title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Hayley Wickenheiser (born August 12, 1978) is a Canadian former ice hockey player, resident physician and assistant general manager for the Toronto Maple Leafs. She was the first woman to play full-time professional men’s hockey in a position other than goalie. Wickenheiser was a member of Canada women's national ice hockey team for 23 years, from 1994 until announcing her retirement on January 13, 2017, and is the team's career points leader with 168 goals and 211 assists in 276 games. She represented Canada at the Winter Olympics five times, capturing four gold and one silver medal and twice being named tournament MVP, and one time at the Summer Olympics in softball, and is a seven-time winner of the world championships. She is tied with teammates Caroline Ouellette and Jayna Hefford for the record for the most gold medals of any Canadian Olympian, and is widely considered to be the greatest female ice hockey player of all time. On February 20, 2014, Wickenheiser was elected to the International Olympic Committee's Athletes' Commission. In 2019 she was named to the Hockey Hall of Fame, in her first year of eligibility.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser began playing minor ice hockey on outdoor rinks in her hometown of Shaunavon, Saskatchewan when she was five years old. She played exclusively on boys' teams until she was 13. Wickenheiser continued playing minor hockey in Calgary, Alberta after moving there with her family. In 1991, she represented Alberta at the 18-and-under Canada Winter Games. Alberta captured the gold medal in the tournament, with Wickenheiser scoring the game-winning goal and being named the Most Valuable Player of the final game.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: At the age of 15 (1994), Wickenheiser was named to Canada's National Women's Team for the first time and remained a member until her retirement in 2017. Her first international tournament was the 1994 World Championship, held in Lake Placid, New York. She played three games, and picked up her first international point – an assist, and Canada won gold. Her second World Championship in 1997 also produced a gold medal and she earned a spot on the tournament All-Star team, the first of four such honours (1997, 1999, 2000, 2005). In 1999, Wickenheiser helped Canada to another gold medal and was named tournament MVP. Wickenheiser has seven World Championship gold medals (1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2012) and three silver medals (2005, 2008, 2009). She was named to Team Canada in 2001, but was unable to compete due to an injury, and was also on Canada's roster for the 2003 World Championship which was cancelled.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser was a member of Team Canada at the 1998 Winter Olympics, when women's hockey was introduced as a medal sport. She also played 21 games for Team Canada during their pre-Olympic tour. Canada won a silver medal at the event and Wickenheiser was named to the tournament all-star team. Her performance at the 1998 Olympics impressed Men's Team Canada General Manager Bobby Clarke so much, that he invited her to participate in the Philadelphia Flyers rookie camps in 1998 and 1999. 2002 was another chance at Olympic gold, and Wickenheiser was named to Canada's roster for the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah. On Team Canada's pre-Olympic tour, Wickenheiser played 26 games and racked up 36 points. In a bit of redemption for 1998, Canada won the gold medal by defeating Team USA in the final game. Wickenheiser was named Tournament MVP and she was the top scorer on the Women's side. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Canada was defending its gold medal status. When the final match was set, Canada was facing off against Sweden, a surprise finalist. They won gold again, and Wickenheiser once more was named tournament MVP, Top Forward, and to a berth on the all-star team. She also led the tournament in scoring,


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser captained Canada to a gold medal at the 1998 Christmas Cup (World Women's Under-22 Championship). She has also contributed to at least 10 gold medals for Canada at the 4 Nations Cup tournaments (1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010). At the 2006 Four Nations Cup, she served as team captain.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: On February 17, 2010, Wickenheiser became the all-time leading Olympic goal scorer as Canada defeated Sweden 13–1 at the Vancouver Olympics. Wickenheiser reached her record total of 16 career Olympic goals by scoring once on Wednesday as Canada followed up their 18–0 win over Slovakia and 10–1 defeat of Switzerland.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser attended the World Hockey Summit in 2010, to address the status of women's hockey internationally. International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge stated that the tournament might be eliminated from the Olympics since the event was not competitively balanced. Either Canada and the United States had won the gold since the event began in 1998, and the two countries had also won each IIHF World Women's Championship since the event began in 1990. She explained that the talent gap between the North American and European countries was due to the presence of women's professional leagues in North America, along with year-round training facilities. She stated the European players were talented, but their respective national team programs were not given the same level of support as the European men's national teams, or the North American women's national teams.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: With a third and fourth consecutive Olympic gold medal in women's hockey won by defeating the United States of America 2–0 in Vancouver and 3-2 in Sochi, Hayley now has 5 Olympic medals: 4 gold, 1 silver. She is one of only five athletes to win gold in four consecutive Winter Games, along with teammates Jayna Hefford and Caroline Ouellette. At her retirement in 2017 she was the Olympic tournament’s all-time leading scorer with 18 goals and 51 points. Wickenheiser took the athlete's oath in English at the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Vancouver, British Columbia and was Canada's flagbearer at the Sochi Winter Olympics in 2014.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: In 1996, Wickenheiser was named MVP of the Esso women's hockey nationals, helping Alberta to a fourth-place finish. In 1997 and 1998, Wickenheiser won Nationals with the Edmonton Chimos and Calgary Oval X-Treme respectively. She was named tournament MVP both years. Between 1999 and 2001, Wickenheiser continued to play for her club teams at the Esso Women's National Championships, winning a gold medal and two silvers. She played 2004–05 with the Calgary Oval X-Treme, in the inaugural season of the Western Women's Hockey League. The X-Treme were league champions. Wickenheiser was the regular season leading scorer and named to the league's all-star team. She also played for Alberta at the Esso National Championships, where they won gold. She led the tournament in scoring and was named MVP.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: In 2003, Wickenheiser became the first woman to score a goal playing in a men's semi-professional league (for HC Salamat in Suomi-sarja, Finland's third-division league). Over the course of the season, Wickenheiser played 23 games, scoring 2 goals and adding 10 assists. Wickenheiser joined a European league to play professional hockey, as the game is more open and less physical than North American leagues. This attempt to play professional hockey was not an entirely smooth process, as Wickenheiser was initially slated to play in Italy, until the Italian Winter Sports Federation ruled that women were ineligible to play in a men's league. She also turned down an offer from Phil Esposito to play for the Cincinnati Cyclones of the ECHL. Finland's Hockey Federation unanimously supported letting women play in a men's league, allowing her to debut with HC Salamat in the Suomi-sarja, the third highest hockey league in Finland, on January 10, 2003. Wickenheiser played briefly with Salamat in 2004. They had won promotion to Mestis, Finland's second tier of professional hockey, and this was not as good a fit for her. She left the team after ten games.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: In 2007, Wickenheiser had a week-long tryout contract with Swedish club IFK Arboga IK in the Swedish male third league. After two practice games, where Wickenheiser scored two goals in the first game, she was not offered a contract. In 2008, Wickenheiser signed a one-year contract with Eskilstuna Linden, also in the Swedish men's third league.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser was named one of the "Top 100 Most Influential People in Hockey" by "The Hockey News" (ranked #59 on the 2011 List), one of the "25 Toughest Athletes" by "Sports Illustrated" and one of the "Top 50 Most Powerful Women in Canada" by "The Globe and Mail".


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser scored a goal as a member of Team Black in the 2nd Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Star Game. Appearing with the Calgary Inferno in the 2016 Clarkson Cup finals, she logged two assists as the Inferno emerged victorious in a convincing 8-3 final.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser joined the 2010–11 Calgary Dinos women's ice hockey team that competes in the Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS). The Dinos were playing their second season of CIS hockey, and Wickenheiser was expected to provide leadership to a young team. While with the Dinos, Wickenheiser played for her former teammate, Danielle Goyette, the team's head coach. Wickenheiser also completed a degree in kinesiology at Calgary. The Dinos were Wickenheiser's choice because the team practices every day, and she was able to stay in Calgary with her family. Under CIS rules, Wickenheiser began her first year of eligibility in 2010 because she had never played university hockey. Players have up to five years of eligibility. In her CIS debut against the University of Regina, Wickenheiser scored two goals and added an assist in a 4–3 victory. A crowd of over 500 people attended her CIS debut in Regina. Wickenheiser was named the Canada West female athlete of the week on November 2, 2010 after scoring three goals and adding an assist in two games against the University of Alberta. Despite only playing in 15 of the Dino's 24 regular season games, Wickenheiser finished tied for the conference lead in scoring with 40 points (17 goals and 23 assists), and finishing with a plus-minus of +22. She scored four short handed goals, and had five game winners. At the end of the year, Wickenheiser was named the Canada West Most Valuable Player, and captured a spot on the conference's First All-Star Team. On March 9, 2011, Wickenheiser was named the Canadian Interuniversity Sport player of the year in women's hockey. She then became the first ever Dino to win the Brodrick Trophy as CIS MVP.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: In the aftermath of the 2012-13 season, Wickenheiser was named to the CIS First Team All-Canadians. Among the other players named as First Team All-Canadians were Melodie Daoust and Katelyn Gosling.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: On January 13, 2017, Wickenheiser announced her retirement from professional hockey to pursue medical school. On August 23, 2018, Wickenheiser was hired as the assistant director of player development for the Toronto Maple Leafs. On May 17, 2021, Wickenheiser was promoted to senior director of player development for the Toronto Maple Leafs.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: In 2021 she collaborated with sports equipment maker Verbero Hockey and owner/CEO Andy Sutton in developing the "Wick Stick", the first time a hockey stick was constructed specifically with her input, part of an program to create branded equipment targeted toward women.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: In April 2022, Bell Media and Uninterrupted announced that a documentary film chronicling her life to be released in 2022.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser is an accomplished softball player. On June 24, 2000, she was named to the Canadian softball team for the 2000 Summer Olympics. This was the culmination of a long ball career. In 1994, she participated at Canadian Midget Nationals, where she was named All-Canadian Shortstop and Top Batter. In 1995, Wickenheiser was a member of Team Canada at the World Junior Fastball Championships, held in Normal, Illinois. Canada finished fifth at this event. In 1997, Wickenheiser participated at Midget Nationals with the Silver Springs 76ers. Her team finished second and Wickenheiser was again named All Star Shortstop and Top Batter. In 1999, she also participated at Senior Nationals, where her team finished fourth. In 2000, Wickenheiser attended and competed for Simon Fraser University, and helped lead the team to a 38 and 13 record, en route to a 3rd-place finish at the NAIA National Championships. Later that summer she competed in the Summer Olympic games in Sydney, Australia, where she led Canada with the team's highest batting average. Canada was competitive, but finished the tournament with a 1–6 record, losing three games by one run. Since that Olympics, Wickenheiser has not been as active in softball.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser is the daughter of physical education teachers, Tom and Marilyn, and has a brother and a sister. Wickenheiser lives in Calgary with her adopted son, Noah. Former professional hockey player Doug Wickenheiser, was her cousin. He died of cancer in 1999.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Wickenheiser graduated with a degree in kinesiology in 2013 and completed medical school at the University of Calgary's Cumming School of Medicine in 2021. On July 15, 2011, her hometown of Shaunavon named a new 14 million dollar recreational complex after her, Crescent Point Wickenheiser Centre. On June 30, 2011, she was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Hayley is the author of "Gold Medal Diary – Inside the World's Greatest Sports Event", outlining her training with Team Canada and the events leading up to, during, and following the 2010 Olympic Games.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: She is the founder of WickFest, an annual event showcasing girls' and women's hockey, inviting female players from all over the world to several days of workshops, clinics and games learning from leading instructors, coaches and players.


