title: At. Long. Last. ASAP

text: "At. Long. Last. ASAP" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 76, based on 33 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.7 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: At. Long. Last. ASAP

text: In "The Daily Telegraph", Neil McCormick called it a "big, bold, madly ambitious album" on which Rocky "made a frequently dazzling spectacle, another reminder that hip hop is currently setting the bar very high indeed". Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" said the rapper "doesn't absorb and repurpose his guests' styles. He's fully formed, a rapper who understands his talent in relation to that of his peers and that of his influences, unafraid of showing you his blueprint". Alex Denney of "NME" said, "Playground misogyny aside, "ALLA" is a thrillingly focused follow-up that betrays its anxieties even as it mostly makes do with extolling the virtues of vice". Jon Dolan from "Rolling Stone" credited the producers for sustaining the album's "expensive vibe" with "a sound that's at once tough and transporting — from the gospel-steeped 'Holy Ghost' to the interplanetary ass-shaker 'Electric Body' to the Rod Stewart-sampling soul fantasia 'Everyday' (featuring Miguel). Even at his trippiest, Rocky makes sure things never swirl off in a haze of incense and peppermints, with steely lyrics that often focus on inescapable truths". Ben Thomas of "The Guardian" said, "Some might call it retrograde in the year of "To Pimp a Butterfly", but rap is big enough to contain multitudes – including self-regard when it's this perfectly delivered".


title: At. Long. Last. ASAP

text: Rebecca Haithcoat was less impressed in "Spin", highlighting the upbeat production of "LSD", "Excuse Me", and "Westside Highway", but finding the rest of the record often "despondent". Jonathan Hatchman of "Clash" said, "As a collected body of work "At.Long.Last.A$AP" is far from dreadful, but taken as a whole it lacks the elements of depth and star quality that—having set the bar incredibly high with his debut—many expect from A$AP Rocky". "Mojo" reviewer Andy Cowan gave it a lukewarm assessment, writing that while "there are few lyrical miracles in these scattershot songs obsessed with sex, drugs and shopping, in this intuitive stylist's mouth the words themselves are often beside the point". Brooklyn Russell of "Pretty Much Amazing" said, "Even if we were to give "ALLA"s abysmal lyrics a pass, the production doesn't help, either... Still, Rocky can, at times, be an engaging figure that radiates charisma when he wants".


title: At. Long. Last. ASAP

text: "At. Long. Last. ASAP" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 146,000 album-equivalent units, of which 117,000 were pure album sales. In conclusion to this, it also gave Rocky his second consecutive number one album on the charts to date. In Canada, the album debuted at number one, with 11,000 copies sold. The album spent two more weeks in the top ten of the "Billboard" 200. As of July 2015, the album has sold 215,000 copies in the United States.


title: At. Long. Last. ASAP

text: Additionally, "At. Long. Last. ASAP" also spent four weeks at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums from June 13 – July 4, before singer Leon Bridges' debut album, "Coming Home", dethroned the album's run at the top slot. Also, as the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart's distillation, "A.L.L.A." stayed at the top slot on the US Rap Albums chart for a total of five nonconsecutive weeks (between June 13 – July 11), before being dethroned by rapper Meek Mill's second studio album, "Dreams Worth More Than Money", which also debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, giving Meek Mill his first number one album to date as well. As of April 2018, the album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for achieving over a million album-equivalent units.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: Bridget Jones's Diary is a 1996 novel by Helen Fielding. Written in the form of a personal diary, the novel chronicles a year in the life of Bridget Jones, a thirty-something single working woman living in London. She writes about her career, self-image, vices, family, friends, and romantic relationships.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: By 2006, the book had sold over two million copies worldwide. Critics have credited Fielding's novel as the "ur-text" of the contemporary chick lit movement. A sequel, "", was published in 1999.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: The plot is focused on Bridget's love life. She worries on a regular basis about dying without someone and going on to be eaten by dogs when her singleness causes her death not to be discovered promptly, an obsession that a "USA Today" reviewer called "one of [Bridget's] more cheerful daydreams". However, during the course of the year she becomes involved in two romantic relationships. The first is with her charming and handsome boss Daniel Cleaver, who eventually cheats on Bridget with a younger, more conventionally attractive woman. Bridget's second relationship is with the stuffy human-rights barrister Mark Darcy, whom she initially dislikes when they are reintroduced at a New Year's party where her mother reminds them they were childhood playmates. These two men are connected by more than their relationships with Bridget, as Fielding reveals near the end of the novel.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: Bridget not only obsesses about her love life, but also details her various daily struggles with her weight, her over-indulgence in alcohol and cigarettes, and her career. Bridget's friends and family are the supporting characters in her diary. These friends are there for her unconditionally throughout the novel; they give her advice about her relationships, and support when problems arise. Her friends are essentially her surrogate family in London.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: Bridget's parents live outside of the city, and while they play a lesser role than her friends, they are important figures in Bridget's life. Her mother is an overconfident, doting woman who is constantly trying to marry Bridget off to a rich, handsome man; and her father is considerably more down-to-earth, though he is sometimes driven into uncharacteristically unstable states of mind by his wife.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: Bridget often visits her parents, as well as her parents' friends, primarily Geoffrey and Una Alconbury; Geoffrey creates a mildly uncomfortable situation for Bridget by insisting she call him "Uncle Geoffrey" despite his propensity for groping her rear end whenever they meet. In these situations, Bridget is often plagued with that perennial question "How's your love life?" and exposed to the eccentricities of middle class British society, manifested in turkey curry buffets and tarts and vicars parties at which the women wear sexually provocative ("tart") costumes, while the men dress as Anglican priests ("vicars").


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: This novel evolved from Helen Fielding's "Bridget Jones's Diary" columns in "The Independent" and "The Daily Telegraph". Fielding devised the novel with the help of "Independent" journalist Charles Leadbeater; it is roughly based on Jane Austen's 1813 novel "Pride and Prejudice". As a columnist, Fielding often lampooned society's obsession with women's magazines such as "Cosmopolitan" and criticised wider societal trends in Britain at the time.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: The novel was first published in 1996 by the U.K. publisher; it became an international success. As of 2006, the book had sold over two million copies worldwide. A sequel, "", was published in 1999.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: The novel won the 1998 British Book of the Year, and Tracie Bennett won the 2000 Audie Award for "Solo Female Narration" for her audiobook narration. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 75 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: A film adaptation of the novel was released in 2001. The film stars Renée Zellweger (in an Academy Award nominated role) as the eponymous heroine, Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver, and Colin Firth as Mark Darcy. It was directed by Sharon Maguire (Helen Fielding's friend who was the inspiration for Shazzer) and the screenplay was written by Fielding, Andrew Davies, and Richard Curtis.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: A musical version was in the works, with the show was due to open in London's West End in 2012, although this never happened. British pop singer Lily Allen wrote the score and lyrics, and Stephen Daldry was said to be directing, joined by his co-worker Peter Darling, who would have served as choreographer. An official cast for the production was never finalised, but workshops for the show did begin with TV actress and star of "Legally Blonde the Musical", Sheridan Smith, in the title role. Allen stated in 2014 that while the musical was finished, it was unlikely to see the light of day.


title: Bridget Jones's Diary (novel)

text: On 5 November 2019, the BBC included "Bridget Jones's Diary" on its list of the 100 most inspiring novels.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: The Volkswagen Jetta (A6) is a compact car, the sixth generation of the Volkswagen Jetta and the successor to the Jetta (A5). Known as the NCS (New Compact Sedan) during its development, it was released in 2010 and was phased out since 2018 to make way for the Jetta (A7). The A6 Jetta is notable for leaving the premium positioning in the compact car segment, a strategy employed by Volkswagen to increase volume in the North American market. It also marked the departure from being a sedan derivative of the Golf, opting for a dedicated bodywork instead.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: The sixth-generation Volkswagen Jetta was announced in the North American market on 16 June 2010. The new model was larger and less expensive to manufacture than the previous generation making the vehicle more competitive against rivals such as the Toyota Corolla, Honda Civic and Nissan Sentra as part of Volkswagen's goal of reaching sales of 800,000 units in the North American market by 2018. The vehicle is produced at Volkswagen's facility in Puebla, Mexico, and was primarily designed by Volkswagen Mexico under the supervision of Volkswagen Germany with 70 percent of the parts were designed and manufactured in Mexico. Although the Jetta no longer shares any body panels with the Golf and has a longer wheelbase, this generation was partly based on the same PQ35 platform.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: Volkswagen's target of increasing its North American sales removed the Jetta from the premium compact car market. This forced many cost-cutting measures to be made for the North American models, which included a lower quality trim material for the interior. Leatherette replaced leather as the optional seating upholstery, and leather was still available on Canadian-spec models. lower end North American models lost the multi-link rear suspension of the previous generation until the 2015 model year. Engines from the A5 Jetta carried over included the 127 kW (170 hp; 177 PS) 2.5 L (five-cylinder) as well as the 104 kW (140 hp; 142 PS) 2.0 TDI (diesel) engine. The SEL Premium model retained the upscale soft-touch interior, as well as the multi-link independent rear suspension found on the GLI. North American models featured red turn signals instead of amber.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: In North America, the base model (S in the US, Trendline in Canada) received a 2.0-liter 8-valve four-cylinder engine with and torque. From model year 2016 onward, American S and SE models, and Canadian models Trendline and Comfortline Jettas would receive a 1.4 liter turbocharged engine that produces and of torque. This engine replaced the 2.0-litre in those markets. The diesel and hybrid versions were both discontinued for 2017, the hybrid for slow sales and the diesel as a result of the dieselgate debacle.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: New for 2014, the 2.5 L inline-5 was replaced with the new 1.8 L TSI turbocharged 4 cylinder. Based on the EA888 engine platform, the 1.8 TSI is listed as one of Ward's 10 Best Engines for 2014, producing and of torque, all while achieving an EPA rating of 25 MPG city / 36 MPG highway. Other updates for 2014 include an independent multilink rear suspension as found in European counterparts, and electronic power steering (1.8 TSI models only).


