clap their flippers underwater to deter a predator from attacking. If done during the mating season, the clapping can be used as a way to find a potential mate. The Monash researchers point out that seals are typically known for clapping, so this behavior may not be a surprise, but the clapping we know typically occurs in captivity. Clapping seals are associated with aquariums and zoos, but were never observed in the wild for this behavior. They were astonished at how loud these marine mammals were able to clap underwater, but it is logical for the reasons they do this.


title: Grey seal

text: Grey seals are capital breeders; they forage to build up stored blubber, which is utilised when they are breeding and weaning their pups, as they do not forage for food at this time. They give birth to a single pup every year, with females' reproductive years beginning as early as 4 years old and extending up to 30 years of age. All parental care is provided by the female. During breeding, males don't provide parental care but they defend females against other males for mating. The pups are born at around the mass of 14 kg. They are born in autumn (September to December) in the eastern Atlantic and in winter (January to February) in the west, with a dense, soft silky white fur; at first small, they rapidly fatten up on their mothers' extremely fat-rich milk. The milk can consist of up to 60% fat. Grey seal pups are precocial, with mothers returning to the sea to forage once pups are weaned. Pups also undergo a post-weaning fast before leaving the land and learning to swim. Within a month or so they shed the pup fur, grow dense waterproof adult fur, and leave for the sea to learn to fish for themselves. In recent years, the number of grey seals has been on the rise in the west and the U.S. and Canada there have been calls for a seal cull.


title: Grey seal

text: Seal pup first-year survival rates are estimated to vary from 80 to 85% to below 50% depending on location and conditions. Starvation, due to difficulties in learning to feed, appears to be the main cause of pup death.


title: Grey seal

text: After near extirpation from hunting grey seals for oil, meat, and skins in the United States, sightings began to increase in the late 1980s. Bounties were paid on all kinds of seals up until 1945 in Maine and 1962 in Massachusetts. One year after Congress passed the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act preventing the harming or harassing of seals, a survey of the entire Maine coast found only 30 grey seals. At first grey seal populations increased slowly but then rebounded from islands off Maine to Monomoy Island and Nantucket Island off of southern Cape Cod. The southernmost breeding colony was established on Muskeget Island with five pups born in 1988 and over 2,000 counted in 2008. According to a genetics study, the United States population has formed as a result of recolonisation by Canadian seals. By 2009, thousands of grey seals had taken up residence on or near popular swimming beaches on outer Cape Cod, resulting in sightings of great white sharks drawn close to shore to hunt the seals. A count of 15,756 grey seals in southeastern Massachusetts coastal waters was made in 2011 by the National Marine Fisheries Service. Grey seals are being seen increasingly in New York and New Jersey waters, and it is expected that they will establish colonies further south.


title: Grey seal

text: Human noise pollution continues to affect marine-life communication. This is typically important for marine mammals. It is difficult to protect the behaviors of mammals like the grey seal if we do not know all of their behavior purposes. Since the recent discovery of their clapping communication, this is another factor to be aware of when looking at the importance of reducing human noise. Understanding species like this can ultimately help come up with ways to protect them and allow them to thrive.


title: Grey seal

text: In the UK seals are protected under the Conservation of Seals Act 1970; however, it does not apply to Northern Ireland. In the UK there have also been calls for a cull from some fishermen claiming that stocks have declined due to the seals.


title: Grey seal

text: The population in the Baltic Sea has increased about 8% per year between 1990 and the mid-2000s, with the numbers becoming stagnant since 2005. As of 2011 hunting grey seals is legal in Sweden and Finland, with 50% of the quota being used. Other anthropogenic causes of death include drowning in fishing gear.


title: Grey seal

text: Grey seals have proved amenable to life in captivity and are commonly found in zoo animals around their native range, particularly in Europe. Traditionally they were popular circus animals and often used in performances such as balancing and display acts.


title: Westmorland

text: Westmorland (, formerly also spelt "Westmoreland"; is a historic county in North West England spanning the southern Lake District and the northern Dales. It had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974. Between 1974 and 2023 Westmorland lay within the administrative county of Cumbria. In April 2023, Cumbria County Council will be abolished and replaced with two unitary authorities, one of which, Westmorland and Furness, will cover all of Westmorland (as well as other areas), thereby restoring the Westmorland name to a top-tier administrative entity. The people of Westmorland are known as Westmerians.


title: Westmorland

text: At the beginning of the 10th century a large part of modern day Cumbria was part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, and was known as " "Scottish Cumberland" ".


title: Westmorland

text: The Rere Cross was ordered by Edmund I (r.939-946) to serve as a boundary marker between England and Scotland (" "Scottish Cumberland" ").


title: Westmorland

text: At the time of Domesday Book in 1086, the county did not exist; half was considered to form part of Yorkshire and the other half as part of Scotland. Before 1226, the Barony of Kendal was part of the Honour of Lancaster while the Barony of Westmorland was part of the Earldom of Carlisle, the latter became Cumberland and was part of Scotland at times.


title: Westmorland

text: Both baronies became a single county of Westmorland in 1226/7. Neighbouring Lancashire was also formed at this time. Appleby was the historic county town, having been chartered in 1179. It was a parliamentary borough from 1295-1832, and incorporated by letters patent in 1574.


title: Westmorland

text: The historic county boundaries are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, and Lancashire to the south and west. Windermere forms part of the western border with Lancashire north of the sands, and Ullswater part of the border with Cumberland. The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at . According to the 1831 census the county covered an area of .


title: Westmorland

text: Westmorland was subdivided into the two baronies of Westmorland (or sometimes Appleby) and Kendal. As with Cumberland, Durham and Northumberland it was divided into wards. The baronies were each further subdivided into two wards:


title: Westmorland

text: In 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, a county council was created for Westmorland, taking functions from the quarter sessions. The county council was based at Kendal, rather than the historic county town of Appleby. Kendal had been chartered as a municipal borough in 1835, Appleby in 1885. The county had no county boroughs throughout its history, so the administrative county, the area under the control of the county council, was coterminous with the geographic county.


title: Westmorland

text: Aside from the two municipal boroughs of Kendal and Appleby, the Local Government Act 1894 divided the county into urban districts and rural districts:


title: Westmorland

text: Despite their title, many of Westmorland's urban districts, such as Lakes, Grasmere, and Shap, were quite rural in character.


title: Westmorland

text: According to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second least populated administrative county in England, after Rutland. The distribution of population was as follows:


title: Westmorland

text: In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county council was abolished and its former area was combined with Cumberland and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria, administered by a new Cumbria County Council. The area forms parts of the districts of South Lakeland and Eden.


title: Westmorland

text: In July 2021 Robert Jenrick, Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government announced the dissolution of Cumbria County Council and its six district councils and their replacement in April 2023 by two unitary authorities: Cumberland, and Westmorland and Furness. The latter will re-unite and re-establish historic Westmorland within a single administrative unit, along with the Furness (Lancs), Penrith (Cumberland) and Sedbergh (Yorks) areas.


title: Westmorland

text: The name applied to the district by the Anglo-Saxons was originally Westmoringaland, 'the land of the people of the western moors,' in distinction from that of the people of the eastern moors, on the east side of the Pennine chain. The present name has not, however, been derived from that of Westmoringaland, but from Westmarieland or Westmerieland, used in the twelfth century, hence Westmerland. The meaning of this is land of the western "meres", and not "moors". Mere means boundary as well as a lake, and it is doubtful whether the word as used here refers to lakes or boundaries. There is no doubt that Westmerland is the more correct spelling [...].


title: Westmorland

text: The College of Arms granted the Westmorland County Council a coat of arms in 1926. The design of the shield referred to the two components of the county: on two red bars (from the arms of the de Lancaster family, Barons of Kendal) was placed a gold apple tree (from the seal of the borough of Appleby, for the Barony of Westmorland). The crest above the shield was the head of a ram of the local Herdwick breed. On the ram's forehead was a shearman's hook, a tool used in the handling of wool. The hook was part of the insignia of the borough of Kendal, the administrative centre of the county council.


title: Westmorland

text: From April 2023, Westmorland will reappear on national maps as part of Westmorland and Furness unitary authority. During the intervening period, Westmorland has still been used as a place name by organisations and businesses in the area such as:


title: Westmorland

text: The southern part of the county, the former Barony of Kendal or that part of Westmorland that is part of South Lakeland, is included in the Westmorland and Lonsdale parliamentary constituency.