title: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: EA Sports officially announced that Wickenheiser would be among the first two real female hockey players in "NHL 13". Along with Angela Ruggiero, she has a playable character in the game which can be added to any team of the user's choice.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Gun law in the Philippines is regulated by the Firearms and Explosives Division of the Philippine National Police. In order to possess a firearm in the Philippines, a person must be at a minimum age of 21 years and pass a background check to be issued a Possession License. They must also take a firearms training and safety course. Any history of mental illnesses or domestic violence within the individual or the family will cause an applicant to have their request rejected. The Philippines is one of the least gun restrictive countries in Asia, this is in part as a cultural legacy from the days when the Philippines was an American Commonwealth.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Most laws regarding civilian ownership of firearms in the Philippines concern registration and background checks. There is also focus on disarming various militant groups, such as the Islamic separatist groups in Mindanao and the communist rebel groups such as the New People's Army. The Philippines has also enacted laws as a result of many incidents of armed political violence during elections.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: During his presidency, Ferdinand Marcos implemented gun confiscations against citizens. These were part of his martial law regime, what he referred to as "The New Society" or the "Bagong Lipunan", as well as to quell the Moro separatist groups in Mindanao. Since then, gun control has become a moderate and strong issue in the Philippines.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Guns are used for hunting, target shooting, self-protection and security purposes. Filipinos can carry pistols and handguns in public by acquiring a Permit to Carry.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: PROGUN is the main gun lobby of the Philippines, which is an organization meant to protect Filipino gun rights as well as to endorse politicians who will do so.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: According to a 2014 study, there are 1,700,000 licensed firearms owners and 3,900,000 privately owned guns (legally and illegally) in the country.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: The Philippines was a Commonwealth of the United States, a country known for its cultural pride of gun ownership or gun rights. Since the Spanish American War and Philippine American War, the U.S. allowed gun ownership and gun rights among the Filipino populace, with some exceptions.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Gun control was a small issue in the Philippines. However, this became an issue during the various armed insurgencies that plagued the country in the 1960s and 1970s by Islamic militants in Mindanao and communist groups throughout the country.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Strict gun control was enacted in 1972 under the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. Under Proclamation No. 1081, citizens were banned from carrying a firearm outside of their residences. Though, despite the government claims that this was a temporary gun control law, citizens often fell victim to door-to-door searches for firearms. Confiscated firearms were not returned.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: During the 2010 election season, on January 10, a ban was implemented which completely prohibited citizens from carrying firearms into the public, with no exceptions. Off-duty police officers carrying their guns in the public were arrested for failure to comply with the law. This gun ban was a measure to prevent political killings, as the Philippines often deals with armed conflict during elections such as the Maguindanao Massacre. This move saw opposition from the gun lobby, especially from members of PROGUN.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: On May 29, 2014 Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act 10591. This required gunsmiths to contain licenses to repair registered firearms. The law also required gun owners to renew their licenses every two years, and registration of their guns every four years. Failure to comply will result in revocation as well as confiscation of guns.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: This new law also required people who wish to carry their firearms outside of their residence to apply for a Permit to Carry, under good reason. These permits are often given to high-profile people.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Qualifications to carry guns were set forward by Republic Act 10591 (RA 10591) or the Comprehensive Firearms and Ammunition Regulation Act. RA 10591 stipulates that people seeking to carry a gun may apply for a Permit to Carry Firearm Outside Residence (PTCFOR). PTCFORs are granted on a "May-Issue" basis at the discretion of the issuing authority.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: A qualified person may apply for a PTCFOR if they are under actual threat. The law specifies people who are considered to be in danger due to their profession or activities. These include lawyers or members of the Philippine Bar, certified public accountants, accredited media practitioners, cashiers, bank tellers, priests, ministers, rabbis and imams, physicians, nurses, and engineers. Businessmen who, by nature of their activities are at high risk of being targeted are also allowed to apply for PTC.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Section 10 of RA 10591 also specifies the firearms that may be registered. Only Class A light weapons (firearms not chambered in a caliber exceeding 7.62mm or capable of fully automatic fire) are allowed to be registered by licensed citizens or juridical entities for ownership, possession, and concealed carrying.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: The act also provides for the procurement of arms for use by law enforcement and military personnel. It states that a class B light weapon shall only be possessed by the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Philippine National Police (PNP) and other authorized law enforcement agencies.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: First and foremost, all firearms must be registered with the PNP. Firearms for use in sports and competitions also require licensing. Firearm and ammunition manufacturers must also apply for licenses. Gun stores are also required to have a license based on the new law for the purchase and sale of guns, as well as general business in handling firearms and ammunition. Gunsmiths must also apply for a license before they may repair registered firearms.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Current laws require gun owners to renew their licenses every two years on or before the date of expiration. If they fail to renew their licenses, it will be automatically revoked, resulting in the lawful confiscation of the firearm by the PNP.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: The registration of the firearm must also be renewed every four years, else the license will be revoked and the firearm will be confiscated. Failure to renew the license or registration twice will result in the person being permanently barred from applying for another firearm license.


title: Gun law in the Philippines

text: Renewal applications of the license or registration may be submitted to the Firearms and Explosives Office (FEO) of the PNP within six months before the license or firearm's expiration.


title: Lionel Richie discography

text: Lionel Richie is an American R&B and pop singer, who has released 10 studio albums, three live albums, and seven compilation albums. Formerly the lead vocalist of The Commodores, Richie began a solo career in the early 1980s and has released over 40 singles, five of which became number-one hits on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Lionel Richie discography

text: Richie's first three studio albums have all been certified "Multi-Platinum" by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, "Can't Slow Down", is his most successful, being certified 10× Platinum (i.e. Diamond) in the US. The album spent 59 consecutive weeks inside the "Billboard" Top 10 (including the entire year of 1984) and a total of 160 weeks (over three years) on the "Billboard" 200 chart. It became the third best-selling album of 1984, and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.


title: Lionel Richie discography

text: In addition to multiple pop, R&B, and adult contemporary hit singles, two of his singles reached the Top 30 of the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart (now Hot Country Songs). "Deep River Woman", which features country music group Alabama, was a Top 10 hit on the country music charts in 1987.


title: Lionel Richie discography

text: Richie's tenth studio album, "Tuskegee", was released in 2012 and peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, making it his third number one album on the chart.


title: MV Astoria

text: MV "Astoria is a ship that was constructed as the transatlantic ocean liner Stockholm" for Swedish American Line, and rebuilt as a cruise ship in 1993. Ordered in 1944, and commenced service in 1948, at 73 years old, she is the oldest passenger liner still sailing in deep water routes. As "Stockholm", she was best known for an accidental collision with "Andrea Doria" in July 1956, resulting in the sinking of the latter ship and 46 fatalities off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States.


title: MV Astoria

text: During her seven decades of service she has passed through several owners and sailed under the names Stockholm, Völkerfreundschaft, Volker, Fridtjof Nansen, Italia I, Italia Prima, Valtur Prima, Caribe, Athena, and Azores before beginning service as Astoria in March 2016. "Astoria" sailed with Cruise & Maritime Voyages until 2020 when the company suspended operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was subsequently sold, but remains laid up for sale.


title: MV Astoria

text: The ship was ordered in 1944, and launched 9 September 1946, as Stockholm by Götaverken in Gothenburg for the Swedish America Line (SAL). The ship was designed by Swedish American Line designer, Eric Christiansson, who worked as the technical director at parent company Broström. She was the fourth ship named "Stockholm" for Swedish American Line, but the second of the four to actually sail under the name (See: MS "Stockholm" (1941)). When "Stockholm" III was sold to the Italians, the proceeds were initially left aside, but were later used to finance the construction of the ship after the 1941 Stockholm was sunk during the war.


title: MV Astoria

text: At with a gross register tonnage of 12,165, "Stockholm" at the time was the smallest passenger ship operating on the North Atlantic route, but the largest passenger ship built in Sweden, with the largest diesel propulsion unit yet built in Sweden. Originally designed to carry a total of 395 passengers, divided between first and tourist class, and a cargo capacity of 3,000 tons. Interiors were completed by Swedish artists, including Kurt Jungstedt. When delivered, the ship would replace the aging SS "Drottningholm", and run an alternating transatlantic service with MS "Gripsholm". She made her maiden voyage on February 21, 1948, under the command of Captain Waldemar Jonsson, from Gothenburg arriving in New York on March 1.


title: MV Astoria

text: The "Stockholm" would continue to sail the transatlantic route, later joined by the new MS "Kungsholm" (1952). A 1953 refit expanded "Stockholm's" capacity to 548 people by infilling the outdoor aft and forward end of "A" Deck with passenger cabins. Due to the small size, and not handling the North Atlantic seas very well during the colder months, the Swedish American Line scheduled her for occasional cruises starting in 1953 out of Morehead City, North Carolina cruising to Havana, Nassau, and Bermuda. In February 1955, she was used to deport Arne Pettersen, the last person to go through Ellis Island, to Gothenburg, Sweden. A later refit in 1956/57 added a cinema to the deck forward end of the main superstructure, and an outdoor pool aft.


