title: Bayer process

text: The other components of Bauxite, however, do not dissolve. Sometimes lime is added at this stage to precipitate the silica as calcium silicate. The solution is clarified by filtering off the solid impurities, commonly with a rotary sand trap and with the aid of a flocculant such as starch, to remove the fine particles. The undissolved waste after the aluminium compounds are extracted, bauxite tailings, contains iron oxides, silica, calcia, titania and some unreacted alumina. The original process was that the alkaline solution was cooled and treated by bubbling carbon dioxide through it, a method by which aluminium hydroxide precipitates:


title: Bayer process

text: But later, this gave way to seeding the supersaturated solution with high-purity aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)) crystal, which eliminated the need for cooling the liquid and was more economically feasible:


title: Bayer process

text: Some of the aluminium hydroxide produced is used in the manufacture of water treatment chemicals such as aluminium sulfate, PAC (Polyaluminium chloride) or sodium aluminate; a significant amount is also used as a filler in rubber and plastics as a fire retardant. Some 90% of the gibbsite produced is converted into aluminium oxide, AlO, by heating in rotary kilns or fluid flash calciners to a temperature of about 1470 K.


title: Bayer process

text: The left-over, 'spent' sodium aluminate solution is then recycled. Apart from improving the economy of the process, recycling accumulates gallium and vanadium impurities in the liquors, so that they can be extracted profitably.


title: Bayer process

text: Organic impurities that accumulate during the precipitation of gibbsite may cause various problems, for example high levels of undesirable materials in the gibbsite, discoloration of the liquor and of the gibbsite, losses of the caustic material, and increased viscosity and density of the working fluid.


title: Bayer process

text: For bauxites having more than 10% silica, the Bayer process becomes uneconomic because of the formation of insoluble sodium aluminium silicate, which reduces yield, so another process must be chosen.


title: Bayer process

text: 1.9-3.6 tons of bauxite is required to produce 1 ton of aluminum oxide. This is due to a majority of the aluminum in the ore being dissolved in the process. Energy consumption is between 7 GJ/tonne to 21 GJ/tonne (depending on process), of which most is thermal energy. Over 90% (95-96%) of the aluminium oxide produced is used in the Hall–Héroult process to produce aluminium.


title: Bayer process

text: Red mud is the waste product that is produced in the digestion of bauxite with sodium hydroxide. It has high calcium and sodium hydroxide content with a complex chemical composition, and accordingly is very caustic and a potential source of pollution. The amount of red mud produced is considerable, and this has led scientists and refiners to seek uses for it. One such use is in ceramic production.


title: Bayer process

text: Red mud dries into a fine powder that contains iron, aluminum, calcium and sodium. It becomes a health risk when some plants use the waste to produce aluminum oxides.


title: Bayer process

text: In the United States, the waste is disposed in large impoundments, a sort of reservoir created by a dam. The impoundments are typically lined with clay or synthetic liners. The US does not approve of the use of the waste due to the danger it poses to the environment. The EPA identified high levels of arsenic and chromium in some red mud samples.


title: Bayer process

text: On October 4, 2010, the Ajka alumina plant in Hungary had an incident where the western dam of its red mud reservoir collapsed. The reservoir was filled with 700,000 m of a mixture of red mud and water with a pH of 12. The mixture was released into the valley of Torna river and flooded parts of the city of Devecser and the villages of Kolontár and Somlóvásárhely. The incident resulted in 10 deaths, more than a hundred injuries, and contamination in lakes and rivers.


title: Bayer process

text: The Bayer process was invented in 1888 by Carl Josef Bayer. Working in Saint Petersburg, Russia to develop a method for supplying alumina to the textile industry (it was used as a mordant in dyeing cotton), Bayer discovered in 1887 that the aluminium hydroxide that precipitated from alkaline solution was crystalline and could be easily filtered and washed, while that precipitated from acid medium by neutralization was gelatinous and difficult to wash. The industrial success of this process caused it to replace the Le Chatelier process which was used to produce alumina from bauxite.


title: Bayer process

text: The engineering aspects of the process were improved upon to decrease the cost starting in 1967 in Germany and Czechoslovakia. This was done by increasing the heat recovery and using large autoclaves and precipitation tanks. To more effectively use energy, heat exchangers and flash tanks were used and larger reactors decreased the amount of heat lost. Efficiency was increased by connecting the autoclaves to make operation more efficient.


title: Bayer process

text: A few years earlier, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in France developed a method for making alumina by heating bauxite in sodium carbonate, NaCO, at 1200 °C, leaching the sodium aluminate formed with water, then precipitating aluminium hydroxide by carbon dioxide, CO, which was then filtered and dried. This process (known as the Deville process) was abandoned in favor of the Bayer process.


title: Bayer process

text: The process began to gain importance in metallurgy together with the invention of the Hall–Héroult electrolytic aluminium process, invented just one year earlier in 1886. Together with the cyanidation process invented in 1887, the Bayer process marks the birth of the modern field of hydrometallurgy.


title: Bayer process

text: Today, the process produces nearly all the world's alumina supply as an intermediate step in aluminium production.


title: Payments bank

text: Payments banks are new model of banks, conceptualised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which cannot issue credit. These banks can accept a restricted deposit, which is currently limited to ₹200,000 per customer and may be increased further. These banks cannot issue loans and credit cards. Both current account and savings accounts can be operated by such banks. Payments banks can issue ATM cards or debit cards and provide online or mobile banking. Bharti Airtel set up India's first payments bank, Airtel Payments Bank.


title: Payments bank

text: On 23 September 2013, Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low Income Households, headed by Nachiket Mor, was formed by the RBI. On 7 January 2014, the Nachiket Mor committee submitted its final report. Among its various recommendations, it recommended the formation of a new category of bank called payments bank. On 17 July 2014, the RBI released the draft guidelines for payment banks, seeking comments for interested entities and the general public. On 27 November, RBI released the final guidelines for payment banks.


title: Payments bank

text: In February 2015, RBI released the list of entities which had applied for a payments bank licence. There were 41 applicants. It was also announced that an external advisory committee (EAC) headed by Nachiket Mor would evaluate the licence applications. On 28 February 2015, during the presentation of the Budget it was announced that India Post will use its large network to run payments bank. The external advisory committee headed by Nachiket Mor submitted its findings on 6 July 2015. The applicant entities were examined for their financial track record and governance issues. On 19 August 2015, the Reserve Bank of India gave "in-principle" licences to 11 entities to launch payments banks. The "in-principle" license was valid for 18 months within which the entities must fulfil the requirements and they were not allowed to engage in banking activities within the period. The RBI will grant full licenses under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, after it is satisfied that the conditions have been fulfilled.


title: Payments bank

text: March 2019 witness, Paytm account for over 19% of all mobile-banking transactions while Airtel's Payments Bank contributed more than 5% to the 867 million transactions made during the month. In contrast, State Bank of India (SBI), the largest lender in the country by assets, recorded 145 million transactions, accounting for under 17%.The only banks ahead of Airtel Payments Bank are SBI and the three largest private-sector banks – HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank and Axis Bank. Indeed, ICICI Bank saw close to 60 million mobile-banking transactions in March 2019 though it was just a whisker ahead of Airtel, with under 7% of the market. Paytm Payments Bank and Airtel Payments Bank together command over 88% of the deposits in payment banks in India in 2018.


title: Payments bank

text: According to the Reserve Bank of India's report on ‘Trend and progress of Banking in India 2017-2018', the payment banks reported losses in the financial year 2017-2018, after a weak performance in the FY 2016-17.


title: Payments bank

text: The minimum capital requirement is Rs.100 crore. For the first five years, the stake of the promoter should remain at least 40%. Foreign share holding will be allowed in these banks as per the rules for FDI in private banks in India. The voting rights will be regulated by the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. The voting right of any shareholder is capped at 10%, which can be raised to 26% by the Reserve Bank of India. Any acquisition of more than 5% will require approval of the RBI. The majority of the bank's board of directors should consist of independent directors, appointed according to RBI guidelines.


title: Payments bank

text: The bank should be fully networked from the beginning. The bank can accept utility bills. It cannot form subsidiaries to undertake non-banking activities. Initially, the deposits will be capped at per customer, but it may be raised by the RBI based on the performance of the bank. Payment Banks are not permitted to lend to any person including their directors. 25% of its branches must be in the unbanked rural area. The bank must use the term "payments bank" in its name to differentiate it from other types of bank. The banks will be licensed as payments banks under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and will be registered as public limited company under the Companies Act, 2013.


title: Payments bank

text: Bharti Airtel launched India's first payments bank named Airtel Payments Bank in March 2017. Paytm Payments Bank, India Post Payments Bank, Fino Payments Bank and Aditya Birla Payments Bank have also launched services.


title: Payments bank

text: S. Kalyanasundaram has written that the payments bank model is unviable due to restriction from lending and rules for cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio which leaves very little space for generating income for the payments banks.


title: Payments bank

text: A Trilemma and a Possible Solution - Can Payments Banks Succeed? Economic & Political Weekly Vol 55, Issue 15, 11 April 2020 Dr Indradeep Ghosh & Ajit Ranade


title: Payments bank

text: Tracking performance of Payments Banks against Financial Inclusion Goals Amulya Neelam & Anukriti Tiwari Dvara Research


title: Pork pie

text: A pork pie is a traditional English meat pie, usually served either at room temperature or cold (although often served hot in Yorkshire). It consists of a filling of roughly chopped pork and pork fat, surrounded by a layer of jellied pork stock in a hot water crust pastry. It is normally eaten as a snack or with a salad.


