title: Manish Pandey

text: Manish plays for Karnataka. He was named captain of the Karnataka team in the 2021 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He captains Karnataka team in various domestic tournaments.


title: Manish Pandey

text: Pandey made his One Day International (ODI) debut for India against Zimbabwe on 14 July 2015. He had a successful debut that included a 144-run partnership with Kedar Jadhav. Pandey joined Jadhav at the crease when India was struggling at 82 for the loss of 4 wickets and made his maiden half-century before being dismissed for 71 runs. He made his Twenty20 International debut for India on the same tour, on 17 July 2015. Pandey's breakout international innings, however, came six months later in Sydney. In January 2016, his unbeaten maiden ODI century helped India gun down Australia's 330 with two balls to spare and prevent a whitewash. He was selected in the ODI squad for the Australian tour in January 2016. In the final game at the Sydney Cricket Ground, he played a match-winning inning of 104*, helping India win its only match of the series.


title: Manish Pandey

text: He was selected as a replacement of Yuvraj Singh in 2016 World T20 for India. He was named in the 15-man squad for the Champions Trophy in June 2017. However, he injured himself during the IPL and missed out the ICC event for India.


title: Manish Pandey

text: In June 2021, he was named in India's One Day International (ODI) and T20I squad for their series against Sri Lanka.


title: Praveena

text: Praveena is an Indian Television actress and a dubbing artist who predominantly appears in Malayalam films, she has also appeared in Tamil and Telugu films.


title: Praveena

text: She started her acting career through 1992 film "Gowri". She has received several accolades including Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress for her performances in the films "Agnisakshi" in 1998 and "Oru Pennum Randaanum" in 2008. She received the Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist for the films "Elektra" in 2010 and "Ivan Megharoopan" in 2012.


title: Praveena

text: She appeared in multiple films, including "Agnisakshi", "English Medium", "Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum, Swarnam" and "Oru Pennum Randaanum". Kasthooriman later debuted in Malayalam cinema through Anil Babu's "Kaliyoonjal" in which she was paired opposite Dileep. In "Oral Mathram" "The Truth" and "Ezhupunna Tharakan,"


title: Praveena

text: She has won Kerala State Film Award four times. In 1998, she won the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress for her performance in "Agnisakshi" and in 2008 she won the same award for her role in "Oru Pennum Randaanum". In 2010 and 2011, she won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist for "Elektra" and "Ivan Megharoopan" respectively.


title: Praveena

text: Her serials include Swapnam, Megham the recent Mounam, Malakhamar in Mazhavil Manorama and Mohakkadal. She has also has been judge on several reality shows including "Mummy & Me" on Kairali TV, "Comedy Stars" and "Star Singer" on Asianet.


title: Praveena

text: Kasthooriman has performed as a voice artist, for actresses like Jyothirmayi in "Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum" for Kavya Madhavan in "Mizhi Randilum" and "Sadanandante Samayam" and for Padmapriya in "Amrutham".


title: Praveena

text: Praveena was born on 11 April 1978 to Ramachandran Nair and Lalithabai. Her father is a retired college professor. She has an elder brother, Pramod Nair, who works as a software engineer in United States. She is married to Mr. Manoharan Nair who is a business person in kerala.following which she took a short hiatus from acting. The couple have a daughter.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: Tales from the Crypt Presents: Bordello of Blood is a 1996 American horror comedy film directed by Gilbert Adler, from a screenplay by Adler and A. L. Katz, and a story by Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis. Dennis Miller stars as Rafe Guttman, a private investigator hired by Katherine Verdoux (Erika Eleniak) to investigate the disappearance of her brother Caleb (Corey Feldman) which leads him to a bordello run by Lilith (Angie Everhart).


title: Bordello of Blood

text: The film was developed by Gale and Zemeckis in the 1970s after their college graduation. The duo conceived the original script as an exploitation film designed to break the duo into the film industry, but it went unproduced. The concept was subsequently revisited to serve as the second film in a proposed "Tales from the Crypt" film trilogy greenlit by Universal Pictures following the success of the first film spinoff of the HBO series, "Demon Knight" (1995). Miller and Everhart were suggested for the cast by executive producer Joel Silver, though Adler and Katz wanted other actors to play the parts.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: Filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where the production was troubled by limited night time and continuity issues due to Miller's constant improvisation and refusal to show up on set. Released in North America on August 16, 1996, "Bordello of Blood" was produced for $2.5 million, and it grossed $5.6 million. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and fans of the series. According to Everhart, it has become a cult film


title: Bordello of Blood

text: A group of treasure hunters led by Vincent Prather explore a forest, encountering a cave containing the coffin of Lilith, mother of all vampires. Vincent takes out a box containing the four sections of her heart and inserts it in her body, reviving her. Lilith awakens and kills the other treasure hunters, but Vincent subdues her with the key from "Demon Knight".


title: Bordello of Blood

text: After fighting with his sister Katherine, Caleb Verdoux goes to a dive bar, where an odd man named Jenkins tells him of a brothel hidden in a funeral home. Caleb and his friend Reggie visit the address, where they are forced at gunpoint by mortician McCutcheon to climb into a coffin leading to said brothel, unaware the prostitutes are all vampires led by Lilith. A prostitute named Tallulah seduces Reggie, whom Lilith kills before vampirizing Caleb.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: When the police fail to find Caleb, Katherine reluctantly hires cynical and sarcastic private investigator Rafe Guttman, who tracks Caleb's trail to the bar, where Caleb's friends direct him to the funeral home. After a tip from Jenkins, Rafe revisits the funeral home that night. Initially, it appears as just a funeral home. Rafe overhears Lilith interview a woman, Tamara, followed by Tamara's scream and a body hitting the floor. He finds Caleb's nose ring and escapes. The next day he takes it to Katherine and tells her he's going to stake out the funeral home that evening. Unbeknownst to Rafe, the funeral home conceals a corrupt organization run by Reverend J.C. Current.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: Rafe is admitted into the brothel and approached by the now-vampirized Tamara, whom he tricks into letting him strap her to a torture rack so he can investigate further, finding Jenkins decapitated in a coffin. While fleeing, Rafe drops his wallet, allowing Lilith to find his address. Having tasted Rafe's blood, Lilith takes an interest and tries to seduce him. When Katherine arrives, Rafe follows and describes the brothel's activity to her. They alert the police, who dismiss Rafe as a fraud due to lack of evidence. Meanwhile, Vincent destroys the key, freeing Lilith.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: As Katherine reviews footage where she confronted Lilith, she notices Lilith is not in the shot. Realizing that Rafe might be right, she calls him over. Caleb calls for help, asking them to meet him at the power plant. Upon arrival, they discover the vampirized Caleb and flee, but Rafe falls out a window, landing on the police chief's car. The vampires catch Katherine and return her to the brothel.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: Awakening in a hospital, Rafe is nearly killed by Tamara, who is posing as a nurse, but exposes her to sunlight, killing her. Katherine awakens and begs Caleb to free her, who refuses, too ingrained as Lilith's servant and having fully embraced his newfound vampiric lifestyle. Lilith prepares to feed on Katherine while Caleb watches. Rafe loads up on Super Soakers filled with holy water and raids the brothel, killing Vincent and McCutcheon. He meets up with Current, who, having realized his error and attempting to rectify it, has brought stakes and mallets to kill the vampires. Current tells Rafe that Lilith's heart must be removed from her body and quartered, as before she was found. Rafe gives him a spare water gun and the two enter the brothel and spray the vampires, including Caleb and Tallulah, who burn and explode.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: They find Lilith, who mortally wounds Current and flees after Rafe attacks her with an axe. Rafe finds Katherine, and they head to Current's church to reveal the existence of vampires with its media equipment. Lilith returns, handcuffs Rafe to a railing, and attacks Katherine. Rafe uses a nearby laser to hit Lilith in the heart, quartering it. However, as the pieces remain in her body, Lilith remains alive. As Lilith devolves into a hideous form (her true form) and attacks Rafe, Katherine grabs a candle stand and stabs out Lilith's heart. After Lilith's body burns and collapses to the ground, the two burn her remains and lock away the box with the heart pieces.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: Later, in his car, Rafe fondles Katherine, which she seems oddly more accepting of now, having been disgusted by him earlier. They have sex in the car. He notices the scent she's wearing. She remarks, "It's not perfume. It's sunblock." When he pulls back her skirt, he notices bite-marks on her thigh, indicating that Katherine had been vampirized by Lilith while hostage. She then flashes her fangs and bites Rafe in the neck.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: After graduating from USC in 1973, Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis wrote an early draft of "Bordello of Blood", wanting to break into the film industry by making an exploitation film about "a whorehouse full of vampires". They pitched "Bordello of Blood" to producer John Milius in the 1970s, but ultimately it was not produced at that time, and the three wound up making "1941" instead, but Milius described the scripts for "Bordello" and another proposed film from the duo entitled "Tank" as being "pretty darn good".