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: In Europe, the engine range consists of the 1.2 TSI, 1.4 TSI (122 or 160 PS), 2.0 TSI, 1.6 TDI, and 2.0 TDI engines. The European version will differ in some respects, particularly in having multi-link suspension at the rear. The European version will also incorporate soft-touch plastics on most of the dashboard (not the doors for this generation), and the rear seat center air vents have been restored. For the 2015 model year, Volkswagen made numerous improvements to the Jetta such as new front and rear fascias, headlights, reworked interior, fully independent suspension for all US models, a suite of driver-assistance systems such as blind-spot monitoring, cross-traffic alert, and standard rearview camera.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: The sixth-generation Jetta went on sale on 22 July 2010 in Mexico, thus becoming one of the only countries in the world where both the fourth (sold as the "Volkswagen Clásico"), and sixth-generation Jetta were available simultaneously. (Both models are also both available in Colombia and Argentina). The sixth-generation Jetta replaced the fifth, known in Mexico as the "Volkswagen Bora". A special edition called the "Volkswagen Jetta Edición Especial Bicentenario" and approved by the Mexican Federal Government commemorates that country's 200th anniversary of the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence, on 16 September 1810. It is also the first car in Mexico with granted permission to use an official government logo (a "2010" plaque).


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: It was launched in India on 17 August 2011. The Jetta was imported to India through the CKD route, and was locally assembled at Volkswagen's Chakan factory, near Pune. The 2015 Jetta facelift was released in the Indian car market on 17 February 2015.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: Although production ended end of 2017,Australia stock piled units,and the last ones were sold in mid 2019.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: This was the last model produced for the UK as of November 2017 after 379 models were sold between 1 January and 1 October 2017. Orders closed in September 2017.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: In January 2018, Volkswagen axed the Jetta in Europe as sales fell by a quarter in 2017 with just over 5,000 units being sold all year. Sales slipped in the US by 4.4%.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: The Volkswagen Jetta Turbo Hybrid was unveiled in January 2012 at the North American International Auto Show for the 2013 model year. It was developed due to Hybrid popularity in North America. The variant is powered by a 1.4 L TSI intercooled turbocharged engine producing mated with a electric motor providing a combined and . It also has as standard a 6-speed "DSG" automatic transmission, with "Sport" and "Tiptronic" modes. The Jetta Turbo Hybrid has an estimated combined fuel economy of . Sales of the 2013 Jetta Turbo Hybrid began in the U.S. by late 2012. In mid-2016, the Hybrid model (as well as the diesel option) was discontinued from the U.S. market without replacement.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: The Jetta in its most basic Latin American configuration with 2 airbags received 5 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2013.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: The revised 2015 Jetta has secured the highest ratings from most of the key crash testing agencies across the world: Top pick+ in IIHS, 5 stars in NHTSA, 5 stars each in Euro NCAP, and Australian NCAP.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: The Jetta GLI, a sedan equivalent of the Golf GTI based on the new Jetta, was revealed at the 2011 Chicago Auto Show with the 2.0 TSI 200 hp engine and a fully independent suspension, as well as the European Jetta's soft-touch materials. A black honeycomb grille, aggressive lower intakes, side adorning foglights, smoked taillights, dual tailpipes, red-painted calipers, and red stitching are all elements to separate it from its run-of-the-mill counterpart. The GLI, as well as the Jetta TDI, are the only two trims to receive Volkswagen's 6-speed manual transmission as well as the optional 6-speed "DSG" automatic gearbox. GLI models feature a sport suspension that rides 0.6 inches lower than other Jetta models and the XDS® Cross Differential System.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: Including Edition 30 and the Edition 30 with Navigation, they are versions of 2014 Jetta GLI commemorating the 30th anniversary of Jetta GLI in the US market. Changes include 18-inch "Laguna" aluminum-alloy wheels, red trim on the front grille, a trunklid-mounted spoiler, Edition 30 badging, Bi-Xenon headlights (Edition 30 with Navigation), contrasting color V-Tex leatherette seats with red accents; red contrast stitching on the steering wheel, shifter, brake lever, and armrests; carbon-look trim inlays; Edition 30 kickplates; floormats with red stitching, Choice of four body colors (Deep Black Metallic, Pure White, Tornado Red, and Reflex Silver Metallic).


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: Between 2015 and 2017, Volkswagen offered a limited-edition Jetta Sport in the US market. Based on the 1.8T SE with Connectivity (minus the sunroof), this trim adds a sport suspension, RNS 315 navigation with rearview camera, 17-inch "Joda Black" alloy wheels; two-tone heatable sport seats; foglights; black headliner; contrast stitching on leather-wrapped steering wheel, seats, handbrake and shift lever; rear spoiler. It is available in a five-speed manual and six-speed automatic transmission. Choice of four body colors (Black, Pure White, Tornado Red, and Platinum Grey Metallic) In 2016 the radio was upgraded to a 6.3" screen MIB-II unit with no other change to the car.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: A lighting package similar to the GLI is an available option which includes High-intensity Bi-Xenon headlights with LED Daytime Running Lights and an Adaptive Front-lighting System along with interior ambient lighting. The Sport and GLI models feature a sport suspension that rides 0.6 inches lower than other Jetta models. 2017 was the last year Volkswagen offered this trim with its sport-tuned suspension.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: For China, the A6 Jetta entered the market in March 2012 as the second-generation Sagitar and became popular in sales, reaching 271,000 cars sold in 2013, followed by 300,000 in 2014, nearly 280,000 in 2015, 341,000 in 2016 and 327,000 in 2017.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: The Sagitar was available with the 1.4-litre turbo and 1.6-litre engine paired with a 5-speed manual gearbox for both engines, a 6-speed automatic gearbox for 1.6 models, and a 7-speed dual-clutch automatic for 1.4 models. 1.8 TSI models were available for 2014 followed by the 2.0-litre TSI for 2016 and 1.2 TSI for 2017 and 2018. Models for sale until 2019 on the FAW-Volkswagen website consist of the 1.6 Comfort, 1.6 Fashion, 180TSI, 280TSI Comfort, 280TSI Luxury and 280TSI Flagship. Other trim levels consist of the Sagitar GLi and Sagitar R-Line which are available with the 2.0 litre TSI engine and 6 speed DSG and 1.4 litre turbo with 7 speed dual-clutch gearbox.


title: Volkswagen Jetta (A6)

text: For horsepower ratings, the 1.2 litre engine produces 81 kW (110 hp) which is also shared with 1.6-litre engine, the 1.4-litre turbocharged engine produces 110 kW (148 hp), and the 2.0-litre TSI known as "EA888" produces 147 kW (197 hp).


title: Blac Youngsta

text: Sammie Marquez Benson (born April 8, 1990), professionally known as Blac Youngsta, is an American rapper from Memphis, Tennessee. He is signed to Yo Gotti's label Collective Music Group (CMG) and Epic Records. After a series of mixtapes upon being signed, his 2017 single "Hip Hopper" and 2018 single "Booty", became the most successful, with the latter peaking at number 73 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Both songs appear on his debut studio album "223" (2019), which peaked at number 42 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: Sammie Marquez Benson was born on April 8, 1990, and raised in McMillan Street, a poor area in South Memphis, Tennessee. Benson and his younger brothers were raised by their grandparents. Despite both of his grandparents having jobs, they earned very little and struggled to put food on the table. Benson's grandfather managed to get him a job at a local grocery store when he was just 7 years old, however, he was fired when the manager caught him placing fake orders to the store in order to take the food home for him and his brothers. After losing his job at the store, Benson began selling drugs and served numerous sentences in prison for drug and gun charges. In 2012, after serving a year in prison, Benson began hosting local block parties which made him locally popular in South Memphis. Shortly after, he began pursuing a career in music, releasing his debut mixtape "Fast Bricks" in 2012.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: Taking the stage name "Blac Youngsta", Benson began taking a career in music more seriously in 2012, releasing three mixtapes as part of his "Fast Bricks" series, from 2012 to 2014.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: His breakout song "Heavy" was released in 2015, and gained the attention of Yo Gotti, who appeared on the song's remix and signed Blac Youngsta to his Collective Music Group label. Blac Youngsta's first mixtape as a member of CMG, "I Swear To God", was released on September 24, 2015, and featured guest appearances from Yo Gotti and Boosie Badazz. In March 2016, Blac Youngsta released a mixtape titled "Young & Reckless", followed by "Fuck Everybody", released in September 2016, with features from Young Thug, Quavo, Jacquees and YFN Lucci.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: In February 2017, Blac Youngsta released "Illuminati", his fourth mixtape as a member of CMG, with guest appearances from Kodak Black, Lil Yachty and Slim Jxmmi. After Blac Youngsta turned himself in for his involvement in a shooting targeted towards Yo Gotti's longtime rival, Young Dolph, a "Free Blac Youngsta" grassroots movement was started, with fellow rapper Young Thug releasing a song of the same name on May 17, 2017. After his release, Blac Youngsta established his own label imprint under CMG, Heavy Camp, and released a mixtape titled, "I'm Innocent," in June 2017, with guest appearances from Slim Jxmmi and Ty Dolla Sign. In December 2017, Blac Youngsta signed his first major label deal with Epic Records.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: In February 2018, Youngsta released his debut studio album, "223," through Epic, with guest appearances from Lil Yachty, Travis Scott and French Montana. The album charted on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 42. The album also spawned the successful single "Booty", which charted on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 73 and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In August 2018, Blac Youngsta released a sequel to his 2016 mixtape, "Fuck Everybody," with "Fuck Everybody 2", featuring a sole guest appearance from Lil Pump, which also charted on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 63.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: In May 2019, Blac Youngsta released his EP, "Cut Up". In August 2019, Blac Youngsta announced via Twitter that his second studio album will be called "Church on Sunday." In October 2019, Blac Youngsta also announced an international tour of the same name, starting in November 2019. "Church on Sunday" was released at the end of the same month.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: In January 2020, he was featured on Moneybagg Yo's song "1 2 3", which would later be released as a single in April 2020 and chart on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, earning him his second charting single on that chart.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: Heavy Camp is a record label imprint under Yo Gotti's Collective Music Group (CMG) founded by Blac Youngsta in 2017. The current president of the label is Julien Anderson.