title: Pork pie

text: Modern pork pies are a direct descendant of the raised meat pies of medieval cuisine, which used a dense hot water crust pastry as a simple means of preserving the filling. In France the same recipes gave rise to the modern "". Many medieval meat pie recipes were sweetened, often with fruit, and were meant to be eaten cold: the crust was discarded rather than being eaten. A particularly elaborate and spectacular recipe described in medieval recipe collection "The Forme of Cury" was a meat pie featuring a crust formed into battlements and filled with sweet custards, the entire pie then being served flambeed: a distant descendant of this dish, with hollow pastry turrets around a central pork pie, was still current in the 18th century under the name "battalia pie". Hannah Glasse's influential 1747 recipe collection included a recipe for a "Cheshire pork pie", having a filling of layers of pork loin and apple, slightly sweetened with sugar, and filled with half a pint (285ml) of white wine. By the 19th century sweetened fruit and meat combinations had become less common, and the raised crust pork pie took its modern form.


title: Pork pie

text: Traditional pies use a mix of fat and cured meat, giving the filling a pink colour. They are often produced in moulds or forms, giving the outside of the pie a very regular shape. This method is simpler and cheaper for volume production, and hence the more common choice for commercial manufacturers.


title: Pork pie

text: As the meat shrinks when the pie is cooked, traditional recipes specified that clarified butter or a hot pork stock was poured into the pie after baking. This would set when cool, filling the gap between meat and pastry and preventing air from reaching the filling and causing it to spoil. Commercial makers use a 6% solution of gelatin at between , added into the pie immediately after baking.


title: Pork pie

text: The Melton Mowbray pork pie is named after Melton Mowbray, a town in Leicestershire. While it is sometimes claimed that Melton pies became popular among fox hunters in the area in the late eighteenth century, it has also been stated that the association of the pork pie trade with Melton originated around 1831 as a sideline in a small baker and confectioners' shop in the town, owned by Edward Adcock. Within the next decade a number of other bakers then started supplying them, notably Enoch Evans, a former grocer, who seems to have been particularly responsible for establishing the industry on a large scale. Whether true or not the association with hunting provided valuable publicity, although one local hunting columnist writing in 1872 stated that it was extremely unlikely that "our aristocratic visitors carry lumps of pie with them on horseback".


title: Pork pie

text: The main distinctive feature of a Melton pie is that it is made with a hand-formed crust. The uncured meat of a Melton pie is grey in colour when cooked and the meat is chopped, rather than minced. As the pies are baked free-standing, the sides bow outwards, rather than being vertical as with mould-baked pies. Melton Mowbray pork pies are served at room temperature, unlike pork pies in Yorkshire which may be served hot.


title: Pork pie

text: In the light of the premium price of the Melton Mowbray pie, the Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association applied for protection under European protected designation of origin laws as a result of the increasing production of Melton Mowbray-style pies by large commercial companies in factories far from Melton Mowbray, and recipes that deviated from the original uncured pork form. Protection was granted on 4 April 2008, with the result that only pies made within a designated zone around Melton (made within a zone around the town), and using the traditional recipe including uncured pork, are allowed to carry the Melton Mowbray name on their packaging.


title: Pork pie

text: There is a tradition in the East Midlands of eating pork pies for breakfast at Christmas. While its origin is unclear, the association of pork pies with Christmas dates back to at least the mid-19th century and it was by far the busiest time of year for the Melton manufacturers.


title: Pork pie

text: In Yorkshire, pork pies are often served hot, accompanied with gravy or with mushy peas and mint sauce. It is also a common combination served at Bonfire Night celebrations. In Yorkshire slang a pork pie is sometimes called a "growler", a term probably derived from the "NAAFI growler" of earlier naval and army slang.


title: Pork pie

text: The "gala pie" is a variety of pork pie where the filling includes a proportion of chicken and a hard-boiled egg (also known as a "Grosvenor pie"). Gala pies are often baked in long, loaf-type tins, with multiple eggs arranged along the centre.


title: Pork pie

text: Smaller, , varieties, sometimes branded as a "picnic pie", often have additional ingredients added to the filling such as apples, pickles and bacon.


title: Pork pie

text: In some cases the solid pastry top is replaced by a pastry lattice, allowing the meat filling to be seen. A recent development is to have a layer of Branston pickle inserted under the lattice crust. Occasionally the top crust is dispensed with altogether in favour of a layer of cranberries sealed into place with aspic.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song is a 2011 American teen comedy musical film directed by Damon Santostefano and starring Lucy Hale, Freddie Stroma, Megan Park, Matthew Lintz and Missi Pyle. It is a sequel to "Another Cinderella Story" (2008) and the third installment in "A Cinderella Story" series. In the film, a teenager dreams of being a singer, but her cruel stepmother and stepsister do everything they can to stop her from succeeding. When a new boy comes to school, she tries to get his attention using her voice. The film was released on DVD and digital on September 6, 2011, and premiered on ABC Family on January 22, 2012. The film was followed by "" (2016).


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: 17-year-old aspiring singer, Katie Gibbs (Lucy Hale), is over-worked, bullied, and constantly harassed by her stepfamily, the Van Ravensways — shallow stepmother Gail (Missi Pyle), bratty teenage stepsister Beverly "Bev" (Megan Park), and younger troublemaking stepbrother Victor (Matthew Lintz). Despite how badly they treat her, Katie does their bidding with no complaints in fear that they might put her into foster care. Katie's parents died prior to the events of the movie.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: In a dream, Katie performs a music video for her hit single ("Run This Town"). Then Victor wakes her up, demanding breakfast. At the Wellesley Academy of the Arts, of which Gail is headmistress, Guy Morgan (Dikran Tulaine) — English president of Kensington Records, enrolls his son, Luke (Freddie Stroma). Katie, wanting to change her life for the better, sneaks her demo CD into Guy's briefcase. Guy wants Luke to produce an upcoming showcase at the Academy; Luke, however, is less than excited about following in his dad's footsteps.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: Back at home, Bev wants to win a recording contract with Guy: Bev, however, is a terrible singer; the more she practices, the worse she sounds. Guy calls Gail on Katie's cell phone, who is shocked to hear that he loves Katie's demo ("Bless Myself"). Gail lies, claiming it was Bev's demo and that Katie stole it. Meanwhile, Victor steals Katie's clothes and towel while she showers, and locks her out of the house, naked. Unable to get back inside, Katie trips over a visiting Luke; thinking fast, she covers herself up using the WELCOME mat. Amused by the situation, Luke gives her his jacket. While Bev welcomes Luke, Gail barges into Katie's room and forces her to sing. Then, after shoving Luke out of the house, Gail plans to get Bev a record deal by using Katie's voice. Bev is reluctant, but goes along with this in order to win Luke's affections.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: At school, Katie and her best friend, aspiring dancer Angela (Jessalyn Wanlim), hear Luke singing in the music room with his best friend, Mickey O'Malley, ("Knockin"). The entranced Katie writes a song of her own for him and admits that she likes him. Angela urges Katie to sing for him at the Bollywood Ball that night, and gives her a costume to wear. Then Gail barges in, forcing Angela to hide.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: Gail orders her stepdaughter to babysit Victor tonight, since she wants Bev to win Luke over at the Ball. Katie pleads with Ravi (Manu Narayan), Gail's guru (who is no real guru but just a half-Italian/half-Indian method actor and former KFC worker from New Jersey, named Tony Gupta, who needed the work) to watch Victor while she goes to the Ball. There Katie leads Luke outside and sings ("Extra Ordinary"). He is entranced by her voice. Angela distracts and challenges Gail to a Bollywood dance-off ("Oh Mere Dilruba"). Gail loses and then leaves the Ball. Katie tries to beat her stepmother home, but with no success. Now it's Katie's turn to get blackmailed: Gail vows to expel Angela from the Academy, which will ruin her chances of getting into Juilliard — unless Katie sings for Bev. To save Angela's dance career, Katie goes along with Gail's plot. Gail informs Katie that she's grounded for disobeying her and going to the Ball.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: Luke wants to find the girl who sang for him, despite Ms. Dorothy Plumberg the assistant principal trying to punish him with detention and being chased by a crazy girl. In the music room, he sees Bev lip-syncing to Katie's voice ("Make You Believe"). Jumping to the obvious-but-wrong conclusion, Luke falls for Bev and invites her to write more songs with him. Much to Bev's horror, he treats her out to a restaurant that evening. Luke is amazed by Bev's musical aptitude, unaware that Katie is texting to her what she should say (because Bev forced her to help), but ends in disaster. The next day, Luke drops by the house and hits it off with Victor, to whom he gives guitar lessons. Katie also reconnects with Luke, who doesn't like it when she has to head out again — this time, to throw away Gail's prized portrait that French painter, Maurice, was doing for her, which Victor has ruined by cutting out her face with his mother's Ghandi knife. Bev cuts in on Luke, whom she then forces her brother to help her deceive by using miniature electronic-communication devices, so that Katie can coach her through another date. Katie puts together a song on the spot ("Possibilities"), which Luke sings, thinking it's Bev's. She and Luke kiss, which breaks Katie's heart.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: Luke falls in love with Bev, unaware that her singing and songwriting talents are actually Katie's. Later, to ensure Katie's cooperation, Gail reveals that she has discovered a loophole that allows her access to the savings account Katie's late father had opened for his daughter; ergo, if Katie doesn't submit to her stepfamily's will, Gail will cut her off without a cent. Victor overhears, learning in the process that his family's money is rightfully Katie's. As it turns out, Victor himself is frequently mistreated by his sister and their mom; he shares no more affection with them than Katie does, and he only went along with their mistreatment of Katie because he was fearful of what they would do to him if he didn't. Feeling guilty over not having had a better relationship with his stepsister over the years — among other things, she's the only one who remembers his birthday — Victor agrees to help expose the fraud perpetrated by his family.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: At the showcase, Victor sabotages Bev's performance (of "Make You Believe") by destroying her iPhone which contains Katie's recorded singing voice, to Gail's anger, and Katie and Bev's worry. Frantically trying to cover up the situation by telling the audience that her mic has stopped working, Bev receives booing onstage from the audience. Gail, refusing to give up, forces Katie to sing live backstage. Curious, Luke goes backstage to see what's happening; and he sees Katie. At first, he is confused as Katie tries to get him to leave, but she soon admits to Luke that Bev can't sing. He realizes at last that Bev is a fake and that beautiful voice is actually Katie's.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: During Bev's second performance, Luke steals a video camera and films Katie singing backstage, thus exposing the whole charade. At the same time, Angela pushes Katie onto the stage to finish the song, much to Bev's humiliation as she runs off. The audience and Luke persuade Katie onstage to perform her demo ("Bless Myself"). Katie and Luke admit their feelings for each other and kiss and embrace. Guy also loves Katie's performance, and green-lights Luke to produce an album for her, which is for Kensington Records. He even agrees to help Angela get into Juilliard.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: In a mid-credits scene, Gail weakly attempts to appeal to Guy, but having had enough of her lies, he decides to tell the school board of her deceit and fraud, causing her to be removed as headmistress of Wellesley Academy. To Gail's surprise, even Bev is delighted to be rid of her mother, being no stranger herself to Gail's manipulative ways. Gail soon finds herself back to where she started decades before: singing (horribly) at a ranch, where she is bombarded with fruit and booed off the stage.