title: Bordello of Blood

text: Following the commercial success of the "Tales from the Crypt" film "Demon Knight" (1995), Universal Pictures greenlit two more "Tales" films, planning to make a film trilogy. The original proposed second film was "Dead Easy" (a.k.a. "Fat Tuesday"), a zombie film set in New Orleans, which never made it past the screenwriting stage because the producers felt the scripts leaned too heavily towards horror and lacked the series' humor. The producers also considered Quentin Tarantino's screenplay "From Dusk till Dawn" as a possible "Tales from the Crypt" film, as well as Peter Jackson's "The Frighteners". During this development process, Robert Zemeckis was offered a contract with DreamWorks, and considered leaving Universal. To appease him into staying with the studio, it was agreed that a revised "Bordello of Blood" be produced as the second "Tales" film.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: The production budget was $2.5 million. Gilbert Adler was hired to direct, having previously been a showrunner for "Tales from the Crypt". Adler and A.L. Katz rewrote Gale and Zemeckis' script to make the film more modern. Corey Feldman, who was friends with executive producer Richard Donner and had previously acted in an episode of "Tales", was cast in the movie as Caleb. Adler and Katz wanted Daniel Baldwin to play Rafe Guttman, and Robin Givens to play Lilith. Executive producer Joel Silver, however, wanted Dennis Miller to play Rafe, and Angie Everhart to play Lilith. Silver had recently produced a movie with a supermodel in a leading role, and while Everhart, whose only previous performance was a minor role in "Last Action Hero", was not a trained actress, Silver thought "supermodel actresses" was "the next big thing". Everhart was introduced to Silver by Sylvester Stallone, who suggested her for the part of Lilith. Miller, who did not want to make the movie, said he would play the lead for $1 million, but Universal refused to put up this salary for Miller, so Silver cut $750,000 from the special effects budget to hire Miller.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: The movie was filmed in Vancouver because of Silver's past union disputes, and Katz described the Canadian production crew as being inexperienced. In addition, Vancouver's limited night hours in July and August caused problems trying to film night scenes. Miller disliked his character's scripted dialogue and once he started filming, he proceeded to improvise nearly all of his dialogue. The "Bordello of Blood" shoot was rescheduled to work around the shooting of "Dennis Miller Live", and the Canadian crew became angry at Miller because the filming schedule prevented their seeing their families on the weekends. On some days, Miller's assistant told the production that he was too tired to show up, which meant that some of Miller's scenes had to be shot without him with the script supervisor standing in for Miller. The cast became angry at Miller, and the script supervisor sometimes did not remember all of Miller's improvised dialogue, which led to continuity problems.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: According to Katz, after filming began, Erika Eleniak's manager told the production that she would not travel to the set unless significant portions of the script that she found unacceptable were rewritten. Eleniak had left "Baywatch" because she wanted to be taken seriously as an actress, and allegedly did not want to play the character of Katherine as previously written. Katz claimed Katherine was scripted as being a stripper, and Adler and Katz frantically rewrote the script and changed these aspects of the character so she would travel to the set. However, Eleniak disputes this claim, saying that her argument with the producers was due to Joel Silver wanting to add a "sexy" scene between her and Everhart which had not been in the script, and that changes had been made to the script based on Eleniak's casting to make her character "sexier". Eleniak expressed disappointment that due to rewrites, the backstory of Katherine having a past as a 300lb ex-porn star named Chubbie O'Toole was removed from the film. Eleniak recalled later that she wore special makeup effects that were created for a brief scene in which Katherine discovers a Chubbie O'Toole poster in Rafe's office.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: The film's soundtrack album was released on August 7, 1996. It focused predominately on heavy metal and glam music by artists such as Anthrax, Red Kross, Kerbdog, Sweet, Scorpions and Cinderella. It received a score of two out of five stars from Allmusic.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: In a televised appearance prior to the film's release, Dennis Miller told viewers not to see "Bordello of Blood". "Bordello of Blood" grossed $5.6 million. Upon release, the film was generally disliked by fans of the TV series, but later it developed a fanbase and is now considered a cult film. While the third film in the "Tales from the Crypt" film trilogy was never produced, "Ritual" (2002) is considered an unofficial entry in the "Tales" series.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: On October 20, 2015, Shout! Factory subsidiary Scream Factory released a special edition of the film on Blu-ray and DVD. On July 16, 2016, the film was given a special 20th anniversary screening at the Canadian Rio Theatre in Vancouver, BC, attended by Adler and special effects artist Todd Masters. John Kassir also participated via Skype.


title: Bordello of Blood

text: Upon release, the film was poorly received by critics. Leonard Maltin gave the film two stars, calling it a "fitfully amusing juvenile horror comedy". "Chicago Tribune" reviewer Mark Caro wrote, "The "Crypt" tradition is ghoulish irreverence, but here it seems merely a hip excuse to stoop low." The "Deseret News" wrote, "For a horror-comedy film to work, it's got to be both funny and scary. "Tales From the Crypt Presents Bordello of Blood" is neither. Instead, it's only a bath of blood and bare skin, with some lame wisecracks thrown in for bad measure." Writing for "The Washington Post", Richard Harrington said, "Triple the length of its cable television inspiration, "Tales From the Crypt Presents Bordello of Blood" is triple the gore, triple the naked women, but not, alas, triple the fun." "Variety" panned the film, writing, "another cheesy goulash of smart-alecky humor and full-bore gore, spiced with more shots of topless lovelies than you'd find in a '60s sexploitation flick. Adolescent boys might groove to the mix, but most other ticketbuyers will avoid this tawdry opus like the plague." "TV Guide" gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, writing, "Miller is the best thing about the film, but a little of him goes a long way, and he's on screen a lot. [...] This is a travesty, and if "Tales From the Crypt" publisher Bill Gaines isn't spinning in his grave, it can only be because someone's already put a stake through his heart." Peter Stack of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote, ""Bordello of Blood", ... easily could have been called 'Bore-dello of Blood.' This gory vampire spoof is remarkably free of jolts, hardly registering as a fright film, with a series of weak special effects involving many globs of guts."


title: Bordello of Blood

text: "The New York Times" critic Lawrence Gelder wrote, "Vampires aren't the only things in "Bordello of Blood" that can't stand up to daylight. Neither can the plot." "Austin Chronicle" critic Marc Savlov gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, calling it ""The Dennis Miller Show"... with nekkid vampire-vixens." "Exclaim!" writer Robert Bell gave the film 4 out of 10, writing, ""Tales from the Crypt" was known for its twist endings, morality parables and askew sensibility; this feature shared none of those traits, and wouldn't be recognizable as a part of the series without the presence of the Cryptkeeper bookending the film." Dread Central gave the film a score of 2 out of 5, writing, "If you told me the screenwriters dug through Miller's trash and inserted his discarded one-liners into the script, I would have no problem believing it. Not a single one of his lines works, and every time he opens his mouth it only further reinforces the fact he was so very, very wrong for this role." Allmovie also gave the film a score of two stars out of five, writing, "Even with its obligatory Crypt Keeper bookends, the 87-minute Bordello of Blood seems as inflated as the many surgically enhanced breasts on display."


title: Bordello of Blood

text: However, not all reviews were negative. The "Los Angeles Times" writer Jack Matthews gave the film a favorable review, calling it a "bloody good vehicle for Dennis Miller", writing, "What it lacks in irony and suspense, Gilbert Adler's "Tales From the Crypt Presents Bordello of Blood" makes up for in whimsy and cheeky self-assurance. [...] This is the version of "Dracula" that Bram Stoker would have written with the collaboration of Mel Brooks and the Marquis de Sade over drinks at Hooters." Arrow in the Head also reviewed the film favorably, giving it a score of 6 out of 10, writing, "this second entry in the "Tales From The Crypt" big screen series doesn't fully measure up to its predecessor, but sill manages to deliver a mindless fun ride". ComingSoon.net wrote that ""Bordello" is in many ways a superior "Tales from the Crypt" entry. Adler had previously directed episodes of the show and the film feels like an amplified episode, brightly lit, garish and tricked out with even more sleaze, sex, blood and general luridness". The Digital Bits wrote, "Despite itself, "Bordello of Blood" is a fun movie. It's not the best in the "Tales from the Crypt" series, but it's miles above ["Ritual"]. [...] Sure there are plenty of eye-rolling moments, [...] but it's worth a couple of watches... especially to see William Sadler as a mummy."


title: Bordello of Blood

text: The film holds a 15% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews, and the average rating is 3.33/10. The consensus states: ""Bordello of Blood" is not as scary or funny as it thinks it is (or should've been), and all of Dennis Miller's lines sound like castoffs from his stand-up material".


title: Colors of the Wind

text: "Colors of the Wind" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz for Walt Disney Pictures' 33rd animated feature film, "Pocahontas" (1995). The film's theme song, "Colors of the Wind" was originally recorded by American singer and actress Judy Kuhn in her role as the singing voice of Pocahontas. A pop ballad, the song's lyrics are about animism and respecting nature, finding its roots in indigenous Native American culture, perspectives which have later been adopted in both transcendentalist literature and New Age spirituality.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: "Colors of the Wind" received a mostly positive reception from critics, with several citing it as one of the best songs from a Disney film. The song would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. American actress and recording artist Vanessa Williams's adult contemporary cover of the song was released as the lead single on May 23, 1995, by Walt Disney Records, from the film's soundtrack, and became a top ten hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was also included on her third album, "The Sweetest Days". "Colors of the Wind" would also be covered by other artists, including Ashanti and Brian Wilson, and was featured on an episode of "Lip Sync Battle".