title: MV Astoria

text: With both MS "Kungsholm" and the new MS "Gripsholm" (1957) sailing, the smaller "Stockholm" was started to be seen as too small and not meeting the current standards of the line. The ship was sold in May 1959 to, at the time, an unidentified German company. The ship would finish out the year sailing with Swedish American Line to New York, before being transferred in 1960 to the new company.


title: MV Astoria

text: On the night of July 25, 1956, at 11:10 pm, in heavy fog in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Nantucket, "Stockholm" and "Andrea Doria" of the Italian Line collided in what was to become one of history's most notorious maritime disasters.


title: MV Astoria

text: Although most passengers and crew survived the collision, the larger "Andrea Doria" luxury liner capsized and sank the following morning. Owing to the collision, 50% of "Andrea Doria" lifeboats were unusable. However, a number of ships, including SS "Ile de France", responded and provided assistance, which averted a massive loss of life.


title: MV Astoria

text: Five members of "Stockholm"s crew were killed instantly, and several more were trapped in the wrecked bow. Despite its having lost about of freeboard, the crippled "Stockholm" helped in the rescue and ended up carrying 327 passengers and 245 crew members from "Andrea Doria", in addition to her own passengers and crew.


title: MV Astoria

text: After the ships had separated, and as "Stockholm" crew members were beginning to survey the damage, one of the crew came across Linda Morgan, who had been thrown from her bed on "Andrea Doria" as the two ships collided and landed on "Stockholm"s deck, suffering moderate but not life-threatening injuries.


title: MV Astoria

text: After "Andrea Doria" sank, "Stockholm" sailed to New York City under her own power and arrived on July 27. There, the crushed bow portion was replaced at a cost of US$1 million three months later at Bethlehem Shipyard in Brooklyn, New York.


title: MV Astoria

text: An inquiry followed the events, with a settlement reached after 6 months between the Italian Line and Swedish American Line.


title: MV Astoria

text: Years following the collision, "Andrea Doria" would become a popular dive site. In 1959, "Stockholm"s damaged ship's bell was recovered from the wreck site. Today it is displayed onboard in the ship's lobby.


title: MV Astoria

text: In September 2020, New Jersey-based Atlantic Wreck Salvage announced that their ship, D/V "Tenacious", had discovered "Stockholm"s bow and anchors. The divers made the confirmation based on the presence and unique style of both anchors, internal bow reinforcements, accordion-style crumpling on the wreckage in the same pattern as seen in photos of "Stockholm" after the collision, and the location of the wreckage near "Andrea Doria"s final resting place.


title: MV Astoria

text: On 3 January 1960, "Stockholm" was transferred to the East German government, which renamed the ship "Völkerfreundschaft" ("friendship between nations") operating under the line Deutsche Seereederei (German Shipping Company), a precursor of Aida Cruises.


title: MV Astoria

text: "Völkerfreundschaft" made her new maiden voyage on February 23, 1960, and was home-ported in Rostock, Germany, eventually operating in tandem with the newly built "". When the Berlin wall went up in 1961, all ports were restricted to communist countries only, which greatly limited sailing routes. The ship made trips to Cuba, and would be one of the two ships that was en route to Havana during the Cuban Missile Crisis, where she was suspiciously watched by US military planes and vessels. The ship was already halfway to Havana, and it was necessary to continue to resupply and refuel, before quickly turning around back to East Germany.


title: MV Astoria

text: In 1964 the ship was put under the management of the Free German Trade Union Federation, but would be chartered out to western European countries for a majority of the year. This would be expanded in 1967, with Stena Line chartering the ship for Swedish passengers for half of the year, doing within annually until the ship was sold in 1985.


title: MV Astoria

text: In 1985 she was transferred to a Panamanian company, Neptunas Rex Enterprises. Her name was reduced to "Volker", and by the end of the year she was laid up in Southampton, England. In 1985 the ship was renamed "Fridtjof Nansen" was later used as a barracks ship in Oslo for asylum seekers in Norway.


title: MV Astoria

text: In 1989, ex-"Stockholm" was officially sold to the Italian Star Lauro Lines, who intended to convert the liner into a luxury cruise ship. The ship was still under charter as the Fridtjof Nansen, and so remained in Oslo until 1993.


title: MV Astoria

text: The ship was towed to a shipyard in Genoa, Italy, "Andrea Doria" home port; but when she arrived, the press labeled her "the ship of death" ("La nave della morte") due to the collision with "Andrea Doria". During conversion, it was discovered that the ex-"Stockholm" was in a very good condition (except for the American-built replacement bow, which needed the most refurbishing). She was completely gutted on the interior, and rebuilt from the promenade deck up. New diesel engines were installed, and a new bridge was built, extending the superstructure forward. The aft decks were built up, giving her a more modern cruise ship profile. A large ducktail was added that significantly altered the stern appearance.


title: MV Astoria

text: Although not very recognizable from her original appearance as "Stockholm;" many elements such as the bow and anchor, hull window arrangement, passenger lifts and stair locations, and the distinct double porthole dining room windows, were all visible traits from the original "Stockholm" design.


title: MV Astoria

text: Following the completion of the refit in 1994, ship was named "Italia I", then "Italia Prima", she later sailed as "Valtur Prima" primarily to Cuba, and was laid up there in 2001.


title: MV Astoria

text: In 2005 the "Caribe" was renamed "Athena", being registered in Portugal. She was reflagged to Cyprus operating for Classic International Cruises.


title: MV Astoria

text: On December 3, 2008 "Athena" was attacked by pirates in the Gulf of Aden. Reportedly, 29 pirate boats surrounded the ship at one stage until a US Navy P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft circled above which caused some of the pirates to flee. The crew prevented the pirates from boarding by firing high-pressure water cannons at them. No one was injured and the ship escaped without damage, continuing her voyage to Australia.


title: MV Astoria

text: In 2009 the ship was chartered to German cruise operator Phoenix Reisen and repainted in the company colors with a turquoise funnel and company logo.


title: MV Astoria

text: On September 17, 2012, reports announced that she and her fellow ship "Princess Danae" were detained in Marseille, France, for unpaid fuel bills.


title: MV Astoria

text: Early in 2013 "Athena" was bought by the recently created Portuguese cruise company Portuscale Cruises and renamed "Azores". As soon as her acquisition was confirmed, she was taken to a shipyard in Marseille, where she was revamped. She then entered Portuscale Cruises service after completing a charter for Berlin-based Ambiente Kreuzfahrten, from whom she was chartered to Classic International to join her fleetmate "Princess Daphne". The charter began in March 2014 with a cruise from Lisbon, Portugal, to Bremerhaven, Germany, and concluded in November 2014 in Genoa, Italy. After Portuscale's collapse, the administrator of the ship's formal owner, Island Cruises — Transportes Marítimos, Unipessoal Ltda., secured a charter to Cruise & Maritime Voyages (CMV). Her first voyage was from Avonmouth Docks to the Caribbean in January 2015.


title: MV Astoria

text: In March 2016 the ship was renamed "Astoria" by Cruise & Maritime Voyages and from May 2016 until March 2017 was subchartered to French tour operator Rivages du Monde. Since 2016, "Astoria" is the last remaining vessel of the former Swedish American Line still afloat, after the former "Kungsholm" was scrapped in 2016.


title: MV Astoria

text: In June 2016, it was announced that "Astoria" would be leaving the CMV fleet after her final cruise on April 27, 2017 from London Tilbury. In February 2017, CMV announced that "Astoria" would remain in the CMV fleet until 2018. She would offer a mini-season from London Tilbury, before being charted by Rivages du Monde during the summer months.


title: MV Astoria

text: "Astoria" was scheduled to begin winter cruising the Sea of Cortez from the port of Puerto Peñasco (Rocky Point) Mexico from December 2019, but this sailing did not take place until January 2020 due to unspecified delays in dry dock. The 2020 cruise season was intended be the last for "Astoria" in the CMV fleet.


title: MV Astoria

text: The vessel was arrested by UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency officers in June 2020 following reports she was about to set sail and leave UK jurisdiction without arranging the repatriation of foreign crew members stranded in the UK by the COVID-19 pandemic. CMV entered administration in 2020. "Astoria" was later moved to Rotterdam and put up for auction on 1 March 2021, with a minimum sale price of €10 million, but received no offers until July 2021. The ship remained in custody pending decisions by owners and creditors.


title: MV Astoria

text: In July 2021, the ship was purchased by an American group, led by Brock Pierce, which also acquired "Funchal". The new owners intended to return "Astoria" to service, and convert "Funchal" to a hotelship. The plans were abandoned and the ship was again made available for sale, never having left port in Rotterdam.


title: Gamine

text: A gamine is a slim, often boyish, elegant young woman who is, or is perceived to be, mischievous, teasing or sexually appealing.


title: Gamine

text: The word "gamine" is a French word, the feminine form of "gamin", originally meaning urchin, waif or playful, naughty child. It was used in English from about the mid-19th century (for example, by William Makepeace Thackeray in 1840 in one of his Parisian sketches), but in the 20th century, came to be applied in its more modern sense.


title: Gamine

text: In 1997 the publisher HarperCollins drew up a list of 101 words – one a year – that defined the years 1896 to 1997. "Gamine" was chosen for 1899, being described by Philip Howard in "The Times" as follows:


title: Gamine

text: "Gamine" has been used particularly of such women in the performing arts or world of fashion. In that context, the closest English word – of Anglo-Norman origin – is probably "waif" (although "gamine" is often seen as conveying an additional sense of style and chic). For example, in a press release of 1964, impresario Andrew Loog Oldham described the 17-year-old singer Marianne Faithfull as "shy, wistful, waif-like"; and writer and musician John Amis referred to German-born actress Luise Rainer (1910–2014) as Paul Muni's "waif-wife" in the 1937 film, "The Good Earth".


title: Gamine

text: "Gaminerie" has sometimes been used in English with reference to the behaviour or characteristics of gamin(e)s.


