title: Mast (sailing)

text: In the West, the concept of a ship carrying more than one mast, to give it more speed under sail and to improve its sailing qualities, evolved in northern Mediterranean waters: The earliest foremast has been identified on an Etruscan pyxis from Caere, Italy, dating to the mid-7th century BC: a warship with a furled mainsail is engaging an enemy vessel, deploying a foresail. A two-masted merchant vessel with a sizable foresail rigged on a slightly inclined foremast is depicted in an Etruscan tomb painting from 475 to 450 BC. An "artemon" (Greek for foresail) almost the same size as the galley's mainsail can be found on a Corinthian krater as early as the late 6th century BC; apart from that Greek longships are uniformly shown without it until the 4th century BC. In the East, ancient Indian Kingdoms like the Kalinga from as early as 2nd century are believed to have commanded naval sail ships. One of the earliest documented evidence of Indian sail building comes from the mural of the three-masted ship in Ajanta caves that date back to 400-500 CE.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: The foremast became fairly common on Roman galleys, where, inclined at an angle of 45°, it was more akin to a bowsprit, and the foresail set on it, reduced in size, seems to be used rather as an aid to steering than for propulsion. While most of the ancient evidence is iconographic, the existence of foremasts can also be deduced archaeologically from slots in foremast-feets located too close to the prow for a mainsail.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: "Artemon", along with mainsail and topsail, developed into the standard rig of seagoing vessels in imperial times, complemented by a mizzen on the largest freighters. The earliest recorded three-masters were the giant "Syracusia", a prestige object commissioned by king Hiero II of Syracuse and devised by the polymath Archimedes around 240 BC, and other Syracusan merchant ships of the time. The imperial grain freighters travelling the routes between Alexandria and Rome also included three-masted vessels. A mosaic in Ostia (c. 200 AD) depicts a freighter with a three-masted rig entering Rome's harbour. Special craft could carry many more masts: Theophrastus ("Hist. Plant." 5.8.2) records how the Romans imported Corsican timber by way of a huge raft propelled by as many as fifty masts and sails.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: Throughout antiquity, both foresail and mizzen remained secondary in terms of canvas size, although large enough to require full running rigging. In late antiquity, the foremast lost most of its tilt, standing nearly upright on some ships.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: By the onset of the Early Middle Ages, rigging had undergone a fundamental transformation in Mediterranean navigation: the lateen which had long evolved on smaller Greco-Roman craft replaced the square rig, the chief sail type of the ancients, that practically disappeared from the record until the 14th century (while it remained dominant in northern Europe). The dromon, the lateen-rigged and oared bireme of the Byzantine navy, almost certainly had two masts, a larger foremast and one midships. Their length has been estimated at about 12 m and 8 m respectively, somewhat smaller than the Sicilian war galleys of the time.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: Multiple-masted "sailing" ships were reintroduced into the Mediterranean Sea by the Late Middle Ages. Large vessels were coming more and more into use and the need for additional masts to control these ships adequately grew with the increase in tonnage. Unlike in antiquity, the mizzen-mast was adopted on medieval two-masters earlier than the foremast, a process which can be traced back by pictorial evidence from Venice and Barcelona to the mid-14th century. To balance out the sail plan the next obvious step was to add a mast fore of the main-mast, which first appears in a Catalan ink drawing from 1409. With the three-masted ship established, propelled by square rig and lateen, and guided by the pintle-and-gudgeon rudder, all advanced ship design technology necessary for the great transoceanic voyages was in place by the beginning of the 15th century.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: The first hollow mast was fitted on the American sloop Maria in 1845, long and built of staves bound with iron hoops like a barrel. Other hollow masts were made from two tapered timbers hollowed and glued together. Nearly a century later, the simple box form of mast was arrived at.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: Although sailing ships were superseded by engine-powered ships in the 19th century, recreational sailing ships and yachts continue to be designed and constructed.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: In the 1930s aluminum masts were introduced on large J-class yachts. An aluminum mast has considerable advantages over a wooden one: it is lighter and slimmer than a wooden one of the same strength, is impervious to rot, and can be produced as a single extruded length. During the 1960s wood was eclipsed by aluminum. Aluminum alloys, generally 6000 series, are commonly utilised.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: Recently some sailing yachts (particularly home-built yachts) have begun to use steel masts. Whilst somewhat heavier than aluminum, steel has its own set of advantages. It is significantly cheaper, and a steel mast of an equivalent strength can be smaller in diameter than an aluminum mast, allowing less turbulence and a better airflow onto the sail.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: From the mid-1990s racing yachts introduced the use of carbon fibre and other composite materials to construct masts with even better strength-to-weight ratios. Carbon fibre masts could also be constructed with more precisely engineered aerodynamic profiles.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: Modern masts form the leading edge of a sail's airfoil and tend to have a teardrop-shaped cross-section. On smaller racing yachts and catamarans, the mast rotates to the optimum angle for the sail's airfoil. If the mast has a long, thin cross-section and makes up a significant area of the airfoil, it is called a wing-mast; boats using these have a smaller sail area to compensate for the larger mast area. There are many manufacturers of modern masts for sailing yachts of all sizes, a few notable companies are Hall Spars, Offshore Spars, and Southern Spars.


title: Mast (sailing)

text: After the end of the age of sail, warships retained masts, initially as observation posts and to observe fall of shot, also holding fire control equipment such as rangefinders, and later as a mounting point for radar and telecommunication antennas, which need to be mounted high up to increase range. Simple pole, lattice, and tripod masts have been used—also, on some past Japanese warships, complex pagoda masts.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Whydah Gally (commonly known simply as the Whydah) was a fully rigged galley ship that was originally built as a passenger, cargo, and slave ship. On the return leg of her maiden voyage of the triangle trade, "Whydah Gally" was captured by the pirate Captain Samuel "Black Sam" Bellamy, beginning a new role in the Golden Age of Piracy.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Bellamy sailed "Whydah Gally" up the coast of colonial America, capturing other ships as he went along. On 26 April 1717, "Whydah Gally" was caught in a violent storm and wrecked off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Only two of "Whydah Gally"s crew survived, along with seven others who were on a sloop captured by Bellamy earlier that day. Six of the nine survivors were hanged, two who had been forced into piracy were freed, and one Indian crewman was sold into slavery.


title: Whydah Gally

text: "Whydah Gally" and her treasure of captured pirate gold eluded discovery for over 260 years until 1984, when the wreck was found off the coast of Cape Cod, buried under of sand, in depths ranging from deep, spread for four miles, parallel to the Cape's easternmost coast. With the discovery of the ship's bell in 1985 and a small brass placard in 2013, both inscribed with the ship's name and maiden voyage date, "Whydah Gally" is the only fully authenticated Golden Age pirate shipwreck ever discovered.


title: Whydah Gally

text: "Whydah Gally" was commissioned in 1715 in London, England, by Sir Humphrey Morice, a member of parliament (MP), who was known as 'the foremost London slave merchant of his day'. A square-rigged three-masted galley ship, she measured in length, with a tonnage rating at 300 tuns burthen, and could travel at speeds up to .


title: Whydah Gally

text: Christened "Whydah Gally" after the West African slave-trading Kingdom of Whydah, the vessel was configured as a heavily armed trading and transport ship (which included the Atlantic slave trade). She set out for her maiden voyage in early 1716, carrying a variety of goods from different businesses to exchange for delivery, trade, and slaves in West Africa. After traveling down the West African coast, through modern-day Gambia and Senegal to Nigeria and Benin, where its namesake port was located, she left Africa with an estimated 500 slaves, gold, including Akan jewelry, and ivory aboard. She traveled to the Caribbean, where she traded and sold the cargo and slaves for precious metals, sugar, indigo, rum, logwood, pimento, ginger, and medicinal ingredients, which were to then be transported back to England. She was fitted with a standard complement of 18 six-pound cannons, which could be increased to a total of 28 in time of war.


title: Whydah Gally

text: In late February 1717, "Whydah Gally", under the command of Captain Lawrence Prince, a former buccaneer under Sir Henry Morgan, was navigating the Windward Passage between Cuba and Hispaniola when she was attacked by pirates led by "Black Sam" Bellamy. At the time of "Whydah Gally"s capture, Bellamy was in possession of two vessels, the 26-gun galley "Sultana" and the converted 10-gun sloop "Marianne", captained by Bellamy's friend and investor Paulsgrave Williams. After a three-day chase, Prince surrendered his ship near the Bahamas with only a desultory exchange of cannon fire.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Bellamy decided to take "Whydah Gally" as his new flagship; several of her crew remained with their ship and joined the pirate gang. Pirate recruitment was most effective among the unemployed, escaped bondsmen, and transported criminals, as the high seas made for an instant leveling of class distinctions. They were freed African slaves, displaced English seamen, Native Americans, and a scattering of social outcasts from Europe and elsewhere.


title: Whydah Gally

text: In a gesture of goodwill toward Captain Prince who had surrendered without a struggle—and who in any case may have been favorably known by reputation to the pirate crew—Bellamy gave "Sultana" to Prince, along with £20 in silver and gold ().


title: Whydah Gally

text: "Whydah Gally" was then fitted with 10 additional cannons by its new captain, and 150 members of Bellamy's crew were detailed to man the vessel. They razeed the ship by clearing the top deck of the pilot's cabin, removing the slave barricade, and getting rid of other features that made her top heavy.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Bellamy and his crew then sailed on to the Carolinas and headed north along the eastern coastline of the American colonies, aiming for the central coast of Maine, looting or capturing additional vessels on the way. "Whydah Gally" was caught up in a storm, which heavily damaged it and broke one of its masts. Patch-ups and repairs were effected until they reached the waters near Nantucket Sound, where greater repairs were effected, possibly at Block Island or Rhode Island. At some point during his possession of "Whydah Gally", Bellamy added another 30+ cannon below decks, possibly as ballast. Two cannon recovered by underwater explorer Barry Clifford in August 2009 weighed , respectively.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Accounts differ as to "Whydah Gally"s destination in her last few days. Some blame "Whydah Gally"s route on navigator error. In any case, on 26 April 1717, near Chatham, Massachusetts, "Whydah Gally" approached a thick, gray fog bank rolling across the water—signaling inclement weather ahead.