title: Blac Youngsta

text: On January 8, 2016, Police were called to a Wells Fargo branch in downtown Atlanta, Georgia after Blac Youngsta withdrew $200,000 from his bank account in order to purchase a car. Workers allegedly believed Blac Youngsta was robbing the bank after he was seen leaving the bank with the money. Youngsta and his associates were released at the scene. Youngsta later accused the police and staff at the bank of racial profiling, claiming he was arrested for being "young and black".


title: Blac Youngsta

text: On May 16, 2017, Blac Youngsta surrendered himself to police on charges related to a shooting involving fellow Memphis rapper Young Dolph, in which Youngsta and his associates are alleged to have fired over 100 rounds into Young Dolph's SUV. Blac Youngsta had maintained that he was innocent before turning himself in. He was released on bond the same day, charged with six counts of discharging a weapon into an occupied dwelling or moving vehicle and felony conspiracy. In May 2019, the charges were dropped.


title: Scabbard

text: A scabbard is a sheath for holding a sword, knife, or other large blade. As well, rifles may be stored in a scabbard by horse riders. Military cavalry and cowboys had scabbards for their saddle ring carbine rifles and lever-action rifles on their horses for storage and protection. Scabbards have been made of many materials over the millennia, including leather, wood, and metals such as brass or steel.


title: Scabbard

text: Most commonly, sword scabbards were worn suspended from a sword belt or shoulder belt called a baldric.


title: Scabbard

text: Wooden scabbards were typically covered in fabric or leather; the leather versions also usually bore metal fittings for added protection and carrying ease. Japanese blades typically have their sharp cutting edge protected by a wooden scabbard called a saya. Many scabbards, such as ones the Greeks and Romans used, were small and light. It was designed for holding the sword rather than protecting it. All-metal scabbards were popular items for a display of wealth among elites in the European Iron Age, and often intricately decorated. Little is known about the scabbards of the early Iron Age, due to their wooden construction. However, during the Middle and late Iron Ages, the scabbard became important especially as a vehicle for decorative elaboration. After 200 BC fully decorated scabbards became rare. A number of ancient scabbards have been recovered from weapons sacrifices, a few of which had a lining of fur on the inside. The fur was probably kept oily, keeping the blade free from rust. The fur would also allow a smoother, quicker draw.


title: Scabbard

text: Entirely metal scabbards became popular in Europe early in the 19th century and eventually superseded most other types. Metal was more durable than leather and could better withstand the rigors of field use, particularly among troops mounted on horseback. In addition, metal offered the ability to present a more military appearance, as well as the opportunity to display increased ornamentation. Nevertheless, leather scabbards never entirely lost favor among military users and were widely used as late as the American Civil War (1861–1865).


title: Scabbard

text: Some military police forces, naval shore patrols, law enforcement and other groups used leather scabbards as a kind of truncheon.


title: Scabbard

text: On the other hand, in Japan, except for some cases of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, water-resistant lacquered wooden scabbards have been used throughout history.


title: Scabbard

text: Scabbards were historically, albeit rarely, worn across the back, but only by a handful of Celtic tribes, and only with very short lengths of sword. This is because drawing a long, sharp blade over one's shoulder and past one's head from a scabbard on the back is relatively awkward, especially in a hurry, and the length of the arm sets a hard upper limit on how long a blade can be drawn at all in this way. Sheathing the sword again is even harder since it has to be done effectively blind unless the scabbard is taken off first. Common depictions of long swords being drawn from the back are a modern invention, born from safety and convenience considerations on a film set and typically enabled by creative editing, and have enjoyed such great popularity in fiction and fantasy that they are widely and incorrectly believed to have been common in Medieval times. Some more well-known examples of this include the back scabbard depicted in the film "Braveheart" and the back scabbard seen in the video game series "The Legend of Zelda". There is some limited data from woodcuts and textual fragments that Mongol light horse archers, Chinese soldiers, Japanese Samurai and European Knights wore a slung baldric over the shoulder, allowing longer blades such as greatswords/zweihanders and nodachi/ōdachi to be strapped across the back, though these would have to be removed from the back before the sword could be unsheathed.


title: Scabbard

text: In "The Ancient Celts" by Barry Cunliffe, Cunliffe writes, "All these pieces of equipment [shields, spears, swords, mail] mentioned in the texts, are reflected in the archaeological record and in the surviving iconography, though it is sometimes possible to detect regional variations (page 94). Among the Parisii of Yorkshire, for example, the "...sword was sometimes worn across the back and therefore had to be drawn over the shoulder from behind the head."


title: Scabbard

text: The metal fitting where the blade enters the leather or metal scabbard is called the throat, which is often part of a larger scabbard mount, or locket, that bears a carrying ring or stud to facilitate wearing the sword. The blade's point in leather scabbards is usually protected by a metal tip, or chape, which, on both leather and metal scabbards, is often given further protection from wear by an extension called a drag, or shoe.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Samuel Burgess (born 14 December 1988) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played as a or forward in the 2000s and 2010s.


title: Sam Burgess

text: He played in England for the Bradford Bulls in the Super League and in Australia for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. The Rabbitohs won the 2014 NRL Premiership, the club's first in 43 years, and Burgess was named winner of the Clive Churchill Medal for man of the match in the Grand Final. he played for Great Britain and England at international level.


title: Sam Burgess

text: In late 2014, Burgess switched codes to play rugby union for Bath. He was called up to the England national team in August 2015, becoming a dual-code international, and was a member of England's squad for their unsuccessful 2015 Rugby Union World Cup campaign, before returning to rugby league for the 2016 NRL season.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 30 October 2019, Burgess announced his retirement due to a shoulder injury. Burgess currently works as an assistant coach for the South Sydney Rabbitohs.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess, also known by the nickname of "Slammin' Sam", is one of four rugby league-playing brothers; younger brothers Tom and George are teammates at the Rabbitohs, while older brother Luke retired after playing in England and Australia.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess was born on 14 December 1988 in Liversedge, Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. His late father, Mark Burgess, who died of motor neurone disease, was also a rugby league footballer who played for Nottingham City, Rochdale Hornets, Dewsbury and Hunslet; while his mother, Julie, is a teacher, currently employed at The Scots College in Bellevue Hill, Sydney. His older brother, Luke, and younger twin brothers, Tom and George, are also professional rugby league footballers.


title: Sam Burgess

text: He attended Heckmondwike Grammar School. He played his junior rugby for Hunslet Parkside, Dewsbury Moor and also played for Liversedge Cricket Club.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess made his Super League début against Leeds in 2006 after already being dubbed by Shontayne Hape as "Great Britain's Sonny Bill". After a highly successful début season with the Bulls, Burgess was awarded the Senior Academy Player of the Year Award by the club. In 2007 Burgess established himself as a first team regular. After a great full season he was called up for the Great Britain squad for the 2007 Test series with New Zealand, and was named as young player of the year in the Super League. Burgess made his Great Britain début against New Zealand in the 1st test in October 2007, scoring a try. Burgess also played in the centenary match between the All Golds and Northern Union; he was awarded the Man of the match. He gained attention for his big hit on New Zealand prop Fuifui Moimoi during the Kiwis' 2007 tour when he was only 19 years old.


title: Sam Burgess

text: At the end of 2008's Super League XIII, Burgess was forced to rule himself out contention for the England 2008 World Cup squad because of injury.


title: Sam Burgess

text: In September 2009, the South Sydney Rabbitohs announced they had signed Burgess on a four-year deal from the 2010 season. Burgess, on contract at the Bradford Bulls until the end of the 2010 season, was released after the clubs agreed on a compensation fee. South Sydney co-owner and A-list celebrity Russell Crowe persuaded Burgess to choose his club over others that were competing for his signature, after inviting Burgess and his mother to the set of "Robin Hood", which he was filming in England at the time.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess, in his last game in the UK before moving to the NRL, played a prominent role in the final of the 2009 Four Nations tournament, scoring two tries in England's defeat by Australia.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Before he had played a game for South Sydney Burgess played for the NRL All Stars in the inaugural All Stars match after Rabbitohs prop Dave Taylor injured his ankle at training. It was played at Skilled Park on the Gold Coast on 13 February 2010. The NRL All Stars lost the game 16–12.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess was given a one-week ban by the NRL Judiciary for a grade one grapple tackle. He was placed on report during Round 21, against the Canterbury Bulldogs, for a grapple tackle made on Canterbury fullback Ben Barba. Burgess therefore missed the Round 22 clash against Wests Tigers. This suspension came at a fairly pivotal time in the season, as forwards Michael Crocker, Luke Stuart, Scott Geddes, and Dave Taylor had all been ruled out from the clash already.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess continued to represent England at the end of the season in the 2010 Four Nations tournament. His shoulder was injured in the first game of the 2011 NRL season against the Roosters on 11 March, for which he needed surgery and a month of rest. However, as soon as he came back from that, he injured his ankle and is out for the remainder of 2011.


