title: Eleanor Campbell, Duchess of Argyll

text: Campbell is a patroness of the Royal Caledonian Ball, president of the Georgian Group, patroness of Richmond's Hope, First Aid 4 Gambia, a board member of the Historic Houses Association, and founder of Best of the West music festival.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: In computing, a northbridge (also host bridge, or memory controller hub) is one of two chips comprising the core logic chipset architecture on a PC motherboard. A northbridge is connected directly to a CPU via the front-side bus (FSB) to handle high-performance tasks, and is usually used in conjunction with a slower southbridge to manage communication between the CPU and other parts of the motherboard. Since the 2010s, die shrink and improved transistor density have allowed for increasing chipset integration, and the functions performed by northbridges are now often incorporated into other components (like southbridges or CPUs themselves). As of 2019, Intel and AMD had both released chipsets in which all northbridge functions had been integrated into the CPU. Modern Intel Core processors have the northbridge integrated on the CPU die, where it is known as the uncore or system agent.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: On older Intel based PCs, the northbridge was also named external memory controller hub ("MCH") or graphics and memory controller hub ("GMCH") if equipped with integrated graphics. Increasingly these functions became integrated into the CPU chip itself, beginning with memory and graphics controllers. For Intel Sandy Bridge and AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors introduced in 2011, all of the functions of the northbridge reside on the CPU. The corresponding southbridge was renamed by Intel as the Platform Controller Hub and by AMD as the Fusion controller hub. AMD FX CPUs continued to require external northbridge and southbridge chips.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: Historically, separation of functions between CPU, northbridge, and southbridge chips was necessary due to the difficulty of integrating all components onto a single chip die. However, as CPU speeds increased over time, a bottleneck emerged due to limitations caused by data transmission between the CPU and its support chipset. The trend for integrated northbridges began near the end of the 2000s — for example, the Nvidia GeForce 320M GPU in the 2010 MacBook Air was a northbridge/southbridge/GPU combo chip.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: The northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge. Some northbridges also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given northbridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only one type of RAM.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: There are a few chipsets that support two types of RAM; generally, these are made available when there is a shift to a new standard. For example, the northbridge from the 2002 Nvidia nForce2 chipset only worked with Socket A processors combined with DDR SDRAM.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: The name is derived from drawing the architecture in the fashion of a map. The CPU would be at the top of the map comparable to due north on most general purpose geographical maps. The CPU would be connected to the chipset via a fast bridge (the northbridge) located north of other system devices as drawn. The northbridge would then be connected to the rest of the chipset via a slow bridge (the southbridge) located south of other system devices as drawn.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: The northbridge plays an important part in how far a computer can be overclocked, as its frequency is commonly used as a baseline for the CPU to establish its own operating frequency. This chip typically gets hotter as processor speed becomes faster, requiring more cooling. There is a limit to CPU overclocking, as digital circuits are limited by physical factors such as rise, fall, delay and storage times of the transistors, current gain bandwidth product, parasitic capacitance, and propagation delay, which increases with (among other factors) operating temperature; consequently most overclocking applications have software-imposed limits on the multiplier and external clock setting. Additionally, heat is a major limiting factor, as higher voltages are needed to properly activate field effect transistors inside CPUs and this higher voltage produces larger amounts of heat, requiring greater thermal solutions on the die.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: The overall trend in processor design has been to integrate more functions onto fewer components, which decreases overall motherboard cost and improves performance. The memory controller, which handles communication between the CPU and RAM, was moved onto the processor die by AMD beginning with their AMD K8 processors and by Intel with their Nehalem processors. One of the advantages of having the memory controller integrated on the CPU die is to reduce latency from the CPU to memory.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: Another example of this kind of change is Nvidia's nForce3 for AMD K8 systems. It combines all of the features of a normal southbridge with an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) port and connects directly to the CPU. On nForce4 boards it was marketed as a media communications processor (MCP).


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller, high speed PCI Express interface (usually for graphics card), and integrated graphics processing unit (iGPU). This was an evolution of the AMD K8, since the memory controller was integrated on the CPU die in the AMD64.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: The northbridge was replaced by the system agent introduced by the Intel Sandy Bridge microarchitecture in 2011, which essentially handles all previous Northbridge functions. Intel's Sandy Bridge processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller, high speed PCI Express interface and integrated graphics processing unit (GPU). This was a further evolution of the Westmere architecture, which also featured a CPU and GPU in the same package.


title: Northbridge (computing)

text: Recent AMD processors starting with the Zen 2 have moved some I/O functions out of the CPU die onto an I/O die on the same MCM package as the CPU. This die is not normally considered to be part of the Northbridge, since it's in the same package as the CPU, but it serves some of the same functions.


title: Jeremy Gelbwaks

text: Jeremy Russell Gelbwaks (born May 22, 1961 in Los Angeles) is an American former child actor who starred in the television series "The Partridge Family" (1970–71).


title: Jeremy Gelbwaks

text: Gelbwaks was the first actor to play the role of Chris Partridge. He left the series after the first season, and was replaced by Brian Forster in the summer of 1971. According to his "Partridge Family" castmate David Cassidy, Gelbwaks "had a personality conflict with every person in the cast, and with the producers". In a 2005 interview with the Television Academy Foundation, Shirley Jones mentioned that Gelbwaks "was not happy doing [the show] .. his parents wanted him to do it, so we replaced him".


title: Jeremy Gelbwaks

text: He stopped acting when his family moved to Reston, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C., where they remained for a year and a half before moving again to Connecticut, and later to Potsdam, New York. Gelbwaks graduated from Hermon Dekalb Central School (Hermon, NY) in 1978 and was a member of the National Honor Society. His father Norman taught computer science at the State University of New York at Potsdam.


title: Jeremy Gelbwaks

text: Gelbwaks graduated from college in 1982, and became a computer analyst while studying chemistry at UC Berkeley. He worked in the computer industry until 1999, studied business at Columbia University, and became a management consultant. He married Patricia Polander, and moved to New Orleans, where he works as a business and technology planner.


title: Mutafukaz

text: A young woman carrying an infant is chased by black-suited men. Some of the men are killed by a dog who sprouts black tentacles. The woman manages to hide the baby in a dumpster before she is killed by one of the men.


title: Mutafukaz

text: Years later, the infant, now grown to a 22-year-old young man and named Angelino, lives in a run-down apartment in Dark Meat City (DMC) with his friend Vinz and countless "pet" cockroaches. While making a delivery, Angelino is distracted by Luna, a beautiful young woman, and is hit by a truck. This causes Angelino to start having headaches and hallucinate. The MIB, strange men in black suits led by a white-suited man named Bruce, begin pursuing Angelino. Angelino calls his friend Willy, and they hide in the rundown crime neighborhood of Palm Hills. Angelino and Vinz are later found again by the MIB, who engage the local gangs in a gunfight, killing people from both sides. Elsewhere, a Luchador tells his comrades about a vision he had about a potential evil they must combat.


title: Mutafukaz

text: In the restaurant they frequent, Angelino and Vinz run into Luna, who is actually working with the MIB and gets the two captured. Luna's father, Mr. K, is the leader of an alien race called Macho who have infiltrated the Earth including politicians and the police in order to eventually colonize the planet. Angelino is the child of a Macho father and a human woman which results in unpredictable and potentially powerful combinations that Mr. K wants to exploit. Mr. K tries to brainwash Angelino and convince him to kill his friend Vinz, while Luna switches sides after witnessing Angelino's past. They are rescued by the group of Luchadors who have followed Angelino's pet cockroaches that instinctively tracked Angelino down, and are joined by a scientist named Fagor who was the only one out of several kidnapped scientists working with the Macho.


title: Mutafukaz

text: Crocodile (a MIB from earlier) arrives at Willy's house and holds him hostage. Angelino and Vinz decide to return and Angelino rescues Willy. The Luchadores and Fagor launch the rocket, triggering it to snow across the country, freezing and killing all of the hidden Macho, while causing a news helicopter to crash, destroying Willy's house and killing Crocodile. Angelino, being half Macho, begins freezing, but is saved by Luna's kiss and she apologizes to him. Bruce arrives for a climactic fight against Angelino, who saves Luna from being killed and refuses to use his Macho powers. Before Bruce takes the opportunity to kill Angelino, the local gangs gun him down as revenge for previously invading their hood and for shooting their leader in the eye.


title: Mutafukaz

text: Two months later, everything goes back to "normal" with people forgetting about the incident. Vinz finally gets a job at the restaurant they frequent. Angelino writes letters to Luna who disappeared after his fight with Bruce despite not knowing where in DMC she is. Willy, who also disappeared after the fight, creates his first music single. Mr. K is shown to have survived and has set up a base on the moon, where he begins sending UFOs to potentially invade earth.


title: Mutafukaz

text: "Mutafukaz" had its world premiere on June 13, 2017 at the Annecy International Animation Film Festival. The film was released in France on May 23, 2018. Parco released the film in Japan on October 12, 2018. GKIDS released the English dub of the film in a limited theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada on October 11 and October 16, 2018.


title: Mutafukaz

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 39% based on 19 reviews with an average rating of 4.90/10.


title: Eugène Schueller

text: Eugène Paul Louis Schueller (20 March 1881 – 23 August 1957) was a French pharmacist and entrepreneur who was the founder of L'Oréal, the world's leading company in cosmetics and beauty. He was one of the founders of modern advertising.


title: Eugène Schueller

text: As a young French chemist of Alsatian paternal origin, Schueller graduated in 1904 from the Institut de Chimie Appliquée de Paris (now Chimie ParisTech). Schueller developed in 1907 an innovative hair-color formula, which he called Oréale. He formulated and manufactured his own products, and sold them to Parisian hairdressers.


title: Eugène Schueller

text: In 1909, he registered his company, the "Société Française de Teintures Inoffensives pour Cheveux", the future L'Oréal. The guiding principles of the company that would become L'Oréal were put into place from the start: research and innovation in the interest of beauty.


