title: Plasma protein binding

text: Since albumin is alkalotic, acidic and neutral drugs will primarily bind to albumin. If albumin becomes saturated, then these drugs will bind to lipoprotein. Basic drugs will bind to the acidic alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. This is significant because various medical conditions may affect the levels of albumin, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins.


title: Plasma protein binding

text: Only the unbound fraction of the drug undergoes metabolism in the liver and other tissues. As the drug dissociates from the protein, more and more drug undergoes metabolism. Changes in the levels of free drug change the volume of distribution because free drug may distribute into the tissues leading to a decrease in plasma concentration profile. For the drugs which rapidly undergo metabolism, clearance is dependent on the hepatic blood flow. For drugs which slowly undergo metabolism, changes in the unbound fraction of the drug directly change the clearance of the drug.


title: Plasma protein binding

text: The most commonly used methods for measuring drug concentration levels in the plasma measure bound as well as unbound fractions of the drug.


title: Plasma protein binding

text: The fraction unbound can be altered by a number of variables, such as the concentration of drug in the body, the amount and quality of plasma protein, and other drugs that bind to plasma proteins. Higher drug concentrations would lead to a higher fraction unbound, because the plasma protein would be saturated with drug and any excess drug would be unbound. If the amount of plasma protein is decreased (such as in catabolism, malnutrition, liver disease, renal disease), there would also be a higher fraction unbound. Additionally, the quality of the plasma protein may affect how many drug-binding sites there are on the protein.


title: Plasma protein binding

text: Using 2 drugs at the same time can sometimes affect each other's fraction unbound. For example, assume that Drug A and Drug B are both protein-bound drugs. If Drug A is given, it will bind to the plasma proteins in the blood. If Drug B is also given, it can displace Drug A from the protein, thereby increasing Drug A's fraction unbound. This may increase the effects of Drug A, since only the unbound fraction may exhibit activity.


title: Plasma protein binding

text: Note that for Drug A, the % increase in unbound fraction is 100% – hence, Drug A's pharmacological effect can potentially double (depending on whether the free molecules get to their target before they are eliminated by metabolism or excretion). This change in pharmacologic effect could have adverse consequences.


title: Plasma protein binding

text: However, this effect is really only noticeable in closed systems where the pool of available proteins could potentially be exceeded by the number of drug molecules. Biological systems, such as humans and animals, are open systems where molecules can be gained, lost or redistributed and where the protein pool capacity is almost never exceeded by the number of drug molecules. A drug that is 99% bound means that 99% of the drug molecules are bound to blood proteins not that 99% of the blood proteins are bound with drug. When two, highly protein-bound drugs (A and B) are added into the same biological system it will lead to an initial small increase in the concentration of free drug A (as drug B ejects some of the drug A from its proteins). However, this free drug A is now more available for redistribution into the body tissues and/or for excretion. This means the total amount of drug in the system will decrease quite rapidly, keeping the free drug fraction (the concentration of free drug divided by the total drug concentration) constant and yielding almost no change in clinical effect.


title: Plasma protein binding

text: The effects of drugs displacing each other and changing the clinical effect (though important in some examples) is vastly overestimated usually and a common example incorrectly used to display the importance of this effect is the anticoagulant Warfarin. Warfarin is highly protein-bound (>95%) and has a low therapeutic index. Since a low therapeutic index indicates that there is a high risk of toxicity when using the drug, any potential increases in warfarin concentration could be very dangerous and lead to hemorrhage. In horses, it is very true that if warfarin and phenylbutazone are administered concurrently, the horse can develop bleeding issues which can be fatal. This is often explained as being due to the effect of phenylbutazone ejecting warfarin from its plasma protein, thus increasing the concentration of free warfarin and increasing its anticoagulant effect. However, the real problem is that phenylbutazone interferes with the liver's ability to metabolize warfarin so free warfarin cannot be metabolized properly or excreted. This leads to an increase in free warfarin and the resulting bleeding problems.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: The Vinnytsia massacre was the mass execution of between 9,000 and 11,000 people in the Ukrainian town of Vinnytsia by the Soviet secret police NKVD during the Great Purge in 1937–1938, which Nazi Germany discovered during its occupation of Ukraine in 1943. The investigation of the site first conducted by the international Katyn Commission coincided with the discovery of a similar mass murder site of Polish prisoners of war in Katyn. Nazi propaganda invoked mention of the massacre to illustrate communist terror by the Soviet Union.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: Most of the victims buried at Vinnytsia were killed using a .22 calibre bullet fired into the back of the neck. Due to the small calibre of the bullet, most victims were shot twice, and at least 78 of them were shot three times; 395 of the victims found there had their skulls broken in addition to traces of gunshot trauma. Almost all men whose remains were excavated had their hands tied. Older women were dressed in some form of clothing, whereas younger victims were buried naked.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: The executions were clandestine; the families were not informed of their relatives' fate. Personal belongings, documents and trial documentation were not preserved and instead were buried in a separate pit not far from the mass graves.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: The first examinations of the exhumed bodies were made by doctors such as professor Gerhard Schrader of the University of Halle-Wittenberg, docent Doroshenko of Vinnytsia, and professor Malinin of Krasnodar, respectively. The excavations started in May 1943 at three locations: the fruit orchard in the west, the central cemetery, and the People's Park. Most of the bodies were found in the fruit orchard (5,644 bodies). Altogether, 91 mass graves were discovered at the three locations, and 9,432 bodies were exhumed; 149 of them were women. The excavations at the People's Park were not finished, though many more bodies were thought to be buried there.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: After a preliminary investigation conducted by Professor Schrader's team, two teams of medical examiners were invited — one international and the other made up of 13 experts from universities in Nazi Germany. An international commission of experts in anatomy and forensic pathology were brought in from 11 countries in Europe, predominantly from Nazi Germany's allied or occupied states. They were:


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: The group visited the mass graves between July 13 and July 15, 1943. The Nazi German commission completed its report on July 29, 1943. Both commissions determined that almost all of the victims were executed by two shots in the back of the head between 1937 and 1938.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: 468 bodies were identified by people of Vinnytsia and the surroundings; the other 202 were identified on the basis of documents and evidence found in the graves. Most bodies that were identified this way were Ukrainians; there were also 28 bodies that were identified as ethnic Poles.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: Besides the original group of thirteen, several other delegations visited the sites in mid-1943. Among them were politicians and other officials from Kingdom of Bulgaria, Occupied Denmark, Occupied Greece, Republic of Finland, and Kingdom of Sweden. Photos and results of the investigation were published in many countries in Europe, and were used by Nazi Germany in the propaganda war against the Soviet Union.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: Most of the bodies were reburied after a burial service led by metropolit Vissarion of Odessa. The service was also attended by many other Orthodox bishops and foreign church officials.


title: Vinnytsia massacre

text: A monument was also erected to the "Victims of Stalinist Terror". Later the Soviet authorities rededicated the monument to the "Victims of Nazi Terror", finally completely removing it and creating an entertainment park in its place. In the last ten years a new monument has been constructed at the burial site in the park; it only refers to "victims of totalitarianism". During Soviet times, information about the massacre was disseminated and investigated by the Ukrainian diaspora in the West. The mass murder in Vinnytsia returned as a critical topic in Ukraine in 1988.


title: Peter Burroughs

text: Peter Burroughs (born 27 January 1947) is a British television and film actor and the director of Willow Management. He is the father-in-law of actor and TV presenter Warwick Davis.


title: Peter Burroughs

text: His first dramatic role was that of the character ""Branic"" in the 1979 television series "The Legend of King Arthur". He also acted in the television shows "Dick Turpin", "The Goodies", "Doctor Who" in the serial the "The King's Demons" and "One Foot in the Grave".


title: Peter Burroughs

text: Burroughs played roles in Hollywood movies such as "Flash Gordon", George Lucas' "Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi" (a swinging ewok), "Willow", "The Dark Crystal", "Labyrinth" and "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". In 1995, Burroughs set up Willow Management, an agency for short actors, along with co-actor Warwick Davis. He portrayed a bank goblin in the Harry Potter series ("Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" and "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2").


title: Peter Burroughs

text: His daughter Samantha (born 1971), is married to "Star Wars: Episode VI – Return of the Jedi" and "Willow" film star Warwick Davis. He has another daughter, Hayley Burroughs, who is also an actress. His granddaughter is Annabelle Davis.


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: Mae Louise Miller (born Mae Louise Wall; August 24, 19432014) was an American woman who was kept in modern-day slavery, known as peonage, near Gillsburg, Mississippi and Kentwood, Louisiana until her family achieved freedom in early 1961.


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: Mae's story was unearthed when she spoke to historian Antoinette Harrell, who highlighted it in the short documentary "The Untold Story: Slavery in the 20th Century". The story inspired the 2022 film "Alice".


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: In 2003, Mae and all six of her siblings joined a class action lawsuit seeking reparations to descendants of enslaved people from several private companies with lawyer Deadria Farmer-Paellmann. Mae stated to NPR that "maybe I wasn't free, but maybe it can free somebody else. There's a lot of people out there that's really enslaved and don't know how to get out." In 2004, a judge dropped the lawsuit.


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: Historian Antoinette Harrell believes that Miller's father Cain Wall lost his own farmland after he signed a contract that he could not read which indebted him to a local plantation owner. The Wall family was forced to do fieldwork and housework for several white families attending the same church on the Louisiana-Mississippi border: the Gordon family, the McDaniel family, and the Wall family (no relation). Peon owners used the violent coercion akin to that of slavery to force black people to work off imagined debts with unpaid labor. Peons couldn't leave their owner's land without permission, which made it nearly impossible for them to pay their debt.


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: Like most peons, the Wall family was not permitted to leave the land, was illiterate, and were under the impression that "all black people were being treated like that". They were repeatedly beaten by plantation owners, often including whips or chains. Mae's sister Annie Wall recounted that "the whip would wrap around your body and knock you down". The Wall family was not paid in money or in kind with food: "They beat us. They didn't feed us. We had to go drink water out of the creek." The Wall family ate wild animals and leftovers that were "raked all up in a dishpan", "like slop". "They treated the dogs a whole lot better than they treated us." Mae recounted harvesting cotton, corn, peas, butter beans, string beans, potatoes. "Whatever it was, that's what you did for no money at all".


