title: Armillaria

text: Armillaria is a genus of fungi that includes the "A. mellea" species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs. It includes about 10 species formerly categorized summarily as "A. mellea". "Armillarias" are long-lived and form the largest living fungi in the world. The largest known organism (of the species "Armillaria ostoyae") covers more than in Oregon's Malheur National Forest and is estimated to be 2,500 years old. Some species of "Armillaria" display bioluminescence, resulting in foxfire.


title: Armillaria

text: "Armillaria" can be a destructive forest pathogen. It causes "white rot" root disease (see Plant pathology section) of forests, which distinguishes it from "Tricholoma", a mycorrhizal (non-parasitic) genus. Because "Armillaria" is a facultative saprophyte, it also feeds on dead plant material, allowing it to kill its host, unlike parasites that must moderate their growth to avoid host death.


title: Armillaria

text: The basidiocarp (reproductive structure) of the fungus is a mushroom that grows on wood, typically in small dense clumps or tufts. Their caps (mushroom tops) are typically yellow-brown, somewhat sticky to touch when moist, and, depending on age, may range in shape from conical to convex to depressed in the center. The stipe (stalk) may or may not have a ring. All "Armillaria" species have a white spore print and none have a volva (cup at base) (compare "Amanita").


title: Armillaria

text: Similar species include "Pholiota" spp. which also grow in cespitose (mat-like) clusters on wood and fruit in the fall. "Pholiota" spp. are separated from Armillaria by its yellowish to greenish-yellow tone and a dark brown to grey-brown spore print. Mushroom hunters need to be wary of "Galerina " spp. which can grow side by side with "Armillaria" spp. on wood. "Galerina" have a dark brown spore print and are deadly poisonous (alpha-amanitin) – see: mushroom poisoning.


title: Armillaria

text: Honey fungus is a "white rot" fungus, which is a pathogenic organism that affects trees, shrubs, woody climbers and rarely, woody herbaceous perennial plants. Honey fungus can grow on living, decaying, and dead plant material.


title: Armillaria

text: Honey fungus spreads from living trees, dead and live roots and stumps by means of reddish-brown to black rhizomorphs (root-like structures) at the rate of approximately a year, but infection by root contact is possible. Infection by spores is rare. Rhizomorphs grow close to the soil surface (in the top ) and invade new roots, or the root collar (where the roots meet the stem) of plants. An infected tree will die once the fungus has girdled it, or when significant root damage has occurred. This can happen rapidly, or may take several years. Infected plants will deteriorate, although may exhibit prolific flower or fruit production shortly before death.


title: Armillaria

text: Initial symptoms of honey fungus infection include dieback or shortage of leaves in spring. Rhizomorphs (also called mycelial cords) appear under the bark and around the tree, and mushrooms grow in clusters from the infected plant in autumn and die back after the first frost. However these symptoms and signs do not necessarily mean that the pathogenic strains of honey fungus are the cause, so other identification methods are advised before diagnosis. Thin sheets of cream colored mycelium, beneath the bark at the base of the trunk or stem indicated that honey fungus is likely the pathogen. It will give off a strong mushroom scent and the mushrooms sometimes extend upward. On conifers honey fungus often exudes a gum or resin from cracks in the bark.


title: Armillaria

text: The name "Armillaria" was defined in 1821 by Fries, but at that time most gilled mushrooms were considered to belong to genus "Agaricus" and "Armillaria" was only a subgenus (a "tribe"). It was only in 1857 that Friedrich Staude created it as a genus in its own right.


title: Armillaria

text: The linkage of morphological, genetic, and molecular characters of "Armillaria" over the past few decades has led to the recognition of intersterile groups designated as "biological species". Data from such studies, especially those using molecular diagnostic tools, have removed much uncertainty for mycologists and forest pathologists. New questions remain unanswered regarding the phylogeny of North American "Armillaria" species and their relationships to their European counterparts, particularly within the ""Armillaria mellea" complex". Some data suggest that North American and European "A. gallica" isolates are not monophyletic. Although North American and European isolates of "A. gallica" may be interfertile, some North American isolates of "A. gallica" are more closely related to the North American taxon "A. calvescens" than to European isolates of "A. gallica". The increase in genetic divergence has not necessarily barred inter-sterility between isolated populations of "A. gallica". Although the relationships among some groups in the genus seem clearer, the investigation of geographically diverse isolates has revealed that the relationship between some North American species is still unclear (Hughes et al. 2003).


title: Armillaria

text: Intersterile species of "Armillaria" occurring in North America (North American Biological Species = NABS) were listed by Mallett (1992):


title: Armillaria

text: NABS I, V, VII, IX, X, and XI have been found in British Columbia; I, III, V have been found in the Prairie Provinces, with I and V occurring in both the boreal and subalpine regions; I, III, V, and VII have been found in Ontario; and I, II, III, V, and VI have been found in Quebec. "Armillaria ostoyae" is the species most commonly found in all Canadian provinces surveyed (Mallett 1990). "Armillaria" root rot occurs in the Northwest Territories, and was identified on white spruce at Pine Point on Great Slave Lake prior to NABS findings.


title: Armillaria

text: In 1791 Albrecht Wilhelm Roth described the species "Rhizomorpha fragilis" for a collection which consisted entirely of rhizomorphs. The genus "Rhizomorpha" thus became established and later these mycelial cords were shown to belong to "Armillaria mellea". According to the code of nomenclature that means that the two genus names are synonyms and since genus "Armillaria" was not defined until 1857, the name "Rhizomorpha" takes precedence and should replace the name "Armillaria". To avoid this a 2021 paper by Stalpers et al. proposes that the name "Armillaria" should be protected. However the proposal awaits decisions by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi and eventually by an International Botanical Congress.


title: Armillaria

text: Honey fungus are regarded in Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Germany and other European countries as one of the best wild mushrooms. They are commonly ranked above morels and chanterelles and only the cep/porcini is more highly prized. However, honey fungus must be thoroughly cooked as they are mildly poisonous raw. Honey mushrooms are one of four UK species can cause sickness when ingested with alcohol. For those unfamiliar with the species, it is advisable not to drink alcohol for 12 hours before and 24 hours after eating this mushroom to avoid any possible nausea and vomiting. However, if these rules are followed this variety of mushroom is a delicacy with a distinctive mushroomy and nutty flavour. Reference texts for identification are "Collins Complete British Mushrooms and Toadstools" for the variety of field pictures in it, and Roger Philips' "Mushrooms" for the quality of his out of field pictures and descriptions.


title: Armillaria

text: In Norway, some mycologists have started to regard honey fungus as poisonous, as the Norway health department is moving away from the parboiling practice.


title: Armillaria

text: Potential hosts include conifers and various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species, ranging from asparagus and strawberry to large forest trees (Patton and Vasquez Bravo 1967). "Armillaria" root rot enters hosts through the roots. In Alberta, 75% of trap logs (Mallett and Hiratsuka 1985) inserted into the soil between planted spruce became infected with the distinctive white mycelium of "Armillaria" within one year. Of the infestations, 12% were "A. ostoyae", and 88% were "A. sinapina" (Blenis et al. 1995). Reviews of the biology, diversity, pathology, and control of "Armillaria" in Fox (2000) are useful.


title: .260 Remington

text: The .260 Remington (also known as 6.5-08 A-Square) cartridge was introduced by Remington in 1997. Many wildcat cartridges based on the .308 Winchester case had existed for years before Remington standardized this round.


title: .260 Remington

text: Because 6.5 mm (.264") bullets have relatively high ballistic coefficients, the .260 Remington has seen success in rifle competition including bench rest, metallic silhouette, and long range. It is capable of duplicating the trajectory of the .300 Winchester Magnum, while generating significantly lower recoil. Also, converting a rifle chambered for the .308 Winchester (or any of its offspring, such as the .243 Winchester, 7mm-08 Remington, .358 Winchester or .338 Federal) to .260 Remington generally requires little more than a simple barrel change.


title: .260 Remington

text: Remington has had a track record of adopting successful wildcat cartridges into the Remington fold by offering rifles and ammunition and at times attaching their name to the cartridge. Like many cartridges such as the .22–250 Remington, .25-06 Remington, and 7 mm-08 Remington, the .260 Remington started its life as a wildcat cartridge called the 6.5-08, and was eventually released as a commercial cartridge by Remington. However, Remington was not the first to attempt to standardize the cartridge. LTC Arthur Alphin and his company A-Square LLC submitted the first proposal and drawings to SAAMI for the standardization of the cartridge. Remington filed similar papers with SAAMI to do the same a few months later. When the dust settled, the 6.5-08 would be called the .260 Remington instead of 6.5–08 A-Square.


title: .260 Remington

text: The 6.5-08 cartridge was created simply by necking down the .308 Winchester. Handloaders and wildcatters can easily form .260 cases by necking down the 7mm-08 Remington or necking up the .243 Winchester (both based on the same .308 case). Since the parent cartridges were readily available for low cost, the 6.5-08 was often an economical alternative to cartridges such as the 6.5×55mm. What the 6.5-08 provided over the .243 Winchester, .308 Winchester, and to a lesser degree the 7mm-08 Remington was bullets with excellent ballistic coefficients and sectional densities.


title: .260 Remington

text: Since the 6.5-08 was a wildcat cartridge, variations existed between cartridge chambers depending on the reamer used to cut the chamber. Furthermore, depending on whether one chose to form the case from .243 Winchester or .308 Winchester influenced the neck thickness and therefore the dimensions of the cartridge. A cartridge formed for a specific rifle may or may not successfully chamber or worse may reach dangerous pressures in another. Standardizing the cartridge addressed the issues owners experienced when it was a wildcat.