title: Eugène Schueller

text: During the early twentieth century, Schueller provided financial support and held meetings for La Cagoule at L'Oréal headquarters. La Cagoule was a violent French fascist-leaning, antisemitic and anti-communist group whose leader formed a political party Mouvement Social Révolutionnaire (MSR, Social Revolutionary Movement) which in Occupied France supported the Vichy collaboration with the conquerors from Nazi Germany.


title: Eugène Schueller

text: L'Oréal hired several members of the group as executives after World War II, such as Jacques Corrèze, who served as CEO of the US operation. This involvement was extensively researched by Michael Bar-Zohar in his book, "Bitter Scent".


title: Eugène Schueller

text: Schueller's daughter, Liliane Bettencourt, was the widow of André Bettencourt with whom she had one daughter, Françoise Bettencourt Meyers, chairwoman of L'Oréal's board of directors and according to Bloomberg Billionaires Index the richest woman in the world and the 12th richest person in the world, with a net worth of USD 94,9 Billion as of January 2022. Françoise Meyers is married to Jean-Pierre Meyers, whose rabbi grandfather was murdered in Auschwitz, a Nazi concentration camp. In 2017, Liliane Bettencourt was the wealthiest woman in the world, with holdings estimated at US$39.5 billion.


title: Record chart

text: A record chart, in the music industry, also called a music chart, is a ranking of recorded music according to certain criteria during a given period. Many different criteria are used in worldwide charts, often in combination. These include record sales, the amount of radio airplay, the number of downloads, and the amount of streaming activity.


title: Record chart

text: Some charts are specific to a particular musical genre and most to a particular geographical location. The most common period covered by a chart is one week with the chart being printed or broadcast at the end of this time. Summary charts for years and decades are then calculated from their component weekly charts. Component charts have become an increasingly important way to measure the commercial success of individual songs.


title: Record chart

text: A "chart hit" is a recording, identified by its inclusion in a chart that uses sales or other criteria to rank popular releases, that ranks highly in popularity compared to other songs in the same time frame. "Chart-topper" and related terms (like "number one", "No. 1 hit", "top of the charts", "chart hit", and so forth) are widely used in common conversation and in marketing, and are loosely defined. Because of its value in promoting recording artists and releases, both directly to the consumer, and by encouraging exposure on radio, TV other media, chart positioning has long been a subject of scrutiny and controversy. Chart compilation methodology and data sources vary, ranging from "buzz charts" (based on opinions of various experts and tastemakers), to charts that reflect empirical data such as retail sales. Therefore, a "chart-topper" may be anything from an "insiders' pick" to a runaway seller. Most charts that are used to determine extant mainstream popularity rely on measurable data.


title: Record chart

text: Record chart performance is inherently relative, as they rank songs, albums and records in comparison to each other at the same time, as opposed to music recording sales certification methods, which are measured in absolute numbers. Comparing the chart positions of songs at different times thus does not provide an accurate comparison of a song's overall impact. The nature of most charts, particularly weekly charts, also favors songs that sell very well for a brief period; thus, a song that is only briefly popular may chart higher than a song that sells more copies in the long range, but more slowly. As a result, a band's biggest hit single may not be its best-selling single.


title: Record chart

text: According to Joel Whitburn, the American trade publication "Billboard" introduced the Hot 100 on August 4, 1958. This was the first chart in the US to "fully integrate the hottest-selling and most-played pop singles." From 1958 until 1991, "Billboard" compiled the chart from playlists reported by radio stations, and surveys of retail sales outlets. Before 1958, several charts were published, including "Best Sellers in Stores", "Most Played by Jockeys" (later revived under the name Hot 100 Airplay), and "Most Played in Juke Boxes", and, in later collations of chart hits, the record's highest placing in any of those charts was usually reported. On November 30, 1991, "Billboard" introduced a new method of determining the Hot 100, "by a combination of actual radio airplay monitored electronically by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems (BDS), additional playlists from small-market stations, and actual point-of-sale information provided by Nielsen SoundScan." Until 1998, any songs placed on the chart had to be physically available as a single. The Hot 100 continues to be published.


title: Record chart

text: There are several commonly used terms when referring to a music/entertainment chart or the performance of a release thereon.


title: Record chart

text: A "new entry" is a title which is making its début in that chart. This is applied to all charts, for instance a track which is outside the Top 40 but which later climbs into that level of the chart is considered to be a 'new entry' to the Top 40 that week. In most official charts, tracks have to have been on sale for a period of time in order to enter the charts; however, in some retailers' charts, new releases are included in charts as 'new entries' without a sales history in order to make them more visible to purchasers. A real "new entry" is a title that makes its chart début, no matter how many positions officially the chart actually is. In the UK the official published chart is a Top 100 although a new entry can take place between positions 101-200 (this is also true of the Billboard Hot 100, which has a "bubbling under" addendum for new songs that have not yet made the Hot 100). The Top 40 is only used for radio to shorten the play-lists.


title: Record chart

text: A "re-entry" is a track which has previously entered a chart and fallen out of that chart, and then later re-appears in it. This may come about if a release is reissued or if there is a surge of interest in the track. Generally, any repeat entry of a track into a chart is considered a re-entry, unless the later version of the track is a materially different recording or is significantly repackaged (such as Michael Jackson's "Thriller 25"), where the release would normally be considered separate and thus a "new" entry.


title: Record chart

text: A "climber" is a release which is going higher in the chart week-on-week. Because chart positions are generally relative to each other on a week-to-week basis, a release does not necessarily have to increase sales week-to-week to be a climber, as if releases ahead of it decline in sales sufficiently, they may slip below it. By the same metric, not all week-to-week sales increases result in a climber, if other releases improve by a sufficient amount to keep it from climbing. The term "highest climber" is used to denote the release making the biggest leap upwards in the chart that week. There is generally not an equivalent phrase for tracks going down the chart; the term "faller" is occasionally used, but not as widely as 'climber'.


title: Record chart

text: The "top 10", "top 20" and so forth are used to determine the relative success of a release. For instance, a track may be referred to as a 'top 10 hit' if it reaches a position between 1 and 10 on the singles chart, as a 'top 20 hit' if it reaches between positions 1 and 20, and so on. The most commonly known chart is the 'top 40', widely used by the media in various territories, though it is common for longer lists to be produced for or by the music industry. For example, in the UK, the Official Charts Company produces a top 200, although various media only publish shorter lists.


title: Record chart

text: A "one-hit wonder" is an act that appears on the chart just once, or has one song that peaks exceptionally higher, or charts for exceptionally longer than other chart entries by the act. The term "true one-hit wonder" was the term given by the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums (and also the Billboard book Top Pop Singles) for an act that has one number one hit and nothing else on the chart ever. If an act appears in some other form (for example, a solo act that appears with a band or with other act) then these are taken separately.


title: Social Repose

text: Richard Mclean Giese (born February 9, 1990), known professionally as Social Repose, is an American singer and YouTube personality.


title: Social Repose

text: Richie Giese began his YouTube channel, Social Repose, in April 2011, where he uploaded his original music. He later began posting vlogs, cover songs, comedy sketches and other content. As time progressed, he began posting barbershop-style a cappella covers as well as loop covers and more humorous music content, while still continuing to upload his original music. His other musical content includes videos of him performing songs in other genres, making songs from other YouTubers' Tweets and singing while inhaling helium. Social Repose also uploads reaction videos, which he titles "Goth reacts", and surreal artistic videos. His YouTube channel currently has over 1 million subscribers.


title: Social Repose

text: When performing, he wears a distinct outfit that includes mechanical wings, face paint and a headdress that resembles a native American war bonnet. He progressively adds new components to his outfit, which he tends to get custom-made. He claims that the outfit is meant to be memorable and garner attention to his music. He likes to describe his style as "alternative".


title: Social Repose

text: Prior to 2015, Social Repose made emo electronic and synth-pop music which he released independently through YouTube and Bandcamp.


title: Social Repose

text: He began his musical career in 2011 making synth-pop music. He made his first song, "Helium House", while still in film school. The accompanying video is the first upload on his YouTube channel. The song was included on his first album, "Paradise". He regards this portion of his career as "cringey".


title: Social Repose

text: In 2013, Social Repose started making EDM songs. "Reckless Closure" was his first EDM album. He released an EP titled "Crazy Manic Love", which includes a song of the same name.


title: Social Repose

text: Social Repose's debut album, "Yalta", was released in 2015. This featured a completely new style, and was a "transitional record" for him. It is considered alternative or indie, and has been compared to the sounds of Owl City and Panic! at the Disco.


title: Social Repose

text: Social Repose has collaborated with musician BryanStars on an a capella cover of Bring Me the Horizon's "Follow You".


title: Social Repose

text: Social Repose released a song called "Filthy Pride" in 2016 as a single before it was included on his EP, "Empress". He wrote the rest of the EP around this song, because he felt like its theme needed to be expanded on. He intended "Empress" to have the same dark, atmospheric sound as "Yalta". He released a music video for his song "Villain", which served as the second track on the EP.


title: Social Repose

text: Social Repose embarked on the Empress Tour, spanning the southern and mid-west United States. Hotel Books and the Funeral Portrait served as support. The tour then went overseas to the United Kingdom and Europe, with One-Eyed Doll.


title: Social Repose

text: In 2018, Social Repose's cover of "You Should See Me in a Crown" was featured on "Glamour" magazine's YouTube channel, where it was watched by Billie Eilish. She complimented him on his talent and described the video as "impressive".


title: Brandon Scott (actor)

text: Brandon O'Neil Scott (born July 30, 1982) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for his roles as Ryan Spalding in the medical drama series "Grey's Anatomy" (2008–2009), Kohut in the animated comedy film "Wreck-It Ralph" (2012), Henry in the action-adventure game "The Last of Us" (2013), Alex in the animated drama series "" (2015–2017), Jameson in the action-adventure game "" (2016), Coach J.J. Kerba in the teen drama series "13 Reasons Why" (2019–2020), Nick Prager in the dark comedy series "Dead to Me" (2019–present), and Cory Lawrence in the romantic drama series "This Is Us" (2019).