title: Sam Burgess

text: In August 2013, the Burgess brothers became the first set of four brothers to line up in the same Australian side since Ray, Roy, Rex and Bernard Norman played for Sydney's Annandale club during the 1910 NSWRFL season. That year, Burgess was banned for two games following his infamous "squirrel grip" on Will Chambers – where Chambers's testicles were grabbed during a game. Sam was in a DVD about his life called 'Slammin' Sam: The Sam Burgess Story' After the 2013 NRL season Burgess represented England in the 2013 World Cup.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 17 February 2014, it was announced that at the end of the year Burgess would switch to rugby union. In what was his last match for South Sydney, Burgess, along with brothers Tom and George played against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the 2014 NRL Grand Final. Despite suffering a broken cheekbone in the first tackle of the game, Burgess continued to play on, with his team winning the match. He was awarded the Clive Churchill Medal for best player in the grand final. Taking into account the retrospective Clive Churchill medal awarded to Ron Coote in 1971, Sam Burgess was the first South Sydney player to claim the medal in 43 years.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess was signed for Bath Rugby in England's top competition on a three-year contract, starting from October 2014. His start date was then delayed until December 2014 due to complicated surgery to fix a fractured cheek and eye socket. He was seen by the English rugby union as their answer to Sonny Bill Williams – a big ball-playing rugby league forward who can transfer those skills to the backline midfield in union.


title: Sam Burgess

text: He scored his first try for Bath in the 13th round of the Premiership against Wasps at the Recreation ground and was awarded man of the match.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 10 April, Burgess started in the Aviva Premiership against Newcastle Falcons at blindside flanker. Burgess completed the most turnovers of any player in the matches of that round.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 10 August, Burgess was named in the England Elite Squad to make his International début against France at Twickenham on 15 August, in a warm-up match for the Rugby World Cup. He started the game which England won 19-14.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Following his appearance where he was sin-binned, World Cup winning English scrum half Matt Dawson commented:


title: Sam Burgess

text: "You can't take him to the World Cup for me. He played 80 mins and credit for that. But the way the game went in the second half there was nothing for him to do. The great thing about Burgess is he doesn't make mistakes with ball in hand. But unfortunately, if you're going to be really picky, positionally he wasn't great. He played like a six rather than a 12. There are things that are instinctively he doesn’t know what to do." Dawson's comments came before Lancaster named Burgess as one of four centres including Henry Slade to represent England in the World Cup. His inclusion and performances at the World Cup were widely scrutinized, and seen by some pundits as partly to blame for England's "humiliating" early pool stage exit from the tournament—the worst result for a host nation in the tournament's history. Burgess in 2018 claimed ""If people actually re-watched the games I participated in you will see I added to the team. What cost us an early exit was individual egos and selfish players not following our leader." England led Wales 25-18 when Burgess was substituted in the 70th minute in his final game for England.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 5 November, Burgess made the decision to leave rugby union, opting to return to South Sydney Rabbitohs, signing a three-year contract.


title: Sam Burgess

text: In early November 2015 it was reported that Burgess had been signed to the South Sydney Rabbitohs for $1.5m AUD per season. This figure would make him the highest paid rugby league footballer of all time and in the top three highest paid of either code. In December 2015 Burgess was selected to play for the World All Stars in the 2016 Rugby League All Stars Match alongside his brother Tom Burgess.


title: Sam Burgess

text: He was also announced the new captain under new coach Wayne Bennett after original captain Sean O'Loughlin was unavailable through injury.


title: Sam Burgess

text: In October 2017 he was selected in the England squad for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. In the week leading up to the final, Burgess was made captain as Sean O'Loughlin pulled out with injury. England went on to lose the final to Australia 6-0. On 6 December 2017, it was announced that Burgess had agreed to a contract extension with Souths keeping him at the club until the end of 2019.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 5 September 2018 Burgess signed a four-year contract with Souths keeping him at the club until the end of the 2023 season. The new contract deal coincided with Souths returning to form in The NRL with the club finishing third on the table at the end of the regular season. The following week, Burgess and South Sydney were embroiled in an off field incident involving Souths players exposing themselves on Instagram to a female fan back in May 2018. A report by The Daily Telegraph verified social media accounts belonging to Burgess were at the centre of the saga.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 21 September 2018, Burgess was cleared by the NRL of any wrongdoing. Burgess then spoke to the media saying “I have not sexted anyone, I fully co-operated with the inquiry as I said I would. I have engaged lawyer Chris Murphy to pursue my remedies and he has retained defamation lawyers".


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess started the 2019 NRL season strongly as Souths won 10 of their first 11 games. Following Souths Round 13 loss against Newcastle, Burgess was ruled out with a shoulder injury. It was later revealed that Burgess needed a drip inserted into his heart to fight an infection after shoulder surgery and was ruled out from playing indefinitely.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess returned to the Souths side for their Round 20 match against Cronulla which Souths lost 39-24 at Shark Park. Burgess was placed on report during the match after hitting Cronulla player Matt Moylan with a high tackle.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 21 August 2019 Burgess was voted as one of the best players of the decade in the NRL team of the decade announcement which spanned from the 2010 to 2019 seasons. The panel who voted were made up of Premiership-winning coaches Phil Gould, Craig Bellamy, Trent Robinson and Ricky Stuart along with Hall of Famers Peter Sterling, Darren Lockyer, Danny Buderus and Laurie Daley.


title: Sam Burgess

text: In round 25 of the 2019 NRL season, Burgess was replaced on report in South Sydney's victory over arch rivals the Sydney Roosters. Burgess was alleged to have pulled the hair of Easts player Billy Smith. Burgess was later suspended for one match over the incident.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 18 September 2019, Burgess was asked by NRL CEO Todd Greenberg to meet with him and show cause as to why he should not be reprimanded for an outburst he made about criticism in relation to the NRL judiciary. In an interview with the media Burgess said "Everyone seems to be in uproar about this judiciary system, “Who is making the calls here? Is there a discussion before these calls go out there? I don’t know. What’s the process? It’s like a kangaroo court in there".


title: Sam Burgess

text: At the end of the 2019 regular season, South Sydney finished in third place on the table and qualified for the finals. Burgess missed the qualifying final against the Sydney Roosters due to his suspension in round 25. Burgess returned for the elimination semi-final against Manly-Warringah which Souths won 34-26 at ANZ Stadium. The following week, Burgess played in South Sydney's 16-10 preliminary final loss against Canberra at Canberra Stadium.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 30 October 2019, Burgess was forced into early retirement due to a chronic shoulder injury. Burgess released a statement saying "To all South Sydney members and fans, fans of the game and even the supporters that aren't my biggest fans, I'd like to thank each and every one of you for making my career what it was in the NRL, I have loved absolutely every minute; the highs, the lows; the Grand Final; coming home; my injuries; my dates with the judiciary. It really has been a fantastic ride".


title: Sam Burgess

text: In December 2015, Burgess married Phoebe Hooke in a lavish ceremony at her parents estate in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales. The couple welcomed their daughter, Poppy Alice Burgess, on 24 January 2017. They welcomed their son, William "Billy" Mark Burgess, on 9 December 2018. The couple separated less than a month after their son was born. They reconciled some time in April 2019 but split for a second time in October 2019. Shortly after their separation, an apprehended violence order (AVO) was taken out against Burgess on behalf of his father-in-law, Mitchell Hooke.


title: Sam Burgess

text: Burgess later pleaded not guilty to charges of intimidation and common assault and claimed the allegations made by his ex-wife were "born out of malice or retaliation". On 5 February 2021, Burgess was found guilty of intimidating his former father-in-law, Mitchell Hooke. On 19 March 2021, Burgess had his conviction for intimidating his former father-in-law overturned on appeal.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 22 February 2021, Burgess was arrested by police and charged with driving offences which included driving an unregistered vehicle and driving without a valid licence. Burgess also failed a random roadside drug test. Burgess was later ordered to appear in court on 4 May 2021.


title: Sam Burgess

text: On 20 October 2021, Burgess was cleared of all charges against him in relation to a year-long investigation into allegations of abuse levelled by his ex-wife. A statement read “NSW Police Operational Legal Advice unit just recommended no criminal prosecution(s) be preferred against Sam Burgess in relation to these allegations. That now concludes this investigation".


title: Naoko Yamada

text: In 2021, she directed the original net animation "The Heike Story" under Science SARU. The series premiered on Japanese television in January 2022. She has won multiple awards for her work, as well as become world renowned for her stylistic choices in anime. She was also one of the youngest people to be made a director with Kyoto Animation, getting her first directing opportunity around 4 years after finishing college and starting work for the studio.


title: Naoko Yamada

text: Yamada was born in Kyoto Prefecture in 1984. She enjoyed drawing as a child and would copy images from the "Patlabor" and "Dragon Ball" series. Always showing an interest in film, Yamada would stay up late as a child just to catch what ever film might be playing in the evening slot. She showed interest in extracurricular activities as well, joining the volleyball club in primary school and the tennis and photography clubs in high school. At the Kyoto University of Art and Design, she studied oil painting and was a member of the special effects club.


title: Naoko Yamada

text: Yamada originally intended to work in film after graduating from university, but she decided to join Kyoto Animation after seeing an advertisement the company had posted at her school. She first worked as an inbetweener for the very popular anime "Inuyasha" (2000-2004), which was outsourced to the studio at that time. She was eventually promoted as a key animator for TV adaptation of "Air" (2005). From there she would work as the Key Animator on a number of other shows including "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya", "Kanon", and "Lucky Star". She would then be mentored by one of the directors already working at Kyoto Animation, Tatsuya Ishihara. When asked about his initial thoughts on Yamada, Ishihara said " I thought she was a weird subculture girl who went to an arts university."