title: .260 Remington

text: .264 (6.5 mm) caliber has historically been commercially unsuccessful in North America but has been one of the mainstays in Europe especially in the Scandinavian countries. The 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer, 6.5×55mm, 6.5×57 Mauser, and 6.5-284 Norma have loyal followings in Europe. Starting with the .264 Winchester Magnum and later the 6.5mm Remington Magnum, North American cartridges in this caliber have been largely failures. The .260 Remington appeared to be following this North American trend, with Remington only producing the Model Seven Synthetic in the .260 Remington for 2011 as it has discontinued such rifles as the Model 700 CDL and the Model Seven (including the youth model) in .260. However, Remington continues to manufacture several types of .260 Remington loads. The use of the .260 Remington by Sgt Sherri Gallagher to win the 2010 NRA High Power National Championship has sparked a resurgence in the round, and Lapua announced at the 2011 SHOT show that it would be manufacturing .260 Remington brass.


title: .260 Remington

text: The .260 Remington uses the .308 Winchester case as its parent cartridge which is simply necked down to accept a .264 caliber bullet with no further changes made to the case. As the cartridge follows a modern design, it has little taper which allowed its parent cartridge to feed reliably through auto-loading rifles such as the M14, FN FAL and the H&K G3. The .260 Remington has a case capacity of about 3.47 ml (53.5 grains) HO.


title: .260 Remington

text: Both SAAMI and C.I.P. have provided design specifications for the .260 Remington cartridge. While there are minor dimensional differences between dimensions provided by both organizations, these dimensional differences mostly fall within the tolerances allowed by the other organization, though C.I.P. lists the .260 as a Delta L problem cartridge. SAAMI dimensions for the cartridge were issued on January 29, 1999, when the Remington's submission was accepted.


title: .260 Remington

text: SAAMI recommends a barrel with a 6 groove contour and a twist rate of one revolution every with each groove having a width of . The recommended bore diameter is and the groove diameter is . SAAMI recommends that rifling commence at from the chamber mouth. SAAMI also recommends a pressure of


title: .260 Remington

text: .260 Remington maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm) plus Imperial (inches).


title: .260 Remington

text: Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 229 mm (1 in 9 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = , Ø grooves = , land width = and the primer type is large rifle.


title: .260 Remington

text: According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings, the .260 Remington case can handle up to piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.


title: .260 Remington

text: The .260 Remington being a .264 caliber (6.5 mm) has certain advantages: the bullets have good sectional density (penetrating ability) and a good selection of bullet weights. Factory ammunition usually are loaded with bullets weighing anywhere from to . Bullets available to the reloader range from to . The bullet has a sectional density of 0.246 which is similar to a .308 caliber (7.62 mm) bullet. The bullet has a sectional density of 0.287 which is similar to that of a .308 caliber (7.62 mm) bullet. The bullet which has a sectional density of 0.328 is similar in sectional density to a .308 caliber (7.62 mm) bullet. As sectional density plays a large factor in penetration, the .264 caliber (6.5 mm), though a diminutive caliber from a North American point of view, has had excellent results in the field. Walter D.M. Bell, who was known to have shot over a thousand elephants in his lifetime, used, among others, .264 caliber (6.5 mm) and .284 caliber (7 mm) rifles to do so.


title: .260 Remington

text: The .260 Remington, while having a slightly lesser case capacity than the 6.5×55mm, is loaded to higher pressure levels. The opposite is true when comparing the .260 Remington to the 6.5mm Creedmoor: They are nearly-identical but the Creedmoor can take a higher chamber pressure than the .260 Remington, leading the Creedmoor to have more room for a longer bullet (more aerodynamically efficient, higher sectional density than most shorter bullets) in a given magazine length or cartridge overall length than the .260 Remington's maximum projectile length or ogive length, and yet the .260 Remington only has a similar muzzle velocities as the 6.5 Creedmoor for a given projectile weight, despite the .260 Remington's larger case capacity and longer brass casing. However, for the same reasons (higher chamber pressure than the 6.5x55 Swede and shorter brass casing), the .260 Remington outperforms the 6.5x55 Swede. Typically, the .260 Remington is loaded with a bullet at and the bullet at . In contrast, Norma of Sweden loads the 6.5×55mm with a bullet at and the bullet at .


title: .260 Remington

text: While it is possible to load the bullet which is popular in Northern Europe, for the .260 Remington, due to the comparatively short overall length of the cartridge, the bullet will need to be seated deep into the body of the cartridge, displacing space which could be taken up by the propellant. For this reason, bullets weighing over are not generally recommended for loading with this cartridge.


title: .260 Remington

text: Due in large part to its parentage, the .260 Remington has been adopted into tactical and target shooting rifles. Any rifle which is chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO or .308 Winchester can be converted with only the addition of an appropriate barrel to the .260 Remington. Companies such as Lewis Machine & Tool (LMT), ArmaLite, LaRue, and DPMS Panther Arms are among several companies which currently manufacture tactical rifles for use with this cartridge. The 6.5 mm (.264 caliber) bullets have favorable ballistic coefficients and have been adopted for target shooting, especially in the Scandinavian nations. Tubbs manufactures rifles for competition one of which went on to win the NRA HP Championship in 2010.


title: .260 Remington

text: The .260 Remington has become popular with metallic silhouette shooters. The 2014 NRA National Championship equipment survey lists the .260 Remington as most popular caliber for both the high power rifle and high power hunter rifle competition.


title: .260 Remington

text: The .260 Remington is effective on antelope, sheep, goat, or caribou, while its performance is similar to the 6.5×55mm, which is widely used on moose in Sweden and Finland. While capable of taking Class 3 game such as elk and moose, some hunters, particularly Canadian professional hunters who hunt large moose and elk, consider it slightly underpowered for these species and best used for smaller deer species such as white-tail and mule deer. The 6.5×55mm, which is usually loaded to a lower power level than the .260 Remington, is commonly used in Norway and Sweden with bullets weighing at least to kill Eurasian elk (a term which is applied to moose in these countries). The .260 Remington would make an excellent cartridge for hunting Class 2 species such as the smaller African antelope weighing or less.


title: .260 Remington

text: Loaded with lighter bullets, the .260 Remington can be used as an effective varmint or a small predator hunting cartridge for use against such species as marmots, woodchucks, bobcats and coyotes. Bullets chosen for these species should be designed to open rapidly unless harvesting of the pelt is the objective. FMJ or other non-expanding bullets can be used if the latter is the case.


title: .260 Remington

text: The .260 Remington, loaded with very low drag bullets such as the Lapua, Berger, or Sierra, can match the performance of the Sierra-loaded .300 Winchester Magnum, with better resistance to wind deflection and half the recoil. With a boattail, energy remaining at is comparable to a in .308 Winchester, while generating only about three-quarters the recoil.


title: .260 Remington

text: When the .260 Remington was introduced, Remington chambered the cartridge in both the Model 700 (BDL and CDL) and the Model Seven (CDL and Youth) rifles. Remington also offered the cartridge in a Law Enforcement (LE) only model of the Model 700 rifle. While Remington has discontinued the chambering of the .260 Remington in these models, the Remington Custom Shop continues to produce rifles chambered for the cartridge.


title: .260 Remington

text: Browning at one time chambered the cartridge in their copy of the Winchester 1885 Low Wall rifle which Browning markets as the B78 and also their A-Bolt Micro Hunter rifle. Browning has since discontinued the .260 Remington chambering in these models.


title: .260 Remington

text: Savage Arms continues to manufacture several rifles chambered for the .260 Remington. Currently they offer the Hunter Series 11 FCNS, Weather Warrior Series 16 FCSS, and the Target Series Model 12Long Range Precision rifle. Savage also chambers the cartridge in more specialized rifles such as the Model 10 Predator Hunter Max 1, Model 11 Lightweight Hunter and the Model 11 Long Range Hunter.


title: .260 Remington

text: Lewis Machine & Tool offers 260 Remington Barrels for the MWS series of rifles which allow the operator to quickly change barrel from several different calibers.


title: .260 Remington

text: The cartridge that is now popularly known as the .260 Remington was submitted for standardization under SAAMI by the A-Square Company in 1996, several months prior to Remington announcing their plans to introduce the cartridge under their own name. A-Square's submission was called the 6.5-08 A-Square. Some users continue to refer to the cartridge under this name.


