title: History of cotton

text: The cotton industry grew under the British commercial empire. British cotton products were successful in European markets, constituting 40.5% of exports in 1784–1786. Britain's success was also due to its trade with its own colonies, whose settlers maintained British identities, and thus, fashions. With the growth of the cotton industry, manufacturers had to find new sources of raw cotton, and cultivation was expanded to West India. High tariffs against Indian textile workshops, British power in India through the East India Company, and British restrictions on Indian cotton imports transformed India from the source of textiles to a source of raw cotton. Cultivation was also attempted in the Caribbean and West Africa, but these attempts failed due to bad weather and poor soil. The Indian subcontinent was looked to as a possible source of raw cotton, but intra-imperial conflicts and economic rivalries prevented the area from producing the necessary supply.


title: History of cotton

text: Cotton's versatility allowed it to be combined with linen and be made into velvet. It was cheaper than silk and could be imprinted more easily than wool, allowing for patterned dresses for women. It became the standard fashion and, because of its price, was accessible to the general public. New inventions in the 1770s—such as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the spinning mule—made the British Midlands into a very profitable manufacturing centre. In 1794–1796, British cotton goods accounted for 15.6% of Britain's exports, and in 1804–1806 grew to 42.3%.


title: History of cotton

text: The Lancashire textile mills were major parts of the British industrial revolution. Their workers had poor working conditions: low wages, child labour, and 18-hour work days. Richard Arkwright created a textile empire by building a factory system powered by water, which was occasionally raided by the Luddites, weavers put out of business by the mechanization of textile production. In the 1790s, James Watt's steam power was applied to textile production, and by 1839 thousands of children worked in Manchester's cotton mills. Karl Marx, who frequently visited Lancashire, may have been influenced by the conditions of workers in these mills in writing "Das Kapital". Child labour was banned during the middle of the 19th century.


title: History of cotton

text: Anglo-French warfare in the early 1790s restricted access to continental Europe, causing the United States to become an important—and temporarily the largest—consumer for British cotton goods. In 1791, U.S. cotton production was small, at only 900 thousand kilograms (2000 thousand pounds). Several factors contributed to the growth of the cotton industry in the U.S.: the increasing British demand; innovations in spinning, weaving, and steam power; inexpensive land; and a slave labour force. The modern cotton gin, invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, enormously grew the American cotton industry, which was previously limited by the speed of manual removal of seeds from the fibre, and helped cotton to surpass tobacco as the primary cash crop of the South. By 1801 the annual production of cotton had reached over 22 million kilograms (48.5 million pounds), and by the early 1830s the United States produced the majority of the world's cotton. Cotton also exceeded the value of all other United States exports combined. The need for fertile land conducive to its cultivation led to the expansion of slavery in the United States and an early 19th-century land rush known as Alabama Fever.


title: History of cotton

text: Cultivation of cotton using enslaved Africans and their descendants brought huge profits to the owners of large plantations, making them some of the wealthiest men in the U.S. prior to the Civil War. In the non-slave-owning states, farms rarely grew larger than what could be cultivated by one family due to scarcity of farm workers. In the slave states, owners of farms could buy many people and thus cultivate large areas of land. By the 1850s, slaves made up 50% of the population of the main cotton states: Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. An unpaid labor force was the most important asset in cotton cultivation, and their sale brought profits to slaveowners outside of cotton-cultivating areas. Thus, the cotton industry contributed significantly to the Southern upper class's support of slavery. Although the Southern small-farm owners did not grow cotton due to its lack of short-term profitability, they were still supportive of the system in the hopes of one day owning slaves.


title: History of cotton

text: Slaves were fobidden to use for themselves commercial cotton, selected to produce fibers as white as possible, but it seems that their use of cotton with naturally colored fibers was tolerated. Ironically, today, these heirloom varieties are the subject of collectors passions but also renewed interest for high-end niche markets with the hope to produce textiles of lower environmental impact or fibers with sought-after unusual properties (e.g. UV-protection).


title: History of cotton

text: Cotton's central place in the national economy and its international importance led Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina to make a famous boast in 1858 about King Cotton:


title: History of cotton

text: Cotton diplomacy, the idea that cotton would cause Britain and France to intervene in the Civil War, was unsuccessful. It was thought that the Civil War caused the Lancashire Cotton Famine, a period between 1861–1865 of depression in the British cotton industry, by blocking off American raw cotton. Some, however, suggest that the Cotton Famine was mostly due to overproduction and price inflation caused by an expectation of future shortage.


title: History of cotton

text: Prior to the Civil War, Lancashire companies issued surveys to find new cotton-growing countries if the Civil War were to occur and reduce American exports. India was deemed to be the country capable of growing the necessary amounts. Indeed, it helped fill the gap during the war, making up only 31% of British cotton imports in 1861, but 90% in 1862 and 67% in 1864.


title: History of cotton

text: The main European purchasers, Britain and France, began to turn to Egyptian cotton. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports, sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.


title: History of cotton

text: The South continued to be a one-crop economy until the 20th century, when the boll weevil struck across the South. The New Deal and World War II encouraged diversification. Many ex-slaves as well as poor whites worked in the sharecropping system in serf-like conditions.


title: History of cotton

text: Boll weevils, small, cotton eating insects, entered the United States from Mexico in 1892, created 100 years of problems for the U.S. cotton industry. Many consider the boll weevil almost as important as the Civil War as an agent of change in the South, forcing economic and social changes. In total, the boll weevil is estimated to have caused $22 billion in damages. In the late 1950s, the U.S. cotton industry faced economic problems, and eradication of the boll weevil was prioritized. The Agricultural Research Service built the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, which came up with detection traps and pheromone lures. The program was successful, and pesticide use reduced significantly while the boll weevil was eradicated in some areas.


title: History of cotton

text: After the Cotton Famine, the European textile industry looked to new sources of raw cotton. The African colonies of West Africa and Mozambique provided a cheap supply. Taxes and extra-market means again discouraged local textile production. Working conditions were brutal, especially in the Congo, Angola, and Mozambique. Several revolts occurred, and a cotton black market created a local textile industry. In recent history, United States agricultural subsidies have depressed world prices, making it difficult for African farmers to compete.


title: History of cotton

text: India's cotton industry struggled in the late 19th century because of unmechanized production and American dominance of raw cotton export. India, ceasing to be a major exporter of cotton goods, became the largest importer of British cotton textiles.


title: History of cotton

text: Mohandas Gandhi believed that cotton was closely tied to Indian self-determination. In the 1920s he launched the Khadi Movement, a massive boycott of British cotton goods. He urged Indians to use simple homespun cotton textiles, khadi. Cotton became an important symbol in Indian independence. During World War II, shortages created a high demand for khadi, and 16 million yards of cloth were produced in nine months. The British Raj declared khadi subversive; damaging to the British imperial rule. Confiscation, burning of stocks, and jailing of workers resulted, which intensified resistance. In the second half of the 20th century, a downturn in the European cotton industry led to a resurgence of the Indian cotton industry. India began to mechanize and was able to compete in the world market.


title: History of cotton

text: In 1912, the British cotton industry was at its peak, producing eight billion yards of cloth. In World War I, cotton couldn't be exported to foreign markets, and some countries built their own factories, particularly Japan. By 1933 Japan introduced 24-hour cotton production and became the world's largest cotton manufacturer. Demand for British cotton slumped, and during the interwar period 345,000 workers left the industry and 800 mills closed.


title: History of cotton

text: India's boycott of British cotton products devastated Lancashire, and in Blackburn 74 mills closed in under four years.


title: History of cotton

text: In World War II, the British cotton industry saw an upturn and an increase in workers, with Lancashire mills being tasked with creating parachutes and uniforms for the war.