title: Westmorland

text: In June 1994, during the 1990s UK local government reform, the Local Government Commission published draft recommendations suggesting that Westmorland's border with Yorkshire and Lancashire be restored for ceremonial purposes. The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for the proposal to the commission.


title: Westmorland

text: In September 2011, the Westmorland Association, a local society which promotes the county's identity, successfully registered the Flag of Westmorland with the Flag Institute.


title: Westmorland

text: In 2013, the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, Eric Pickles, formally recognised and acknowledged the continued existence of England's 39 historic counties, including Westmorland.


title: Westmorland

text: In April 2023, local government in Cumbria will be reorganised into two unitary authorities, one of which is to be named Westmorland and Furness and would cover all of the historic county along with parts of historic Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumberland.


title: Mandi (food)

text: Mandi () is a traditional dish that originated from Hadhramaut, Yemen, consisting mainly of meat and rice with a special blend of spices, cooked in a pit underground. It is popular and commonly consumed in most areas of the Arabian Peninsula, and even considered a staple dish in many regions. It is also found in Egypt, India, the Levant and Turkey.


title: Mandi (food)

text: Mandi was usually made from rice, meat (lamb, camel, goat or chicken), and a mixture of spices called hawaij.


title: Mandi (food)

text: The main technique that differentiates mandi from other meat dishes is that the meat is cooked in the taboon.


title: Mandi (food)

text: The word "mandi" comes from the Arabic word ""nada"", meaning "dew", and reflects the moist 'dewy' texture of the meat.


title: Mandi (food)

text: Dry wood (traditionally samer or gadha) is placed in the tandoor and burned to generate heat turning the wood into charcoal.


title: Mandi (food)

text: The meat is then boiled with whole spices until tender, and the spiced stock is then used to cook the basmati rice at the bottom of the tandoor. The meat is suspended inside the tandoor above the rice and without touching the charcoal. After that, the whole tandoor is then closed with clay for up to eight hours.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: Christopher Xavier Chiozza (born November 21, 1995) is an American professional basketball player for the Long Island Nets of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Florida Gators. Chiozza won an NBA championship with the Warriors in 2022.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: Chiozza attended White Station High School, where he was coached by Jesus Patino. He also played on the Team Thad AAU team. As a junior, in the wake of his grandmother's death, he posted averages of 27 points, seven assists and seven steals in an important Pittsburgh tournament and began to get major college looks. He averaged 15 points and eight assists per game as a senior. Chiozza was ranked No. 45 in his class by Rivals.com and received scholarship offers from Auburn, UMass, Memphis, Ohio State, Richmond and Tennessee before committing to Florida.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: Playing for Florida in the Sweet Sixteen of the 2017 NCAA tournament, Chiozza hit a 3-pointer at the buzzer to defeat Wisconsin 84–83 in overtime and advance to the Elite Eight. He was thinking of passing but ended up taking the winning shot. As a junior he averaged 7.2 points, 3.8 assists and 3.3 rebounds per game.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: Chiozza became a starter as a senior and led the SEC with a 3.22 assist-to-turnover ratio. He had a last-second steal and layup to beat Missouri on January 6, 2018. On March 3, he broke Erving Walker's Florida assists record. On the season he averaged 11.1 points, 6.1 assists and 4.6 rebounds per game. At the conclusion of the regular season he was named to the First Team All-SEC. After the season he was invited to the 2018 Portsmouth Invitational Tournament.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: After going undrafted in the 2018 NBA draft, Chiozza joined the Washington Wizards for the 2018 NBA Summer League. Chiozza would eventually join the Wizards for training camp. He was waived by the Wizards on October 14, 2018, He was added to the team's NBA G League affiliate, the Capital City Go-Go.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: On February 22, 2019, Chiozza signed a 10-day contract with the Houston Rockets. He did not appear in any games, but he subsequently played for the Rockets’ G League affiliate, the Rio Grande Valley Vipers.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: On March 22, Chiozza signed a contract for the remainder of the 2018–19 season. He played his first NBA game on March 24, seeing 5 minutes of action in a 113–90 blowout win against the New Orleans Pelicans.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: On September 26, 2019, Chiozza re-signed with the Washington Wizards for training camp. He was signed to a two-way contract by the Wizards on October 21. Under the terms of the deal, Chiozza would split time between the Wizards and their G League affiliate, the Capital City Go-Go. On December 17, 2019, the Wizards waived Chiozza. On December 21, 2019, the Capital City Go-Go announced that they had re-acquired Chiozza.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: On January 4, 2020, the Brooklyn Nets signed Chiozza to a two-way contract. On December 1, Chiozza re-signed with the Nets. He was waived at the conclusion of training camp, but was then re-signed on December 22.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: On August 14, 2021, the Golden State Warriors signed Chiozza to a two-way contract. On June 16, 2022, Chiozza won the 2022 NBA Finals with the Golden State Warriors of the NBA.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: On September 16, 2022, Chiozza signed with the Brooklyn Nets who waived him at the end of training camp. On November 4, 2022, Chiozza was named to the opening night roster for the Long Island Nets.


title: Chris Chiozza

text: On February 12, 2019, it was announced that Chiozza was included in FIBA Basketball World Cup qualifying training camp roster for Team USA by the USA Basketball.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Postorgasmic illness syndrome (POIS) is a syndrome in which people have chronic physical and cognitive symptoms following ejaculation. The symptoms usually onset within seconds, minutes, or hours, and last for up to a week. The cause and prevalence are unknown; it is considered a rare disease.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: POIS symptoms, which are called a "POIS attack", can include some combination of the following: cognitive dysfunction, aphasia, severe muscle pain throughout the body, severe fatigue, weakness, and flu-like or allergy-like symptoms, such as sneezing, itchy eyes, and nasal irritation. Additional symptoms include headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, extreme hunger, sensory and motor problems, intense discomfort, irritability, anxiety, gastrointestinal disturbances, craving for relief, susceptibility to nervous system stresses (e.g. common cold), depressed mood, and difficulty communicating, remembering words, reading and retaining information, concentrating, and socializing. Affected individuals may also experience intense warmth or cold. An online anonymous self-report study found that 80% of respondents always experienced the symptom cluster involving fatigue, insomnia, irritation, and concentration difficulties.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: The symptoms usually begin within 30 minutes of ejaculation, and can last for several days, sometimes up to a week. In some cases, symptoms may be delayed by 2 to 3 days or may last up to 2 weeks.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: In some men, the onset of POIS is in puberty, while in others, the onset is later in life. POIS that is manifest from the first ejaculations in adolescence is called "primary type"; POIS that starts later in life is called "secondary type".


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Many individuals with POIS report lifelong premature ejaculation, with intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of less than one minute.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: POIS has been called by a number of other names, including "postejaculatory syndrome", "postorgasm illness syndrome", "post ejaculation sickness", and "post orgasmic sick syndrome".


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Dhat syndrome is a condition, first described in 1960 in India, with symptoms similar to POIS. Dhat syndrome is thought to be a culture-bound psychiatric condition and is treated with cognitive behavioral therapy along with anti-anxiety and antidepressant drugs.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Post-coital tristesse (PCT) is a feeling of melancholy and anxiety after sexual intercourse that lasts anywhere from five minutes to two hours. PCT, which affects both men and women, occurs only after sexual intercourse and does not require an orgasm to occur, and in that its effects are primarily emotional rather than physiological. By contrast, POIS affects only men, consists primarily of physiological symptoms that are triggered by ejaculation and that can last, in some people, for up to a week. While PCT and POIS are distinct conditions, some doctors speculate that they could be related.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: An array of more subtle and lingering symptoms after orgasm, which do not constitute POIS, may contribute to habituation between mates. They may show up as restlessness, irritability, increased sexual frustration, apathy, sluggishness, neediness, dissatisfaction with a mate, or weepiness over the days or weeks after intense sexual stimulation. Such phenomena may be part of human mating physiology itself.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Sexual headache is a distinct condition characterized by headaches that usually begin before or during orgasm.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: The cause of POIS is unknown. Some doctors hypothesize that POIS is caused by an auto-immune reaction. Other doctors suspect a hormone imbalance as the cause. Different causes have also been proposed. None of the proposed causes fully explain the disease.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: According to one hypothesis, "POIS is caused by Type-I and Type-IV allergy to the males' own semen". This was conditioned by another study stating "IgE-mediated semen allergy in men may not be the potential mechanism of POIS".