title: Gamine

text: In the early 20th century, silent films brought to public attention a number of actresses who sported a gamine look. These included the Canadian-born Mary Pickford (1892–1979), who became known as "America's Sweetheart" and, with her husband Douglas Fairbanks, was one of the founders of the film production company United Artists; Lillian Gish (1893–1993), notably in "Way Down East" (1920); and Louise Brooks (1906–1985), whose short bobbed hair, widely copied in the 1920s, came to be regarded as both a gamine and a "Bohemian" trait (this style having first appeared among the Paris "demi-monde" before World War I and among London art students during the war.) In 1936, Charlie Chaplin cast his then-girlfriend Paulette Goddard (1910–1990) as an orphaned gamine (credited as "A Gamin") in one of his last silent films, "Modern Times".


title: Gamine

text: In the 1950s "gamine" was applied notably to the style and appearance of the Belgian-born actress Audrey Hepburn (1929–1993): for example, in the films, "Sabrina" (1954) and "Funny Face" (1957). Hepburn also played the role of the gamine Gigi in New York (1951) in the play of that name, based on the novel (1945) by Colette, who had personally "talent-spotted" her when she was filming in Monte Carlo. On film and in photographs, Hepburn's short hair and petite figure created a distinct and enduring "look", well defined by Don Macpherson, who cited her "naïveté which did not rule out sophistication", and described her as "the first gamine to be accepted as overpoweringly chic".


title: Gamine

text: Other film actresses of the period regarded as gamines included Leslie Caron (b. 1931), who played the leading role in the 1958 musical film of "Gigi"; Jean Seberg (1938–1979), best known in "Bonjour Tristesse" (1958) and Jean-Luc Godard's "Breathless" (1960); Shirley MacLaine (b. 1934), in films like "Some Came Running" (1958), "Hot Spell" (1958), and "The Apartment" (1960); and Jean Simmons (1929–2010), for example, in "Angel Face" (1953). The French singer Juliette Gréco (1927–2020), who emerged from Bohemian Paris in the late 1940s to become an international star in the 1950s, also had gamine qualities.


title: Gamine

text: Audrey Hepburn's most iconic "gamine" role, as the main character Holly Golightly, came in 1961's Breakfast at Tiffany's (film). In many ways, the "gamine look" of the 1950s paved the way for the success of the following English models: Jean Shrimpton (b. 1942), one of the first to promote the miniskirt in 1965; Twiggy (b. Lesley Hornby, 1949), who became "The Face of '66"; and Kate Moss (b. 1974), associated in the 1990s with the "waif" look and what, notably through an advertising campaign for Calvin Klein in 1997, became known as "heroin chic." Moss was part of a trend of "wafer" thin models which was satirized in Neil Kerber’s strip cartoon "Supermodels" in the magazine "Private Eye".


title: Gamine

text: Others who have been described as gamines include: Danish-French actress Anna Karina (1940–2019); American actresses Edie Sedgwick (1943–1971), Mia Farrow (b. 1945), Liza Minnelli (b. 1946), Sissy Spacek (b. 1949), Jennifer Jason Leigh (b. 1962), Calista Flockhart (b. 1964), Bridget Fonda (b. 1964), Mary Stuart Masterson (b. 1966), Julia Roberts (b. 1967), Winona Ryder (b. 1971), Selma Blair (b. 1972), Gwyneth Paltrow (b. 1972), Michelle Williams (b. 1980), Anne Hathaway (b. 1982), and Rooney Mara (b. 1985); English actresses Susannah York (1939–2011), Rita Tushingham (b. 1942), Helena Bonham Carter (b. 1966), Tara FitzGerald (b. 1967), Keira Knightley (b. 1985), Carey Mulligan (b. 1985), and Emma Watson (b. 1990); Portuguese actress Maria de Medeiros (b. 1965); French actresses Juliette Binoche (b. 1964), Caroline Proust (b. 1967), Vanessa Paradis (b. 1972), and Audrey Tautou (b. 1976); English-French actress Charlotte Gainsbourg (b. 1971); Australian actress Mia Wasikowska (b. 1989); Israeli-American actress Natalie Portman (b. 1981); English-American actress Lily Collins (b. 1989); Canadian model Linda Evangelista (b. 1965); American models Tina Chow (1950–1992) and Kristen McMenamy (b. 1964); Welsh-French model Lucie de la Falaise (b. 1973); Australian singer Natalie Imbruglia (b. 1975); and American singer Cat Power (b. Chan Marshall, 1972).


title: Gamine

text: Penelope Chetwode (1910–1986), later Lady Betjeman, wife of the Poet Laureate, John Betjeman, was described by Betjeman's biographer A. N. Wilson as "gamine of feature, but large-breasted". Corinne Bailey Rae alleged that she was called a gamine in her song, "Choux Pastry Heart" (2005).


title: Gamine

text: Among the notable gamine characters of film are: Gelsomina, the street performer from "La Strada" (1954), played by Giulietta Masina (1921–1994); Bree Daniels, the prostitute played by Jane Fonda (b. 1937) in "Klute" (1971) (whose hairstyle was sometimes referred to as the "Klute shag"); Nikita, the titular punkish junkie in Luc Besson's 1990 film, played by Anne Parillaud (b. 1960); Amélie, in the 2001 romantic comedy of that name, played by Audrey Tautou; and, most recently, Alice Cullen, the vampire played by Ashley Greene (b. 1987) in "The Twilight Saga" (2008).


title: Gamine

text: In the modern romance The Life and Loves of a She-Devil by Fay Weldon, one of the female characters is a 'gamine', wife of the Doctor Black, the surgeon of Ruth Patchett, the heroine of the story.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: The third-generation Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK) is a mid-size SUV manufactured and marketed by Jeep since the 2005 model year. It was unveiled at the 2004 New York International Auto Show and subsequently in Europe at "Euro Camp Jeep" in Ardèche, France.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: Major features included Quadra-Drive II four-wheel drive, rear-seat DVD player, and optional 5.7 L Hemi V8 engine. The 3.7 L V6 engine replaced the 4.0 L straight-6 engine. Notably, the WK featured independent front suspension.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: In 2008, the WK received a minor facelift with revised headlights and high intensity discharge (HID) Headlamps with auto leveling. The lower portion of the front bumper became removable to increase the approach angle for off-road use. The 4.7 L was refined, now producing , and .


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: The 2009 Jeep Grand Cherokee was available with an improved 5.7 L Hemi engine rated at and of torque. The engine uses variable valve timing to increase fuel economy.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: The Laredo was the base trim level of the Grand Cherokee between September 19, 2004, and 2010. Standard features included: the 3.7L Power-Tech V6 engine with 5-speed automatic transmission, seventeen-inch (17") alloy wheels, a full-sized spare tire and spare wheel, cloth seating surfaces, a 6-way power front driver's seat, an A/M-F/M stereo with CD player (and later, an auxiliary audio input jack), 6 speakers, black body-side inserts and front and rear bumper inserts (both chrome in 2010), remote steering wheel-mounted audio system controls, a driver's information center (VIC), keyless entry, and more. Many features available on the luxurious Limited trim were also available on the base Laredo trim level.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: The Limited added these features to the base Laredo trim: a full-sized matching spare wheel, dual power front bucket seats, premium leather seating surfaces, an A/M-F/M stereo with six-disc CD/MP3 changer, a premium 276-watt Boston Acoustics sound system with 6 speakers, heated front bucket seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, chrome body-side inserts and front and rear bumper inserts, driver's 2-position memory, a rear-mounted fold-down center console, and more. The standard engine between 2005 and 2009 was the 4.7L Power-Tech V8 engine, while the standard engine in 2010 was the 3.7L Power-Tech V6 engine.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: The Rocky Mountain and 65th Anniversary Edition were "value-added" trim levels of the Grand Cherokee for model years 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2009 (Rocky Mountain) and 2006 (65th Anniversary Edition). These trim levels added the following features to the base Laredo trim: power driver's bucket seat, unique cloth seating surfaces with special embroidery, embroidered carpeted floor mats, chrome body-side inserts, an AM-FM stereo with six-disc CD/MP3 changer, a premium 276-watt Boston Acoustics sound system with 6 speakers, special emblems on both front doors, special seventeen-inch (17") alloy wheels, a full-size spare, fog lights, and power double-function sunroof.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: The S Limited added these features to the Limited trim: unique alloy wheels, "S" emblems on both front doors, the 5.7L HEMI V8 engine, unique premium perforated leather-and-suede seating surfaces, a GPS navigational system stereo, and more.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: The Overland was the top-of-the-line trim level of the Grand Cherokee between 2006 and 2009. It added these features to the Limited trim: seventeen-inch (17") (2005-2007) or eighteen-inch (18") chrome-clad alloy wheels (these wheels could be downgraded to seventeen-inch (17") alloy wheels from 2007 to 2009), a GPS navigational system radio, Bluetooth with voice command for phone, 'Overland' badges on the tailgate, the 5.7L HEMI V8 engine, side airbags, leather-and-suede seating surfaces with 'Overland' embroidery, a sunroof, and more. The Overland took a hiatus for MY 2010, returning on the next-generation WK2 Grand Cherokee in model year 2011.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: The SRT-8 was the "performance-oriented" Grand Cherokee trim level from December 20, 2005, to 2010. It added these features to the Limited trim: twenty-inch (20x9 front & 20x10 rear—U.S. spec; Four 20x8 Euro spec) polished "Alcoa" forged aluminum alloy wheels, twenty-inch (20") Good Year Eagle F1 performance tires (Goodyear Eagle RS-A EMT run flat tires: 255/45R20 front & 285/40 rear—U.S. Spec), leather-and-suede performance seating surfaces, a sunroof, a 6.1L HEMI V8 engine, mandatory 4X4, a body kit, a center-mounted dual exhaust system, 'SRT' emblems on both front doors and the tailgate, performance-tuned suspension, a special instrument cluster, carbon fiber interior trim, and more.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: An "SRT-8" (Street & Racing Technology V8) version of the Grand Cherokee debuted at the 2005 New York International Auto Show. Powered by a version of the 6.1 L "Hemi", it also features upgraded Brembo brakes, large dual performance exhaust with polished tips (exiting out the middle of the rear), Bilstein performance gas charged shocks and modified suspension components, Mercedes-Benz NAG1 (WA580) 5-speed transmission, unique NV146 transfer case, specially designed electronic all-wheel-drive system and interior and exterior updates. A drive shaft from a diesel application, fortified Dana 44 rear differential, and 11.2" (285 mm) wide Goodyear tires in the rear (10" or 255 mm in the front) complement the performance package. The sports tuned suspension allows the Jeep SRT8 to develop 0.92 g on the skid-pad.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: A road test of the 2006 production model conducted by "Road & Track" yielded a 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) time of 4.6 seconds and a quarter mile dragstrip of 13.2 seconds at . Such numbers made the SRT-8 Grand Cherokee the fastest accelerating vehicle within the SRT-8 lineup, second only to the Dodge Viper SRT10 among all SRT vehicles. There is no electronic speed governor employed, leaving the top speed rev-limited (revving to redline in top gear) to .