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: Mae alleges that, starting at 5 years old, she was repeatedly raped along with her mother by the white men of the Gordon family. Miller would get sent to the landowner's house and "raped by whatever men were present". Mae recounted that she was threatened with violence to keep this abuse secret from her father: "They told me, 'If you go down there and tell [your father, Cain Wall Sr.], we will kill him before the morning.' I knew there wasn't anyone who could help me."


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: Mae said she didn't run for a long time because, "What could you run to? We thought everybody was in the same predicament." Mae recounted first running away at 9 years old, but she was returned to the farm by her brothers, where her father told her that if she ran away, "they'll kill us." The Wall family obtained their freedom in 1961, which is sometimes inaccurately given as 1962 or 1963. Then 18, Mae refused to do housework for another family in Kentwood, LA, and ran away after the owner threatened to kill her. "I remember thinking they're just going to have to kill me today, because I'm not doing this anymore." In early 1961, an aunt of Mae's from northern Alabama "sneaked us away" on a "horse and wagon" and helped them to relocate.


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: No legal documentation has yet been found to document the atrocities that Mae describes. However, her situation was hardly unique: White landowners used threats of violence worked with law enforcement to keep people in peonage. Smithsonian Institution historian Pete Daniel noted that "white people had the power to hold blacks down, and they weren't afraid to use it -- and they were brutal". Historian Antoinette Harrell said that in some districts, "the sheriff, the constable, all of them work together. So [peons] had no outlet to talk to anyone under peonage". Harrell talked "to many [people] throughout Louisiana that was afraid for their lives, so they wouldn't talk about being held in slavery." Ron Walters, a scholar of African-American politics, noted that letters archived by the NAACP "tell us that in a lot of these places, that [people] were kept in bondage or semi-bondage conditions in the 20th century — [in] out-of-the way places, certainly where the law authorities didn't pay much attention to what was going on." Mae said that they didn't know their peonage was illegal; "matter of fact, I thought everybody was living that way". Mae said that the Wall family's world was "confined from one [plantation] to the other. They trade you off, they come back and get you, from one day to the next." Annie Wall recounted that the plantation owners said "you better not tell because we'll kill 'em, kill all of you, you n****rs". Mae recalled that the plantation owners "have the capability of killing you" and that "we had been beat so much and had been threatened so many times you really didn't know who to tell."


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: When contacted in 2007, a Gordon family member denied Miller's claims. Durwood Gordon, who was younger than 12 when the Wall family worked on the Gordon farm, claimed that the family worked for his uncle Willie Gordon (d. 1950s) and cousin William Gordon (d. 1991). "I just remember [Cain Sr.] was a jolly type, smiling every time I saw him." Durwood also denied Miller's claims of rape: "No way, knowing my uncle the way I do. I knew him to be good people, good folks, Christian."


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: Mae called the experience "pure-D hell", saying, "I feel like my whole life has been taken". Harrell believes the family suffered PTSD from their experiences.


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: In 1963, Mae married Wallace Miller and sought to start a family. A doctor told Mae that she was infertile, possibly from being raped. Instead, Mae adopted four children. In her 30s, Mae returned to school and learned to read and write. In the 1970s, she became a glass-cutter. In 2001, Mae attended a slavery reparations campaign meeting that she had thought was a lecture on black history. Only then did the Wall family learn that their peonage status had been illegal.


title: Mae Louise Miller

text: Annie Wall suggested that shame prevented former peons from coming forward: "Why would you want to tell anybody that you was raped over and all that kind of mess?" Mae suggested that they don't want to relive their experiences, and "they don't wanna carry they minds back there." For Mae, telling her story brought relief: "It might bring some shame to the family, but it's not a big dark secret anymore." Harrell noted that "people are afraid to share their stories" because "many of the same white families who owned these plantations are still running local government and big businesses". Harrell argued that "it just isn't worth the risk" to most former peons, so "most situations of this sort go unreported".


title: Schindler Group

text: Schindler Holding Ltd. is a Swiss multinational company which manufactures escalators, moving walkways, and elevators worldwide, founded in Switzerland in 1874. Schindler produces, installs, maintains and modernizes lifts and escalators in many types of buildings including residential, commercial and high-rise buildings.


title: Schindler Group

text: The company is present in over 140 countries and employs more than 66,000 persons worldwide. The production facilities are located in Brazil, China, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, India and the United States. All operations and subsidiaries of Schindler Group are organised into Schindler Holding Ltd. (, ), which is publicly traded on SIX Swiss Exchange.


title: Schindler Group

text: The company was founded in Lucerne, Switzerland in 1874, by Robert Schindler and Eduard Villiger, who established the collective joint partnership "Schindler & Villiger". Shortly thereafter, a mechanical engineering workshop was built on an island in the river Reuss in Lucerne for the production of lifting equipment and machines of all types. Starting as an agricultural machinery manufacturer, it began to manufacture elevators at the end of the 19th century.


title: Schindler Group

text: After 1901, Schindler's nephew, Alfred Schindler, expanded the company and founded the first foreign subsidiary in Berlin in 1906. Schindler produced ammunition during World War I. The company's first escalator was installed in 1936, and in 1937 it established a branch in Brazil. Following World War II Schindler became a global group and diversified its operations, manufacturing construction cranes, engines, pumps and railroad cars. In 1980 it became the first Western company to establish a joint venture with a state-owned enterprise of the People's Republic of China. With the takeover of Atlas in Brazil in 1999, Schindler became a major market player in South America.


title: Schindler Group

text: Schindler entered the North American elevator market with the purchase of Toledo-based Haughton Elevator Company in 1979 - briefly branding their products as Schindler-Haughton. In 1989, the company dramatically increased its presence in the United States after acquiring the Elevator/Escalator division of Westinghouse, one of the largest producers of elevators and escalators at the time. Currently, Schindler Elevator Corporation, the United States operations of Schindler Group, is based in Morristown, New Jersey.


title: Schindler Group

text: In February 2007, Schindler, along with competitors Otis Elevator Co., ThyssenKrupp, Kone, and Mitsubishi Elevator Europe were fined by the European Union for a price-fixing cartel. Schindler was fined 144 million euros, or about $189.3 million US dollars.


title: Schindler Group

text: In 2019, Schindler was awarded a multi-year contract to replace and install escalators in four downtown stations, for the Market Street Escalators Renovation Project of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: Mian Muhammad Hamza Shahbaz (Urdu, Punjabi: ; born 6 September 1974) is a Pakistani politician, who is current Leader of the Opposition in the Provincial Assembly of Punjab, in office since 20 October, 2022, He served in this position from September 2018 to April 2022 when he was elected as the Chief Minister of Punjab from 30 April 2022 to 26 July 2022 (Trustee from 22 July). He has been a member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab since August 2018. Previously, he was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from June 2008 to May 2018. He is the eldest son of current Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: Hamza was born on 6 September 1974<ref name="pildat/dob"></ref> to Shehbaz Sharif. He is a businessman by profession and is known as 'Poultry King of Punjab'. He ran the family business when his family was in exile.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: He allegedly has three wives, one of whom is Ayesha Ahad Malik. Ayesha claimed she married Hamza in 2010. Hamza denied his marriage with Ayesha. He married Rabia Hamza in 2012.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: In 2018, he declared his two wives' details in his nomination papers, Mehrunissah Hamza and Rabia Hamza.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: Hamza participated in politics from early age and was imprisoned in Adiala Jail during his college life in 1994 along with other Pakistan Muslim League leaders. He began his political career in October 1999 when Pervez Musharraf sent his father Shahbaz Sharif and uncle Nawaz Sharif into exile following the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état.<ref name="tribune/11may2013"></ref> Hamza was allowed to remain in Pakistan to look after family businesses.<ref name="dawn/7dec2012"></ref> In 2011, it was reported that the PML-N was considering promoting Hamza as the general-secretary of the Punjab chapter.<ref name="dawn/24july2011"></ref>


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: He ran for the seat of Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-142 (Lahore-VI) in 2008 Pakistani general election, but was unsuccessful. He received 111 votes and lost the seat to Khawaja Salman Rafique.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: He was elected unopposed to the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) from Constituency NA-119 (Lahore-II) in by-elections held in June 2008.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: Hamza was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency NA-119 (Lahore-II) in 2013 Pakistani general election.<ref name="tribune/12may2013"></ref> In 2016, "Dawn" called Hamza as informal deputy prime minister of Pakistan and deputy chief minister of Punjab.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency NA-124 (Lahore-II) in 2018 Pakistani general election. In the same election, he was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-146 (Lahore-III).<ref name="nation/12aug2018"></ref> Following his successful election, he abandoned his national assembly seat in favor of the provincial assembly seat. On 13 August 2018, PML-N nominated him for the office of Chief Minister of Punjab. On 19 August 2018, he received 159 votes and lost the office to Sardar Usman Buzdar who secured 186 votes.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: On 25 August 2018, PML-N nominated Hamza for the office of the opposition leader in Punjab Assembly. On 6 September 2018, he was appointed as Leader of the Opposition in the Punjab Assembly. Hamza Shehbaz ran for Chief Minister of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab and was elected on 16 April 2022 after getting 197 votes against his opponent Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: He is also serving as the Vice President of Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN) since May 2019 of which his father Mian Shahbaz Sharif is the President.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: The Hamza Shahbaz Chief Ministry was formed on 30 April 2022, after Hamza was nominated as candidate for Chief Minister of Punjab by opposition parties after the resignation of Usman Buzdar. He took oath as the legally invalid 19th Chief Minister of Punjab on 30 April 2022. He had the majority of 11 seats in the ruling alliance that was formed of three political parties and 4 independent candidates. However in light of the orders given by the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Hamza Shehbaz was to be considered as never having been Chief Minister and his election to be invalid as well as all his orders given during his invalid tenure. He was succeeded by Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi as the officially proclaimed 19th Chief Minister of Punjab, due to gained majority of votes in the election in the Provincial Assembly for electing the Chief Minister, and the successive Supreme Court ruling.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: In 2014, Dawn reported that Hamza Shahbaz Sharif is wealthier than his father, Shahbaz Sharif, with net assets of Rs 250.46m.<ref name="dawn/3jan2014"></ref> A report noted Hamza's assets increased from Rs 583,191 declared in 2008 to Rs 211,080,295 in 2011.<ref name="thenews/14july2014"></ref>