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Alternatively, POIS could be caused by an auto-immune reaction not to semen, but to a different substance released during ejaculation, such as cytokines.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: According to another hypothesis, POIS is caused by a hormone imbalance, such as low progesterone, low cortisol, low testosterone, elevated prolactin, hypothyroidism, or low DHEA.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: POIS could be caused by a defect in neurosteroid precursor synthesis. If so, the same treatment may not be effective for all individuals. Different individuals could have different missing precursors leading to a deficiency of the same neurosteroid, causing similar symptoms.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: The majority of POIS symptoms like fatigue, muscle pains, sweating, mood disturbances, irritability, and poor concentration are also caused by withdrawal from different drug classes and natural reinforcers. It is unknown whether there is a relationship between hypersexuality, pornography addiction, compulsive sexual behavior and POIS. Some evidence indicates that POIS patients have a history of excessive masturbation, suggesting that POIS could be a consequence of sex addiction. There is anecdotal evidence on porn addiction internet forums, that many men experience POIS like symptoms after ejaculation.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Consideration should also be given to the Wikipedia article/references regarding Transient Global Amnesia, and specifically on references therein to "jugular vein valve incompetence" (2010 Cejas et al; 2007 Owens; 2005 Shreiber et al). This condition is potentially activated by localized increased blood pressure when lying prone during orgasm and relates not only to the subsequent potential circumstance of a delayed occurrence of temporary amnesia, but also the delayed occurrence of cerebral disorientation (such delays can be several hours or a day or two). Potential causes of jugular vein valve incompetence could include various biological factors, as well as any prior physical activity that might have impaired that valve through undue pressure that would result in temporary disorientation and/or unconsciousness. Alternatives to the prone position at time of orgasm should be considered to prevent the problem.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Sexual activity for the first time may set the stage for an associated asthma attack or may aggravate pre-existing asthma. Intense emotional stimuli during sexual intercourse can lead to autonomic imbalance with parasympathetic over-reactivity, releasing mast cell mediators that can provoke postcoital asthma and / or rhinitis in these patients.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: It is also possible that the causes of POIS are different in different individuals. POIS could represent "a spectrum of syndromes of differing" causes.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: None of the proposed causes for POIS fully explain the connection between POIS and lifelong premature ejaculation.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: There is no generally agreed upon diagnostic criteria for POIS. One group has developed five preliminary criteria for diagnosing POIS. These are:


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: POIS is prone to being erroneously ascribed to psychological factors such as hypochondriasis or somatic symptom disorder.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: An online survey study suggested that only a small number of self-reported POIS fulfill entirely the five criteria. This study proposed to change the Criterion 3 with “In at least one ejaculatory setting (sex, masturbation, or nocturnal emission), symptoms occur after all or almost all ejaculations.”


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: There is no standard method of treating or managing POIS. Patients need to be thoroughly examined in an attempt to find the causes of their POIS symptoms, which are often difficult to determine, and which vary across patients. Once a cause is hypothesized, an appropriate treatment can be attempted. At times, more than one treatment is attempted, until one that works is found.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Affected individuals typically avoid sexual activity, especially ejaculation, or schedule it for times when they can rest and recover for several days afterwards. In case post-coital tristesse (PCT) is suspected, patients could be treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: In one patient, the POIS symptoms were so severe, that he decided to undergo removal of the testicles, prostate, and seminal vesicles in order to relieve them. The POIS symptoms were cured by this.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Another patient, in whom POIS was suspected to be caused by cytokine release, was successfully treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) just prior to and for a day or two after ejaculation. The patient took diclofenac 75 mg 1 to 2 hours prior to sexual activity with orgasm, and continued twice daily for 24 to 48 hours.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: One POIS patient with erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation had much lower severity of symptoms on those occasions when he was able to maintain penile erection long enough to achieve vaginal penetration and ejaculate inside his partner. The patient took tadalafil to treat his erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. This increased the number of occasions on which he was able to ejaculate inside his partner, and decreased the number of occasions on which he experienced POIS symptoms. This patient is thought to have Dhat syndrome rather than true POIS.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Two patients, in whom POIS was suspected to be caused by auto-immune reaction to their own semen, were successfully treated by allergen immunotherapy with their own autologous semen. They were given multiple subcutaneous injections of their own semen for three years. Treatment with autologous semen "might take 3 to 5 years before any clinically relevant symptom reduction would become manifest".


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: Treatments are not always successful, especially when the cause of POIS in a particular patient has not been determined. In one patient, all of whose routine laboratory tests were normal, the following were attempted, all without success: ibuprofen, 400 mg on demand; tramadol 50 mg one hour pre-coitally; and escitalopram 10 mg daily at bedtime for 3 months.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: The prevalence of POIS is unknown. POIS is listed as a rare disease by the American National Institutes of Health and the European Orphanet. It is thought to be underdiagnosed and underreported. POIS seems to affect mostly men from around the world, of various ages and relationship statuses.


title: Postorgasmic illness syndrome

text: It is possible that a similar disease exists in women, though, as of 2016, there is only one documented female patient.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Gopala Gopala is a 2015 Indian Telugu-language satirical comedy drama film directed by Kishore Kumar Pardasani. The is produced by D. Suresh Babu and Sharrath Marar under the Suresh Productions and North Star Entertainment banners. It stars Venkatesh, Pawan Kalyan, Shriya Saran, and Mithun Chakraborty while Ashish Vidyarthi and Posani Krishna Murali play supporting roles. The film is a remake of the 2012 Hindi film "OMG – Oh My God!" which was itself based on the Gujarati stage play "Kanji Viruddh Kanji" which is in turn inspired from 2001 film "The Man Who Sued God".


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: It follows the story of an atheist, Gopala Rao (Venkatesh), who sues God after losing his shop in an earthquake. Religious organisations revolt against him and Lord Vishnu visits him as his human guide, under his incarnation Krishna (Kalyan).