title: Brandon Scott (actor)

text: Brandon O'Neil Scott was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, on July 30, 1982, the youngest of three children. He attended Central High School and later earned a BFA in acting from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.


title: Brandon Scott (actor)

text: Scott began his acting career with a minor role in the 2005 short film "Water", and went on to have guest roles on television series such as "Law & Order", "", "", "Masters of Sex", "Bones", and "Cold Case". In 2012, he appeared in the films "Knife Fight" and "Stand Up Guys" and voiced Kohut in the Disney animated comedy film "Wreck-It Ralph". In 2013, he voiced and provided the motion capture of Henry in the action-adventure game "The Last of Us", which became arguably his most notable role. He enjoyed portraying Henry, particularly due to the fact that he was allowed to introduce elements of his own personality, and stated that "you don't have to plan [the little nuances] because you get to just be the character". He also felt that recording the voice and motion capture simultaneously was exciting and helpful.


title: Brandon Scott (actor)

text: From 2008 to 2009, Scott played Ryan Spalding in the ABC medical drama series "Grey's Anatomy" for 15 episodes. In 2016, he provided the voice and motion capture of Jameson in the action-adventure game "" and played Peter in the horror film "Blair Witch". In 2018, he joined the cast of "Channel Zero" as Officer Luke Vanczyk for six episodes in the third season. The same year, he played Tom Hodgson for six episodes in the fourth and final season of the show. In 2019, he played Cory Lawrence in the NBC romantic drama series "This is Us", as well as Officer Nick Prager in the Netflix dark comedy series "Dead to Me". From 2019 to 2020, he appeared as Coach J.J. Kerba in the Netflix teen drama series "13 Reasons Why".


title: Brandon Scott (actor)

text: In 2021, Scott is set to join the main cast in the fourth and final season of the Amazon Prime Video legal drama series "Goliath".


title: FA Cup Final

text: The FA Cup Final, commonly referred to in England as just the Cup Final, is the last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup. It has regularly been one of the most attended domestic football events in the world, with an official attendance of 89,472 at the 2017 final. The 2020 event has been the exception, due to the Coronavirus pandemic. The Final is the culmination of a knockout competition among clubs belonging to The Football Association in England, although Scottish and Irish teams competed in the early years and Welsh teams regularly compete, with Cardiff City winning the Cup in 1927 and reaching the final in 1925 and 2008. Since 1923 it has been played mostly at Wembley Stadium.


title: FA Cup Final

text: , 141 FA Cup Finals have been played. The latest final was held on 14 May 2022 and was contested between Liverpool and Chelsea, with Liverpool winning 6–5 on penalties following a 0–0 draw.


title: FA Cup Final

text: The first FA Cup Final was held at Kennington Oval on 16 March 1872 and was contested between Wanderers and Royal Engineers, with Wanderers winning 1–0.


title: FA Cup Final

text: After the 1873 final was held at Lillie Bridge, the event was held at the Oval until 1892. The 1893 and 1894 finals were respectively held at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester and Goodison Park in Liverpool, before the event returned to London in 1895, being held at Crystal Palace until the outbreak of World War I. After the war, the event was held at Stamford Bridge, before Wembley Stadium opened in 1923. The first final at Wembley, in which Bolton Wanderers beat West Ham United 2–0, had an official attendance of 126,047, although the actual figure is believed to be as much as 300,000. It is widely known as the "White Horse Final", after a police horse named 'Billy' was used to restore order after the huge crowd spilled onto the field. The 1927 final saw "Abide with Me" being sung for the first time at the Cup final, which has become a pre-match tradition.


title: FA Cup Final

text: Wembley continued to host the final until 2000, when it closed for redevelopment. The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final between 2001 and 2006, before the new Wembley Stadium opened in 2007.


title: FA Cup Final

text: Up to and including 1998, if the final ended in a draw, a replay would be required. This happened on 14 occasions, the last being in 1993 between Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday. In September 1998, the Football Association decided that all future finals would be decided "on the day", meaning that a penalty shootout would decide the winner if the score was level after normal and extra time. Three finals since have been decided by a penalty shootout, those of 2005 (Arsenal defeating Manchester United), 2006 (Liverpool defeating West Ham United) and 2022 (Liverpool defeating Chelsea).


title: FA Cup Final

text: Stan Mortensen's hat-trick for Blackpool in 1953 is the only hat-trick ever scored at Wembley in the competition's final. Everton's Louis Saha scored a goal after 27.9 seconds in the 2009 FA Cup Final. It is currently the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history. Bury's 6–0 victory over Derby County in the 1903 FA Cup Final and Manchester City's 6–0 victory over Watford 2019 FA Cup Final are the largest winning margins. With his goal in the 2012 Final, Chelsea's Didier Drogba became the first player to score a goal in four finals.


title: FA Cup Final

text: The FA Cup Final is one of ten events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events.


title: Triangle offense

text: The triangle offense is an offensive strategy used in basketball. Its basic ideas were initially established by Hall of Fame coach Sam Barry at the University of Southern California. His system was further developed by former Houston Rockets and Kansas State University basketball head coach Tex Winter, who played for Barry in the late 1940s. Winter later served as an assistant coach for the Chicago Bulls in the 1980s and 1990s and for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2000s, mostly under head coach Phil Jackson.


title: Triangle offense

text: The system's most important feature is the sideline triangle created by the center, who stands at the low post, the forward at the wing, and the guard at the corner. The team's other guard stands at the top of the key and the weak-side forward is on the weak-side high post—together forming the "two-man game". The goal of the offense is to fill those five spots, which creates good spacing between players and allows each one to pass to four teammates. Every pass and cut has a purpose and everything is dictated by the defense.


title: Triangle offense

text: It has been claimed that the triangle offense is the optimal way for five players to space the floor on the basketball court.


title: Triangle offense

text: The offense starts when a guard passes to the wing and cuts to the strong-side corner. The triangle is created from a post player on the strong-side block, the strong-side corner, and the extended strong-side wing, who gains possession on the first pass. The desired initial option in the offense is to pass to the strong-side post player on the block who is in good scoring position. From there the player has the options of looking to score or pass to one of the perimeter players who are exchanging from strong-side corner and wing, a dive cut down the lane, or the opposite wing flashing to the top of the key which initiates another common option known as the "pinch post".


title: Triangle offense

text: If a pass to the block is not possible, the second option is either to pass to the weak-side guard who flashes top of the key from the weak-side wing position or passing to the strong-side corner. If the ball is passed to the corner the options are either shoot, pass to the strong-side block, or pick and pop with the wing. If it is passed to the weak-side guard it initiates the "pinch post" option. There are two options. The first and most common is to pass to the weak-side forward who flashes to the elbow (corner of the key at the free throw line) to receive the pass. When he does the options are a rub handoff, back door cut by guard without the ball, post up of the guard on a smaller player, or face up and attack. The second option is a pick and roll with the forward. The advantage to the first option is there are so many weapons to attack the defense it opens up a lot of freedom and ability to score effectively. The advantage on the second option is that the player who has the ball and uses the screen now has the entire side of the floor to work with to go one on one. Meanwhile, on the other side, the wing sets a screen for the corner guard on the triangle split. If the hand-off is not available, the forward or the guard can pass to the corner guard coming off the screen. If the defense overplays or expects the split, both the wing and the corner guard can back cut to the basket. During all of this time the original strong-side block player is able to establish position for an easy shot while the defender is lured by all of the movement and cutting by the other players.


title: Triangle offense

text: If the strong-side wing-to-guard pass is not possible, the third option is for the weak-side forward to flash to the strong-side elbow, take the pass, and cut to the basket on the trademark backdoor play of the offense. Meanwhile, the wing and corner guard exchange on a down screen. The forward with the ball can pass to the cutting guard or to the corner guard coming off the wing's screen. If nothing's available, he can shoot the basketball himself.


title: Triangle offense

text: The offense also has a variety of options if there is heavy pressure from the defense. If the initial wing-pass by the guard is not available, the triangle can be created on the other side by passing to the other guard, who then passes to the weak-side forward (who then becomes the strong-side wing). The guard, who initially had the ball, then cuts to the other corner. The center or the pressured wing can flash to the opposite post. If the guard-to-guard pass is not available, the weak-side forward can make a similar flash cut that was mentioned earlier. That also creates many cutting opportunities. If there is heavy pressure on everybody, the center can release the pressure by cutting to the high post for a pass by the ball-handling guard. That would also create space for possible cuts.


title: Triangle offense

text: Head coach Phil Jackson, with help from assistant coach Tex Winter, won 11 NBA Finals with the triangle offense. Jackson coached the Bulls from 1989–1998. He next served as the head coach of the Lakers twice, first from 1999–2004, and then from 2005–2011. The Chicago Bulls under Jackson won six championships in the 1990s playing in the triangle. His first three title-winning teams in Chicago featured superstars Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen. Jackson's later three titles with the Bulls came with Jordan, Pippen, and fellow superstar Dennis Rodman. Jackson's Los Angeles Lakers won five championships employing the triangle. His first three Lakers championship squads fielded superstars Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant, while his last two title teams saw him pair Bryant with fellow All-Star Pau Gasol.


title: Triangle offense

text: When Jackson became the head coach of the Chicago Bulls before the start of the 1989–1990 NBA season, he and Winter originally installed the triangle offense in an attempt to subvert the Jordan Rules strategy employed by their Eastern Conference rivals, the Detroit Pistons. The "Jordan Rules" was a defensive strategy which consisted of solely targeting Michael Jordan. Jordan had already established himself as an elite NBA superstar by single-handedly turning Chicago into a playoff contender. However, by sharing responsibility rather than shouldering it, he continued to blossom as a great all-around basketball player. More importantly, the Bulls also improved notably as a team, finishing with a 55–27 record. The Bulls fell to the Pistons in 7 games in the 1990 Eastern Conference Finals. The following year, however, Chicago finished the 1990–1991 NBA season with a then-franchise best 61–21 record, good for first place in the East, then swept the archrival Pistons 4–0 in the 1991 Eastern Conference Finals. The Bulls then defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA Finals, four games to one. Michael Jordan won his second NBA Most Valuable Player Award that season and won his first championship.