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: He was arrested on 11 June 2019 by the National Accountability Bureau over corruption charges. The arrest was made based on alleged money laundering and holding assets beyond means.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: In another scandal Federal Investigation Agency revealed 28 benami accounts through which reportedly money laundering of Rs. 16.3 bn was made through seventeen thousand credit transactions. FIA claimed that


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: Eleven low-paid employees of the Sharif group were used to excute these transactions. Hamza Shahbaz and his father Shehbaz Sharif were to be indicted on February 10, 2022. However, the indictment was delayed on 18, February 2022 by Special Central Court of Lahore.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: In the sugar scandal case Federal Investigation Agency alleged that money laundering of Rs. 25 bn was done using employees of Ramzan (RSML) and AI-Arabia Sugar Mills (ASML) using fake accounts. However, Hamza Shabaz denied these claims and termed it as business transaction.


title: Hamza Shahbaz

text: Hamza Shehbaz got pre-arrest bail in money laundering, and sugar scams in January 2022, and was subsequently granted bail on 24 February 2021 by Lahore High Court over an asset beyond known means case.


title: Sangolli Rayanna

text: Sangolli Rayanna was born on 15 August 1798 was a nineteenth century Indian revolutionary, military chief ("Shetsanadi)" and warrior in the Kittur princely state in the present day Indian state of Karnataka. He was the "Shetsanadi" of the Kingdom of Kittur ruled at the time by Rani Channamma and fought the British East India Company till his death. He died on 26 January 1831, at the age of 33. He belonged to the Kuruba Gowda community. His life was the subject of the 2012 Kannada film "Sangolli Rayanna.


title: Sangolli Rayanna

text: Sangolli Rayanna participated in the 1824 rebellion and was arrested by the British, who released him later. He continued to fight the British and wanted to install the adopted son of King Mallasarja and Rani Chennamma, namely Shivalingappa as the ruler of Kittur. He mobilised local people and started a guerilla type war against the British. He and his guerrilla army moved from place to place, burnt government offices, waylaid British troops and plundered treasuries. Most of his land was confiscated and what remained of it was heavily taxed. He taxed the landlords and built up an army from the masses. The British troops could not defeat him in open battle. Hence, by treachery, he was caught in April 1830 and tied up by the British; and sentenced to death. Shivalingappa, the boy who was supposed to be the new ruler, was also arrested by the British.


title: Sangolli Rayanna

text: Rayanna was executed by hanging from a Banyan tree near Nandagad, on 26 January 1831 at the age of 33.


title: Sangolli Rayanna

text: Rayanna was buried near Nandagad. Legend says that a close associate Sangolli Bichugatti Channabasappa of Rayanna planted a banyan sapling on his grave. The tree is fully grown and stands to this day. An Ashoka Stambha was installed near the tree. A small temple in the name of Sangolli Rayanna was constructed at Sangolli village, in which stands a statue of Rayanna flanked by two wooden weights used for body building. Two wooden weights are original, those were used by Rayanna himself for body building. A community hall built in commemoration of Rayanna at Sangolli serves the villagers of Sangolli. Karnataka Government recently established Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna authority its work progress of Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Sainik school, "Shouryabhoomi" Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna rock garden and in "Veerabhoomi" Krantiveer Sangolli Rayanna museum.


title: Sangolli Rayanna

text: The Gee Gee songs (Ballad) are heroic folklore verses composed in North Karnataka and several such songs are sung about Kittur Chennamma, Sangolli Rayanna and other figures of pre-independence Karnataka. A life size bronze statue of Sangolli Rayanna, riding a horse with open Sword in right hand, was installed near Railway station of Bengaluru. The main railway station of Bengaluru City has been renamed as "Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Railway station" in 2015. However the station officially re named and notified as "Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna" Railway Station on 3 February 2016


title: Sangolli Rayanna

text: In 2012, a film was produced on his life history. was the subject of another Kannada-language motion picture Kraanthiveera Sangolli Rayanna (Revolutionary Hero Sangolli Rayanna), directed by Naganna and starring Darshan, Jaya Prada and Nikita Thukral.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (10 July 1883 – 5 February 1948) was a German "Generaloberst" during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. After joining the Imperial German Army in 1901, Blaskowitz served throughout World War I, where he earned an Iron Cross for bravery.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: During WWII, Blaskowitz led the 8th Army during the Invasion of Poland and was the Commander in Chief of Occupied Poland from 1939 to 1940. He wrote several memoranda to the German high command speaking out against SS atrocities, and he handed out death sentences to SS members for crimes against Polish civilians. Based upon these actions against the SS, Adolf Hitler personally limited Blaskowitz's future advancement. He commanded Army Group G during the Allied invasion of Southern France and Operation Nordwind, the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front. Blaskowitz later commanded the remnants of Army Group H as it withdrew to Northern Netherlands before surrendering to Allied forces.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: After the war, he was charged with war crimes in the High Command Trial at Nuremberg. He committed suicide during the trial on 5 February 1948.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: Johannes Blaskowitz was born on 10 July 1883 in the village of Paterswalde, (East Prussia), Germany (now Bolshaya Polyana in the Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia). He was the son of a Protestant pastor, Hermann Blaskowitz, and his wife Marie Blaskowitz, née Kuhn. In 1894, Blaskowitz joined cadet school at Köslin (now Koszalin, Poland) and afterwards at Berlin Lichterfelde. In 1901, he started his military career as a supreme officer candidate cadet in an East Prussian regiment in Osterode (Polish: Ostróda).


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: During World War I, Blaskowitz served on the Eastern and Western Fronts and was employed in the General Staff. He rose to command an infantry company by 1918, and was awarded the Iron Cross for bravery.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: Blaskowitz's war service secured him a place in the small postwar Reichswehr during the Weimar Republic, through whose ranks he rose to the rank of General. His attitude towards the Nazis' seizure of power in 1933 was reportedly indifferent because he believed that the armed forces should be "politically neutral".


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: In early 1939 he commanded the German forces that occupied Czechoslovakia, and was promoted to General of Infantry and given command of the 8th Army just prior to the outbreak of World War II.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: During the invasion of Poland, the 8th Army under Blaskowitz's command was responsible for the northern part of the front under Army Group South, led by Gerd von Rundstedt. The 8th Army saw heavy combat during the Battle of the Bzura and later besieged the Polish capital of Warsaw. On 28 September 1939, Blaskowitz accepted the surrender of General Tadeusz Kutrzeba and the Polish forces in Warsaw. After the campaign, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, promoted to Generaloberst and appointed as Commander-in-Chief East in Poland on 20 October 1939.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: As a traditional soldier, Blaskowitz kept firm control on the men under his command in their dealings with civilians and was opposed to Army participation in war crimes by the SS and "Einsatzgruppen". He handed out death sentences to members of the SS for crimes against the civilian population, which were rescinded by Adolf Hitler. Between November 1939 and February 1940 he wrote several memoranda to higher military officials, in which he detailed SS atrocities in Poland, their negative effects on Wehrmacht soldiers, the insolent attitude of the SS toward the army and warned that the SS "might later turn against their own people in the same way." However, his protests failed to produce results, and merely earned him the enmity of Hitler, Hans Frank, Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler, while Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl dismissed them as naive and "uncalled for".


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: Commander-in-Chief Walther von Brauchitsch forwarded Blaskowitz's first memorandum to Hitler on 18 November, who launched a tirade against Blaskowitz, denouncing his concerns about due process as "childish" and poured scorn on his "Salvation Army attitude." In February 1940, Blaskowitz prepared a list of 33 complaints against the SS. Among his complaints were strip searches and rape of Jewish women, a whipping orgy in Nasielsk affecting 1,600 Jews, and a clear case of race mixing committed by a junior SS officer. Blaskowitz concluded that "It is a mistake to massacre some 10,000 Jews and Poles, as is being done at present; for—so far as the mass of the population is concerned—this will not eradicate the idea of a Polish state, nor will the Jews be exterminated." Blaskowitz was relieved of his command on 29 May 1940. Having thus encountered Hitler's wrath, Blaskowitz was the only Generaloberst at that time who was not promoted to Generalfeldmarschall in summer 1940 after the fall of France.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: Following the Fall of France in May 1940, Blaskowitz was initially slated to command the 9th Army for occupation duties, but the appointment was blocked by Hitler and instead he was appointed to a relatively minor position as Military Governor of Northern France, a position he held until October 1940, when he was transferred to the command of the 1st Army, on the southwest coast between Brittany and the Pyrenees.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: On 10 November 1942, the 1st and 7th Army under Blaskowitz's command launched "Case Anton", the military occupation of Vichy France. The 1st Army advanced from the Atlantic coast, parallel to the Spanish border, while the 7th Army advanced from central France towards Vichy and Toulon. The 50,000-strong Vichy French Army took defensive positions around Toulon, but when confronted by German demands to disband, it did so since it lacked the military capability to resist. By the evening of 11 November, German tanks had reached the Mediterranean coast. "Anton" marked the end of the Vichy regime as a nominally independent state. However, Blaskowitz's forces failed to secure the Vichy French fleet at Toulon, which was scuttled by the French.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: In May 1944, following the appointment of Gerd von Rundstedt as Commander-in-Chief in the West, Blaskowitz was appointed the head of Army Group G. This comparatively small command, consisting of the 1st Army and the 19th Army, was given the task of defending southern France from the imminent Allied invasion. When in Normandy, he managed to convince Field Marshal Erwin Rommel that the "rumours" Rommel had heard about atrocities on the Eastern Front were actually true.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: According to historian Christopher Clark, in France, Blaskowitz tried to "build a constructive relationship with the local population", even though the conditions for him to do so were worse than in Poland. He encouraged the troops deployed to support French agriculture to act "selflessly". On the one hand, he tried to ensure that German counterinsurgency would be conducted in accordance with international norms as far as possible. He publicly distanced himself from units that committed the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. On the other hand, when the prefects in Toulouse complained about crimes against civilians in "counter-terrorism" procedures conducted by the SS, Blaskowitz defended the right of the German army to defend itself, even though he admitted sometimes innocent people were harmed: "..He recommended that the French authorities be told that "it is imperative that innocent people sometimes fall victim to the bullet [...]. Against such a struggle [namely on the part of the partisans of the Resistance], the Wehrmacht must and will defend itself under all the means of power at its disposal." After the July Bomb Plot, he sent a note that proclaimed loyalty to Hitler. Clark speculates that he might have feared that he was suspected. There was no evidence that suggests Blaskowitz ever protested the deportation of Jews from France. Although army appraisal forms, compiled by Rundstedt, described him as a National Socialist, Christopher Clark opines that Blaskowitz likely never had any ideological attachment to Nazism. According to Clark, professionalism enabled Blaskowitz to follow his own principles even against the political Zeitgeist, but the same professionalism made him unsuitable for political resistance. After a visit in October 1943, German resistance member Ulrich von Hassell lamented that it was not fruitful to discuss with Blaskowitz who saw everything from a military point-of-view. From this "very bounded standpoint", whatever one thought about the regime's moral character became overshadowed by duty to his superiors and his troops, as well as the people whose fate "now hung in balance."