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: "Gopala Gopala" was made with a budget of 12 crore. Production began on 9 June 2014. It was predominantly shot in and around Vishakhapatnam, with a few sections filmed in Hyderabad and Varanasi. Anup Rubens composed the music while Jayanan Vincent was the film's cinematographer. The film was released worldwide on 10 January 2015 as a Sankranthi release. It received positive reviews from critics and was a blockbuster, grossing 88 crore, with a distributor share of 42 crore.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Kanneganti Gopala Rao is an atheist who owns a shop selling Hindu idols alongside his wife Meenakshi and son Moksha as well as his assistant Otthu. He obstructs a holy ritual involving his family, conducted by Siddheswar Maharaj, a fake godman. A sudden earthquake destroys his shop.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Rao approaches his insurance company who deny him assistance, claiming that an earthquake is an act of God. Rao decides to sue God but cannot find a lawyer willing to take the case on. He eventually engages Akbar Bhai, a disabled lawyer, who helps him file the case. Legal notices are sent to the insurance company as well as to Siddheshwar the priest and others from his group, as representatives of God. The court accepts the case, but Rao finds himself trapped among armed fundamentalists, with a creditor Ramji occupying the house and his wife having left him.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Rao is rescued by Gopala Govinda Hari, a consultant, who is revealed to the audience to be the deity Vishnu, under his incarnation Krishna in disguise. Gopala buys Rao's house from Ramji but allows Rao to stay with him. The lawsuit caused a public outcry, so on Gopala's advice, Rao gives an interview to the media about his views, which turns viral; public opinion swings in his favour. Hundreds of people whose insurance claims were rejected due to an Act of God clause turn up at Akbar's house and join the fight. Rao agrees to fight on behalf of all of them.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: In the next court session, defending lawyer Shankar Narayana points out that Rao has no document that can prove the disaster was an Act of God. The judge orders Rao to present a written proof that will support his claim. Gopala gives Rao the Bhagavad Gita, Bible and Quran in which to find the answers. Rao subsequently points out a passage saying that "This world is a creation of God, and it is his will to allow it to grow or destroy", which strengthens his case. As he nears the end of his argument, he is stabbed by a staunch follower of Leeladhara.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Rao is rushed to the hospital where he slips into a coma due to heavy blood loss. Leeladhara then plans to make Rao a messenger of God and elevate him to a divine figure across the country after killing him. The lawsuit's verdict goes in Rao's favour and religious organisations are ordered by the court to pay the compensation to all the plaintiffs. After a month, Rao is rescued by Gopala, who later reveals his identity as Lord Vishnu by showing his Vishwaroopam. Rao starts to believe in the existence of God. Meanwhile, Leeladhara, Gopika Matha, and Siddheshwar open a temple dedicated to Rao and accumulate millions in donations. Rao learns that his death is planned for Vijayadashami which coincides with the death of Shirdi Sai Baba. He escapes with Gopala but is attacked by the priests' henchmen. Gopala manages to show them his 4th incarnation Lord Narasimha in place of Rao, scaring them off.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Rao arrives to find his statues erected at the place where his shop once stood. He wades through the stunned crowd and breaks the statue, then admonishes the crowd about trusting in godmen. He advises them to search for God inside themselves rather than worshipping statues. Rao prevents the crowd from attacking the priests, asking for them to be allowed to leave unharmed but also insisting that they stop believing in them. After the completion of Ramlila, Rao goes back to Gopala to thank him, only to find him gone.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Rao's family arrive and they are reunited. He sees Gopala's key chain on the floor. When he is about to take it back, he hears Gopala's voice telling him to get rid of it. He throws it away, seeing it disappear into the sky with a flash as Gopala "signs off", promising him they will meet again.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: In early April 2013, the Paruchuri Brothers informed the media that they were in the final stages of acquiring the remake rights of Umesh Shukla "OMG – Oh My God!" (2012) and that work on the script would begin afterwards. It was also said that Ravi Teja would play the role of Krishna in this film, originally played by Akshay Kumar, and that the official confirmation of the film would come within a week. "OMG – Oh My God!" itself was an adaptation of the Gujarati play "Kanji Viruddh Kanji". D. Suresh Babu acquired the remake rights in mid November 2013 and Venkatesh was confirmed to be a part of the film's principal cast. Kishore Kumar Pardasani was selected to direct the film.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: After much speculation, Suresh Babu confirmed to the media in mid-February 2014 that Pawan Kalyan would play the role of Krishna and Sharrath Marar would be co-producing the film with North Star Entertainment. After considering the titles "Deva Devam Bhaje" and "Gopala Gopala", the latter was finalised just before its formal launch on 9 June 2014 at Hyderabad. Anoop Rubens was confirmed to replace Sohail Sen as the music director. Jayanan Vincent was selected to handle the cinematography, despite reports stating that P. C. Sreeram would be doing the job.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Venkatesh and Rajendra Prasad were initially reported to reprise the roles of Akshay Kumar and Paresh Rawal from the original. Venkatesh was later confirmed as playing Paresh Rawal and Vikram was approached for the role of Krishna. Pawan Kalyan was engaged for the same part later on. Venkatesh personally researched and purchased his outfits., incorporating a number of differently-coloured short kurtas into his costume. He ended up with more than 40 changes onscreen.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Kalyan underwent a special diet and exercise to lose weight for the role in the film. Kishore Kumar said that Kalyan would be seen for 25 minutes, as in the original, but this was later extended to 45 minutes. Kalyan was slightly overweight before signing the film and followed a crash diet comprising milk and fruit, avoiding carbohydrates and oily foods. Reports stated that he would use a Hyosung GV650 Aquila Pro in the film. Later his team met Akshay Warde, who had designed a special Vardenchi motorcycle for Akshay Kumar in the original. Warde completed designing a new motorcycle within a month, albeit without a support team like he had had when making the original film.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: After considering Nayantara, Anjali, and Radhika Apte for the female lead, Shriya Saran was finalised for the role in early May 2014 after Nayantara walked out of the project citing scheduling and payment issues. She called her role a "beautifully etched" and an "inspiring" one. Saran added that the relationship between her and Venkatesh in the film would encapsulate the central debate of the existence of God. Mithun Chakraborthy was signed to repeat his role from the original in early June 2014, thereby making his Telugu debut. Posani Krishna Murali, Krishnudu, Raghu Babu, and Vennela Kishore were selected to play other important roles in the film. Madhu Shalini was selected to play the role of a journalist. It was originally unclear whose role she was remaking from the original when she was engaged on the film. Diksha Panth was selected to play the role that Poonam Jhawer performed in the original. Anisha Ambrose made a cameo appearance.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: In early May 2014, the film's co-producer Sharrath Marar, in an interview with IANS, said that the regular shooting was planned to begin on 19 May 2014 after Pawan Kalyan was relieved from his political duties, also saying that the makers were aiming for a September 2014 release. However, it emerged that the film would be officially launched on 2 June 2014 and shooting would be done in a specially erected set in Hyderabad. Principal photography eventually commenced a week later on 9 June 2014 at Ramanaidu Studios at Nanakramguda in Hyderabad. Venkatesh joined the shoot in the same day. Pawan Kalyan allotted 25 days for the shooting of his scenes in the film.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: The film's second schedule started on 18 July 2014 at Hyderabad after a brief break while Venkatesh was promoting his film "Drushyam". Pawan Kalyan was reported as joining the shoot on 23 July 2014 and a special sequence in which he would be seen driving his personal motorcycle was planned to be shot. His part in the film's dialogue was expected to be completed. However, Kalyan joined the sets two days in advance and scenes featuring him and Venkatesh were shot. The film's shoot continued in the outskirts of Hyderabad where scenes with Venkatesh. Kalyan and Shriya Saran were shot. The film's shoot continued in late August 2014 at Nanakramguda. The exteriors of Osmania University's College for Women in Koti, Hyderabad were used to shoot a court scene. Producer Daggubati Suresh Babu said that the college had a look which suited the scene.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Filming went ahead in Ramoji Film City. Kalyan shot his introductory song in late September 2014. The filming was almost complete and in the middle of October 2014, the film's climax was shot in the outskirts of Hyderabad. An additional song with Venkatesh and Kalyan was also planned. At the end of October 2014, earthquake scenes were shot with Venkatesh and others at Ramoji Film City. Filming then continued in Nanakramguda. By then, three-quarters of the film's shoot was complete and Kalyan was reported as having completed shooting for his part during the subsequent weeks. Shooting for two songs and graphics work remained to be completed. By mid-November 2014, the film's shoot neared completion.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Venkatesh and Shriya joined the film's sets in Vishakhapatnam where a song and a few more scenes were shot. On completion, the production team revealed that the schedule was shot in the city to boost morale at Ramanaidu Studios and also demonstrate to the Bengali and Oriya film industries that shoots could be carried out smoothly even after the destruction of the city by Cyclone Hudhud. The film continued to be shot near Varanasi in early December 2014, with Venkatesh and other actors taking part. A song with Venkatesh and Kalyan was shot in the outskirts of Hyderabad around the end of December. The final schedule began the next day and Kalyan's crucial scenes were planned.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: The film is an official remake of the 2012 Hindi film "OMG – Oh My God!" directed by Umesh Shukla which tells the story of an atheist who sues God for causing an earthquake in which he loses his shop. The film focuses mostly on exploiting people's faith in the name of business and money-making. Daggubati Venkatesh said in an interview to "The Hindu" that this film would focus on the tensions between Indian rituals and spirituality. In the film, the deity involved, Krishna, teaches the atheist protagonist to use the principles of the Bhagavad Gita, Bible and Quran to win his case. A song introducing the atheist's character, his family and his views on rituals was added in which was not a part of the original.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Several new scenes were included in the Telugu version, including two songs. The film also deals with the issue of fake godmen. Daggubati Venkatesh said in an interview with Suresh Kavirayani of the "Deccan Chronicle, ""We all know about these people. Media also publishes stories about them all the time. We wanted to create some awareness among the people, so we touched on the theme of fake godmen. But there are genuine people too, who give wonderful messages and enlighten people with their preaching". The lyrics of the song "Enduko Enduko" question the superstitions people believe in.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Dialogues written for and uttered by Kalyan's character in the film were linked to the politics of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Comments such as "Nenu time ki Raavadam Kaadu Tammudu, Nenu Vachake time avutondi" ("I don't come on time; time starts when I come") and "Samardhulu Intlo undipothe Asamardhulu Rajyamelutaru" ("The incompetent will rule if the competent stay at home") appeared to refer to the change in government and Kalyan's own entry into politics.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Anup Rubens was signed in on to compose the film's soundtrack and score in June 2014. Before the official launch of the film, Rubens completed composing a song and was said by the makers to complete composing all the songs in a week's time from the launch. The soundtrack consisted of 4 songs whose lyrics were penned by Chandrabose, Sirivennela Sitaramasastri and Anantha Sreeram. Lahari Music acquired the soundtrack's marketing rights in mid-August 2014. The soundtrack was released on 25 December 2014, and achieved high chart rankings.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: The film was planned for release in either September or October 2014, but a January 2015 Sankranthi release was announced in July 2014. Gemini TV acquired the film's television broadcast rights in early December 2014. Suresh Babu sold the rights for an amount of as a three film package including "Drushyam" and "Bhimavaram Bullodu", both co-produced by him. The release date was confirmed as 9 January 2015. United States theatrical rights were acquired by BlueSky Cinemas Inc. The release date was postponed to 10 January 2015. Because of the demand for the film's tickets, 20 more theatres were added to the original list.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: The film was released in 1400 screens (1200 theatres) worldwide; 1100 theatres in India, out of which 850 theatres were in the AP/Nizam region, more than 100 theatres in United States and 50 theatres in the rest of the world. A charity performance was held at Shiva Parvathi theatre in Kukatpally, Hyderabad on 10 January 2015 at 2:30 AM. Photos featuring fans celebrating the film's release were widely circulated on Twitter.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: The film's poster was unveiled on 28 November 2014, designed by Anil and Bhanu of AB Core Design. It began trending on social networking sites within few hours and became a worldwide trending topic. Anoop Rubens received acclaim for his background score in the poster. Another poster featuring Kalyan and Venkatesh on a motorcycle was unveiled on 16 December 2014. The theatrical trailer was unveiled on 4 December 2014 at the audio launch event. It began trending instantly on YouTube and within two days, it reached the first position in India's Top Trending videos on YouTube displacing "Yennai Arindhaal..." from first place with a view count of nearly 0.5 million.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Vishwa Hindu Parishad and Bhagyanagar Ganesh Utsav Samithi submitted an appeal to the regional director of Central Board of Film Certification on 31 December 2014 claiming that the film had objectionable scenes which hurt the religious sentiments of Hindu people. In a statement to IANS, they said that they had sought action before the release of the movie as any protest later would be futile. In an interview with Suhas Yellapuntala of "The New Indian Express, "Venkatesh said "It’s natural for certain people to react and they are free to express their views but once they see the film they won’t look at it that way. In case, there are any unfortunate incidents, we will convince them and it’ll be fine. Because whatever the scriptures tell, that’s what I tell in the film".