title: Triangle offense

text: The triangle offense was used very effectively by the Bulls during the 1995–96 season. Jordan, back at the helm for the team in his first full season since coming out of retirement, won his fourth NBA MVP award. He also finished the season as the league's leading scorer for the 8th time. The Bulls recorded a then NBA-record 72–10 season en route to what was then their fourth NBA championship. Jackson won his first (and only) NBA Coach of the Year Award for his efforts during his team's record-breaking season. Overall, the Bulls won six NBA titles during the 1990s, and the team is considered to be one of the NBA's greatest dynasties.


title: Triangle offense

text: Jackson installed the triangle offense again when he started coaching the Lakers in the 1999–2000 season, with Winter once again serving as an assistant on his staff. This time, Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant served as the focal points of the team's offense. O'Neal won the NBA MVP Award in 2000, and Bryant rose to prominence as one of the NBA's newest stars. The Lakers became an elite NBA team during Jackson's first term as their coach, making four NBA Finals appearances in five years and winning three straight championships from 2000–2002. At the end of the 2004 Finals, which resulted in losing to the Detroit Pistons, his contract was not renewed. Jackson returned to the Lakers as head coach starting in the 2005–2006 season. Despite the presence of Bryant as the centerpiece of the team, the Lakers could not get past the first round of the playoffs in 2006 or 2007. However, the team acquired versatile forward Pau Gasol from the Memphis Grizzlies during the 2008 season. With Bryant and Gasol running the triangle offense, the Lakers made the NBA Finals three straight times and won in 2009 and 2010. In the process, Jackson surpassed Red Auerbach's record of most titles won by an NBA coach.


title: Triangle offense

text: When Phil Jackson retired as a head coach at the end of the 2010–2011 season, he finished his career with over 1000 victories over the course of his coaching career, regular season and playoff games combined. Jackson, Jordan, Pippen, Rodman, O'Neal and Bryant are all Hall of Famers. Tex Winter earned induction into the Hall of Fame in 2011 for his contributions to basketball involving the triangle offense. He was an assistant for both the Bulls and Lakers on the first nine of Jackson's 11 championship teams, and served as a consultant to the Lakers on the final two.


title: Triangle offense

text: In 2014, Jackson joined the New York Knicks as president of basketball operations, and hired former Laker Derek Fisher as the head coach in hopes of installing the triangle offense. However, the Knicks failed to finish with a winning season. Nor did the team make the playoffs in each of Jackson's three seasons. Fisher's tenure lasted until midway through the 2015–16 season, after which he was fired and replaced by Kurt Rambis for the remainder of the season. Jeff Hornacek took over as the Knicks head coach for the 2016-2017 season, but he, too, couldn't deliver a winning season for the Knicks.


title: Triangle offense

text: The triangle offense, while successful during Jackson's legendary coaching career, has proved to be less effective in comparison to modern NBA offenses, which place more emphasis on perimeter shooting and player versatility. This is due in large part to the increased efficiency of the 3-point shot. In addition, players' improving 3-point proficiency and range provides much of the floor spacing that is one of the hallmarks of the triangle. It also did not help that Knicks players, especially Carmelo Anthony, were reluctant to learn the offense, and lacked the necessary discipline and patience to run the triangle. Jackson was dismissed after the 2016–17 season.


title: Triangle offense

text: Tim Cone, the current head coach of the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel, continued the movement in the triangle offense and brought it to the PBA in 1989, thus aiding him to win a league-record 23 championships with three different franchises.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: The Lawrence School, Lovedale (formerly known as Lawrence Memorial Royal Military School), the namesake of its founder Brigadier-General Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence , is a co-educational boarding school located at Lovedale, which is a little town on the Nilgiri Mountains in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: Lawrence had mooted the idea of establishing a chain of British Raj military-style boarding schools at the hill stations of India to educate the children of the deceased and serving members of the British Indian Army. Although Lawrence was killed at The Residency, Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 his dream took shape and four such schools, known as the Lawrence Military Asylums, were established: at Sanawar in 1847, and at Mount Abu in 1856, both during his lifetime; then at Lovedale, Ootacamund in 1858 and at Ghora Gali, Murree, in present-day Pakistan in 1860.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: In 1913, the name of the school was changed from The Ootacamund Lawrence Asylum to Lawrence Memorial School. After being accorded royal patronage in 1922, the name of the school was changed to the Lawrence Memorial Royal Military School in 1925. In 1949, soon after Indian Independence, the school was handed over to the civilian authorities of the Government of India; subsequently, the name of the school was changed to The Lawrence School, as it is known today. As the school is located in Lovedale, the school is also simply referred to as "Lovedale".


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: "ARMS: Ermine, on a cross raguly gules and eastern crown or; on a chief azure two swords in saltire proper, pommels and hilts gold, between as many leopards' heads argent."


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: "CREST: Out of an eastern crown or, a cubit arm entwined by a wreath of laurel and holding a dagger all proper".


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: The Lawrence School, Lovedale has its campus on 750 acres leased from the Ministry of Defence in Lovedale, which is 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from Ootacamund. Located at a height of 7200 feet above mean sea level, it is slightly lower than the Dodabetta peak (altitude: 8650 feet), which is the highest peak of the Nilgiris mountain range.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: The school campus is divided into Preparatory School (classes 5 ), Junior School (classes 6–8) and Senior School (classes 9–12). Some of the classrooms and dormitories of the schools are together in their respective buildings, whereas the girls of class (5–8) are accommodated in the Preparatory School building and the girls of classes (9–12) are accommodated in a separate residential building called Girls School. Therefore, the girls of class 5 attend classes in the Preparatory School, girls of classes (6–8) attend classes in Junior School and girls of classes (9–12) attend classes in the Senior School building.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: Many notable personalities, such as former Prime Ministers and Presidents of India Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Zail Singh, Pranab Mukherjee, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, and others such as Sam Manekshaw, Venkaiah Naidu and Kiran Bedi, have visited this campus to grace the school's Founder's day and other special occasions.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: The Senior School (often referred to as Boys' School) is housed in a magnificent two-story building with a towering campanile of 130 feet, built in Italian Gothic style and designed by Architect Robert Chisholm.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: On May 31, 1988, a commemorative postage stamp was issued by India Post to commemorate 130 years of its existence with an image displaying the towering campanile section.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: The student body is from all over India and overseas, and is led by prefects headed by a head girl and head boy. The school also has a 40 percent reservation of seats and a 20 percent fee subsidy for children of Indian Defence personnel.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: The school is governed by an autonomous body, the Board of Governors, which is appointed by the Ministry of Human Resources Development, Government of India, and is managed operationally by the headmaster or headmistress, who is an "ex officio" member of the Board as well as the Member Secretary. Additionally, the General Officer Commanding – South India (GOC) Indian Army is also an "ex officio" member of the Board. The Board also has representation from a member of the Old Lawrencians Association (OLA), a member of the Parent Teacher Association (PTA), and any other nominees of the Ministry of Education, Government of India.


title: Lawrence School, Lovedale

text: The school's alumni association, the Old Lawrencians Association, has chapters and branches in several major Indian and international cities. This body is registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Act and is run by a Managing Committee consisting of an elected team drawn from the registered alumni of the association.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In many languages, the colors described in English as "blue" and "green" are colexified, i.e. expressed using a single cover term. To describe this English lexical gap, linguists use the portmanteau word "grue", from "green" and "blue", a term coined by the philosopher Nelson Goodman—with a rather different meaning—in his 1955 "Fact, Fiction, and Forecast" to illustrate his "new riddle of induction".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The exact definition of "blue" and "green" may be complicated by the speakers not primarily distinguishing the hue, but using terms that describe other color components such as saturation and luminosity, or other properties of the object being described. For example, "blue" and "green" might be distinguished, but a single term might be used for both if the color is dark. Furthermore, green might be associated with yellow, and blue with either black or gray.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: According to Brent Berlin and Paul Kay's 1969 study "", distinct terms for brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray will not emerge in a language until the language has made a distinction between green and blue. In their account of the development of color terms the first terms to emerge are those for white/black (or light/dark), red and green/yellow.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The word for blue in the Amazigh language is "azerwal". In some dialects of Amazigh, like Shilha or Kabyle, the word "azegzaw" is used for both green and blue.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The color of the sky is sometimes referred to as "the green" in Classical Arabic poetry, in which it is "al-khaḍrā'" (). In Arabic the word for blue is generally "azraq" (). The Arabic word for green is "akhḍar" ().