title: .260 Remington

text: Since the acceptance of the submission by Remington Arms for the standardization of the 6.5-08 cartridge by SAAMI, A-Square has dropped the cartridge from their line of cartridges chambered for their rifles and no longer offers ammunition in this cartridge. Instead A-Square LLC has gone on to produce rifles and ammunition for the 6.5-06 A-Square cartridge which is based on the .30-06 Springfield necked down to .264 caliber (6.5 mm). This cartridge provides over a velocity advantage over the .260 Remington.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: HMS "Duke of York" was a battleship of the Royal Navy. Laid down in May 1937, the ship was constructed by John Brown and Company at Clydebank, Scotland, and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 4 November 1941, subsequently seeing combat service during the Second World War.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: In mid-December 1941, "Duke of York" transported Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the United States to meet President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The journey through the seas were rough even for the North Atlantic, Churchill wrote to his wife "Being in a ship in such weather as this is like being in a prison, with the extra chance of being drowned." Between March and September 1942 "Duke of York" was involved with convoy escort duties, including as flagship of the Heavy Covering Force of Convoy PQ-17, but in October she was dispatched to Gibraltar where she became the flagship of Force H.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: In October 1942, "Duke of York" was involved in the Allied invasion of North Africa, but saw little action as her role only required her to protect the accompanying aircraft carriers. "Duke of York" stopped the Portuguese vessel "Gil Eannes" on 1 November 1942 and a commando arrested Gastão de Freitas Ferraz. The British had picked up radio traffic indicating naval espionage, possibly compromising the secrecy of the upcoming Operation Torch.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: After Operation Torch, "Duke of York" was involved in Operations Camera and Governor, which were diversionary operations designed to draw the Germans' attention away from Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. On 4 October, "Duke of York" operated with her sister ship in covering a force of Allied cruisers and destroyers and the American carrier , during Operation Leader, which raided German shipping off Norway. The attack sank four merchant ships and badly damaged a further seven.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: On 26 December 1943 "Duke of York" was part of a task force which encountered the off the North Cape of Norway. During the engagement that followed, "Scharnhorst" hit "Duke of York" twice with little effect, but was herself hit by several of "Duke of York"s 14-inch shells, silencing one of her turrets and hitting a boiler room. After temporarily escaping from "Duke of York"s heavy fire, "Scharnhorst" was struck several times by torpedoes, allowing "Duke of York" to again open fire, contributing to the eventual sinking of "Scharnhorst" after a running action lasting ten-and-a-half hours.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: In 1945, "Duke of York" was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet as its flagship, but suffered mechanical problems in Malta which prevented her arriving in time to see any action before Japan surrendered.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: After the war, "Duke of York" remained active until she was laid up in November 1951. She was eventually scrapped in 1957.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: In the aftermath of the First World War, the Washington Naval Treaty was drawn up in 1922 in an effort to stop an arms race developing between Britain, Japan, France, Italy and the United States. This treaty limited the number of ships each nation was allowed to build and capped the displacement of capital ships at . These restrictions were extended in 1930 through the Treaty of London, but by the mid-1930s Japan and Italy had withdrawn from both of these treaties and the British became concerned about the lack of modern battleships in the Royal Navy. The Admiralty therefore ordered the construction of a new battleship class: the . Due to the provisions of both the Washington Naval Treaty and the Treaty of London, both of which were still in effect when the "King George V"s were being designed, the main armament of the class was limited to the guns. They were the only battleships built at that time to adhere to the treaty and even though it soon became apparent to the British that the other signatories to the treaty were ignoring its requirements, it was too late to change the design of the class before they were laid down in 1937.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: "Duke of York" was the third ship in the "King George V" class, and was laid down at John Brown & Company's shipyard in Clydebank, Scotland, on 5 May 1937. The title of Duke of York was in abeyance at that time, having been that held by King George VI prior to his succession to the throne in December 1936. The battleship was launched on 28 February 1940 and completed on 4 November 1941, and joined the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: "Duke of York" displaced as built and fully loaded. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . Her designed metacentric height was at normal load and at deep load.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving four propeller shafts. Steam was provided by eight Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers which normally delivered , but could deliver at emergency overload.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: This gave "Duke of York" a top speed of . The ship carried of fuel oil, which was later increased to . She also carried of diesel oil, of reserve feed water and of freshwater. At full speed "Duke of York" had a range of at .


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: "Duke of York" mounted 10 BL Mk VII guns, which were mounted in one Mark II twin turret forward and two Mark III quadruple turrets, one forward and one aft. The guns could be elevated 40 degrees and depressed 3 degrees, while their training arcs varied. Turret "A" was able to traverse 286 degrees, while turrets "B" and "Y" could both move through 270 degrees. Hydraulic drives were used in the training and elevating process, achieving rates of two and eight degrees per second, respectively. A full gun broadside weighed , and a salvo could be fired every 40 seconds. The secondary armament consisted of 16 QF Mk I dual purpose guns which were mounted in eight twin turrets. The maximum range of the Mk I guns was at a 45-degree elevation, the anti-aircraft ceiling was . The guns could be elevated to 70 degrees and depressed to 5 degrees. The normal rate of fire was ten to twelve rounds per minute, but in practice the guns could only fire seven to eight rounds per minute.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: Along with her main and secondary batteries, "Duke of York" carried 48 QF 2 pdr () Mk.VIII "pom-pom" anti-aircraft guns in six octuple, power-driven, mountings. These were supplemented by six Oerlikon light AA guns in single, hand-worked, mounts.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: In mid-December 1941, "Duke of York" embarked Prime Minister Winston Churchill for a trip to the United States to confer with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. She arrived at Annapolis, Maryland, on 22 December 1941, made a shakedown cruise to Bermuda in January 1942, and departed for Scapa Flow on 17 January with Churchill returning home by air.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: On 1 March 1942, she provided close escort for Convoy PQ 12 in company with the battlecruiser , the cruiser , and six destroyers. On 6 March, that force was reinforced with one of "Duke of York"s sister-ships, , and the aircraft carrier , the heavy cruiser , and six destroyers as a result of Admiral John Tovey's concerns that the battleship might attempt to intercept the convoy. On 6 March, the German battleship put to sea and was sighted by a British submarine around 19:40; no contact was made, however, except for an unsuccessful aerial torpedo attack by aircraft from "Victorious".


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: Later that month, Convoy PQ 13 was constituted and "Duke of York" again formed part of the escort force. In early April, "Duke of York", "King George V", and the carrier "Victorious" formed the core of a support force that patrolled between Iceland and Norway to cover several convoys to the Soviet Union. In late April, when "King George V" accidentally rammed and sank the destroyer in dense fog, sustaining significant bow damage, "Duke of York" was sent to relieve her. She continued in these operations through May, when she was joined by the American battleship . In mid-September, "Duke of York" escorted Convoy QP 14.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: In October 1942, "Duke of York" was sent to Gibraltar as the new flagship of Force H, and supported the Allied landings in North Africa the following month. During this time "Duke of York" came under air attack by Italian aircraft on several occasions, but the raids were relatively small scale and were swiftly dealt with by the "umbrella" provided by the aircraft from the accompanying carriers "Victorious", and . After this action, "Duke of York" returned to Britain for a refit.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: With her refit completed, "Duke of York" resumed her status as flagship from 14 May 1943 pending the departure of "King George V" and "Howe" for Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily. Operation Gearbox in June 1943 involved a sweep by "Duke of York" and , in company with the US battleships and , to provide distant cover for minor operations in Spitsbergen and the Kola Inlet, while the following month diversionary operations, code-named "Camera" and "Governor of Norway," were carried out in order to draw the Germans' attention away from Operation Husky. On 4 October, "Duke of York" and "Anson" covered a force of Allied cruisers and destroyers and the American carrier under Operation Leader, which raided German shipping off Norway. The attack resulted in the sinking of four German merchant ships and damage to seven others, which forced many of them to be grounded.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: In 1943, the German battleship "Scharnhorst" moved to Norway, a position whence she could threaten the Arctic convoys to Russia. With "Tirpitz" and two armoured ships also in Norwegian fjords, it was necessary for the Royal Navy to provide heavy escorts for convoys between Britain and Russia. One of these was sighted by the Germans in early December 1943, and Allied intelligence concluded that the following convoy, Convoy JW 55B, would be attacked by the German surface ships. Two surface forces (Forces 1 and 2) were assigned to provide distant cover to JW 55B, which had left Loch Ewe on 22 December. On 25 December 1943, "Scharnhorst" was reported at sea, escorted by five Narvik-class destroyers ("Z-29", "Z-30", "Z-33", "Z-34", and "Z-38"). Force 1, comprising the heavy cruiser , and the light cruisers and "Sheffield", made contact shortly after 0900 on 26 December. A brief gunnery engagement followed, without damage to Force 1, but two hits from a cruiser's guns upon "Scharnhorst" resulted in the destruction of her radar controls. In worsening weather, unable to effectively control her fire, "Scharnhorst" was unable to convert a tactical advantage of greater range and weight of shot. Fearing she was in a gunnery duel with a battleship, "Scharnhorst" turned away, outdistancing her pursuers. She again outran Force 1 after a second brief skirmish around noon that did not further damage "Scharnhorst", but did result in hits on "Norfolk" which disabled a main battery turret and her radar. "Kriegsmarine" "Konteradmiral" (Rear Admiral) Erich Bey, aboard "Scharnhorst", having already detached his destroyers to independently seek out Convoy JW 55B, ordered "Scharnhorst" to return to port at Altafjord, Norway.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: Meanwhile, Force 2, comprising "Duke of York", the light cruiser , and four destroyers (the S-class , , and , and the Norwegian destroyer ), was closing, and it was estimated that a night action with "Scharnhorst" would commence around 17:15. But "Scharnhorst" altered course, and "Belfast" regained radar contact, passing it to Force 2. "Duke of York" made her initial radar contact at 16:17, at a distance of , and Force 2 began to manoeuvre for broadside fire and torpedo runs by the destroyers. "Belfast" fired star shells at 1648 to illuminate "Scharnhorst", followed by another star shell from one of "Duke of York"s guns, taking "Scharnhorst" by surprise with her main battery trained fore and aft. By 16:50, "Duke of York" had closed to less than and opened fire with a full 10-gun broadside, scoring one hit. Although under heavy fire, "Scharnhorst"s return fire straddled "Duke of York" a number of times and hit her twice. A shell passed through the mainmast and its port leg without detonating, but fragments from the hit destroyed the cable for the main search radar. A shell also pierced the port strut of the foremast without exploding. At 1655, a shell from "Duke of York" silenced "Scharnhorst"s forward main battery turrets Anton and Bruno, but she maintained speed so that by 1824 the range had opened to , when "Duke of York" ceased fire after expending 52 broadsides. However, one shell from the final salvoes pierced "Scharnhorst"s armour belt and destroyed her No. 1 boiler room, slowing the ship and allowing the pursuing British destroyers to overtake her.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: Force 2's destroyers attacked at 18:50 with torpedoes, launching 28 and scoring hits with four. This further slowed "Scharnhorst", and at 19:01 "Duke of York" and "Jamaica" again opened fire, at a range of . At 19:15, "Belfast" also began shelling "Scharnhorst", and both "Belfast" and "Jamaica" fired their remaining torpedoes. At least ten 14-inch shells had already hit the German battleship, causing fires and explosions, and silencing most of the secondary battery. By 1916, all three main turrets aboard "Scharnhorst" had ceased firing, and her speed had been cut to . "Duke of York" ceased fire at 19:30 to allow her escorting cruisers and destroyers to close on "Scharnhorst". In the final stages of the battle, the destroyers , , , and fired a total of 19 torpedoes at "Scharnhorst," causing her to list badly to port, and at 19:45 "Scharnhorst" capsized and quickly sank after a running action lasting ten-and-a-half hours, taking with her 1,932 men (there were only 36 survivors). Following her sinking, and the retreat of most of the remaining German heavy surface units from Norway, the need to maintain powerful surface forces in British home waters diminished.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: On 29 March 1944, "Duke of York" and the bulk of the Home Fleet left Scapa Flow to provide a support force for Convoy JW 58. The ship operated in the Arctic and as cover for carriers conducting the Goodwood series of air strikes on "Tirpitz" in mid to late August. In September, when she was overhauled and partially modernized at Liverpool, radar equipment and additional anti-aircraft guns were added. She was then ordered to join the British Pacific Fleet and sailed in company with her sister-ship "Anson" on 25 April 1945. A problem with the ship's electrical circuitry delayed her while she was at Malta and, as a result, she did not reach Sydney until 29 July, by which time it too late for her to take any meaningful part in hostilities against the Japanese.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: Nevertheless, in early August, "Duke of York" was assigned to Task Force 37, along with four aircraft carriers and her sister-ship "King George V". From 9 August, TF 37 and three American carrier task forces conducted a series of air raids on Japan, which continued until 15 August when a surrender came into effect. After the conclusion of hostilities, "Duke of York", alongside her sister-ship, "King George V", participated in the surrender ceremonies that took place in Tokyo Bay. The following month "Duke of York" sailed for Hong Kong, to join the fleet that assembled there to accept the surrender of the Japanese garrison. She was the flagship of the British Pacific Fleet when the Japanese surrendered, and remained so until June 1946, when she returned to Plymouth for an overhaul.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: "Duke of York" was flagship of the Home Fleet following the end of the war and remained in active service until April 1949. She was laid up in November 1951, and on 18 May 1957, she was ordered scrapped. She was broken up by Shipbreaking Industries, Ltd., in Faslane. The ship's bell was salvaged and given to the Duke of York School (since renamed the Lenana School) in Nairobi, Kenya.