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: The accompanying soundtrack album was released on September 6, 2011 by WaterTower Music (the same day as the film's release).


title: A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song

text: Mike McGranaghan of "The Aisle Seat" scored the film one and out of four, said: ""A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song" is like a movie version of "iCarly" or "Victorious" or any of those other tween girl shows that combine broad physical humor, mild expressions of pubescent sexuality and fantasies of becoming famous". The "DVD Sleuth" gave the film 1 out of 2.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Liam "The Hitman" Harrison (born 5 October 1985) is an English welterweight Muay Thai fighter currently fighting out of Bad Company (when based in the UK) and trains at Jitti Gym and Yokkao Training Center in Bangkok (when fighting in Thailand).


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Brought up in his hometown of Leeds, Liam first started training in Muay Thai aged 13, when he joined the Bad Company gym in Harehills. There he trained under Richard Smith, still his current trainer, who is a former British, Commonwealth and European kickboxing champion. Liam was large for his age and made his amateur debut aged 14, winning in a no head contact fight. He made his pro debut not much later, just before his fifteenth birthday, defeating Martin Shivnan via knockout in around 30 seconds. Success on his pro debut lead to a number of victories on the local scene culminating in a bout for the S.I.M.T.A. Northern Area title, which he won against opponent Abdul Arif, again by first-round knockout.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Between 2000 and 2004 Liam established himself as the top fighter in the United Kingdom in his weight class, having moved up from featherweight (52 kg/114.4 lbs) to light welterweight (63.5 kg/139.7 lbs]) and having beaten domestic and international competition including Ait Said Aberderahman, Preechapon Por Nuongubon, Satoruvasikoba. At the end of 2004 Harrison travelled to Italy where he was supposed to face reigning champion Massimo Rizzoli for his W.A.K.O. low-kick kickboxing world title. Rizzoli suffered an injury and Liam faced the W.A.K.O. European champion Emannuel Di Profetis instead. Despite the late change of opponent and fighting in a rule set different from Muay Thai, Harrison won the match by technical knockout to become world champion.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: The win in Italy was followed by success at home when Harrison defeated Dutch-based kickboxer Mohamed Ajuou to claim the European version of the S.I.M.T.A. belt. In following fights Harrison beat Abdoulaye M'baye and Benzouaoua Hakim as well as Hiromasa Masuda in a rematch from 2003 and was still undefeated into 2005. He made his Thai debut in August of that year, losing a split decision to Witthayanoi Sitkuanem at Rajadamnern Stadium in what was the first defeat of his pro career. Harrison suffered a second consecutive loss a few months later on his return to England, losing to another Thai in Duwao Kongudom who was a highly rated Omnoi Stadium champion, in a match in Wolverhampton.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Despite suffering two defeats including losing his Thai debut Harrison headed back to Thailand at the end of 2005. He won his first title on Thai soil by defeating a much bigger Russian opponent to claim the Patong Stadium belt at 68 kg (149.6 lbs). With his first victory in Thailand, Liam strung together five more victories in the country throughout 2006 which included winning the W.P.M.F. light welterweight belt against reigning champion Masa Hiroshima as well as retaining his Patong stadium title. He also re-matched Witthayanoi Sitkuanem but was once again unsuccessful. That year was awarded the "Leeds Sports Federation Sportsman of the Year" award.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Throughout 2007 Liam fought primarily in Thailand, basing himself at the Jitti Gym in Bangkok. He fought a number of bouts at the major stadiums including at Lumpinee Stadium, managing to successful defend his W.P.M.F. world title two times that year. He also made brief forays back to the United Kingdom, facing W.M.C. world champion Numphon PK Sterio two times that year. Liam lost the first match between the pair, but won the second in Manchester in November via a fourth-round KO, picking up his biggest victory up to that point as well as winning the W.M.C. lightweight world title. He was also named as the Muay Siam magazine's top foreign fighter of the year.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: In 2008 Harrison fought a number of bouts at Bad Company promoted shows in his home town of Leeds, with wins over Benabdeljelil Mehdi and Masaru Ito. He also retained his W.M.C. lightweight world title by stopping Sarmsamut Kiatchongkao in June of that year. In 2009 Harrison lost a decision to Saenchai Sor Kingstar in London. He then headed to Jamaica to face Anuwat Kaewsamrit, being defeated via TKO and losing his W.M.C. world title in what was his first ever stoppage loss.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Harrison would gain revenge against Anuwat Kaewsamrit in March 2010, defeating him by unanimous decision over five rounds in their rematch in Manchester. Although Anuwat was not at his peak anymore he was Harrison's best victory up to date. He would also have the chance to enhance his name by entering the inaugural Thai Fight competition, an event involving sixteen Muay Thai fighters at 67 kg/147.4 lbs with a first place prize of 2,000,000 Baht (around $62,000). Despite being one of the smaller fighters at the tournament he outworked Behzad Rafigh Doust in his first match forcing him to quit in the second round. Going into the quarter finals Liam then knocked out Soishiro Miyakoshi with elbows. Harrison was later disqualified from the tournament for coming in over the weight. He insisted it being the result of a sickness he caught prior to the match.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: In 2011 Harrison had two rematches against opponents who had defeated him in the past. He lost both of them, against Saenchai Sor Kingstar and Petaswin Seatranferry, who had defeated him at an event in Glasgow the previous year.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Harrison lost to Saenchai PKSaenchaimuaythaigym for the third time at "Muay Thai Warriors" in Macau on 9 December 2012, losing a clear-cut unanimous decision.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: He competed in the "" in Tokyo, Japan on 3 May 2013. He lost to Masaaki Noiri via TKO due to a cut in round two in the quarter-finals.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: He lost to Sagetdao Petpayathai by decision in the semi-finals of a four-man 68 kg tournament at "MAX Muay Thai 3" in Zhengzhou, China on 10 August 2013.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Harrison stopped his four-fight losing streak with a unanimous decision victory over Dylan Salvador at "The Main Event 2013" in Manchester, England on 2 November 2013.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: He was set to fight Damien Alamos for his Yokkao promotional debut at "Yokkao 8" in Bolton, England on 8 March 2014 but Alamos withdrew from the fight, claiming to have a hand injury, and was replaced by Houcine Bennoui. He defeated Bennoui on points in a five-round -65 kg Muay Thai bout.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: In 2018, Harrison inked a non-exclusive deal with ONE Championship to compete in ONE Super Series Muay Thai. He lost his first two bouts to Petchmorakot Petchyindee Academy at and Rodlek at , but won by first-round KO in his third bout with the organization at against Mohammed Bin Mahmoud.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Harrison was scheduled to face the former Lumpinee Boxing Stadium champion Muangthai P.K. Saenchaimuaythaigym at on 22 April 2022. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. Harrison was awarded a $100,000 bonus for winning the fight.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Harrison faced Nong-O Gaiyanghadao for the ONE Bantamweight Muay Thai World Championship at ONE on Prime Video 1 on 27 August 2022. He lost the bout in the first round after being unable to continue due to leg kicks.


title: Liam Harrison (kickboxer)

text: Harrison is scheduled to face Pongsiri P.K.Saenchaimuaythaigym on January 14, 2023, at ONE on Prime Video 6.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft Country is a term coined for the New England setting used by H. P. Lovecraft in many of his weird fiction stories, which combines real and fictitious locations. This setting has since been elaborated on by other writers working in the Cthulhu Mythos. The phrase was not in use during Lovecraft's own lifetime. Instead the phrase "Lovecraft Country" was coined by Keith Herber for the Lovecraftian role-playing game "Call of Cthulhu".


title: Lovecraft Country

text: The phrase is only one of many attempts to label the setting of Lovecraft's works. Alternative phrases include Arkham County, Miskatonic County, and the Miskatonic region.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: The term was coined by Keith Herber and then popularized by Chaosium, the producers of the Lovecraftian role-playing game "Call of Cthulhu".