title: History of cotton

text: In the 1950s and '60s, many workers came from the Indian sub-continent and were encouraged to look for work in Lancashire. An increase in the work force allowed mill owners to introduce third (night) shifts. This resurgence in the textile industry did not last long, and by 1958, Britain had become a net importer of cotton cloth.


title: History of cotton

text: Mill closures occurred in Lancashire, and it was failing to compete with foreign industry. During the 1960s and '70s, a mill closed in Lancashire almost once a week. By the 1980s, the textile industry of North West Britain had almost disappeared.


title: History of cotton

text: Textile mills have moved from Western Europe to, more recently, lower-wage areas. Industrial production is currently mostly located in countries like India, Bangladesh, China, and in Latin America. In these regions labour is much less expensive than in the first world, and attracts poor workers. Biotechnology plays an important role in cotton agriculture as genetically modified cotton that can resist Roundup, a herbicide made by the company Monsanto, as well as repel insects. Organically grown cotton is becoming less prevalent in favour of synthetic fibres made from petroleum products.


title: History of cotton

text: The demand for cotton has doubled since the 1980s. The main producer of cotton, as of December 2016, is India, at 26%, past China at 20% and the United States at 16%. The leading cotton exporter is the United States, whose production is subsidized by the government, with subsidies estimated at $14 billion between 1995 and 2003. The value of cotton lint has been decreasing for sixty years, and the value of cotton has decreased by 50% in 1997–2007. The global textile and clothing industry employs 23.6 million workers, of which 75% are women.


title: History of cotton

text: Max Havelaar, a fair trade association, launched a fair trade label for cotton in 2005, the first for a non-food commodity. Working with small producers from Cameroon, Mali, and Senegal, the fair trade agreement increases substantially the price paid for goods and increases adherence to World Labour Organization conventions. A two-year period in Mali has allowed farmers to buy new agricultural supplies and cattle, and enroll their children in school.


title: Brad Richardson

text: Bradley Benjamin Stanley Richardson (born February 4, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently an unrestricted free agent. He most recently played with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He previously played for the Colorado Avalanche, Los Angeles Kings, Arizona Coyotes, Nashville Predators and the Calgary Flames. Richardson won the Stanley Cup with the Kings in 2012.


title: Brad Richardson

text: Richardson grew up in Belleville, Ontario playing minor ice hockey for the AA Belleville Bobcats and eventually for the AAA Quinte Red Devils of the OMHA. He played in the 1998 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Quinte team. After a strong season in Bantam, Richardson was the 1st round choice (10th overall) in the 2001 OHL Priority Selection by the Owen Sound Attack.


title: Brad Richardson

text: Richardson was drafted by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He was the chosen 163rd overall in the 5th round from the Owen Sound Attack of the Ontario Hockey League. Brad played his first professional season in the 2005–06 season, splitting the year between the Lowell Lock Monsters of the AHL and making his debut in the NHL with the Avalanche. Richardson's best year with the Avalanche came in the 2006–07 season, playing in a career high 73 games, recording 14 goals and 22 points.


title: Brad Richardson

text: On June 21, 2008, Richardson was traded from the Avalanche to the Los Angeles Kings for a second round pick. On September 15, 2008, Richardson signed with the Kings for two years and $1.175 million. Richardson achieved his first career hat trick on October 23, 2010, against his old team, the Colorado Avalanche, in a 6-4 Kings victory.


title: Brad Richardson

text: On July 12, 2011, Richardson re-signed on a two-year contract extension worth $2.35 million with the Kings. In the 2011–12 season, in a utility role he played in 59 regular season games for 9 points before capturing the Stanley Cup with the Kings whilst featuring in 13 post-season games. Richardson missed the first two post-season games that year after undergoing an emergency appendectomy.


title: Brad Richardson

text: On July 5, 2013, Richardson signed as a free agent to a two-year contract worth $1.15 million per year by the Vancouver Canucks.


title: Brad Richardson

text: Richardson as a free agent for the second time in his career, signed a three-year contract with the Arizona Coyotes on July 1, 2015. On November 17, 2016, in the midst of a productive start to his second season with the Coyotes, having 9 points in 16 appearances, he was hit by defenceman Nikita Tryamkin in a game against his former club, the Vancouver Canucks. He fractured both his tibia and fibula bones in his right leg, requiring season ending surgery.


title: Brad Richardson

text: On July 3, 2018, Richardson re-signed with the Coyotes on a two-year deal worth $2.5 million. During the qualifying round of the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs, Richardson scored an overtime goal that clinched the series over the Nashville Predators.


title: Brad Richardson

text: On October 12, 2020, having left the Coyotes as a free agent after five seasons, Richardson was signed to a one year, $1 million contract with the Nashville Predators. In the pandemic delayed and shortened season, Richardson was limited through injury to just 17 regular season games with the Predators, collecting 1 goal and 4 points. He was scoreless in 2 playoff contests in a first-round defeat to the Carolina Hurricanes.


title: Brad Richardson

text: On September 8, 2021, Richardson signed as a free agent to a one-year, $800,000 contract with the Calgary Flames. In the season, Richardson in a limited role made 27 regular season appearances with the Flames, contributing with 2 goals and 4 points. At the NHL trade deadline Richardson was placed on waivers by the Flames and was claimed in a return to the Vancouver Canucks on March 21, 2022.


title: Brad Richardson

text: In January 2021, Richardson's girlfriend, actress Jessica Szohr, gave birth to their daughter, Bowie Ella Richardson. On May 16, 2022, Brad Richardson and Jessica Szohr got engaged.


title: Hannah Dodd (actress)

text: Hannah Francesca Katie Dodd (born 17 May 1995) is an English actress and model. She is known for her roles in the Hulu teen series "Find Me in Paris" (2018–2020) and Netflix mystery film "Enola Holmes 2" (2022). She is set to play Francesca, the sixth Bridgerton child, in the Netflix period drama "Bridgerton".


title: Hannah Dodd (actress)

text: Dodd has been represented by Select Model Management since 2011 and has modeled for brands such as Topshop and Burberry.


title: Hannah Dodd (actress)

text: Dodd was born in Colchester and grew up in Leavenheath on the Essex–Suffolk border. She attended Ormiston Sudbury Academy. She has been dancing since she was two years old. She took a course at Evolution Foundation College, of which she is now a patron, before going on to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in Theatre Dance from the London Studio Centre in 2017.


title: Hannah Dodd (actress)

text: Dodd began her career in modeling and was 16 when she signed with Select Model Management, using the money she made from it to fund her dance training. She modeled for Primark, Topshop, Boden, and Monsoon Accessorize before landing a gig with Burberry in 2014 when she was 19 alongside Romeo Beckham.


title: Hannah Dodd (actress)

text: In 2018, Dodd made her television debut in the Hulu series "Find Me in Paris" and "Harlots" as Thea Raphael, a main role, and Sophia Fitzwilliam, a recurring role respectively. She played Sandra, the illusionary adult form of Sprite in the 2021 Chloe Zhao-directed Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Eternals". The following year, Dodd appeared as a young version of Sienna Miller's character during her university years in the 2022 Netflix miniseries "Anatomy of a Scandal".