title: HMS Duke of York (17)

text: During her career, "Duke of York" was refitted on several occasions to bring her equipment up-to-date. The following are the dates and details of the refits undertaken.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Asier Illarramendi "Illarra" Andonegi (; born 8 March 1990) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for and captains Real Sociedad as a defensive midfielder.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: He developed at Real Sociedad, appearing in 56 competitive matches with the first team and helping them qualify for the Champions League in 2013. He then transferred to Real Madrid for €32.2 million, the most they had ever paid for a Spanish player, returning to his first club for half of that fee two years later.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Illarramendi earned 31 caps for Spain from under-17 to under-23 level, winning the 2013 European Championship with the under-21 side. He made his senior debut in 2017.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: A product of local Real Sociedad's youth system, Illarramendi was born in Mutriku, Gipuzkoa, and he spent the vast majority of his first four senior seasons with the B team, contributing with 27 games and two goals in 2009–10 as the Basques returned to Segunda División B after one year out. On 19 June 2010, in the last day of the Segunda División campaign, as the first team had already sealed promotion to La Liga as champions, he made his first official appearance, in a 4–1 away loss against Elche CF.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: On 23 January 2011, Illarramendi made his top-division debut, in a 2–1 defeat at Villarreal CF. The following month, he first appeared as a starter playing the full 90 minutes in another away loss (4–1 against RCD Espanyol); the bulk of the season was spent, however, with the reserves in the third level.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Illarramendi started in all of his 32 league appearances in 2012–13, as Real Sociedad finished fourth and qualified to the UEFA Champions League for the first time in ten years. At the LFP Awards, he was named Breakthrough Player and Best Midfielder.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: On 12 July 2013, Illarramendi signed a six-year contract with Real Madrid for a fee of €32.2 million, the highest amount paid by the club for a Spanish player. He made his official debut on 14 September by starting in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal, and scored his first goal on 18 December in a 2–0 home win over CD Olímpic de Xàtiva in the round of 32 of the Copa del Rey (also the aggregate score).


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Illarramendi netted his first league goal for the "Merengues" on 22 February 2014, after his long-range effort against Elche was deflected and the hosts won it 3–0. His second came on 5 April, as he scored the first in an eventual 4–0 victory at former team Real Sociedad in the 44th minute; he was a regular in the domestic cup campaign, coming on as a late substitute for Ángel Di María in the 2–1 final defeat of FC Barcelona, adding 11 appearances – five starts – in the team's Champions League run but remaining on the bench as they clinched the trophy against Atlético Madrid in the final at the Estádio da Luz.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Illarramendi began his second year with a brief substitute appearance in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup triumph against compatriots Sevilla FC at the Cardiff City Stadium, and was also part of Real Madrid's squad which won the FIFA Club World Cup in Morocco, playing the entirety of the 4–0 semi-final over against Cruz Azul.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: On 26 August 2015, Illarramendi returned to Real Sociedad, signing a six-year deal– the transfer fee was not officially disclosed by the clubs, but was stated in the media as being between €15–17 million, around half of the figure paid in the opposite direction two years previously. He made his league debut in his second spell three days later, starting and being booked in a 0–0 home draw against Sporting de Gijón. He recorded his first goal for the team in his second spell on 25 October, in a 4–0 win at Levante UD.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: In the 2016–17 campaign, Illarramendi had the second-highest number of interceptions across Europe's five major leagues behind only Chelsea's N'Golo Kante. However, he was also noted for his poor disciplinary record, having racked up ten yellow cards by March 2017 including one in each of his four previous games.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Illarramendi scored a career-best seven goals in 2017–18, including braces in home and away victories over Deportivo de La Coruña. He had already exceeded his professional output for his whole career by February with his fifth goal.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: On 30 August 2019, Illarramendi suffered a broken fibula in a Basque derby match against Athletic Bilbao; it was presumed the injury would keep him out for a few months, but it was found he required surgery to his shin and ankle ligaments, and he did not feature again prior to the season being halted in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The delay seemed to have given him time to return before its conclusion, but in June 2020 he suffered a further muscle injury on the training ground, and made no further appearances.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Illarramendi helped Spain reach the final of the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup, featuring in all games but one. He missed one of the penalties in the final shootout, which allowed Nigeria to lift the trophy.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Illarramendi played 16 times for the under-21s, in two years. He represented them at the 2013 UEFA European Championship in Israel, being first choice as the nation won the competition and being selected in the team of the tournament.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Manager Julen Lopetegui first called up Illarramendi for the senior side in March 2017, ahead of a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Israel and a friendly with France. Additionally, he played for the Basque XI from 2013 onwards, scoring to open a 3–1 win over FIFA member Tunisia at the San Mamés Stadium on 30 December 2016.


title: Asier Illarramendi

text: Illarramendi made his debut for Spain on 7 June 2017, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–2 friendly draw to Colombia in Murcia. He scored his first goal on 9 October of that year, netting the game's only in Israel for the World Cup qualifying campaign.


title: .50 caliber handguns

text: A .50 caliber handgun is a handgun firing a bullet measuring approximately .5 inches (12.7 mm) in diameter. Historically, many black powder pistols fired bullets with diameters well above a half inch. However, following the development of smokeless powder, the focus shifted to smaller-diameter bullets propelled at higher velocities, and the development of .50 and larger calibers in handguns became uncommon.


title: .50 caliber handguns

text: In the twentieth century, several new cartridges of half-inch diameter were developed, the first by John Linebaugh of Cody, Wyoming, in 1986 with the development of the .500 Linebaugh, and then later with the .50 Action Express (1988), which was the first to achieve wide popularity. The .500 Linebaugh utilizes a bore diameter of .500" with the corresponding bullet diameter of .510", the same as the .50 BMG and other .50 caliber rifles, while the .50 Action Express, .500 S&W Magnum, and .500 S&W Special use .490" bore diameters and correspondingly smaller .500" bullet diameters. The smaller .500" diameter was further popularized by the development of the .500 S&W Magnum in 2003.


title: .50 caliber handguns

text: There are semi-automatic, revolver, and single-shot .50 caliber handgun designs. Handguns of this caliber tend to be larger and heavier than most others of their type with the exception of the Linebaugh line of revolvers. The Linebaugh revolvers are based on the standard Ruger Blackhawk with Ruger Bisley grip frames, although the cylinders have been enlarged for both structural integrity and absorbing the recoil associated with firing these rounds as have the previously mentioned .500 handguns.


title: .50 caliber handguns

text: Despite being featured in many video games and action films as the weapon of choice for some members of elite military and law enforcement units, these guns in reality are used primarily for hunting, target shooting, and silhouette shooting.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 was a controlled flight into terrain accident of a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 during approach to Charlotte Douglas International Airport in North Carolina. The incident occurred on September 11, 1974, killing 72 of the 82 people on board. The scheduled flight was from Charleston Municipal Airport to Chicago O'Hare, with an intermediate stop in Charlotte.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: An investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that multiple crew errors were the primary cause of the crash.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: On the morning of September 11, 1974, while conducting an instrument approach in dense ground fog into Douglas Municipal Airport in Charlotte, the aircraft crashed at 7:34 am EDT more than short of Runway 36, killing 72 of the 82 on board. Thirteen survived the initial impact, including the first officer and one flight attendant, but three of the initial survivors ultimately died from severe burn injuries as late as 29 days after the accident.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: Among the fatalities was the vice president for academic affairs of the Medical University of South Carolina, James William Colbert Jr., and two of his sons; they were the father and brothers of future television personality Stephen Colbert.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: The aircraft was a five-year-old McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31 registered as N8984E, which was delivered to Eastern Airlines on January 30, 1969. The captain was 49-year-old James E. Reeves, who had been with the airline since 1956. He had 8,876 flight hours, including 3,856 hours on the DC-9. The first officer was 36-year-old James M. Daniels Jr. He had been with the airline since 1966 and had 3,016 flight hours, including 2,693 hours on the DC-9.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: While investigating this accident, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reviewed the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and found that the flight crew had engaged in unnecessary and "nonpertinent" conversation during the approach phase of the flight, discussing subjects "ranging from politics to used cars." The NTSB concluded that conducting such nonessential chatter can distract pilots from their flying duties during the critical phases of flight, such as instrument approach to landing, and recommended that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) establish rules and educate pilots to focus exclusively on flying tasks while operating at low altitudes. It was later realized that this rule should also apply to takeoffs; for example, the lack of a sterile cockpit environment was a contributing factor to the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 on January 13, 1982. The FAA, after more than six years of consideration, finally published the sterile cockpit rule in 1981.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: The NTSB also found that the crew was apparently trying to visually locate the airport while executing an instrument approach in the presence of low-lying fog. In addition, a persistent attempt to visually identify the nearby Carowinds amusement park tower, known as "Carowinds Tower" to pilots, which rose to an elevation of , or above ground level (AGL), may have further distracted and confused the flight crew. The first officer was operating the flight controls, and none of the required altitude callouts were made by the captain, which compounded the flight crew's nearly total lack of altitude awareness.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: During the investigation, the issue of the flammability of passengers' clothing materials was raised. There was evidence that passengers who wore double-knit synthetic fiber clothing articles sustained significantly worse burn injuries during the post-crash fire than passengers who wore articles made from natural fibers.