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Moroccan Arabic, the word for light blue is "šíbi", whereas "zraq" () stands for blue and "khḍar" () for green. The word "zrag" () is used to describe the color of a suffocated person, and is also used pejoratively as a synonym to "dumb, stupid".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The ancient Egyptian word "wadjet" covered the range of blue, blue-green, and green. On the one hand, it was the name of a goddess, the patroness of Lower Egypt, represented as a cobra called Wadjet, "the green one", or as the Eye of Horus, also called by the same name. On the other hand, "wedjet" was the word used for Egyptian blue in faience ceramics.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Hebrew, the word "" (pronounced ) means blue, while "" (pronounced ) means green and has the same root, (j-r-q), as the word for "vegetables" (, ). However, in classical Hebrew, can mean both green and yellow, giving rise to such expressions as (pronounced ), "leek green", to specify green to the exclusion of yellow. Like Russian and Italian, Hebrew has a separate name for light blue (, "t'khelet")—the color of the sky and of fringes ("tzitzit") on the ritual garment "tallit". This color has special symbolic significance in both Judaism and Jewish culture.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Choctaw language has two words, "okchʋko" and "okchʋmali", which have different meanings depending on the source. In 1852 "okchakko" is translated variously as pale blue or pale green, "okchakko chohmi" ("somewhat okchakko") is given as swarthy, and "okchamali" is defined as deep blue, gray, green, or sky blue. In 1880 "okchakko" and "okchʋmali" are both given as blue, and green is not specifically listed as a color. In an 1892 dictionary, "okchamali" is deep blue or green, "okchakko" is pale blue or bright green, and a third word "kili̱koba" is bright green (resembling a "kili̱kki", a species of parrot). By 1915, the authoritative Byington dictionary gives "okchako" as blue and "okchamali" as green, blue, gray, verdant. A current coursebook differentiates based on brightness, giving "okchʋko" as bright blue/green and "okchʋmali" as pale or dull blue/green. Modern usage in the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma language school is to use "okchʋko" for blue and "okchʋmali" for green, with no distinction for brightness.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The language of the Kanien'kehá:ka Nation at Akwesasne is at Stage VII on the , and possesses distinct terms for a broad range of spectral and nonspectral colors such as blue ("oruía"), green ("óhute"), black ("kahúji"), white ("karákA"), and gray ("atakArókwa"). According to one researcher, the Kanien'kehá:ka term for purple ("arihwawakunéha") translates to 'bishop['s color]', a recent, post-Christianization coinage. The way in which purple was categorized and referenced prior to the addition of the latter term is not clear.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In the Lakota Sioux language, the word "tȟó" is used for both blue and green, though the word "tȟózi" (a mixture of the words "tȟó" meaning "blue (green)," and "zí" meaning "yellow") has become common ("zítȟo" can also be used). This is in line with common practice of using "zíša/šázi" for orange ("šá" meaning "red"), and "šátȟo/tȟóša" for "purple/violet."


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Mapudungun distinguishes between black ("kurü"), blue ("kallfü") and green ("karü", also meaning "raw" or "immature"). The word "payne" was formerly used to refer to a sky blue, and also refers to the bluish color of stones (Zúñiga, 2006).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Single words for blue/green are also found in Mayan languages; for example, in the Yukatek Maya language "blue/green" is "yax".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Tupian languages did not originally differ between the two colors, though they may now as a result of interference of Spanish (in the case of Guaraní) or Portuguese (in the case of Nheengatu). The Tupi word "oby" () meant both, as does the Guaraní "hovy" (). In modern Tupi (nheengatu) you can use the word "suikiri" for green and "iakira/akira" for blue, but they are still interchangeable, because "iakira/akira" also means immature, as in "pakua akira" (green banana/immature banana), and "suikiri" can also mean blue. In modern Guarani, they use "hovy" for blue and "hovy'û" (which literally means "dark green/blue") for green. So "hovy" can still be used for green, and "hovy'û" can be used for dark blue shades. They also have the word "aky", cognate with nheengatu "akira", and it means green/immature too.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Yebamasa of the Rio Piraparana region in Vaupés Department, southeastern Colombia, use the term "sumese" for both blue and green. The letter "u" is pronounced like the German "ü".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Speakers of Tagalog most commonly use the Spanish loanwords for blue and green—"asul" (from Spanish "azul") and "berde" (from Spanish "verde"), respectively. Although these words are much more common in spoken use, Tagalog has native terms: "bugháw" for blue and "lunti(án)" for green, which are seen as archaic and more flowery. These are mostly confined to formal and academic writings, alongside artistic fields such literature, music, and poetry.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Cebuano, another major Philippine language, the native words for "blue" and "green" end in the same syllable: "pughaw" and "lunhaw", respectively. Pughaw means sky blue, while lunhaw is fresh leaf green (i.e. neither brownish nor yellowish).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Humor and jokes of a sexual or derogatory nature that would otherwise be described as "blue" in English (e.g. "blue comedy", "blue joke") are called "green" in Philippine English. This is a calque of the Hispanic term "chiste verde".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Modern Javanese has distinct words for blue "biru" and green "ijo". These words are derived from Old Javanese "birū" and "hijo". However, in Old Javanese "birū" could mean pale blue, grayish blue, greenish blue, or even turquoise, while "hijo" which means green, could also mean the blue-green color of clear water. "Biru" and "ijo" in Modern Javanese are cognates of Malay/Indonesian "biru" and "hijau" which both have the same meaning.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Kannada language distinguishes between blue ("neeli" - ನೀಲಿ), green ("hasiru" - ಹಸಿರು) and yellow ("haladi" - ಹಳದಿ). The prefix "kadu" (ಕಡು) would indicate darker colors while the prefix "tili" (ತಿಳಿ) would indicate light colors. Thus "kaduneeli" (ಕಡುನೀಲಿ) would mean dark/deep blue, while "tilineeli" (ತಿಳಿನೀಲಿ) would mean light blue.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Tamil language distinguishes between the colors green ("paccai"), blue ("neelam") and black ("karuppu"). The prefix "karu-" would indicate dark colors while the suffix "iḷam" would indicate light colors. Thus "karumpaccai" would be dark green.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Telugu language uses a single word, "pacca", for green and yellow. To differentiate between the two shades, another word is prefixed in some cases. For example, green will be called "ākupacca" "leaf-"pacca"" and yellow "pasupupacca" "turmeric-"pacca"".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Malayalam there are distinct words for blue (neela - നീല), green (pachcha - പച്ച) and yellow (manja - മഞ്ഞ).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The modern Chinese language has the blue–green distinction (藍 "lán" for blue and 綠 "lǜ" for green); however, another word that predates the modern vernacular, "qīng" (), is also used. The character depicts the budding of a young plant and it could be understood as "verdant", but the word is used to describe colors ranging from light and yellowish green through deep blue all the way to black, as in "xuánqīng" (). For example, the flag of the Republic of China is referred to as "qīng tiān, bái rì, mǎn dì hóng" ("Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth"—「」); whereas "qīngcài" () is the Chinese word for "green vegetable," referring to bok choy. "Qīng" 靑, was the traditional designation of both blue and green for much of the history of the Chinese language, while 藍 "lán" ('blue') originally referred to the indigo plant. However, the character 綠 "lǜ" ('green'), as a particular 'shade' of "qīng" applied to cloth and clothing, has been attested since the "Book of Odes" (1000 to 600 B.C.) (e.g., the title of Ode 27 《邶風·綠衣》 'Green Upper Garment' in the "Airs of Bei"). After the discarding of Classical Chinese in favor of modern Vernacular Chinese, the modern terms for blue and green are now more commonly used than "qīng" as standalone color terms, although "qīng" is still part of many common noun phrases. The two forms can also be encountered combined as 靑藍 and 靑綠, with 靑 being used as an intensifier. In modern scientific contexts, "qīng" refers to cyan and is distinguished from blue and green.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Japanese word , the same kanji character as the Chinese "qīng", can refer to either blue or green depending on the situation. Modern Japanese has a word for , but it is a relatively recent usage. Ancient Japanese did not have this distinction: the word "midori" came into use only in the Heian period, and at that time (and for a long time thereafter) "midori" was still considered a shade of "ao". Educational materials distinguishing green and blue came into use only after World War II; thus, even though most Japanese consider them to be green, the word "ao" is still used to describe certain vegetables, apples, and vegetation. "Ao" is also the word used to refer to the color on a traffic light that signals one to "go". However, most other objects—a green car, a green sweater, and so forth—will generally be called "midori". Japanese people also sometimes use the word , based on the English word "green", for colors. The language also has several other words meaning specific shades of green and blue.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The native Korean word (Revised Romanization: "pureu-da") may mean either blue or green, or bluish green. These adjectives are used for blue as in ("pureu-n haneul", blue sky), or for green as in ("pureu-n sup", green forest). 푸른 ("pureu-n") is a noun-modifying form. Another word 파랗다 ("para-ta") usually means blue, but sometimes it also means green, as in 파란 불 ("para-n bul", green light of a traffic light). There are Sino-Korean expressions that refer to green and blue. ("chorok" adj./n.), ("choroksaek" n. or for short, "noksaek" n.) is used for green. "Cheong" , another expression borrowed from Chinese (靑), is mostly used for blue, as in 청바지/靑-- (cheong-baji, blue jeans") and Cheong Wa Dae ( or Hanja: ), the Blue House, which is the former executive office and official residence of the President of the Republic of Korea, but is also used for green as well, as in 청과물/靑果物 (cheong-gwamul, fruits and vegetables) and 청포도/靑葡萄 (cheong-podo, green grape).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Tibetan, སྔོན་པོ། (Wylie sngon po) is the term traditionally given for the color of the sky and of grass. This term also falls into the general pattern of naming colors by appending the suffix "po", as in "mar po" (red); "ser po" (yellow); "nag po" (black); and "dkar po" (white). Conspicuously, the term for "green" is "ljang khu", likely related to "ljang bu", and defined as—"the grue (sngon po) sprout of wheat or barley".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Vietnamese used to not use separate words for green and blue, with both blue and green being denoted as "xanh". This is a colloquial rendering of "thanh" (靑), as with Chinese and Japanese. In modern usage, blue and green are distinguished. Shades of blue are specifically described as "xanh da trời ("light blue skin of sky), or "xanh dương, xanh nước biển", (deep blue of ocean). Green is described as "xanh lá cây ("color of leaves).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Vietnamese occasionally employs the terms "xanh lam" (blue) and "xanh lục" (green) in which the second syllables is derived from the Chinese: 藍 and 綠 respectively, sometimes skipping the syllable "xanh", for "blue" and "green", respectively, in formal or scientific speech. "Xanh" can also be used singularly for any color that is the shade in between blue and green inclusively.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Mongolian, the word for green is ногоон ("nogoon"). Mongolian distinguishes between dark and light blue. The word for light blue is цэнхэр ("tsenher"), and the word for dark blue is хөх ("höh").