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: To improve on-road handling and decrease weight, off-road gear has been removed. The SRT-8 uses an NV146 transfer case, which uses an electronic-applied clutch pack to transfer 0-50% of torque to the front axle but has no low-range or manual controls. The front and rear differentials are both open, with no limited-slip capability. Its ride stance is significantly lower and the front fascia spoiler gives the vehicle of ground clearance. A total of 14,921 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT8s were manufactured.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: Laredo: The Laredo served as the entry-level Grand Cherokee model offering an A/M-F/M radio with single-disc CD player (later, an auxiliary audio input jack was also added), seventeen-inch alloy wheels, power windows, door locks, side mirrors, and driver's seat, lumbar support, keyless entry with security system, cloth seating surfaces, tinted windows, and six speakers. Features such as leather seating surfaces, heated front seats, side airbags, a Boston Acoustics premium sound system, a navigation system and a CD and MP3 changer, as well as a CD/MP3/Cassette combo could be added to further enhance this model.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: Limited: Limited trim added an A/M-F/M radio with six-disc in-dash CD changer, a Boston Acoustics premium sound system, full-sized spare tire, and leather seating surfaces. Features such as a sunroof, heated front seats, and chrome wheels could also be added.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: Overland: The Overland added Uconnect Hands-Free Bluetooth technology, a six-disc in-dash CD/MP3 changer with navigation system, satellite radio, leather and suede seats, heated front seats, a sunroof, and chrome wheels.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: In Europe, South America, South Africa and Australia, a V6 CRD engine produced by Mercedes-Benz was available from the Grand Cherokee (WK) introduction in 2005:


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: Note: MPG figures are based on United States Environmental Protection Agency, European combined consumption is .


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: In North America the 3.0 CRD was available for the 2007 and 2008, however the rest of the world - i.e. UK, Europe Australia etc., it had the Mercedes sourced engine for the production life of the vehicle from 2005. The Mercedes-Benz sourced unit meets stringent Euro 4 Emission standards without the need for a diesel particulate filter - which hampers vehicle efficiency, however - it includes a diesel particulate filter (North America only) to further reduce exhaust emissions. It was not however available for sale in California or certain Northeast states, due to new stricter emissions regulations for non-commercial vehicles. Vehicles could be bought used in California and Northeast states, as the regulations only applied to new vehicles.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: This engine is also used in the majority of Mercedes-Benz vehicles: C-Class, CLS, E-Class, S-Class, ML-Class, GLK-Class, GL-Class, G-Class, R-Class, the Vito / Viano, and the Dodge / Freightliner / Mercedes-Benz Sprinter.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: Launched on September 19, 2004, for the 2005 model year, the Grand Cherokee WK was all-new, following a 5-year development process from 1999 to 2004. The 3.7L Powertech V6 engine replaces the 4.0L Powertech Inline Six-Cylinder (I6) engine, and now produces a full 210 horsepower, up 15 horsepower from before. This engine is only available on the base "Laredo" trim level. The 4.7L Power-Tech High-Output V8 engine is replaced by a newly available 5.7L HEMI V8 engine featuring Multi-Displacement System (MDS), which allows the Grand Cherokee to run on four cylinders while at cruising speeds to increase fuel economy ratings. The new engine produces 345 horsepower (this engine is only available on the top-of-the-line Limited trim level). The standard 4.7L Power-Tech V8 engine, optional on the base Laredo trim level, and standard on the top-of-the-line Limited trim level, carries over from the previous-generation WJ Grand Cherokee, and still produces 235 horsepower. Seventeen-inch (17") tires and alloy wheels are standard on all models. The Electronic Vehicle Information Center (EVIC) moves from the overhead console to the instrument cluster, with controls now located in the center stack, making it easier for the driver to make changes to the settings while the vehicle is in motion. A Mercedes-Benz sourced five-speed automatic transmission is standard with the V6 and SRT8 engines, though the 545RFE five-speed automatic transmission carries over on the 4.7 and 5.7L V8-equipped Grand Cherokees. The all-new Grand Cherokee also gets the latest infotainment systems, which include an available full-color 5.8" GPS navigational system, the U Connect hands-free Bluetooth telephone system, Sirius Satellite Radio, and a rear seat DVD entertainment system, known as the Video Entertainment System (VES), which also included a pair of wireless IR headphones. A six-speaker, 276-watt Boston Acoustics premium sound system also replaces the Infinity Gold system. All four-wheel-drive systems are now computer assisted for higher traction control, and a Quadra-Drive II a four-wheel-drive system is now available on most all Grand Cherokees (See other Wiki page on Quadra-Drive 2 for more accurate information). The Selec-Trac manual four-wheel-drive system has been discontinued. A Rocky Mountain Edition trim level went into production on March 1, 2005, going on sale in late April 2005, and concluding at 9,500 examples on May 31, 2005.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: For MY 2006, production started on July 5, 2005, and concluded on June 30, 2006. Sales began in September 2005. A 65th Anniversary Edition was introduced, which temporarily replaced the Rocky Mountain Edition trim level. The Overland trim level was new, as was an SRT-8 trim level that went into production on November 5, 2005, and went on-sale December 20, 2005. The A/M-F/M stereo with both cassette player and six-disc, in-dash CD/MP3 changer is discontinued. A new 3.0L CRD Diesel V6 engine debuts for both the Limited and Overland trim levels in mid-2006.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: For MY 2007, production started on July 17, 2006 (SRT-8, early August) and concluded on July 13, 2007. Sales began on September 1, 2006. The base Grand Cherokee Laredo gains exterior color-keyed door handles and rear brow, and revised tail lamps. The 26F and 28F Packages for the base Laredo trim level are now discontinued, though a 28E Package is now available for Laredo, for those who desire a base model with a V8 engine. The Rocky Mountain Edition returns for 2007. In some states, the 4.7 L PowerTech V8 engine is now FlexFuel-capable, and can now run on E85 Ethanol.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: For MY 2008, production commenced on July 16, 2007, and concluded on July 11, 2008. A mid-cycle restyling was launched on September 1, 2007, with a revised front clip, and new tire and wheel combinations. A revised interior includes the latest infotainment systems, including touch-screen radios, as well as Sirius Backseat TV for rear seat passengers, a new steering wheel, a revised gauge cluster, and revised interior trim. The seat fabrics and trims are revised on all models. Midyear, the 4.7 L PowerTech V8 gets a power boost, now producing 305 horsepower, up 70 horsepower from its previous power rating. The 3.0L CRD Diesel V6 engine is also discontinued midyear 2008. Heated rear seats are now an option on some models, as is a 115 V AC household-style power outlet. The 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine also gets a power boost, now producing 360 horsepower, up 15 horsepower from its previous power rating.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: For MY 2009, production began on August 11, 2008, and concluded on August 10, 2009. The 3.0L CRD Diesel V6 engine was discontinued, while an S Limited trim level, which had been available in Europe, was introduced to the United States.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: For MY 2010, production began on August 17, 2009, with WK production ending on March 12, 2010. The 4.7L PowerTech V8 engine and Overland trim level were omitted. The S Limited trim level is also discontinued, as is the Rocky Mountain Edition trim level. The base Laredo trim level gains the option of a 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine, and the Limited trim level gains the option of a 3.7 L PowerTech V6 engine, following the discontinuation of the 4.7 L PowerTech V8 engine for all Grand Cherokee models.


title: Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK)

text: For 2008, the Grand Cherokee received a mid-cycle refresh. A revised front fascia included a new front grille, revised headlamps, as well as a new front bumper. In the rear, the 2008 Grand Cherokee received new tail lamps, and all models (except the SRT-8) received new wheel and tire combinations. The interior was also completely restyled, with newly-designed front bucket seats, and new seating materials. The steering wheel was redesigned, and the instrument cluster received a facelift, with green backlighting changed to white. New aluminum and woodgrain interior trim was also available depending upon trim level selection. The traditional integrated keyless entry remote and key was replaced by the new "FOBIK" keyless entry remote that included a redesigned ignition slot. Radios were also redesigned, with a 6.5-inch touchscreen display on select models, SiriusXM Travel Link available with the top-tier 730N GPS navigation radio, as well as voice activation, and an integrated U Connect Bluetooth hands-free phone system. SiriusXM Satellite Radio was also now standard equipment on all models. In the rear, a newly-available 115-Volt household-style power outlet was included on select models, as well as heated outboard rear seats. The rear DVD entertainment system was redesigned to feature a larger LCD display screen, as well as SiriusXM Backseat TV compatibility. All powertrains remained identical to the 2007 models, although 2008 would be the final year for the 3.0L CRD (Common Rail Diesel) V6 engine.


title: Variety store

text: A variety store (also five and dime (historic), pound shop, or dollar store) is a retail store that sells general merchandise, such as apparel, automotive parts, dry goods, toys, hardware, home furnishings, and a selection of groceries. It usually sells them at discounted prices, sometimes at one or several fixed price points, such as one dollar, or historically, five and ten cents. Variety stores do not include larger formats: general merchandise superstores (hypermarkets) such as Target and Walmart. Warehouse clubs like Costco, grocery stores, and department stores are also not considered variety stores.


title: Variety store

text: Some items are offered at a considerable discount over other retailers, whereas others are at the same price point. There are two ways variety stores make a profit:


title: Variety store

text: Variety stores with single price points buy products to fit those price points (while making a profit) that are:


title: Variety store

text: Not all variety stores are "single price-point" stores, even if their names imply it. For example, in the United States, Dollar General and Family Dollar sell items at more or less than a dollar. Some stores also sell goods priced at multiples of the named price and, conversely, multiple items for the price. The discrepancy with the nominal price is also compounded if sales tax is added at the point of sale.