title: Hannah Dodd (actress)

text: In 2022, Dodd played Sarah Chapman in the Netflix film "Enola Holmes 2" and "Flowers in the Attic: The Origin", a Lifetime miniseries prequel based on the novel "Garden of Shadows". In May 2022, it was announced Dodd would replace Ruby Stokes in third series of the Shondaland-produced Netflix period drama "Bridgerton" as Francesca, the sixth Bridgerton child.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Reperfusion injury, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue ("re-" + "perfusion") after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia). The absence of oxygen and nutrients from blood during the ischemic period creates a condition in which the restoration of circulation results in inflammation and oxidative damage through the induction of oxidative stress rather than (or along with) restoration of normal function.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Reperfusion injury is distinct from cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (sometimes called "Reperfusion syndrome"), a state of abnormal cerebral vasodilation.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Reperfusion of ischemic tissues is often associated with microvascular injury, particularly due to increased permeability of capillaries and arterioles that lead to an increase of diffusion and fluid filtration across the tissues. Activated endothelial cells produce more reactive oxygen species but less nitric oxide following reperfusion, and the imbalance results in a subsequent inflammatory response.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: The inflammatory response is partially responsible for the damage of reperfusion injury. White blood cells, carried to the area by the newly returning blood, release a host of inflammatory factors such as interleukins as well as free radicals in response to tissue damage. The restored blood flow reintroduces oxygen within cells that damages cellular proteins, DNA, and the plasma membrane. Damage to the cell's membrane may in turn cause the release of more free radicals. Such reactive species may also act indirectly in redox signaling to turn on apoptosis. White blood cells may also bind to the endothelium of small capillaries, obstructing them and leading to more ischemia.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Reperfusion injury plays a major part in the biochemistry of hypoxic brain injury in stroke. Similar failure processes are involved in brain failure following reversal of cardiac arrest; control of these processes is the subject of ongoing research. Repeated bouts of ischemia and reperfusion injury also are thought to be a factor leading to the formation and failure to heal of chronic wounds such as pressure sores and diabetic foot ulcer. Continuous pressure limits blood supply and causes ischemia, and the inflammation occurs during reperfusion. As this process is repeated, it eventually damages tissue enough to cause a wound.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: The main reason for the acute phase of ischemia-reperfusion injury is oxygen deprivation and, therefore, arrest of generation of ATP (cellular energy currency) by mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation. Tissue damage due to the general energy deficit during ischemia is followed by reperfusion (increase of oxygen level) when the injury is enhanced. Mitochondrial complex I is thought to be the most vulnerable enzyme to tissue ischemia/reperfusion but the mechanism of damage is different in different tissues. For example brain ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated via complex I redox-dependent inactivation. It was found that lack of oxygen leads to conditions in which mitochondrial complex I loses its natural cofactor, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and become inactive. When oxygen is present the enzyme catalyzes a physiological reaction of NADH oxidation by ubiquinone, supplying electrons downstream of the respiratory chain (complexes III and IV). Ischemia leads to dramatic increase of succinate level. In the presence of succinate mitochondria catalyze reverse electron transfer so that fraction of electrons from succinate is directed upstream to FMN of complex I. Reverse electron transfer results in a reduction of complex I FMN, increased generation of ROS, followed by a loss of the reduced cofactor (FMNH) and impairment of mitochondria energy production. The FMN loss by complex I and I/R injury can be alleviated by the administration of FMN precursor, riboflavin.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: However, the therapeutic effect of hypothermia does not confine itself to metabolism and membrane stability. Another school of thought focuses on hypothermia's ability to prevent the injuries that occur after circulation returns to the brain, or what is termed reperfusion injuries. In fact an individual suffering from an ischemic insult continues suffering injuries well after circulation is restored. In rats it has been shown that neurons often die a full 24 hours after blood flow returns. Some theorize that this delayed reaction derives from the various inflammatory immune responses that occur during reperfusion. These inflammatory responses cause intracranial pressure, pressure which leads to cell injury and in some situations cell death. Hypothermia has been shown to help moderate intracranial pressure and therefore to minimize the harmful effect of a patient's inflammatory immune responses during reperfusion. Beyond this, reperfusion also increases free radical production. Hypothermia too has been shown to minimize a patient's production of deadly free radicals during reperfusion. Many now suspect it is because hypothermia reduces both intracranial pressure and free radical production that hypothermia improves patient outcome following a blockage of blood flow to the brain.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: There are some preliminary studies in mice that seem to indicate that treatment with hydrogen sulfide (HS) can have a protective effect against reperfusion injury.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: In addition to its well-known immunosuppressive capabilities, the one-time administration of cyclosporin at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been found to deliver a 40 percent reduction in infarct size in a small group proof of concept study of human patients with reperfusion injury published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2008.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Cyclosporin has been confirmed in studies to inhibit the actions of cyclophilin D, a protein which is induced by excessive intracellular calcium flow to interact with other pore components and help open the MPT pore. Inhibiting cyclophilin D has been shown to prevent the opening of the MPT pore and protect the mitochondria and cellular energy production from excessive calcium inflows.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: However, the studies CIRCUS and CYCLE (published in September 2015 and February 2016 respectively) looked at the use of cyclosporin as a one time IV dose given right before perfusion therapy (PCI). Both studies found there is no statistical difference in outcome with cyclosporin administration.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Reperfusion leads to biochemical imbalances within the cell that lead to cell death and increased infarct size. More specifically, calcium overload and excessive production of reactive oxygen species in the first few minutes after reperfusion set off a cascade of biochemical changes that result in the opening of the so-called mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPT pore) in the mitochondrial membrane of cardiac cells.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: The opening of the MPT pore leads to the inrush of water into the mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and collapse. Upon collapse, the calcium is then released to overwhelm the next mitochondria in a cascading series of events that cause mitochondrial energy production supporting the cell to be reduced or stopped completely. The cessation of energy production results in cellular death. Protecting mitochondria is a viable cardioprotective strategy.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: In 2008, an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine called for more studies to determine if cyclosporin can become a treatment to ameliorate reperfusion injury by protecting mitochondria. To that end, in 2011 the researchers involved in the original 2008 NEJM study initiated a phase III clinical study of reperfusion injury in 1000 myocardial infarction patients in centers throughout Europe. Results of that study were announced in 2015 and indicated that "intravenous cyclosporine did not result in better clinical outcomes than those with placebo and did not prevent adverse left ventricular remodeling at 1 year."


title: Reperfusion injury

text: This same process of mitochondrial destruction through the opening of the MPT pore is implicated in making traumatic brain injuries much worse.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: TRO40303 is a new cardioprotective compound that was shown to inhibit the MPT pore and reduce infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion. It was developed by Trophos company and currently is in Phase I clinical trial.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Recent investigations suggest a possible beneficial effect of mesenchymal stem cells on heart and kidney reperfusion injury.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Superoxide dismutase is an effective anti-oxidant enzyme which converts superoxide anions to water and hydrogen peroxide. Recent researches have shown significant therapeutic effects on pre-clinical models of reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: A series of 2009 studies published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology suggest that Metformin may prevent cardiac reperfusion injury by inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex I and the opening of MPT pore and in rats.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: In neonatal in vivo model of brain ischemia/reperfusion, tissue injury can be alleviated by the administration of FMN precursor, riboflavin that prevents inactivation of mitochondrial complex I.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: A study published in 2012 show that the synthetic analogue of the phytocannabinoid Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Δ-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ-THCV) and its metabolite 11-OH-Δ-THCV, prevent hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through cannabinoid CB2 receptors and thereby decrease tissue injury and inflammation with a protective effect against liver damage. Pretreatment with a CB2 receptor antagonist attenuated the protective effects of Δ-THCV, while a CB1 antagonist tended to enhance it.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: An earlier study published in 2011 found, that Cannabidiol (CBD) also protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating inflammatory signaling and response of oxidative and nitrative stress, and thereby cell death and tissue injury, but independent from classical CB1 and CB2 receptors.


title: Reperfusion injury

text: Obligatory hibernators such as the ground squirrels show resistance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in liver, heart, and small intestine during the hibernation season when there is a switch from carbohydrate metabolism to lipid metabolism for cellular energy supply. This metabolic switch limits anaerobic metabolism and the formation of lactate, a herald of poor prognosis and multi-organ failure (MOF) after I/R injury. In addition, the increase in lipid metabolism generates ketone bodies and activates peroxisome proliferating-activated receptors (PPARs), both of which have been shown to be protective against I/R injury.