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: The invasion of southern France commenced on 15 August 1944, with Operation Dragoon, when Allied forces landed on the Riviera between Toulon and Cannes. Blaskowitz, though badly outnumbered and lacking air defence, brought up troops, stabilized the front, and led a fighting withdrawal to the north to avoid encirclement. U.S. Army units pursued Blaskowitz's forces up through the Vosges mountains before pausing to regroup and refuel. There, Blaskowitz's troops were reinforced by the 5th Panzer Army under Hasso von Manteuffel. Blaskowitz wanted to entrench his forces, but Hitler ordered him to immediately counterattack the U.S. Third Army. Both Manteuffel and Blaskowitz realized the futility of such an action, but obeyed orders, and their attack caught U.S. forces in disarray and pushed them back to near Lunéville on 18–20 September 1944, at which point resistance stiffened and the attack was suspended. As a result, Hitler summarily relieved Blaskowitz, replacing him with Hermann Balck.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: In December 1944, Blaskowitz was recalled to his previous command and ordered to attack in the vicinity of Alsace-Lorraine in support of the ongoing Ardennes offensive. On 1 January 1945 Army Group G engaged the U.S. 7th Army during "Operation Nordwind," forcing them to withdraw.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: Blaskowitz was subsequently transferred to the Netherlands, where he succeeded Kurt Student as commander of Army Group H. For the following three months he conducted a fighting withdrawal against the British 2nd Army, and was awarded the Swords to his Knight's Cross. This command was redesignated in early April 1945 and Blaskowitz became commander-in-chief of the northern (still occupied) part of the Netherlands. During the Dutch famine of 1944–45, Blaskowitz allowed air corridors for Allied airdrops of food and medicine to the Dutch civilian population.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: On 5 May Blaskowitz was summoned to the Hotel de Wereld in Wageningen by Lieutenant-General Charles Foulkes, (commander of I Canadian Corps), to discuss the surrender of the German forces in the Netherlands. Prince Bernhard, acting as commander-in-chief of the Dutch Interior Forces, attended the meeting. Blaskowitz agreed with all proposals by Foulkes. However, nowhere in the building – some sources say nowhere in the whole town – could a typewriter be found. Thus, the surrender document could not be typed. The next day, both parties returned and, in the presence of both Foulkes and Prince Bernhard, Blaskowitz signed the surrender document, which in the meantime had been typed.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: Blaskowitz was tried for war crimes at the High Command Trial (Case No. 12), one of the subsequent Nuremberg trials. In one notorious case he was accused of ordering the execution of two deserters after the German surrender. He committed suicide on 5 February 1948: after breaking away from his guards, he jumped off a balcony into the inner courtyard of the court building.


title: Johannes Blaskowitz

text: According to Hans Laternser, the defence council for the lead defendant Wilhelm von Leeb, the prosecution told him that "Blaskowitz did not need to do that as he would certainly have been acquitted", leading to Laternser questioning the indictment. According to Clark, Blaskowitz could have counted on an acquittal. In historian Norbert Frei's book on the elites of Nazi Germany, it is stated that the Nuremberg judges expressly saw Blaskowitz as a positive example of how Wehrmacht officers could have behaved. Both the indictment and the suicide have been considered an enigma by scholars ever since, because he likely would have been acquitted on all counts and had been told by his defense to expect to be acquitted.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: , better known by his ring name Evil (stylized as EVIL), is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is currently working for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW).


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: After debuting in NJPW in 2011, Evil competed in the United States on excursion, working for companies such as Global Force Wrestling (GFW) and Ring of Honor (ROH) from 2014 to 2015. He returned to NJPW in November 2015. He is a former member of "Los Ingobernables de Japón", and was a part of a tag team with Sanada; the two are two-time IWGP Tag Team Champions and two-time World Tag League winners. He is also a two-time NEVER Openweight Champion and is a record-breaking six-time and current NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champion, making him an overall ten-time champion in NJPW. In 2020, he won the New Japan Cup, before turning on L.I.J leader Tetsuya Naito and joining Bullet Club. He defeated Naito at Dominion to become the double IWGP Heavyweight and Intercontinental Champion. He is the only wrestler in NJPW history to be a triple champion, having held the IWGP Heavyweight and Intercontinental Championships and the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship simultaneously from July to August 2020.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: Watanabe made his debut for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) on May 13, 2011, wrestling primarily as a Young Lion and in the lower cards of shows and remained with the promotion until October 2013, when after King of Pro-Wrestling, announced that he was being sent on a learning excursion to the United States.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: At Global Wars '15 the first night May 15 he teamed with Silas Young in a losing effort against Gedo and Moose. The following night May 16, he was defeated by Young.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: On the June 27 episode of "ROH Wrestling", he lost to Adam Page after Colby Corino attacked Watanabe. On the July 4 episode of "ROH Wrestling", Dalton Castle would defeat Watanabe. On July 23, ROH announced that House of Truth member Donovan Dijak would battle Watanabe in a singles match taped exclusively for ROH's YouTube Wrestling Channel. This occurred on July 24 at Death Before Dishonor XIII where Dijak defeated Watanabe.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: August 22 at Field of Honor, Watanabe qualified for an ROH World Television Championship match by winning a nine-man gauntlet match. On September 18 at All Star Extravaganza VII, he teamed with Will Ferrara to defeat Dijak and Greg James. On September 19, Watanabe received his shot at the Television Title in a match against champion Jay Lethal, but was unsuccessful.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: On October 12, 2015, Watanabe returned to NJPW at King of Pro-Wrestling, where he was revealed as Tetsuya Naito's associate during his match against Hiroshi Tanahashi. Watanabe's outside interference in the match was stopped by Hirooki Goto and Katsuyori Shibata, leading to Naito suffering a loss. In a post-match interview, Naito gave Watanabe the new name "King of Darkness" Evil. Under the new name, Evil became affiliated with Naito's "Los Ingobernables de Japón" stable. In December, Evil and Naito won their block in the 2015 World Tag League with a record of five wins and one loss, advancing to the finals of the tournament. On December 9, Evil and Naito were defeated in the finals by Togi Makabe and Tomoaki Honma.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: In early March, Evil took part in the 2016 New Japan Cup in which he was eliminated in the first round by Tomohiro Ishii. On March 20, Evil unsuccessfully challenged Ishii for the ROH World Television Championship. From July 18 to August 14, Evil took part in the 2016 G1 Climax where he finished his block with four wins and five losses, thus failing to advance. Despite his failure to advance, Evil scored two big wins by defeating IWGP Intercontinental Champion Michael Elgin and NEVER Openweight Champion Katsuyori Shibata on the last day.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: On November 5 at Power Struggle, Evil won his first title, when he defeated Katsuyori Shibata for the NEVER Openweight Championship. Ten days later, Evil lost the title back to Shibata in Singapore. At the end of the year, Evil took part in the 2016 World Tag League, teaming with stablemate Sanada. The two finished second in their block with a record of five wins and two losses, tied with block winners Togi Makabe and Tomoaki Honma, but failed to advance to the finals due to losing the head-to-head match against Makabe and Honma.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: On January 4, 2017, at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, Evil, Bushi and Sanada won a four-team gauntlet match to become the new NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions. They lost the title to Hiroshi Tanahashi, Manabu Nakanishi and Ryusuke Taguchi the next day, before regaining it on February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka. In March, Evil made it to the semifinals of the 2017 New Japan Cup, before losing to Bad Luck Fale. On April 4, L.I.J. lost the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship to Hiroshi Tanahashi, Ricochet and Ryusuke Taguchi in their second defense, before regaining it on May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2017.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: During the 2017 G1 Climax on August 5, Evil picked up a major win over reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kazuchika Okada, Okada's first singles defeat in nearly a year. Evil went on to finish third in his block with a record of six wins and three losses. On October 9 at King of Pro-Wrestling, Evil received his first shot at the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated by Okada. In December, Evil and Sanada won their block in the 2017 World Tag League with a record of five wins and two losses, advancing to the finals of the tournament. On December 11, they defeated Guerrillas of Destiny (Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa) in the finals to win the tournament. Six days later, Evil, Bushi and Sanada lost the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship to Guerrillas of Destiny and Bad Luck Fale in their fourth defense.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: On January 4, 2018, at Wrestle Kingdom 12 in Tokyo Dome, Evil and Sanada defeated the Killer Elite Squad (Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Lance Archer) to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship for the first time. Evil and Sanada would successfully defend the IWGP Tag Team Championship on two occasions before losing the title to The Young Bucks at Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall ending their reign at 156 days. The same night, Chris Jericho defeated Tetsuya Naito to win the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. After the match, Jericho put Naito into Walls of Jericho and refused to release the hold. This resulted in Evil running in to make the save. Evil entered the 2018 G1 Climax and finished with a record of 5 wins and 4 losses, failing to advance from his block. At King of Pro-Wrestling, Evil was scheduled to compete in a singles match against Zack Sabre Jr. Before the match could begin, however, IWGP Intercontinental Champion, Chris Jericho, would return and attack Evil forcing the match to be a no contest.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: On November 3, 2018, at Power Struggle, Evil challenged Jericho for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. Evil was unsuccessful, however, and was forced to submit to Chris Jericho's Liontamer submission hold. In December, Evil and Sanada entered the 2018 edition of World Tag League. The pair scored a record of ten wins and three losses advancing them to the finals where they would meet the Guerillas of Destiny (Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa) in a rematch of the previous year's final. On December 9, they defeated the Guerillas of Destiny in the finals to win their second World Tag League and the challenge right for an IWGP Tag Team Championship match at Wrestle Kingdom 13 in Tokyo Dome.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: At Wrestle Kingdom 13 in Tokyo Dome, Evil and Sanada won IWGP Tag Team Championship in a Three-way tag team match, that also included Guerillas of Destiny and Young Bucks. They retained their titles at The New Beginning in Sapporo against Zack Sabre Jr. and Minoru Suzuki. At , Evil and Sanada lost the titles in their second defense against Guerillas of Destiny. Evil was announced to take part in the 2019 New Japan Cup, but lost to Zack Sabre Jr. in the first round. Evil entered the 2019 G1 Climax, finishing with a record of 4 wins and 5 losses, failing to make it to the finals.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: On January 5, 2020 at Wrestle Kingdom 14, Evil, Bushi and Shingo Takagi defeated four other teams in a Gauntlet match for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship, making both Evil and Bushi record-tying four time holders of the title.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: After New Japan Pro-Wrestling underwent a hiatus in late February 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the company resumed its activities with the 2020 New Japan Cup, which begun on June 16, 2020, with the winner receiving a title shot against Naito for both the IWGP Heavyweight and IWGP Intercontinental Championships. Entering the tournament, Evil defeated Satoshi Kojima, Hirooki Goto, Yoshi-Hashi, and his teammate Sanada to reach the finals, displaying a more aggressive attitude, notably cheating by low blowing Hirooki Goto in their match, injuring Yoshi-Hashi before their match, and using a chair to attack Sanada’s neck in their match. In the finals on July 11, Evil defeated Kazuchika Okada, in part due to interference by Bullet Club, who attacked Okada seemingly behind Evil's back (as he appeared unconscious when it happened). When Naito came out to congratulate him on his win, Evil threw up the "too sweet" symbol of Bullet Club instead of the raised fist of "Los Ingobernables", then attacked Naito, turning heel, and was soon joined by Bullet Club, establishing himself as a member of the stable and the first person to ever leave "Los Ingobernables de Japón".