title: Variety store

text: In many countries, stock can be imported from others with lower variable costs, because of differences in wages, resource costs or taxation. Usually goods are imported by a general importer, then sold to the stores wholesale.


title: Variety store

text: Another source of stock is overruns, surplus items and out-of-date food products. Real Deals, a regional dollar store in the Syracuse, New York area, is stocked almost entirely with surplus goods such as these. The legality of selling out-of-date goods varies between jurisdictions: in general, most items (with a few exceptions, particularly certain perishable food items depending on the state) can be sold in the United States regardless of their sell-by date, but in the United Kingdom it is illegal to sell goods after their "Use By" date.


title: Variety store

text: Although some people may link variety stores with low-income areas, this is not always true. For example, Atherton, California has a variety store within its city limits, even though it has a median household income of nearly $185,000 a year. Studies of food discounters in Great Britain show quite a varied demographic, and 99p Stores reported an increase in higher-income customers after the financial crisis of 2007–2008.


title: Variety store

text: According to IBISWorld, dollar stores have grown 43 percent since 1998 and have become a $56 billion industry. Colliers International claims there are more dollar stores than drug stores. With stores of other types closing in large numbers, dollar stores often replace other types of stores in shopping centers. They succeed partly because of impulse purchases. The common term in North America for a small general merchandise store is "general store".


title: Variety store

text: Frank Winfield Woolworth had seen the success in Michigan and western New York of so-called nickel stores, where everything cost five cents (the U.S. five cent coin is called a "nickel"). On February 22, 1879, Woolworth opened his Great Five Cent Store in Utica, New York, and it was his later success and expansion of that format as the F. W. Woolworth Company that would create the American institution of the "five and ten cent store" (or just "five and ten"), "five and dime", or "dime store" (a dime is the name of a US ten-cent coin). Before Woolworth, the prevailing thought was an entire store could not maintain itself with all low-priced goods, but with Woolworth's success, many others followed their lead.


title: Variety store

text: Of these, only Ben Franklin continues to exist in this form, while Kresge and Walton's became mega-retailers Kmart and Walmart, respectively.


title: Variety store

text: Beginning around the 1960s, others tried the larger "discount store" format as well, such as TG&Y Family Centers, W. T. Grant, and Woolworth's Woolco stores.


title: Variety store

text: With suburbanization in the 1950s and 1960s, Americans shopped more and more in malls rather than downtown shopping districts, and Newberry's and Woolworth's stores did open in the malls but even so, starting around the 1970s, variety stores lost business to other retail formats such as office stores, low-price shoe chains, fabric stores, toy stores and discount drug stores like Thrifty Drug Stores. Grocery stores and drug stores sold more and more candy. The last US Woolworth's closed in 1997. Newberry's went bankrupt in 1992 and the brand disappeared in 2002. 300 McCrory stores, many of which being Newberry's, closed in 1997.


title: Variety store

text: Starting in the late 1990s, dollar stores expanded enough to gain the attention of the national press. They were popular not only their value but because freestanding smaller stores were located in small towns, downtowns, and across the cities and suburbs, they were often more convenient than mall stores. They continued to grow and by 2019, for example, Dollar Tree had higher annual sales than Macy's. Dollar and variety store revenue reached $77 billion in 2018.


title: Variety store

text: As of 2018, main dollar store chains in the U.S. were Dollar General, Dollar Tree (which owns Family Dollar), the 99 Cents Only Stores, and Five Below. Dollar stores are experiencing an increase of revenue, with around 14,000 Dollar Tree locations in the U.S. in 2018 with plans to open over a hundred more; 15,000 Dollar General locations with plans for 975 more in 2019; and Five Below with 745 stores.


title: Variety store

text: In Japan, 100-yen shops (百円ショップ hyaku-en shoppu or 百均 hyakkin) have proliferated since around 2001. This is considered an after-effect of a decade-long recession of the Japanese economy. Despite the emphasis on value, however, some items, such as chocolate bars, may be priced higher than they are at other stores.


title: Variety store

text: For a few years, 100-yen shops existed not as permanent stores, but as vendors under temporary, foldable tents. They were (and still are) typically found near the entrance areas of supermarkets.


title: Variety store

text: A major player in 100-yen shops is the Daiso chain. The first store opened in 1991, and there are now around 2,400 stores in Japan. This number is increasing by around 40 stores per month. Daiso has also expanded into North America, Australia, Asia, and the Middle East.


title: Variety store

text: In China, ¥2 (or ¥3, depending on the area's economic prosperity) shops have become a common sight in most cities. In Hong Kong, major department stores have opened their own $10 shops (US$1.28) to compete in the market, and there are now "$8 shops" (US$1.02) and even "$2 shops" (US$0.26) competing at lower prices, especially in poorer communities. Low prices are helped by Hong Kong's lack of a sales tax and its proximity to China.


title: Variety store

text: In Taiwan, fixed price stores can be found in many locations, including night markets, regular shopping streets, regular market stalls, and department stores. Two typical price points are NT$39 and NT$49. Given that the retail environment in Taiwan is already highly competitive, it is not unusual to see such stores fail. Typically the goods for such stores are manufactured in China to keep costs down.


title: Variety store

text: In India, US Dollar Store, founded in 2003, is a pioneer of single price stores. The merchandise for pilot stores was sent from America. As sales grew over the years with more than 200 operational stores in India, the merchandise is now imported from China, Indonesia, Thailand, Spain, Portugal, UK and various other countries as well as the US. US Dollar stores were founded by entrepreneur Gaurav Sahni, owner of Nanson Overseas Private Limited. Nanson, operated by Gaurav Sahni and his brother Gautam Sahni, has had an established sourcing and consolidation network for over two decades, with supply bases worldwide. Direct sourcing without intermediaries and stocking a large variety of merchandise as and when needed has given the company an advantage.


title: Variety store

text: Brazilians sometimes use the expression "um e noventa e nove" (R$ 1,99) to refer to cheap, low quality things or even people.


title: Variety store

text: In Chile, they are called "todo a mil" (referring to the one thousand Chilean pesos banknote). They are commonly located in middle-class neighbourhoods where big retail stores don't usually venture and in small commercial districts like the ones in Santiago.


title: Variety store

text: Woolworth's opened its first store in the United Kingdom in 1909, when they were also colloquially known as "threepenny and sixpenny" stores, "3d and 6d" being displayed on the shops' frontages. More modern counterparts include Poundland OneBelow and the former 99p Stores.


title: Variety store

text: Miniso is a Chinese variety store chain that specializes in household and consumer goods including cosmetics, stationery, toys, and kitchenware. In 2016, the company's sales revenue reached $1.5 billion. Miniso has expanded outside of the Chinese market and operates 1,800 stores in Asia, Europe, Oceania, Africa, North America, and South America.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The Colossi of Memnon ( or "es-Salamat") are two massive stone statues of the Pharaoh Amenhotep III, which stand at the front of the ruined Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, the largest temple in the Theban Necropolis. They have stood since 1350 BC, and were well known to ancient Greeks and Romans, as well as early modern travelers and Egyptologists. The statues contain 107 Roman-era inscriptions in Greek and Latin, dated to between AD 20 and 250; many of these inscriptions on the northernmost statue make reference to the Greek mythological king Memnon, whom the statue was then – erroneously – thought to represent.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: Scholars have debated how the identification of the northern colossus as "Memnon" is connected to the Greek name for the entire Theban Necropolis as the Memnonium.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The twin statues depict Amenhotep III (fl. 14th century BC) in a seated position, his hands resting on his knees and his gaze facing eastwards (actually ESE in modern bearings) towards the river. Two shorter figures are carved into the front throne alongside his legs: these are his wife Tiye and mother Mutemwiya. The side panels depict the Nile god Hapi.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The statues are made from blocks of quartzite sandstone which was quarried at el-Gabal el-Ahmar (near modern-day Cairo) and transported overland to Thebes (Luxor). The stones are believed to be too heavy to have been transported upstream on the Nile. The blocks used by later Roman engineers to reconstruct the northern colossus may have come from Edfu (north of Aswan). Including the stone platforms on which they stand – themselves about – the colossi reach in height and weigh an estimated 720 tons each. The two figures are about apart.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: Both statues are quite damaged, with the features above the waist virtually unrecognizable. The southern statue comprises a single piece of stone, but the northern figure has a large extensive crack in the lower half and above the waist consists of 5 tiers of stone. These upper levels consist of a different type of sandstone, and are the result of a later reconstruction attempt, which William de Wiveleslie Abney attributed to Septimius Severus. It is believed that originally the two statues were identical to each other, although inscriptions and minor art may have varied.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The original function of the Colossi was to stand guard at the entrance to Amenhotep's memorial temple (or mortuary temple): a massive construct built during the pharaoh's lifetime, where he was worshipped as a god-on-earth both before and after his departure from this world. In its day, this temple complex was the largest and most opulent in Ancient Egypt. Covering a total of , even later rivals such as Ramesses II's Ramesseum or Ramesses III's Medinet Habu were unable to match it in area; even the Temple of Karnak, as it stood in Amenhotep's time, was smaller.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: With the exception of the Colossi, however, very little remains today of Amenhotep's temple. It stood on the edge of the Nile floodplain, and successive annual inundations gnawed away at its foundations – a 1840s lithograph by David Roberts shows the Colossi surrounded by water – and it was not unknown for later rulers to dismantle, purloin, and reuse portions of their predecessors' monuments.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The statues contain 107 Roman-era inscriptions in Greek and Latin, dated between 20-250CE; these inscriptions allowed modern travellers to connect the statues to the classical Greek and Latin literature. Many of the inscriptions include the name "Memnon".


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: They were first studied in detail by Jean-Antoine Letronne in his 1831 "La statue vocale de Memnon considérée dans ses rapports avec l'Égypte et la Grèce" and then catalogued in the second volume (1848) of his "Recueil des inscriptions grecques et latines de l'Égypte".