title: Whydah Gally

text: On 26 April the pirates captured the ship "Mary Anne" with a hold full of Madeira wine. The captain of "Mary Anne" refused Bellamy's request to pilot them up the coast, so Bellamy arrested the captain and five of his crew and brought them aboard "Whydah Gally", leaving three of the original crew aboard "Mary Anne". Then Bellamy sent 7 of his own men onboard of "Mary Anne"—one of whom was the carpenter Thomas South, who had been forced by Bellamy and his crew to make repairs; not wanting to join the pirate crew, he had been offered release by Bellamy after work was completed, but the surviving pirates later testified to the court that they had over-ruled Bellamy's decision and forced South to stay due to his much whimpering and complaining. South testified that it was his choice to accompany the 6 pirates going aboard "Mary Anne" in hopes of escaping, possibly by jumping overboard and swimming ashore as they drew near to the Cape. Sometime around sunset that evening, the winds completely died, and a massive fog bank made visibility virtually nil. The four ships in Bellamy's fleet lost sight of one another. Bellamy's ships "Anne" (captained by his quartermaster Richard Noland) and "Fisher" moved out to sea (eventually making it to Damariscove Island with heavy damage). Williams had turned "Marianne" away earlier, putting into Block Island to visit relatives but agreeing to meet Bellamy later off Maine.


title: Whydah Gally

text: That weather turned into a violent nor'easter, a storm with gale force winds out of the east and northeast, which forced the vessel dangerously close to the breaking waves along the shoals of Cape Cod. The ship was eventually driven aground at what today is Marconi Beach at Wellfleet, Massachusetts. At midnight she hit a sandbar, bow first in of water about from shore. Pummeled by winds and waves, the main mast snapped, pulling the ship into about of water, where she violently capsized, sending over of silver and gold, more than 60 cannons and 144 people to the ocean floor. The 60+ cannon on board ripped through the overturned decks of the ship and quickly broke her apart, scattering parts of the ship, 102 human bodies, and thousands of objects over a length of coast. One of the two surviving members of Bellamy's crew, Thomas Davis, testified in his subsequent trial that "In a quarter of an hour after the ship struck, the Mainmast was carried by the board, and in the Morning she was beat to pieces."


title: Whydah Gally

text: By morning, hundreds of Cape Cod's notorious wreckers (locally known as "moon-cussers") were already plundering the remains. Hearing of the shipwreck, governor Samuel Shute dispatched Captain Cyprian Southack, a local salvager and cartographer, to recover "Money, Bullion, Treasure, Goods and Merchandizes taken out of the said Ship." When Southack reached the wreck on 3 May, he found that part of the ship was still visible breaching the water's surface, but that much of the ship's wreckage was scattered along more than of shoreline. On a map that he made of the wreck site, Southack reported that he had buried 102 of the 144 "Whydah Gally" crew and captives lost in the sinking (though technically they were buried by the town coroner, who surprised Southack by handing him the bill and demanding payment).


title: Whydah Gally

text: "Mary Anne" was also wrecked, ten miles south at Pochet Island. According to surviving members of the crew at the time of her sinking, "Whydah Gally" carried from four and a half to five tons of silver, gold, gold dust, and jewelry, which had been divided equally into 180 sacks and stored in-between the ship's decks. Though Southack did salvage some nearly worthless items from the ship, little of the massive treasure hoard was recovered. Southack wrote in his account of his findings, that, "The riches, with the guns, would be buried in the sand." With that, the exact location of the ship, its riches and its guns were lost, and came to be thought of as nothing more than legend.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Of the 146 souls aboard "Whydah Gally", only two men—the ship's pilot, 16-year-old Miskito Indian John Julian, and Welsh carpenter Thomas Davis—are known to have made it to the beach alive. All seven of Bellamy's men on board "Mary Anne" survived, as did "Mary Anne"'s three original crewmen. Including the seven men aboard "Mary Anne", nine of Bellamy's crew survived the wrecking of the two ships. They were all quickly captured by Justice Joseph Doane and his posse and locked up in Barnstable Gaol. On 18 October 1717, six were tried in Boston for piracy and robbery. The following were found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging: John Brown of Jamaica, Thomas Baker and Hendrick Quintor of the Netherlands; Peter Cornelius Hoof of Sweden; John Shaun of France; and Simon van der Vorst of New York.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Carpenters Thomas South and Thomas Davis, who were tried separately, had been conscripted by Bellamy—forced to choose between a life of piracy or death. Therefore, they were acquitted of all charges and spared the gallows. John Julian was not tried, but instead was sold as a slave (to the great-grandfather of John Quincy Adams) after his capture and finally hanged 16 years later.


title: Whydah Gally

text: On 15 November 1717, the famous Puritan minister Cotton Mather accompanied the six condemned men as they were rowed across Boston Harbor to Charlestown. All six men confessed and repented in the presence of Mather, but they were still hanged.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Barry Clifford found the "Whydah Gally"s wreck in 1984, relying heavily on Southack's 1717 map of the wreck site—a modern-day, true-to-life "pirate treasure map" leading to what was at that time a discovery of unprecedented proportions. That "Whydah Gally" had eluded discovery for over 260 years became even more surprising when the wreck was found under just of water and of sand.


title: Whydah Gally

text: The ship's location has been the site of extensive underwater archaeology, and more than 200,000 individual pieces have since been retrieved. One major find in the fall of 1985 was the ship's bell, inscribed with the words "". With that, "Whydah Gally" became the first ever pirate shipwreck with its identity having been established and authenticated beyond doubt.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Work on the site by Clifford's dive team continues on an annual basis out of Provincetown, Massachusetts. Clifford opened The Whydah Sea-Lab & Learning Center in Provincetown after discovering the wreck and the center operated on MacMillan Pier until it’s move in 2016. Selected artifacts from the wreck are now displayed at The Whydah Pirate Museum in West Yarmouth, Massachusetts.


title: Whydah Gally

text: Famously, the youngest known member of "Whydah Gally"s crew was a boy by approximately 10 or 11 years old, named John King. Young John actually chose to join the crew on his own initiative the previous November, when Bellamy captured the ship on which he and his mother were passengers. He was reported to have been so insistent, that he threatened to hurt himself or his own mother if he wasn't allowed to join Bellamy. Among "Whydah Gally"s artifacts recovered by Clifford was a child-sized, black, leather shoe together with a silk stocking and fibula bone, later determined to be that of a child between 8 and 11 years old. His mother's account to local port authorities on what John's description was like, and especially of note, what he had been dressed in the day of his "kidnapping" by Bellamy's crew, included long silk stockings.


title: Whydah Gally

text: A museum exhibition called "Real Pirates: The Untold Story of The "Whydah" from Slave Ship to Pirate Ship" toured the United States from 2007 to 2014. Venues included: Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, OH; The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA; The Field Museum, Chicago, IL; Nauticus, Norfolk, VA; St. Louis, MO; Houston, TX; the Science Museum of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Union Station, Kansas City, MO. The venue includes videos, artifacts, educational live personal narrations to include supplementary audio programs, interactive activities, a 3/4 scale mock-up of the rear of the vessel and is supported by costumed actors portraying real-life historical pirates from the ship. A walking tour takes between 1–4 hours depending upon level of interest. The display/show is currently transitioning in preparation for exhibition in CA. In one instance "Whydah Gally"s brief participation in the Atlantic slave trade was a source of controversy. The Museum of Science and Industry in Tampa, Florida announced the exhibit and linked it to the 2007 release of "". After being criticized for trivializing the ship's role in slavery while glorifying its role in piracy, the museum canceled the exhibit.


title: Whydah Gally

text: On 27 May 2007 a UK documentary/reality show titled "Pirate Ship ... Live!" followed a team of divers, including comedian Vic Reeves, in live coverage of a dive at the "Whydah Gally" site.


title: Whydah Gally

text: On 7 January 2008 the National Geographic Channel aired a 2-hour documentary about the ongoing excavation of the wreck. It included detailed interviews with Clifford.


title: King Ezekiel

text: King Ezekiel, later revealed as Ezekiel Sutton in the television series, is a fictional character from the comic book series "The Walking Dead" and the television series of the same name, in which he is portrayed by Khary Payton.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Ezekiel is the leader of the Kingdom, a community of survivors terrorized by a vicious group called the Saviors. Other communities including the Hilltop and the Alexandria Safe-Zone suffer the same subjugation. The communities, led by Ezekiel, Maggie at the Hilltop, and Rick at Alexandria, team up in an all-out war against the Saviors and their leader, Negan. Ezekiel has a loyal pet tiger, Shiva, that he saved from the zoo in the early days of the apocalypse when he was a zookeeper. Although Shiva can be deadly to Ezekiel's enemies, she is not a threat to the Kingdom's peaceful residents and guests. Instead, Ezekiel rules by the consent of his community, who believe in his charismatic leadership skills and ability to keep them safe. In the comics, Ezekiel enters into a romantic relationship with Michonne, while on the show, he instead marries Carol.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Ezekiel, referred to as "King Ezekiel" by his fellow citizens, is the leader of a community known as The Kingdom. Ezekiel was formerly a zookeeper and has known his pet tiger, Shiva, since she was born.


title: King Ezekiel

text: At some point, Ezekiel meets and forms a friendship with Paul "Jesus" Monroe, who invites his community to join a trading network that includes The Hilltop community that Jesus belongs to. Ezekiel later discovers the Saviors are threatening and harassing the other communities in the trade network in exchange for supplies and possibly sees how vicious their leader, Negan really is (despite the truce offered by the Saviors).


title: King Ezekiel

text: Ezekiel bides his time and waits for the opportune moment to strike back against the tyrant. The opportunity Ezekiel is waiting for finally comes when Jesus brings Rick Grimes to meet him and passes on the information they have regarding the Saviors' strength and the location of their main base of operations.