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Following the death of Howard Ashman, the Walt Disney Company wanted to find another musician to collaborate with Alan Menken on his scores for animated films. Stephen Schwartz, the composer behind the Broadway theater hits "Godspell" (1971), "Pippin" (1972), and "The Magic Show" (1974), received a call from the company asking if he would like to collaborate with Menken. Schwartz had never considered working in the film industry, but agreed to do so nonetheless. Schwartz did not feel he was well-suited to the job.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Schwartz wanted to write a song for the film wherein Pocahontas confronts the Eurocentrism of John Smith. "Colors of the Wind" was the first song written for "Pocahontas". According to Schwartz, the song "influence[d] the development of the rest of the film." Schwartz said that "a story-board outline was in place before we wrote [the track]. This is often the process in animation, at least as I've experienced it, where everybody works from an outline and each succeeding piece of material, whether it is a song or drawings, influences the next." The track was inspired by Native American poetry, music and folklore, as well as a now-debunked letter that Schwartz believed was sent to the United States Congress by Chief Seattle regarding humanity's relationship with nature but was in fact a fabrication. Part of the letter reads: "The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also received his last sigh. The wind also gives our children the spirit of life. So if we sell our land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place where man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadow flowers." This portion of the letter inspired the song's title, which Schwartz liked because he saw it as paradoxical and thought-provoking.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Schwartz also drew inspiration for "Colors of the Wind" from the music of Oscar Hammerstein II and Sheldon Harnick, as it deals with issues of prejudice. Menken said that while "Colors of the Wind" was "born out of the modality of Native American music...it quickly moved to its own place, which is hard to define." Menken has noted that the song lacks humor, which he and Schwartz attempted to inject into "Pocahontas" and failed. Initially, the final lines of the song were "For your life's an empty hull/till you get it through your skull/you can paint with all the colors of the wind." Menken disapproved of these lyrics and asked Schwartz to rewrite them; Schwartz changed the lines to "You can own the Earth, and still/all you'll own is earth until/you can paint with all the colors of the wind." Schwartz preferred the altered lyrics. Schwartz said that this incident taught him the lesson: "If your collaborator is unhappy, it's probably because [the song] needs to be better," adding that he may not have won an Academy Award if he did not change the lyrics. Menken views "Colors of the Wind" as one of the most important songs he has written. Schwartz believed that the Walt Disney Company would reject "Colors of the Wind" for being philosophical and different from previous Disney songs. Judy Kuhn sang the song to help "pitch" Schwartz's score to Disney, and the studio embraced the track. Schwartz and Menken became friends, and later wrote music for the Disney films "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1996) and "Enchanted" (2007) together.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: "Colors of the Wind" is a pop ballad written by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz and performed by Judy Kuhn. It has a length of three minutes and thirty-four seconds. According to the "Orlando Sentinel", the song does not resemble Native American music. Nonetheless, adding a twist of creative license, the sentiment of First Nation Peoples' relationship to the land and its animals, as well as the contrast between colonialist and indigenous mindsets, are strikingly well portrayed, considering the lyricist's non-indigenous background. The song is about animism and having respect for nature. It features lyrics about "painting with all the colors of the wind" and listening to "the voices of the mountains sing."


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Madhurya Gajula of "The Odyssey Online" opined that the song's lyrics about nature's interconnectivity bears similarity to transcendentalism, specifically the philosophy of Henry David Thoreau; similarly, Justyna Fruzińska wrote in "Emerson Goes to the Movies: Individualism in Walt Disney Company's Post-1989 Animated Films" that the lyrics of "Colors of the Wind" are reminiscent of the writings of transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and New Age spirituality. The staff of "Billboard" likened the lyrics of "Colors of the Wind" to a public service announcement about embracing diversity. Sonically, Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" found "Colors of the Wind" akin to music from Busby Berkeley films and "The Little Mermaid" (1989).


title: Colors of the Wind

text: The song also features a mention of a "blue corn moon"; there is no such thing according to Charisse. Responding to a fan inquiry, Schwartz admitted that he coined the phrase after reading a Native American love poem which read: "I will come to you in the moon of green corn"; Native Americans referred to months as "moons" and named them after events that happened seasonally, such as the sprouting of green corn. Schwartz disliked the phrase "green corn moon" due to the sound of the word "green" and because he felt it might evoke the urban legend that the Moon is made of green cheese. Instead, Schwartz used the phrase "blue corn moon" as it reminded him of both blue moons and blue corn tortillas. Schwartz thought that the phrase might evoke the Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands rather than the Algonquian people depicted in "Pocahontas", but was satisfied with it anyway.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: The 10th anniversary edition DVD release of the movie features a multi-language clip reel presenting the song "Colors of the Wind" in 11 of the 28 versions originally released for the movie, with an introduction by director Mike Gabriel.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Dominick Suzanne-Mayer of "Consequence of Sound" praised the track for featuring "surprisingly cutting" lyrics, "pointed commentary on racism, and a dynamic, soulful performance from Judy Kuhn all in one place." "Time" Raisa Bruner deemed "Colors of the Wind" one of the "powerful, uplifting theme songs" from the Disney Renaissance and a "classic". Jordan Appugliesi of Mic ranked it the sixth best song from a Disney soundtrack, saying that it is "a poignant, memorable ballad" in the vein of "Reflection" from "Mulan" (1998). Rita Kempler of "The Washington Post" felt that the "stirring anthem" is the song from "Pocahontas" which "comes closest to a show-stopper." The staff of "Billboard" called the song "artistic" and "wistful" and ranked it the ninth best song of the Disney Renaissance. Writing for "The Austin Chronicle", Hollis Chacona opined "Unlike so many film composers of late, Menken knows when to keep quiet and when to let loose his powerful score. That power soars through its centerpiece (and no doubt Oscar-bound) song, 'Colors of the Wind,' performed by Judy Kuhn."


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Dorkys Ramos of "Time Out" said that the song and "When You Wish Upon a Star" from "Pinocchio" (1940) are "at the top of our list when it comes to songs we don't tire of hearing again and again." "Spin" Andrew Unterberger criticized the track's "patronizing" portrayal of Native American beliefs, but said that "man...Judy Kuhn's voice soars, with those little trills and sweeping highs. It makes it much easier to get behind what's ultimately an agreeable message of environmental awareness and acceptance." Aylin Zafar of BuzzFeed ranked "Colors of the Wind" the ninth best Disney song, commending it for "encourag[ing] people to appreciate the world around them and to seek to understand others before judging them." Gregory E. Miller of the "New York Post" deemed it one of Disney's best songs and an "iconic hit" which is "flashier" than another song from "Pocahontas", "Just Around the Riverbend". Screen Rant's Turner Minton viewed "Colors of the Wind" as the tenth best Disney song and "an anthem about the harmonious nature of the shared world which embraces all races of people."


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Charles Solomon of the "Los Angeles Times" viewed "Colors of the Wind" and "When She Loved Me" from "Toy Story 2" (1999) as the only Disney songs released since Howard Ashman's death which "approached the standards" of the music from "Beauty and the Beast" (1991) and "Aladdin" (1992). The staff of "People" said that the track is "performed effectively within the body of the film by Kuhn". CollegeHumor's Willie Muse wrote that "even though "Pocahontas" as a whole is completely forgettable, I guarantee everyone reading this knows every single lyric of ["Colors of the Wind"]. Beautiful to listen to and epic in its scope, 'Colors of the Wind' transcends the movie that birthed it to earn its place as an undeniable classic." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" deemed the song "heartfelt" but less catchy than previous Disney songs. Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" stated that "Pocahontas" "Alan Menken-Stephen Schwartz songs have all the flavor of uncooked dough". Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" criticized the song for its "political correctness" and for "sermoniz[ing] about ecology by using pedestrian conceits".


title: Colors of the Wind

text: The track won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Vanessa Williams was chosen to perform "Colors of the Wind" due to the success of her Grammy Award-nominated single "Save the Best for Last". Williams' cover is an adult contemporary pop song which omits the opening lyrics of the original version of the track. The cover features Bill Miller playing the Native American flute. Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" wrote "The practice of having what amounts to a radio-friendly pop version of a given Disney song for a new Disney movie is of course an old tradition going back at least to" Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson's cover of the title track of "Beauty and the Beast" (1991); Mendelson noted that this practice was continued with Williams' version of "Colors of the Wind" and Demi Lovato's rendition of "Let It Go" from "Frozen" (2013). According to Mendelson, Williams' cover "was considered an 'all is forgiven' note" following the removal of her Miss America title. It was also included on Williams' re-released third album, "The Sweetest Days".


title: Colors of the Wind

text: On the Spanish version of the single included as B-side, Williams sings the song in Spanish with a strong English accent. The Spanish version of the song featured in the film was sung by Mexican singer and actress Susana Zabaleta.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Raisa Bruner of "Time" said that Williams' rendition was "performed flawlessly", adding that "The powerful "Pocahontas" song finds the crystal-clear voice of Vanessa Williams painting a vision of 17th-century Native American life—and the importance of the environment—that still resonates with audiences today." Bruner said that the cover stood alongside Elton John's version of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from "The Lion King" (1994) as one of "the best radio-ready versions of Disney's finest melodies". MTV's Jessica Norton felt that the cover is "even more magical" than the original and "fitting...for free-spirited 'Nessa to cover." The staff of "People" opined that the song is "not well served by the former Miss America’s pop diva turn. Indeed, her overblown interpretation seems directly at odds with the song’s message. Stay tuned to Kuhn."


title: Colors of the Wind

text: The album "Disneymania" (2002) includes Ashanti's version of "Colors of the Wind". Actress Christy Carlson Romano covered the song for her debut EP "Greatest Disney TV & Film Hits" (2004). Actress and singer Vanessa Hudgens covered the song for "Disneymania 5" (2007). Brian Wilson released a funk-influenced version of "Colors of the Wind" on his album "In the Key of Disney" (2011). American singer Tori Kelly's rendition of the song was included on the album "We Love Disney" (2015). Kelly decided to cover the song because she was obsessed with "Pocahontas" as a child. She also sang it for "The Disney Family Singalong" in 2020 due to the COVID awareness. The Chipettes covered the song for the 1995 album "When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk". Australian soprano Mirusia Louwerse covered "Colors of the Wind" for "This Time Tomorrow" (2016), her fourth solo album. The singer's arrangement has been described as featuring "a simple and unobtrusive accompaniment on acoustic guitar." Postmodern Jukebox, a musical collective that creates vintage-style covers of popular songs, released a cover of the song in the style of 1970s soul music.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: Actress Melissa McCarthy lip synced the song during an episode of "Lip Sync Battle". Before lip syncing the track, McCarthy donned protective goggles. Then a high-powered wind machine blew water, stuffed animals, confetti, streamers and fake leaves at her as the song played. The performance received a standing ovation, and Jimmy Fallon deemed her the winner of the battle.