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Raghunadha Rao filed a similar case against the film at Saifabad police station on 10 January 2015. Telangana lawyers lodged a complaint with the law minister A. Indrakaran Reddy on 16 January 2015 and requested him to take immediate steps to delete objectionable scenes from the film. The division bench comprising Chief Justice Kalyan Jyoti Sengupta and Justice P. V. Sanjay Kumar of the Hyderabad High Court pointed out that it could not grant any order without making the producer and director of the film a party to the case. Raghunadha Rao then was permitted to file a fresh petition seeking a ban on the screening of the film.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: The film received positive reviews from critics as well as audience according to "International Business Times India". Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" wrote "To a large extent, "Gopala Gopala" stays true to the essence of "OMG – Oh My God!" and it’s heart-warming to see a Telugu film backed by big stars taking up the idea of spirituality versus superstitious beliefs". Veena N. of "Oneindia Entertainment" rated the film 4 out of 5 and stated "Even though its a remake movie, "Gopala Gopala" is a must watch as it is a hilarious entertainer. Watch it for Power Star and Venkatesh". Karthik Keramalu of "IBN Live" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "Like the recently-released Hindi film "PK", "Gopala Gopala" too challenges blind faith. Watching the two actors light up the screen, who, for many years have starred in successful remakes, is a nostalgic tribute. Pawan Kalyan with a charming smile confesses that dharma supports rightfulness; however, in no manner, does it mean to curb the will to criticize religion and its beliefs".


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: Hemanth Kumar of "The Times of India" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote ""Gopala Gopala" begins as a story about an atheist, who seems to offend a lot of people around him, and in the end, the film drives home the point that when you help others, it is as good as worshiping God himself. And in doing so, the film churns out plenty of thought provoking questions which force you to look for answers within yourself and this is perhaps the film's biggest achievement. The entire film turns out to be quite a gratifying experience if you play close attention to the dialogues and conversations between the lead characters, played by Venkatesh and Pawan Kalyan". Suresh Kavirayani of the "Deccan Chronicle" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and wrote "In the second half, the film drags a bit, especially the swamijis’ scenes. The climax is also a bit boring. But, if you haven't seen the original Paresh Rawal and Akshay Kumar starrer "OMG — Oh My God!", then you must watch "Gopala Gopala". Pawan Kalyan fans will love the film and it's a treat for them with two big stars sharing screen space".


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: In contrast, IANS rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "It would've been nice if the core plot was retained and changes were made to the film and its characters. But you can't watch "Gopala Gopala" with such expectations because it successfully reproduces scenes and characters from the original as though remaking is misunderstood as copying frame-to-frame. One way it's commendable that the makers didn't try to make many changes since the remake features popular stars such as Daggubati and Pawan, who usually play to the gallery. But all this has been done at the cost of creativity and that's what makes the remake less exciting, if not boring."


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: The film earned a share of around 9.19 crore on the opening day and emerged as the fourth highest opener of all time in the AP/Nizam areas. It stood in the fourth spot in the list of top ten opening day shares at the AP/Nizam box office behind "Attarintiki Daredi" (2013), "Aagadu" (2014) and "Baadshah" (2013). The film collected $0.6 million in two days at USA box office and was expected to cross the $1 million mark soon. The film collected a share of 4 crore on its second day, taking its two-day AP/Nizam box office total to 13.5 crore. With the inclusion of takings from Karnataka, Rest of India and overseas markets, the two-day worldwide box office collection was valued at 19.5 crore. The film's trade witnessed a huge drop on its third day by collecting nearly 2 crore at AP/Nizam Box office. But it topped the weekend box office followed by "Tevar" and "Raghuvaran B. Tech".


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: It also stood in the top spot at Chennai box office followed by "PK" and "Kappal". The film also took good openings in the United States where it collected 4.37 crore in the weekend of 9–11 January 2015. The film collected 17 crore in the first five days at AP/Nizam box office and 26.5 crore at the worldwide box office. With this, it surpassed the opening weekend figures of "Aagadu" at AP/Nizam box office, but failed to surpass its worldwide three-day collections. The film collected a worldwide share of 29.85 crore in six days surpassing the first week collections of "Naayak" (2013) and "Ramayya Vasthavayya" (2013). The six-day AP/Nizam area share was 23.08 crore with which it surpassed the first week AP/Nizam share of "Businessman" (2012). According to "The Times of India", the film collected huge shares and headed towards record collections overseas, expected to cross 30 crore mark.


title: Gopala Gopala (2015 film)

text: The film collected a share of 26.15 crore at AP/Nizam box office and nearly a share of 33 crore at the worldwide box office in seven days and surpassed the first week collection of "Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu" (2013) at AP/Nizam box office and "Baadshah", "Gabbar Singh" (2012) at the worldwide box office. The film collected a gross of 59 crore and a share of 37.9 crore in nine days at the worldwide box office thus surpassing the lifetime collections of "Pokiri" (2006) and took the 18th spot in the list of all-time top 25 Telugu films with highest worldwide share. The film also created a new record in Mandapeta in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh by collecting 0.208 crore in nine days, breaking the record set by "Magadheera" (2009) in its lifetime run. The film witnessed a drop in its collections at AP/Nizam box office and earned around 31 crore share in ten days. However the film crossed 40 crore mark at the worldwide box office overtaking the totals of "Businessman" and "Robo", the Telugu dubbed version of "Enthiran" (2010). Due to stiff competition from "I", "Pataas" and "Temper," the film collected a gross of 66.1 crore and a distributor share of 41.1 crore at the worldwide box office during its lifetime run. The film passed the 50 crore gross mark (₹51.15 crore) and collected 33.5 crore share in its lifetime at the AP/Nizam box office alone.


title: Señora Acero

text: Señora Acero, also known as Señora Acero: La Coyote as of season three, is an American telenovela created by Roberto Stopello and produced by Argos Comunicación and Telemundo Studios, and distributed by Telemundo Internacional. The series debuted on American broadcast channel Telemundo on 23 September 2014, and concluded on 29 January 2019.


title: Señora Acero

text: Set and filmed in Mexico, Seasons 1 and 2 tell the story of Sara Aguilar (Blanca Soto), a young housewife, who in an effort to protect her son and her friends, becomes the most powerful drug trafficker in all of Mexico. Seasons 3 through 5 focus on the life of Vicenta "La Coyote" Rigores (Carolina Miranda), a young female coyote who discovers that she is the illegitimate daughter of Vicente Acero and joins the world of drug traffickers along with her half-brother Salvador Acero (Michel Duval) to help immigrants and fight injustice.