title: Oral stage

text: In Freudian psychoanalysis, the term oral stage or hemitaxia denotes the first psychosexual development stage wherein the mouth of the infant is their primary erogenous zone. Spanning the life period from birth to the age of 18 months, the oral stage is the first of the five Freudian psychosexual development stages: (i) the oral, (ii) the anal, (iii) the phallic, (iv) the latent, and (v) the genital.


title: Oral stage

text: Freud proposed that if the nursing child's appetite were thwarted during any libidinal development stage, the anxiety would persist into adulthood as a neurosis (functional mental disorder). Therefore, an infantile oral fixation would be manifest as an obsession with oral stimulation. If weaned either too early or too late, the infant might fail to resolve the emotional conflicts of the oral stage of psychosexual development and might develop a maladaptive oral fixation.


title: Oral stage

text: The infant who is neglected (insufficiently fed) or who is over-protected (over-fed) in the course of being nursed, might become an orally-fixated person. This fixation might have two effects: (i) the neglected child might become a psychologically dependent adult continually seeking the oral stimulation denied in infancy, thereby becoming a manipulative person in fulfilling their needs, rather than maturing to independence; (ii) the over-protected child might resist maturation and return to dependence upon others in fulfilling their needs. Theoretically, oral-stage fixations are manifested as garrulousness (talkativeness), smoking, continual oral stimulus (eating, chewing objects), and alcoholism. Psychologically, the symptoms include a sarcastic, oral sadistic personality, nail biting, oral sexual practices (fellatio, cunnilingus, analingus, irrumatio), et cetera..


title: Eve Lindley

text: Eve Lindley (born 1993) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the television series "Dispatches from Elsewhere" and the film "All We Had." In 2016, she was named in "Out" magazine's OUT100. As a model she has worked with Barneys New York.


title: Eve Lindley

text: Eve Lindley was born January 12, 1993, in Danbury, Connecticut, to an American father and Cuban mother. She has two older sisters. Her parents divorced when she was two years old, and were granted joint custody. By the time she was in seventh grade, she lived full-time with her father. Lindley is a trans woman. She started transitioning in high school with her father's support.