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: The NTSB released its final report on May 23, 1975, concluding that the accident was caused by the flight crew's lack of altitude awareness and poor cockpit discipline. The NTSB issued the following official probable cause:


title: Eastern Air Lines Flight 212

text: British comedian Jimmy Carr, noted for his dark humour, tweeted about the incident on the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks as an act of misdirection, causing significant controversy:Sept 11th Date of terrible air disaster. When Eastern Airlines Flt 212 crashed in 1974. Killing 69. No one will forget that in a hurry.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Klaus Heinrich Thomas Mann (18 November 1906 – 21 May 1949) was a German writer and dissident. He was the son of Thomas Mann, a nephew of Heinrich Mann and brother of Erika Mann, with whom he maintained a lifelong close relationship, and Golo Mann. He is well known for his 1936 novel, "Mephisto".


title: Klaus Mann

text: Born in Munich, Klaus Mann was the son of German writer Thomas Mann and his wife, Katia Pringsheim. His father was baptized as a Lutheran, while his mother was from a family of secular Jews.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Mann began writing short stories in 1924 and the following year became drama critic for a Berlin newspaper. His first literary works were published in 1925.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Mann's early life was troubled. His homosexuality often made him the target of bigotry, and he had a difficult relationship with his father. After only a short time in various schools, he traveled with his sister Erika Mann, a year older than himself, around the world, visiting the U.S. in 1927; they reported on the trip in essays published as a collaborative travelogue entitled "Rundherum" in 1929.


title: Klaus Mann

text: In 1924 he had become engaged to his childhood friend Pamela Wedekind, the eldest daughter of the playwright Frank Wedekind, who was also a close friend of his sister Erika. The engagement was broken off in January 1928.


title: Klaus Mann

text: He traveled with Erika to North Africa in 1929. Around this time they made the acquaintance of Annemarie Schwarzenbach, a Swiss writer and photographer, who remained close to them for the next few years. Klaus made several trips abroad with Annemarie, the final one to a Soviet writers' congress in Moscow in 1934.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Since young adulthood, Klaus was using drugs, mostly opiates, to which he later became heavily addicted. His diaries document an attempted morphine-injection in 1933 when Hitler took power. Initially, the aspiring writer used opium, Eukodal and later heroin to possibly increase his creative energy, as this was often the case for artists and intellectuals in literary circles at the time. He underwent drug detoxification in Budapest during his frantic travels and at the Kilchberg Sanatorium in Switzerland. After 1936, during his stay in New York his drug use and sexual adventures became unconstrained.


title: Klaus Mann

text: In 1932 Klaus wrote the first part of his autobiography, which was well received until Hitler came to power.


title: Klaus Mann

text: In 1933 Klaus participated with Erika in a political cabaret, called "Die Pfeffermühle" ("The Pepper-Mill"), which came to the attention of the Nazi regime. To escape prosecution he left Germany in March 1933 for Paris, later visiting Amsterdam and Switzerland, where his family had a house. Also in 1933, Klaus Mann and Annemarie Schwarzenbach, together with Fritz Landshoff and Dutch publisher Emanuel Querido, founded "Die Sammlung", a literary magazine, first published in September 1933 in Amsterdam. It was primarily affiliated with a number of influential German writers who fled from the Hitler regime during the first years of the establishment and consolidation of Nazi rule. The magazine was funded by the wealthy Annemarie Schwarzenbach, and Klaus Mann served as its editor-in-chief from 1933 to 1935, when "Die Sammlung"'s activity ceased.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Klaus Mann not only played an important role in the consolidation of the German "Exilliteratur" but also communicated with authors who remained in Germany after 1933. In a letter exchange with Gottfried Benn, whose ambivalence towards Nazi rule was well known, Klaus expressed concern about his continued membership in the national German academy of writers, pointing out the moral dilemma it posed, even urging him to leave the country to join the German intellectuals in exile.


title: Klaus Mann

text: In November 1934 Klaus was stripped of German citizenship by the Nazi regime. He became a Czechoslovak citizen. In 1936, he moved to the United States, living in Princeton, New Jersey, and New York. In the summer of 1937, he met his partner for the rest of the year Thomas Quinn Curtiss, who was later a longtime film and theater reviewer for "Variety" and the "International Herald Tribune". In 1940 Klaus Mann founded another literary magazine for German writers living in exile in the United States, "Decision". It lasted for only a year. During that time, he also lived at his father's house in Pacific Palisades when he was unable to support himself financially.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Mann became a U.S. citizen in 1943. The process of naturalization was delayed because of an investigation the FBI conducted into Klaus Mann's political and sexual activities; he was openly gay but not an adherent of marxist ideologies. Throughout his life in the U.S., he identified himself as a liberal antifascist and cosmopolitan. In World War II, he served as a Staff Sergeant of the 5th U.S. Army in Italy. In summer 1945, he was sent by the "Stars and Stripes" to report from Postwar-Germany.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Mann's most famous novel, "Mephisto", was written in 1936 and first published in Amsterdam. The novel is a thinly-disguised portrait of his former brother-in-law, the actor Gustaf Gründgens. The literary scandal surrounding it made Mann posthumously famous in West Germany, as Gründgens' adopted son brought a legal case to have the novel banned after its first publication in West Germany in the early 1960s. After seven years of legal hearings, the West German Supreme Court upheld the ban, although it continued to be available in East Germany and abroad. The ban was lifted and the novel published in West Germany in 1981.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Mann's novel "Der Vulkan" is one of the 20th century's most famous novels about German exiles during World War II.


title: Klaus Mann

text: Mann died in Cannes from an overdose of sleeping pills on 21 May 1949, following further drug treatment. He likely committed suicide because of financial problems and social isolation. He was buried in Cannes at the Cimetière du Grand Jas.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: Spanish Guinea (Spanish: "Guinea Española") was a set of insular and continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in Central Africa. It gained independence in 1968 as modern Equatorial Guinea.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: The Spanish colony in the Guinea region was established in 1778, by the Treaty of El Pardo between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire. Between 1778 and 1810, Spain administered the territory of Equatorial Guinea via its colonial Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, based in Buenos Aires (in present-day Argentina).


title: Spanish Guinea

text: From 1827 to 1843, the United Kingdom had a base on Bioko to combat the continuing Atlantic slave trade conducted by Spain and illegal traders. Based on an agreement with Spain in 1843, Britain moved its base to its own colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa. In 1844, on restoration of Spanish sovereignty, it became known as the ""Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea"".


title: Spanish Guinea

text: Spain had never undertaken colonial settlement of the large area in the Bight of Biafra to which it had treaty rights. The French expanded their occupation at the expense of the area claimed by Spain. By the treaty of Paris in 1900, Spain was left with the continental enclave of Río Muni, 26,000 km of the 300,000 stretching east to the Ubangi river, which the Spaniards had previously claimed.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: Toward the end of the 19th century Spanish, Portuguese, German and Fernandino planters started developing large cacao plantations on the island of Fernando Po. With the indigenous Bubi population decimated by disease and forced labour, the island's economy came to depend on imported agricultural contract workers.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: A labour treaty was signed with the Republic of Liberia in 1914; the transport of up to 15,000 workers by sea was orchestrated by the German Woermann-Linie, the major shipping company. In 1930 an International Labour Organization (ILO) commission discovered that Liberian contract workers had ‘‘been recruited under conditions of criminal compulsion scarcely distinguishable from slave raiding and slave trading’’. The government prohibited recruiting of Liberian workers for Spanish Guinea.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: The persisting labour shortage in the cacao, coffee and logging industries led to a booming trade in illegal canoe-based smuggling of Igbo and Ibibio workers from the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria. The number of clandestine contract workers on the island of Fernando Po grew to 20,000 in 1942. A labour treaty was signed with the British Crown in the same year. This led to a continuous stream of Nigerian workers going to Spanish Guinea. By 1968 at the time of independence, almost 100,000 ethnic Nigerians were living and working in Spanish Guinea.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: Between 1926 and 1959, the Crown united Bioko and Río Muni as the "colony of Spanish Guinea". The economy was based on the exploitation of the commodity crops of cacao and coffee, produced at large plantations, in addition to logging concessions. Owners of these companies hired mostly immigrant contract labour from Liberia, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Spain mounted military campaigns in the 1920s to subdue the indigenous Fang people, as Liberia was trying to reduce recruiting of its workers. The Crown established garrisons of the Colonial Guard throughout the enclave by 1926, and the whole colony was considered 'pacified' by 1929.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: Río Muni had a small population, officially put at a little over 100,000 in the 1930s. Its people could easily escape over the borders into Cameroon or Gabon. Moreover, the timber companies needed growing amounts of labour, and the spread of coffee cultivation offered an alternative means of paying taxes.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: The island of Fernando Po continued to suffer from labour shortages. The French only briefly permitted recruitment in Cameroon. Planters began to recruit Igbo laborers, who were smuggled in canoes from Calabar, Nigeria. Fernando Po was developed after the Second World War as one of Africa's most productive agricultural areas.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: The post-war political history of Spanish Guinea had three fairly distinct phases. From 1946 to 1959, it had the status of a "province", having been raised from "colony", after the Portuguese Empire made overtures to take it over. From 1960 to 1968, Spain tried a system of partial decolonisation to keep the province within the Spanish territorial system, which failed due to continued anti-colonial activity by Guineans. On 12 October 1968, Spain conceded the independence of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Francisco Macías Nguema was elected as president.