title: King Ezekiel

text: During the war, Ezekiel starts a relationship with Michonne. Two years after the war against the Saviors ends, Ezekiel and Michonne break up, but Ezekiel is confident about starting their relationship again. However, he and 11 other people are decapitated by Alpha during the conflict with the Whisperers.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Prior to the outbreak, Ezekiel was a zookeeper in D.C. as well as a stage actor. As a child, Ezekiel witnessed his father and grandmother suffer from and ultimately beat thyroid cancer. At some point he met Shiva, a tiger cub who was injured in her exhibit. Ezekiel cared for and befriended Shiva and formed a strong bond with her. When the walker outbreak began, Ezekiel returned to the zoo and freed Shiva with the two being together ever since. Ezekiel subsequently founded a community known as The Kingdom which grew to be a thriving community, lush with food and comfort. To better inspire his people, Ezekiel began referring to himself as King Ezekiel and took on the mannerisms of a benevolent and generous feudal king (going so far as to speak in Shakespearean tone and form). He also formed a court of advisers to help him manage The Kingdom which include seasoned survivor Richard, his personal attendant and bodyguard Jerry, and Benjamin, a young survivor who was the son of a good friend of Ezekiel's.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Ezekiel is first introduced to the series in the episode "The Well", when Morgan Jones and Carol are brought to the Kingdom by his people to give medical attention to Carol. When Carol awakens, Morgan introduces her to Ezekiel and his pet Bengal tiger Shiva. Ezekiel's quasi-Shakespearean manner of ruling leaves Carol quietly incredulous. When Ezekiel asks what she thinks of his sanctuary and him, she feigns enthusiasm (telling him, "It's amazing!"), and refuses his offer of fruit, stating that pomegranates aren't worth the trouble. Morgan, having swiftly gained Ezekiel's confidence, is taken out with Ezekiel's inner circle to perform a seemingly pointless task: herd a group of wild pigs into a barn far outside the Kingdom, where they feed on walkers. Ezekiel asks Morgan about his combat skills, as he sees Morgan is capable of using a staff, and asks him to train one of his men, Benjamin. After hesitating, Morgan agrees. Ezekiel brings Morgan and Benjamin to a secret meeting with the Saviors, who are given the walker-fed pigs, now slaughtered, as part of their tribute from the Kingdom. One of the Saviors, Jared, tells Richard the Saviors are letting the Kingdom off easy by taking only eight pigs, to which Richard replies: the Saviors are the ones being let off easy. Jared attacks Richard, and Ezekiel makes them break up the fight. The leader of the Saviors group tells Jared to stop only after Jared has hit Richard a few times. The Saviors leave and say they will want produce next time, or Richard will be the first to die. During the night, Carol is picking fruit as she prepares to leave town quietly, and Ezekiel catches her. He explains that he realized Carol's innocence was just an act but wonders how Carol could survive, and wants to know where she originally came from. After a few moments, Ezekiel slowly drops his guard and reveals that he was a zookeeper and amateur actor. He tells her that he developed the "King Ezekiel" persona so that the people would have someone to follow and to emphasize that there is still good in the world. Carol still wishes to leave, so Ezekiel suggests that she live in the abandoned house she passed on the way to the Kingdom, so that she could "go and not go". She agrees to this arrangement. Morgan takes Carol out to the house, tells her to take care of herself, and returns to the Kingdom. Later, she gets a visit from Ezekiel and Shiva. Ezekiel once again offers her a pomegranate causing Carol to smile.


title: King Ezekiel

text: In the mid-season premiere "Rock in the Road", Ezekiel is shown to be friends with Hilltop scout Paul Rovia, aka "Jesus". Jesus introduces Ezekiel to Rick Grimes, the leader of Alexandria, another community forced to serve the Saviors. Rick implores Ezekiel to join their fight against the Saviors as only together can they succeed. Ezekiel takes the night to ponder his decision, but ultimately decides against open conflict with the Saviors as he refuses to endanger his people's lives. He does, however, allow Rick's friend Daryl Dixon to stay in the Kingdom to hide from the Saviors. Ezekiel appears in episode "New Best Friends" when the Saviors arrive for their offering. When Jared continues to insult Richard, the two draw guns on each other and Morgan and Ben are forced to stop further violence. Ezekiel later chastises Benjamin for acting hasty as violence must be reserved as a last resort. In the episode "Bury Me Here", Ezekiel, Morgan, Ben, Richard and several others find a roadblock en route to their meeting with the Saviors. They then find a grave reading "bury me here" with Ezekiel claiming that it is only luck that the world has not driven them all insane, though Ben credits Ezekiel with keeping them together. They arrive to find that their load of fruit is short of the required amount, causing Jared to shoot Ben. They bring him to Carol's, but despite their best efforts, Ben dies. When they meet the Saviors to settle their debt Morgan attacks and kills Richard, strangling him to death. He reveals that Richard discarded a fruit on purpose in an effort to start a war with the Saviors. Ezekiel shown to be enraged at Richard's betrayal while shocked at Morgan's brutality (though he still attempts to bring him back). Carol later goes to the Kingdom and offers Ezekiel her condolences before stating that it is time to fight; Morgan, wishing to be alone, temporarily stays at Carol's house. Ezekiel agrees. In the season finale "First Day of the Rest of Your Life", Ezekiel leads Carol and a group of Kingdom fighters to Alexandria to accept Rick's alliance. They encounter Morgan along the way, and Ezekiel convinces him to march with them. Ezekiel's arrival proves timely; their group arrives at Alexandria just as Negan is about to execute Carl. Ezekiel and Shiva charge into battle, killing numerous Saviors and helping drive off the Saviors. The episode ends with Ezekiel standing beside Rick and Maggie Greene as the Kingdom, Hilltop and Alexandria pledge their aid to each other.


title: King Ezekiel

text: In the season premiere "Mercy", as Rick prepares for war against Negan, Ezekiel commits his own soldiers from the Kingdom, and provides rousing speeches to his men at Kingdom and later to the combined group prior to their first attack. After their initial assault on Sanctuary, resulting in a large walker horde that prevents the Saviors from leaving or entering, Rick's army breaks into several groups to attack other Savior strongholds. In the following episode "The Damned", Ezekiel, alongside Carol, leads forces most of Kingdom soldiers, clearing out all but one Savior at a stronghold. The solitary Savior escapes, but Ezekiel orders his group to give chase, fearing he will warn a nearby stronghold. With Shiva's help, the solitary Savior is stopped in time.


title: King Ezekiel

text: In the episode "Monsters", since they are close to another stronghold but still undetected, Ezekiel decides to launch an attack, despite not being in Rick's plan and against Carol's caution. The attack goes better than expected, with no losses to the Kingdom forces. As they are celebrating, Savior forces hidden in a nearby building fire on the group with a heavy machine gun, killing most of the Kingdom forces instantly; the few not yet hit rush to protect Ezekiel. In the episode "Some Guy", Ezekiel crawls out from the pile of corpses with a limp foot, aghast at the bodies around him that are starting to reanimate. Ultimately he is saved by Jerry, who remains a loyal follower, and Carol, who dealt with the Savior attackers. They struggle towards the Kingdom, but Ezekiel is broken both physically and emotionally, and tells them to leave him behind, no longer worthy of being their king. Shiva arrives to fend off walkers that are about to attack Ezekiel, but the walkers eventually overwhelm the tiger, and Ezekiel can only look on in anguish as his companion is fed upon. The three eventually make it to Kingdom, and Ezekiel cannot come to say anything to the families of his soldiers, and walks off in silence. In the episode "The King, the Widow, and Rick", Ezekiel has secluded himself in his home, refusing to allow others to see him. Carol is able to approach Ezekiel and tries to encourage him to take up leadership again, even if it just maintaining his act, but Ezekiel remains reluctant to participate and urges her to lead the Kingdom. In the mid-season finale "How It's Gotta Be", when his community is invaded by the Saviors and they demand to know where Ezekiel is hiding, he allows himself to be caught soon afterwards, so his people may escape.


title: King Ezekiel

text: In the mid-season premiere "Honor" Ezekiel is kidnapped by the saviors commanded by Gavin, but its plans to take it to the Sanctuary are frustrated by Carol and Morgan of successful way manage to annihilate their followers and rescue Ezekiel, when Gavin flees Morgan catches him but Ezekiel with Carol tries to convince him not to kill him, Morgan insists he has to, but before he can, a fighting stick pierces Gavin's throat, killing him and Henry is revealed to be the killer, shocking Carol and Morgan. Ezekiel soothes Henry and tells him not to look at Gavin's body. Carol berates Henry for not staying behind and disobeying her, but Ezekiel assures Henry that everything will work out. "All will be resolved" he tells him. In the next episode "Do Not Send Us Astray", Ezekiel and his community move to Hilltop to avoid retaliation from the saviors, Henry wants to join the fight, but Ezekiel orders him to defend Hilltop from inside and make the guard, when the Simon's convoy, Daryl leads them through the gate, the people of Hilltop block the convoy with a bus and Ezekiel and all open fire on the rescuers. The battle begins and the rescuers succeed in wounding several members of the militia with weapons contaminated with the blood of a walker, Ezekiel, Carol, Rosita, Tara, Maggie, Daryl, Enid, Jesus, Rick, Carol and others but they manage to survive, due to They manage to turn the tide of the attack of the rescuers as Simon and the remaining saviors flee. Mayhem erupts at dawn inside the Barrington house in Hilltop, as many wounded succumb to the infection and die, because of the savior's contaminated weapons, begin to revive as walkers and attack Ezekiel helps fight the walkers. Ezekiel shoots down a reanimated Kevin, while Rick, Morgan and Daryl manage to shoot down the remaining walkers. The next day, Ezekiel and Carol look for Henry, who disappeared during the night. In the episode "Still Gotta Mean Something", Ezekiel asks Carol to help him find Henry, but she refuses. Ezekiel realizes that Carol believes that Henry is dead. Carol gives the boy for dead and Ezekiel accuses her of being a coward for thinking that and leaves, later, Jerry rushes to Ezekiel to share the good news, just as Carol and Henry enter the community. Ezekiel hugs Henry and thanks Carol, Carol tells Ezekiel that he was right about her being afraid. In the season finale "Wrath" the combined forces mobilize to ambush the saviors, Ezekiel predicts that it could be the last morning for some of them, Ezekiel accompanies Rick and the rest of the militia to fight the saviors in the battle final. After most of the saviors are eliminated due to Eugene's defective bullets, Ezekiel and the others fight the remaining saviors until they surrender, shortly after Negan is defeated and captured while Rick addresses the crowd, declaring the peace among all the communities. Afterwards, Ezekiel returns home to the Kingdom.


title: King Ezekiel

text: In the season premiere "A New Beginning" 18 months have elapsed, Ezekiel and Carol have grown as a couple and adopted Henry, Ezekiel attended the expedition in the city of Washington D.C. to find a wooden cart and agricultural machinery needed by the rescuers and after finding everything they needed in an abandoned museum, the king helped the rest of the group carefully move the car through a glass floor that contained a huge number of walkers underneath, Ezekiel falls in the last crossing as the glass floor is broken, but they were tied with ropes to catch them and Carol and others rescued him quickly, before certain death, Carol and Ezekiel embrace and later the group goes back to their respective communities on their journey. On the way, Ezekiel proposes to Carol Marriage. She tells him to keep the ring and reminds him that she still does not want to be asked, especially on a horse. Ezekiel smiles and says he still loves her, the next day, Carol tells Ezekiel that she is staying in the Sanctuary, Ezekiel feels she is trying to be away, but she denies and kisses him, before telling him to kiss Henry for her and instruct Jerry to take care of him as they move away.