title: Colors of the Wind

text: The song's opening and closing bars are used for the jingle of Steve Wright's Sunday Love Songs on BBC Radio 2.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Raymond Stantz, PhD, is a fictional character from the "Ghostbusters" franchise. He appears in the films "Ghostbusters" (1984), "Ghostbusters II" (1989), "Casper" (1995, as a cameo) and "" (2021), the animated television series "The Real Ghostbusters" and "Extreme Ghostbusters", and the video games Beeline's "Ghostbusters" and "" (2009). He was portrayed by Dan Aykroyd in all four live action films, and voiced by Frank Welker in the animated series. He is a member of the Ghostbusters and one of the three Columbia University professors of parapsychology, along with Dr. Peter Venkman and Dr. Egon Spengler.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Ray is an expert on paranormal history and metallurgy. He is characterised by his almost childlike enthusiasm towards his work, and his forthright acceptance of paranormal activity. As a result, Peter once during the movie referred to him as "the heart of the Ghostbusters". Ray has extensive knowledge of the Bible (to the point of even quoting a specific book and chapter – "I remember Revelation 7:12"—about the end of the world, though the passage he quotes is actually Revelation 6:12), but is an agnostic, commenting when asked if he believes in God, "Never met Him". As revealed in "", Ray attended a seminary at some stage in his life. He is known for his wordy and overly technical explanations of scientific and paranormal phenomena. Ray, along with Egon, is responsible for pioneering the Ghostbusters' theories and designing and building the equipment used for catching and containing ghosts.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Before being kicked out of the University, Ray devoted a lot of his workday to interviewing people who had some sort of encounter with the paranormal. After the entanglement with the library ghost, Ray was more motivated to continue on with that type of work. When the guys were let go by Dean Yager, he was initially crushed, primarily concerned with his academic integrity, financial stability, etc. Ray had briefly worked in the private sector beforehand, and knew it was not conducive to his line of work, as they expected results.


title: Ray Stantz

text: After talking with Peter Venkman and Egon Spengler, they decided to try hunting ghosts full-time. Ray mortgaged the house he was born in to provide the starting capital to get the company started and lease the firehouse. In addition, he rummaged through used car lots and purchased a dilapidated 1959 Cadillac Miller-Meteor Sentinel which restored to make the Ecto-1.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Stantz also has the distinction of being the first Ghostbuster to meet Slimer, initially dropping his cigarette in fear. He then attempted to proton blast the ghost after his call for assistance was unheard by Venkman.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Ray accidentally chose the form of Gozer's Destructor form based of his childhood memories at Camp Parkside, initially thought of what he believed is harmless, but later regret it after seeing the giant Stay Puft Marshmallow Man's rampage across the city. Despite his initial attempt at negotiations, he wound up fighting Gozer with his Proton Pack. After reversing the particle flow to force Gozer back into his realm, Ray was concerned about the other guys' welfare after the explosion, and then celebrated with them all afterward. Although this was short-lived by the, "ungrateful, yuppie larvae!" representing the city, county and state of New York.


title: Ray Stantz

text: In the second film, following the decline of the Ghostbusters' business, Stantz and Winston were entertainers for parties, where they were repeatedly debased by children. When he was not doing that, he was running his bookstore, Ray's Occult Books, located on St. Mark's Place, a store dedicated to occult studies and the paranormal, selling books and metaphysical supplies. It is implied by Venkman that two years prior, the team had used their proton packs for a secret adventure. When Dana Barrett comes to Egon and later Ray, it becomes clear that something supernatural was once again happening underneath New York City.


title: Ray Stantz

text: During the investigation on Vigo's painting, while Venkman taunts it, Ray notices Vigo's eyes glowed and caught under his spell, turning Ray into Vigo's sleeper agent by subtly controlling Ray's subconscious and allowing Vigo to spy on the Ghostbusters through their telepathic link. Ray and Egon experiment with the psychomagnotheric slime they find and eventually discover a way to not only positively charge the slime, but utilize it to animate objects, including the Statue of Liberty in their final assault on Vigo the Carpathian. Ray also briefly becomes the host for Vigo himself, but a liberal dousing of the positively charged mood slime quickly cures him of that.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Dan Aykroyd has a cameo appearance as Stantz in "Casper". When Carrigan and Dibs are attempting to evict the Ghostly Trio from the McFadden Manor, before contacting Dr. James Harvey, they contact Ray Stantz of the Ghostbusters. After he fails to capture the Ghostly Trio, he runs out of the manor in fear, and says to Carrigan and Dibs: "Who you gonna call? Someone else."


title: Ray Stantz

text: Aykroyd reprises his role as Stantz in "" (2021). At some point before the disbanding of the Ghostbusters, Stantz and Egon added a scissor seat to the Ecto-1 and built radio-controlled cars (labeled remote trap vehicles or RTV for short), each loaded with a ghost trap that can match the Cadillac's speed. He returned to running Ray's Occult Books. In order to make a profit, Stantz has to expand his inventory to compete with other booksellers and metaphysical supply stores. However, unable to match the services of large bookstore chains, Stantz leases a back room to a palm reader. In a post-credits scene, it's revealed that the rent at Stantz's store is paid for by Winston. A week after Egon died, Stantz receives a phone call from Egon's granddaughter Phoebe, asking for the Ghostbusters' help against Summerville's supernatural threats. He explains that when Egon's teammates doubted his belief in the return of Gozer and the coming apocalypse, Egon stole the Ecto-1 along with the team's gear and moved to Summerville. Stantz feels especially betrayed by this act, telling her that "Egon Spengler can rot in hell," though he is remorseful upon being informed of Egon's death and Phoebe's relation to him. Phoebe's call ultimately prompts Stantz and the other surviving original Ghostbusters to travel to Summerville to assist Phoebe's team in battling Gozer. Stantz is revealed to be one of Phoebe's friend Podcast's subscribers on his vlogs about paranormal and conspiracies, and he is impressed after discovering that the person he followed is a 12-year-old.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Ray has an extended family (which has different nationalities ranging from Swiss to Scottish to Russian), including his Aunt Lois (who appears in the episode, "The Spirit of Aunt Lois"), and Uncle Andrew MacMillan of Dunkeld, Scotland (who is mentioned as being deceased in "Bustman's Holiday").


title: Ray Stantz

text: Ray was born in the Bronx in 1959, according to the episodes "Citizen Ghost", and "It's About Time", then later moved to Morrisville, which appears in "Look Homeward Ray". The latter episode also reveals that Ray's childhood crush was a brunette named Elaine.


title: Ray Stantz

text: During the show's run he was the closest member of the team to being a pilot, having won a free flying lesson in 1976, as mentioned in "You Can't Take It With You".


title: Ray Stantz

text: Ray's surname was misspelled in the series as "Stanz", in much the same way as Winston Zeddemore's surname was misspelled "Zeddmore".


title: Ray Stantz

text: Ray is the only Ghostbuster to wear the original beige jumpsuit uniform in both the animated series and the films, while the other Ghostbusters wore color coded jumpsuits in the animated series – brown for Venkman, light blue for Winston and gray-blue for Egon (presumably to help differentiate them better).


title: Ray Stantz

text: Ray appears only in the two-part series finale of "Extreme Ghostbusters". After the closing down of the Ghostbusters Ray got a job at a major university. After a "minor mishap," followed by a large explosion, he has a job at Perpetual Motors, a used car company.


title: Ray Stantz

text: A likeness of Aykroyd, circa 1991 (the year in which the game takes place) appears in the "", that was released on June 16, 2009. Aykroyd also reprised his role for the game by voicing him. In the game, Stantz is eager to expand his knowledge in regards to researching the paranormal. More than once he asks the Rookie to collect samples and take readings for later research. Ray is also the most vocally supportive of the Rookie.


title: Ray Stantz

text: It is mentioned that the mortgage for the Ghostbusters Headquarters is in his name. His selection for the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man's form of Gozer's "Destructor Form" was mentioned in a quote "It wasn't me this time, I swear it!" when the Ghostbusters see that the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man is once again terrorizing New York. Ray is the most visibly shaken to see the Stay Puft Marshmallow Man again.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Ray is shown to possess skill in operating nautical vessels (i.e.: migrant sponge observation, mentioned earlier) as he's the primary navigator on Marine Ecto-8.


title: Ray Stantz

text: One patron of Ray's occult bookstore, is unhappy of him closed his store for ghostbustings, and she left him a message on the Ghostbusters' answering machine in hope to still able to order items from him.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Stantz appears in "Lego Dimensions", with archival audio of Dan Aykroyd being used to represent his character.