title: Señora Acero

text: On 20 February 2018, Telemundo confirmed that the show was renewed for a fifth season. On 8 November 2018, it was announced that the fifth season would be the show's final season.


title: Señora Acero

text: The first two seasons follow the life of Sara Aguilar Bermúdez (Blanca Soto), an exceptionally happy woman who has all she could wish for in life, although her life changes forever when her fiancée Vicente Acero (Damián Alcázar) is killed on their wedding day. After the petitions of their seven year-old son, Salvador, the couple is set to marry when a group of hitmen attacks the wedding and murders Vicente. Sara is forced to confront that Vicente was not who she believed. Sara and her son flee from the enemies of her deceased husband and attempt to survive. In the process, Sara becomes the great "Señora de Acero" in order to exact revenge on all those who have hurt her and her son.


title: Señora Acero

text: In season two, after serving five years in prison, Sara hopes to be released on a lack of evidence. However, the president of Mexico sentences Sara to 25 years in prison at the request of his private secretary Berta Aguilar (Luciana Silveyra). The hatred of a resentful sister, the political ambitions of a corrupt president, and other twists of destiny cause Señora Acero to fall into the hands of her mortal enemy, El Teca Martinez. For the second time, Sara must say goodbye to her son, Salvador (Michel Duval) and the great love of her lie, Manuel Caicedo (Lincoln Palomeque).


title: Señora Acero

text: Season three tells the story of Vicenta "La Coyote" Rigores (Carolina Miranda), one of the most courageous, respected and feared coyotes on the border between Mexico and the United States. In significant demand by migrants seeking to cross the border, Vicenta is one of the most famous and feared women in northern Mexico, with a reputation for protecting migrants with her life from capture by immigration officials, as well as cartels who use migrants as slaves in the production and distribution of drugs. Vicenta is also one of the most wanted women by Homeland Security, particularly by officer Daniel Phillips (Luis Ernesto Franco), and other coyotes, who are threatened by her dominance in the business.


title: Señora Acero

text: La Coyote does not know her true parentage until her mother, on her deathbed, reveals that she is the illegitimate daughter of narco and former commander Vicente Acero, and half-sister of Salvador, who is presumed to be the sole heir of the Acero dynasty. Vicenta's journey is complicated by Governor of Chihuahua, Chucho Casares (Sergio Goyri), who is her mother's murderer and one of the heads of the most powerful arms trafficking rings in northern Mexico. Casares is also the father of Abelardo (Adrián Di Monte), the love of Vicenta's life. For La Coyote, the last name of Acero could be her salvation or her death sentence, but what is clear is that she is the only, and the second, Señora Acero.


title: Señora Acero

text: In season four, Vicenta Acero is wanted by the governments of Mexico and the United States as her family is the main suspect in the death of Governor Chucho Casáres. Vicenta's brother Salvador is taken to jail after leaving the hotel wher ehe was hiding. Vicenta and Daniel are followed by the head of the Department of National Security, Indira Cárdenas (Gaby Espino), and the border patrol of the state of Texas in an attempt to prevent the pair from continuing to cross immigrants at the border. In addition, Colombian drug trafficker Julián Romero (Diego Cadavid) arrives in Mexico to avenge the death of his relatives and his mother, Briceida Montero. Julián is obsessed with finding Vicenta to exact his revenge against Salvador and El Gallo (Óscar Priego).


title: Señora Acero

text: In season five, Vicenta Acero (Carolina Miranda), who is eight months pregnant when must bury her husband Daniel who has died after six months in a coma. During Daniel's funeral, Vicenta communicates anonymously with FBI agent Alberto Fuentes (David Chocarro) to inform him that her husband's murderer is at the funeral. After tracing the call, Alberto arrives at the funeral and realizes that it was a false alarm. During an argument, Vicenta begins showing signs of labor and gives birth with Alberto assisting her. Alberto develops a deep bond with Vicenta's son.


title: Señora Acero

text: Six years later, the Acero family has left behind their life of money laundering, drug trafficking, and migrant crossing and have dedicated themselves to horse breeding, with El Gallo and Josefina dedicated to politics. El Teca (William Miller), who supposedly died at the hands of Salvador Acero (Michel Duval) 5 years ago, returns after spending six years in a United States prison to get revenge on the Acero family by killing Vicenta's son. With the reappearance of Teca, the family is forced to flee their calm and isolated life. Vicenta makes the difficult decision to flee her new life and new love with her child. She meets Lucas Iglesias (Guillermo Zulueta), a hippie who gives her repose in a beachside inn where he works. Vicenta meets La Mecha (María Rojo) who becomes a surrogate mother for Vicenta, and Nancy (Patricia Manterol)), who becomes her best friend.


title: Señora Acero

text: La Tuti (Ana Lucía Domínguez) owns a club for exotic dancers and, thanks to the success of the business, has managed to keep her son out of Mexico, although she must always be accompanied by bodyguards to avoid being extorted and her son, Álvaro, being kidnapped by El Teca. In an effort to defend their children, Vicenta and La Tuti join forces to stop El Teca.


title: Señora Acero

text: Sandra Echeverría was originally planned to star, but Blanca Soto was selected to play protagonist Sara Aguilar. The original title of the telenovela was tentatively "Mujer de Acero" but was later changed to "Señora Acero".


title: Señora Acero

text: Blanca Soto departed from the series after season two. Carolina Miranda replaced Soto as the main protagonist and series title character in season three.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: A dimensionless quantity (also known as a bare quantity, pure quantity, or scalar quantity as well as quantity of dimension one) is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned, with a corresponding SI unit of measurement of one (or 1), which is not explicitly shown. Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and economics. Dimensionless quantities are distinct from quantities that have associated dimensions, such as time (measured in seconds). Dimensionless units are dimensionless values that serve as units of measurement for expressing other quantities, such as radians (rad) or steradians (sr) for plane angles and solid angles, respectively. For example, optical extent is defined as having units of metres multiplied by steradians.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Quantities having dimension one, "dimensionless quantities", regularly occur in sciences, and are formally treated within the field of dimensional analysis. In the nineteenth century, French mathematician Joseph Fourier and Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell led significant developments in the modern concepts of dimension and unit. Later work by British physicists Osborne Reynolds and Lord Rayleigh contributed to the understanding of dimensionless numbers in physics. Building on Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis, Edgar Buckingham proved the theorem (independently of French mathematician Joseph Bertrand's previous work) to formalize the nature of these quantities.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Numerous dimensionless numbers, mostly ratios, were coined in the early 1900s, particularly in the areas of fluid mechanics and heat transfer. Measuring "ratios" in the (derived) unit "dB" (decibel) finds widespread use nowadays.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: There have been periodic proposals to "patch" the SI system to reduce confusion regarding physical dimensions. For example, a 2017 op-ed in Nature argued for formalizing the radian as a physical unit. The idea was rebutted on the grounds that such a change would raise inconsistencies for both established dimensionless groups, like the Strouhal number, and for mathematically distinct entities that happen to have the same units, like torque (a vector product) versus energy (a scalar product). In another instance in the early 2000s, the International Committee for Weights and Measures discussed naming the unit of 1 as the "uno", but the idea of just introducing a new SI name for 1 was dropped.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: More specifically, counting numbers can be used to express countable quantities, such as the number of particles and population size. In mathematics, the "number of elements" in a set is termed "cardinality". "Countable nouns" is a related linguistics concept.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Counting numbers, such as number of bits, can be compounded with units of frequency (inverse second) to derive units of count rate, such as bits per second.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Dimensionless quantities are often obtained as ratios of quantities that are not dimensionless, but whose dimensions cancel out in the mathematical operation. Examples include calculating slopes or unit conversion factors. A more complex example of such a ratio is engineering strain, a measure of physical deformation defined as a change in length divided by the initial length. Since both quantities have the dimension "length", their ratio is dimensionless. Another set of examples is mass fractions or mole fractions often written using parts-per notation such as ppm (= 10), ppb (= 10), and ppt (= 10), or perhaps confusingly as ratios of two identical units (kg/kg or mol/mol). For example, alcohol by volume, which characterizes the concentration of ethanol in an alcoholic beverage, could be written as .


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Other common proportions are percentages % (= 0.01),  ‰ (= 0.001) and angle units such as radian, degree (° = ) and grad (= ). In statistics the coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean and is used to measure the dispersion in the data.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: It has been argued that quantities defined as ratios having equal dimensions in numerator and denominator are actually only "unitless quantities" and still have physical dimension defined as .