title: King Ezekiel

text: In the second half of the season, Ezekiel, who has married Carol and adopted Henry, struggles to reunite the fractured communities with a trade fair while the Kingdom begins to fall apart from old age and disrepair. The situation worsens when a new enemy, the Whisperers, arises and Henry falls in love with Lydia, the daughter of the Whisperer leader. The new threat brings the communities back together. Though Michonne has developed a more isolationist mindset, she allows Alexandria to send a delegation, convinced by Judith Grimes to mend relationships with her old friends. At the same time, the Kingdom comes into contact with a new group, the Highwaymen, who try to extort the Kingdom for supplies. Instead, Ezekiel and Carol make a deal with the Highwaymen, who prove to be reasonable despite their rough start, to protect the area around the Kingdom in exchange for trade and getting to watch a movie using the Kingdom's recently repaired theater, something the Highwaymen haven't been able to do for years.


title: King Ezekiel

text: In "The Calm Before," the communities are reunited at the Kingdom's trade fair, much to Ezekiel's pleasure. To cement their reestablished relationship, Ezekiel has the leaders of the four communities finally sign Michonne's charter which had been recovered by Tara and given to Ezekiel after Michonne had given up on unity. Ezekiel and Carol invite Daryl, who has been living on his own in the woods since Rick's assumed death, to move to the Kingdom. However, the trade fair takes an ominous turn when it is infiltrated by Alpha, leader of the Whisperers who Ezekiel unknowingly encounters and talks with. Alpha kidnaps and brutally murders ten people from the fair, including Ezekiel's adopted son Henry.


title: King Ezekiel

text: In "The Storm," the Kingdom finally falls due to disrepair and disaster and Ezekiel and the other residents are forced to relocate to the Hilltop during a massive blizzard. In the months since Henry's death, Ezekiel and Carol's marriage has fallen apart. After reaching the Hilltop, Carol decides to end their marriage and return to Alexandria, though Ezekiel has her keep the ring he gave Carol.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Now living in the Hilltop, Ezekiel struggles with the loss of the Kingdom and his divorce from Carol. Michonne later finds him suicidal, and they share a kiss, but don't take it further than that. Ezekiel eventually reveals a large lump on his neck to Siddiq, knowing that it is thyroid cancer which his family has a history of. While his father and grandmother successfully fought it off, Ezekiel is convinced that his condition is terminal in the current world which lacks modern medicine. However, he can't bring himself to tell Carol, getting off the radio when she comes on rather than admit that he is dying. After Siddiq is murdered by Dante, Ezekiel attends the funeral and is reunited with Carol who he considers telling about his condition, but still can't go through with it.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Following the destruction of the Hilltop, Ezekiel agrees to join Eugene's mission to meet Stephanie despite his deteriorating condition, wanting to do something good with what's left of his life. As Ezekiel grows increasingly ill, he becomes more despondent until a rousing speech by Yumiko and meeting Princess restore some of Ezekiel's good cheer. However, the group is captured and interrogated by the Commonwealth Army rather than meeting Stephanie.


title: King Ezekiel

text: The group is eventually granted admission into the Commonwealth where Ezekiel's condition improves somewhat after Lance Hornsby arranges for him to receive medical treatment, the Commonwealth having the modern medicine that Alexandria and the other communities lack. However, Ezekiel's prognosis remains poor without surgery to remove the tumor from his thyroid cancer which he won't get in time as Ezekiel is too far down the list. Ezekiel is assigned to work as the Commonwealth's animal control officer, a job that Ezekiel greatly enjoys. Carol eventually makes a deal with Lance where he arranges for Ezekiel to get the surgery in exchange for Carol doing favors for Lance. Ezekiel undergoes the surgery which is performed by Yumiko's long-lost brother Tomi who was a thoracic surgeon before the world ended. Ezekiel's cancer is successfully removed, and he later tells Carol that he has a good prognosis.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Ezekiel becomes disturbed by the class inequality that he witnesses during his cancer treatment and secretly opens a clinic for the disadvantaged to receive free medical treatment, eventually convincing Tomi to help him out. Ezekiel joins the effort to expose the Milton family's corruption and refuses to leave when the communities go their separate ways, wanting to try to save another Kingdom before it inevitably falls. After Sebastian's death, he and the others are made to disappear and sent to a forced labor camp. Negan approaches Ezekiel for help in leading a revolution against the sadistic Warden, aided by the fact that the camp that they've been sent to is at a Commonwealth-occupied Alexandria. Ezekiel, who has deliberately avoided Negan for years, reluctantly works with the former leader of the Saviors, eventually revealing that his hatred of Negan is of a personal nature due to the Saviors murdering Benjamin who was like a son to him. However, when Negan attempts to martyr himself for everyone else rather than exposing Ezekiel's role in the rebellion, Ezekiel comes to his defense, leading a number of the prisoners in making a stand. Ezekiel succeeds in convincing most of the Commonwealth soldiers to stand down while the Warden is subdued by Daryl, allowing the Coalition to retake Alexandria.


title: King Ezekiel

text: As everyone heads to the Commonwealth to take down Pamela, Ezekiel makes peace with Negan, recounting his various near-death experiences and deciding to let go of his bitterness. Instead, Ezekiel feels that Negan living to make something good of his life is a better way of dealing with his anger and grief. In turn, Negan reveals that he had attempted to sacrifice himself to save Ezekiel and the others out of unselfish motives. As a massive herd overruns the Commonwealth, Ezekiel rallies both his friends and General Mercer's loyal forces to fight for the Commonwealth, unwilling to give up on it. Together, they manage to overthrow Pamela and eliminate the herd, saving the Commonwealth.


title: King Ezekiel

text: A year later, with Pamela in prison for her crimes, Ezekiel becomes the new Governor of the Commonwealth with Mercer as his Lieutenant Governor.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Ezekiel is portrayed by Khary Payton on "The Walking Dead" television series, beginning with the seventh season. Ezekiel and his pet tiger Shiva were introduced in the season seven trailer at the San Diego Comic-Con in 2016.


title: King Ezekiel

text: Noel Murray of "Rolling Stone" ranked King Ezekiel 9th in a list of 30 best "Walking Dead" characters, saying, "Thanks to Khary Payton's theatrical flair, the general congeniality of "The Kingdom," and one seriously awesome pet tiger, this new leader offered a reminder that violence and selfishness aren't the only way to survive. Sometimes an overly polite nice guy pretending to be medieval royalty can stir up some loyalty too."


title: Albert II of Germany

text: Albert the Magnanimous KG, elected King of the Romans as Albert II (10 August 139727 October 1439) was king of the Holy Roman Empire and a member of the House of Habsburg. By inheritance he became Albert V, Duke of Austria. Through his wife ("jure uxoris") he also became King of Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, and inherited a claim to the Duchy of Luxembourg.


title: Albert II of Germany

text: He succeeded to the Duchy of Austria at the age of seven on his father's death in 1404. His uncle Duke William of Inner Austria, then head of the rivaling Leopoldinian line, served as regent for his nephew, followed by his brothers Leopold IV and Ernest the Iron in 1406. The quarrels between the brothers and their continued attempts to gain control over the Albertinian territories led to civil war-like conditions. Nevertheless, Albert, having received a good education, undertook the government of Austria proper on the occasion of Leopold's death in 1411 and succeeded, with the aid of his advisers, in ridding the duchy of the evils which had arisen during his minority.


title: Albert II of Germany

text: In 1422 Albert married Elisabeth of Luxemburg, the daughter and heiress of the King Sigismund of Hungary (later also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia), and his second wife, the Slovenian noblewoman Barbara of Celje. Besides Hungary, Albert's marriage brought him claims to several Slavic kingdoms and principalities as well.


title: Albert II of Germany

text: Albert assisted his father-in-law Sigismund in his campaigns against the Hussites, involving the Austrian duchy in the Hussite Wars. In return Sigismund designated him as his successor and granted him the title of a Margrave of Moravia in 1423. The Austrian lands were devastated several times and Albert also participated in the 1431 Battle of Domažlice where the Imperial troops suffered an embarrassing defeat.


title: Albert II of Germany

text: When Sigismund died in 1437, Albert was crowned king of Hungary on 1 January 1438, and just as his predecessor did, he moved his court to the Hungarian Kingdom from where he later oversaw his other domains. Although crowned king of Bohemia six months after ascending to the Hungarian throne, he was unable to obtain possession of the country. He was engaged in warfare with the Bohemians and their Polish allies, when on 18 March 1438, he was chosen "King of the Romans" at Frankfurt, an honour which he does not appear to have sought. He was never crowned as Holy Roman Emperor.


title: Albert II of Germany

text: Afterwards engaged in defending Hungary against the attacks of the Turks, he died on 27 October 1439 at Neszmély and was buried at Székesfehérvár. Albert was an energetic and warlike prince, whose short reign as a triple king gave great promise of usefulness for the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Albert II of Germany

text: Though the Jews in the Austrian duchy had been subject to local persecutions during the 13th and 14th century, their position remained relatively safe. Jewish communities prospered in several towns like Krems or the area around the "Judenplatz" at Vienna. During the confusion after the death of Duke Albert IV in 1404 their situation worsened sharply, culminating in the blaze of the Vienna synagogue on 5 November 1406, followed by riots and lootings.


title: Albert II of Germany

text: When Albert V came of age in 1411 and interfered in the Hussite Wars, he repeatedly established new taxes imposed on the Jewish community to finance his campaigns. On the other hand, after the Hussites had devastated the duchy, the Austrian Jews were accused of collaboration and arms trade in favour of the enemies. The accusations of a host desecration at Enns in 1420 gave Albert pretext for the destruction of the Jewish community.


title: Albert II of Germany

text: According to the 1463 "Chronica Austriae" by chronicler Thomas Ebendorfer, the duke on 23 May 1420, at the behest of the Church, ordered the imprisonment and forcible conversion of the Jews. Those that had not converted or escaped were sent off in boats down the Danube, while wealthy Jews remained under arrest, several of them tortured and stripped of their property. The forced baptism of Jewish children was stopped on intervention by Pope Martin V. On 12 March 1421 Albert sentenced the remaining Jews to death. Ninety-two men and 120 women were burned at the stake south of the Vienna city walls on 12 March 1421. The Jews were placed under an "eternal ban" and their synagogue was demolished. The persecutions in several Austrian towns are explicitly described in a 16th-century script called "Vienna Gesera".


title: Albert II of Germany

text: Full titulature Albert possessed went as follows: "Albert, by the grace of God elected King of the Romans, always August, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria, elected King of Bohemia, duke of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, margrave of Moravia, Lord of the Wendish March and Port Naon, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Ferrete and Kyburg, etc. Margrave of Burgau and landgrave of Alsace."


title: Albert II of Germany

text: In practise he often used a shorter version: "Albert, by the grace of God elected King of the Romans, always August, King of Hungary, Dalmatia and Croatia, etc. elected King of Bohemia, duke of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, Margrave of Moravia and Count of Tyrol, etc."