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: At Dominion the following day, Evil defeated Naito to capture both the IWGP Heavyweight and IWGP Intercontinental Championships with the help of Bullet Club, including Dick Togo, who joined Bullet Club and became Evil's manager in the process. As Evil was still NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champion with Bushi and Takagi despite his betrayal, he became the first triple champion in the history of New Japan Pro-Wrestling. At Sengoku Lord on July 25, he had his first successful defense of both the Heavyweight and Intercontinental titles against former "Ingobernables" stablemate Hiromu Takahashi. On August 1, NJPW vacated the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship due to Evil claiming in a post-Dominion interview that he had "no interest" in defending the title with his former "Ingobernables" stablemates, ending his run as triple champion. He lost both titles against Naito at Summer Struggle in Jingu. On November 6, Evil defeated Chaos to win the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championships with House of Torture at Power Struggle. He defeated Tomohiro Ishii to win the NEVER Openweight Championship at Wrestle Kingdom 16, becoming a double champion. On Night 2, Evil, Sho and Takahashi, once again retained the 6-man titles against CHAOS. On Night 3 Evil and Dick Togo lost to Pro Wrestling NOAH's Go Shiozaki and Masa Kitamiya.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: At the NJPW New Years Golden Series tour, EVIL retained the Never Openweight Championship against Ishii once again and retained the Never openweight 6-man tag team championships. Evil then entered the New Japan Cup, he defeated Ryusuke Taguchi and Tama Tonga in rounds one and two, but lost to Hiromu Takahashi in round 3. At Hyper Battle, Evil retained the Never Openweight Championship against Takahashi. At Wrestling Dontaku, Evil lost the Never Openweight Championship to Tama Tonga, ending his secoind reign at 117 days. At Dominion 6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall, House of Torture retained the 6-man championships against Suzuki-Gun, but lost them to Chaos at NJPW New Japan Road.


title: Evil (wrestler)

text: In June, Evil was announced to be competing in the G1 Climax 32 tournament, in the C Block. He finished the tournament with 6 points, failing to advance to the semi-finals.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Kathleen Alice Mattea (born June 21, 1959) is an American country music and bluegrass singer. Active since 1984 as a recording artist, she has charted more than 30 singles on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts, including four that reached No. 1: "Goin' Gone", "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses", "Come from the Heart", and "Burnin' Old Memories", plus 12 more that charted within the top ten. She has released 14 studio albums, two Christmas albums, and one greatest hits album. Most of her material was recorded for Universal Music Group Nashville's Mercury Records Nashville division between 1984 and 2000, with later albums being issued on Narada Productions, her own Captain Potato label, and Sugar Hill Records. Among her albums, she has received five gold certifications and one platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). She has collaborated with Dolly Parton, Michael McDonald, Tim O'Brien, and her husband, Jon Vezner. Mattea is also a two-time Grammy Award winner: in 1990 for "Where've You Been", and in 1993 for her Christmas album "Good News". Her style is defined by traditional country, bluegrass, folk, and Celtic music influences.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea was born in South Charleston, West Virginia. She and her two brothers grew up in nearby Cross Lanes. Their father worked in a chemical plant and her mother was a homemaker. During her childhood, Mattea's mother would have her perform informal piano recitals for family and friends. She also sang in her parents' church as a child, and in high school she performed at school shows and family gatherings. Mattea also began playing guitar in her teen years after discovering folk music. In addition to folk, Mattea also took and interest in bluegrass, which she would later say "formed [her] roots" as an artist. In 1976, while attending West Virginia University, she joined a bluegrass band. After a songwriter friend graduated and chose to pursue a career in Nashville, Tennessee, Mattea decided to drop out of school and go with him. Her friend soon left Nashville in hopes of pursuing medical school, but Mattea chose to stay behind. She worked as a tour guide at the Country Music Hall of Fame, and then as a secretary and a waitress, to support herself while working as a demo singer. Songwriter, publisher, and record producer Byron Hill discovered her and helped her sign to Mercury Records in 1983.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea's self-titled debut album came out in 1984, with Byron Hill and Rick Peoples as the album's producers. Mattea later noted that "there were no budgets" when she was recording the album, as she was unable to afford a $75 makeup session, and the front cover featured her wearing a jacket which she had purchased at Kmart. In addition, Mattea was given advice from image consultants on her musical persona. According to Mattea, she did not have an "artistic vision" at the time, which accounted for a lack of artistic identity.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Four of its singles made the Hot Country Songs charts, starting with "Street Talk", which charted at number 25. Mattea had originally recorded a demo of the song with the intent of having Terri Gibbs record it, but Mattea kept it for herself when Gibbs declined the song. Followup "Someone Is Falling in Love" (written by Pebe Sebert) made it to number 26 on the same chart, while "You've Got a Soft Place to Fall" and "That's Easy for You to Say" fell short of the top 40. Other notable cuts on the album included "God Ain't No Stained Glass Window", which was released as a 12" promotional single for the Christmas season; a cover version of Barry Manilow's 1981 hit "Somewhere Down the Road"; and "(Back to the) Heartbreak Kid", which later became a Top 10 hit on the country charts for Restless Heart in late 1985 to early 1986. Allmusic reviewer William Ruhlmann wrote of the album that it was "a fairly representative sampling of Nashville formula country writing", while praising the "feisty" nature of "Street Talk" and Mattea's vocals on "Heartbreak Kid". "People" reviewer Ralph Novak compared Mattea's voice favorably to Anne Murray and said that "Mattea may not have the most revolutionary sound around, but her material is especially good."


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Her second album, "From My Heart", was also her first under the production of Allen Reynolds, who is best known for his work with Crystal Gayle and Garth Brooks. Released in 1985, it produced the chart singles "It's Your Reputation Talkin'", "He Won't Give In", and "Heart of the Country", which peaked at numbers 34, 22, and 46 respectively on Hot Country Songs. It also featured a cover of Elton John's "Ball and Chain", from his 1982 album "Jump Up!" Ruhlmann found this album superior to its predecessor, stating that Reynolds "seems to have shaped the song selections to the singer's talents and given her the opportunity to sing in a more individual manner." A review of the album in "Billboard" was also positive, noting the "more focused direction and a simpler, purer sound".


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea's artistic vision developed with the making of her third album, which brought in folk and acoustic sounds (inspired by her childhood). Her third album, "Walk the Way the Wind Blows" (1986) was (according to AllMusic) "her breakthrough both critically and commercially". Four singles were released from the album. First was "Love at the Five and Dime", written and originally recorded by Nanci Griffith on her 1986 album "The Last of the True Believers". Following it was the title track, "You're the Power", and "Train of Memories". All four of these songs reached the top ten of the country music charts between 1986 and 1987. Contributing musicians on "Walk the Way the Wind Blows" included Béla Fleck, Don Williams (who sang background vocals on "Love at the Five and Dime"), Wendy Waldman, and Vince Gill. "Billboard" praised "Walk the Way the Wind Blows" as "Mattea's most country effort to date". An un-credited review in "Stereo Review" (now "Sound & Vision") stated that "if every country album were as tasteful and well executed as "Walk the Way the Wind Blows"...the reviewer's life would be a happy one indeed", while rating the performance and recording as "perfection". Thom Jurek felt that the album's uptempo cuts were stronger than its ballads, noting that "Her ballad singing hadn't gotten to the place it did just three years later" while praising her performances on the more upbeat tracks and on "Love at the Five and Dime".