title: Eve Lindley

text: Before making her film debut in "All We Had" at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival, Lindley worked in costumemaking, sales, and as a barista and dog-walker, among other jobs. She is best known for starring in the AMC series "Dispatches from Elsewhere" as Simone, starring alongside Jason Segel, Sally Field, and Andre Benjamin.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Tauktae () was a powerful, deadly and damaging tropical cyclone in the Arabian Sea that became the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the Indian state of Gujarat since the 1998 Gujarat cyclone and one of the strongest tropical cyclones to ever affect the west coast of India. The second depression, first cyclonic storm, first severe cyclonic storm, first very severe cyclonic storm, and first extremely severe cyclonic storm of the 2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Tauktae originated from an area of low pressure in the Arabian Sea, which was first monitored by the India Meteorological Department on May 13. The low drifted eastward and organized into a deep depression by May 14. The storm soon took a northward turn, continuing to gradually intensify because of warm waters near the coast, and the system strengthened into a cyclonic storm and was named "Tauktae" later that same day. Tauktae continued intensifying into May 15, reaching severe cyclonic storm status later that day. Tauktae began to parallel the coast of the Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra, before rapidly intensifying into a very severe cyclonic storm, early on May 16. Early on May 17, Tauktae intensified into an extremely severe cyclonic storm, reaching its peak intensity soon afterward. Later that same day, Tauktae underwent an eyewall replacement cycle and weakened, before restrengthening as it neared the coast of Gujarat, making landfall soon afterward.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: After making landfall, Tauktae gradually weakened as it slowly turned northeastward, moving further inland. On May 19, Tauktae weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: Tauktae brought heavy rainfall and flash floods to areas along the coast of Kerala and on Lakshadweep. There were reports of heavy rain in the states of Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra as well. Tauktae resulted in at least 169 deaths in India, and left another 81 people missing. There were also 5 deaths reported in Pakistan. The storm displaced over 200,000 people in Gujarat. The cyclone also caused widespread infrastructure and agricultural damage to the western coast of India. Upwards of 40 fishermen were lost at sea when their boats were caught in the cyclone. Mumbai also experienced impact from the storm, with airports being closed for safety reasons.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: The city experienced their highest ever recorded wind gust at 114 km/h (70 mph). Power outages and other electrical problems also prevailed in the impacted regions. The cyclone made landfall in Gujarat the same day as India recorded its, at the time, highest single-day COVID-19 death toll, with 4,329 deaths reported. The cyclone also caused a large amount of maritime incidents as it moved along the coast of western India. Hundreds were missing from various barges; however, most of them have been rescued. Other larger ships also experienced problems, such as structure or power losses. At least 174 people have been killed by the storm, with over 80 still missing. Losses from Tauktae are estimated at ₹15,000 crore or US$2.1 billion.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: On May 11, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a large area of low pressure in the equatorial Arabian Sea for potential tropical cyclone development. As the system slowly moved eastwards, it gradually organized amid favorable conditions, including sea surface temperatures of up to and low wind shear. The JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on this system on May 13. A few hours later, the JTWC designated it as "Tropical Cyclone 01A". The system gradually intensified, as the previously disorganized broad area of convection began to wrap around the low-level circulation center. It further strengthened to become a deep depression at 12:00 UTC the next day. Around this time, the system turned northeastwards and began to move towards India. Due to the very large area of convection over the cyclone, it dumped heavy rainfall over the southern portions of the country. Six hours after the upgrade, the system became even more organized and intensified into a cyclonic storm, receiving the name "Tauktae" by the IMD. Tauktae later intensified into a Severe Cyclonic Storm at 15:00 UTC on May 15, as a robust central dense overcast developed. Just three hours later, the JTWC upgraded Tauktae to a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson scale (SSHWS), while a ragged eye appeared on infrared satellite imagery as the storm started a period of rapid intensification.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: Early the next day, the cyclone turned northward, paralleling the west coast of India. Amid the favorable conditions stated earlier, the storm rapidly intensified, and at 06:00 UTC that day, the JTWC upgraded the system to a Category 2 tropical cyclone. By 09:00 UTC, the cyclone had developed a well-defined, but ragged eye, according to INSAT imagery, and the JTWC upgraded Tauktae to a Category 3-equivalent tropical cyclone, as rapid intensification continued. Despite this period of strengthening, the eye of the storm degraded for a while, according to INSAT imagery. Later, the storm continued intensifying, and at 03:00 UTC on May 17 Tauktae reached its peak intensity as an extremely severe cyclonic storm, with maximum 3-minute sustained winds of , maximum 1-minute sustained winds of , and a minimum central pressure of , making the storm the equivalent of a Category 4 tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Soon afterward, Tauktae initiated an eyewall replacement cycle, which started to weaken the storm.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: As the storm neared the coast of Gujarat, Tauktae completed its eyewall replacement cycle and began to reorganize, as a new eye became visible on satellite imagery, and the cloud top temperatures dropped in the central dense overcast (CDO) region. At 8:30 p.m. local time (IST), the cyclone made landfall near Una in Gujarat. Soon afterward, the JTWC issued their final warning on the system. In the advisory, the agency estimated Tauktae's 1-minute sustained winds at landfall to be , making Tauktae the equivalent of a high-end Category 3 tropical cyclone, making it the strongest storm to make landfall in Gujarat since reliable records began, surpassing the record set by 1998 Gujarat cyclone. Afterward, due to land interaction, the storm began to weaken slowly; the Brown ocean effect from the Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambhat caused the storm to weaken at a slower pace than usual. By 11:30 a.m. local time (IST), the storm had weakened below severe cyclonic storm intensity, before weakening below cyclonic storm intensity twelve hours later, after traversing the rugged terrain of the Aravalli range, bringing heavy rainfall and wind gusts to the region of North India. At 14:00 UTC on May 19, Tauktae weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area over Rajasthan and adjoining Madhya Pradesh, and the IMD issued their final bulletin on the storm.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: On May 16, 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi held a high review meeting to review preparedness on the cyclone through video conferencing with various senior officials in New Delhi. All coastal fishing in Kerala was banned by the state's disaster management authority between May 13–17 in anticipation of rough seas caused by Tauktae's formation and traversal of the offshore waters. The IMD issued a red alert for nine districts in Kerala for torrential rainfall on May 15, including Lakshadweep. All flights at Agatti Airport in Lakshadweep were suspended while the cyclone passed over the archipelago. The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) dispatched nine teams to Kerala while detachments of the Indian military were placed on standby. Supplemental oxygen and other medical supplies were also brought within the risk areas from both domestic and foreign sources. Three fishermen on an inoperable vessel were rescued by the Indian Coast Guard off Kannur on May 14. More than 2,000 people were evacuated to 71 centres were established for populations vulnerable to coastal erosion while COVID-19 patients among the evacuees were brought to specialised treatment centres. A curfew initially imposed to curtail the spread of COVID-19 in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka. In total, the NDRF mobilised 4,700 personnel in 100 teams across six states. In Gujarat, 200,000 people were evacuated from low-lying areas all while 54 teams of the National Disaster Response Force and State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) were deployed. In Maharashtra, Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray said alerts had been raised for coastal districts and that the state administration had been preparing to ensure that electricity and oxygen supply would remain in COVID-19 hospitals. Operations at Mumbai International Airport were suspended on May 17 between 11:00 and 14:00 IST. Bandra Worli Sea Link was also closed for normal traffic and the COVID-19 vaccinaion drive in Mumbai was also suspended for the day.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: On May 16, the number of people evacuated quickly grew to tens of thousands of people as Tauktae neared the Gujarati coast. The IMD said tidal waves of up to nine feet were expected in the area. Government officials of the Indian state said that over 150,000 people were to be evacuated from vulnerable areas on Sunday evening. All fishing was suspended until Monday near the Gujarat coast. More than 170 mobile intensive care unit vans were deployed to help prevent the possibility of the current surge in COVID-19 cases being worsened. Hospitals windproofed their buildings to prevent damage. The Navy was placed on standby in Gujarat. The army was also reported to be continuously watching Tauktae. At this time, 180 relief and rescue teams and 9 ETFs were also on standby. The IMD warned of coastal flooding caused by storm surge of up to 13 feet. Ahmedabad, Gujarat's most populous city, was predicted to receive up to 4 inches of rainfall during the next 1–2 days, more than the average amount that the city receives in the first half of the year. Hundreds of COVID-19 patients were shifted from coastal wards in Mumbai to safer ground. Crews, dressed in hazmat suits, patrolled coastal areas and warned locals to get to higher ground.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: As the storm moved through Gujarat and weakened much more slowly than previously expected, rainfall predictions were made by the IMD for various areas of the state. On May 19, an orange alert was issued for Delhi and adjoining parts of Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh. Localized flooding, waterlogging of low-lying areas and closures of underpasses in hilly areas was warned. Reduction in visibility, disruption of traffic, road and structure damage, and agricultural impacts were also of concern. Isolated areas were expected to receive "very heavy" rainfall, over a "fairly widespread" to "widespread" region. The IMD advised those at risk to check for traffic congestion on their planned routes, follow traffic warnings, and to avoid going to places at risk of water damage and waterlogging. National capital New Delhi witnessed heavy downpours on May 19, totaling 119.3 mm in 24 hours, the highest single-day rainfall in history in May, with waterlogging reported in many areas. Similar intensity rainfall was witnessed over Rewari in Haryana and Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: Chief Minister of Sindh Syed Murad Ali Shah held a cyclone emergency meeting, where he declared an emergency in every district located along the coastal belt of the province.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: In total, 169 people had died in India as a result of Cyclone Tauktae, with at least 80 others injured and about 81 missing. 10 died in Kerala, 8 in Karnataka, 3 in Goa, 18 in Maharashtra, 64 in Gujarat, while 66 died from the sinking of Barge "P305". 11,774,038 people have been affected, 257,135 evacuated, and over 56,846 houses have been damaged. 69,429 electric poles and 196 roads have been damaged, as well as more than 40,000 trees. Water supply system in 5,951 villages were damaged too. RMSI Cyclone Model estimated the loss of due to the cyclone.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: Although it remained offshore, Tauktae brought heavy rainfall to Kerala. An average of of rain fell across the state on May 15, damaging its agriculture and power infrastructure. Flash floods occurred and soil was waterlogged in Kerala. Over a hundred homes sustained damage throughout the state. Two people were killed in Ernakulam and Kozhikode districts of Kerala, with a state total of 10. Severe coastal erosion occurred in Ambalappuzha, Cherthala, and Karthikappally. Homes were damaged or destroyed in Alappuzha and Kadakkarappally by Tauktae's strong winds. Numerous trees were uprooted and power supplies were disrupted in Alappuzha. Several districts and municipalities reported considerable impacts from heavy rain. Floodwaters in Kerala's Central Division washed out at least of crops worth ₹52 million. The coast of Karnataka was buffeted by high winds and heavy rain, while waves with heights as high as tall drifted through the Arabian Sea. Over 70 villages in seven districts of Karnataka were affected by the cyclone, according to the Karnataka State Disaster Management Authority. of rain fell at Nada Station in Kundapur Taluk, Karnataka, while several other stations recorded at least of rainfall. Sustained winds of battered the state coastline for hours, damaging at least 112 homes, with at least 139 electricity poles being blown over.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: As Tauktae continued to lash the coast with heavy rain, rainfall warnings were imposed in parts of Lakshadweep, Kerala, western Tamil Nadu, coastal districts of Karnataka, Goa, Gujarat and southwestern Rajasthan. In Chellanam, a coastal village in Ernakulam district, homes were submerged due to unexpected rain and sea erosion. The administration opened up a relief camp at the local St. Mary's School for the inhabitants of low-lying areas. Due to the ongoing, deadly second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, isolated testing facilities were arranged. 23 fishermen from Kerala were missing after two boats, "Ajmir Shah" and "Andavar Thunai", with 15 and 8 fishermen aboard respectively, were likely caught in the cyclone after leaving in early May. Nine fishermen from Tamil Nadu were also left missing after their boat capsized in the Arabian Sea, and the Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre Mumbai was notified of the incident. Several areas in Goa were left without power as a result of damage caused to the power supply. 200 homes were reportedly damaged in Goa, while many roads were blocked by fallen trees. A woman died in Goa after a coconut tree fell on her head, due to the high winds, and one child died from a falling electric pole. Two people died in Karnataka after a tugboat capsized in the Dakshina Kannada district. The state total is 8. Over 120 houses were damaged in the Dakshina Kannada district due to heavy rains. 98 villages were said to be badly damaged in the state of Karnataka. Over 1,000 trees were uprooted in Goa. 43 wall collapse incidents were recorded in Mumbai. Total damages in Goa were estimated at by the Government of Goa. It also reported the deaths of two people in cyclone related incidents.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: 21 people were killed and nine were injured in the state of Maharashtra, and over 2,542 buildings were damaged. "The Indian Express" reported that train services were suspended due to flooding and fallen trees on tracks, which were blocking routes. Two barges were adrift off the coast of Mumbai due to the cyclone, containing about 400 people. Mumbai recorded a whopping above, becoming the highest amount of rainfall recorded in May since records began in the 19th century. The previous record was set on May 20, 2000, which was . Along with torrential downpour, squally winds reaching more than was recorded. The maximum wind speed recorded was , the highest recorded wind gust in last 70 years. It uprooted more than 600 trees across the city, destroyed thousands of homes, waterlogged most of the city roads and disrupted electricity supply and traffic. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport was shut for over 11 hours with 55 flights cancelled and several flights routed to other cities. The Wankhede Stadium also experienced major damage due to a sightscreen of the North Side being damaged by powerful winds, similar to an incident in 2011. A total of three people died and ten people were injured in Mumbai. Two children lost their lives after an uprooted tree fell on their hut in Maharashtra's Jalgaon district. On May 16, at least four people were killed and seven people were hurt when the slab of a residential building crashed in the Ulhasnagar town of the district. In Raigad district alone around 800 homes were damaged. In Kokan region (Maharashtra's coastal area) around Rs 500 Crores of worth Alphanso crops were damaged. The Bandra–Worli Sea Link was closed because of strong winds. Many structures were damaged by winds and 4.6 million consumers suffered power cuts in Maharashtra. Between 3,500 and 5,000 hectares of standing horticulture have been damaged. It was the most powerful storm to affect Mumbai since Cyclone Nisarga in 2020. The Government of Maharashtra approved compensation of .