title: Naoko Yamada

text: Her first directorial work was for the 17th episode of the anime series "Clannad" (2008), though it was "K-On!" (2009) that marks her chief directorial debut and the development of her unique style. The series would become successful, breaking numerous records and spurring another season in 2010 and a film in 2011, both directed by Yamada. In 2013, she directed "Tamako Market", an original work which focused on the main characters change from adolescence to adult hood. The following year, she directed its sequel film, "Tamako Love Story", in which she won the New Face Award at the Japan Media Arts Festival. She storyboarded the entire film herself, and also wrote the lyrics for the opening theme song, "Everybody Loves Somebody".


title: Naoko Yamada

text: Yamada's next project was the feature film "A Silent Voice" (2016), an adaptation of the manga of the same name. Although it reflected on elements of bullying and physical impairment in Japan, Yamada did state that she did not want those to be the central focal point, but rather wanted the audience to focus on the more positive aspects of the film and use bullying as a means of showing Shoya's personality as a teen. The film opened at #2 in the Japanese Box Office and grossed a total of ¥2.3 billion, the 19th highest-grossing film in Japan in 2016. The film also received multiple award nominations, including Best Animation Film in the Mainichi Film Awards and the Excellent Animation of the Year in the Japan Academy Prize. "A Silent Voice" is scheduled to be rereleased in North American theaters on October 12, 2022 for the film's fifth anniversary.


title: Naoko Yamada

text: On July 18, 2019, a man started a fire at the main studio of Kyoto Animation, killing 36 of Yamada's colleagues and wounding 33 others. Yamada was reported not to have been hurt in the fire. The incident would force Yamada and many of her colleagues to look elsewhere for work.


title: Naoko Yamada

text: In 2020, Yamada departed from Kyoto Animation, and she debuted with her first work outside of her home studio. Yamada started her work on the original net animation "The Heike Story", at the anime studio Science SARU, which released its first episode in September 2021.


title: Naoko Yamada

text: For Yamada, the most important part of being a director is to observe people. She describes herself as a "method" director, emphasizing the minds of the characters. In an interview about her work on the "K-On!" series, Yamada states, "It’s very important to me to treat the characters as individual people. I don’t think of them as imaginary; instead I try to come in touch with them from their perspective." This desire to connect with characters' thoughts and feelings also extends to the frequent LGBTQ+ characters and themes depicted in her works, with Yamada stating that although she doesn't desire to either avoid LGBTQ+ themes or give them special treatment, she aims to depict them as a "natural course".


title: Naoko Yamada

text: Yamada's work often features low-angle shots on the legs, a stylistic choice that sets her apart from many other anime directors. When asked about this choice, she explained, "when you're nervous, you move your legs around. I think that it would be nice to express emotion like that."


title: Naoko Yamada

text: Yamada credits the majority of her style and themes to her love of live action film. Even though she decided to work in animation, much of her shot composition and use of space is heavily influenced by film styles found in live action work. Specifically, her use of low angle shots, shallow depth of field, and varying camera movement, allows Yamada's to pull in the audience stylistically just as any live action film would. When it comes to how Yamada thinks about her characters, she focuses heavily on styles of communication. Yamada also focuses a lot on the color composition in each shot of her works, by using specific tones she is able to better portray the emotions the characters are going through.


title: Naoko Yamada

text: While much of Yamada's work has focused on female protagonists, her work on "A Silent Voice" features a male protagonist. This was a difficult direction for Yamada because she had said “I love girls, so I want to depict girls from here onwards. Depicting boys is difficult. For example, I thought a lot about what to do if boys who saw the film thought a guy wouldn’t do something like that.”


title: Naoko Yamada

text: Yamada has been known to encourage her co-workers to have an enjoyable work environment, stating that "when I direct a title, I’m determined to do anything to make it great—so that everyone walks out of it thinking it was worthwhile, glad to have been involved."


title: Cetane number

text: Cetane number (cetane rating) is an indicator of the combustion speed of diesel fuel and compression needed for ignition. It plays a similar role for diesel as octane rating does for gasoline. The CN is an important factor in determining the quality of diesel fuel, but not the only one; other measurements of diesel fuel's quality include (but are not limited to) energy content, density, lubricity, cold-flow properties and sulphur content.


title: Cetane number

text: The cetane number (or CN) of a fuel is defined by finding a blend of cetane and isocetane with the same ignition delay. Cetane has a cetane number defined to be 100, while isocetane's measured cetane number is 15, replacing the former reference fuel alpha-methylnaphthalene, which was assigned a cetane number of 0. Once the blend is known, the cetane number is calculated as a volume-weighted average, rounded to the nearest whole number, of cetane's 100 and heptamethylnonane's 15.


title: Cetane number

text: Cetane number is an inverse function of a fuel's ignition delay, the time period between the start of ignition and the first identifiable pressure increase during combustion of the fuel. In a particular diesel engine, higher cetane fuels will have shorter ignition delay periods than lower cetane fuels. Cetane numbers are only used for the relatively light distillate diesel oils. For heavy (residual) fuel oil two other scales are used, CCAI and CII.


title: Cetane number

text: Generally, diesel engines operate well with a CN from 48 to 50. Fuels with lower cetane number have longer ignition delays, requiring more time for the fuel combustion process to be completed. Hence, higher speed diesel engines operate more effectively with higher cetane number fuels.


title: Cetane number

text: In Europe, diesel cetane numbers were set at a minimum of 38 in 1994 and 40 in 2000. The current standard for diesel sold in European Union, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland is set in EN 590, with a minimum cetane index of 46 and a minimum cetane number of 51. Premium diesel fuel can have a cetane number as high as 60.


title: Cetane number

text: In Finland, premium diesel fuels sold by filling station chains St1 (Diesel Plus), Shell (containing GTL) and ABC (Smart Diesel) have a minimum cetane number of 60 with the typical value being at 63. Neste MY Renewable Diesel sold in Finland has a minimum cetane number of 70.


title: Cetane number

text: In North America, most states adopt ASTM D975 as their diesel fuel standard and the minimum cetane number is set at 40, with typical values in the 42-45 range. Premium diesel fuel may or may not have higher cetane number depending on the supplier. Premium diesel often use additives to improve CN and lubricity, detergents to clean the fuel injectors and minimize carbon deposits, water dispersants, and other additives depending on geographical and seasonal needs.. California diesel fuel has a minimum cetane of 53. Under the Texas Low Emission Diesel (TxLED) program there are 110 counties where diesel fuel must have a cetane number of 48 or greater, or else must use an approved alternative formulation or comply with the designated alternative limits.


title: Cetane number

text: Alkyl nitrates (principally 2-ethylhexyl nitrate) and di-"tert"-butyl peroxide are used as additives to raise the cetane number.


title: Cetane number

text: Biodiesel from vegetable oil sources have been recorded as having a cetane number range of 46 to 52, and animal-fat based biodiesels cetane numbers range from 56 to 60. Dimethyl ether is a potential diesel fuel as it has a high cetane rating (55-60) and can be produced as a biofuel. Most simple ethers, including liquid ones, such as diethyl ether can be used as diesel fuels, although the lubricity can be of concern.


title: Cetane number

text: Cetane is the hydrocarbon with chemical formulas CH and CH(CH)CH. Named n-hexadecane, it is an unbranched saturated alkane. Cetane ignites with a short delay under compression, and is assigned a cetane number of 100. Alpha-methylnaphthalene, which has a long delay period, was assigned a cetane number of 0, but has been replaced as a reference fuel by 2,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptamethylnonane, whose cetane number is 15. All other hydrocarbons in diesel fuel are indexed to cetane as to how rapidly they ignite under compression, i.e., diesel engine conditions. Since hundreds of components in comprise diesel fuel, the overall cetane number of that fuel is the average cetane quality of all the components. High-cetane components have a disproportionate influence, hence the use of high-cetane additives.


title: Cetane number

text: Cetane numbers are rather difficult to measure accurately, as it requires a special diesel engine called a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine. Under standard test conditions, the operator of the CFR engine uses a manual-wheel to increase the compression ratio (and therefore the peak pressure within the cylinder) of the engine until the time between fuel injection and ignition is 2.407 ms. The resulting cetane number is then calculated by determining which mixture of cetane (hexadecane) and isocetane (2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane) will result in the same ignition delay.


title: Cetane number

text: Another reliable method of measuring the derived cetane number (DCN) of diesel fuel is the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT). This instrument applies a simpler, more robust approach to CN measurement than the CFR. Fuel is injected into a constant volume combustion chamber at approximately 575 °C and . The time between the start of injection and the recovery of the combustion chamber pressure to is defined as the ignition delay. This measured ignition delay is then used to calculate the DCN of the fuel. The fuel's DCN is then calculated using an empirical inverse relationship to ignition delay. Because of the reproducibility, material cost, and speed of the IQT, this has been the definitive source for DCN measurements of fuels since the late 2000s.


title: Cetane number

text: Another reliable method of measuring the derived cetane number of diesel fuel is the Fuel Ignition Tester (FIT). This instrument applies a simpler, more robust approach to CN measurement than the CFR. Fuel is injected into a constant volume combustion chamber in which the ambient temperature is approximately 575 °C. The fuel combusts, and the high rate of pressure change within the chamber defines the start of combustion. The ignition delay of the fuel can then be calculated as the time elapsed between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion. The fuel's derived cetane number can then be calculated using an empirical inverse relationship to ignition delay.


title: Cetane number

text: Another method that fuel-users control quality is by using the cetane index (CI), which is a calculated number based on the density and a distillation range of the fuel. There are various versions of this, depending on whether metric or Imperial units are used, and the number of distillation points are used. These days most oil companies use the '4-point method', ASTM D4737, based on density, 10% 50% and 90% recovery temperatures. The '2-point method' is defined in ASTM D976 and uses just density and the 50% recovery temperature. This 2-point method tends to overestimate the cetane index and is not recommended. Cetane index calculations can not account for cetane improver additives and therefore do not measure the total cetane number for additized diesel fuels. Diesel engine operation is primarily related to the actual cetane number and the cetane index is simply an estimation of the base (unadditized) cetane number.