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: The Passenger () is a 1975 drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni. Written by Antonioni, Mark Peploe, and Peter Wollen, the film is about a disillusioned Anglo-American journalist, David Locke (Jack Nicholson), who assumes the identity of a dead businessman while working on a documentary in Chad, unaware that he is impersonating an arms dealer with connections to the rebels in the current civil war. Along the way, he is accompanied by an unnamed young woman (Maria Schneider).


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: "The Passenger" was the final film in Antonioni's three-picture deal with producer Carlo Ponti and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, after "Blowup" (1966) and "Zabriskie Point" (1970). During the film's release, it was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: David Locke (Jack Nicholson) is a television journalist making a documentary film about post-colonial Africa. In order to finish the film, he is in the Sahara in northern Chad seeking to meet with and interview rebel fighters who are involved in the Chadian Civil War. Struggling to find rebels to interview, he is further frustrated when his Land Rover gets stuck on a sand dune. After a long walk through the desert back to his hotel, a thoroughly dispirited Locke discovers that an Englishman (Robertson), who has also been staying in the same hotel, and with whom he had struck up a casual friendship, has died overnight in his room from a heart condition.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Locke decides to switch identities with Robertson. Posing as Robertson, Locke reports his own death at the front desk, where the hotel manager mistakes Locke for Robertson, and the plan goes off without a hitch.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: In London, Locke's wife Rachel (Jenny Runacre) has been having an affair with a man named Stephen (Steven Berkhoff). Rachel feels guilt-ridden and torn when she is informed of her husband's death, which we see reported in a newspaper obituary. She approaches Locke's friend, Martin (Ian Hendry), a television producer, in an attempt to get in touch with Robertson to try and learn more about her husband's last days. Meanwhile, Locke, posing as Robertson, has flown to Munich with the dead man's belongings, including his appointment book, which directs him to a locker in the airport. It contains a document wallet with a price-list and several photocopied pages illustrating armaments. After leaving the airport, and apparently acting on a whim, Locke follows a white horse and carriage to a wedding in a baroque chapel, where he waits at the back of the congregation. Once the wedding has finished and the guests have gone, two men who were observing Locke at the airport enter and ask why he did not contact them at the airport. They ask for "the documents." After Locke hands them the papers from the locker, they give him an envelope of money and tell him that the second half is to be paid in Barcelona. It becomes apparent that Robertson was gun-running for the same rebels whom Locke had been trying to contact in the Sahara.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Prompted by Robertson's diary entries, Locke flies to Barcelona. There he spots his colleague and friend the TV producer Martin, who tries to track Robertson down on behalf of Rachel. Locke encounters an architecture student (Maria Schneider), credited only as The Girl, while trying to hide in a Gaudi building, La Pedrera. He asks her to fetch his belongings from the hotel so that he won't be seen there by Martin, who is casing the lobby. Martin overhears that she is collecting the baggage, and he confronts her outside, requesting that she take him to meet Robertson. She suggests that he follow her in a taxi, but by luck she manages to lose him. She and Locke leave Barcelona and become lovers on the run.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Flush with cash from the down payment on the arms he cannot deliver, Locke is nevertheless drawn to keep a meeting scheduled in Robertson's diary. His appointed contact, however, does not show up. Meanwhile, the men arranging the arms deal are abducted, interrogated and beaten by hitmen operating for the Chadian government.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Rachel receives Locke's belongings, returned from Africa. Having heard from Martin of his unsuccessful chase of the elusive Robertson, Rachel is shocked as she opens Locke's passport to Robertson's photo pasted inside. She heads to Spain to find Locke. The hitmen trail her. Rachel co-opts the Spanish police in her pursuit, but Locke and The Girl continue to flee. Locke eventually sends her away, instructing her to meet him later in Tangiers, after he follows her advice to keep an appointment in the book, that is, to assume that part of Robertson’s identity that believed in a cause. She departs by bus for Almería.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Reaching the Hotel de la Gloria in the Spanish town of Osuna, Locke finds out that The Girl has returned and booked a double room, posing as Mrs. Robertson. He again tries to persuade her to leave. She exits the hotel and dawdles around the dusty square outside. The Chadian agents arrive at the hotel, enter, and depart just before the police arrive with Rachel Locke. The Girl joins them, and the group enter Locke's room, where they discover that he is dead. When asked by the police whether they recognized him, Rachel says that she never knew him, and the Girl says, "Yes."


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: During the 1960s, Michelangelo Antonioni had signed a three-picture deal with producer Carlo Ponti and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His first two films were "Blowup" (1966) and "Zabriskie Point" (1970). His third project was tentatively titled "Technically Sweet", which was inspired by the 1958 short story titled "L'Avventure di un Fotografo" (translated to "The Adventure of a Photographer") by Italo Calvino. The title had been inspired by J. Robert Oppenheimer's remark on the atomic bomb because of the "technically sweet" theoretical problems it created. Antonioni first wrote a film treatment in 1966, and later wrote a script in collaboration with Mark Peploe, Niccolò Tucci, and Tonino Guerra. After "Zabriskie Point" (1970) was released, Antonioni spent two years on pre-production work, including location scouting near the Amazon River.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Jack Nicholson and Maria Schneider had been attached to star in the project. Antonioni had known Nicholson years earlier because "Zabriskie Point" (1970) and "Easy Rider" (1969) happened to be filming near each other. Nicholson's co-star Dennis Hopper invited Antonioni to the film's first private screening, after which Antonioni and Nicholson talked at length. Schneider had been cast after receiving an Academy Award nomination for "Last Tango in Paris" (1972). However, Ponti grew concerned about the enormous cost of location shooting and cancelled the project. In May 1975, Antonioni told the "Los Angeles Times" that the commercial failure of "Zabriskie Point" (1970) had factored into the project's cancellation. The script, translated to its Italian title "Tecnicamente dolce", was later published by Einaudi in 1976.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Meanwhile, a low-budget film titled "Fatal Exit" was in development for Carlo Ponti Productions. The project had been written by Peploe, who was the brother of Antonioni's then-partner, Clare Peploe. Initially, Mark Peploe was to direct the film, with a screenplay written by him and Peter Wollen. However, Ponti instead asked Antonioni to direct the film, mainly because of Peploe's inexperience as a director. Antonioni accepted the offer with Peploe's approval. Antonioni had noticed similarities between "Technically Sweet" and Peploe's script because it had centered around a photojournalist. However, because of Nicholson's commitment to "Chinatown" (1974), Antonioni had only six weeks to rewrite the script.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Principal photography took place in the Illizi Province of Algeria (to depict Chad), London, Munich, Barcelona and locations across south-eastern Spain throughout mid-to-late 1973.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: In a long take early in the film, Locke (Nicholson) is exchanging passport photos in his hotel room, with a tape recording playing an earlier conversation between Locke and Robertson, now dead. The camera pans, without a cut, to hold on Robertson's now live appearance on the balcony, when Locke appears beside him and the two of them continue talking, i.e. an in-camera in-single-shot flashback.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: The film's penultimate shot is a seven-minute long take tracking shot which begins in Locke's hotel room, looking out onto a dusty, run-down square, pushes out through the bars of the hotel window into the square, rotates 180 degrees, and finally tracks back to a close exterior view of the room's interior.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Although this is often referred to as the "final shot" of the film, there is one more. The last passage shows a small driving school car pulling away in the twilight, and the camera holds on the hotel as the film's credits begin to roll.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: "The Passenger" was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the United States on 9 April 1975. Years since the film's release, Nicholson had developed and planned to star in a film project, but MGM abandoned the project. Nicholson demanded compensation, to which MGM relinquished "The Passenger" to Nicholson's ownership. For nearly three decades, Nicholson kept the film from circulation, although the film was briefly released on videocassette during the 1980s. In 2003, Sony Pictures Classics approached Nicholson with an offer to restore and re-release the film. On 28 October 2005, the film was given a limited release in the United States. The film was released on DVD on 25 April 2006.


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote the film was "a suspense melodrama, a story so basically conventional that it isn't until you're at least half‐way through it you realize it's a magnificent nightmare, and that you are on the inside looking out." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film a complete four-star review, stating ""The Passenger" is a complex film that is obvious only in its physical beauty. And if you don't hook into that cerebral adventure story, you'll probably find the pace of the chase story to be much too slow. Viewers who connect to that other layer, however, will find a remarkable richness of image and idea ... Nicholson turns in another superior performance, managing to communicate his own brand of wise anger without puncturing Antonioni's grand design." Jay Cocks, reviewing for "Time" magazine, praised for the film's cinematography, writing the film "has some of the boldest and most supple imagery that Antonioni has achieved in years — more memorable than anything in "Blow-Up" or the unfortunate "Zabriskie Point" ... "The Passenger" ends with a scene that seems destined for cinematic history."


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" called the film "a masterpiece of visual beauty and rigorous artistry that is as tantalizing as it is hypnotic. It is a major achievement by one of the world's great film-makers and boasts still another of those splendid portrayals from Nicholson". Penelope Gilliatt of "The New Yorker" called the film a "triumph of technical invention that stretches the wizardly vocabulary of film as he has never stretched it before". Hank Werba of "Variety" wrote Antonioni "laboriously hand-fashioned an excellent film spectacle that is so marked by his own style and anguish reflections on contemporary life as to encourage further collaborative encounters."