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Albanian has two major words for "blue": "kaltër" refers to a light blue, such as that of the sky, but it is derived from Vulgar Latin "calthinus", itself derived from "caltha", a loan from Ancient Greek that meant "marigold" a small and in fact yellow flower. The other word, "blu", refers to a darker shade of blue, and like many similar words across many European languages, derives ultimately from Germanic (see also: Italian "blu"). There is a separate word for green, "gjelbër", which derives from the Latin "galbinus", which originally meant "yellow" (cf. German "gelb"); the original Latin word for green on the other hand, "viridis", is the source of the Albanian word for "yellow", "verdhë". Albanian also has a borrowed word for green, "jeshil", from Turkish "yeşil"; it tends to be used for non-natural greens (such as traffic signals) in contrast to "gjelbër".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: There are separate words for green ("zaļš") and blue ("zils") in Latvian. Both "zils" and "zaļš" stem from the same Proto-Indo-European word for yellow ("*ghel"). Several other words in Latvian have been derived from these colors, namely grass is called "zāle" (from "zaļš"), while the name for iris is "zīlīte" (from "zils").


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The now archaic word "mēļš" was used to describe both dark blue and black (probably indicating that previously "zils" was used only for lighter shades of blue). For instance, blueberries and blackberries are called "mellenes".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Bulgarian, a South Slavic language, makes a clear distinction between blue (синьо, "sinyo"), green (зелено, "zeleno"), and black (черно, "cherno").


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In the Polish language, blue ("niebieski" from "niebo" – sky) and green ("zielony") are treated as separate colors. The word for sky blue or azure—"błękitny"—might be considered either a basic color or a shade of blue by different speakers. Similarly dark blue or navy blue ("granatowy"—deriving from the name of pomegranate (granat), some cultivars of which are dark purplish blue in color) can be considered by some speakers as a separate basic color. Black ("czarny") is completely distinguished from blue. As in English, Polish distinguishes pink ("różowy") from red ("czerwony").


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The word "siwy" means blue-gray in Polish (literally: "color of gray hair"). The word "siny" refers to violet-blue and is used to describe the color of bruises ("siniaki"), hematoma, and the blue skin discoloration that can result from moderate hypothermia.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Russian does not have a single word referring to the whole range of colors denoted by the English term "blue". Instead, it traditionally treats light blue (голубой, "goluboy") as a separate color independent from plain or dark blue (синий, "siniy"), with all seven "basic" colors of the spectrum (red–orange–yellow–green–голубой / "goluboy" (sky blue, light azure, but "does not equal" cyan)–синий / "siniy" ("true" deep blue, like synthetic ultramarine)–violet) while in English the light blues like azure and cyan are considered mere shades of "blue" and not different colors. The Russian word for "green" is зелёный, "zielioniy". To better understand this, consider that English makes a similar distinction between "red" and light red (pink, which is considered a different color and not merely a kind of red), but such a distinction is unknown in several other languages; for example, both "red" ( , "hóng", traditionally called ), and "pink" (, "fěn hóng", lit. "powder red") have traditionally been considered varieties of a single color in Chinese. The Russian language also distinguishes between red (красный, krasniy) and pink (розовый, rozoviy).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Similarly, English language descriptions of rainbows have often distinguished between blue or turquoise and indigo, the latter of which is often described as dark blue or ultramarine.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: "Modar" may also mean dark blue and dark purple that are used to describe colours of a bruise, "modrica". Native speakers cannot pinpoint a color on the spectrum which would correspond to "modra".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: "Sinj", cognate to Bulgarian синьо, "sinyo"/Russian синий, "siniy", is archaic, and denotes blue-gray, usually used to describe dark seas.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Turquoise is usually described as "tirkizan", and similarly, azure will use a loan word "azuran". There is no specific word for cyan. Blond hair is called "plava" ('blue'), reflecting likely the archaic use of "plav" for any bright white/blue colors (like the sky).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: "Mrk" "dusky" can refer either dark brown, less often dark gray, or even black. It is etymologically derived from the word for "darkness" ("mrak"), but is distinct from "dark" ("taman"). For instance, it is used to describe the brown bear ("mrki medved/medvjed"). "Smeđ" and "kestenjast" refer brown, "crven" means red, "ružičast" is for pink and "narandžast" designates orange.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Shades are defined with a prefix (e.g. "tamno-" for dark, or "svetlo-/svijetlo-" for light), for example, dark blue = "tamnoplav".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Although the blue and green color are not strictly defined, so Slovene speakers cannot point to a certain shade of blue or green, but rather the whole spectrum of blue and green shades, there is a distinction between light and dark hues of these colors, which is described with prefixes "svetlo- (light)" and "temno- (dark)".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Transient hues between blue and green are mostly described as "zeleno moder" or "modro zelen", sometimes as "turkizen" (turquoise). Transient hues between green and yellow ("rumena") are described as "rumeno zelen" or "zeleno rumen."


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Welsh and Cornish word "glas" is usually translated as "blue"; however, it can also refer, variously, to the color of the sea, of grass, or of silver (cf. Greek γλαυκός). The word "gwyrdd" (a borrowing from Latin "viridis") is the standard translation for "green". In traditional Welsh (and related languages), "glas" could refer to certain shades of green and gray as well as blue, and "llwyd" could refer to various shades of gray and brown. Perhaps under the influence of English, modern Welsh is trending toward the 11-color Western scheme, restricting "glas" to blue and using "gwyrdd" for green, "llwyd" for gray and "brown" for brown, respectively. However, the more traditional usage is still heard today in the Welsh for grass ("glaswellt" or "gwelltglas"), and in fossilized expressions such as "caseg las" (gray mare), "tir glas" (green land), "papur llwyd" (brown paper) and even red for brown in "siwgwr coch" (brown sugar).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic the word for "blue" is "gorm" (whence the name Cairngorm mountains derives) – a borrowing of the now obsolete Early Welsh word "gwrm", meaning "dark blue" or "dusky". A relic of the original meaning ("dusky", "dark brown") survives in the Irish term "daoine gorma", meaning "Black people".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Old and Middle Irish, like in Welsh, "glas" was a blanket term for colors ranging from green to blue to various shades of gray (e.g. the "glas" of a sword, the "glas" of stone, etc.). In Modern Irish, it has come to mean both various shades of green, with specific reference to plant hues, and gray (like the sea), respectively; other shades of green would be referred to in Modern Irish as "uaine" or "uaithne", while "liath" is gray proper (like a stone).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Scottish Gaelic uses the term "uaine" for "green". However, the dividing line between it and "gorm" is somewhat different than between the English "green" and "blue", with "uaine" signifying a light green or yellow-green, and "gorm" extending from dark blue (what in English might be navy blue) to include the dark green or blue-green of vegetation. Grass, for instance, is "gorm", rather than "uaine". In addition, "liath" covers a range from light blue to light gray. However, the term for a green apple, such as a Granny Smith, would be "ubhal glas".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The boundary between colors varies much more than the "focal point": e.g. an island known in Breton as "Enez c'hlas ("the blue island")" is "l'Île Verte ("the green island")" in French, in both cases referring to the grayish-green color of its bushes, even though both languages distinguish green from blue.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Romance terms for "green" (Catalan ', French ', Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish ') are all from Latin '. The terms for "blue", on the other hand, vary: Catalan ', Occitan ', French ' and Italian ' come from a Germanic root, whereas the Spanish and Portuguese "azul" is likely to come from Arabic. French "bleu" was in turn loaned into many other languages, including English. Latin itself did not have a word covering all shades of blue, which may help explain these borrowings. It did, however, recognise ' (dark blue, sometimes greenish), and ' (grayish blue, like lead).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: French, as most Romance languages, makes roughly the same distinctions as English and has a specific term for each of blue (""), green ("") and gray (""). For all three, different shades can be indicated with different (compound) terms, none of them being considered as basic color terms: "bleu " (light blue), "bleu " (sky blue), "bleu " (Navy blue), "bleu " (royal blue); "vert clair" (light green), "vert " (literally: apple green); "gris " (deep gray), "gris " (literally: "mouse gray"). French also uses "" for the lighter shade of blue of the sunny sky, that was in turn loaned to English as "azure".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Catalan distinguishes blue (') from green (') and gray ('). Other basic or common colors by its own right are ' "purple", ' "yellow", ' or ' "orange", ' "red", ' "pink", ' "brown", ' "gray", ' "black" and ' "white". For all these colors except black and white it is possible to indicate different shades using ' "light" and ' "dark"; for blue, though, it generally is "blau cel" "sky blue" and "blau marí" "sea blue". Other words and compounds are common to indicate more elaborated shades ("verd llimona" "lemon green", "rosa pàl·lid" "pale pink", "lila" "lilac", "granat" "carmine", "ocre" "ocher", "verd oliva" "olive green", etc.). Catalan actually distinguishes two reds with different and common words: while ' refers to the color of blood, "" is a red tending towards yellow or the color of clay.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Italian distinguishes blue ('), green (') and gray ('). There are also common words for light blue (e.g. the color of the cloudless sky): ' and ', and other for darker shades, e.g. ', indigo. ', the equivalent of the English azure, is usually considered a separate basic color rather than a shade of "blu" (similar to the distinction in English between red and pink). Some sources even go to the point of defining "blu" as a darker shade of "azzurro". "Celeste" literally means '(the color) of the sky' and can be used as synonym of "azzurro", although it will more often be considered a less saturated hue. ' (aquamarine) literally "sea water", indicates an even lighter, almost transparent, shade of blue. To indicate a mix of green and blue, Italians might say "verde ", literally "water green". The term ', not common in standard Italian and perceived as a literary term, is used in scientific contexts (esp. botany) to indicate a mix of blue, green and gray. Other similar terms are ' and "" (turquoise/teal); they are more saturated hues (especially turchese) and differ in context of use: the first is a literary or bureaucratic term (used for example to indicate light green eyes in identity cards); the second is more common in any informal speech, along with the variant "turchino" (for instance, the fairy of "The Adventures of Pinocchio" is called "fata turchina").