title: Cetane number

text: The industry standards for measuring cetane number are ASTM D613 (ISO 5165) for the CFR engine, D6890 for the IQT, and D7170 for the FIT.


title: Isocyanate

text: In organic chemistry, isocyanate is the functional group with the formula . Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polymers.


title: Isocyanate

text: Isocyanates should not be confused with cyanate esters and isocyanides, very different families of compounds. The cyanate (cyanate ester) functional group () is arranged differently from the isocyanate group (). Isocyanides have the connectivity , lacking the oxygen of the cyanate groups.


title: Isocyanate

text: In terms of bonding, isocyanates are closely related to carbon dioxide (CO) and carbodiimides (C(NR)). The C−N=C=O unit that defines isocyanates is planar, and the N=C=O linkage is nearly linear. In phenyl isocyanate, the C=N and C=O distances are respectively 1.195 and 1.173 Å. The C-N=C angle is 134.9° and the N=C=O angle is 173.1°.


title: Isocyanate

text: These reactions proceed via the intermediacy of a carbamoyl chloride (). Owing to the hazardous nature of phosgene, the production of isocyanates requires special precautions.


title: Isocyanate

text: Another route to isocyanates entails addition of isocyanic acid to alkenes. Complementarily, alkyl isocyanates form by displacement reactions involving alkyl halides and alkali metal cyanates.


title: Isocyanate

text: Isocyanates are electrophiles, and as such they are reactive toward a variety of nucleophiles including alcohols, amines, and even water having a higher reactivity compared to structurally analogous isothiocyanates.


title: Isocyanate

text: If a diisocyanate is treated with a compound containing two or more hydroxyl groups, such as a diol or a polyol, polymer chains are formed, which are known as polyurethanes.


title: Isocyanate

text: This reaction is exploited in tandem with the production of polyurethane to give polyurethane foams. The carbon dioxide functions as a blowing agent.


title: Isocyanate

text: Reaction between a di-isocyanate and a compound containing two or more amine groups produces long polymer chains known as polyureas.


title: Isocyanate

text: Carbodiimides are produced by the decarboxylation of alkyl and aryl isocyanate using phosphine oxides as a catalyst:


title: Isocyanate

text: Isocyanates also can react with themselves. Aliphatic diisocyanates can trimerise to from substituted isocyanuric acid groups. This can be seen in the formation of polyisocyanurate resins (PIR) which are commonly used as rigid thermal insulation. Isocyanates participate in Diels–Alder reactions, functioning as dienophiles.


title: Isocyanate

text: The global market for diisocyanates in the year 2000 was 4.4 million tonnes, of which 61.3% was methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), 34.1% was toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 3.4% was the total for hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and 1.2% was the total for various others. A monofunctional isocyanate of industrial significance is methyl isocyanate (MIC), which is used in the manufacture of pesticides.


title: Isocyanate

text: MDI is commonly used in the manufacture of rigid foams and surface coating. Polyurethane foam boards are used in construction for insulation. TDI is commonly used in applications where flexible foams are used, such as furniture and bedding. Both MDI and TDI are used in the making of adhesives and sealants due to weather-resistant properties. Isocyanates, both MDI and TDI are widely used in as spraying applications of insulation due to the speed and flexibility of applications. Foams can be sprayed into structures and harden in place or retain some flexibility as required by the application. HDI is commonly utilized in high-performance surface-coating applications, including automotive paints.


title: Isocyanate

text: The risks of isocyanates was brought to the world's attention with the Bhopal disaster, which caused the death of nearly 4000 people from the inadvertent release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas into the surrounding environs.


title: Isocyanate

text: LD50s for isocyanates are typically several hundred milligrams per kilogram. Despite this low acute toxicity, an extremely low short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 0.07 mg/m is the legal limit for all isocyanates (except methyl isocyanate: 0.02 mg/m) in the United Kingdom. These limits are set to protect workers from chronic health effects such as occupational asthma, contact dermatitis, or irritation of the respiratory tract.


title: Isocyanate

text: Since they are used in spraying applications, the properties of their aerosols have attracted attention. In the U.S., OSHA conducted a National Emphasis Program on isocyanates starting in 2013 to make employers and workers more aware of the health risks.


title: Isocyanate

text: Polyurethanes have variable curing times, and the presence of free isocyanates in foams vary accordingly.


title: Isocyanate

text: Both the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have evaluated TDI as a potential human carcinogen and Group 2B "possibly carcinogenic to humans". MDI appears to be relatively safer and is unlikely a human carcinogen. The IARC evaluates MDI as Group 3 "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans".


title: Isocyanate

text: All major producers of MDI and TDI are members of the International Isocyanate Institute, which promotes the safe handling of MDI and TDI.


title: Isocyanate

text: Isocyanates can present respiratory hazards as particulates, vapors or aerosols. Autobody shop workers are a very commonly examined population for isocyanate exposure as they are repeatedly exposed when spray painting automobiles and can be exposed when installing truck bed liners. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has slower onset and features chronic inflammation that can be seen on imaging of the lungs. Occupational asthma is a worrisome outcome of respiratory sensitization to isocyanates as it can be acutely fatal. Diagnosis of occupational asthma is generally performed using pulmonary function testing (PFT) and performed by pulmonology or occupational medicine physicians. Occupational asthma is much like asthma in that it causes episodic shortness of breath and wheezing. Both the dose and duration of exposure to isocyanates can lead to respiratory sensitization. Dermal exposures to isocyanates can sensitize an exposed person to respiratory disease.


title: Isocyanate

text: Dermal exposures can occur via mixing, spraying coatings or applying and spreading coatings manually. Dermal exposures to isocyanates is known to lead to respiratory sensitization. Even when the right personal protective equipment (PPE) is used, exposures can occur to body areas not completely covered. Isocyanates can also permeate improper PPE, necessitating frequent changes of both disposable gloves and suits if they become over exposed.


title: Isocyanate

text: Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is highly flammable. MDI and TDI are much less flammable. Flammability of materials is a consideration in furniture design. The specific flammability hazard is noted on the safety data sheet (SDS) for specific isocyanates.


title: Isocyanate

text: Elimination and substitution seeks to eliminate a hazard directly from use in industrial processes. Elimination if possible also has the possibility of eliminating the need for other controls. If unable to make an elimination, substituting a less hazardous isocyanate may also control hazards. Because of the hazards inherent in isocyanates, there is ongoing research for suitable replacements. The EPA has sponsored work on finding suitable replacements for isocyanates in polyurethane coatings.


title: Isocyanate

text: Engineering controls seek to decrease hazards by creating barriers to hazard exposure. Using the source–pathway–receptor model, an engineering control acts on the pathway to mitigate hazards emanating from the source from reaching the receptor. An automated spraying booth with a separate ventilation system would be an example of engineering controls. Appropriate ventilation is a common engineering control when using isocyanates.


title: Isocyanate

text: Administrative controls are policy or training based controls to decrease hazards. A quarterly training session on recognizing symptoms of occupational asthma or proper respirator use would be examples of administrative controls. Administrative controls can be effective in reducing hazards for which personal protective equipment does not exist, for example, no eating or smoking in work areas can prevent ingestion of hazardous chemicals. Training is required by OSHA


title: Isocyanate

text: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the lowest level of hazard control. For isocyanates commonly used, PPE include respirators for inhalation hazards and gloves to minimize absorption of dermal hazards. PPE like respirators are sensitive to fit and require some maintenance periodically. In some autobody paint and clear-coat spraying applications exposure limits exceed the protection factor of half mask respirators, and a full-face mask is required. Eye protection is an important component of PPE. Gloves and coveralls are appropriate personal protective equipment for workers. Gloves and protective clothing can be effective in reducing dermal exposures, but user resistance can arise due to loss of tactile sensation or increased thermal burden. The material and thickness of gloves are an important component of protection.


title: Isocyanate

text: Exposure assessment is the domain of industrial hygienists. An objective of exposure assessment is to ensure regulatory compliance with occupational exposure limits (OELs) below. OSHA guidelines provide detailed technical guidance on measuring isocyanates by sampling and analytics procedures tailored to specific chemicals. In the case of MDI, sample is by glass-fiber filters at standard air flow rates and liquid chromatography.


title: Isocyanate

text: Occupational health surveillance is primarily the domain of medical professionals. This can include counseling, respirator fit testing, tracking of biologic exposure using biologic exposure indices (BEI) and PFT results. Biologic monitoring levels for isocyanates exist but may not be commonly used. One example of a monitoring program by the United States Navy relies on pulmonary function testing and screening questionnaires.


title: Isocyanate

text: The combination of industrial hygiene and medical surveillance can have a significant effect on the incidence of occupational asthma.


title: Isocyanate

text: Emergency management is a complex process of preparation and should be considered in a setting where a release of bulk chemicals may threaten the well-being of the public. The Bhopal disaster involving release of MIC and resulting in the deaths of thousands of people and affecting hundreds of thousands more. As a result of major industrial incidents like this, public health officials have proposed disaster preparedness programs aimed at assessing hazards, prevention by engineering and coordinated responses. More recently MIC was involved in an explosion at a pesticide manufacturing plant in West Virginia.


title: Isocyanate

text: Exposure limits can be expressed as ceiling limits, a maximal value, short-term exposure limits (STEL), a 15-minute exposure limit or an 8-hour time-weighted average limit (TWA). Below is a sampling, not exhaustive, as less common isocyanates also have specific limits within the United States, and in some regions there are limits on total isocyanate, which recognizes some of the uncertainty regarding the safety of mixtures of chemicals as compared to pure chemical exposures. For example, while there is no OEL for HDI, NIOSH has a REL of 5 ppb for an 8-hour TWA and a ceiling limit of 20 ppb, consistent with the recommendations for MDI.