title: Ray Stantz

text: Aykroyd again reprised his role of Ray Stantz in 2022's asymmetrical 4v1 game "Ghostbusters: Spirits Unleashed" created by Illfonic. Ray continues to run his store Ray's Occult which has relocated to a building adjacent to the firehouse in the time between "Ghostbusters II" and the game. He, alongside Winston Zeddemore (portrayed by Ernie Hudson) work together to train a new generation of Ghostbusters. Stantz and Zeddemore act as guides for the player-character's rookie Ghostbuster and have a role in the plot of the game.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: Ayoze Pérez Gutiérrez (born 29 July 1993) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder for Premier League club Leicester City.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: He began his career at hometown club CD Tenerife, where he received several personal awards for his performances in the 2013–14 Segunda División season before joining Newcastle for around €3 million.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: Born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Pérez finished his formation with local club Tenerife, making his senior debut with the B-team in the 2011–12 season, in the fourth division. He appeared with the main squad in the third level in the following campaign, featuring in 16 matches and scoring once as the "Blanquiazules" returned to division two after a two-year absence.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: After impressing in the 2013 pre-season, Pérez played his first professional match on 18 August, starting in a 1–0 away defeat against Alcorcón. He scored his first goal in the "silver category" on 29 September, in a 1–0 home win over Real Madrid Castilla.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: On 23 March of the following year Pérez scored his first hat-trick of his career, starting in a 5–0 thrashing against Ponferradina. This was one of the performances which earned him the league's Player of the Month award, which he retained for a second consecutive time while his manager Álvaro Cervera won the equivalent.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: In October 2014, Pérez won the "Breakthrough Player in the 2013–14 Segunda División" and "Best Attacking Midfielder in the 2013–14 Segunda División" awards at the LFP Awards Ceremony.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: On 5 June 2014, Pérez rejected interest from Real Madrid, Barcelona and Porto to join Premier League club Newcastle United for an estimated €3 million fee. The deal was confirmed a day later. He made his league debut on 17 August, replacing fellow debutant Emmanuel Rivière in the 83rd minute of a 2–0 home defeat against then champions Manchester City.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: Pérez scored his first goal in his first league start on 26 October, in a 2–1 away win over Tottenham Hotspur. Six days later, as a half-time substitute for Papiss Cissé, he scored the only goal of the game to defeat Liverpool and give Newcastle their fourth successive win. On 9 November, Pérez made it three league goals in as many games in a 2–0 away win against West Bromwich Albion. He scored less frequently in the second half of the season as Newcastle struggled, but his equaliser against the same opponents on 9 May 2015 ended a run of eight consecutive defeats under John Carver, as Newcastle avoided relegation.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: Pérez scored Newcastle's first in a 2–2 draw with title holders Chelsea on 26 September 2015. On 18 October, he recorded a goal in a 6–2 rout of Norwich City, Newcastle's first win of the season. He scored the only goal of an away win at Bournemouth on 7 November, with Newcastle's only shot on target. On 13 December, as a substitute, he scored an added-time winner at Tottenham Hotspur, moving Newcastle out of the relegation places.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: On 1 February 2016, Newcastle United announced that Pérez signed a new contract, committing himself to the club until the summer of 2021.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: Pérez stayed with Newcastle despite a drop into the Championship, helping the club return to the Premiership immediately after one season. Pérez ended the season with 9 goals in 25 appearances, with 11 of them coming as starts, scoring key goals against title rivals Brighton as well as Barnsley to help seal the Championship title on the final day of the season.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: He scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 2–2 draw at Southampton on 15 October. He then scored in consecutive matches in a 1–0 away win over Stoke City and a brace in a 3–1 home win over Luton in the FA Cup. On 31 March 2018, Pérez ended his 8-match goalless run by scoring the only goal in a victory over Huddersfield, in the 80th minute. Pérez continued his good form with a goal and an assist each, in wins over Leicester City and Arsenal.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: On 20 April 2019, he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 3–1 win over Southampton. In doing so, he became the first player to score a Premier League hat-trick for Newcastle since Georginio Wijnaldum in 2015.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: On 4 July 2019, Perez signed a four-year contract with Leicester City for a fee of £30m. He made his competitive debut for Leicester City in a 0–0 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers on 11 August. On 25 October 2019, Perez scored his first goal for Leicester City, going on to complete a hat-trick in a 9–0 away win over Southampton.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: On 11 April 2021, Pérez was one of three players dropped from Leicester's squad for the game against West Ham United after breaching COVID-19 protocols.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: On 29 August 2014, Pérez received his first call-up to the Spain national under-21 team for the 2015 European Under-21 Championships qualifying matches against Hungary and Austria. He made his under-21 debut as a 77th-minute substitute for Munir El Haddadi against Hungary on 4 September.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: Pérez's older brother, Samuel, is also a forward, who has played for Blyth Spartans and Berwick Rangers. He currently plays for Alnwick Town in the Northern Football Alliance Premier Division. Cousin María José Pérez is a forward for Levante UD Femenino and the Spain women's national team.


title: Ayoze Pérez

text: After leaving Newcastle, Perez became the subject of a comedy drama based on a true story when a teenage girl convinced her parents to buy the property next to his. On the day they moved in, Perez was transferred to Leicester City. The show, starring ex-Emmerdale star Charlie Hardwick and local stand-up comedian, Mike Milligan was recorded by the Newcastle Evening Chronicle as “the most incredible story to come out of the WAGS generation”.


title: The Ghost Detective

text: The Ghost Detective () is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Choi Daniel, Park Eun-bin and Lee Ji-ah. It aired on KBS2's Wednesdays and Thursdays at 22:00 (KST) time slot from September 5 to October 31, 2018.


title: The Ghost Detective

text: Detective Lee Da-il (Choi Daniel), who catches ghosts, tries to solve the case of his assistant, Jung Yeo-wool's (Park Eun-bin) younger sibling's bizarre death. He runs into a mysterious woman in red called Sunwoo Hye (Lee Ji-ah) who appears at every crime scene.


title: Lords Temporal

text: The Lords Temporal are secular members of the House of Lords, the upper house of the British Parliament. These can be either life peers or hereditary peers, although the hereditary right to sit in the House of Lords was abolished for all but ninety-two peers during the 1999 reform of the House of Lords. The term is used to differentiate these members from the Lords Spiritual, who sit in the House as a consequence of being bishops in the Church of England.


title: Lords Temporal

text: Membership in the Lords Temporal was once an entitlement of all hereditary peers, other than those in the peerage of Ireland. Under the House of Lords Act 1999, the right to membership was restricted to 92 hereditary peers. Since 2020, none of them are female; most hereditary peerages can be inherited only by men.


title: Lords Temporal

text: Further reform of the House of Lords is a perennially-discussed issue in British politics. However, no additional legislation on this issue has passed the House of Commons since 1999. The Wakeham Commission, which debated the issue of lords' reform under then Prime Minister Tony Blair, proposed making some of the Lords Temporal elected positions. This plan, which was widely criticized, failed to advance in the House of Commons. Additional proposals were made under the coalition government of Prime Minister David Cameron to reduce the size of the House of Lords to 450, directly elect at least some of the Lords Temporal, and allow members of the House of Commons to run for election as Lords Temporal. None of these proposals passed.


title: Lords Temporal

text: The Lords Temporal consist of a small number of hereditary peers and a much larger contingent of life peers.


title: Lords Temporal

text: The Lords Temporal has historically included several hundred hereditary peers (English peers as well as Scottish Lords of Parliament). Such hereditary offices can be created by the Crown and in modern times are usually created only under the advice of the Prime Minister.


title: Lords Temporal

text: Holders of Scottish and Irish peerages were not always permitted to sit in the Lords. When Scotland united with England to form Great Britain in 1707, it was provided that the Scottish hereditary peers would only be able to elect 16 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords; the term of a representative was to extend until the next general election. A similar provision was enacted when Ireland merged with Great Britain in 1801 to form the United Kingdom; the Irish peers were allowed to elect 28 representatives, who were to retain office for life. Elections for Irish representatives ended in 1922, when most of Ireland became an independent state; elections for Scottish representatives ended with the passage of the Peerage Act 1963, under which all Scottish peers obtained seats in the Upper House.


title: Lords Temporal

text: After the 1999 reform, only 92 hereditary peers remain as Lords Temporal. Two are the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Chamberlain. Of the remaining ninety peers sitting in the Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage, 15 are elected by the whole House and 75 are chosen by fellow hereditary peers in the House of Lords, grouped by party.


title: Lords Temporal

text: The largest group of Lords Temporal, and indeed of the whole House, are life peers. As of June 2019 there are 661 life peers. Life peerages rank only as barons or baronesses, and are created under the Life Peerages Act 1958. Like all other peers, life peers are created by the Crown, who acts on the advice of the Prime Minister or the House of Lords Appointments Commission. By convention, however, the Prime Minister allows leaders of other parties to nominate some life peers, to maintain political equilibrium.


title: Lords Temporal

text: In 2000, the government announced it would set up an Independent Appointments Commission, under Lord Stevenson of Coddenham, to select fifteen so-called "people's peers" for life peerages.


title: Lords Temporal

text: Until the establishment of the Supreme Court in 2009, a subset of the Lords Temporal – known as the Law Lords – acted as the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom judicial system. These lords became the first justices of the UK Supreme Court.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: The Fiat 124 Spider (Type 348), nicknamed the Fiata, is a front-engine, rear-drive, two-passenger roadster manufactured by Mazda for FCA, having debuted at the 2015 LA Auto Show for model year 2016.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: Largely based on the fourth generation Mazda MX-5 Miata roadster, and manufactured alongside the MX-5 at Mazda's Hiroshima plant, the 124 shares its platform, mechanicals, interior and top mechanism with the MX-5 — it is distinguished by an FCA engineered and manufactured turbocharged Multiair engine, uniquely tuned shock absorbers, unique exterior styling and slightly increased length and cargo capacity over the MX-5.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: The "124" nameplate and exterior styling details recall the Pininfarina-designed Fiat 124 Sport Spider, manufactured from 1966 to 1985.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: In May 2012, Mazda and Alfa Romeo — at the time a subsidiary of the Fiat Group, now Stellantis — announced a joint venture to manufacture a common rear wheel drive platform. The companies would "develop two differentiated, distinctly styled, iconic and brand specific, lightweight roadsters featuring rear wheel drive", with the two variants offering proprietary engines unique to each brand.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: In December 2014, FCA's Sergio Marchionne determined Alfa Romeos would be manufactured only in Italy,


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: saying "some things belong to a place. Alfa belongs to Italy," adding "I remain committed to that architecture, with our powertrain. I'm not sure it will be with Alfa. But it will be with one of our brands."


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: At the time, Alfa Romeos were manufactured only in Italy, while Fiats were manufactured in Italy, but also globally — from Tychy, Poland, to Toluca, Mexico.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: With their prior agreement in place — for FCA to market a roadster based on the MX-5 to be manufactured by Mazda at its Hiroshima factory — FCA conceived of marketing a Fiat badged variant in lieu of the Alfa Romeo variant. In August 2016, FCA formally announced the Fiat 124 Spider based on the Mazda ND platform.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: In December 2016, the "Detroit News" said "in partnering with Mazda’s MX-5 Miata to resurrect the classic Fiat 124 Spider, Fiat Chrysler not only gained a halo sports car for its struggling Italian brand, but likely saved the most celebrated small sports car of the past 25 years (the MX-5)" — citing the markedly increased cost of developing a new car at the time and "the costliest wave of government regulation since the 1970s."