title: Spanish Guinea

text: The population of the Colony of Spanish Guinea was stratified (before slavery was abolished). The system was somewhat similar to the one operating in the French, English and Portuguese colonies in the rest of Africa:


title: Electric utility

text: An electric utility is a company in the electric power industry (often a public utility) that engages in electricity generation and distribution of electricity for sale generally in a regulated market. The electrical utility industry is a major provider of energy in most countries.


title: Electric utility

text: Electric utilities include investor owned, publicly owned, cooperatives, and nationalized entities. They may be engaged in all or only some aspects of the industry. Electricity markets are also considered electric utilities—these entities buy and sell electricity, acting as brokers, but usually do not own or operate generation, transmission, or distribution facilities. Utilities are regulated by local and national authorities.


title: Electric utility

text: Electric utilities are facing increasing demands including aging infrastructure, reliability, and regulation.


title: Electric utility

text: An electric power system is a group of generation, transmission, distribution, communication, and other facilities that are physically connected. The flow of electricity within the system is maintained and controlled by dispatch centers which can buy and sell electricity based on system requirements.


title: Electric utility

text: The executive compensation received by the executives in utility companies often receives the most scrutiny in the review of operating expenses. Just as regulated utilities and their governing bodies struggle to maintain a balance between keeping consumer costs reasonable and being profitable enough to attract investors, they must also compete with private companies for talented executives and then be able to retain those executives.


title: Electric utility

text: Regulated companies are less likely to use incentive-based remuneration in addition to base salaries. Executives in regulated electric utilities are less likely to be paid for their performance in bonuses or stock options. They are less likely to approve compensation policies that include incentive-based pay. The compensation for electric utility executives will be the lowest in regulated utilities that have an unfavorable regulatory environment. These companies have more political constraints than those in a favorable regulatory environment and are less likely to have a positive response to requests for rate increases.


title: Electric utility

text: Just as increased constraints from regulation drive compensation down for executives in electric utilities, deregulation has been shown to increase remuneration. The need to encourage risk-taking behavior in seeking new investment opportunities while keeping costs under control requires deregulated companies to offer performance-based incentives to their executives. It has been found that increased compensation is also more likely to attract executives experienced in working in competitive environments.


title: Electric utility

text: In the United States, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 removed previous barriers to wholesale competition in the electric utility industry. Currently 24 states allow for deregulated electric utilities: Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Washington D.C. As electric utility monopolies have been increasingly broken up into deregulated businesses, executive compensation has risen; particularly incentive compensation.


title: Electric utility

text: Oversight is typically carried out at the national level, however it varies depending on financial support and external influences. There is no existence of any influential international energy oversight organization. There does exist a World Energy Council, but its mission is mostly to advise and share new information. It does not hold any kind of legislative or executive power.


title: Electric utility

text: Alternative energy has become more and more prevalent in recent times and as it is inherently independent of more traditional sources of energy, the market seems to have a very different structure. In the United States, to promote the production and development of alternative energies, there are many subsidies, rewards, and incentives that encourage companies to take up the challenge themselves. There is precedent for such a system working in countries like Nicaragua. In 2005, Nicaragua gave renewable energy companies tax and duty exemptions, which spurred a great deal of private investment.


title: Electric utility

text: The success in Nicaragua may not be an easily replicated situation however. The movement was known as Energiewende and it is generally considered a failure for many reasons. A primary reason was the fact that it was improperly timed and was proposed during a period in which their energy economy was under more competition.


title: Electric utility

text: Globally, the transition of electric utilities to renewables remains slow, hindered by concurrent continued investment in the expansion of fossil fuel capacity.


title: Electric utility

text: Nuclear energy may be classified as a green source depending on the country. Although there used to be much more privatization in this energy sector, after the 2011 Fukushima district nuclear power plant disaster in Japan, there has been a move away from nuclear energy itself, especially for privately owned nuclear power plants. The criticism being that privatization of companies tend to have the companies themselves cutting corners and costs for profits which has proven to be disastrous in the worst-case scenarios. This placed a strain on many other countries as many foreign governments felt pressured to close nuclear power plants in response to public concerns. Nuclear energy however still holds a major part in many communities around the world.


title: Electric utility

text: Utilities have found that it isn't simple to meet the unique needs of individual customers, whether residential, corporate, industrial, government, military, or otherwise. Customers in the twenty-first century have new and urgent expectations that demand a transformation of the electric grid. They want a system that gives them new tools, better data to help manage energy usage, advanced protections against cyberattacks, and a system that minimizes outage times and quickens power restoration.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: Beast is the soundtrack composed by Anirudh Ravichander for the 2022 Tamil-language film of the same name directed by Nelson; starring Vijay and Pooja Hegde, the film is produced by Kalanithi Maran under the studio Sun Pictures. The film, under the tentative title "Thalapathy 65" (referring to the actor's 65th film project), initially had S. Thaman reported to score for the film. In a turn of events, the makers roped in Anirudh for the production of songs and film score. This film eventually marked Anirudh's third collaboration with Vijay after "Kaththi" (2014) and "Master" (2021), and with Nelson after "Kolamaavu Kokila" (2018) and "Doctor".


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: The album was initially reported to have 5 songs, along with theme tracks, however, only four songs were finalized to feature in the film after extensive rewrites of the story during the COVID-19 lockdown. The soundtrack will include several instrumental tracks being bundled with the film songs before its release. As of March 2022, two songs were released as singles from the album. The first single from the album, titled "Arabic Kuthu" released on 14 February 2022, coinciding with Valentine's Day. The song set the record for the most-viewed and liked South Indian song within 24 hours. The second single, "Jolly O Gymkhana" was released on 19 March 2022. The third single, "Beast Mode" was released on 8 April 2022.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: When "Thalapathy 65" was first announced by Sun Pictures, S. Thaman officially revealed his interest in composing for the film, after his revelation in an interview given to a Telugu news channel. Vijay too appreciated his recent Telugu musicals, including "Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo" (2020), where he was lauded for the songs and film score. But, the director, A. R. Murugadoss who was initially roped in for the project, was ousted by Sun Pictures in October 2020, as the director refused to cut down his renumeration, thereby leading to Thaman's exit. In November 2020, Anirudh Ravichander who worked in the Vijay-starrer "Master", insisted Nelson to direct the film, as Anirudh had worked in Nelson in "Kolamaavu Kokila" (2018) and "Doctor" (2021). With Sun Pictures announcing the project officially on 10 December 2020 with Nelson as the director, Anirudh too confirmed his inclusion in the project, continuing his association with the director and also working with Vijay for the third time.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: The album for "Beast" was initially reported to have five songs and six theme tracks, but the number of songs were being reduced to four, due to the changes in the storyline, and the rest of the tracks will be instrumentals used in the film's background score. Three of the tracks were picturised on Vijay and Pooja Hegde, including a romantic single. Three instrumental themes were based upon the actor and the lead antagonists of the film. Media reports had claimed that a track was composed in the Arabic music genre (later deciphered as "Arabic Kuthu"), which had vocals by Anirudh himself and features lyrics in Tamil and Arabic languages; the track, written by Sivakarthikeyan, is a fusion of Arabic music and Kuthu (a type of Tamil folk music) as the name of the track.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: For the music sessions, Anirudh saw the shooting of the film in Chennai in mid-July 2021; he said that he could easily work on the compositions, instead of approaching the actor and director for narrating a particular sequence, so that he could get an idea of how the song for that scene could be materialised. As a humble gesture to lyricist Na. Muthukumar, Sivakarthikeyan planned to donate his salary of to the late-lyricist's family, which he occasionally did, since his maiden stint as a songwriter in "Kalyana Vayasu" from "Kolamaavu Kokila" (2018), composed by Anirudh.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: Vijay was also reported to sing one of the tracks in the album (later known as "Jolly O Gymkhana"), his subsequent third collaboration with Anirudh as a singer, after "Selfie Pulla" from "Kaththi" (2014) and "Kutti Story" from "Master" (2021). For the aforementioned track, the tune was composed within 30 minutes and Vijay recorded the vocals for the song in the morning, before the song shoot. According to lyricist Ku. Karthik, the song's message is that one should overcome the negative situations in life and live to the fullest.. The title of the song is a reference to the song "Jalilo Jimkana" from "Amara Deepam" (1956). Anirudh had completed working on all the tracks as by early-November 2021.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: The audio rights of the film will be retained by the production company itself; initially Sony Music India planned to acquire the rights for the album which did not happen, citing Sun Pictures' decision on not tying-up with music labels. The music album of "Beast", along with Sun Pictures' upcoming film productions, will be released on the company's newly registered home label. All the lyrical and video songs from the album will be released in the official YouTube channel of Sun TV.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: In a Facebook chat session, Anirudh Ravichander said that all the updates regarding the film will arrive only after the completion of shooting. The single track was initially rumoured to be released on the Anirudh's birthday (16 October 2021) and later scheduled to be launched on Diwali (4 November 2021), which however did not happen. Sun Pictures' commitments to the release of Rajinikanth-starrer "Annaatthe", and also the death of Puneeth Rajkumar insisted the makers not to release any update regarding the film on Diwali, were cited as the reasons for the delay, which was posted on Ananda Vikatan's exclusive article about the film. The single was earlier planned to be released on New Year's Eve (31 December), and later to Pongal (14 January 2022), but could not be launched on that date.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: In December 2021, Vijay, Nelson, Anirudh and Sivakarthikeyan shot for the promotional video for the film's first single. On 7 February 2022, Sun Pictures released the promotional skit for the first single track eventually titled as "Arabic Kuthu". The six-minute promo featured Nelson, Anirudh and Sivakarthikeyan with Vijay, in a voice-over (conversation through phone) comically documenting the song's making. The track released on the occasion of Valentine's Day (14 February 2022), after Anirudh occasionally released singles on that date. The track is sung by Anirudh and Jonita Gandhi, whom previously had collaborated in the track "Chellamma" for "Doctor" (2021). The film's two theme music, "Beast Announcement Theme" and "Pooja Hegde Announcement Theme" was released on 23 February 2022. The second single "Jolly O Gymkhana", sung by Vijay with lyrics written by Ku. Karthik, released on 19 March 2022. The third single, titled "Beast Mode", written by Vivek and sung by Anirudh, was released on 8 April 2022.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: In mid-March 2022, it was reported that the film's audio launch is planned to take place on 20 March 2022, with either Sri Sai Ram Engineering College or Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, being considered as the venue. However, a report from Ananda Vikatan confirmed that the film will not have an audio launch, with the delay in post-production works and the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions being cited as the reasons. The album would be released directly online and various music platforms.