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: The cyclone made landfall in the region of Saurashtra between Diu and Una at around 21:00 IST, and weakened to a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm. Wind speeds of approximately were recorded at the district of Diu in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. A total of 67 people were killed in Gujarat, while 55,384 homes were damaged. Over 1,000 poles were uprooted while and over 2,400 villages witnessed power supply failures. Only 100 COVID-19 hospitals out of the 400 in the state had power. All hospitals had generators, however, four of them failed. Authorities were sent to repair them. The situation the cyclone brought was labeled as a "double blow" by Udaya Regmi, the South Asian head of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCRCS). A COVID-induced curfew that was issued across 36 cities was extended three days due to the cyclone. Originally, it was expected to be cancelled on Tuesday. Several food and water sources that are needed for farmers were interrupted.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: In the village of Vijapadi, located in Amreli district near the landfall site, most of the houses were damaged by the cyclone due to their weak structures. Many residents were moved to a high school and a madrasa to protect themselves from the storm. The previous afternoon, their power supply had been damaged. Over 30 bullocks, worth ₹18,000 each, were killed in the area. In neighbouring Hadidad, homes were damaged, along with banana plantations being flattened, with little being left. Houses were said to be totally damaged, being reduced to less than huts. Other livestock, such as goats, were killed in the village.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: In Saurashtra, storm surge estimated up to was recorded in the coastal districts. Electricity supply was disrupted due to high winds in parts of Amreli, Gir-Somnath, and Diu. Over 100 anchored ships were sent back to the higher grounds due to fears of storm surge. The districts of Junagadh, Gir-Somnath, Bhavnagar, and Amreli were battered by heavy rainfall and winds up to by noon of May 17, also being accompanied with dust storms in other regions. The coastal highway near Kodinar was blocked by uprooted coconut trees. A mobile tower and approximately 200 trees fell in Una. Many areas were affected by power outages.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: Ahmedabad recorded of rainfall within 24 hours, nearly breaking a rainfall record of which was recorded on May 9, 1982. The cyclone caused downpours that began in the afternoon and ended at midnight without stopping. Gusty winds reaching up to were recorded in the city.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: By May 19, mobile phone networks were stilled down in several areas after the storm hit the state. Over 600 roads were blocked. A major mango growing belt was damaged.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: According to initial estimates, the private ports in Gujarat suffered damages worth while Gujarat Maritime Board-owned ports suffered damages of .


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: 66 people died, at least 20 people are still missing after " Barge P305" sank near Heera oil field, off the coast of Mumbai, although the Indian Navy said it had rescued 186 survivors of the 270 people aboard by May 19. 37 bodies were recovered, while 40 passengers remain missing. "INS Kochi" entered Mumbai Harbour with the rescued people. Three other commercial barges carrying about 700 people are still stranded at sea, one off the coast of Gujarat and the other two near Mumbai.Barge Allianz Commander reported a damage at its cow catcher area and water started filling inside the barge with 300 people onboard, the condition was very critical. Search and rescue operations were underway for one of the 270-passenger barges. The search was conducted in winds reaching , with waves reaching as high as . Meanwhile INS Kochi, the INS Kolkata, and the INS Talwar continued their search operations.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: A freight ship, oil rig, and four vessels that serviced ONGC's off-shore operations were caught in the cyclone. ONGC held a crew of 261. The men who became stranded on their vessels were maintenance staff. 188 men were rescued from the ships, and 26 bodies were recovered while the search continued for the remaining 47 men. Several other barges were rescued: "Gal Constructor" with 137 people, "Sagar Bhushan" (the oil rig) with 101 people, "SS03" with 202 men, and "M.V. Daniel" (the freight ship) with 202 people. Nine crewmembers were tugged ashore when the tug, "Coromandal Supporter IX", went aground off of Karnataka. Two other boats lost power and were in need of a tow in rough conditions. The Maharashtra government later criticised the company for ignoring warnings of Cyclone Tauktae.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: In Pakistan, the outer wind field of the storm reached as far as lower Sindh province. At least five people, including two children, died in roof and wall collapse incidents; with twelve wounded in separate incidents. The dust storm also caused to uproot trees, signboard and electric poles. The Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) recorded of rain in the city. It cause a heatwave in the city with temperatures reaching as high as . In Maldives and Sri Lanka, over 730 families were affected by the cyclone.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) chief, S.N. Pradhan, said that doctors and various medical staff were sent to the affected states, as well as 100 relief teams. However, only vaccinated personnel were sent. Special arrangements for hospitals, COVID-19 support, and other needs were made to ensure electricity would not be interrupted.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: In Kerala and Karnataka, thousands sought refuge in relief camps due to their homes being damaged by Tauktae, according to the two states' chief ministers. Large amounts of concern lingered for hospitals' abilities to keep enough oxygen for COVID-19 patients, as well as plants generating enough of it. After taking an aerial trip of the areas hit by Tauktae, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that he would give for immediate relief in Gujarat. He also stated he would give each to families who had their members die in the cyclone. A sum of would be paid to those injured. He assured that the central government was working closely with the affected states. An inter-ministerial team was also planned to be sent to Gujarat to assess the damage. After, aid would be extended. Due to the unexpected intensity of the cyclone, rescue operations were slower than previously thought. As of May 19, the true number of missing people is still being determined. Despite the power interruptions, all COVID-19 hospitals remained at least somewhat functional.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: Over 36,000 people were in mass shelters at one time. Evacuated people have been given necessary items in camps; however, they were feared to run out of food rations, hygiene items, and experience loss of lives. The cleaning and repair of huge amounts of houses was thought to be a main concern. Humanitarian assistance was desperately needed for six districts in Gujarat. 230 COVID-ICU patients in Mumbai were shifted from a jumbo COVID-19 center to other, more resilient centers. During a press briefing, the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Vijay Rupani stated that advance preparations and planning led to well-timed evacuations. He also extended the suspension of the COVID-19 vaccination drive by one day, and it was expected to resume on the May 20. UNICEF supported those affected by Tauktae and worked with the interagency group of Gujarat.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: The Government of Gujarat asked for additional from National Disaster Response Fund and from State Disaster Response Fund from the Government of India for relief works.


title: Cyclone Tauktae

text: Cyclone Tauktae also caused increased chlorophyll concentration on the coasts of Maharashtra and Gujarat.