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft scholar S. T. Joshi refers to the area as the "Miskatonic region", after its fictional river and university. Lovecraft biographer Lin Carter calls it "Miskatonic County", and the film "Color Out of Space" refers to it as "Arkham County", although Lovecraft indicates that at least some of his fictional towns were located in the real-life Essex County of Massachusetts. Just as Arkham County is fictitious, Matt Ruff places some of the events of his book in the equally fictitious Devon County of Massachusetts.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Setting plays a major role in Lovecraft's fiction. Lovecraft Country, a fictionalized version of New England, serves as a central hub for his mythos. It represents the history, culture, and folklore of the region, as interpreted by Lovecraft, who associated himself with the region. These attributes are exaggerated and altered to provide a base upon which his stories could be constructed. The names of the locations in the region were directly influenced by the names of real locations in the region, which was done to increase their realism. Lovecraft's stories use their connections with New England to imbue themselves with the ability to instil fear.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft first used a New England setting in his 1920 short story "The Terrible Old Man", set in Kingsport. "The Picture in the House" (written later in 1920), is the first of his stories to mention both Arkham and the Miskatonic Valley. The story begins with a manifesto for why the New England countryside is a fitting backdrop for his horror stories:


title: Lovecraft Country

text: the true epicure of the terrible, to whom a new thrill of unutterable ghastliness is the chief end and justification of existence, esteem most of all the ancient, lonely farmhouses of backwoods New England; for there the dark elements of strength, solitude, grotesqueness, and ignorance combine to form the perfection of the hideous.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: In a 1930 letter to Robert E. Howard, Lovecraft attempted to explain his fascination with New England as a setting for weird fiction: "It is the night-black Massachusetts legendary which packs the really macabre 'kick'. Here is material for a really profound study in group neuroticism; for certainly, none can deny the existence of a profoundly morbid streak in the Puritan imagination."


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Specifically, Lovecraft was inspired by the cities and towns in Massachusetts. However, the specific location of Lovecraft Country is variable, as it was moved according to Lovecraft's literary needs. The location of Arkham was moved, as Lovecraft decided that it would have been destroyed by the Quabbin Reservoir, which was created to supply Boston with fresh water. This is alluded to in "The Colour Out of Space", as the "blasted heath" is submerged by the creation of a fictionalized version of the reservoir.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft first mentioned Arkham's Miskatonic University in "Herbert West–Reanimator", written in 1921–22. He added Dunwich to his imaginary landscape in 1928's "The Dunwich Horror", and expanded it to include Innsmouth in 1931's "The Shadow over Innsmouth". Other Lovecraft stories that make use of Lovecraft Country settings include "The Festival", "The Colour out of Space", "The Strange High House in the Mist", "The Dreams in the Witch House", and "The Thing on the Doorstep".


title: Lovecraft Country

text: August Derleth, Lovecraft's friend, discouraged other Cthulhu Mythos writers from setting their stories in Lovecraft's New England. But he himself attempted to fill in the blanks of the setting, particularly in his posthumous "collaborations" with Lovecraft—actually Derleth's stories based on fragments, notes or ideas that Lovecraft left behind after his death. "The Lurker at the Threshold" is set in Billington's Wood, a fictional forest north of Arkham, while "Witches' Hollow" takes place in the titular valley in the hills to the west of the town.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: The title of "The Fisherman of Falcon Point" refers to a promontory on the Atlantic coast south of Innsmouth. "Wentworth's Day" and "The Horror from the Middle Span" take place in the area north of Dunwich, while "The Gable Window" concerns a house on the Aylesbury Pike.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: "Lovecraft Country" was the title of a 2016 novel by Matt Ruff. The novel was subsequently adapted by HBO for television. The resulting TV series, also called "Lovecraft Country", premiered in August 2020.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: "Return to Lovecraft Country" was a collection of short stories set in "the New England of H.P. Lovecraft", published by Triad Entertainments in 1996. The editor, Scott David Aniolowski, has also done editorial work for Chaosium. "Eternal Lovecraft", a short-story collection published by Golden Gryphon Press in 1998, has a section called "Lovecraft Country".


title: Lovecraft Country

text: The phrase occurs in popular discussions of Lovecraft's connection to the region. The "Harvard Law Record" used the phrase in an October 20, 2005 article:


title: Lovecraft Country

text: The most important portion stretches along the Miskatonic River valley, from Dunwich in its far western headwaters to its mouth entering the Atlantic Ocean between Arkham, Kingsport, and Martin's Beach." These locations, along with Innsmouth, are the most significant locations in Lovecraft Country. However, as certain Lovecraft stories take place in other areas of New England, including southern hills of Vermont (the setting of "The Whisperer in Darkness") as well as Lovecraft's hometown of Providence, Rhode Island, where he set such works as "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward" and "The Haunter of the Dark", this broader area is sometimes to also be considered part of Lovecraft Country.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: The fictional Massachusetts city of Arkham is featured in many of Lovecraft's stories, and those of other Cthulhu Mythos writers.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Arkham, in the Miskatonic River Valley, is the home of Miskatonic University, an institution which finances the expeditions in the novellas, "At the Mountains of Madness" (1936) and "The Shadow Out of Time" (1936). Arkham Sanitarium appears in the short story "The Thing on the Doorstep". It is said in "Herbert West—Reanimator" that the town was devastated by a typhoid outbreak in 1905. The precise location of Arkham is unspecified in Lovecraft's work, although it is assumed to be close to both Innsmouth and Dunwich.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: In a letter to F. Lee Baldwin dated April 29, 1934, Lovecraft wrote that "[my] mental picture of Arkham is of a town something like Salem in atmosphere [and] style of houses, but more hilly [and] with a college (which Salem [lacks]) ... I place the town [and] the imaginary Miskatonic [River] somewhere north of Salem—perhaps near Manchester."


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Dunwich is a fictional village that appeared in the H. P. Lovecraft novella "The Dunwich Horror" (1929), and is also located in Miskatonic River Valley. The inhabitants are depicted as inbred, uneducated, and very superstitious, while the town itself is described as economically poor with many decrepit or abandoned buildings. Although Dunwich in Suffolk, England is pronounced "DUN-ich," Lovecraft never specified how he preferred his "Dunwich" be pronounced.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft is said to have based Dunwich on Athol, Massachusetts, and other towns in Western Massachusetts, with him specifically citing "the decadent Massachusetts countryside around Springfield – say Wilbraham, Monson, and Hampden." S. T. Joshi has also seen Dunwich as being influenced by East Haddam, Connecticut, location of the "Devil's Hopyard," the "Moodus Noises," and a witch tradition.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft places Dunwich in "north central Massachusetts," found by travellers "tak[ing] the wrong fork at the junction of the Aylesbury pike just beyond Dean's Corners." Aylesbury and Dean's Corners are both Lovecraft creations, neither of which appears in any other of his stories, though Aylesbury is mentioned in his poem sequence "Fungi From Yuggoth".


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Dunwich is described as being surrounded by "great rings of rough-hewn stone columns on the hilltops," which are presumed to have been built by the Pocumtucks.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Innsmouth () is a setting of "The Shadow over Innsmouth" (written 1931, published 1936), and referenced in later works. Lovecraft first used the name "Innsmouth" in his 1920 short story "Celephaïs" (1920), where it refers to a fictional village in England. Lovecraft's more famous Innsmouth is in Massachusetts. This latter Innsmouth was first identified in two of his cycle of sonnets "Fungi from Yuggoth". Lovecraft called Innsmouth "a considerably twisted version of Newburyport", Massachusetts.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft placed Innsmouth on the coast of Essex County, Massachusetts, south of Plum Island and north of Cape Ann. The town of Ipswich, Massachusetts is said to be a near neighbor, where many Innsmouth residents do their shopping; Rowley, Massachusetts, another neighboring town, is said to be to the northwest. This would place Innsmouth in the vicinity of Essex Bay. The description of the fictional Massachusetts village is said to be based on the real fishing town of Fleetwood, Lancashire which bears a marked resemblance to the description of the village.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Neil Gaiman's short story "Shoggoth's Old Peculiar" explains that the American Innsmouth was named after an older English village.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft writes that Innsmouth is in a horrendous state of decay, with many of the buildings rotting and on the point of collapse. The town was "founded in 1643, noted for shipbuilding before the Revolution, a seat of great marine prosperity in the early nineteenth century, and later a minor factory center." The loss of sailors in shipwrecks, and the War of 1812, caused the town's profitable trade with the South Seas to falter; by 1828, the only fleet still running that route was that of Captain Obed Marsh, the head of one of the town's leading families.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Prior to the events of the story, in 1840, Marsh starts a cult in Innsmouth known as the Esoteric Order of Dagon, based on a religion he had learned from certain Polynesian islanders in his travels. The town's fishing industry soon experienced a great upsurge. Then in 1846, a mysterious plague struck the town, killing most of the population, but in reality, the deaths were caused by the Deep Ones in league with Obed Marsh. When Marsh and his followers were arrested, the sacrificial rites ceased and the Deep Ones retaliated. The cult activity resumed, and interbreeding increased, spawning deformed fish-humans. Consequently, Innsmouth was shunned for many years, until 1927 when it came under investigation by federal authorities for alleged bootlegging.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: The next year, an incursion by the authorities detonated explosives in Devil Reef off the coast. The villagers were arrested and disappeared mysteriously in government custody.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Kingsport is based on Marblehead, Massachusetts, a town bordering Salem. In his letters, Lovecraft described Kingsport as being an idealized version of Marblehead. Its rocky cliffs were based on those in Marblehead and Rockport. Kingsport is, according to Will Murray, adjacent to Innsmouth. The town's exact location moved around according to Lovecraft's literary needs.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft created Kingsport before he saw its real-life model. When Lovecraft visited Marblehead in 1922, he became enamored of the town. In 1929 he wrote with much feeling of seeing the snow-covered town at sunset and of experiencing his "first stupefying glance of MARBLEHEAD'S huddled and archaick roofs". Indeed, "that instant—about 4:05 to 4:10 pm., Dec. 17, 1922—[was] the most powerful single emotional climax during my nearly forty years of existence."