title: Beast (soundtrack)

text: Critic based at "The Indian Express", writing for the track "Arabic Kuthu" stated Sivakarthikeyan's lyrics as the highlights, called the "gibberish" lyrics as the fun part of the track and stated "Composer Anirudh wants to make a point that as long as the music is enjoyable, people don't sweat over incomprehensible lyrics". Soundarya Athimuthu of "The Quint" stated that "the peppy and unique fusion of Arabic and Kuthu styles draws the audience's attention with its simple yet catchy lyrics. Just like the tune, the lyrics is also an interesting "Arabic Kuthu" fusion featuring Arabic phrases and rhyming verses in Tamil".


title: 7800° Fahrenheit

text: 7800° Fahrenheit is the second studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi. It was released on March 27, 1985, through Mercury Records. The album's title is a reference to the supposed melting point of rock, which is equivalent to 4313° Celsius. In the United States, the Fahrenheit scale is in general use, suggesting the album consists of "American hot rock". The album's artwork introduced the classic 1980s Bon Jovi logo that would later be used on "Slippery When Wet" and "New Jersey". "7800° Fahrenheit" spent 104 weeks on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on February 19, 1987. The singles "Only Lonely" and "In and Out of Love" both charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: 7800° Fahrenheit

text: Recorded in six weeks between January and March 1985, at the Warehouse Studios in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the album marked the final collaboration between Bon Jovi and producer Lance Quinn. It is the only Bon Jovi album to feature songwriting by four of the band members; "Secret Dreams" is the only Bon Jovi song to date for which drummer Tico Torres receives a writing credit.


title: 7800° Fahrenheit

text: While the album has proved a fan favorite, the band was unsatisfied with its sound and essentially disowned it once they had solidified their status as worldwide superstars with "Slippery When Wet" and "New Jersey". It is the least represented album in their set lists over the course of the career: nothing from "7800° Fahrenheit" was performed after the New Jersey Syndicate Tour, but a few performances of "Tokyo Road" in Japan during the 1990s, a few performances of "Only Lonely" during The Circle Tour in 2010, and one performance of "Tokyo Road" in Hawaii, also during The Circle Tour.


title: 7800° Fahrenheit

text: "I always overlook the second album," noted Jon Bon Jovi in 2007. "Always have, always will. We had no time to make it and we didn't know who we were... We did whatever producer Lance Quinn said. He was a brilliant guitarist and had made with Talking Heads, so you listened."


title: 7800° Fahrenheit

text: "All of us were going through tough times on a personal level," he explained at the time of "Slippery When Wet"s release. "And the strain told on the music we produced. It wasn't a pleasant experience... Lance Quinn wasn't the man for us, and that added to the feeling that we were going about it badly. None of us want to live in that mental state ever again. We've put the record behind us, and moved on."


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: In mathematics, the Cauchy integral theorem (also known as the Cauchy–Goursat theorem) in complex analysis, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy (and Édouard Goursat), is an important statement about line integrals for holomorphic functions in the complex plane. Essentially, it says that if formula_1 is holomorphic in a simply connected domain Ω, then for any simply closed contour formula_2 in Ω, that contour integral is zero.


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: If is a holomorphic function on an open region , and formula_4 is a curve in from formula_5 to formula_6 then,


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: Also, when has a single-valued antiderivative in an open region , then the path integral formula_8 is path independent for all paths in .


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: Let formula_9 be a simply connected open set, and let formula_10 be a holomorphic function. Let formula_11 be a smooth closed curve. Then:


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: Let formula_9 be an open set, and let formula_10 be a holomorphic function. Let formula_11 be a smooth closed curve. If formula_4 is homotopic to a constant curve, then:


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: (Recall that a curve is homotopic to a constant curve if there exists a smooth homotopy from the curve to the constant curve. Intuitively, this means that one can shrink the curve into a point without exiting the space.) The first version is a special case of this because on a simply connected set, every closed curve is homotopic to a constant curve.


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: In both cases, it is important to remember that the curve formula_4 does not surround any "holes" in the domain, or else the theorem does not apply. A famous example is the following curve:


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: is nonzero. The Cauchy integral theorem does not apply here since formula_24 is not defined at formula_25. Intuitively, formula_4 surrounds a "hole" in the domain of formula_27, so formula_4 cannot be shrunk to a point without exiting the space. Thus, the theorem does not apply.


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: As Édouard Goursat showed, Cauchy's integral theorem can be proven assuming only that the complex derivative formula_29 exists everywhere in formula_13. This is significant because one can then prove Cauchy's integral formula for these functions, and from that deduce these functions are infinitely differentiable.


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: The condition that formula_13 be simply connected means that formula_13 has no "holes" or, in homotopy terms, that the fundamental group of formula_13 is trivial; for instance, every open disk formula_34, for formula_35, qualifies. The condition is crucial; consider


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: is nonzero; the Cauchy integral theorem does not apply here since formula_24 is not defined (and is certainly not holomorphic) at formula_25.


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: One important consequence of the theorem is that path integrals of holomorphic functions on simply connected domains can be computed in a manner familiar from the fundamental theorem of calculus: let formula_13 be a simply connected open subset of formula_41, let formula_10 be a holomorphic function, and let formula_4 be a piecewise continuously differentiable path in formula_13 with start point formula_45 and end point formula_46. If formula_47 is a complex antiderivative of formula_27, then


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: The Cauchy integral theorem is valid with a weaker hypothesis than given above, e.g. given formula_13"," a simply connected open subset of formula_41, we can weaken the assumptions to formula_27 being holomorphic on formula_13 and continuous on formula_54 and formula_4 a rectifiable simple loop in formula_54.


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: If one assumes that the partial derivatives of a holomorphic function are continuous, the Cauchy integral theorem can be proven as a direct consequence of Green's theorem and the fact that the real and imaginary parts of formula_57 must satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations in the region bounded by and moreover in the open neighborhood of this region. Cauchy provided this proof, but it was later proven by Goursat without requiring techniques from vector calculus, or the continuity of partial derivatives.


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: We can break the integrand as well as the differential formula_58 into their real and imaginary components:


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: By Green's theorem, we may then replace the integrals around the closed contour formula_4 with an area integral throughout the domain formula_63 that is enclosed by formula_4 as follows:


title: Cauchy's integral theorem

text: But as the real and imaginary parts of a function holomorphic in the domain formula_67 and formula_68 must satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations there:


title: Equation Group

text: The Equation Group, classified as an advanced persistent threat, is a highly sophisticated threat actor suspected of being tied to the Tailored Access Operations (TAO) unit of the United States National Security Agency (NSA). Kaspersky Labs describes them as one of the most sophisticated cyber attack groups in the world and "the most advanced ... we have seen", operating alongside the creators of Stuxnet and Flame. Most of their targets have been in Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Syria, and Mali.


title: Equation Group

text: The name originated from the group's extensive use of encryption. By 2015, Kaspersky documented 500 malware infections by the group in at least 42 countries, while acknowledging that the actual number could be in the tens of thousands due to its self-terminating protocol.


title: Equation Group

text: In 2017, WikiLeaks published a discussion held within the CIA on how it had been possible to identify the group. One commenter wrote that "the Equation Group as labeled in the report does not relate to a specific group but rather a collection of tools" used for hacking.


title: Equation Group

text: At the Kaspersky Security Analysts Summit held in Mexico on February 16, 2015, Kaspersky Lab announced its discovery of the Equation Group. According to Kaspersky Lab's report, the group has been active since at least 2001, with more than 60 actors. The malware used in their operations, dubbed EquationDrug and GrayFish, is found to be capable of reprogramming hard disk drive firmware. Because of the advanced techniques involved and high degree of covertness, the group is suspected of ties to the NSA, but Kaspersky Lab has not identified the actors behind the group.


title: Equation Group

text: In 2015 Kaspersky's research findings on the Equation Group noted that its loader, "Grayfish", had similarities to a previously discovered loader, "Gauss", from another attack series, and separately noted that the Equation Group used two zero-day attacks later used in Stuxnet; the researchers concluded that "the similar type of usage of both exploits together in different computer worms, at around the same time, indicates that the EQUATION group and the Stuxnet developers are either the same or working closely together".