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Portuguese, the word "" means blue and the word "" means green. Furthermore, "azul-" means light-blue, and "azul-" means dark-blue. More distinctions can be made between several hues of blue. For instance, "azul-" means sky blue, "azul-" means navy-blue and "azul-" means turquoise-blue. One can also make the distinction between "verde-claro" and "verde-escuro", meaning light and dark-green respectively, and more distinctions between several qualities of green: for instance, "verde-" means olive-green and "verde-" means emerald-green. Cyan is usually called "azul-celeste" (sky blue) and "verde-", meaning water green.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Romanian clearly distinguishes between the colors green (') and blue ('). It also uses separate words for different hues of the same color, e.g. light blue ('), blue ("albastru"), dark-blue ("bleu-" or '), along with a word for turquoise (') and azure (' or ").


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Similarly to French, Romanian, Italian and Portuguese, Spanish distinguishes blue (') and green (') and has an additional term for the tone of blue visible in the sky, namely "", which is nonetheless considered a shade of blue.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Old Norse, the word ' "blue" (from proto-Germanic ) was also used to describe black (and the common word for people of African descent was thus ' 'blue/black men'). In Swedish, ", the modern word for blue, was used this way until the early 20th century, and it still is to a limited extent in modern Faroese.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: German and Dutch distinguish blue (respectively ' and ') and green (' and ') very similarly to English. There are (compound) terms for light blue (' and ') and darker shades of blue (' and '). In addition, adjective forms of most traditional color names are inflected to match the corresponding noun's case and gender.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The words for “blue” and “green” completely changed in the transition from Ancient Greek to Modern Greek.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Ancient Greek had () “clear light blue” contrasting with () “bright green”; for darker shades of both colors, and were replaced by (), meaning either a “dark blue or green”. The words had more than one modern meaning: in addition to “clear light blue”, also meant “turquoise” and “teal-green” – it was the typical description of the color of the goddess Athena’s eyes, portrayed as either gray or light blue. As well as “bright green”, was also used for “acid yellow” (compare “chlorophyll”). Furthermore, not only meant “turquoise” and “teal-green”, but could mean either a “dark blue” or “dark green” or just “blue” (adopted into English as “cyan” for light sky-blue).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Those terms changed in Byzantine Greek as seen from the insignia colors of two of Constantinople’s rival popular factions: (, “the Greens”) and (, “the Blues”). It is not known if those groups’ names influenced the word change or if they were named using the new color terms, but whichever way it went, () is a Modern Greek word for “green”.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The ancient term for blue () has become an archaic term in Modern Greek, replaced by () or (, “sea colored”) for light blue / sea blue, and the recent indeclinable loan-word (, from French "bleu"; μπ = "b") is used for blue.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In the Modern Greek language, there are names for light and dark blues and greens in "addition" to those discussed above:


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: As a rule, the first two words of the list are accepted as shades of blue, and the rest as shades of green. Also () / () for violet blue (which is, however, usually considered as a shade of purple, rather than blue).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Ossetian has only one word for blue, light blue and green—цъæх (tsəh), which also means "gray" and "glaucous"—but it also has a separate word for green, кæрдæгхуыз (kərdəghuɨz), literally "grassy" (from кæрдæг "grass"). The latter derives from кæрдын (kərdɨn) "to mow" (like in German "Heu" ("hau") < "hauen" (to mow)).


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Pashto uses the word "shīn" to denote blue as well as green. "Shinkay", a word derived from "shīn", means 'greenery' but "shīn āsmān" means 'blue sky'. One way to disambiguate is to ask ""Shīn" like the sky? Or "shīn" like plants?" (Blue and green are however distinguished using different words in the eastern parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan, due to contact with other languages.)


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Persian words for blue include "ābi" (literally the color of water, from "āb" 'water'), for blue generally; "nili" (from "nil", 'indigo dye'), for deeper shades of blue such as the color of rain clouds; "fayruzeh" 'turquoise stone', used to describe the color of blue eyes; "lājvardi" or "lāzhvardi" 'lapis lazuli color', source of the words "lazuli" and "azure"; "nilufari" 'water lily color'; and "kabud", an old literary word for 'blue'.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The color of the sky is variously described in Persian poetry using the words "sabz", "fayruzeh", "nil", "lājvardi", or "nilufari"— literally "green", "indigo", "turquoise", "azure" or "the color of water lilies". For example, "sabz-ākhor" "green stable", "sabz-āshyāneh" "green ceiling", "sabz-ayvān" "green balcony", "sabz-bādbān" "green sail", "sabz-bāgh" "green garden", "sabz-farsh" "green carpet", "sabz-golshan" "green flower-garden", "sabz-kārgāh" "green workshop", "sabz-kh""ān" "green table", "sabz-manzareh" "green panorama", "sabz-maydān" "green field" "sabz-pol" "green bridge", "sabz-tāq" "green arch", "sabz-tasht" "green bowl", and "sabz-tā'us" "green peacock" are poetic epithets for the sky—in addition to similar compounds using the words for blue, e.g. "lājvardi-saqf" "lapis lazuli-colored roof" or "fayruzeh-tasht" "turquoise bowl". Moreover, the words for green of Arabic origin "akhzar" and "khazrā" are used for epithets of the sky or heaven, such as "charkh-e akhzar" "green wheel".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Chinalbashe (an unclassified Indo-Aryan language) & Chambyali (a Western Pahari language) have the same term for blue & green i.e. Takri: ISO: .


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Other Indo-Aryan languages distinguish blue from green. In Urdu, blue is نیلا ("nīlā") and green is سبز ("sabz"). There are some names of shades of blue as well, like فیروزی ("ferozī") "turquoise".


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In Yoruba, there are only three fundamental terms for colors, one of them, the word "dúdú," is used for the word black and colors such as blue, green, purple, and grey. In modern times, unique terms for the colors are formed based on descriptive markers or English loan words, àwọ̀ ewé, (meaning colors of the leaves), is used for green, while búlùú (from English "blue") or àwọ̀ aró (color of dye), is used for blue.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Zulu and Xhosa use the word "-luhlaza" (the prefix changes according to the class of the noun) for "blue/green". Speakers of the two mutually intelligible languages can add a descriptive word after the colour term to differentiate between the two colours i.e. "(lu)hlaza okwesibhakabhaka" meaning - 'like the sky' or (lu)hlaza okwotshani meaning -'like grass'.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Swahili word for blue is "buluu", which is derived directly from English and has been in the language for a relatively short time. For other colors, Swahili uses either "rangi ya ___" ("the color of ___") or a shortened version, "-a ___". For example, green is "rangi ya kijani" or "rangi ya majani", which means "the color of grass/leaves". Sky blue is "rangi ya samawati", or "the color of the sky" from the Arabic word for sky. (Note: all of these can be written as "-a kijani", "-a majani", "-a samwati", etc.)


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Himba people use a single word for shades of green and blue: "buru". They curiously have only three other color names; thus, their limited color perception has both aroused interest in anthropologists, who have studied this phenomenon.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Tswana uses the same word "tala" to refer to both blue and green. One has to deduce from the context and prior knowledge, of what is being talked about, to be able to pinpoint exactly the color in question.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Basque language has three native color words derived from "ur" (water). "Urdin", is nowadays used in most cases for blue. "Ubel" originally meant "flash flood" and, with respect to colors, refers to bruises. "Begi ubela" would be translated into English by "a black and blue eye". But in Basque, unlike English, "ubel" remains in use after the hit skin has lost its purple color and become pale, why this word is used for both "purple" in particular and "pale hue" in general. "Uher" originally meant "dirty", "still water" or "rusty"; it is used for gray or sienna tones, and more generally for dark colors. Green is usually expressed with the loan-word "berde" from Spanish "verde" / French "vert". The authenticity of the less common Basque terms for green "(h)orlegi" and "musker" is disputed.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Finnish makes a distinction between "vihreä" (green) and "sininen" (blue). Turquoise or teal ("turkoosi" or "sinivihreä") is considered to be a separate, intermediate color between green and blue, and black ("musta") is also differentiated from blue.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The name for blue, "sininen", is shared with other Finnic languages and is thus dated to the era of the Proto-Finnic language (ca. 2000 years old). However, it is also shared with the Slavic languages (Russian синий, "siniy"), suggesting that it could be a loanword (most probable from Indo-Iranian Scythian language; see Proto-Finnic *sini, Proto-Slavic *siňь). The word "vihreä" ("viher-", archaic "viheriä", "viheriäinen") is related to "vehreä" "verdant" and "vihanta" "green", and "viha" "hate", originally "poison". It is not shared with Estonian, in which it is "roheline", probably related with the Estonian word "rohi" "grass". However, the form "viha" does have correspondences in related languages as far as Permic languages, where it means not only "poison" but "bile" or "green or yellow". It has been originally loaned from an Indo-Iranian protolanguage and is related to Latin "virus" "poison". Furthermore, the word "musta" "black" is also of Finnic origin.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The differentiation of several colors by hue is at least Finnic (a major subgroup of Uralic) in origin. Before this, only red ("punainen") was clearly distinguished by hue, with other colors described in terms of brightness ("valkea" vs. "musta"), using non-color adjectives for further specificity. Alternatively, it appears that the distinction between "valkea" and "musta" was in fact "clean, shining" vs. "dirty, murky". The original meaning of "sini" was possibly either "black/dark" or "green". Mauno Koski's theory is that dark colors of high saturation—both blue and green—would be "sini", while shades of color with low saturation, such as dark brown or black, would be "musta". Although it is theorized that originally "vihreä" was not a true color name and was used to describe plants only, the occurrence of "vihreä" or "viha" as a name of a color in several related languages shows that it was probably polysemic (meaning both "green" and "verdant") already in early Baltic-Finnic. However, whatever the case with these theories, differentiation of blue and green must be at least as old as the Baltic-Finnic languages.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Hungarian makes the distinction between green ("zöld") and blue ("kék"), and also distinguishes black ("fekete"). Intermediate colors between green and blue are commonly referred to as "zöldeskék" (literally greenish-blue) or "kékeszöld" (bluish-green), but names for specific colors in this continuum—like turquoise ("türkiz")—also exist. Particular shades of a color can also have separate names, such as azure ("azúr").