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: For example, moisture content may be defined as a ratio of volumes (volumetric moisture, m⋅m, dimension L⋅L) or as a ratio of masses (gravimetric moisture, units kg⋅kg, dimension M⋅M); both would be unitless quantities, but of different dimension.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: The Buckingham theorem indicates that validity of the laws of physics does not depend on a specific unit system. A statement of this theorem is that any physical law can be expressed as an identity involving only dimensionless combinations (ratios or products) of the variables linked by the law (e. g., pressure and volume are linked by Boyle's Law – they are inversely proportional). If the dimensionless combinations' values changed with the systems of units, then the equation would not be an identity, and Buckingham's theorem would not hold.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Another consequence of the theorem is that the functional dependence between a certain number (say, "n") of variables can be reduced by the number (say, "k") of independent dimensions occurring in those variables to give a set of "p" = "n" − "k" independent, dimensionless quantities. For the purposes of the experimenter, different systems that share the same description by dimensionless quantity are equivalent.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: To demonstrate the application of the theorem, consider the power consumption of a stirrer with a given shape.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: The power, "P", in dimensions [M · L/T], is a function of the density, "ρ" [M/L], and the viscosity of the fluid to be stirred, "μ" [M/(L · T)], as well as the size of the stirrer given by its diameter, "D" [L], and the angular speed of the stirrer, "n" [1/T]. Therefore, we have a total of "n" = 5 variables representing our example. Those "n" = 5 variables are built up from "k" = 3 fundamental dimensions, the length: L (SI units: m), time: T (s), and mass: M (kg).


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: According to the -theorem, the "n" = 5 variables can be reduced by the "k" = 3 dimensions to form "p" = "n" − "k" = 5 − 3 = 2 independent dimensionless numbers. Usually, these quantities are chosen as formula_1, commonly named the Reynolds number which describes the fluid flow regime, and formula_2, the power number, which is the dimensionless description of the stirrer.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Note that the two dimensionless quantities are not unique and depend on which of the "n" = 5 variables are chosen as the "k" = 3 independent basis variables, which appear in both dimensionless quantities. The Reynolds number and power number fall from the above analysis if formula_3, "n", and "D" are chosen to be the basis variables. If instead, formula_4, "n", and "D" are selected, the Reynolds number is recovered while the second dimensionless quantity becomes formula_5. We note that formula_6 is the product of the Reynolds number and the power number.


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Certain universal dimensioned physical constants, such as the speed of light in a vacuum, the universal gravitational constant, the Planck constant, the Coulomb constant, and the Boltzmann constant can be normalized to 1 if appropriate units for time, length, mass, charge, and temperature are chosen. The resulting system of units is known as the natural units, specifically regarding these five constants, Planck units. However, not all physical constants can be normalized in this fashion. For example, the values of the following constants are independent of the system of units, cannot be defined, and can only be determined experimentally:


title: Dimensionless quantity

text: Physics often uses dimensionless quantities to simplify the characterization of systems with multiple interacting physical phenomena. These may be found by applying the Buckingham theorem or otherwise may emerge from making partial differential equations unitless by the process of nondimensionalization. Engineering, economics, and other fields often extend these ideas in design and analysis of the relevant systems.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm which runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum circuit model of computation. A classical (or non-quantum) algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, or a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, where each step or instruction can be performed on a classical computer. Similarly, a quantum algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, where each of the steps can be performed on a quantum computer. Although all classical algorithms can also be performed on a quantum computer, the term quantum algorithm is usually used for those algorithms which seem inherently quantum, or use some essential feature of quantum computation such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Problems which are undecidable using classical computers remain undecidable using quantum computers. What makes quantum algorithms interesting is that they might be able to solve some problems faster than classical algorithms because the quantum superposition and quantum entanglement that quantum algorithms exploit probably cannot be efficiently simulated on classical computers (see Quantum supremacy).


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The best-known algorithms are Shor's algorithm for factoring and Grover's algorithm for searching an unstructured database or an unordered list. Shor's algorithms runs much (almost exponentially) faster than the best-known classical algorithm for factoring, the general number field sieve. Grover's algorithm runs quadratically faster than the best possible classical algorithm for the same task, a linear search.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Quantum algorithms are usually described, in the commonly used circuit model of quantum computation, by a quantum circuit which acts on some input qubits and terminates with a measurement. A quantum circuit consists of simple quantum gates which act on at most a fixed number of qubits. The number of qubits has to be fixed because a changing number of qubits implies non-unitary evolution. Quantum algorithms may also be stated in other models of quantum computation, such as the Hamiltonian oracle model.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Quantum algorithms can be categorized by the main techniques used by the algorithm. Some commonly used techniques/ideas in quantum algorithms include phase kick-back, phase estimation, the quantum Fourier transform, quantum walks, amplitude amplification and topological quantum field theory. Quantum algorithms may also be grouped by the type of problem solved, for instance see the survey on quantum algorithms for algebraic problems.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The quantum Fourier transform is the quantum analogue of the discrete Fourier transform, and is used in several quantum algorithms. The Hadamard transform is also an example of a quantum Fourier transform over an n-dimensional vector space over the field F. The quantum Fourier transform can be efficiently implemented on a quantum computer using only a polynomial number of quantum gates.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm solves a black-box problem which probably requires exponentially many queries to the black box for any deterministic classical computer, but can be done with one query by a quantum computer. If we allow both bounded-error quantum and classical algorithms, then there is no speedup since a classical probabilistic algorithm can solve the problem with a constant number of queries with small probability of error. The algorithm determines whether a function "f" is either constant (0 on all inputs or 1 on all inputs) or balanced (returns 1 for half of the input domain and 0 for the other half).


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm is the first quantum algorithm that solves a problem more efficiently than the best known classical algorithm. It was designed to create an oracle separation between BQP and BPP.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Simon's algorithm solves a black-box problem exponentially faster than any classical algorithm, including bounded-error probabilistic algorithms. This algorithm, which achieves an exponential speedup over all classical algorithms that we consider efficient, was the motivation for Shor's factoring algorithm.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The quantum phase estimation algorithm is used to determine the eigenphase of an eigenvector of a unitary gate given a quantum state proportional to the eigenvector and access to the gate. The algorithm is frequently used as a subroutine in other algorithms.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Shor's algorithm solves the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem in polynomial time, whereas the best known classical algorithms take super-polynomial time. These problems are not known to be in P or NP-complete. It is also one of the few quantum algorithms that solves a non–black-box problem in polynomial time where the best known classical algorithms run in super-polynomial time.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The abelian hidden subgroup problem is a generalization of many problems that can be solved by a quantum computer, such as Simon's problem, solving Pell's equation, testing the principal ideal of a ring R and factoring. There are efficient quantum algorithms known for the Abelian hidden subgroup problem. The more general hidden subgroup problem, where the group isn't necessarily abelian, is a generalization of the previously mentioned problems and graph isomorphism and certain lattice problems. Efficient quantum algorithms are known for certain non-abelian groups. However, no efficient algorithms are known for the symmetric group, which would give an efficient algorithm for graph isomorphism and the dihedral group, which would solve certain lattice problems.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The Boson Sampling Problem in an experimental configuration assumes an input of bosons (ex. photons of light) of moderate number getting randomly scattered into a large number of output modes constrained by a defined unitarity. The problem is then to produce a fair sample of the probability distribution of the output which is dependent on the input arrangement of bosons and the Unitarity. Solving this problem with a classical computer algorithm requires computing the permanent of the unitary transform matrix, which may be either impossible or take a prohibitively long time. In 2014, it was proposed that existing technology and standard probabilistic methods of generating single photon states could be used as input into a suitable quantum computable linear optical network and that sampling of the output probability distribution would be demonstrably superior using quantum algorithms. In 2015, investigation predicted the sampling problem had similar complexity for inputs other than Fock state photons and identified a transition in computational complexity from classically simulatable to just as hard as the Boson Sampling Problem, dependent on the size of coherent amplitude inputs.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: A Gauss sum is a type of exponential sum. The best known classical algorithm for estimating these sums takes exponential time. Since the discrete logarithm problem reduces to Gauss sum estimation, an efficient classical algorithm for estimating Gauss sums would imply an efficient classical algorithm for computing discrete logarithms, which is considered unlikely. However, quantum computers can estimate Gauss sums to polynomial precision in polynomial time.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: We have an oracle consisting of n random Boolean functions mapping n-bit strings to a Boolean value. We are required to find n n-bit strings z..., z such that for the Hadamard-Fourier transform, at least 3/4 of the strings satisfy