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: In January 2019, FCA announced the Fiat 124 Spider was to be withdrawn from the market in the United Kingdom with immediate effect. The Abarth 124 Spider continued to be sold, but this too was withdrawn from the UK market in April 2019.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: On December 23, 2020, Stellantis announced the 124 Spider and 500 were to be withdrawn from their North American model lineup after the 2020 model year and would not return for 2021, as is the situation with 500L. These models were expected to sell into 2021 until stock depletion.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: The 124 Spider was powered by Fiat's 1.4 litre "MultiAir" turbocharged inline-four, producing and of torque in European specification—and and of torque in North American specification. The 124 manual transmission is from the third generation MX-5's six speed transmission to cope with the turbo's torque.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: "Multiair" is a hydraulically actuated variable valve timing (VVT) engine technology enabling "cylinder by cylinder, stroke by stroke" control of intake air directly via a gasoline engine's inlet valves. Developed by Fiat Powertrain Technologies, the technology bypasses a primary engine inefficiency: pumping losses caused by restriction of the intake passage by the throttle plate, used to regulate air feeding the cylinders.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: At the 124's debut, Fiat marketed a 124 Spider Anniversary edition, with 124 units carrying the designation—to commemorate the 50th anniversary of original 124 Sport Spider. Including features of the 124 Spider Lusso Plus trim, the edition also includes chromed mirrors, red '124' badge on the front grille, interior numbered plaque, red exterior and black leather interior.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: The Abarth 124 Spider is a performance version of the Fiat 124 Spider (2016). It features an upgraded version of the 124's 1.4 litre MultiAir Turbo engine tuned to produce 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) at 5,500 rpm and 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) of torque at 2,500 rpm.


title: Fiat 124 Spider (2016)

text: Jeremy Clarkson, in his "Driving" column of "The Sunday Times", gave the Fiat 124 Spider three out of five stars, saying that "You'd expect the Fiat, being Italian and all, to be sportier and more manic than the MX-5, but actually it's quieter and less fun."


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: The United Kingdom was afflicted with an outbreak of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as "mad cow disease"), and its human equivalent variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD), in the 1980s and 1990s. Over four million head of cattle were slaughtered in an effort to contain the outbreak, and 178 people died after contracting vCJD through eating infected beef. A political and public health crisis resulted, and British beef was banned from export to numerous countries around the world, with some bans remaining in place until as late as 2019.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: The outbreak is believed to have originated in the practice of supplementing protein in cattle feed by meat-and-bone meal (MBM), which used the remains of other animals. BSE is a disease involving infectious misfolded proteins known as prions in the nervous system; the remains of an infected animal could spread the disease to animals fed on such a diet.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a neurodegenerative disease of cattle caused by misfolded proteins known as prions. Symptoms include abnormal behaviour, trouble walking, weight loss, and eventual paralysis. Prion diseases such as BSE are universally fatal; the time between infection and onset of symptoms is generally four to five years and time from onset of symptoms to death is typically weeks to months.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: At the time of the outbreak, cattle farming was the largest sector of British agriculture, comprising up to 38 per cent of the United Kingdom's entire agricultural product, and was capable of providing the vast majority of domestic demand for beef and dairy. This was due to policies enacted after World War II to reduce reliance on food imports and sustain rural areas, and strengthened after the United Kingdom's 1973 entrance to the European Economic Area provided the Common Agricultural Policy and a larger export market for farmers. The cattle industry had produced a breed of dairy cattle that had high milk yields when fed a high-protein diet. Feeds derived from animal sources, such as meat-and-bone meal (MBM), had been used since the early 20th century and were found to increase milk yields more than those derived from non-animal sources such as soybeans. That dairy herds were fed such feeds more than beef herds ultimately proved immaterial since most British beef came from cattle in dairy herds.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: British cattle are believed to have become infected in large numbers in the 1980s through the use of MBM, which contained the remains of other animals. This included the remains of cattle which had spontaneously developed the disease as well as sheep infected with scrapie, a similar disease in sheep, while the inclusion of brain and spinal cord tissue in MBM increased the likelihood of infection.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: The earliest suspicions of BSE were on a farm in Sussex in December 1984, and the earliest confirmed case was by a post-mortem examination of a cow from the same farm in September 1985, although it was not confirmed as such until June 1987.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: By November 1987, the British Ministry of Agriculture accepted it had a new disease on its hands. In 1989, high-risk foodstuffs like offal were banned for human consumption and widespread fear about beef led many British consumers to stop purchasing it.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: A crucial basis for the government's assurances that British beef was safe was the belief that BSE-infected meat products would not be able to infect other animals. This was founded on their experience with scrapie-infected sheep, which had proven unable to cause any illness in humans.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: However, scientists studying BSE were already questioning this assumption and, on 10 May 1990, it was widely reported that a Siamese cat named Max had become infected with BSE, providing the first confirmation outside the laboratory that BSE could in fact be transmitted between species through eating infected meat. Despite this, the government maintained that British beef was safe and, later that month, the then-Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, John Gummer, appeared on TV encouraging his daughter to eat a beef burger, and declared British beef to be 'completely safe'. Many more cats would go on to develop the disease, as would numerous other animals including at least one tiger in a UK zoo.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: Cases of the disease in cattle continued to rise despite bans on feeding offal to cows, and peaked with 100,000 confirmed cases in 1992-1993. In an attempt to stop the spread of the disease, a total of 4.4 million cattle were slaughtered during the outbreak.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: In late 1994, a number of people began to show symptoms of a neurological disease similar to CJD, a fatal disorder that occurs naturally in a small percentage of people, though usually only later in life. This new form of the disease would go on to be identified as variant CJD (vCJD), occurring primarily in younger people and caused through eating BSE-infected meat. The first known death from vCJD occurred on 21 May 1995, when the 19-year old Stephen Churchill died although the UK government continued to emphasise the safety of British beef and, in September 1995, concluded that there was 'insufficient evidence' to link BSE and vCJD. It was not until 20 March 1996 that Stephen Dorrell, the Secretary of State for Health announced that vCJD was caused by eating BSE-infected meat.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: When BSE was identified, the United States banned the importation of British cattle in 1989, and 499 cows who had been recently imported from the United Kingdom were killed. The United States slaughtered an additional 116 British cows in 1996.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: A week after Dorrell's announcement, on 27 March 1996, the European Union (EU) imposed a worldwide ban on exports of British beef. The ban would go on to last for 10 years before it was finally lifted on 1 May 2006, although restrictions remained on British beef containing vertebral material and beef sold on the bone. The ban, which led to much controversy in Parliament and to the incineration of over one million cattle from at least March 1996, resulted in trade controversies between the UK and other EU states, dubbed a "Beef War" by media. France continued to impose a ban on British beef illegally long after the European Court of Justice had ordered it to lift its blockade, although it has never paid any fine for doing so.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: During the height of the crisis, as well as after cases began to decline, the UK government came under criticism for its response, and in particular for how slow it was to acknowledge the problem, to inform the public and to take steps to deal with the outbreak.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: On 22 December 1997, an inquiry was announced in parliament to investigate the history of the outbreak and the actions taken in response. The inquiry was conducted by a committee consisting of Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, June Bridgeman and Malcolm Ferguson-Smith. It provided its report in October 2000, and the report was published in full by Nick Brown, the secretary for agriculture at the time. The inquiry report was critical of the government, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and Chief Medical Officer Sir Donald Acheson.


title: United Kingdom BSE outbreak

text: The original outbreak of vCJD only affected individuals with a particular genetic makeup; those who only make the M form of PRNP (methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129). Studies of similar diseases in other parts of the world have shown that individuals with the M form tend to become ill quickly in a first wave, while individuals with the other V form can be infected but asymptomatic for years or even decades. This has led some researchers including Graham Jackson of the University College London to warn that there could be a second wave of vCJD infections years later.


title: Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen

text: She is the founder and president of the Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen Foundation, a private operating foundation that describes itself as a philanthropic "innovation lab", and founded the Silicon Valley Social Venture Fund (SV2), a venture philanthropy fund. She is also the author of "Giving 2.0: Transform Your Giving and Our World".


title: Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen

text: Arrillaga-Andreessen was born in Palo Alto, California, the daughter of Frances C. Arrillaga and billionaire real estate developer John Arrillaga, Sr. She received a BA (1992) and MA (1999) in Art History from Stanford University, an MA (1998) in Education from Stanford School of Education, and an MBA (1997) from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.<ref name="Giving 2.0/Laura"></ref>


title: Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen

text: Arrillaga-Andreessen has said her mother's volunteer work was a strong influence on her when she was growing up in Palo Alto. She became active in philanthropy after her mother's early death from cancer. Arrillaga-Andreessen married Marc Andreessen in 2006. The couple have one son. Arrillaga-Andreessen and her husband co-founded the Marc and Laura Andreessen Foundation. Arrillaga-Andreessen is the Foundation's president.


title: Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen

text: In 2022, Arrillaga-Andreessen and her husband advocated against the construction of 131 multifamily housing units in their affluent Atherton, California town.


title: Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen

text: While attending the Stanford Graduate School of Business, Arrillaga-Andreessen developed a business plan for an organization to teach philanthropy and make grants based on venture capital firm investment strategies. The organization became the Silicon Valley Social Venture Fund (SV2), which Arrillaga-Andreessen founded in 1998 and served as its chairman until 2008; she is currently its chairman emeritus.


title: Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen

text: In 2006, she founded and serves as board chairman of Stanford PACS (Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society), a social change research center. She has been an Instructor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business since 2000 and teaches courses on philanthropy and on leadership.


title: Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen

text: In 2011, Arrillaga-Andreessen's book "Giving 2.0: Transform Your Giving and Our World" was published by Jossey-Bass, and she writes about philanthropy for "The Huffington Post" and other publications.