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Lovecraft used Kingsport as a setting for his short stories "The Terrible Old Man" (written 1920, published 1921), "The Festival" (written 1923, published 1925), and "The Strange High House in the Mist" (1926, published 1931). A reprise of Lovecraft's epiphany appeared in fictional form at the end of Lovecraft's "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath" (1926-7, published posthumously in 1943). "Dream-Quest" featured Lovecraft's recurring character of Randolph Carter, popularly thought of as an idealized representation of Lovecraft himself. Carter, by Lovecraft's account, grew up in Kingsport.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: In the works of later writers, the town of Kingsport is described as having been founded in 1639 by colonists from southern England and the Channel Islands, where it soon became a seaport and center for shipbuilding. Influenced by the Salem witch trials, the town hanged four alleged witches in 1692. During the American Revolutionary War, the port was briefly blockaded by the British when the town's merchants turned to privateering against the British fleet. In the 19th century, sea trade dwindled and the town turned to fishing as the main industry. Kingsport's economy continued to dwindle into the 20th century and today relies primarily on tourism.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: The Manuxet River is a fictional river that runs through Massachusetts and empties into the sea at the town of Innsmouth. Although there is a Manuxet River in Worcester, Massachusetts, Will Murray believes that Lovecraft based his fictional Manuxet on the Merrimack River and probably invented the name from root words of an Algonquian language.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: To support his claim, Murray gives two reasons. First, even though Newburyport was an inspiration for Innsmouth, it is clearly a separate location since Lovecraft himself placed the real-life Newburyport to the north of Innsmouth in "The Shadow Over Innsmouth". Murray thinks Lovecraft actually based Innsmouth's location on Gloucester, Massachusetts on Cape Ann. Secondly, Lovecraft is known to have created the name of the Miskatonic River from Algonquian root words. Murray believes Lovecraft used a similar method to come up with "Manuxet": "man" means "island" and "uxet" translates to "at the large part of the river"; thus, when combined "Manuxet" means "Island at the large part of the river". Murray contends that this meaning is well suited to Innsmouth's placement at the mouth of the Manuxet. And Cape Ann itself (the presumed site of Innsmouth) is connected to the mainland by only a thin strip of land and might be thought of as an island.


title: Lovecraft Country

text: Innsmouth was attacked by the U.S. Treasury Department. During the assault in February, the frozen Manuxet allowed the attackers across to the town.


title: Flashover

text: A flashover is the near-simultaneous ignition of most of the directly exposed combustible material in an enclosed area. When certain organic materials are heated, they undergo thermal decomposition and release flammable gases. Flashover occurs when the majority of the exposed surfaces in a space are heated to their autoignition temperature and emit flammable gases (see also flash point). Flashover normally occurs at or for ordinary combustibles and an incident heat flux at floor level of .


title: Flashover

text: An example of flashover is the ignition of a piece of furniture in a domestic room. The fire involving the initial piece of furniture can produce a layer of hot smoke, which spreads across the ceiling in the room. The hot buoyant smoke layer grows in depth, as it is bounded by the walls of the room. The radiated heat from this layer heats the surfaces of the directly exposed combustible materials in the room, causing them to give off flammable gases, via pyrolysis. When the temperatures of the evolved gases becomes high enough, these gases will ignite throughout their extent.


title: Flashover

text: The original Swedish terminology related to the term 'flashover' has been altered in its translation to conform with current European and North American accepted [scientific] definitions as follows:


title: Flashover

text: Flashover is one of the most-feared phenomena among firefighters. Firefighters are taught to recognize the signs of imminent rollovers and flashovers and to avoid backdrafts. For example, they have certain routines for opening closed doors to buildings and compartments on fire, known as door entry procedures, ensuring fire crew safety where possible.


title: Flashover

text: The following are some of the signs that firefighters are looking for when they attempt to determine whether a flashover is likely to occur.


title: Flashover

text: Firefighters memorize a chant to help remember these during training: "Thick dark smoke, high heat, rollover, free burning."


title: Flashover

text: The colour of the smoke is often considered as well, but there is no connection between the colour of the smoke and the risk of flashovers. Traditionally, black, dense smoke was considered particularly dangerous, but history shows this to be an unreliable indicator. For example, there was a fire in a rubber mattress factory in London in 1975 which produced white smoke. The white smoke was not considered dangerous, so firefighters decided to ventilate, which caused a smoke explosion and killed two firefighters. The white smoke from the pyrolysis of the rubber turned out to be extremely flammable.


title: Harald Kloser

text: Harald Kloser (born 9 July 1956) is an Austrian film composer, producer and screenwriter. Since his critical and commercial breakthrough in 2005, in which he won the BMI Film Music Award for both of his scores for "Alien vs. Predator" and "The Day After Tomorrow," he has become a regular collaborator of the latter's director, Roland Emmerich, having composed music for every one of the director's films since 2004, excluding "Stonewall" (2015). Out of those films, all but "Anonymous" (2011) have been collaborations with fellow composer Thomas Wander.


title: Harald Kloser

text: Besides composing original scores, Kloser has also produced and co-written several films with Emmerich, starting with "10,000 BC" (2008), which Emmerich invited Kloser to write after liking the story changes Kloser proposed to "The Day After Tomorrow".


title: Harald Kloser

text: Kloser was married to Désirée Nosbusch, and the couple's children Lennon and Luka are also musicians. He has since entered into a relationship with Ana Maria Lombo, best known as part of girl group Eden's Crush.


title: Lego Island

text: Lego Island is a Lego-themed action-adventure game developed and published by Mindscape. It was released for Microsoft Windows on September 26, 1997, as the second Lego video game overall and the first one outside Japan. In the "proto-open world" game, players explore the eponymous island as one of five unique minifigure characters—each one modeled after an intelligence type according to the theory of multiple intelligences—to build vehicles and complete side quests; the game's main story involves Pepper Roni, a pizza delivery boy, and his efforts to stop an escaped prisoner known as the Brickster from destroying the island.


title: Lego Island

text: "Lego Island" received generally positive reviews from critics. It was a commercial success, selling close to one million copies by 1999. The game was followed by two sequels, both developed by Silicon Dreams Studio: "" (2001) and "Island Xtreme Stunts" (2002). It has since gained a cult following, with a fan-made sequel in development .


title: Lego Island

text: "Lego Island" is a nonlinear video game played from a first-person perspective. Set on the eponymous Lego Island, the player can choose to roam around and customize the island, build vehicles with the help of auto mechanic Bill Ding, or complete a series of missions including pizza delivery, jet ski racing, and catching an escaped prisoner known as the Brickster.


title: Lego Island

text: It features five playable characters: police officers Laura and Nick Brick, pizzeria proprietors Mama and Papa Brickolini, and their adopted son Pepper Roni, a pizza delivery boy who serves as the protagonist. Each character possesses their own unique abilities and interactions modeled after different intelligence types; the game showcases two additional intelligence types via non-player characters in the Brickster and the Infomaniac, the latter of which serves as the island's tour guide. The game also includes numerous Easter eggs spread across the island.


title: Lego Island

text: While there is no necessary objective to "Lego Island", a special mission will occur if the player has built the police helicopter (the player must go to the police station to do that) and is playing as Pepper Roni. Pepper's caretakers, Mama and Papa Brickolini, who run and own the Pizzeria, receive a call from the island's jail. Mistaking the caller for police officer Nick Brick, Pepper is sent to deliver a pizza to the jail, which allows the Brickster (who reveals that he was the one who somehow made the phone call pretending to be Nick) to escape from his cell by using the pizza's fumes to melt the lock. He escapes in the police helicopter and steals the power brick from the top of the Information Center before flying away. If the helicopter is not built, the Brickster will not be able to escape and will reject the pizza. Once the Brickster escapes, Nick and Laura Brick, the Infomaniac, and Papa and Mama Brickolini discover what happened and Mama explains that she heard the helicopter head to the residential area. Nick recalls that during his last escape, he was using a cave near the residential area as a hideout. They decide to have Pepper help recapture the Brickster with the help of his skateboard. Pepper then embarks on a mission to recapture him.


title: Lego Island

text: Pepper travels his way across the island, encountering citizens panicking about the Brickster's escape in the process. After Pepper reaches the residential area, he discovers that the Brickster has blocked two of the entrances. He enters through the only available entrance where he meets up with Nick and Laura, who had removed the barricades at the other two entrances. They encounter the Brickster, who has stolen the ambulance from the hospital. A police officer contacts Nick and Laura through the radio about the ambulance's theft and that the Brickster is planning to disassemble the town with a laser gun powered by the stolen power brick. After Nick and Laura obtain a brick that the Brickster left behind and take back to the police station's lab for analysis, Pepper chases after the Brickster alone, collecting individual brick pieces that the Brickster drops while he stops in random areas to disassemble any buildings and plants that are nearby. Should Pepper catch up to the Brickster while he is doing this, he will quickly move. After obtaining five pieces, the Brickster quickly heads for the cave entrance where he drops one more piece and disappears into the cave (should the player go into the cave afterwards, he is nowhere to be seen). After the Brickster has gone into hiding, Nick and Laura deduct that the six pieces that Pepper collected are parts of the helicopter which the Brickster had taken apart, but four pieces are still missing; they have been hidden around the island by the Brickster. Pepper then searches around the island for the remaining four pieces. Any of the previous six helicopter pieces that Pepper didn't collect earlier can still be picked up. Once all ten pieces are recovered, the Infomaniac sends Pepper to the police station to rebuild the helicopter, having also came up with a plan to capture the Brickster. Alternatively, if the pizzeria, Information Center, and police station are the only remaining buildings and the previous five pieces are not collected in the meantime, the Brickster will instead dissemble the Pizzeria and the player immediately skips to the part where they must rebuild the helicopter. Once the helicopter is rebuilt, the Infomaniac, Nick, and Laura advise Pepper to use it to help them catch the Brickster by firing pizzas and donuts using an invention called the Pizza Turbo Chucker (which is not seen onscreen), using the pizzas to slow the Brickster down and the donuts to speed up Nick and Laura before the Brickster, now driving a stolen police motorcycle (it is unknown what happened to the ambulance, but it can be assembled that it was recovered), can disassemble the remaining buildings.