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: Soon after its construction the temple was destroyed by an earthquake, recently dated by the Armenian Institute of Seismology to around 1200 BC, which left only the two huge colossi at the entrance still standing. These were further destroyed by an earthquake in 27 BC, after which they were partly reconstructed by the Roman authorities.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The 1200 BC earthquake also opened numerous chasms in the ground which meant that many statues were buried, some in pristine condition. These have been the subject of extensive restoration and excavation conducted by the Armenian/German archaeologist Hourig Sourouzian, who has revealed that the complex consisted of three pylons, each fronted by colossal statues, while at the far end a rectangular Temple complex consisted of a peristyle court surrounded by columns. So far four of the statues have been re-erected, with eight waiting to be re-erected, while some 200 statues or pieces of statues are in the Luxor Museum, some on display, others in store awaiting conservation.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The modern Arabic name is Kom el-Hatan, but it is generally known by the Roman name as the Temple of Memnon. Memnon was a hero of the Trojan War, a King of Ethiopia who led his armies from Africa into Asia Minor to help defend the beleaguered city but was ultimately slain by Achilles. Memnon (whose name means or ) was said to be the son of Eos, the goddess of dawn. He was associated with colossi built several centuries earlier, because of the reported cry at dawn of the northern statue (see below), which became known as the . Eventually, the entire Theban Necropolis became generally referred to as the Memnonium making him "Ruler of the west" as in the case of the god Osiris who was called chief of the west.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: in the 19th century, William de Wiveleslie Abney noted that "(t)he Arabs called these statues 'Shama' and 'Tama', and when speaking of them together gave them the appelation of Sanamât, or the idols."


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: In 27 BCE, a large earthquake reportedly shattered the northern colossus, collapsing it from the waist up and cracking the lower half. Following its rupture, the remaining lower half of this statue was then reputed to "sing" on various occasions – always within an hour or two of sunrise, usually right at dawn. The sound was most often reported in February or March, but this is probably more a reflection of the tourist season rather than any actual pattern.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The earliest report in literature is that of the Greek historian and geographer Strabo, who said that he heard the sound during a visit in 20 BCE, by which time it apparently was already well-known. The description varied; Strabo said it sounded "like a blow", Pausanias compared it to "the string of a lyre" breaking, but it also was described as the striking of brass or whistling. Other ancient sources include Pliny (not from personal experience, but he collected other reports), Pausanias, Tacitus, Philostratus and Juvenal. In addition, the base of the statue is inscribed with about 90 surviving inscriptions of contemporary tourists reporting whether they had heard the sound or not.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: The legend of the "Vocal Memnon", the luck that hearing it was reputed to bring, and the reputation of the statue's oracular powers became known outside of Egypt, and a constant stream of visitors, including several Roman emperors, came to marvel at the statues. The last recorded reliable mention of the sound dates from 196. Sometime later in the Roman era, the upper tiers of sandstone were added (the original remains of the top half have never been found); the date of this reconstruction is unknown, but local tradition places it circa 199, and attributes it to the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus in an attempt to curry favour with the oracle (it is known that he visited the statue, but did not hear the sound).


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: Various explanations have been offered for the phenomenon; these are of two types: natural or man-made. Strabo himself apparently was too far away to be able to determine its nature: he reported that he could not determine if it came from the pedestal, the shattered upper area, or "the people standing around at the base". If natural, the sound was probably caused by rising temperatures and the evaporation of dew inside the porous rock.


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: Similar sounds, although much rarer, have been heard from some of the other Egyptian monuments (Karnak is the usual location for more modern reports). Perhaps the most convincing argument against it being the result of human agents is that it did cease, probably due to the added weight of the reconstructed upper tiers


title: Colossi of Memnon

text: A few mentions of the sound in the early modern era (late 18th and early 19th centuries) seem to be hoaxes, either by the writers or perhaps by locals perpetuating the phenomenon.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Kaushiki Chakraborty (born 24 October 1980) is an Indian classical vocalist and a composer She attended Sangeet Research Academy, and was one of the exponents of Patiala gharana. Her repertoire covers pure classical, "Khyals,Dadras,Thumris" etc.She has


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: probably sung every form of Indian music.She is the recipient 2005 BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music in the Asia-Pacific category. She is the daughter of Hindustani classical vocalist, Ajoy Chakraborty and she has held performances with her husband, Parthasarathi Desikan. In 2020, she was awarded Nari Shakti Puraskar.Kaushiki is also a trained Carnatic Classical Vocalist.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Kaushiki was born on 24 October 1980 in Kolkata. She is the daughter of Chandana Chakraborty and the Padma Bhushan recipient Indian classical singer, Ajoy Chakraborty. She had an interest in music from the age of two. She accompanied her father on world tours of music performances since the late 1980s. She sung her first song in public, a "tarana", at age 7, at the Calcutta Rowing Club.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: At age ten, she started learning Indian classical music at the academy of Jnan Prakash Ghosh who was also her father's guru. Later, she joined the ITC Sangeet Research Academy from where she graduated in 2004, and was also groomed by her father at his Shrutinandan school of music in Kolkata. She has not only specialized in rendering of "Khyals" and "Thumri" but she has also learned Carnatic music from Vidwan Balamurali Krishna from 2002.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: She completed her schooling at Patha Bhavan School, Kolkata. In 2002, she graduated from the Jogamaya Devi College, an affiliated undergraduate women's college of the University of Calcutta, in Kolkata with a first class degree in Philosophy. She also obtained a master's degree in Philosophy from Jadavpur University, Kolkata.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Chakraborty has participated in many major concerts. Apart from rendering "Khyals" in her performances, she has occasionally adopted contemporary form of Indian pop music. She performed at the Dover Lane Music Conference from the age of 20 and continued participating for the next 5 years. In her recitals, she presents a mature and rhythmical swing succeeded by unrestrained "taans" in three and-a-half octaves.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: In the two-day celebration in honour of vocalist Kishori Amonkar in recognition of her 60 years contribution to music held at Pune on 14 February 2011, Chakraborty rendered raga "Todi". Two other artists, Kalapini Komkali, daughter and disciple of Pt. Kumar Gandharva and Nandini Bedekar of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana, also rendered "bandishes" in the same raga at the same venue during the morning session. Bharat Kamat on the tabla and Suyog Kundalkar on the harmonium provided support to all three artists. In the unique musical sessions organized by Mumbai's National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA), "ragas" in different time-cycles were presented on 18 September 2011 by three vocalists which included Kaushiki Chakraborty, Ulhas Kashalkar, and Devaki Pandit. This rendering was a departure from the normal evening concerts, and the ragas were sung in time periods appropriate to each raga, starting from early morning till evening.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: In the early stages of her career, in August 2003, Chakraborty gave a live performance in London which was released as the record "Pure". Her father had accompanied her on harmonium on this occasion. She also performed at the ITC Sangeet Sammelan in India, the Spring Festival of Music (California), Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Sangeet Mahotsav and Parampara Program (Los Angeles). She has been acclaimed as "torchbearer of the Patiala tradition" for her musical performances.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Chakraborty hosts a weekly talk-show with singers in the entertainment channel, Ruposhi Bangla. The talk-show named "Gaan-Golpo ar Gaan" (Songs, Stories and Songs), aired on Sundays, presents music and gossip. She presents Bengali songs such as Classical, Rabindra Sangeet, Nazrulgeeti, Folk music, Toppa, Adhunik, Bangla Bands, film songs, and remixes. Her guests who have appeared on this show are Banasree Sengupta, Subhamita Banerjee, Lopamudra Mitra, Joy Sarkar, her father, Ajoy Chakraborty, as the guests.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Chakraborty has formed an exclusive women's musical group called the "Sakhi" (meaning, friend) which is a forerunner in classical music in the country to "celebrate womanhood" and as a dedication to the famous mythological and historical woman of India – Ganga, Saraswati, Durga, Lakshmi, Draupadi, Kunti, Sita, Radha and Meera. The first programme of the group was planned to be held on 20 January 2015 at Kala Mandir, Mumbai. Chakraborty was the vocalist and the other members of this group were Shaoni Talwalkar on the tabla, Mahima Upadhyay on the pakhwaj, Debopriya Chatterjee on the flute, Nandini Shankar on the violin while the Kathak dance performance was by Bhakti Deshpande. They are daughters or grand daughters or disciples of famous Hindustani musicians. Chakraborty presented this musical ensemble with her group at the Carnegie Hall in October 2015; the programme was of 90 minutes duration.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Chakraborty has been the recipient of many awards. She received the Jadu Bhatta award in 1995, favourably mentioned and appreciated after her opening song at the 27th annual ITC Sangeet Sammelan in New Delhi in 1998, and received Outstanding Young Person in 2000. She received the BBC Award (2005) for outstanding achievement in music when she was 25 years old. On receiving this award she was praised "as one of the brightest emerging artists in Indian vocal music" and as critic Ken Hunt said "we are talking superlatives". BBC also made a short film featuring her musical journey – which covered people and places linked with her music. She has also received Sangeet Natak Academy's Ustad Bismillah Khan Puraskar 2010 for Hindustani Vocal Music, and the 2013 Aditya Birla Kalakiran Puraskar. she has also received "Shera Bangali Samman 2017" by ABP ANANDA


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Kaushiki married Parthasarathi Desikan, also a professional singer in Hindustani music, in 2004 and they have a son, Rishith.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Chakraborty's discography includes "Footsteps," a solo debut in 1998, and "A Journey Begins" (2002). Her album "Pure" in 2004 was a record of her performance in London on 30 August 2003. She has also sung a "kirtan" at MTV Coke Studio – Season 2 – song name – Lagi Lagi with Shantanu Moitra & Swanand Kirkire. Her other popular song recordings are for movies "Water", "Thirumanam Enum Nikkah" (2014) and "Kutti Puli" (2013). Rituparno Ghosh had asked her father to permit Chakraborty to act in his films but he refused saying that it would interfere with her musical career.