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Amplitude amplification is a technique that allows the amplification of a chosen subspace of a quantum state. Applications of amplitude amplification usually lead to quadratic speedups over the corresponding classical algorithms. It can be considered to be a generalization of Grover's algorithm.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Grover's algorithm searches an unstructured database (or an unordered list) with N entries, for a marked entry, using only formula_3 queries instead of the formula_4 queries required classically. Classically, formula_4 queries are required even allowing bounded-error probabilistic algorithms.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Theorists have considered a hypothetical generalization of a standard quantum computer that could access the histories of the hidden variables in Bohmian mechanics. (Such a computer is completely hypothetical and would "not" be a standard quantum computer, or even possible under the standard theory of quantum mechanics.) Such a hypothetical computer could implement a search of an N-item database at most in formula_6 steps. This is slightly faster than the formula_3 steps taken by Grover's algorithm. Neither search method would allow either model of quantum computer to solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Quantum counting solves a generalization of the search problem. It solves the problem of counting the number of marked entries in an unordered list, instead of just detecting if one exists. Specifically, it counts the number of marked entries in an formula_8-element list, with error formula_9 making only formula_10 queries, where formula_11 is the number of marked elements in the list. More precisely, the algorithm outputs an estimate formula_12 for formula_11, the number of marked entries, with the following accuracy: formula_14.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: A quantum walk is the quantum analogue of a classical random walk, which can be described by a probability distribution over some states. A quantum walk can be described by a quantum superposition over states. Quantum walks are known to give exponential speedups for some black-box problems. They also provide polynomial speedups for many problems. A framework for the creation of quantum walk algorithms exists and is quite a versatile tool.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The element distinctness problem is the problem of determining whether all the elements of a list are distinct. Classically, Ω("N") queries are required for a list of size "N". However, it can be solved in formula_15 queries on a quantum computer. The optimal algorithm is by Andris Ambainis. Yaoyun Shi first proved a tight lower bound when the size of the range is sufficiently large. Ambainis and Kutin independently (and via different proofs) extended his work to obtain the lower bound for all functions.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The triangle-finding problem is the problem of determining whether a given graph contains a triangle (a clique of size 3). The best-known lower bound for quantum algorithms is Ω("N"), but the best algorithm known requires O("N") queries, an improvement over the previous best O("N") queries.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: A formula is a tree with a gate at each internal node and an input bit at each leaf node. The problem is to evaluate the formula, which is the output of the root node, given oracle access to the input.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: A well studied formula is the balanced binary tree with only NAND gates. This type of formula requires Θ("N") queries using randomness, where formula_16. With a quantum algorithm however, it can be solved in Θ("N") queries. No better quantum algorithm for this case was known until one was found for the unconventional Hamiltonian oracle model. The same result for the standard setting soon followed.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The problem is to determine if a black box group, given by "k" generators, is commutative. A black box group is a group with an oracle function, which must be used to perform the group operations (multiplication, inversion, and comparison with identity). We are interested in the query complexity, which is the number of oracle calls needed to solve the problem. The deterministic and randomized query complexities are formula_17 and formula_18 respectively. A quantum algorithm requires formula_19 queries but the best known algorithm uses formula_20 queries.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The complexity class BQP (bounded-error quantum polynomial time) is the set of decision problems solvable by a quantum computer in polynomial time with error probability of at most 1/3 for all instances. It is the quantum analogue to the classical complexity class BPP.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: A problem is BQP-complete if it is in BQP and any problem in BQP can be reduced to it in polynomial time. Informally, the class of BQP-complete problems are those that are as hard as the hardest problems in BQP and are themselves efficiently solvable by a quantum computer (with bounded error).


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Witten had shown that the Chern-Simons topological quantum field theory (TQFT) can be solved in terms of Jones polynomials. A quantum computer can simulate a TQFT, and thereby approximate the Jones polynomial, which as far as we know, is hard to compute classically in the worst-case scenario.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The idea that quantum computers might be more powerful than classical computers originated in Richard Feynman's observation that classical computers seem to require exponential time to simulate many-particle quantum systems. Since then, the idea that quantum computers can simulate quantum physical processes exponentially faster than classical computers has been greatly fleshed out and elaborated. Efficient (that is, polynomial-time) quantum algorithms have been developed for simulating both Bosonic and Fermionic systems and in particular, the simulation of chemical reactions beyond the capabilities of current classical supercomputers requires only a few hundred qubits. Quantum computers can also efficiently simulate topological quantum field theories. In addition to its intrinsic interest, this result has led to efficient quantum algorithms for estimating quantum topological invariants such as Jones and HOMFLY polynomials, and the Turaev-Viro invariant of three-dimensional manifolds.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: In 2009 Aram Harrow, Avinatan Hassidim, and Seth Lloyd, formulated a quantum algorithm for solving linear systems. The algorithm estimates the result of a scalar measurement on the solution vector to a given linear system of equations.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Provided the linear system is a sparse and has a low condition number formula_21, and that the user is interested in the result of a scalar measurement on the solution vector, instead of the values of the solution vector itself, then the algorithm has a runtime of formula_22, where formula_8 is the number of variables in the linear system. This offers an exponential speedup over the fastest classical algorithm, which runs in formula_24 (or formula_25 for positive semidefinite matrices).


title: Quantum algorithm

text: Hybrid Quantum/Classical Algorithms combine quantum state preparation and measurement with classical optimization. These algorithms generally aim to determine the ground state eigenvector and eigenvalue of a Hermitian Operator.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The quantum approximate optimization algorithm is a toy model of quantum annealing which can be used to solve problems in graph theory. The algorithm makes use of classical optimization of quantum operations to maximize an objective function.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm applies classical optimization to minimize the energy expectation of an ansatz state to find the ground state energy of a molecule. This can also be extended to find excited energies of molecules.


title: Quantum algorithm

text: The CQE algorithm minimizes the residual of a contraction (or projection) of the Schrödinger equation onto the space of two (or more) electrons to find the ground- or excited-state energy and two-electron reduced density matrix of a molecule. It is based on classical methods for solving energies and two-electron reduced density matrices directly from the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrödinger equation.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: Roberto Bautista Agut (; born 14 April 1988) is a Spanish professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 9 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) in singles, which he first achieved on 4 November 2019.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: Bautista Agut has won eleven ATP singles titles out of twenty one finals, the biggest win being the 2018 Dubai Tennis Championships, an ATP 500 tournament. His biggest final has been the 2016 Shanghai Masters, where he lost to Andy Murray. His best result at a major has been at the 2019 Wimbledon Championships, where he reached the semifinals.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: As a junior, Bautista Agut compiled a singles win–loss record of 41–13, reaching as high as No. 47 in junior world rankings in July 2006.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: In 2009, Bautista Agut qualified for the ATP 500 tournament in Valencia, where he lost to Albert Montañés in the first round.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: He qualified for his first Grand Slam appearance in the 2012 Australian Open. He lost in the first round to Ricardo Mello in straight sets. On 13 August 2012, Bautista Agut broke into the top 100 for the first time after strong performances in Challenger tournaments. He reached his first ATP-level quarterfinal at St. Petersburg later that year, losing to Fabio Fognini.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: His first tournament of 2013, in Chennai, saw him reach his first career ATP final. Bautista Agut defeated world No. 6, Tomáš Berdych, in the quarterfinals in three sets and faced world No. 9, Janko Tipsarević, in the final, to whom he lost despite winning the first set.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: Bautista Agut then followed with his then career-best Grand Slam performance at the Australian Open. After defeating Fabio Fognini in a first round five-setter, he fell to Jürgen Melzer in the second round.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: At Roland Garros, he reached the third round, after failing to even qualify at the main event for three consecutive occasions. His run ended to local Jérémy Chardy.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: At the Topshelf Open, Bautista Agut went through to the quarterfinals, before losing to Xavier Malisse.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: At the Wimbledon, he went on to make another second-round appearance after defeating Russian qualifier Teymuraz Gabashvili in the first round. However, he fell to his childhood idol, David Ferrer, in the second round, losing in four sets.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: Bautista Agut then took part at the Mercedes Cup in Stuttgart. He made it to the semifinal where he lost to eventual champion Fabio Fognini.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: At the US Open, he achieved another second round finish. After beating Thomaz Bellucci in the first round, he faced Ferrer in the second, where Bautista Agut lost in four sets.


title: Roberto Bautista Agut

text: He finished the year with a quarterfinal appearance at the St. Petersburg Open, defeated by eventual champion Ernests Gulbis.