title: Castaway Cay

text: Disney's Castaway Cay, or simply Castaway Cay (), is a private island in the Bahamas which serves as an exclusive port for the Disney Cruise Line ships. It is located near Great Abaco Island and was formerly known as Gorda Cay. In 1997, The Walt Disney Company purchased a 99-year land lease (through to 2096) for the cay from the Bahamian government, giving the company substantial control over the island.


title: Castaway Cay

text: Castaway Cay was the first private island in the cruise industry where the ship docks on the island, eliminating the need for guests to be tendered to land.


title: Castaway Cay

text: The island is still largely undeveloped as only 55 of the are being used. Castaway Cay now has approximately 140 Disney Cruise Line permanent residents who keep the island running daily.


title: Castaway Cay

text: Gorda Cay was first settled in 1783. Gorda's airstrip (now Castaway Cay Airport) was once used as a stop in the 1930s for bootleggers and later, drug runners.


title: Castaway Cay

text: Gorda Cay had also been used for filming. The beach where Tom Hanks first encounters a nude Daryl Hannah in "Splash" is on the island, and parts of the film "" were filmed on the cay as well.


title: Castaway Cay

text: In 1997, the Disney Cruise Line purchased a 99-year lease for Gorda Cay from the Bahamian government and renamed it Castaway Cay, intending for it to be the line's private island. The company spent $25 million over 18 months of construction. This included dredging 50,000 truckloads of sand from the Atlantic Ocean. The pier and its approaches (a 1,700 foot channel) were constructed to allow Disney ships to dock directly alongside the island, thus removing the need for tenders to get the passengers ashore.


title: Castaway Cay

text: An additional race, Castaway Cay Challenge, was added to the Walt Disney World Marathon weekend series in 2015 with the 5K race taking place on Castaway Cay.


title: Castaway Cay

text: A post office on the island has special Bahamian postage and postmark specific to Disney Cruise Line. The island is developed in the theme of a castaway community with buildings made to look as if they had been improvised after a shipwreck. The facilities are maintained like any other Disney theme park; the shops accept guests' stateroom keys for payment. Food service is operated as an extension of the cruise package. A variety of activities are available to guests including bicycle rentals, personal watercraft rentals, massages overlooking the ocean, snorkeling, parasailing, volleyball, and basketball. There are monkey bars and a rope for children to climb across set about into the ocean on one beach and a slide about into the ocean on another beach. There are three beaches for guests: one exclusively for families, one exclusively for cabana guests, and another exclusively for adults, called Serenity Bay.


title: Castaway Cay

text: Two submarine-ride vehicles from the now-closed ride at Walt Disney World lie underwater in the snorkeling area. The "Flying Dutchman" pirate ship, from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" film series, was formerly on display in the lagoon, but as of November 2010, it had been removed and taken to another location on the island where it was dismantled.


title: Richard Davalos

text: Richard Davalos (November 5, 1930 – March 8, 2016) was an American stage, film, and television actor.


title: Richard Davalos

text: Davalos was born in New York City of Spanish and Finnish descent. At age six, he acted in a school performance of "Cinderella", in which he played both the talking mirror and the prince.


title: Richard Davalos

text: Davalos appeared in "East of Eden" (1955) as James Dean's brother Aron and portrayed the convict Blind Dick in "Cool Hand Luke" (1967). His other film credits include roles in "I Died a Thousand Times" (1955), "All the Young Men" (1960), "The Cabinet of Caligari" (1962), "Pit Stop" (1969), "Kelly's Heroes" (1970), "Brother, Cry for Me" (1970), "Hot Stuff" (1979), "Death Hunt" (1981), "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (1983) and "Ninja Cheerleaders" (2008).


title: Richard Davalos

text: He won the 1956 Theatre World Award for his performances in the Arthur Miller plays "A View from the Bridge" and "A Memory of Two Mondays".


title: Richard Davalos

text: In a 1960 episode of the drama "Bonanza", Davalos played a young man planning to kill his father, a sheriff who had sent him to prison. In the American Civil War television series, "The Americans", broadcast by NBC in 1961, he played Jeff, the younger brother who joined the Confederate Army, in opposition to Ben, the older brother, played by Darryl Hickman, who joined the Union Army. In 1962, Davalos appeared on "Perry Mason" as James Anderson in "The Case of the Hateful Hero." In 1964, he appeared in "The Case of the Ice-Cold Hands." He guest-starred in an episode of the espionage drama series "Blue Light" in 1966.


title: Richard Davalos

text: Davalos is the father of actress Elyssa Davalos and musician Dominique Davalos, and grandfather of actress Alexa Davalos ("The Chronicles of Riddick").


title: Richard Davalos

text: An image of Davalos appears on the covers of The Smiths' albums "Strangeways, Here We Come", "Best...I", and "...Best II".


title: Château d'Yquem

text: Château d'Yquem () is a "Premier Cru Supérieur" (Fr: "Superior First Growth") wine from the Sauternes, Gironde region in the southern part of the Bordeaux vineyards known as Graves. In the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, Château d'Yquem was the only Sauternes given this rating, indicating its perceived superiority and higher prices over all other wines of its type. Yquem's success stems largely from the site's susceptibility to attack by "noble rot" (a particular kind of infestation by "Botrytis cinerea").


title: Château d'Yquem

text: Wines from Château d'Yquem are characterised by their complexity, concentration and sweetness, which is balanced by relatively high acidity. With proper care, a bottle will keep for a century or more, and the fruity overtones will gradually fade and integrate with more complex secondary and tertiary flavours.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: Since 1959, Château d'Yquem has also produced a dry white wine called "Ygrec" (Fr: the letter "Y"), made predominantly from Sauvignon blanc and a few lots of Sémillon. It was originally produced only in select years; since 2004 it has been produced every year.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: Chateau d'Yquem was acquired by Jacques de Sauvage in December 1593. De Sauvage acquired the property from the French monarchy by exchanging other lands that he owned for what was then referred to as the 'House of Yquem'. The site has been home to a vineyard since at least 1711 when the estate became fully owned by Léon de Sauvage d'Yquem. In 1785 it passed to the Lur-Saluces family when Françoise-Joséphine de Sauvage d'Yquem married Count Louis-Amédée de Lur-Saluces, a godson of Louis XV and Lady Victoire de France. Monsieur Lur-Saluces died three years later, and his wife subsequently focused her energy on sustaining and improving the estate.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: While Minister Plenipotentiary to France, Thomas Jefferson visited the château and later wrote, "Sauterne. This is the best white wine of France and the best of it is made by Monsieur de Lur-Saluces." Jefferson ordered 250 bottles of the 1784 vintage for himself, and additional bottles for George Washington. However, at that time the technique of allowing noble rot to infect grapes had not yet been discovered, so the wine Jefferson was drinking was a different and less sweet wine .