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: However, she appeared in only one song sequence in the film "" which she sang herself. She has sung songs for movies, such as her first song for the film "Chaplin", "Teen Kanya," a Hindi song "Rahoon tere peechhey" for "Paanch Adhyay", "Gulaab Gang." About her performances she says: "But I never try to act like a 60-year-old because I’m not that. Superimposed seriousness would just be a thing of pretense, not me. I like to sit on stage and chat with my audience, not close my eyes and alienate myself."


title: Kaushiki Chakraborty

text: Chakraborty has released her album titled ""The Best of Kaushiki Chakraborty."" Some of her other classical audio recordings are: Dhrupad Alap in Poorvi raga, Dhrupad in Poorvi raga, Khayal in Bageshree raga (in teen taal), Khayal in Bageshree raga (in ektaal), and Varnam in Swarashtram raga.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Parimutuel betting or pool betting is a betting system in which all bets of a particular type are placed together in a pool; taxes and the "house-take" or "vigorish" are deducted, and payoff odds are calculated by sharing the pool among all winning bets. In some countries it is known as the tote after the totalisator, which calculates and displays bets already made. In short, the word "parimutuel" implies tiered winnings/earnings.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: The parimutuel system is used in gambling on horse racing, greyhound racing, jai alai, and other sporting events of relatively short duration in which participants finish in a ranked order. A modified parimutuel system is also used in some lottery games.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Parimutuel betting differs from fixed-odds betting in that the final payout is not determined until the pool is closed – in fixed odds betting, the payout is agreed at the time the bet is sold.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Parimutuel gambling is frequently state-regulated, and offered in many places where gambling is otherwise illegal. Parimutuel gambling is often also offered at "off track" facilities, where players may bet on the events without actually being present to observe them in person.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: In a hypothetical event that has eight possible outcomes, in a country using a decimal currency such as dollars, each outcome has a certain amount of money wagered:


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Thus, the total "pool" of money on the event is $1028.00. Following the start of the event, no more wagers are accepted. The event is decided and the winning outcome is determined to be Outcome 4 with $110.00 wagered. The "payout" is now calculated. First the "commission" or "take" for the wagering company is deducted from the pool. For example, with a commission rate of 14.25% the calculation is: $1028 × 0.1425 = $146.49. This leaves a remaining amount of $881.51. This remaining amount in the pool is now distributed to those who wagered on Outcome 4: $881.51 / $110.00 = 8.01 ≈ $8 per $1 wagered. This payout includes the $1 wagered plus an additional $7 profit. Thus, the odds on Outcome 4 are 7-to-1 (or, expressed as decimal odds, 8.01).


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Prior to the event, betting agencies will often provide approximates for what will be paid out for a given outcome should no more bets be accepted at the current time. Using the wagers and commission rate above (14.25%), an approximates table in decimal odds and fractional odds would be:


title: Parimutuel betting

text: In real-life examples, such as horse racing, the pool size often extends into millions of dollars with many different types of outcomes (winning horses) and complex commission calculations.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Sometimes, the amounts paid out are rounded down to a denomination interval — in California, Australia, and British Columbia 10¢ intervals are used. The rounding loss is known as "breakage" and is retained by the betting agency as part of the commission.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: In some situations, a negative breakage may occur. For example, in horse racing when an overwhelming favorite wins (or shows or places). The parimutuel calculation results might call for a very small winning payout (say, $1.02 or $1.03 on a dollar bet), but legal regulations may require a larger payout (e.g., minimum $1.10 on a dollar bet). This condition is sometimes referred to as a minus pool.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: In an event with a set of "n" possible single-winner outcomes, with wagers the total pool of money on the event is


title: Parimutuel betting

text: After the wagering company deducts a commission rate of from the pool, the amount remaining to be distributed between the successful bettors is . Those who bet on the successful outcome will receive a payout of for every dollar they bet on it.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: When there are possible winners, such as a North American "place" bet which has winners, the total amount to be distributed is first divided into equal shares. If is one of the winners, those who bet on outcome will receive a payout of for every dollar they bet on it.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: The large amount of calculation involved in this system led to the invention of a specialized mechanical calculating machine known as a totalisator, "automatic totalisator" or "tote board", invented by the Australian engineer George Alfred Julius. The first was installed at Ellerslie Racecourse, Auckland, New Zealand in 1913, and they came into widespread use at race courses throughout the world. The U.S. introduction was in 1927, which led to the opening of the suburban Arlington Racetrack in Arlington Park, near Chicago and Sportsman's Park in Cicero, Illinois, in 1932.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Unlike many forms of casino gambling, in parimutuel betting the gambler bets against other gamblers, not the house, which necessarily implies that the bank cannot be broken. The science of predicting the outcome of a race is called handicapping.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Independent off-track bookmakers typically have a smaller take and thus offer better payoffs, but they are illegal in some countries. However, the introduction of Internet gambling led to "rebate shops". These off-shore betting shops promise to return some percentage of every bet made to the bettor. They may reduce their take from 15–18% to as little as 1–2%, while still generating a profit by operating with minimal overhead.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: There may be several different types of bets, in which case each type of bet has its own pool. The basic bets involve predicting the order of finish for a single participant, as follows:


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Win, place and show wagers class as straight bets, and the remaining wagers as exotic bets. Bettors usually make multiple wagers on exotic bets. A box consists of a multiple wager in which bettors bet all possible combinations of a group of horses in the same race. A key involves making a multiple wager with a single horse in one race bet in one position with all possible combinations of other selected horses in a single race. A wheel consists of betting all horses in one race of a bet involving two or more races. For example, a 1-all daily double wheel bets the 1-horse in the first race with every horse in the second.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: People making straight bets commonly employ the strategy of an "each way" bet. Here the bettor picks a horse and bets it will win, and makes an additional bet that it will show, so that theoretically if the horse runs third it will at least pay back the two bets. The Canadian and American equivalent is the bet across (short for "across the board"): the bettor bets equal sums on the horse to win, place, and show.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: A parlay, accumulator or roll-up consists of a series of bets in which bettors stake the winnings from one race on the next in order until either the bettor loses or the series completes successfully.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: In Australia, certain exotic bet types can be laid as "flexi" bets. Usually the price of an exotic bet is determined by a set multiple of the outcome, for example $60 for a five horse boxed trifecta at one unit ($1)—or $30 at half unit (50c). If the bet is successful, the bettor will get either the full winning amount shown on the board, or half the winning amount. Under a flexi system the bettor can nominate their desired total wager, and their percentage of payout is determined by this wager's relationship to the full unit price. Using a five horse box trifecta, the bettor may wish to lay only $20 on the outcome. Their percentage of winnings is now calculated as $20/$60 = 33.3%. If the bet is successful, the payout will be 33.3% of the winning amount for a full unit bet.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: In recent times the "Roving Banker" variant for Trifecta and First4 betting is now offered. For a Roving Banker First4 the player selects one, two or three runners they believe will definitely finish 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th, and up to three selections as Roving Banker(s) with other runners to fill the remaining place(s). A Roving Banker Trifecta is where the player believes that one or two runners will definitely finish 1st, 2nd or 3rd. The bet can be placed by picking the player's favourite runner to finish in any place within the bet and complete the Trifecta with any number of other runners to fill the other placing(s).


title: Parimutuel betting

text: Exotic wagers are usually made on horses running at the same track on the same program. In the United Kingdom, bookmakers also offer exotic wagers on horses at different tracks. Probably the Yankee occurs most commonly: in this the bettor tries to pick the winner of four races. This bet also includes subsidiary wagers on smaller combinations of the chosen horses; for example, if only two of the four horses win, the bettor still collects for their double. A Trixie requires trying to pick three winners, and a Canadian or Super Yankee trying to pick five; these also include subsidiary bets. There are also other bets which are large combinations of singles, doubles, trebles and accumulators some of them are called Lucky 15, Lucky 31, Heinz, Super Heinz, Goliath. The term nap identifies the best bet of the day.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: In Japan, horse racing (競馬, "keiba"), velodrome cycling (競輪, "keirin"), stock outboard powerboat racing (競艇, "Kyōtei"), and paved flat track motorcycle racing (オートレース, "Auto Race") operate the following parimutuel types. Wager must be a multiple of 100 yen except Each-way.


title: Parimutuel betting

text: The following bet type are offered by the government-controlled betting agency Pari Mutuel Urbain (PMU).


title: Manetho

text: Manetho (; "Manéthōn", "gen".: Μανέθωνος) is believed to have been an Egyptian priest from Sebennytos () who lived in the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the early third century BC, during the Hellenistic period. He authored the "Aegyptiaca" ("History of Egypt") in Greek, a major chronological source for the reigns of the kings of ancient Egypt. It is unclear if he wrote his history and king list during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or Ptolemy II Philadelphos, but it was completed no later than that of Ptolemy III Euergetes.


title: Manetho

text: The original Egyptian version of Manetho's name is lost, but some speculate it means "Truth of Thoth", "Gift of Thoth", "Beloved of Thoth", "Beloved of Neith", or "Lover of Neith". Less accepted proposals are "Myinyu-heter" ("Horseherd" or "Groom") and "Ma'ani-Djehuti" ("I have seen Thoth").


title: Manetho

text: In the Greek language, the earliest fragments (the inscription of uncertain date on the base of a marble bust from the temple of Serapis at Carthage and the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus of the 1st century AD) wrote his name as Μανέθων "Manethōn", so the Latinised rendering of his name here is given as Manetho. Other Greek renderings include "Manethōs", "Manethō", "Manethos", "Manēthōs", "Manēthōn", and "Manethōth". In Latin it is written as "Manethon", "Manethos", "Manethonus", and "Manetos".


title: Manetho

text: Although no sources for the dates of his life and death remain, Manetho is associated with the reign of Ptolemy I Soter (323–283 BC) by Plutarch (c. 46–120 AD), while George Syncellus links Manetho directly with Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC).


title: Manetho

text: If the mention of someone named Manetho in the Hibeh Papyri, dated to 241/240 BC, is in fact the celebrated author of the "Aegyptiaca", then Manetho may well have been working during the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–222 BC) as well, but at a very advanced age. Although the historicity of Manetho of Sebennytus was taken for granted by Josephus and later authors, the question as to whether he existed remains problematic. The Manetho of the Hibeh Papyri has no title and this letter deals with affairs in Upper Egypt not Lower Egypt, where our Manetho is thought to have functioned as a chief priest. The name Manetho is rare, but there is no reason "a priori" to presume that the Manetho of the "Hibeh Papyri" is the priest and historian from Sebennytus who is thought to have authored the "Aegyptiaca" for Ptolemy Philadelphus.