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea had her first number one single in late 1987 to early 1988 with "Goin' Gone". Co-written by Pat Alger and Fred Koller, this song was also previously recorded by Griffith on the same album as "Love at the Five and Dime". Mattea's version was the lead single to her fourth album "Untasted Honey". Following it was "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses", which became her longest-tenured number one single when it spent two weeks in that position. "Untold Stories" and "Life as We Knew It" were also released from the album, with both reaching the number four position of the country charts. The album also featured bluegrass musician Tim O'Brien, who wrote both "Walk the Way the Wind Blows" and "Untold Stories", as a duet partner on the track "The Battle Hymn of Love". Jurek noted the album's bluegrass influences with favor, while comparing "Untold Stories" to the work of Bill Monroe and praising the lyrics of "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses". "People" magazine's review of the album stated that "it’s just Mattea, sounding warm, strong, smart and generally splendid," also commending the lyrical storytelling of "Life as We Knew It" and "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses".


title: Kathy Mattea

text: In 1989, she released "Willow in the Wind". This album's first two singles, "Come from the Heart" (previously recorded by Don Williams on his 1987 album "Traces") and "Burnin' Old Memories", also topped the country charts. After it came the top-ten Hot Country Songs songs "Where've You Been" (co-written by Mattea's husband, Jon Vezner) and "She Came from Fort Worth", the latter of which was a number one single on the "Radio & Records" and "Gavin Report" country music charts. This album featured backing vocals from Craig Bickhardt, Riders in the Sky, Jim Photoglo, and Claire Lynch, with musical contributions from Mark O'Connor, Charlie McCoy, Jerry Douglas, and Ray Flacke. Jurek called it "the first completely realized project of her career", and highlighted Laurie Lewis's "Love Chooses You" as its strongest cut. An uncredited review from "People" was positive, stating that "she’s still not one to rock and roll, but this album has a fair share of swingy, blue-newgrass tracks", and that "Mattea sounds warm and relaxed". Comparing Mattea's vocals to Linda Ronstadt and Jennifer Warnes, Randy Lewis of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that "she treats the songs, most of which are about lives in transition, with the requisite humility and honesty so their simple charms are not inflated into stentorian Author's Messages". Mattea won the Country Music Association's Female Vocalist of the Year award in both 1989 and 1990, and a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 1990 for "Where've You Been".


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Later in 1990, Mattea released her first greatest hits album, "A Collection of Hits". The album included eight of her previous singles, plus "The Battle Hymn of Love" from "Untasted Honey" and the new recording "A Few Good Things Remain". Both were released as singles in 1990 and reached the Top 10 of Hot Country Songs, with "The Battle Hymn of Love" representing O'Brien's only chart entry to date. "A Few Good Things Remain" was also featured on her next studio album, 1991's "Time Passes By". This project produced three singles: the title track reached the top ten, but "Whole Lotta Holes" and "Asking Us to Dance" were less successful. The album included Celtic music influences and was partially recorded in Scotland. Reynolds continued to serve as producer for this album except for the closing track, a cover of "From a Distance", which Mattea and Vezner produced with Dougie MacLean. Contributors on backing vocals included Trisha Yearwood (on "Time Passes By"), The Roches (on "Whole Lotta Holes"), Emmylou Harris, Craig Bickhardt, and Ashley Cleveland. Rating it "A", Alanna Nash of "Entertainment Weekly" called the album "a quiet, reflective acoustic collection." Brian Mansfield noted in Allmusic that it was "her most ambitious album" and had "impeccably chosen songs".


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Her 1992 album, "Lonesome Standard Time", produced a number 11 country hit in its title track, plus the Top 20 "Standing Knee Deep in a River (Dying of Thirst)". Yet its followups ("Seeds" and "Listen to the Radio") failed to enter the country top 40. This was also her first album to be produced by Brent Maher, best known for his work with The Judds. Nash rated it "B", saying that "not even the driving bluegrass of the title tune is enough to transcend the album’s ultrareflective mood. Mattea’s husky mezzo-soprano remains a thrilling instrument, however". "CD Review" noted that the album seemed "familiar" despite the change in producers and session musicians: "a couple of whimsical numbers, a couple of bluesy laments for love gone wrong, a let's-get-away-from-it-all love song" while praising the lyrical content of "Standing Knee Deep in a River" and "Seeds". In June 1992, Mattea experienced a burst blood vessel on her vocals. She was required to undergo vocal rest and surgery to "repair years of overuse" on her vocal cords.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: After recovering, she issued her first Christmas album, "Good News", in September 1993. It featured largely original compositions, plus renditions of the hymn "Brightest and Best" and the contemporary Christian tune "Mary, Did You Know?" Thom Jurek wrote of its sound, "This doesn't feel like any Christmas record you've ever heard before...It sounds like a well-crafted, gorgeously wrought folk/country/Celtic-flavored Kathy Mattea record." This album won that year's Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album. Maher again served as producer, with further production from Reynolds on one track.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea released "Walking Away a Winner" in 1994. Produced by Josh Leo, the album was more rock and pop influenced than its predecessors, with Thom Jurek of Allmusic comparing its sound to Mary Chapin Carpenter and Bonnie Raitt. Nash noted the "bigger" sound of the album, but praised its "style and substance". The title track charted at number three on the country charts in 1994. It was followed by "Nobody's Gonna Rain on Our Parade", "Maybe She's Human", and "Clown in Your Rodeo". The album featured backing vocals from Lisa Angelle, Karla Bonoff, Andrew Gold, and Hal Ketchum. Also in 1994, Mattea had a cameo in the movie "Maverick", whose soundtrack also featured her as one of several lead vocalists on a multi-artist rendition of "Amazing Grace".


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea spent the entirety of 1996 off the charts before returning with "Love Travels" in 1997. Its lead single was "455 Rocket", which reached number 21. It was followed by the title track, which reached the top 40. Mattea noted that in the process of recording "455 Rocket," the band recorded multiple takes but chose to keep the first one because "no one thought they were being recorded, and everyone was just playing with abandon." Musicians on this album included bassist Hutch Hutchinson, drummers Abe Laboriel Jr. and Jim Keltner, and guitarist Duke Levine; contributing backing vocalists included Kim Richey, Michael McDonald, Suzy Bogguss, Jonatha Brooke, and Mary Ann Kennedy. Lionel Cartwright wrote "If That's What You Call Love", which also featured him on piano and background vocals, and Phil Keaggy played guitar on the closing track "Beautiful Fool". Thom Owens of Allmusic stated that "though the glossy production may put off some of her old country-folk fans, "Love Travels" is a typically tasteful and compelling record". Bob Cannon of "Entertainment Weekly" praised the inclusion of Gillian Welch and Cheryl Wheeler songs, calling it "her most mature and focused work yet."


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Her last Mercury album was "The Innocent Years" in 2000. Before the album's release, Mattea returned to West Virginia to care for her father, who had been diagnosed with colon cancer. She said that this resulted in a very intermittent recording process, but also informed the album's content; she told "Country Standard Time", "I spent a lot of time thinking about what's important to me. I think this is an album about those things." Although Mattea rarely writes her material, she wrote two songs on the album with Vezner. The album's final track, a novelty song called "BFD", was included as a bonus track because it was popular with fans, but she was unsure of how to sequence it with the rest of the album. "The Trouble with Angels" and "BFD" made the Hot Country Songs charts in 2000, although neither made Top 40. "Country Standard Time" reviewer Eli Messinger wrote that "though the smooth sound and heart-on-her-sleeve lyrics may not be for the country roots fan...Mattea's superb voice and mature readings are clearly the work of an accomplished artist chasing her musical muse."


title: Kathy Mattea

text: For 2002's "Roses", Mattea moved to Narada Productions. She said that she chose to work with this label after leaving Mercury because she felt that the label would "give [her] alternative marketing ideas" and "didn't see [her] musical restlessness as a liability". She said that she wanted to keep a contemporary folk and Celtic influence. Mattea supported the album with a tour largely focused on performing arts centers. Narada serviced "They Are the Roses" to Adult Contemporary and country stations, and "I'm Alright" to Adult album alternative and Americana music formats. Maria Konicki Dinoia wrote in Allmusic that "she pushes the envelope, bringing to the forefront the blending of the Scottish/Irish music found in small doses on her last few albums." One year later, she released her second Christmas disc, "Joy for Christmas Day", which continued in her Celtic music influences. This album was inspired by her annual Christmas tours that she had done ever since the release of "Good News".