title: Isocyanate

text: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the regulatory body covering worker safety. OSHA puts forth permissible exposure limit (PEL) 20 ppb for MDI and detailed technical guidance on exposure assessment.


title: Isocyanate

text: The National Institutes of Health (NIOSH) is the agency responsible for providing the research and recommendations regarding workplace safety, while OSHA is more of an enforcement body. NIOSH is responsible for producing the science that can result in recommended exposure limits (REL), which can be lower than the PEL. OSHA is tasked with enforcement and defending the enforceable limits (PELs). In 1992, when OSHA reduced the PEL for TDI to the NIOSH REL, the PEL reduction was challenged in court, and the reduction was reversed.


title: Isocyanate

text: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is also involved in the regulation of isocyanates with regard to the environment and also non-worker persons that might be exposed.


title: Isocyanate

text: The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) is a non-government organization that publishes guidance known as threshold limit values (TLV) for . The TLV is not an OSHA-enforceable value, unless the PEL is the same.


title: Isocyanate

text: The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) provides regulatory oversight of chemicals used within the European Union. ECHA has been implementing policy aimed at limiting worker exposure through elimination by lower allowable concentrations in products and mandatory worker training, an administrative control. Within the European Union, many nations set their own occupational exposure limits for isocyanates.


title: Isocyanate

text: The United Nations, through the World Health Organization (WHO) together with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), collaborate on the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) to publish summary documents on chemicals. The IPCS published one such document in 2000 summarizing the status of scientific knowledge on MDI.


title: Isocyanate

text: The IARC evaluates the hazard data on chemicals and assigns a rating on the risk of carcinogenesis. In the case of TDI, the final evaluation is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). For MDI, the final evaluation is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).


title: Isocyanate

text: The International Isocyanate Institute is an international industry consortium that seeks promote the safe utilization of isocyanates by promulgating best practices.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Sheridan is a town in the U.S. state of Wyoming and the county seat of Sheridan County. The town is located halfway between Yellowstone Park and Mount Rushmore by U.S. Route 14 and 16. It is the principal town of the Sheridan, Wyoming, Micropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Sheridan County. The 2010 census put the town's population at 17,444 and the Sheridan, Wyoming, Micropolitan Statistical Area at 29,116, making it the 421st-most populous micropolitan area in the United States.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Several battles between US Cavalry and the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Shoshone, and Crow Indian tribes occurred in the area in the 1860s and 1870s before the town was built.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: In 1878, trapper George Mandel built a cabin on Big Goose Creek, reconstructed today in the Whitney Commons park near the Sheridan County Fulmer Public Library. Jack Dow surveyed the townsite for Sheridan in 1882, at the behest of John Loucks, first mayor of the town who had served under Gen. Sheridan.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: In the early 1880s, the nearby town of Big Horn was larger in population. In 1888, Sheridan County split off of Johnson County, and voters chose Sheridan as the county seat in a run-off election. The arrival of the Burlington and Missouri Railroad in 1892 boosted Sheridan's economic status, leading to the construction of the Sheridan Inn, where Buffalo Bill Cody was once a financial partner. Railroad maintenance facilities and railroad-tie treatment plants were significant employers in Sheridan's first decades. The railroad created numerous side industries as well as export opportunities for raw materials. Maps of the day show Sheridan as part of the "hinterland" providing raw goods to cities like Chicago. For the next twenty years the economy and population boomed.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Numerous coal mines funded by Chicago investors opened along Tongue River north of Sheridan in the 1890s, sparking immigration, and a major building boom that built Sheridan's brick downtown district. By 1910, an electric streetcar line, one of the only in the state, connected the mining towns of Monarch, Dietz, and Acme to Sheridan.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Sheridan was initially settled by farmers from midwestern states like Illinois, and a few people who came up the cattle trails from Texas, like John B. Kendrick, who went on to be a cattle tycoon and Governor of Wyoming. Many immigrants from Poland, Italy, Greece, Germany, Mexico, and Japan settled in Sheridan, finding work in coal mines, railroad, or agriculture. One notable Muslim immigrant was Zarif Khan, a charismatic Afghani tamale and hamburger vendor from what is now Pakistan whose neighborly generosity is still remembered in Sheridan. Many Polish families came from the Jaworzynka village in southern Poland. English immigrants who settled in the area were overwhelmingly farmers.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Agriculture played a major role in Sheridan County's early economy. By the 1920s, Sheridan was an agricultural processing center for wheat, dairy, and sugar beets, with a stockyard for cattle shipping by rail. Many hobos rode the rails to Sheridan in the 1920s and 1930s, seeking employment in agriculture and ranches. From 1935 through 1939, Sheridan was considered the state capital of the proposed state of Absaroka, a secessionist movement that proved unsuccessful.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: The role of underground coal mining declined in the 1950s when demand for coal to power steam locomotives declined due to adoption of diesel locomotives. As coal mine towns dwindled, many employees moved into Sheridan and found other lines of work. The economy boomed in the 1970s with the construction of strip mines along Tongue River in Montana. Many subdivisions were built on former small farms outside of Sheridan in the 1970s and 1980s as the dairy, wheat, and sugar beet industry consolidated to other areas in Montana and South Dakota with more production capacity.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Tourism has long been a significant factor in Sheridan's economy and community life. Numerous guest ranches including Eaton's Ranch hosted guests that arrived by rail. Books like "Diary of a Dude Wrangler" and "Hell Among the Yearlings" document this history. Many dude ranch guests moved to Sheridan permanently, leaving a lasting influence on the area's economy, cultural life, and charity institutions. Today Sheridan has a number of local educational and community foundations, and almost 400 non-profits. Notable community-funded entities include a large Y.M.C.A. recreation center, and the WYO Theater.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: In the 21st century, Sheridan is the economic center for a large area spanning three counties in north-central Wyoming and southern Montana. The town has a relatively diversified service economy — including government, healthcare, education, real estate, mining, and financial services, with a growing manufacturing sector — in contrast to many communities in Wyoming that rely mostly on natural resource extraction, government jobs, or national park tourism.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Sheridan has a strong rodeo culture that draws from ranching history as well as a tradition of catering to the wild-west entertainment and shopping tastes of locals and tourists. The Sheridan WYO Rodeo was established in 1931 to provide entertainment and economic development following the success of the PK Ranch Rodeos in 1928 and 1929. It was a professional rodeo from the beginning but took a hiatus because of the Second World War in 1942 and 1943. It returned as a working cowboy rodeo in 1944 with a new name, the Bots Sots Stampede. In 1951 it resumed as the Sheridan-Wyo-Rodeo and became a professional rodeo again in 1966.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: In 1953, the Miss Indian America Pageant and All-American Indian Days, "an interracial project in human relations," was founded to celebrate American Indian culture.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: The mix of cowboy and American Indian pageantry is still a major flavor in Sheridan's annual summer celebrations, akin to rodeos in other reservation-border towns like Pendleton, Oregon. Sheridan's milieu of cowboy-Indian cross-pollination and community relations provided part of the inspiration for the Walt Longmire mystery novel and TV series created by local author Craig Johnson.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Though Sheridan primarily celebrates its western culture through rodeo, the town's history and culture includes major industrial, commercial, and recreational influences.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Sheridan experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk"), with cold, dry winters and hot, wet summers, though summers in recent years have been trending more dry.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Like many towns in the western United States, Sheridan's early industries included cattle ranching, logging, coal mining, railroading, agriculture, and small factories including a flour mill, brewery, commercial registered agents, and sugarbeet refinery. Residents today find employment in many fields including nearby coal mines; education; coal bed methane extraction; health care; retailing; banking; law firms; city, county, and state government; National Forest; home construction; and a large number of small businesses; farming; and ranching.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Intercity bus service is available in Sheridan through Jefferson Lines. Local service is provided by the Goose Creek Transit and the Sheridan Trolley runs from Memorial Day through Labor Day.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Sheridan is served by Sheridan County Airport, located southwest of town. Bighorn Airways offers airplane and helicopter air charter service, as well as an aircraft repair and installation center. United Express, operated by SkyWest Airlines, offers scheduled nonstop flights to Denver, Colorado.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Public education in the city of Sheridan is provided by Sheridan County School District #2. There are six elementary, two junior (or middle) schools-Sheridan Junior High and The Wright Place, and two high schools-Sheridan High School and Ft. Mackenzie High Schools. The Wright Place and Ft. Mackenzie High School are considered alternative education programs. In addition the district supports home schooling. Private and parochial schools are operated by Normative Services, Holy Name Parish (Holy Name School), and several religion-based organizations. The Northern Wyoming Community College District offers post-secondary education with Sheridan College.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 17,444 people, 7,680 households, and 4,296 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 8,253 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.9% White, 0.4% African American, 1.0% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.3% of the population.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: There were 7,680 households, of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.1% were non-families. 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.86.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: The median age in the city was 39.2 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 15,804 people, 7,005 households, and 4,062 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,862.4 people per square mile (718.7/km). There were 7,413 housing units at an average density of 873.6 per square mile (337.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.93% White, 0.22% African American, 0.97% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.20% Pacific Islander, 0.85% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.64% of the population. 24.0% were of German, 12.5% English, 10.3% Irish, 7.6% United States or American, 5.9% Norwegian and 5.3% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: There were 7,005 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.0% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.0% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.88.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: The median income for a household in the city was $31,420, and the median income for a family was $40,106. Males had a median income of $30,829 versus $19,783 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,500. About 8.6% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Sheridan is governed via the mayor-council system. The city council consists of six members elected which are elected at large in staggered terms. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. The city has its own police department.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: The Wyoming Department of Family Services Juvenile Services Division operates the Wyoming Girls' School, located in unincorporated Sheridan County, near Sheridan. The facility was operated by the Wyoming Board of Charities and Reform until that agency was dissolved as a result of a state constitutional amendment passed in November 1990.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Two stations are public radio stations; KSUW FM 91.3, is a Wyoming Public Radio station and KPRQ FM 88.1, via translator from Montana State University - Billings in Billings, Montana.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: "The Sheridan Press" is the local newspaper. The "Billings Gazette" and "Casper Star Tribune" are regional newspapers available in Sheridan.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: In 1984, Queen Elizabeth II visited Sheridan and stayed at Canyon Ranch as a guest of Wyoming U.S. Senator Malcolm Wallop, the brother of lifetime friend Lady Porchester whose husband, George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon, was the queen's godson. It remained rather unpublicized before local reports of the Queen shopping at local stores caused international media outlets to hound the area, seeking to capture the obscure idea of British monarchy gathering at a ranch in the 'Old West' nestled beneath the Rocky Mountains. Coverage drastically intensified the following day with the Brighton hotel bombing, a nearly successful assassination attempt on Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and reports of the Queen's impromptu call with President Ronald Reagan to discuss the matter.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Several scenes of the 2006 film "Flicka" were filmed on location in Sheridan. It was based on the novel, "My Friend Flicka".