title: Equation Group

text: They also identified that the platform had at times been spread by interdiction (interception of legitimate CDs sent by a scientific conference organizer by mail), and that the platform had the "unprecedented" ability to infect and be transmitted through the hard drive firmware of several major hard drive manufacturers, and create and use hidden disk areas and virtual disk systems for its purposes, a feat which would require access to the manufacturer's source code to achieve, and that the tool was designed for surgical precision, going so far as to exclude specific countries by IP and allow targeting of specific usernames on discussion forums.


title: Equation Group

text: The NSA codewords "STRAITACID" and "STRAITSHOOTER" have been found inside the malware. In addition, timestamps in the malware seem to indicate that the programmers worked overwhelmingly Monday–Friday in what would correspond to a 08:00–17:00 (8:00 AM - 5:00 PM) workday in an Eastern United States time zone.


title: Equation Group

text: Kaspersky's global research and analysis team, otherwise known as GReAT, claimed to have found a piece of malware that contained Stuxnet's "privLib" in 2008. Specifically it contained the LNK exploit found in Stuxnet in 2010. Fanny is classified as a worm that affects certain Windows operating systems and attempts to spread laterally via network connection or USB storage. Kaspersky stated that they suspect that the Equation Group has been around longer than Stuxnet, based on the recorded compile time of Fanny.


title: Equation Group

text: F-Secure claims that the Equation Group's malicious hard drive firmware is TAO program "IRATEMONK", one of the items from the NSA ANT catalog exposed in a 2013 "Der Spiegel" article. IRATEMONK provides the attacker with an ability to have their software application persistently installed on desktop and laptop computers, despite the disk being formatted, its data erased or the operating system re-installed. It infects the hard drive firmware, which in turn adds instructions to the disk's master boot record that causes the software to install each time the computer is booted up. It is capable of infecting certain hard drives from Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital, Samsung, IBM, Micron Technology and Toshiba.


title: Equation Group

text: In August 2016, a hacking group calling itself "The Shadow Brokers" announced that it had stolen malware code from the Equation Group. Kaspersky Lab noticed similarities between the stolen code and earlier known code from the Equation Group malware samples it had in its possession including quirks unique to the Equation Group's way of implementing the RC6 encryption algorithm, and therefore concluded that this announcement is legitimate. The most recent dates of the stolen files are from June 2013, thus prompting Edward Snowden to speculate that a likely lockdown resulting from his leak of the NSA's global and domestic surveillance efforts stopped The Shadow Brokers' breach of the Equation Group. Exploits against Cisco Adaptive Security Appliances and Fortinet's firewalls were featured in some malware samples released by The Shadow Brokers. EXTRABACON, a Simple Network Management Protocol exploit against Cisco's ASA software, was a zero-day exploit as of the time of the announcement. Juniper also confirmed that its NetScreen firewalls were affected. The EternalBlue exploit was used to conduct the damaging worldwide WannaCry ransomware attack.


title: Mauritians

text: Mauritians (singular Mauritian; ; Creole: "Morisien") are nationals or natives of the Republic of Mauritius and their descendants. Mauritius is a multi-ethnic society, with notable groups of people of South Asian (notably Indian), Sub-Saharan African (Mauritian Creoles), European (European Mauritians), and Chinese descent, as well those of a mixed background from any combination of the aforementioned ethnic groups.


title: Mauritians

text: Mauritian Creoles trace their origins to the plantation owners and people who were captured via the slave trade and brought to work the sugar fields. Plantation owners were predominantly of European ancestry while the enslaved people mostly had ancestry from continental Africa.


title: Mauritians

text: When slavery was abolished on 1 February 1835, an attempt was made to secure a cheap source of adaptable labour for intensive sugar plantations in Mauritius. Indentured labour began with Indian, Chinese, Malay, African and Malagasy labourers, but ultimately, it was India which supplied the much needed labourers to Mauritius, mainly sugar cane workers. This period of intensive use of Indian labour took place during British rule, with many brutal episodes and a long struggle by the indentured for respect. The term applied to the indentured during this period, and which has since become a derogatory term for Mauritians of Asian descent, was coolie. The island soon became the key-point in the trade of indentured labourers, as thousands of Indians set forth from Calcutta or Karikal; not only did they modify the social, political and economic physiognomies of the island, but some also went farther, to the West Indies.


title: Mauritians

text: Indo-Mauritians are descended from Indian immigrants who arrived in the 19th century via the Aapravasi Ghat in order to work as indentured labourers after slavery was abolished in 1835. Included in the Indo-Mauritian community are Hindus (48.5% of the Mauritian population) and Muslims (17.2%) from the Indian subcontinent (figures are from 2011). Christians make up 28% of the population and this figure corresponds to the size of the Mauritian Creole population which is predominantly Christian. The Franco-Mauritian elite controlled nearly all of the large sugar estates and was active in business and banking. As the Indian population became numerically dominant after independence from British rule and the voting franchise was extended, political and economic power shifted from the Franco-Mauritians and their Creole allies to the Indo-Mauritians.


title: Mauritians

text: The meeting of a mosaic of people from Europe, India, Africa and China began a process of hybridisation and intercultural frictions and dialogues, which poet Khal Torabully has termed "coolitude". This social reality is a major reference for identity opened to otherness and is widely used in Mauritius where it represents a humanism of diversity.


title: Mauritians

text: Subsequent to a Constitutional amendment in 1982, there is no need for Mauritians to reveal their ethnic identities for the purpose of population census. Official statistics on ethnicity are not available. The 1972 census was the last one to measure ethnicity. Statistics Mauritius compiles data on religious affiliation every ten years during census.


title: Mauritians

text: The Mauritian diaspora consists of Mauritian emigrants and their descendants in various countries around the world, mainly France, Great Britain (United Kingdom), Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland and Belgium.


title: Mauritians

text: Given the island's importance for international shipping routes and limited opportunities locally, Mauritian Creole people settled internationally before some of these countries were founded as nations. For example, Mauritians settled on the continent of Australia before federation of the nation. Their ancestors and more recent migrants are now known as Mauritian Australians. Aboriginal people from islands south of the continent likewise settled in Australia.


title: Brooklands

text: Brooklands was a motor racing circuit and aerodrome built near Weybridge in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. It opened in 1907 and was the world's first purpose-built 'banked' motor racing circuit as well as one of Britain's first airfields, which also became Britain's largest aircraft manufacturing centre by 1918, producing military aircraft such as the Wellington and civil airliners like the Viscount and VC-10.


title: Brooklands

text: The circuit hosted its last race in August 1939 and today part of it forms the Brooklands Museum, a major aviation and motoring museum, as well as a venue for vintage car, motorcycle and other transport-related events.


title: Brooklands

text: The Brooklands motor circuit was the brainchild of Hugh Fortescue Locke-King, and was the first purpose-built banked motor race circuit in the world. Following the Motor Car Act 1903, Britain was subject to a blanket speed limit on public roads: at a time when nearly 50% of the world's new cars were produced in France, there was concern that Britain's infant auto-industry would be hampered by the inability to undertake sustained high-speed testing. King commissioned Colonel Capel Lofft Holden of the Royal Artillery to design the projected circuit and work began in 1906.


title: Brooklands

text: Requirements of speed and spectator visibility led to the Brooklands track being built as a wide, long, banked oval. The banking was nearly high in places. In addition to the oval, a bisecting "Finishing Straight" was built, increasing the track length to , of which was banked. It could host up to 287,000 spectators in its heyday.


title: Brooklands

text: Owing to the complications of laying tarmacadam on banking, and the expense of laying asphalt, the track was built in uncoated concrete. This led in later years to a somewhat bumpy ride, as the surface suffered differential settlement over time.


title: Brooklands

text: Along the centre of the track ran a dotted black line, known as the "Fifty Foot Line". By driving over the line, a driver could theoretically take the banked corners without having to use the steering wheel.


title: Brooklands

text: The track was opened on 17 June 1907 with a luncheon attended by most of Britain's motor manufacturers. At the conclusion of the luncheon, Mr Locke King (on whose estate the track was built) named Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Messrs. Hugh Owen, Julian Walter Orde (secretary of the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland) and Colonel Holden as being the main people that enabled the track to be built. This was followed by an informal inauguration of the track by a procession of 43 cars, one driven by Charles Rolls. The first competitive event was held on 28–29 June, with three cars competing to break the world record for distance covered in 24 hours, and the first race meeting was held on 6 July, attracting over 10,000 spectators.


title: Brooklands

text: Apparently drawing inspiration from the development at Brooklands, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was built soon afterwards, and held its inaugural race in August 1909.


title: Brooklands

text: The Brooklands Mountain Circuit was a small section of the track giving a lap long, running from the Fork to the rear of Members' Hill and back. It was created in 1930 using movable barriers.


title: Brooklands

text: On 28–29 June 1907, eleven days after the circuit opened, it played host to the world's first 24-hour motor event, with Selwyn Edge leading three specially converted Napier cars around the circuit. A statement of intent had been made in 1906, and Selwyn Edge entered into a physical training program to prepare for the event. His car, "804" was extensively modified, having a special fuel tank, bodywork removed, and a special windscreen. Over 300 red railway lamps were used to light the track during the night. Flares were used to mark the upper boundary of the track. Edge drove his car for the full duration, with the drivers of the other two cars (Henry C. Tryon/A. F. Browning and F. Draper/Frank Newton) taking the more familiar shift approach. During the event Edge covered a distance of at an average speed of , comfortably beating the existing record of set at Indianapolis in 1905.


title: Brooklands

text: Women were not allowed to compete for several years. Dorothy Levitt, S. F. Edge's leading driver, was refused entry despite having been the 'first English-woman to compete in a motor race' in 1903, and holding the 'Ladies World Land Speed Record'. Edge completed 2,545 km at an average 106.06 km/h, a record which stood for 17 years. The first standard race meeting would be held the next week, on 6 July.


title: Brooklands

text: George E. Stanley broke the one-hour record at Brooklands race track on a Singer motorcycle in 1912, becoming the first ever rider of a 350 cc motorcycle to cover over in an hour.