title: Lego Island

text: Two different endings can occur, depending on whether the player succeeds or not. If all the buildings have been disassembled (except for the Information Center), it will trigger the ending that shows the Brickster standing on the power brick, gloating about his victory with pieces of buildings scattered all around him, the citizens of Lego Island left crying, and Requiem over Spilt Beer by Polkacide playing in the background (a full cut that was removed, being that the longer cut was not appropriate for the target audience, can be found online where there are more depictions of tragedy, such as more cries, a homeless LEGO minifigure, an out-of-control ambulance, and the information center with a glowing aura around it, seeming as it is burning). However, the Infomaniac then reassures the player that they can rebuild the island and the Brickster will be returned to his cell. The other ending unlocks if the Brickster is reached by the police, leading to the Brickster being caught and thrown back in jail, the power brick returning at the top of the Information Center, and everyone celebrating Pepper's success. The Infomaniac thanks the player, who is once again free to roam around the island.


title: Lego Island

text: Besides the special mission, there are also other minor missions that the player can do anytime and playing as any character:


title: Lego Island

text: "Lego Island" was developed by Mindscape, a developer of edutainment software based in Novato, California. The head of one of the company's departments was looking for a partner company in the toy industry and, after some research, settled for the Lego Group, the producer of the Lego line of toys. Mindscape subsequently hired Wes Jenkins, who, in turn, brought on Paul Melmed. Jenkins and Melmed drafted a game concept based on the "Town" theme of Lego sets. Both attended the Toy Fair in New York City in February 1995, pitching the concept to the Lego Group.


title: Lego Island

text: Around the same time, the Lego Group (as well as other toy manufacturers) were trying to explore or gain a foothold in the video game industry. The previously only Lego-branded video game was "Lego Fun to Build", which was released by Sega in December 1995 for the Japanese Sega Pico market. The Lego Group had established the Futura research and development group in Boston, which was looking at possible intersections between Lego products and digital media, including video games and virtual reality experiences. In 1995, the Lego Group employee Tormod Askildsen was tasked with exploring the company's potential venture into the video game market. He hired a handful of people and prepared a report, titled "Elvis", which he presented during a workshop on December 21, 1995. The report stated that the Lego Group's entrance into the video game market was a necessity, rather than an option. Mindscape and the Lego Group jointly announced their collaboration for a Lego-branded personal computer game on January 27, 1996, then targeting to release the game in the fourth quarter of that year.


title: Lego Island

text: Jenkins headed the project as its creative director, while Melmed acted as the education and research director. Other leads included senior producer Scott Anderson, director of development Dennis Goodrow, project manager Mari Collings, and the lead 3D artist Dave Patch. The lead programmer, Jim Brown, was hired at Anderson's request. The development team eventually grew to more than 100 people, which allowed for the inclusion of multiple playable characters. As proposed by Melmed, who had a background in psychology, each of these characters would represent a different form of intelligence as described by Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.


title: Lego Island

text: The development team created a bespoke game engine, which was to be used for "Lego Island" and potential sequels. The DirectX technology set was used to render 3D environments. According to Brown, graphics accelerators were in their infancy, so "Lego Island" was designed to work on computers that did not have one, while simultaneously being able to take advantage of an accelerator if one was available. Jenkins, his wife Kyle, and Anderson created a real-world model of the game's island, and the development team invited children to play with the set, observing how these children would interact with the various elements. According to Anderson, girls tended to decorate the island, such as with trees, while boys were more interested in racing elements. Subsequently, more of the game's elements, including the sky and trees, were made customizable with the goal of incentivizing girls to play the game. In so-called "Yes meetings", team members could present any further ideas they had to the rest of the team. If another member agreed, the proposer would sleep over it and, on the next day, try to frame a realistic implementation of the feature.


title: Lego Island

text: During 1996, the Lego Group established Lego Media as its video game division based in London, invested in the development of Lego-themed video games, and created Darwin, a "Strategic Product Unit" that absorbed most of Futura. Mindscape regularly communicated with Lego Media and Darwin, which led to the inclusion of further buildings and vehicles in the game, as well as the exclusion of non-Lego elements like ropes. In January 1997, Mindscape and the Lego Group reintroduced the game, now titled "Adventures on Lego Island" and scheduled for a release in the third quarter of 1997. As "Lego Island", the game was released worldwide on September 26, 1997. One day prior to the release, Mindscape fired the entirety of "Lego Island"s development team. The company had a program for bonuses in place, so several of the affected employees believed that Mindscape laid them off solely to avoid paying royalties. Jenkins died on September 24, 2017.


title: Lego Island

text: In a contemporary retrospective of another Lego-based edutainment game, "Kotaku Australia"s Zack Zwiezen noted that edutainment titles in general (including "Lego Island") were rarely reviewed by video game critics upon release due to the young target demographic. Despite that, the game received mainly positive reception among critics from newspapers; Gary Duchane of the "Hartford Courant" praised the game's graphics and animations while appreciating the multiple player characters and side quests. The "Windsor Star"s Paul Dame was dismayed with the restricted building options in the game, though he recommended it to "children who love Lego." Writing for Tribune Media Services, Pam Gleichman commented that the game was widely acclaimed by boys while receiving more mixed reception among girls after they tested it out. Minor criticism was leveled at the game's system requirements; Aaron Curtiss of the "Los Angeles Times" complained that the game was "an absolute resource hog, pushing most home desktops to the limit—even in low-resolution mode." Duchane concurred, noting that he attempted to load the game on computers with Pentium processors clocked at 90, 133, and 200 MHz, and found that the game "only ran happily on the 200."


title: Lego Island

text: "Lego Island" won the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 1997 "Family/Kids Entertainment Title of the Year" award. In 2016, Sam Loveridge of "Digital Spy" ranked "Lego Island" as the 14th best Lego game in a list of 15.


title: Lego Island

text: In the United States, "Lego Island" sold over 909,000 copies between 1997 and 1999, making it the 15th-best-selling computer game of that period. It was the country's 11th-best-selling computer game in 1997, with 323,085 units sold and almost earned in revenue. It reached eighth place on the United States' chart for the January–November 1998 period. It ultimately placed seventh for the full year of 1998, with 404,858 sales. Its revenue that year alone was over . The following year, it dropped to the 15th position on the annual sales charts, with 309,698 units sold. The success of "Lego Island" revived Mindscape's business, which was in trouble at the time. The company's total sales rose by 70% in 1997, driven primarily by "Lego Island".


title: Lego Island

text: In partnering with the Lego Group, Mindscape had gained the rights to produce multiple Lego-branded games. Prior to the "Lego Island" developers' dismissal, they had been conceptualizing and prototyping a follow-up to the game, titled "Beneath the Phanta Sea". This follow-up would have explored the "importance of ecology and environmentalism from an educational perspective". However, after the release of "Lego Island", the Lego Group terminated Mindscape's license for future Lego-based games. Silicon Dreams Studio eventually developed two sequels: "" (2001) and "Island Xtreme Stunts" (2002). During the development of the prior, the studio was aware of the original "Lego Island" and "Beneath the Phanta Sea" but decided to build a new concept from scratch. "Island Xtreme Stunts" became the final entry in the "Lego Island" series.


title: Lego Island

text: "Lego Island" has inspired a number of preservationists and other enthusiasts. Among other things, fans of the game have created documentaries with archives of old production material, produced podcasts, and developed unofficial patches. A fan-made sequel, "Project Island", was initiated as a solo project by Floris Thoonen in the mid-2010s. The game was formally announced around "Lego Island"s twentieth anniversary in 2017. As of 2020, around 50 people are working on "Project Island" with varying degrees of activeness, with all of them contributing during their spare time. The project team irregularly publishes update videos and intends to release a demo entitled Port Pizza, featuring a small island with a limited scope.


title: Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick

text: Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick (born January 25, 1979) is an American businesswoman and politician serving as the U.S representative for Florida's 20th congressional district. A member of the Democratic Party, she won a special election in 2022 to fill the seat left vacant after the death of Alcee Hastings.


title: Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick

text: Cherfilus-McCormick was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, to parents from Haiti and raised in the borough of Queens. She moved to Florida at 13 to attend high school. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and government from Howard University and a Juris Doctor from the St. Thomas University School of Law.


title: Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick

text: After graduating from college, Cherfilus-McCormick served as a project manager for the New York City Transit Authority. From 1999 to 2007, she worked as the vice president for operations of Trinity Health Care Services, a Florida-based family home health care company co-founded by her stepfather, Gabriel Smith. She later served as CEO.


title: Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick

text: Cherfilus-McCormick ran for Florida's 20th congressional district in the August 28 Democratic primary against incumbent Alcee Hastings in 2018. She lost, 73.6%–26.4%.


title: Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick

text: Cherfilus-McCormick challenged Hastings again in 2020. She noted various ethics concerns facing Hastings and his health as reasons for running. She lost the August 18 primary, 69.3%–30.7%.


title: Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick

text: After Hastings died on April 6, 2021, Cherfilus-McCormick ran again in the 20th district in the 2022 special election. During the campaign, she loaned $3.7 million to her campaign organization. She campaigned on progressive policies such as a Green New Deal, Medicare for All, and a $1,000-a-month universal basic income. Her campaign was supported by Brand New Congress, a progressive organization that also backed candidates such as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Rashida Tlaib.