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: Roger Ebert initially gave the film a negative review in 1975. In 2005, he revisited the film with a more positive review, writing that it was a perceptive look at identity, alienation and the human desire to escape oneself. He also praised Schneider's performance as "a performance of breathtaking spontaneity." John Simon, in his 1983 book "Something to Declare", wrote disapprovingly that "Emptiness is everywhere: in landscapes and townscapes, churches and hotel rooms, and most of all in the script. Never was dialogue more pretentiously vacuous, plot more rudimentary yet preposterous, action more haphazard and spasmodic, characterization more tenuous and uninvolving, filmmaking more devoid of all but postures and pretensions".


title: The Passenger (1975 film)

text: In 2012, "The Passenger" was ranked 110th on the "Sight & Sound" critics' poll. The film was included by "Empire" magazine as one of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". The magazine praised the film's camerawork (by Luciano Tovoli) and the performances, particularly Nicholson's quiet and reflective performance. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 90 based on 20 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: Kalmia latifolia, the mountain laurel, calico-bush, or spoonwood, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae, that is native to the eastern United States. Its range stretches from southern Maine south to northern Florida, and west to Indiana and Louisiana. Mountain laurel is the state flower of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. It is the namesake of Laurel County in Kentucky, the city of Laurel, Mississippi, and the Laurel Highlands in southwestern Pennsylvania.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: "Kalmia latifolia" is an evergreen shrub growing tall. The leaves are 3–12 cm long and 1–4 cm wide. The flowers are hexagonal, sometimes appearing to be pentagonal, ranging from light pink to white, and occur in clusters. There are several named cultivars that have darker shades of pink, red and maroon. It blooms in May and June. All parts of the plant are poisonous. The roots are fibrous and matted.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: The plant is naturally found on rocky slopes and mountainous forest areas. It thrives in acid soil, preferring a soil pH in the 4.5 to 5.5 range. The plant often grows in large thickets, covering great areas of forest floor. In the Appalachians, it can become a tree but is a shrub farther north. The species is a frequent component of oak-heath forests. In low, wet areas it grows densely, but in dry uplands has a more sparse form. In the southern Appalachians, laurel thickets are referred to as "laurel hells" because it is nearly impossible to pass through one.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: "Kalmia latifolia" is notable for its unusual method of dispensing its pollen. As the flower grows, the filaments of its stamens are bent and brought into tension. When an insect lands on the flower, the tension is released, catapulting the pollen forcefully onto the insect. Experiments have shown the flower capable of flinging its pollen up to 15 cm. Physicist Lyman J. Briggs became fascinated with this phenomenon in the 1950s after his retirement from the National Bureau of Standards and conducted a series of experiments in order to explain it.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: "Kalmia latifolia" is also known as ivybush or spoonwood (because Native Americans used to make their spoons out of it).


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: The plant was first recorded in America in 1624, but it was named after the Finnish explorer and botanist Pehr Kalm (1716–1779), who sent samples to Linnaeus.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: The Latin specific epithet "latifolia" means "with broad leaves" – as opposed to its sister species "Kalmia angustifolia", "with narrow leaves".


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: Despite the name "mountain laurel", "Kalmia latifolia" is not closely related to the true laurels of the family Lauraceae.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: The plant was originally brought to Europe as an ornamental plant during the 18th century. It is still widely grown for its attractive flowers and year-round evergreen leaves. Elliptic, alternate, leathery, glossy evergreen leaves (to 5" long) are dark green above and yellow green beneath and reminiscent of the leaves of rhododendrons. All parts of this plant are toxic if ingested. Numerous cultivars have been selected with varying flower color. Many of the cultivars have originated from the Connecticut Experiment Station in Hamden and from the plant breeding of Dr. Richard Jaynes. Jaynes has numerous named varieties that he has created and is considered the world's authority on "Kalmia latifolia".


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: In the UK the following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: "Kalmia latifolia" has been marked as a pollinator plant, supporting and attracting butterflies and hummingbirds.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: The wood of the mountain laurel is heavy and strong but brittle, with a close, straight grain. It has never been a viable commercial crop as it does not grow large enough, yet it is suitable for wreaths, furniture, bowls and other household items. It was used in the early 19th century in wooden-works clocks. Root burls were used for pipe bowls in place of imported briar burls unattainable during World War II. It can be used for handrails or guard rails.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: Mountain laurel is poisonous to several animals, including horses, goats, cattle, deer, monkeys, and humans, due to grayanotoxin and arbutin. The green parts of the plant, flowers, twigs, and pollen are all toxic, including food products made from them, such as toxic honey that may produce neurotoxic and gastrointestinal symptoms in humans eating more than a modest amount. Symptoms of toxicity begin to appear about 6 hours following ingestion. Symptoms include irregular or difficulty breathing, anorexia, repeated swallowing, profuse salivation, watering of the eyes and nose, cardiac distress, incoordination, depression, vomiting, frequent defecation, weakness, convulsions, paralysis, coma, and eventually death. Necropsy of animals who have died from spoonwood poisoning show gastrointestinal hemorrhage.


title: Kalmia latifolia

text: The Cherokee use the plant as an analgesic, placing an infusion of leaves on scratches made over location of the pain. They also rub the bristly edges of ten to twelve leaves over the skin for rheumatism, crush the leaves to rub brier scratches, use an infusion as a wash "to get rid of pests", use a compound as a liniment, rub leaf ooze into the scratched skin of ball players to prevent cramps, and use a leaf salve for healing. They also use the wood for carving.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: The Dell Inspiron series is a line of laptop computers made by American company Dell. The first Inspiron laptop model was introduced before 1999. Unlike the Dell Latitude line, which is aimed mostly at business/enterprise markets, Inspiron is a consumer-oriented line, often marketed towards individual customers as computers for everyday use.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: This list is incomplete; the early Dell Inspiron models listed below went through a number of changes from 1999 to 2006, so the specifications on each model may be incomplete or incorrect. There are also some earlier models than these, but those have not been added to the list yet.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: https://gadgetssale.in/product/renewed-dell-latitude-5490-core-i5-8th-gen-laptop-16-gb-ram-512gb-ssd-intel-hd-graphics-14-inch-36-83-cms-hd-screen-windows-11-upgraded-ms-office-black-slim/=== Inspiron 7500 ===


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in 1999, the Dell Inspiron 7500 was a speedy laptop that Dell branded as "A Mobile Desktop". Its starting price was $4,101.


Dell Inspiron laptop computers


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in 1998, the Dell Inspiron 2100 was a lightweight laptop that Dell branded as "Ultra-Thin & Light" and "Ultra Mobile". Its starting price was $1,699.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in 2000, the Dell Inspiron 3800 was an affordable laptop that Dell branded as "Stylish and Affordable". Its starting price was $1,199.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in 2000, the Dell Inspiron 4000 was a lightweight laptop that Dell branded as "Ultra-Thin & Light" and "Light as a feather, strong as an ox". Its starting price was $1,499.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in 2000, the Dell Inspiron 8000 was a mobile workstation that Dell branded as a mobile desktop. Its starting price was $1,649.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: The Inspiron 8500 and 8600 were mainstream notebooks that were clones of the Latitude D800 and D810. The Inspiron 8500 utilized am Intel Pentium 4 M processor, while the Inspiron 8600 was based on Intel's Centrino Platform and utilized an Intel Pentium M/Centrino Processor. Since they were clones of the D800/D810, they included many Latitude-specific features such as the Dell D-Dock and the D-bay (which allowed users to swap out the CD drive for a floppy drive or secondary battery). Like the Inspiron 1100/5100 series that was also released in 2003, the 8500 and 8600 were among the first Dell laptops to be offered in Venice Blue and Moonlight Silver. Additionally, snap-on faux-wood lid covers were an available accessory which allowed customers to customize the look of their Inspiron.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Inspiron 8600: nVidia GeForce 4 4200 Go 64 MB, ATi Mobility Radeon 9600 128 MB, nVidia GeForce FX Go5650 128 MB.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in late 2005, the Inspiron 1300/B130/B120 is the successor to the Inspiron 2200. The Inspiron B120 is 14-inch, B130 is 15-inch. The Inspiron 1300 is available in both screen sizes. It cost $599 for the base model.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in 2005, the Inspiron 2200 is the successor to the Inspiron 1000. It was branded as "Notebook Essentials" and started at $799.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in 2003, Inspiron 1100 and 5100 series consisted of five models: the Inspiron 1100, 1150, 5100, 5150, and 5160. Additionally, there was a rebadged version of these models sold as the Latitude 100L. The Inspiron 1100 and 1150 were the budget line of this series, the 5100 and 5160 was the mainstream line, and the 5150 was aimed towards higher end users. This model line were among the first Dell laptops to be offered in Dell’s new color scheme: Venice Blue and Moonlight Silver (1100, 5100, 5150), or Moonlight Silver (1150, 5160, 100L).