title: Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen

text: In 2001, Arrillaga-Andreessen received the Jacqueline Kennedy Award for Women in Leadership and in April 2005 became a Henry Crown Fellow of the Aspen Institute. She was awarded the President's Volunteer Service Award from the Points of Light Foundation in June 2005 and Children and Family Services' Outstanding Silicon Valley Philanthropist Award in 2009. In 2011, she and Marc Andreessen received Global Citizen Awards from the Global Philanthropy Forum of the World Affairs Councils of America.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree is a large Christmas tree placed annually in Rockefeller Center, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The tree is put in place in mid November and lit in a public ceremony on the Wednesday evening following Thanksgiving. Since 1997, the lighting has been broadcast live, to hundreds of millions, on NBC's "Christmas in Rockefeller Center" telecast. The tree lighting ceremony is aired at the end of every broadcast, following live entertainment and the tree is lit by the current Mayor of New York City, the CEO and president of Tishman Speyer and special guests. An estimated 125 million people visit the attraction each year.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: The tree, usually a Norway spruce tall, has been a national tradition each year since 1933. The 2022 Christmas Tree Lighting took place on November 30, 2022, and the tree will remain on display until mid-January 2023.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: Trees are traditionally donated to Rockefeller Center, which in turn donates the lumber after display. Until his death in 2009, the late David Murbach, Manager of the Gardens Division of Rockefeller Center, scouted for the desired tree in upstate New York and surrounding states, and even Ottawa in Ontario, Canada.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: Erik Pauzé, Head Gardener at Rockefeller Center, looks for each year's Rockefeller Center Christmas tree. He visits nurseries throughout the tri-state area and looks for unique backyard trees. Trees are also submitted for consideration through Rockefeller Center's website. Pauzé and his team choose each year's tree based on its heartiness and "Christmas tree shape," as well as its ability to support the heavy ornaments.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: Once a tree is selected, a crane supports the tree while it is cut, then moved to a custom telescoping trailer able to transport trees up to tall, although the narrowness of the streets around Rockefeller Center limits the height of the tree to . The tree is then delivered to the city by a local company, Christmas Tree Brooklyn. On its way to Manhattan, the tree is often dressed in giant red bows or banners extending holiday greetings to witnesses. Trucks, barges, and a transport plane have all been used to help the tree make the trip.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: Once at Rockefeller Center, the tree is supported by four guy-wires attached at its midpoint and by a steel spike at its base. Scaffolding is erected around the tree to assist workers in hanging about 50,000 multi-colored LED lights and the star top. A new crystal star of Swarovski crystal which tops the tree was created in 2018 and designed by the renowned architect Daniel Liebeskind. The new star features 70 spikes and three million crystals with LED lighting spots by the company Oznium. who worked with the engineers. In total it weighs 900 pounds (408.23 kg).


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: The first Christmas tree at Rockefeller Center was erected in 1931, during the Depression-era construction of Rockefeller Center, when Italian-American workers decorated a smaller balsam fir with "strings of cranberries, garlands of paper, and even a few tin cans" on Christmas Eve. With the lighting of the first official tree two years later, the tree became what Rockefeller Center dubbed "a holiday beacon for New Yorkers and visitors alike". A skating rink was opened below the tree in the plaza in 1936.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: Since then, the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree has been a yearly tradition. Workers pooled their money for that unlit tree, with the garlands made by workers' families. According to Rockefeller Center's website, the tree was "from the beginning ... a gathering place and reflection of what was happening in the world around it".


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: World War II ushered in simple, patriotic decorations, including red, white and blue unlit globes and painted wooden stars. In 1942, instead of one large tree, three more modest trees were raised, each decorated in one of the flag's colors. From 1944 until the war's end in 1945, the tree went unlit due to blackout regulations. After the war, the year of darkness was left behind, as six ultraviolet light projectors were employed to make it appear as though the tree's 700 fluorescent globes were glowing in the dark. By the 1950s, workers began using scaffolding to decorate the tree, as larger trees were accommodated. Before the decade was over, the decorating process called for 20 workers and nine days. 1951 marked the first time that NBC televised the tree lighting with a special on "The Kate Smith Hour". In 1969, artist Valerie Clarebout's towering wire herald angels were added to the Channel Gardens in front of the tree near Fifth Avenue. Clarebout created the 12 sculptures using 75 points of metal wire each.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: The 1971 tree from East Montpelier, Vermont, was the first to be mulched and recycled. It was turned into 30 three-bushel bags of mulch for the nature trails of upper Manhattan. Though the tree typically makes its journey on a truck bed, in 1998 it was flown in from Richfield, Ohio, on the world's largest transport plane. 1999 saw Rockefeller Center's tallest tree, a spruce from Killingworth, Connecticut.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: In 2001, following the September 11 attacks, the tree was again decorated in hues of red, white and blue. In 2007, the tree went "green", converting to energy-efficient lighting with LEDs. The LEDs use 1,200 fewer kilowatt hours of electricity per day, enough to power a 2,000-square-foot home for a month. Also since 2007, each year after display, the tree has been milled into lumber and donated to Habitat for Humanity for use in house construction. In 2014, mayor Bill de Blasio did not participate in the tree lighting ceremony. Since 2009, the tree is lit following a 5-second countdown and since 2011, the tree lighting ceremony has been followed by the singing of Joy to the World.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: Until 2018, the lighting was the last moment of the program, and has since been moved to the last ten minutes.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: On November 16, 2020, an adult female northern saw-whet owl was found dehydrated and hungry within the wrapped branches of the newly delivered tree during its installation. The bird was discovered by workers who transported the spruce from Oneonta, New York to New York City. The feathered stowaway, named Rockefeller (Rocky), endured the three-day road trip and generated much public interest and media coverage. She was taken to a wildlife center for a check-up and nursed to full strength before being released on the grounds of the wildlife center in Saugerties, New York.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: The decorated tree remains on display at the plaza entrance of 30 Rockefeller Plaza at least through January 6 of the new year. As of 2019, more than a half million people passed by the tree each day while it is on display, according to Rockefeller Center.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: Since 1997, the lighting ceremony has been broadcast live on NBC in the first hour of primetime, live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and on tape elsewhere. The ceremony is hosted by "Today"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Al Roker (1997–present), Savannah Guthrie (2012–present), and Hoda Kotb (2017–present). In 2007, Ashley Tisdale and Nick Lachey hosted the broadcast with Roker. In 2020, MSNBC anchor Craig Melvin co-hosted as well. In 2022, Mario Lopez filled in for Guthrie and Roker due to her illness and his health complications involving blood clots. Until 1997, it had been broadcast before primetime exclusively in New York on WNBC. In 2019, a second hour was added, meaning the tree is now lit just before 10 p.m. ET.


title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: In recent years, celebrity appearances and live performances preceded the tree lighting ceremony and featured some of the biggest names in music. Performers for the broadcast ceremonies have included, over the years, John Legend, Diana Ross, Gwen Stefani, Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood, Martina McBride, Pentatonix, Dolly Parton, Carrie Underwood, Brad Paisley, Harry Connick Jr., Rosemary Clooney, Annie Lennox, Norah Jones, Aretha Franklin, Cyndi Lauper, Mariah Carey, Josh Groban, Mickey Guyton, Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett. The ceremony also includes a performance by The Rockettes.


title: Hesco bastion

text: The Concertainer, known colloquially as the HESCO MIL, Hesco barrier, or Hesco bastion, is a modern gabion primarily used for flood control and military fortifications. It is made of a collapsible wire mesh container and heavy duty fabric liner, and used as a temporary to semi-permanent levee or blast wall against small-arms fire and/or explosives. It has seen considerable use during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.


title: Hesco bastion

text: Originally designed for use on beaches and marshes for erosion and flood control, the HESCO barrier quickly became a popular security device in the 1990s. HESCO barriers continue to be used for their original purpose. They were used in 2005 to reinforce levees around New Orleans in the weeks between Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. During the June 2008 Midwest floods of HESCO barrier wall were shipped to Iowa. In late March 2009, of HESCO barrier were delivered to Fargo, North Dakota to protect against floods. In late September 2016, of HESCO barriers were used in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, for the fall flood of 2016.


title: Hesco bastion

text: The Concertainer was originally developed by Jimi Heselden, a British entrepreneur and ex-coal miner, who founded HESCO Bastion Ltd. in 1989 to manufacture his invention. The brand name for the barrier is a portmanteau of the words "concertina" and "container".


title: Hesco bastion

text: Assembling the HESCO MIL units entails unfolding it and filling it with sand, soil or gravel, usually using a front end loader. The placement of the barrier is generally very similar to the placement of a sandbag barrier or earth berm except that room must generally be allowed for the equipment used to fill the barrier. The main advantage of HESCO barriers, strongly contributing to their popularity with troops and flood fighters, is the quick and easy setup. Previously, people had to fill sandbags, a slow undertaking, with one worker filling about 20 sandbags per hour. Workers using HESCO barriers and a front end loader can do ten times the work of those using sandbags.


title: Hesco bastion

text: The HESCO barriers come in a variety of sizes. Most of the barriers can also be stacked, and they are shipped collapsed in compact sets. Example dimensions of typical configurations are to .


title: Hesco bastion

text: A new system of HESCO MIL Concertainer developed specially for military use is deployed from a container, which is dragged along the line of ground where the barrier is to be formed, unfolding up to several hundred metres of barrier ready for filling within minutes.


title: Urbit

text: Urbit is a decentralized personal server platform. The platform seeks to deconstruct the client-server model in favour of a federated network of personal servers in a peer-to-peer network with a consistent digital identity.


title: Urbit

text: The Urbit software stack consists of a set of programming languages ("Hoon," a high-level functional programming language, and "Nock," its low-level compiled language); a single-function operating system built on those languages ("Arvo"); a personal address space, built on the Ethereum blockchain, for each instance of the operating system to participate in a decentralized network ("Azimuth"); and the decentralized network itself, an encrypted, peer-to-peer protocol running on top of the User Datagram Protocol.


title: Urbit

text: The Urbit routing system consists approximately of 255 "galaxies", 65,000 "stars", 4 billion "planets" and 4.3 trillion "moons", which respectively function similarly to DNSs, ISPs, personal computers and devices that connect to them.


title: Urbit

text: Co-founder Galen Wolfe-Pauly claims that Urbit can have an all-purpose functionality akin to WeChat, albeit with the end user retaining data ownership.


title: Urbit

text: The Urbit platform was conceived of in 2002 by neo-reactionary thinker Curtis Yarvin. The company has received seed funding from various investors since its inception, most notably Peter Thiel, whose Founders Fund, with venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz invested $1.1 million in the Tlon Corporation to help build out Urbit further. The platform has been described as "complicated for even the most seasoned of functional programmers".


title: Urbit

text: Urbit OS1 launched in April 2020. This consisted of a group messaging app, a message board, a note-taking system, and several simple apps such as a clock and a weather meter.


title: Urbit

text: In 2015, Yarvin's invitation to the Strange Loop conference was rescinded; the conference organizer said Yarvin's "mere inclusion and/or presence would overshadow the content of his talk." In 2016 after Urbit founder Curtis Yarvin was invited to the functional programming conference LambdaConf, five speakers and three sponsors withdrew their participation due to their stated opposition to Yarvin's political views.


title: Urbit

text: The source code and design sketches for the project alluded to some of Yarvin's views, including initially classifying users as "lords," "dukes," and "earls." Yarvin and Tlon rejected any ideological associations with the project. Tlon CEO Galen Wolfe-Pauly said that "the principles of Urbit are very palatable ... we're interested in giving people their freedom." Andrea O'Sullivan of libertarian magazine "Reason" commented that "when you parse through the underlying values that guide the system, a rather libertarian ethos begins to emerge".