title: Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick

text: After a recount, Cherfilus-McCormick was declared the winner of the Democratic primary by five votes over Broward County commissioner Dale Holness. She easily defeated Republican Jason Mariner in the January 11, 2022, general election. She is the only Haitian-American Democrat ever elected to Congress and only the second overall, after Republican Mia Love of Utah.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), also known as obliterative bronchiolitis, constrictive bronchiolitis and popcorn lung, is a disease that results in obstruction of the smallest airways of the lungs (bronchioles) due to inflammation. Symptoms include a dry cough, shortness of breath, wheezing and feeling tired. These symptoms generally get worse over weeks to months. It is not related to cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, previously known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Causes include breathing in toxic fumes, respiratory infections, connective tissue disorder or complications following a bone marrow or heart-lung transplant. Symptoms may not occur until two to eight weeks following toxic exposure or infection. The underlying mechanism involves inflammation that results in scar tissue formation. Diagnosis is by CT scan, pulmonary function tests or lung biopsy. A chest X-ray is often normal.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: While the disease is not reversible, treatments can slow further worsening. This may include the use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressive medication. A lung transplant may be offered. Outcomes are often poor, with most people dying in months to years.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Bronchiolitis obliterans is rare in the general population. It, however, affects about 75% of people by ten years following a lung transplant and up to 10% of people who have received a bone marrow transplant from someone else. The condition was first clearly described in 1981. Prior descriptions occurred as early as 1956, with the term "bronchiolitis obliterans" used first by Reynaud in 1835.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Bronchiolitis obliterans results in worsening shortness of breath, wheezing, and a dry cough. The symptoms can start gradually, or severe symptoms can occur suddenly. These symptoms represent an obstructive pattern that is non-reversible with bronchodilator therapy, and need to be related to various lung insults. These insults include inhalation damage, post transplant auto-immune injury, post-infectious disease, drug reactions, and several auto-immune diseases.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Bronchiolitis obliterans has many possible causes, including collagen vascular disease, transplant rejection in organ transplant patients, viral infection (adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, HIV, cytomegalovirus), Stevens–Johnson syndrome, Pneumocystis pneumonia, drug reaction, aspiration and complications of prematurity (bronchopulmonary dysplasia), and exposure to toxic fumes. Toxins implicated in the condition include diacetyl, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, chlorine, thionyl chloride, methyl isocyanate, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, phosgene, polyamide-amine dyes, mustard gas and ozone. It can also be present in patients with IBD, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, GERD, IgA nephropathy, and ataxia telangiectasia. Activated charcoal has been known to cause it when aspirated. The ingestion of large doses of papaverine in the vegetable Sauropus androgynus has caused it. Additionally, the disorder may be idiopathic (without known cause).


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Bronchiolitis obliterans is a common complication in lung transplants because transplanted lungs are at greater risk of alloimmunization as compared to healthy lungs. The disease is often termed bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in the setting of post lung transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Patients who develop BOS post lung transplant vary in disease latency and severity. Patients often initially have normal lung function on pulmonary function testing and have normal chest radiographs. As the disease progresses they begin to have symptoms of shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing as their lung function declines. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation published updated guidelines in 2001 for grading the severity of BOS. The original guidelines and classification system were published in 1993 by the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Their scoring system is based on the changes in FEV in patients from their baseline. When patients are first diagnosed with BOS they have their baseline lung function established by doing pulmonary function testing at the time of diagnosis. The BOS scoring system is as follows:


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Bronchiolitis obliterans affects up to 5.5% of people who have received HSCT. One of the biggest risk factors after HSCT is the development of GVHD with a 14% risk. Other risk factors post transplant including tobacco use, age of donor, age of recipient, lower baseline FEV1/FVC ratio, non-caucasian race, peripheral and lower circulating IgG levels. Studies have, however, shown mixed results regarding these other risk factors. There has been an association shown between the increased use of peripheral stem cells and the risk of developing bronchiolitis obliterans. Also, research has shown an increased risk for developing the disease within the first year of transplant if the person is infected with respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus within the first 100 days post transplant.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: There are many industrial inhalants that are known to cause various types of bronchiolitis, including bronchiolitis obliterans.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Diacetyl is a chemical used to produce the artificial butter flavoring in many foods such as candy and microwave popcorn and occurring naturally in wines. This first came to public attention when eight former employees of the Gilster-Mary Lee popcorn plant in Jasper, Missouri developed bronchiolitis obliterans. Due to this event, bronchiolitis obliterans began to be referred to in the popular media as "popcorn lung" or "popcorn workers lung". It is also referred to as "flavorings-related lung disease".


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Typically found in young children and is the most common cause at this age. Generally occurs after a viral infection of adenovirus (types 3, 7, and 21), measles (rubeola), mycoplasma, CMV, influenza, and parainfluenza. Swyer-James syndrome is a rare complication of bronchiolitis obliterans caused by measles or adenovirus. Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans is most common in the southern hemisphere particularly in countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Chile and New Zealand. There was a large prevalence of the disease in these areas during the 1990s and early 2000s. In one hospital in Buenos Aires, the Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's hospital, the disease accounted for 14% of their inpatient respiratory population from 1993 to 2002. As such, much of the information about post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans has come from research out of South America. The most significant risk factors for the disease are infection with adenovirus and the need for ventilator support. In contrast with another cause of bronchiolitis obliterans in children, Steven's Johnson's syndrome, post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans tends to be a chronic but non-progressive disease. The disease can have varying impact on children and their quality of life, which has been studied by lung function tests, as well as their exercise tolerance. Children with lower lung function based on their pulmonary function testing, have lower exercise tolerance, which compounds the impact of the disease on cardiovascular function as they are not able to maintain age appropriate aerobic fitness. This ultimately affects their activities of daily living (ADLs) and their quality of life going forward.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: A form of constrictive bronchiolitis is starting to present in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. It has been attributed to veterans being exposed to trash burn pits. Veterans present with shortness of breath and other asthma-like symptoms. The only way to diagnose this condition is by doing a lung biopsy as chest X-rays and CT scans come back as normal. The government still denies that there is any correlation between burn pits and health problems but the government has started an "Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry" to begin tracking the health of veterans who were exposed to burn pits to see if there is a connection.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: The American Lung Association lists flavored e-cigarettes as a risk in 2016. Health Canada has, however seen no cases as of 2019. Public Health England writes that the association has come about as "some flavourings used in e-liquids to provide a buttery flavour contain the chemical diacetyl... however, diacetyl is banned as an ingredient from e-cigarettes and e-liquids in the UK."


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: The underlying mechanism involves injury and inflammation of epithelial and sub-epithelial cells. These cells then lose the ability to repair the tissue, in particular they lose the ability to regenerate the epithelial or outermost layer, leading to the excess growth of cells that cause scarring. There are multiple pathways of the disease including fibrotic, lymphocytic, and antibody-mediated that have been described. However, while each pathway has a more unique starting point and cause, the result is still injury and inflammation leading to scarring of the lung tissue. The scarred tissue then makes the expiration phase of respiration more difficult, leading to air not being expelled from the lungs. This is termed "air-trapping", which can be seen on medical imaging. Since the scarring is non-reversible, the disease generally does not improve over time, and depending on the inciting can progress to death.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Bronchiolitis obliterans is often diagnosed based on the symptoms of obstructive lung disease following lung injury. The definitive diagnosis is through biopsy, but due to the variable distribution of lesions, leading to falsely negative tests, and invasive nature of this procedure it is often not performed. Several tests are often needed to diagnose bronchiolitis obliterans, including spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung tests (DLCO), lung volume tests, chest X-rays, high-resolution CT (HRCT), and lung biopsy.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Spirometry tests usually show an obstructive pattern and is the most common presentation. A slightly reduced to normal forced vital capacity (FVC), and a reduced FEV to FVC ratio and forced expiratory volume (FEV) with little to no correction with the use of bronchodialators are common findings. Lung volume tests may show hyperinflation (excessive air in lungs caused by air trapping). Diffusing capacity of the lung (DLCO) tests are usually normal; people with early-stage OB are more likely to have normal DLCO.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) should be above 80% of predicted values to be considered normal. Bronchiolitis obliterans reduces this to between 16% and 21%.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Early in the disease chest radiography is typically normal but may show hyperinflation. As the disease progresses a reticular pattern with thickening of airway walls may be present. HRCT can also show air trapping when the person being scanned breathes out completely; it can also show thickening in the airway and haziness in the lungs. A common finding on HRCT is patchy areas of decreased lung density, signifying reduced vascular caliber and air trapping. This pattern is often described as a "mosaic pattern", and may indicate bronchiolitis obliterans.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Transthoracic lung biopsies are preferable for diagnosis of constrictive BO compared to transbronchial biopsies; regardless of the type of biopsy, a diagnosis may only be achieved by examination of multiple samples. Transthoracic biopsies are preferred over transbronchial due to the heterogeneity and distribution of the lesions. OB can be further classified into two categories: constrictive or proliferative. The constrictive pattern is demonstrated by peribronchiolar cellular infiltrates which eventually causes small airway damage and leads to subepithelial fibrosis. The bronchial muscle can eventually become fibrosed which can be identified with trichrome staining. In regards to proliferative disease, intraluminal buds called "Masson bodies" fill the lumen, which results in bronchiolar plugging. Often people with proliferative disease will show butterfly wing-like appearance under microscopy. One key determinate that can be seen on biopsy to differentiate constrictive from proliferative disease is the extent of lesions. Both lesions are localized from the small bronchi to the membranous bronchi, but in constrictive disease, the lesions are intermittent while proliferative disease has a continuous distribution.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Other conditions that can present similarly include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, bronchiectasis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and pneumonia.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Disease caused by exposure to industrial inhalants and burn pits can be prevented with the use of engineering controls (e.g., exhaust hoods or closed systems), personal protective equipment, monitoring of potentially affected personnel, worker education and training.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: The primary prevention of bronchiolitis obliterans in people who have received either lung transplant or HSCT therapy is immunosuppression. In regards to post lung transplantation, the combination of calcineurin inhibitor combined with a purine synthesis inhibitor and a glucocorticoid is the general regimen used. People also have a baseline post-transplant lung function testing done in order to determine if their lung function is declining over time. People who are post-HSCT their immunosuppressive regimen typically includes methotrexate in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor to prevent GVHD, a risk factor for developing bronchiolitis obliterans.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: While the disease is not reversible, treatments can slow further worsening. This may include the use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressive medication which may have an effect on the ability to receive a lung transplant if offered. If patients have difficulty breathing (hypoxemia) oxygen can be supplemented. Routine vaccinations are recommended for patients with chronic lung disease to prevent complications from secondary infections due to pneumonia and influenza.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Transplant recipients are at risk for re-developing the disease, as bronchiolitis obliterans is a form of chronic rejection. Evaluation of interventions for its prevention relies on early detection of abnormal spirometry results or unusual decreases in repeated measurements.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: "Bronchiolitis obliterans" was originally a term used by pathologists to describe two patterns of airway disease, the other was "bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia" (BOOP), now known as cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. The name cryptogenic bronchiolitis obliterans is used when a cause is unknown.