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: This model line was infamous for several well documented problems, which resulted in numerous class action lawsuits against Dell. These issues included: overheating, faulty motherboards, and power supply failures.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: The Dell Inspiron Mini Series is a sub-line of subnotebook/netbook computers designed by Dell. The series was introduced in September 2008 amidst the growing popularity of low-cost netbook computers introduced by competitors. This sub-line has since been discontinued.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 3147: — Released in 2014, The Inspiron 11 3000 Series 2-in-1 is a 2-in-1 notebook with an 11-inch touchscreen and Intel processors. It competes with Acer Aspire R 11, Asus Transformer Book Flip TP200, HP Pavilion x360, HP Stream x360, Lenovo Yoga 2 11 and Toshiba Satellite Radius 11.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 3148: — — this model features a HDMI port, 1x USB 3.0 and 2x USB 2.0 Type-A ports, a headphone/microphone combo (headset) port, a media-card reader and a security-cable slot. Its processors are from the 4th generation of Intel Core i3 processors with one SO-DIMM slot supporting DDR3L memory. It uses Intel HD graphics and the Realtek ALC3234 audio controller and a 2.5-inch HDD with SATA 3 Gbit/s capabilities. The laptop has an 11.6-inch HD WLED touchscreen display with a maximum resolution of and a refresh rate of 60 Hz. The integrated webcam above the display has a camera resolution is 0.92 megapixel and its maximum video recording resolution is 1280x720 (HD) at 30 FPS. The battery of the laptop is a 3 cell battery with a voltage of 11.4 VDC. The power adapter bundled with the laptop is capable of 65w and outputs a 3.34 A.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 3168: — this model features a HDMI port, 1x USB 3.0 and 2x USB 2.0 Type-A ports, a headphone/microphone combo port, a microSD card reader, and a security cable slot. It comes with a Intel Celeron N3060, Intel Pentium N3170 or Intel Core-m3 CPU, each supporting up to 4 GB of RAM. There are 2 models, one that comes with the Intel Celeron CPU, 2 or 4 GB of RAM and a 32 GB eMMC drive. As the RAM and eMMC are soldered in, you cannot upgrade this model. The other version comes with either the Pentium or Core-m3 CPU, 2 or 4 GB of RAM socketed, and a 500 GB 2.5 inch HDD, upgradable to any SATA based 2.5 inch drive. Both models are touchscreen and comes in Bali Blue, Tango Red, white and later, Fog Grey. Matching wireless mice and laptop sleeves in those colors were offered as accessories.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 3162: — this model features a HDMI port, 1x USB 3.0 and 1x USB 2.0 Type-A ports, a headphone/microphone combo (headset) port and a media-card reader. The laptop uses either dual-core Intel Celeron or quad-core Intel Pentium processors. The audio controller inside the laptop is a Realtek ALC3234 and the multi-car reader supports one SD card in the form factor of micro SD card of the type being SD, SDHC or SDXC. The laptop has an 11.6-inch HD WLED display with a maximum resolution of and a refresh rate of 60 Hz. The integrated webcam above the display has a camera resolution is 0.92 megapixel and its maximum video recording resolution is 1280x720 (HD) at 30 FPS. The battery of the laptop is a 2-cell prismatic battery with a voltage of 7.6 VDC. The power adapter bundled with the laptop is capable of 45w and outputs a 2.31 A. The Dell Inspiron 3162 is available in three colours: red, white, and blue.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 5490: — 2019's model with 10th gen i3, i5 and i7 with up to 16gb ram and 1tb ssd and graphics card up to Gtx 1650ti (4 GB)


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 5402: — 2020's model, Intel 11th gen up to i7-1165G7 processor; Up to 12 GB (one slot + 4 GB) DDR4, 3200 MHz. aluminium cover and palmrest, fingerprint reader option. 1920 x 1080 IPS screen.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: N5110 - Predecessor model N5010. The N5110 released in 2011 with Intel Sandy Bridge platform, options for processors i3, i5 and i7.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 5547: — Laptop available in i5 (Non-Touch/Touch Screen), i7 (Non-Touch/Touch Screen), AMD 18 (Non-Touch) versions.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 5570: — Released in 2017, and has a starting price of €599. Intel Celeron or Pentium, or 6th gen Core i3, or 7th gen Core i3/i5/i7, or 8th gen Core i3/i5/i7 processors.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 5593: — Released in 2020, Up to 10th Generation Intel Core i5-1035G1, integrated graphics, m.2 NVME SSD.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 5770: — Intel (Celeron or Pentium or 6th gen Core i3 or 7th gen Core i3/i5/i7 or 8th gen i3/i5/i7) processors.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Inspiron 13 7000 2-in-1 is a 2-in-1 notebook line with a 13-inch touchscreen, Intel processors and aluminum case. It competes with Acer Aspire R 14, Asus Transformer Book Flip, HP Pavilion 13 x360, Lenovo Yoga 3, Samsung Notebook 7 spin (13-inch), Toshiba Satellite Radius 12 and 14.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 7420/7425 - Intel variant (7420) with 12th Gen i5-1235U/i7-1255U with Iris Xe Graphics, and AMD Variant (7425) with Ryzen 5 5625U/Ryzen 7 5825U with Radeon Graphics. 8 or 16 GB DDR4 3200 MHz RAM. FHD+ Display. Marketed as "New Inspiron 14 2-in-1" or simply "Inspiron 14 2-in-1".


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Released in 2015, The Inspiron 15 7000 Series 2-in-1 is a 2-in-1 notebook with a 15-inch touchscreen and Intel processors. It competes with Acer Aspire R 15, Asus Transformer Book Flip TP500, TP550, HP Envy x360, Lenovo Flex 2 15, 3 15, Samsung Notebook 7 spin (15-inch) and Toshiba Satellite Fusion.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: The Inspiron 17 7000 series 2-in-1 is an convertible line with aluminum case. It uses a 17-inch display, and is the largest Inspiron 2-in-1 laptop.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: The 2015 Dell Inspiron 7447 (Inspiron 14) is a gaming oriented laptop with a discrete 4 GB Nvidia GeForce GTX 850M. It has either an Intel i5-4210H or the Intel i7-4710HQ with up to 8 GB of DDR3L RAM and expandable up to 16 GB.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: The Dell Inspiron 7559 (Inspiron 15) is a gaming-oriented laptop with discrete Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M and comes in black with red trim plastic case. The RAM is standard at 8 GB of DDR3L RAM and expandable up to 16 GB. It competes with the HP Pavilion Gaming Series and HP Omen.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 7566 — The Inspiron 15 changes the styling from the Inspiron 15 7000 (7559) while retaining the Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M dedicated graphics card.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 7567 — These model has the same design as the Inspiron 15 Gaming (7566) with the main difference being the replacement of the Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M with either an GeForce GTX 1050 or GeForce GTX 1050Ti. The laptop uses DDR4 RAM which can be upgraded to 32 GB and has one M.2 slot for an SSD and one M.2 slot for a wireless card. The screen was improved by switching from a TN to IPS LCD.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: 7577 — The 2018's model changes the styling of the fan and speaker grills from the Inspiron 15 7000 Gaming (7567). The Nvidia GeForce GTX 1050 graphics card was replaced with a GeForce GTX 1060 Max-Q for improved performance.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: The Dell Inspiron 15 5000 Gaming (AMD) (5576) is a lower-priced gaming-oriented laptop using either 7th generation AMD (FX 9830P or A10 9630P) Quad Core processors. The integrated video controller is an AMD Radeon R5 or R7 with shared system memory and its discrete video controller is an AMD Radeon RX460 with 4 GB GDDR5 memory. Like the Inspiron 15 7000 Gaming series, the laptop uses DDR4 RAM which can be upgraded to 32 GB and has one M.2 slot for an SSD and one M.2 slot for a wireless card. The I/O includes one Ethernet port, one USB 3.0 port with PowerShare, two USB 3.0 data ports, one HDMI port, and one headset port. The audio controller used is a Realtek ALC3246 with Waves MaxxAudio Pro with two speakers and one subwoofer. The card reader is a 2-in-1 type supporting SD card and MultiMedia card (MMC). The webcam is capable of 1 megapixel still images and 720p HD video at 30 fps. The display used is a 15.6-inch FHD non-touch screen with a refresh rate of 60 Hz.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: In the past, Dell has modified some existing Inspiron machines to produce computers of higher or lower quality.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: The first-generation Inspiron XPS and Inspiron 9100 (2004–2006) shared the same options in processors (Intel Pentium 4 HT "Prescott"), RAM (DDR 400 MHz), hard-drives (Ultra-ATA 5400/7200 rpm), wireless cards, LCD screens (at 15.4-inches; WXGA, WSXGA+, WUXGA) and graphics cards (ATI Mobility Radeon 9700 64 MB/128 MB), as well as the same chassis. Dell marketed the XPS as an "ultimate gaming machine", while marketed the 9100 as a "desktop replacement". The Inspiron 9100 is a rebadged XPS with the only difference between the two computers is the LCD Panel. Although both support a 15.4 Samsung LCD, only later models of the 9100 (3.2 GHz) use the identical LCD screen (Dell Part #s 7T774/W3866). The Samsung LCD Panel supports 1920×1200. Previous 2.8-3.0 GHz Inspiron 9100 use a lesser panel with resolutions of 1280×800 (Dell Part # Y0316).


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: In recent years, several Dell Vostro laptops share the same chassis with Inspiron laptops. For example, the Inspiron 14 5000 (5480) and Vostro 14 5000 (5481) uses the same chassis.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: In 2003, Dell released several lines of Inspiron notebooks that had overheating issues. The systems would overheat and could cause damage to the microprocessor, video card, and motherboard. These systems would also randomly shut down due to overly-high internal temperatures. Overheating in these Inspiron systems is mainly caused by performance-consuming tasks and software. This problem was determined to be due to the design of the air-flow from the bottom of the system. It would draw in dirt/dust and clog the heat sink, making air unable to pass through in order to cool the system. Affected models include the Dell Inspiron 1100, 1150, 5100, 5150, and 5160. Also affected is the Latitude 100L, a near-clone of these models.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Dell acknowledged this problem and designed a new fan with a better heatsink and heatpipes to provide better cooling with less noise. Any repairs made at this point will include the redesigned parts.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: On September 20, Inspiron 5150 owners in the US brought a class action against Dell. The settlement included 100% cash reimbursement for certain repairs, and an extended limited warranty to cover those types of repairs that become necessary for one year.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Following the lawsuit detailed above, in October 2006 customers who had purchased Dell Inspiron 1100, 1150, 5100, 5150, and 5160 notebooks filed a class action lawsuit against Dell, alleging misconduct in connection with the design, manufacture, warranting, advertising and selling of these computers. A similar action started in Canada.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Overheating has been reduced by using compressed air duster spray. Spraying the keyboard, the Microprocessor Thermal-Cooling Assembly located under the "I" - "backspace" keys, rear air vent/exhaust, bottom air intake, and side air vent (all located on the right side of affected systems) have been effective in reducing the running temperature from a normal operating temperature of 77-87 °C to 45-55 °C under average load.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: On a number of Inspiron 5150 and Latitude 100L systems, a design flaw in the positioning of a tab on the C panel on the underside of the laptop has led to problems. Any pressure applied to the top left-hand corner of the laptop causes this tab to press against the motherboard and in particular against the "LVC14A" chip. This causes the solder between this chip and the motherboard to break. This causes sudden shut-downs of the system as a result of any movement of the laptop; in certain cases the laptop will not re-boot at all. Dell has redesigned later models of the 5150 to avoid this problem. Some models reveal cases where someone has manually snapped off the tab from the C panel by hand during the manufacturing process. Dell covers this fault in the United States under the Lundell Settlement, although it is not known whether Dell will fix this fault free of charge outside the USA. In January 2007 a similar lawsuit started in Canada, and Dell in the Netherlands has agreed to repair Dutch computers following criticism in the consumer programme Kassa.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: This has also been a problem with the Inspiron 1150, with the same chip giving problems with broken solder. Re-soldering is not recommended. Re-heating the pins can re-establish the connection and solve the power-off problem at the expense of possibly losing the use of the touch-pad mouse.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Dell posted notices to many of their laptop customers on August 14, 2006, saying that the Sony batteries on the following models could combust, or even explode:


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Users of many of these computers purchased between April 2004 and July 18, 2006 received the recommendation that they should remove the batteries and run their computers on AC power until replacements arrived.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Problematic batteries made by Sony led to recall programs at other laptop computer companies as well, including Hitachi, Toshiba, Lenovo (IBM) and Apple.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Most Dell laptop computers have a special external power supply (PSU) which cannot be replaced by a third-party universal supply. The PSU has what's called UniqueWare™ Add-Only Memory, known under type DS2501. It is a parasitic power circuit memory chip connected to the center identification pin in the plug, via a 2m long unshielded wire alongside the PSU cable. This chip produces a special signal using a 1 wire communication protocol known as "1-wire" in identifying the PSU as an original Dell PSU. This chip handles all the data needed to authenticate a charge. If a power supply not made by Dell is used, or the cable near the connector becomes damaged as is not infrequent after some use, the PSU stops charging the battery and the CPU runs slower, although the computer can be used indefinitely so long as it remains plugged in. If this problem is present at startup, the message "The AC power adapter type cannot be determined. Your system will operate slower and the battery will not charge" is displayed. This will continue until the external PSU is replaced. A few third-party suppliers make power supplies with specific provision for Dell computers at lower prices than Dell's. It is possible to work round the slowdown, but not the battery charging, by installing a CPU clock utility. On some models (the 9100 for instance), the problem can be worked around by starting the computer without a battery installed and fitting the battery after the computer has booted.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Another problem arises after much use with the motherboard power connector; flap-like metal parts which contact the outside of the plug lose their tension and fail to make contact so that power does not reach the computer. The "official" solution is to replace the connector on the motherboard, which requires partial dis-assembly of the computer and desoldering a part with several pins; many companies charge a considerable sum for the work involved. Various simple alternatives have been suggested; for example a thin "skin" of solder on the outside of the barrel of the connector on the PSU (with care not to overheat the connector's plastic parts; and this thickened connector should not be used with other, not faulty Dell laptops, as it will stretch the springs and damage or even overheat the plug and socket assembly, causing them to melt or bond permanently).


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: One other problem can happen with the wattage rating of the power supply. There are two Dell power supplies that were used for different Inspiron models which have the same plug assembly and voltage, a 65-watt supply model PA-6 and a 90 watt supply model PA-9. Some models (for example the Inspiron 1100) shipped with a PA-9. If a PA-6 (or equivalent aftermarket supply) is used in these models then the system might not boot at times. In such cases, it will light the battery light for a few seconds when the supply is plugged in. This can also happen if the power supply becomes marginal. Marginal supplies can show as supplying full voltage even if tested with a voltmeter while the supply is plugged into the computer and an attempt is made to turn on the computer.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: These problems are discussed in detail, and solutions and workarounds suggested, in a discussion on Tom's hardware site, and on The Laptop Junction site.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: A problem exists with the hibernation sensor located in some older laptops. Unlike many laptops that use a mechanical switch to detect when the lid is closed, in these systems the sensor is a magnetic reed switch that is located between the touchpad and the front edge of the laptop. There is a magnet that is located in the top lid above this switch, and when the lid is closed the magnet triggers the reed switch. If the magnet loses strength then the system will not go into suspend or hibernation if the lid is closed. The magnet strength can be checked by running a paper clip along the top edge of the screen. A worse problem happens if the reed switch fails. Sometimes the switches will fail in a closed position with the contacts sticking together. In that case the system will not switch on. There are several ways to check for this. First the laptop can be partially disassembled and the mouse assembly can be unplugged from the system board and the system switched on. If the system boots with the mouse unplugged then it is the switch. Another way to check for the problem is by running a magnet over the reed switch, there should be a faint click when the magnet triggers the switch. This does not require disassembly but the magnet must be in the correct position and be strong enough. Some people have modified the circuitry of the laptop by cutting the switch off of the assembly, with the downside being the system will no longer suspend if the lid is closed.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Some 17" Inspiron 8600, 9200, 9300, 6000, 1750, and XPS Gen 2 notebook LCDs have a vertical line manufacturing defect. Symptoms range from individual lines to entire bars of the screen with inverted colors.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Dell has been very reluctant to replace these panels after guarantee, although there was a direct link to the defective parts from their suppliers. Even warranty customers have had difficulty getting replacements, and replaced screens often develop the defect after a short time.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: In some Inspiron laptops an issue exists where a hinge holding the LCD screen may, as a result of the forces resulting from the large screen, rip its plastic standoffs holding it from the chassis. This issue seems to be prevalent on the Inspiron 15-7559 and 15-5547 models.


title: Dell Inspiron laptop computers

text: Dell has not been uniform in their repair of such issues with some people not being able to get repair even under warranty and others being able to get repair outside of warranty.


title: First World problem

text: First World problem is an informal term for the issues in First World nations that are complained about in response to the perceived absence of more pressing concerns. Although it has been described as "a subset of the fallacy of relative privation", the term is also used by many people to acknowledge their gratefulness for not having worse problems, and recognise their problems in a global context. The term has been used to minimize complaints about trivial issues and shame the complainer, to generate humour at the expense of first world culture, and as good-humored self-deprecation.


title: First World problem

text: The term "First World problem" first appeared in 1979 in G. K. Payne's work "Built Environment", but gained recognition as an Internet meme beginning in 2005, particularly on social networking sites like Twitter (where it became a popular hashtag). In 2012, UNICEF NZ conducted a survey of First World problems in New Zealand, finding "slow web access" to be the most common. The phrase was added to the "Oxford Dictionary Online" in November 2012, and to the online "Macquarie Dictionary" in December 2012.


title: Mona Marshall

text: Mona Marshall is an American voice actress, known for her work in a number of cartoons, anime shows, films and video games. Her major credits include "South Park", where she voices many of the female characters on the show; "", "CBS Storybreak", and "Digimon". She has also appeared on-stage for television shows such as "Cheers" and "Who's the Boss?"


title: Mona Marshall

text: Marshall has a theatre background and trained for the stage. When she was teaching fifth grade, the mother of one of her students suggested she enroll in a voice-over class taught by the late Daws Butler, voice of Yogi Bear and Quick Draw McGraw.


title: Mona Marshall

text: She is often cast in the roles of young male characters. Her roles have included parts in not only in American animated television series and several animated feature films, but also in Japanese anime.


title: Mona Marshall

text: Her most notable roles in American cartoons are Sheila Broflovski (1999–present, after original voice actress Mary Kay Bergman committed suicide) and Linda Stotch on the popular television show "South Park" as well as the title character in "Doraemon" and Kite, the main protagonist of the 2002 video game series ".hack" for PlayStation 2. Marshall voiced the talking bear Koby the Study Buddy and she also provided the English voice for the title character in the "".


title: Mona Marshall

text: Outside of voice acting, Marshall has coached others on the craft, and has worked on a singing career with solo songs she would perform on stage.


title: Social deduction game

text: A social deduction game is a game in which players attempt to uncover each other's hidden role or team allegiance. Commonly, these games are played with teams, with one team being considered "good" and another being "bad". During gameplay, players can use logic and deductive reasoning to try to deduce one another's roles, while other players can bluff to keep players from suspecting them.


title: Social deduction game

text: Examples of social deduction games include "Mafia", in which only the mafia know who is mafia and what the mafia players' roles are; "Bang!", in which only the sheriff's role is known to everyone; and "Secret Hitler", in which only the fascists know who the fascists are, except for the player who plays as Hitler. Other social deduction games include "The Resistance", "" and "Spyfall".


title: Social deduction game

text: Social deduction games have been adapted to video games numerous times through mods or full games. One instances of such adaptations are custom maps for including "Changeling" and "The Thing". These custom maps inspired later custom maps including Mafia, "Werewolf", "Zerg Infestation", and another "Changeling" and "The Thing". Other notable examples include "Garry's Mod" "Trouble in Terrorist Town" game mode, "Town of Salem", "StarCraft II"'s Phantom Mode mod, and "Among Us".


title: Social deduction game

text: One important element of strategy in some social deduction games is determining how long to stick to one's story in the light of information obtained from other players. A Monte Carlo tree search has been suggested for making decisions in social deduction games.


title: Pelops

text: In Greek mythology, Pelops (; ) was king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus region (, "Pelops' Island"). He was the son of Tantalus and the father of Atreus.


title: Pelops

text: He was venerated at Olympia, where his cult developed into the founding myth of the Olympic Games, the most important expression of unity, not only for the people of Peloponnesus, but for all Hellenes. At the sanctuary at Olympia, chthonic night-time libations were offered each time to "dark-faced" Pelops in his sacrificial pit ("bothros") before they were offered in the following daylight to the sky-god Zeus (Burkert 1983:96).


title: Pelops

text: Pelops was a son of Tantalus and either Dione, Euryanassa, Eurythemista, or Clytia. In some accounts, he was called a bastard son of Tantalus while others named his parents as Atlas and the nymph Linos. Others would make Pelops the son of Hermes and Calyce while another says that he was an Achaean from Olenus.


title: Pelops

text: Of Phrygian or Lydian birth, he departed his homeland for Greece, and won the crown of Pisa or Olympia from King Oenomaus in a chariot race, then married Oenomaus's daughter, Hippodamia.


title: Pelops

text: Pelops and Hippodamia had numerous children. Their sons include Pittheus (or his mother was Dia), Troezen, Alcathous, Dimoetes, Atreus, Thyestes, Copreus, Hippalcimus, (Hippalcus, Hippalcmus), Sciron, Sicyon, Epidaurus, Cleones, (Cleonymus), Letreus, Dyspontos, Pelops the younger, Argeius, Dias, Aelius, Corinthus, Cynosurus and Hippasus. Four of their daughters married into the House of Perseus: Astydameia (who married Alcaeus), Nicippe (who married Sthenelus), Lysidice (who married Mestor), and Eurydice (who married Electryon). Another daughter of Pelops, Mytilene was called the mother of Myton by Poseidon.


title: Pelops

text: By the nymph Axioche () or Danais or Astyoche, Pelops was father of Chrysippus. The latter was also called the son of Hippodamia and brother of Pleisthenes who was sometimes called the son of Pelops by another woman.