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Sheridan was ranked number one by the "True West Magazine" in 2006 among the Top Western Towns. It was ranked sixth in 2007. It is a vacation destination and a travel stop, due to its proximity to Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 14.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Top Sheridan area destinations include The Brinton Museum in Big Horn, Wyoming, which exhibits iconic 19th, 20th and 21st century Western and American Indian art in the new 25,000 square-foot Forrest E. Mars, Jr. building and in its historic ranch house on the 620-acre Quarter Circle A Ranch. The museum was established in 1961 by Bradford Brinton's sister Helen Brinton, who wanted to make his historic collection of art available to the public. Exhibits include pieces by Charles M. Russell, Frederic Remington, Edward Borein, Winold Reiss, Thomas Moran, and Hans Kleiber, among many others. The Brinton Museum draws visitors from all 50 states and more than 30 foreign countries annually.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Another top destination is The Sheridan WYO Rodeo, which began in 1931 and is widely regarded as one of the top rodeos in the nation. It draws 25,000 guests to its annual, weeklong western celebration and performance each July at the Sheridan County Fairgrounds. The Sheridan WYO Rodeo recently launched a new Labor Day Weekend destination event called the Cowboy State Elite Rodeo, the only ERA League of Champions Rodeo event in an outdoor arena in the U.S.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Museums in Sheridan include the Sheridan County Museum and King's Saddlery Museum. The latter's exhibits display Western leather work (especially saddles) and cover Western history.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: The City of Sheridan maintains nine parks. Kendrick Park, at the corner of Badger and Beaver Streets, includes a children's play area, a seasonal ice cream shop, a swimming pool, chainsaw carvings, and a buffalo and elk conservatory.


title: Sheridan, Wyoming

text: Every summer in the second week of July, Sheridan hosts the WYO Rodeo. Rodeo Week events include a parade, the "Sneakers and Spurs" run, a rubber duck race on Big Goose Creek in Kendrick Park, a carnival at the fairgrounds, and a golf tournament at the country club. On the final day of Rodeo Week, a tailgate party and polo game are held in nearby Big Horn, Wyoming, at the Flying H Polo Club.


title: John II of Portugal

text: John II (; ; 3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495), called the Perfect Prince (), was King of Portugal from 1481 until his death in 1495, and also for a brief time in 1477. He is known for re-establishing the power of the Portuguese monarchy, reinvigorating the Portuguese economy, and renewing his country's exploration of Africa and Asia.


title: John II of Portugal

text: Born in Lisbon, the son of King Afonso V of Portugal by his wife, Isabella of Coimbra, John II succeeded his father as ruler of Portugal in 1477, when the king retired to a monastery, but only became king in 1481, after the death of his father and predecessor.


title: John II of Portugal

text: As a prince, John II accompanied his father in the campaigns in northern Africa and was made a knight after the victory in the Conquest of Arzila in 1471. In 1473, he married Leonor of Viseu, an infanta of Portugal and his first cousin.


title: John II of Portugal

text: Even at a young age, John was not popular among the peers of the kingdom since he was immune to external influence and appeared to despise intrigue. The nobles (including particularly his half second cousin Ferdinand II, the Duke of Braganza) were afraid of his future policies as king.


title: John II of Portugal

text: accession to the throne in 1481, John II took a series of measures to curtail the power of the Portuguese aristocracy and concentrate power in himself. As one of example of the measure he took, he deprived the nobles of their right to administer justice on their estates. Immediately, the nobles started to conspire. Letters of complaint and pleas to intervene were exchanged between the Duke of Braganza and Queen Isabella I of Castile.


title: John II of Portugal

text: King John took the precaution of renegotiating the "Tercerias de Moura" agreement to insure that his son Afonso was living safely back at court before he would move against Braganza, the most powerful noble in the realm (the original agreement called for Afonso to live in Moura, Portugal, with his intended Spanish bride, Isabella, Princess of Asturias, as children before their marriage). In 1483, additional correspondence was intercepted by royal spies. The House of Braganza was outlawed, their lands confiscated and the duke executed in Évora. The Duke's widow, Isabella of Viseu, John's cousin and sister-in-law, fled with her children to Castile.


title: John II of Portugal

text: In the following year, the Duke of Viseu, John's cousin and brother-in-law, was summoned to the palace and stabbed to death by the king himself for suspicion of a new conspiracy. Many other people were executed, murdered, or exiled to Castile, including the Bishop of Évora, who was poisoned in prison. Following the crackdown, no one in the country dared to defy the king and John saw no further conspiracies during his reign. A great confiscation of estates followed and enriched the crown, which now became the dominant power of the realm.


title: John II of Portugal

text: Facing a bankrupt kingdom, John II showed the initiative to solve the situation by creating a regime in which a council of scholars took a vital role. The king conducted a search of the population and selected members for the Council on the basis of their abilities, talents and credentials (meritocracy). John's exploration policies (see below) also paid great dividends. Such was the profit coming from John II's investments in the overseas explorations and expansion that the Portuguese currency had become the soundest in Europe. The kingdom could finally collect taxes for its own use rather than to pay debts, mainly thanks to its main gold source at that time, the coast of Guinea.


title: John II of Portugal

text: John II famously restored the policies of Atlantic exploration, reviving the work of his great-uncle, Henry the Navigator. The Portuguese explorations were his main priority in government. Portuguese explorers pushed south along the known coast of Africa with the purpose of discovering the maritime route to India and breaking into the spice trade. During his reign, the following achievements were realised:


title: John II of Portugal

text: The true extent of Portuguese explorations has been the subject of academic debate. According to one theory, some navigations were kept secret for fear of competition by neighbouring Castile. The archives of this period were mainly destroyed in the fire after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, and what was not destroyed during the earthquake was either stolen or destroyed during the Peninsular War or otherwise lost.


title: John II of Portugal

text: When Columbus returned from his first voyage early in 1493, he first stopped in Lisbon to claim his victory in front of King John II. King John II's only response to this was that under the Treaty of Alcáçovas previously signed with Spain, Columbus's discoveries lay within Portugal's sphere of influence. Before Columbus even reached Isabella I of Castile, John II had already sent a letter to them threatening to send a fleet to claim it for Portugal. Spain quickly hastened to the negotiating table, which took place in a small Spanish town named Tordesillas with a papal representative present to act as mediator. The result of this meeting would be the famous Treaty of Tordesillas, which sought to divide all newly discovered lands in the New World between Spain and Portugal.


title: John II of Portugal

text: John II died at Alvor at age 40 without legitimate children. Despite his attempts to have his illegitimate son Jorge, Duke of Coimbra, succeed him, he was succeeded by his first cousin and brother in-law, Manuel I.


title: John II of Portugal

text: The nickname "the Perfect Prince" is a posthumous appellation that is intended to refer to Niccolò Machiavelli's work "The Prince". John II is considered to have lived his life exactly according to the writer's idea of a perfect prince. Nevertheless, he was admired as one of the greatest European monarchs of his time. Isabella I of Castile usually referred to him as "El Hombre" ("The Man").


title: John II of Portugal

text: Indeed, Poliziano considered his achievements to be more meritorious than those of Alexander the Great or Julius Caesar. He offered to write an epic work giving an account of John II accomplishments in navigation and conquests. The king replied in a positive manner in a letter of 23 October 1491, but delayed the commission.


title: Manish Pandey

text: Manish Krishnanand Pandey (born 10 September 1989) is an Indian international cricketer. He is primarily a right-handed middle-order batsman representing Karnataka in domestic cricket and Lucknow Super Giants in the Indian Premier League (IPL). He played as an opening batsman for his former IPL team, the Royal Challengers Bangalore, and became the first Indian player to score a century in the IPL in 2009 Indian Premier League.


title: Manish Pandey

text: Pandey was born in Nainital, Uttarakhand, but moved to Bangalore at the age of 15 with his family. His father was in the Indian Army. He did his schooling in Kendriya Vidyalaya and later joined the Karnataka State Cricket Association. His sister, Anita Pandey was also a former cricketer who had represented Karnataka. He was a member of the victorious Indian team in the 2008 Under-19 World Cup held in Malaysia.


title: Manish Pandey

text: He was selected for the Mumbai Indians squad in the 2008 season of the Indian Premier League. On 21 May 2009, while playing for Royal Challengers Bangalore, he became the first Indian to score a century in the IPL. He was then picked up by the Kolkata Knight Riders in 2014. In the finals, he played a match-winning innings of 94 against Kings XI Punjab and was awarded Man of Match. He had been included in the list of top 10 scorers of 2 IPL seasons, 2014 (401 runs in 16 matches) and in 2017 (396 runs in 13 matches). In 2018, he was picked up by Sunrisers Hyderabad for ₹11 crore. He was dropped for most of the season in IPL 2021, due to lack of form.