title: Bronchiolitis obliterans

text: Bronchiolitis obliterans when it occurs following a lung transplant is known as "bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome" (BOS). BOS is defined as a person who has had either a HSCT or lung transplant and develops symptoms or radiographic findings consistent with bronchiolitis obliterans, but has not been confirmed by biopsy.


title: Gram matrix

text: In linear algebra, the Gram matrix (or Gramian matrix, Gramian) of a set of vectors formula_1 in an inner product space is the Hermitian matrix of inner products, whose entries are given by the inner product formula_2. If the vectors formula_1 are the columns of matrix formula_4 then the Gram matrix is formula_5 in the general case that the vector coordinates are complex numbers, which simplifies to formula_6 for the case that the vector coordinates are real numbers.


title: Gram matrix

text: An important application is to compute linear independence: a set of vectors are linearly independent if and only if the Gram determinant (the determinant of the Gram matrix) is non-zero.


title: Gram matrix

text: For finite-dimensional real vectors in formula_7 with the usual Euclidean dot product, the Gram matrix is formula_8, where formula_9 is a matrix whose columns are the vectors formula_10 and formula_11 is its transpose whose rows are the vectors formula_12. For complex vectors in formula_13, formula_14, where formula_15 is the conjugate transpose of formula_9.


title: Gram matrix

text: Given square-integrable functions formula_17 on the interval formula_18, the Gram matrix formula_19 is:


title: Gram matrix

text: For any bilinear form formula_23 on a finite-dimensional vector space over any field we can define a Gram matrix formula_24 attached to a set of vectors formula_25 by formula_26. The matrix will be symmetric if the bilinear form formula_23 is symmetric.


title: Gram matrix

text: The Gram matrix is symmetric in the case the real product is real-valued; it is Hermitian in the general, complex case by definition of an inner product.


title: Gram matrix

text: The Gram matrix is positive semidefinite, and every positive semidefinite matrix is the Gramian matrix for some set of vectors. The fact that the Gramian matrix is positive-semidefinite can be seen from the following simple derivation:


title: Gram matrix

text: The first equality follows from the definition of matrix multiplication, the second and third from the bi-linearity of the inner-product, and the last from the positive definiteness of the inner product.


title: Gram matrix

text: Note that this also shows that the Gramian matrix is positive definite if and only if the vectors formula_38 are linearly independent (that is, formula_39 for all formula_40).


title: Gram matrix

text: Here formula_23 is a formula_47 matrix, where formula_28 is the rank of formula_32. Various ways to obtain such a decomposition include computing the Cholesky decomposition or taking the non-negative square root of formula_32.


title: Gram matrix

text: The columns formula_51 of formula_23 can be seen as "n" vectors in formula_53 (or "k"-dimensional Euclidean space formula_54, in the real case). Then


title: Gram matrix

text: Thus a Hermitian matrix formula_32 is positive semidefinite if and only if it is the Gram matrix of some vectors formula_51. Such vectors are called a vector realization of The infinite-dimensional analog of this statement is Mercer's theorem.


title: Gram matrix

text: If formula_32 is the Gram matrix of vectors formula_61 in formula_54 then applying any rotation or reflection of formula_54 (any orthogonal transformation, that is, any Euclidean isometry preserving 0) to the sequence of vectors results in the same Gram matrix. That is, for any formula_64 orthogonal matrix formula_65, the Gram matrix of formula_66 is also


title: Gram matrix

text: This is the only way in which two real vector realizations of formula_32 can differ: the vectors formula_61 are unique up to orthogonal transformations. In other words, the dot products formula_69 and formula_70 are equal if and only if some rigid transformation of formula_54 transforms the vectors formula_61 to formula_73 and 0 to 0.


title: Gram matrix

text: That is, if the Gram matrix of vectors formula_25 is equal to the Gram matrix of vectors formula_73 in formula_53 then there is a unitary formula_64 matrix formula_78 (meaning formula_79) such that formula_80 for formula_81.


title: Gram matrix

text: If formula_25 are vectors in formula_90 then it is the square of the "n"-dimensional volume of the parallelotope formed by the vectors. In particular, the vectors are linearly independent if and only if the parallelotope has nonzero "n"-dimensional volume, if and only if Gram determinant is nonzero, if and only if the Gram matrix is nonsingular. When the determinant and volume are zero. When , this reduces to the standard theorem that the absolute value of the determinant of "n" "n"-dimensional vectors is the "n"-dimensional volume. The Gram determinant is also useful for computing the volume of the simplex formed by the vectors; its volume is .


title: Gram matrix

text: When the vectors formula_92 are defined from the positions of points formula_93 relative to some reference point formula_94,


title: Gram matrix

text: where each formula_97 is the corresponding point formula_98 supplemented with the coordinate value of 1 for an formula_99-st dimension. Note that in the common case that , the second term on the right-hand side will be zero.


title: Gram matrix

text: Given a set of linearly independent vectors formula_100 with Gram matrix formula_101, one can construct an orthonormal basis


title: Gram matrix

text: The positive definite matrix formula_103 is guaranteed to exist because, as mentioned above, the formula_104 are linearly independent if and only if G is invertible and hence is positive definite (not just semidefinite). The inverse formula_105 of positive definite matrix G is unique and also positive definite and thus has a unique positive definite square root formula_106. One can check that these new vectors are orthonormal:


title: Capsicum frutescens

text: Capsicum frutescens is a wild chili pepper having genetic proximity to the cultivated pepper "Capsicum chinense" native to Central and South America. Pepper cultivars of "C. frutescens" can be annual or short-lived perennial plants. Flowers are white with a greenish white or greenish yellow corolla, and are either insect- or self-pollinated. The plants' berries typically grow erect; ellipsoid-conical to lanceoloid shaped. They are usually very small and pungent, growing long and in diameter. Fruit typically grows a pale yellow and matures to a bright red, but can also be other colors. "C. frutescens" has a smaller variety of shapes compared to other "Capsicum" species. "C. frutescens" has been bred to produce ornamental strains because of its large quantities of erect peppers growing in colorful ripening patterns.


title: Capsicum frutescens

text: The "Capsicum frutescens" species likely originated in South or Central America. It spread quickly throughout the tropical and subtropical regions in this area and still grows wild today. "Capsicum frutescens" is native to Central America and Northern and Western South America. "C. frutescens" may be related to "C. chinense".


title: Capsicum frutescens

text: According to Richard Pankhurst, "C. frutescens" (known as "barbaré") was so important to the national cuisine of Ethiopia, at least as early as the 19th century, "that it was cultivated extensively in the warmer areas wherever the soil was suitable." Although it was grown in every province, "barbaré" was especially extensive in Yejju, "which supplied much of Showa as well as other neighbouring provinces". He singles out the upper Golima River valley as almost entirely devoted to cultivating this plant, where thousands of acres were devoted to the plant and it was harvested year-round.


title: Capsicum frutescens

text: This pepper is common in eastern and southern India where it grows readily in a favorable climate. It is known locally by various common names.


title: Capsicum frutescens

text: "Helicoverpa assulta" is one of very few insects that can successfully feed on the red pepper because it can tolerate capsaicin.


title: Free-space path loss

text: In telecommunication, the free-space path loss (FSPL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight path through free space (usually air). The "Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas", IEEE Std 145-1993, defines "free-space loss" as "The loss between two isotropic radiators in free space, expressed as a power ratio." It does not include any power loss in the antennas themselves due to imperfections such as resistance. Free space loss increases with the square of distance between the antennas because the radio waves spread out by the inverse square law and decreases with the square of the wavelength of the radio waves. The FSPL is rarely used standalone, but rather as a part of the Friis transmission formula, which includes the gain of antennas. It is a factor that must be included in the power link budget of a radio communication system, to ensure that sufficient radio power reaches the receiver such that the transmitted signal is received intelligibly.


title: Free-space path loss

text: The free-space path loss (FSPL) formula derives from the Friis transmission formula. This states that in a radio system consisting of a transmitting antenna transmitting radio waves to a receiving antenna, the ratio of radio wave power received formula_1 to the power transmitted formula_2 is:


title: Free-space path loss

text: The distance between the antennas formula_8 must be large enough that the antennas are in the far field of each other formula_9.


title: Free-space path loss

text: The free-space path loss is the loss factor in this equation that is due to distance and wavelength, or in other words, the ratio of power transmitted to power received assuming the antennas are isotropic and have no directivity (formula_10):


title: Free-space path loss

text: Since the frequency of a radio wave formula_12 is equal to the speed of light formula_13 divided by the wavelength, the path loss can also be written in terms of frequency:


title: Free-space path loss

text: Beside the assumption that the antennas are lossless, this formula assumes that the polarization of the antennas is the same, that there are no multipath effects, and that the radio wave path is sufficiently far away from obstructions that it acts as if it is in free space. This last restriction requires an ellipsoidal area around the line of sight out to 0.6 of the Fresnel zone be clear of obstructions. The Fresnel zone increases in diameter with the wavelength of the radio waves. Often the concept of free space path loss is applied to radio systems that don't completely meet these requirements, but these imperfections can be accounted for by small constant power loss factors that can be included in the link budget.


title: Free-space path loss

text: The free-space loss increases with the distance between the antennas and decreases with the wavelength of the radio waves due to these factors:


title: Free-space path loss

text: The radio waves from the transmitting antenna spread out in a spherical wavefront. The amount of power passing through any sphere centered on the transmitting antenna is equal. The surface area of a sphere of radius formula_8 is formula_18. Thus the intensity or power density of the radiation in any particular direction from the antenna is inversely proportional to the square of distance