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: The Kazakh language, like many Turkic languages, distinguishes between "kök" for blue and "jasâl" for green. In Kazakh, many adjectival variations can be found referring to perceived gradations in saturation level of "blue", such as "kögildir", "kökshil", and "kökboz", which respectively denominate the gradual decrease in the intensity, "kökboz" being often used as a color referent in its own right. "Kök" is occasionally used to denote green plants (e.g. 'kök' shöp'), but such usage is mostly confined to poetic utterances or certain localized dialects.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: Turkish treats dark or navy blue ("lacivert", from the same Persian root as English "azure" and "lapis lazuli") as a separate color from plain or light blue ("mavi"). "Mavi" is derived from the Arabic word مائي "mā'ī" 'like water' (ماء "mā" being the Arabic word for water) and "lacivert" is derived from Persian لاجورد "lājvard" 'lapis lazuli', a semiprecious stone with the color of navy blue. In the pre-Islamic religion of the Turks, blue is the color that represented the east, as well as the zodiac sign Aquarius (the Water Bearer). A characteristic tone of blue, turquoise, was much used by the Turks for their traditional decorations and jewelry.


title: Blue–green distinction in language

text: In traditional pre-Islamic Turkic culture, both blue and green were represented by the same name, "gök" 'sky'. The name is still in use in many rural areas. For instance, in many regions of Turkey, when mold is formed on cheese, the phenomenon is called "göğermek" 'turning into the color of sky ("gök")'.


title: Chester Turner

text: Chester Dewayne Turner (born November 5, 1966) is an American convicted serial killer. On April 30, 2007, he was convicted of the murders of ten women in Los Angeles, and was also found guilty of the death of the unborn child of one of his victims. He was convicted of four additional murders on June 19, 2014. Prosecutors have called Turner "one of the most prolific serial killers in the city's history".


title: Chester Turner

text: On July 10, 2007, Turner was sentenced to death for the 11 murders he was originally convicted of committing. On June 26, 2014, Turner was sentenced to death a second time for the four additional murders.


title: Chester Turner

text: Turner was born in Warren, Arkansas. He moved to Los Angeles with his mother when he was five years old after his parents separated. He attended public schools in Los Angeles and dropped out of high school. Working for Domino's Pizza as a cook and delivery person as a young man, he lived with his mother until she moved to Utah. After that, he moved around to different homeless shelters and missions.


title: Chester Turner

text: Turner has been convicted of 11 murders in Los Angeles between 1987 and 1998. The first nine of these murders took place in a four-block-wide corridor that ran on either side of Figueroa Street between Gage Avenue and 108th Street:


title: Chester Turner

text: A bystander witnessed the Vance murder at a neighboring trailer park. Turner was jailed seven times from 1995 to 2002, six for nonviolent offenses and once for an assault charge on an officer and cruelty to an animal on April 9, 1997. In March 2002, Turner sexually assaulted a 47-year-old woman for approximately two hours and threatened to kill her if she told the police. He was convicted and sentenced to eight years at a California state prison.


title: Chester Turner

text: Turner was required to give a DNA sample to California's Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). In September 2003, based on that sample, Turner was identified as a match for DNA recovered from Vance and Beasley. Detectives then began a careful examination of Turner's background. Nine of the 11 unsolved murders were matched to Turner using DNA evidence.


title: Chester Turner

text: On June 19, 2014, Turner was convicted of four additional murders. The four victims were identified as Cynthia Annette Johnson, 30; Elandra Joyce Bunn, 33; Mary Edwards, 42; and Deborah Williams, 28. Authorities said that DNA linked Turner to the killings. He received another death sentence for those murders on June 26, 2014.


title: Chester Turner

text: The California Supreme Court heard an automatic appeal on 2 September 2020 in the case. On November 30, 2020, The California Supreme Court reversed Turner's murder conviction for the unborn baby. However, the death sentence for the other 14 victims was upheld.


title: Chester Turner

text: During the investigation of these cases, detectives also reviewed similar solved cases. In doing so, the detectives found that David Allen Jones, 28, had been convicted of three murders in the same area where Turner was known to be operating, including Tammie Christmas, found strangled in September 1992 at the 97th Street Elementary School. Jones, a mentally disabled part-time janitor who was barely literate, was questioned without an attorney and admitted using drugs with the victims in the areas where their bodies were found.


title: Chester Turner

text: Rather than using these convictions as a basis for excluding Turner, the detectives revisited these "solved" murders and re-evaluated the physical evidence. The detectives found that Jones' 1995 trial had relied upon other evidence, including Jones' coerced statements to police, instead of DNA analysis. At the detectives' request, the LAPD Crime Laboratory processed the available evidence using the latest DNA applications. Although DNA analysis could not be used to reinvestigate the Christmas murder, prosecutors and police are confident that Jones is innocent of the Christmas murder and that Turner is the likely culprit.


title: Chester Turner

text: Jones had also been convicted of a rape unrelated to the murders during his trial. He had served out his sentence for the 2000 rape conviction. The new investigation revealed that the blood typing evidence did not match the blood types found in the crimes for which he spent eleven years in prison, and he was acquitted as a murderer. Jones was released from prison in March 2004 and has filed a lawsuit against the City of Los Angeles (LA). Jones was awarded $720,000 in compensation.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: Ishida Mitsunari (, 1559 – November 6, 1600) was a Japanese samurai and military commander of the late Sengoku period of Japan. He is probably best remembered as the commander of the Western army in the Battle of Sekigahara following the Azuchi–Momoyama period of the 16th century. He is also known by his court title, Jibu-no-shō (治部少輔).


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: He was born in 1559 at the north of Ōmi Province (which is now Nagahama city, Shiga Prefecture), and was the second son of Ishida Masatsugu, who was a retainer for the Azai clan. His childhood name was Sakichi (). The Ishida withdrew from service after the Azai's defeat in 1573 at the Siege of Odani Castle. According to legend, he was a monk in a Buddhist temple before he served Toyotomi Hideyoshi, but the accuracy of this legend is doubted since it only came about during the Edo period.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: Mitsunari met Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1577, when the former was still young and the latter was the "daimyō" of Nagahama. Later, Mitsunari became a Hideyoshi samurai officer. When Hideyoshi engaged in a campaign in the Chūgoku region, Mitsunari assisted his lord in attacks against castles like the Tottori Castle and Takamatsu Castle (in present-day Okayama).


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: Mitsunari served in the Battle of Shizugatake in 1583. According to the "Hitotsuyanagi Kaki," he was in charge of a mission to spy on Shibata Katsuie's army and also performed a great feat of Ichiban-yari (being the first to thrust a spear at an enemy soldier) as one of the warriors on the front line. He served in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in 1584. That same year, he worked as a "kenchi" (survey magistrate) at Gamo county in Omi Province.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: After Hideyoshi seized power, Mitsunari became known as a talented financial manager due to his knowledge and skill at calculation. From 1585 onward, he was the administrator of Sakai, a role he took together with his elder brother Ishida Masazumi. He was appointed one of the five bugyō, or top administrators of Hideyoshi's government, along with Asano Nagamasa, Maeda Gen'i, Mashita Nagamori and Natsuka Masaie.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: Hideyoshi made him a "daimyō" of Sawayama in Ōmi Province, a five hundred thousand koku fief (now a part of Hikone). Sawayama Castle was known as one of the best-fortified castles during that time. In January 1586, he hired Shima Sakon, who was renowned as a commander having wisdom and courage.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: In 1588, Mitsunari was placed in charge of the famed “sword hunt” conducted by Hideyoshi in an effort to disarm the non-military bulk of the population and preserve peace.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: Later, Mitsunari participated in the 1590 campaign against the Hōjō clan, where he commanded the Siege of Oshi and captured Oshi Castle. Later, he was sent to Korea as one of the Three Bureaucrats with Mashita Nagamori and Asano Nagamasa.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: Mitsunari had high status among the bureaucrats of Hideyoshi's government, and was known for his unbending character. He had many friends; two of the most notable being the famous samurais Ōtani Yoshitsugu and Shima Sakon. However, Mitsunari was on bad terms with some "daimyōs" that were known as good warriors, including Kuroda Nagamasa and Hachisuka Iemasa, as well as Hideyoshi's nephew Kobayakawa Hideaki. In particular, Kobayakawa Hideaki developed a grudge against Mitsunari as a result of rumors spread by Tokugawa Ieyasu that Mitsunari was behind his uncle's decision not to reward him with Chikugo after Kobayakawa's reckless behaviour at the Battle of Keicho. Toward the end of Taiko Hideyoshi's life, Hideyoshi ordered the execution of his heir Hidetsugu and Hidetsugu's family, leaving his new heir to be the extremely young child, Toyotomi Hideyori.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: After Hideyoshi's death, the conflicts in the court worsened. The central point of the conflict was the question of whether Tokugawa Ieyasu could be relied on as a supporter of the Toyotomi government, whose nominal lord was still a child, with actual leadership falling to a council of regents. After the death of the respected "neutral" Maeda Toshiie in 1599, the conflict came to arms, with Mitsunari forming an alliance of Toyotomi loyalists to stand against Tokugawa Ieyasu. Mitsunari's support came largely from the three of Hideyoshi's regents: Ukita Hideie, Mōri Terumoto, and Uesugi Kagekatsu, who came from the south and west of Japan, with the addition of the Uesugi clan in the north. Tokugawa Ieyasu's support came from central and eastern Japan, but he still exercised influence and intimidation over some of the Western lords. The titular head of the Western alliance was Mōri Terumoto, but Mōri stayed entrenched in Osaka castle; the leadership fell to Mitsunari in the field.


title: Ishida Mitsunari

text: In mid 1600, the campaign begin. Mitsunari besieged Fushimi Castle before marching into direct conflict with Tokugawa's alliance at Sekigahara. In October 21, at the Battle of Sekigahara, a number of lords stayed neutral, watching the battle from afar, not wishing to join in the losing side. Tokugawa's forces gained the edge in the battle with the betrayal of Kobayakawa Hideaki to their side, and won the battle.