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The 2019 Japanese imperial transition occurred on 30 April 2019 when the then 85-year-old Emperor Akihito of Japan abdicated from the Chrysanthemum Throne after reigning for 30 years, becoming the first Emperor of Japan to do so since 1817. This marked the end of the Heisei era and the inception of the Reiwa era, and saw numerous festivities leading up to the accession of his son and successor, Emperor Naruhito. The Enthronement Ceremony took place on 22 October 2019. Akihito's younger son, Prince Akishino, is his brother's heir presumptive.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: In 2010, Emperor Akihito informed his advisory council that he would eventually like to retire from his position. However, no action was taken by senior members of the Imperial Household Agency.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: On 13 July 2016, national broadcaster NHK reported that the Emperor wished to abdicate in favour of his elder son Crown Prince Naruhito within a few years.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: Senior officials within the Imperial Household Agency denied that there was any official plan for the monarch to abdicate. A potential abdication by the Emperor would require an amendment to the Imperial Household Law, which has no provisions for such a move.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: On 8 August 2016, the Emperor gave a rare televised address, where he emphasized his advanced age and declining health; this address was interpreted as an implication of his intention to abdicate.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: With the intention of the abdication now known, the Cabinet Office appointed Yasuhiko Nishimura as the Imperial Household Agency's Vice Grand Steward. In October 2016, the Cabinet Office appointed a panel of experts to debate the Emperor's abdication.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: In January 2017, the Lower House Budget committee began informally debating the constitutional nature of the abdication.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: On 19 May 2017, the bill that would allow Akihito to abdicate was issued by the Cabinet of Japan. On 8 June 2017, the National Diet passed it into law, permitting the government to begin arranging the process of handing over the position to Crown Prince Naruhito. This meant the Imperial Household Law was changed for the first time since 1949. The abdication officially occurred on 30 April 2019.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: On 1 December 2017, the Imperial Household Council, which had not met in 24 years, did so in order to schedule the ceremonies involved in the first such transfer of power in two centuries.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The Imperial Household Council consists of the prime minister, the speaker and vice-speaker of the House of Representatives, the president and vice-president of the House of Councillors, the grand steward of the Imperial Household Agency, the chief justice and one justice of the Supreme Court, and two members of the Imperial family. Prince Akishino, the Emperor's younger son, asked to recuse himself as he would become the next Crown Prince. He was replaced by Prince Hitachi, the Emperor's 82-year-old younger brother. The other member of the imperial family was Hitachi's wife, Princess Hanako.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga told reporters that the date was chosen to permit the old Emperor to be able to preside over the 30th anniversary Jubilee and to coincide with the Golden Week annual holiday period, turning the changeover from a period of mourning and makeshift ceremonial into a joyous, well-planned festival.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: Finally, on 8 December 2017, the government created a special committee to oversee the events. According to Yoshihide Suga: "It will deal with the matter properly, taking into consideration the possible impact on the people's lives."


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The committee met for the first time in January 2018, and the following month announced that a plan called a "basic policy statement," would be released on 3 April. Official farewell celebrations began with a 30th Jubilee ceremony on 12 February 2019, a delay which would avoid any implication of a celebration of the death of the Emperor Shōwa on 7 January.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The government consolidated the Golden Week into a special ten-day holiday block lasting from 27 April to 6 May. Even without the imperial transition, 29 April and 3–6 May were scheduled as national holidays in 2019, following the weekend of 27–28 April. To mark the imperial transition, the government determined that abdication and enthronement would both be national holidays. Japanese law states that a regular work day sandwiched between two national holidays becomes a public holiday.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: Since the Meiji Restoration in 1867, a new Japanese Era starts the day after the old emperor dies. However, in Emperor Akihito's case, manufacturers of calendars, forms, and other paper products needed to know the new Era's name in advance to produce wares in a timely manner.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: While the Era names for the Shōwa and Heisei eras were kept state secrets until the deaths of the previous emperors, that was not possible in this case, because an abdication is unprecedented since the 1889 Meiji Constitution was adopted. In order to prevent divisive debate on the subject, delaying the announcement as late as is practically possible, either the old Emperor's birthday or his Jubilee celebrations had been suggested.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: Until the Era name became known, computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems before the transition in order to ensure that the new era will be handled correctly by their software. Some systems provided test mechanisms to simulate a new era ahead of time.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The new Era name, , was revealed on 1 April 2019 by Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga during a televised press conference.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The Enthronement Ceremony for Emperor Naruhito took place in Tokyo on 22 October 2019, marking the end of the transition period. It was an extra holiday. It was attended by current and former Japanese politicians and more than 3,000 other official guests, which included more than 120 heads of state and government, as well as high-profile delegates from about 210 countries and territories and 9 organizations (the only country not to be invited to this ceremony was Syria).


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The Enthronement Ceremony began at 9 am local time (02:00 UTC) with the private "Kashikodokoro-Omae-no-gi" ritual when the Emperor, dressed in white traditional court wear, visited "Kashikodokoro," the main sanctuary in the Tokyo Imperial Palace where the Sun Goddess is said to be enshrined.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: At 1 pm local time (06:00 UTC), the main ceremony began. In the ceremony, Emperor Naruhito wore the sokutai and Empress Masako wore the jūnihitoe. He then took his place on the 6.5-metre (21-foot) Takamikura throne alongside Masako at the Matsu-no-Ma (Pine Hall), and gave a speech which emphasized his role as the symbol of the State. The speech then followed by a congratulatory speech by Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and three cheers of banzai.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The enthronement was attended by nearly 600 foreign delegates. They included 15 kings, 7 queens, 4 princesses, 11 princes, 70 presidents, 6 governors-general, 27 premiers, 2 chancellors, 10 vice presidents, 6 deputy premiers, 9 former leaders, 38 national officials (which featured 18 foreign ministers) and 9 multilateral dignitaries.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The guests were hosted at the Hotel New Otani in Tokyo, and a state banquet hosted by Emperor Naruhito himself was organized later in the day.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The ceremony was considered to be one of the "largest gathering of world leaders" in the contemporary world's and Japan's history.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: A Parade to celebrate the Naruhito's enthronement as a new emperor took place on 10 November at 3 pm local time (06:00 UTC) as tens of thousands of people gathered in the city centre of Tokyo waving the Japanese flag. Toyota Century convertible, which the couple used was followed by vehicles with Crown Prince Fumihito and his wife Crown Princess Kiko as well as Shinzō Abe.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The procession forming a 400-metre motorcade was started from Tokyo Imperial Palace, passed the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and the main gate of the Diet building before arriving at the couple's residence in the Akasaka Imperial Grounds on the 4.6-kilometre-long (3-mile-long) route.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: Emperor Akihito informs his advisory council that he would like to retire eventually and asks for their help in arranging this.


title: 2019 Japanese imperial transition

text: The following table lists abdication and enthronement ceremonies in chronological order. Private ceremonies are listed as "Private". State acts are listed as "Public".


title: A Bride's Story

text: "A Bride's Story" won the ("Intergenerational Award") at the Angoulême International Comics Festival in 2012, as well as the 7th Manga Taishō Award in 2014.


title: A Bride's Story

text: Set in a rural town near the Caspian Sea during the Russian conquest of Central Asia in the late 19th century, "A Bride's Story" revolves around a young woman, Amir, who travels from a distant village across the mountains to marry Karluk, a young man eight years her junior. The series follows their relationship as it develops, while introducing storylines about other young women and their daily lives with their respective fiancés and husbands along the Silk Road, and their struggle to keep on their livinghood amidst the advance of the Russian Empire's army.


title: A Bride's Story

text: The Eihon family descended from nomads, but have lived in a village for several generations. The family is largely patrilocal, but Yusuf, a son-in-law, married into the family.


title: A Bride's Story

text: "A Bride's Story" is written and illustrated by Kaoru Mori. It was first serialized in Enterbrain's manga magazine "Harta" (formerly known as "Fellows!") from 14 October 2008 to 13 November 2020. It transferred to Kadokawa's manga magazine on 18 June 2021. The series' chapters have been collected into fourteen volumes by Kadokawa as of 20 October 2022. The first nine volumes were published under Enterbrain's Beam Comix imprint; subsequent volumes have been published under Kadokawa's Harta Comix imprint. In addition to the release, a "wide-ban" collector's edition of the manga has been issued by Kadokawa since 20 August 2021. The "wide-ban" features large pages, high-quality paper, fold-out color illustrations, and special boxes to store each volume in. "A Bride's Story" is also available in digital e-book format in Japan.


title: A Bride's Story

text: Yen Press licensed the series for an English-language release in North America. The first volume was published on 31 May 2011; the thirteenth and most recent volume was published on 19 April 2022. The series received a digital release starting on 25 September 2018.