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Her third overall album for Narada was 2005's "Right Out of Nowhere". Produced entirely by Mattea, the album included covers of The Rolling Stones' "Gimme Shelter" and Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Down on the Corner", along with a rendition of the spiritual "Wade in the Water". Allmusic and "Country Standard Time" both reviewed these covers in particular with favor, with the latter's Dan MacIntosh also noting that "Mattea chooses songs that are mostly optimistic, even though hers is a kind of hard-won optimism."


title: Kathy Mattea

text: The bluegrass album "Coal" followed in 2008. Mattea released this album independently on her own Captain Potato Records. Mattea said that she chose to do an album themed to coal mining after the Sago Mine disaster, and worked with country and bluegrass singer Marty Stuart as her producer. She said that she was unsure about recording the song "Black Lung" until Stuart noted that the recording engineer on the session had gotten emotional and begun to cry during her take on the song. A second album of bluegrass-influenced and primiarly coal mining-themed songs, "Calling Me Home", followed in 2014 on Sugar Hill Records.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: In the mid 2010s, Mattea began having problems with gaining control of her singing voice. The problems (which stemmed from the effects of menopause), caused her to question whether she should continue performing altogether. She began working with a vocal coach who helped her find her singing voice again. This resulted in her next studio album. In 2018, "Pretty Bird", was released independently with Tim O'Brien serving as producer. The album's first single is a cover of Martha Carson's "I Can't Stand Up Alone", recorded as a tribute to Jesse Winchester. Also included on the album are covers of The Wood Brothers' "Chocolate on My Tongue", Bobbie Gentry's "Ode to Billie Joe", and Joan Osborne's "St. Teresa", the last of which is the album's second single.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: In 2021, Mattea became the new host of the "Mountain Stage", a program that is aired by West Virginia's NPR network. The program broadcasts once a week in two hour-long episodes that are aired on 280 stations.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea's music was categorized as country during her years as a commercial recording artist. During her peak success, Mattea also included elements of bluegrass, Celtic and folk into her artistry. Authors Mary A. Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann noted that Mattea was part of a group of country artists that took inspiration from the American folk revival by incorporating "modern sensibilities to create powerfully appealing images". Bufwack and Oermann found her counterparts to be Mary Chapin Carpenter, Suzy Bogguss and Wynonna Judd. Writer Thomas Harrison found that Mattea also had elements of "Southern California Rock" that mixed in "mountain elements" because she often incorporated the acoustic guitar. After recording 2008's "Coal", Mattea's musical identity shifted towards Appalachian music and has since made it a part of her artistry.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea participated in several collaborative works, primarily in the 1990s. In March 1991, Mattea was one of several artists on "Voices That Care", a charity single to help boost the morale of U.S. troops involved in Operation Desert Storm. Dolly Parton's 1993 single "Romeo" featured guest vocals from Mattea, Tanya Tucker, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Pam Tillis, and Billy Ray Cyrus. Mattea appeared on two tracks from the 1994 "Red Hot + Country" compilation, put out by the AIDS activism group Red Hot Organization. The first of these was a cover of "Teach Your Children" which also featured Suzy Bogguss, Alison Krauss, and Crosby, Stills & Nash, and the second was a duet with Jackson Browne titled "Rock Me on the Water". The former, credited to "The Red Hots", charted at No. 75 on Hot Country Songs dated for October 22, 1994. Also in 1994, Mattea sang duet vocals on Johnny Hallyday's "Love Affair", which made No. 35 on the French Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) charts. In 1998, Mattea recorded a duet with Michael McDonald titled "Among the Missing", a charity single to help benefit the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC). It was written by Peter McCann and produced by George Massenburg, and a video of the performance was also issued on DVD. The song charted for a single week at No. 73 on Hot Country Songs dated for March 27, 1999.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea has been married to songwriter Jon Vezner since February 14, 1988. He started a publishing company underneath the apartment in which Mattea lived in the 1980s, and the two met after he jump-started her car. Vezner wrote four of Mattea's singles: "Where've You Been", "Whole Lotta Holes", "Time Passes By", and "A Few Good Things Remain", along with singles by Diamond Rio and Clay Walker. The couple briefly separated in the early 2000s, but later reconciled. "All marriages have their moments when things don't run smoothly," Vezner stated, "but neither of us walks away when things get difficult. We challenge each other and learn from each other." Mattea and Vezner do not have children but have had both cats and dogs. The couple currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee. In 2003, Mattea's father died following a long battle with colon cancer. In 2005, Mattea's mother died due to complications of Alzheimer's disease.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Mattea is known for her roles in AIDS activism. In 1992, many televised awards shows were handing out red ribbons to participants in honor of AIDS awareness, but the Country Music Association chose to hand out green ribbons promoting environmental awareness instead. Mattea chose to wear three red ribbons that night, each one honoring a friend of hers who had died of the disease, along with the green ribbon. A 1994 article in the "Chicago Tribune" noted that a Nashville newspaper interpreted a comment she had made on wearing both color ribbons as a confrontation, and that Mattea was often questioned as to whether her activism had a negative impact on sales of her then-current album. Besides her participation in the "Red Hot + Country" charity album series, Mattea also participated in charity concerts and made public appearances in activism campaigns. She was also the recipient of the inaugural Harvard AIDS Initiative award in 1994.


title: Kathy Mattea

text: Kathy Mattea has received a series of awards, including four from the Country Music Association and two from the Grammy Awards.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: King of Prussia (also referred to as King of Prussia Mall) is a shopping mall located in the community of King of Prussia in Upper Merion Township in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is the largest shopping mall in Pennsylvania and the third-largest shopping mall in the United States in terms of gross leasable area. It is an upscale mall with 450 retailers. Its anchor stores include Bloomingdale's, Dick's Sporting Goods, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom, and Primark with two vacant anchor spots last occupied by JCPenney and Lord & Taylor.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The mall, which opened in 1963, consisted of two distinct buildings known as "The Plaza" and "The Court" until August 2016, when a major expansion was completed and the two buildings were connected to create one large shopping mall.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The King of Prussia mall is located in the census-designated place of King of Prussia, in Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, northwest of Philadelphia. The mall is near the convergence of four major highways: the Schuylkill Expressway, the Pennsylvania Turnpike (Interstate 76/Interstate 276), U.S. Route 202, and U.S. Route 422. The mall is located northeast of the Schuylkill Expressway and south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike on the north side of US 202 between Gulph Road to the southwest and Allendale Road to the northeast, with Mall Boulevard providing access to and running through the mall grounds between Gulph Road and US 202. Mall Boulevard passes under a portion of the shopping mall. Ramps to and from the westbound direction of the Schuylkill Expressway connect to Mall Boulevard. SEPTA Suburban Division bus routes , , , , , and serve the King of Prussia mall at the King of Prussia Transit Center along with other stops in the mall complex. These bus routes provide service to the West Chester Transportation Center in West Chester, the Norristown Transportation Center in Norristown, Phoenixville, the 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby, Center City Philadelphia, Chesterbrook, Valley Forge, and Limerick. The Greater Valley Forge Transportation Management Association operates The Rambler, a community shuttle around Upper Merion Township that has two stops at the King of Prussia mall. A branch of SEPTA's Norristown High Speed Line called the King of Prussia Spur is proposed to serve the mall via two stations.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The mall has several outparcels, and several luxury and affordable hotels are nearby. Among the outparcels is the Overlook at King of Prussia shopping center, which consists of a United Artists Theatres, Saks Off 5th, and an iFLY indoor skydiving center. Lockheed Martin also has a campus overlooking the mall area. Also located nearby is the King of Prussia Town Center, a lifestyle center that consists of Wegmans, multiple big-box retailers, and a downtown area with dining, retail, and service establishments and a Town Square. The town center is part of the Village at Valley Forge, a 122-acre mixed-use development under construction that consists of retail, apartments, townhouses, condominiums, office space, and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Specialty Care and Surgery Center.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: King of Prussia mall is anchored by Nordstrom, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Bloomingdale's, Dick's Sporting Goods, and Primark and a diverse merchant mix of over 450 stores, including a collection of luxury retailers. The mall is owned and managed by Simon Property Group of Indianapolis. It is also the sole outpost in Philadelphia for a number of high-end stores. The mall has annual sales of $1.1 billion. A selection of international dining options are available at three food courts and in multiple casual and fine dining establishments. The mall is a prominent tourist destination in the Philadelphia area, with an estimated 20% of visitors as tourists. The King of Prussia mall attracts 22 million visitors annually. Several nearby hotels offer mall tourist packages, which typically include mall gift cards. Due to the mall's size, several retailers rent more than one space.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: A covered outdoor walkway connects Macy's and Neiman Marcus. The eastern portion of the mall (originally known as the Court) has two anchor stores, Macy's and Bloomingdale's. It originally had a third anchor, Abraham & Straus, which sold its store in 1988 to Strawbridge & Clothier, which subsequently relocated to the former Wanamaker's location at The Plaza in 1996 upon its acquisition by May Department Stores. Its spot was redeveloped as the Pavilion at King of Prussia. Stores in this section include a double-level Urban Outfitters, Old Navy, and The Cheesecake Factory.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The mall was originally developed by the Kravco company. The Plaza at King of Prussia, the oldest portion of the complex, opened in 1963 as a modest open-air shopping mall anchored by JCPenney, discount department store E. J. Korvette, and an Acme "A-Frame" style supermarket. The Plaza prospered and by the late 1970s had become a partially enclosed super-regional mall anchored by department stores JCPenney, Gimbels, and Wanamaker's.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: By the late 1970s, The Plaza consisted of a small, fully enclosed section (connecting the three department stores) and a sprawling outdoor mall (featuring Woolworth's and Acme Markets). It was around this time Kravco noticed a demand for more upscale shopping in the northwest Philadelphia market. The company embarked on a second mall, The Court at King of Prussia, to be constructed across the street from The Plaza. The Court opened in 1981 as a fully enclosed mall anchored by department stores Bamberger's (became Macy's in 1986), Bloomingdale's, and Abraham & Straus (A&S). In addition, Sears was added to The Plaza, relocating from Norristown. Sears was built as a "store of the future" and was completed along with an expansion of the multi-level portion of the Plaza. The Garden Food Court was part of this expansion. The outdoor portion of The Plaza was enclosed as well.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: Through the 1980s, The Plaza sported such stores as Woolworth's, Herman's World of Sporting Goods, and a Lionel "Kiddie City" toy store. The Woolworth's store closed in 1993. The Plaza also featured two 1980s style video arcades, each named Spaceport, and the RKO Stanley Warner (later Sam Eric, and then United Artists Plaza) movie theater which, in an era before multiplexes, had only one extra large 70m screen.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: By the early 1990s, demand for luxury goods had grown across the nation and many upscale retailers were in a growth mode. Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Nordstrom were all looking for new locations in the area, and Kravco did not want any of them to land at a competing mall. The company's dilemma, though, was that The Court was on a small piece of land and could not expand, while The Plaza was too downscale for these stores. Kravco decided to embark on an ambitious campaign to almost completely rebuild The Plaza to make it just as attractive to upscale retailers as The Court and to begin marketing the two malls as a single entity (a pedestrian bridge and walkway connecting the malls was constructed around this time, though there have always been informal passageways from one to the other).


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The new Plaza is fully enclosed and has two levels throughout. Lord & Taylor opened in the fall of 1995, while Neiman Marcus and Nordstrom opened in the spring of 1996.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The anchor lineup at both malls changed during the late 1980's and through the 1990s as the industry consolidated. Gimbel's closed in 1986 and was replaced with Stern's. Abraham & Straus closed in 1987, and was replaced with Strawbridge & Clothier in 1988. Stern's was replaced with JCPenney in 1992, who moved from their original building in the middle of the Plaza, which was turned into mall space during the early 1990's Plaza redevelopment. Boscov's was to buy the Wanamaker's building and open a location there. Instead, in 1995, John Wanamaker was replaced with Hecht's, due to May Department Stores purchasing and rebranded all Wanamaker's as Hecht's, their Baltimore-Washington regional nameplate. In 1996, Hecht's (former John Wanamaker) at The Plaza became Strawbridge's, and the Strawbridge's (former Abraham & Straus) at The Court closed, due to May acquiring Strawbridge & Clothier, rebranding it as simply Strawbridge's, and merging it with Hecht's Philadelphia operations. In 2001, the former Abraham & Straus/Strawbridge's building (at The Court) was converted into more mall space. This expansion was named "The Pavilion."


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The mall served as the home of the Philadelphia Freedoms tennis team of World TeamTennis in 2008 and 2009. Whenever a tennis event was to occur, a temporary tennis stadium that seated 3,000 was constructed in the parking lot of the Bloomingdale's anchor store. The Freedoms left for The Pavilion at Villanova University in 2010.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: In 2011, Simon increased its ownership of the King of Prussia mall from 12.4 percent to 96 percent, buying Lend Lease's 50 percent ownership of the mall. Lend Lease had bought its stake in the mall in 1996, with Kravco, Simon, and three family trusts owning the remaining 50 percent at the time.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The former Wanamaker's/Hecht's/Strawbridge's building had been a Macy's since 2006, when May Department Stores dissolved Strawbridge's. This second Macy's location was closed in favor of the location at the Court (former Bambergers). The Wanamaker's/Hecht's/Strawbridge's/Macy's building and adjacent parking garage were demolished during the fall of 2011, to make way for over of retail space and additional parking.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: On November 29, 2011, Simon Property Group announced plans to create a expansion/connector to connect The Court and The Plaza. This new retail connector features 50 stores, dining choices from some of Philadelphia's well-known celebrity chefs, an upscale dining pavilion, and a customer lounge. Upon completion, this project made King of Prussia mall the largest official shopping mall in the United States (larger than Mall of America in overall square footage, though not as many shops), and placed the mall under one roof for the first time in its existence. The expansion also includes a new parking garage "with speed ramps, space location technology and valet service." Construction on this expansion was estimated to cost $150 million. Several outparcels were also proposed for this expansion. On November 18, 2014, construction began on the expansion to connect The Court and The Plaza. The expansion opened August 18, 2016, with two ribbons joined from The Court and The Plaza. Simon Property Group COO Rick Sokolov and U.S. Representative Brendan Boyle were present for the ribbon tying ceremony.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: In January 2014, Sears announced that it would sublease some of its space to Dick's Sporting Goods. Sears closed this location in early December 2014. It was announced that Irish retailer Primark would be on the first level of its space while Dick's Sporting Goods would take parts of the second level. The Primark store opened on November 25, 2015. In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 properties, including the Sears at King of Prussia, into Seritage Growth Properties. Portions of the former Sears Auto Center are now Outback Steakhouse and Yard House. On March 17, 2017, JCPenney announced that its store would be closing as part of a plan to close 138 stores nationwide; the store closed on July 31, 2017.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The western section of the mall (also known as The Plaza) went under renovation in April 2018, which added new flooring and handrails, LED lighting, and additional soft seating areas and restrooms. The renovation was completed in May 2019.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: On October 5, 2019, Happy Place opened on the second floor of the former JCPenney building. It left on February 29, 2020, as part of a national tour. On May 3, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Montgomery County opened a COVID-19 vaccination site in the former JCPenney space, which has since shut down.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: On August 27, 2020, it was announced that Lord & Taylor would be closing all 38 stores, including the King of Prussia location. The store closed on February 27, 2021.


title: King of Prussia (shopping mall)

text: The former JCPenney was planned to be redeveloped as a multipurpose center, similar to Hudson Yards in Manhattan. However in June 2022, it was announced that Wayfair, an online retailer of furniture and home goods, will open a brick-and-mortar store in the former JCPenney space instead. The store will feature a cafe and a rooftop deck with a bar. The Wayfair store is planned to open in 2023 or 2024.


title: Pacific FC

text: Pacific Football Club is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Greater Victoria, British Columbia. The club competes in the Canadian Premier League, playing home matches at Starlight Stadium located in Langford.


title: Pacific FC

text: On May 5, 2018, "Port City FC" was one of four groups accepted by the Canadian Soccer Association for professional club membership, along with groups that would become Cavalry FC, HFX Wanderers, and York9. Port City was the only one of the four that was not identified with a specific city, and represented an as-of-yet undetermined location in British Columbia. The group was expected to launch a team in either Greater Victoria or Surrey, British Columbia. Former professional player Rob Friend, who grew up in British Columbia, was pictured as a representative of the region. On June 1, the Canadian Premier League granted the Port City ownership group a club on Vancouver Island.


title: Pacific FC

text: Pacific FC was officially unveiled on July 20 as the seventh team to join the Canadian Premier League. As well as confirming its place in the league for the 2019 launch season, the club also revealed its crest, colours and branding. Former Denmark international Michael Silberbauer was announced as the first head coach on August 20.


title: Pacific FC

text: They played their first competitive game on April 28, 2019, defeating visitors HFX Wanderers 1–0 with Hendrik Starostzik scoring the only goal and Mark Village keeping a clean sheet. The club parted ways with Silberbauer on October 18, 2019, and announced then-assistant coach James Merriman as interim head coach.


title: Pacific FC

text: On August 26, 2021, they were matched against Major League Soccer opposition for the first time, being drawn against provincial opponents Vancouver Whitecaps FC in the quarterfinals of the Canadian Championship. Although underdogs, they defeated the Whitecaps 4–3, becoming the second CPL club to eliminate an MLS club in the competition.


title: Pacific FC

text: On December 5, Pacific FC won its first Canadian Premier League title after defeating defending champions Forge FC 1–0 in the 2021 CPL Final at Tim Hortons Field. In doing so they became the second team to have been crowned Canadian Premier League champions.


title: Pacific FC

text: The club plays its home games at Starlight Stadium. The city of Langford planned to increase the capacity from 1,718 to 8,000, but a utility pole located on the north side of the stadium has prevented any upgrades on that side. By extending the existing south stand and adding seating behind both goals as well as new standing room on the north side, the capacity was increased to 6,200 for the 2019 season.


title: Pacific FC

text: The club's branding is designed to represent Vancouver Island. The team's crest is the shape of a Douglas fir, a tree native to Vancouver Island, split into two segments, with the right side forming the shape of the island. The tree is bordered by the ocean and includes a single chevron to represent a wave of the ocean and a 'V' that can stand for Victoria, victory and Vancouver Island.


title: Pacific FC

text: The secondary logo is a roundel with a trident, meant to represent the strength and courage of the island, as well as the weather attributed to the Pacific Ocean. The logo also includes the motto of the coat of arms of the city of Victoria, which is the Latin phrase "Semper Liber", which translates to "Forever Free".


title: Pacific FC

text: The official club colours are purple, teal, and white (branded by the club as "starfish purple", "lagoon blue", and "lighthouse white"). These colours symbolize the native "Pisaster ochraceus" sea star, the Pacific Ocean, and the region's lighthouses.


title: Pacific FC

text: The first supporters group to show support for a Vancouver Island team to join the Canadian Premier League was the Lake Side Buoys, an existing group who followed the Victoria Highlanders of USL League Two. A second supporters group, called Torcida Oranizada Pacific (TOP) has also emerged.


title: Pacific FC

text: Pacific FC met Cavalry FC for the first time in the Canadian Premier League in the final fixture of the 2019 Spring Season, winning 3–1 at Westhills Stadium in an intense match which saw three players sent-off. Pacific FC and Cavalry FC's rivalry intensified during the 2021 season where they met eight times across three Canadian competitions (Canadian Premier League, CPL Playoffs, and the Canadian Championship). This rivalry is also fueled by a pre-existing cultural rivalry between each team's respective province: Alberta and British Columbia.


title: Germinal (novel)

text: Germinal is the thirteenth novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series "Les Rougon-Macquart". Often considered Zola's masterpiece and one of the most significant novels in the French tradition, the novel – an uncompromisingly harsh and realistic story of a coalminers' strike in northern France in the 1860s – has been published and translated in over one hundred countries. It has also inspired five film adaptations and two television productions.


title: Germinal (novel)

text: "Germinal" was written between April 1884 and January 1885. It was first serialized between November 1884 and February 1885 in the periodical "Gil Blas", then in March 1885 published as a book.


title: Germinal (novel)

text: The title () refers to the name of a month of the French Republican Calendar, a spring month. "Germen" is a Latin word which means "seed"; the novel describes the hope for a better future that seeds amongst the miners. As the final lines of the novel read:


title: Germinal (novel)

text: The novel's central character is Étienne Lantier, previously seen in "L'Assommoir" (1877), and originally to have been the central character in Zola's "murder on the trains" thriller "La Bête humaine" (1890) before the overwhelmingly positive reaction to "Germinal" persuaded him otherwise. The young migrant worker arrives at the forbidding coal mining town of Montsou in the bleak area of the far north of France to earn a living as a miner. Sacked from his previous job on the railways for assaulting a superior, Étienne befriends the veteran miner Maheu, who finds him somewhere to stay and gets him a job pushing the carts down the pit.