title: Château d'Yquem

text: The 1811 Château d'Yquem, a comet vintage, has exhibited what wine experts like Robert Parker have described as exceptional longevity with Parker scoring the wine a perfect 100 points when tasted in 1996.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: After the 1968 death of the Marquis Bernard de Lur-Saluces, the château was run by Comte Alexandre de Lur-Saluces, a minority (7%) owner. The Comte inherited a typical annual production of 66,000 bottles a year. After the 1973 oil crisis, demand fell and prices plummeted. The price of a bottle of d'Yquem dropped to 35 francs; prices began to rise only in the 1980s.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: Under the Comte's leadership, "tractors replaced horses, collapsing cellars were renovated, and unused acreage was planted", with production in good years reaching 100,000 bottles and sales about $10 million.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: Following a bitter family feud and the decision of Eugene de Lur-Saluces (Alexandre's other brother) to sell part of his 47% share of the business, on 28 November 1996, to the French luxury goods giant LVMH Moët Hennessy – Louis Vuitton bought 55% of Château d'Yquem from the family of the Comte Alexandre de Lur-Saluces for about $100 million. The Comte, after first challenging the sale in court for over two years, was kept as the manager of the estate.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: On 17 May 2004, the Comte retired and was replaced by the current managing director of Château Cheval Blanc, Pierre Lurton. The Comte had been known for being particularly dedicated towards maintaining quality, going so far as to reject an entire batch of the wine if he did not like the results of a randomised testing.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: In 2006, a 135-year vertical (containing every vintage from 1860 to 2003) was sold by The Antique Wine Company in London for $1.5 million, one of the highest prices ever paid for a single lot of wine. Also that year, Dior and Château d'Yquem together created a skin care product made from the sap of the Yquem vines.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: In July 2011, an 1811 bottle of Château d'Yquem sold for £75,000 ($117,000) at The Ritz Hotel, London to a private collector, Christian Vannequé, to become the most expensive bottle of white wine ever sold.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: The vineyard has in the Sauternes appellation, though only are in production at any time. Each year, vines from two to three hectares are grubbed up and left fallow for a year. Since grapes from newly planted vines are not worthy of the chateau name for five to seven years, about 20 hectares are held in reserve each year. The vines consist of 80% Sémillon and 20% Sauvignon blanc, though the latter's vigour implies the proportions are more nearly equal in the final wine.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: Harvesting is carefully timed, and on average six tries through the vineyard are undertaken each year to ensure that only the botrytized grapes are selected. The yield averages nine hectolitres per hectare (2.5 acres), compared to the usual twelve to twenty hectolitres per hectare in Sauternes. The grapes are pressed three times and transferred to oak barrels for maturation over a period of about three years.


title: Château d'Yquem

text: On average, 65,000 bottles are produced each year. In a poor vintage, the entire crop is deemed unworthy of bearing the Château's name and sold anonymously; this happened nine times in the 20th century: 1910, 1915, 1930, 1951, 1952, 1964, 1972, 1974, and 1992 and in the 21st century one time: 2012.


title: Human resource management system

text: A human resources management system (HRMS) or Human Resources Information System (HRIS) or Human Capital Management (HCM) is a form of Human Resources (HR) software that combines a number of systems and processes to ensure the easy management of human resources, business processes and data. Human resources software is used by businesses to combine a number of necessary HR functions, such as storing employee data, managing payroll, recruitment, benefits administration (total rewards), time and attendance, employee performance management, and tracking competency and training records.


title: Human resource management system

text: A human resources management system ensures everyday human resources processes are manageable and easy to access. The field merges human resources as a discipline and, in particular, its basic HR activities and processes with the information technology field. This software category is analogous to how data processing systems evolved into the standardized routines and packages of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. On the whole, these ERP systems have their origin from software that integrates information from different applications into one universal database. The linkage of financial and human resource modules through one database creates the distinction that separates an HRMS, HRIS, or HCM system from a generic ERP solution.


title: Human resource management system

text: The trend of automating payroll and workforce management processes began during the 1970s. Due to limited technology and mainframe computers, companies were still relying on manual entry to conduct employee evaluation and to digitize reporting.


title: Human resource management system

text: The first enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that integrated human resources functions was SAP R/2 (later to be replaced by R/3 and S/4hana), introduced in 1979. This system gave users the possibility to combine corporate data in real time and regulate processes from a single mainframe environment. Many of today's popular HR systems still offer considerable ERP and payroll functionality.


title: Human resource management system

text: The first completely HR-centered client-server system for the enterprise market was PeopleSoft, released in 1987 and later bought by Oracle in 2005. Hosted and updated by clients, PeopleSoft overtook the mainframe environment concept in popularity. Oracle has also developed multiple similar BPM systems to automate corporate operations, including Oracle Cloud HCM.


title: Human resource management system

text: Beginning in the late 1990s, HR vendors, like Softscape, started offering cloud-hosted HR services to make this technology more accessible to small and remote teams. Instead of a client-server, companies began using online accounts on web-based portals to access their employees' performance. Mobile applications have also become more common.


title: Human resource management system

text: HRIS and HRMS technologies have allowed HR professionals to shy away from their traditional administrative work and have inserted them as strategic assets to the company. For example, these roles include employee development, as well as analyzing the workforce to target talent-rich areas.


title: Human resource management system

text: The function of human resources departments is administrative and common to all organizations. Organizations may have formalized selection, evaluation, and payroll processes. Management of "human capital" has progressed to an imperative and complex process. The HR function consists of tracking existing employee data, which traditionally includes personal histories, skills, capabilities, accomplishments, and salary. To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing specialized human resource management systems.


title: Human resource management system

text: HR executives rely on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS. Before client–server architectures evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to mainframe computers that could handle large amounts of data transactions. In consequence of the high capital investment necessary to buy or program proprietary software, these internally developed HRMS were limited to organizations that possessed a large amount of capital. The advent of client-server, application service provider, and software as a service (SaaS) or human resource management systems enabled higher administrative control of such systems. Currently, human resource management systems tend to encompass:


title: Human resource management system

text: The payroll module automates the pay process by gathering data on employee time and attendance, calculating various deductions and taxes, and generating periodic pay cheques and employee tax reports. Data is generally fed from human resources and timekeeping modules to calculate automatic deposit and manual cheque writing capabilities. This module can encompass all employee-related transactions as well as integrate with existing financial management systems.


title: Human resource management system

text: The time and attendance module gathers standardized time and work related efforts. The most advanced modules provide broad flexibility in data collection methods, labor distribution capabilities and data analysis features. Cost analysis and efficiency metrics are the primary functions.


title: Human resource management system

text: The benefits administration module provides a system for organizations to administer and track employee participation in benefits programs. These typically encompass insurance, compensation, profit sharing, and retirement.


title: Human resource management system

text: The HR management module is a component covering many other HR aspects from application to retirement. The system records basic demographic and address data, selection, training and development, capabilities and skills management, compensation planning records and other related activities. Leading edge systems provide the ability to "read" applications and enter relevant data to applicable database fields, notify employers and provide position management and position control. Human resource management function involves the recruitment, placement, evaluation, compensation, and development of the employees of an organization. Initially, businesses used computer-based information systems to:


title: Human resource management system

text: Online recruiting has become one of the primary methods employed by HR departments to garner potential candidates for available positions within an organization. Talent management systems, or recruitment modules, offer an integrated hiring solution for HRMS which typically encompass:


title: Human resource management system

text: The significant cost incurred in maintaining an organized recruitment effort, cross-posting within and across general or industry-specific job boards and maintaining a competitive exposure of availabilities has given rise to the development of a dedicated applicant tracking system (ATS) module.


title: Human resource management system

text: The training module provides a system for organizations to administer and track employee training and development efforts. The system, normally called a "learning management system" (LMS) if a standalone product, allows HR to track education, qualifications, and skills of the employees, as well as outlining what training courses, books, CDs, web-based learning or materials are available to develop which skills. Courses can then be offered in date specific sessions, with delegates and training resources being mapped and managed within the same system. Sophisticated LMSs allow managers to approve training, budgets, and calendars alongside performance management and appraisal metrics.


title: Human resource management system

text: The employee self-service module allows employees to query HR related data and perform some HR transactions over the system. Employees may query their attendance record from the system without asking the information from HR personnel. The module also lets supervisors approve O.T. requests from their subordinates through the system without overloading the task on HR department.


title: Human resource management system

text: Many organizations have gone beyond the traditional functions and developed human resource management information systems, which support recruitment, selection, hiring, job placement, performance appraisals, employee benefit analysis, health, safety, and security, while others integrate an outsourced applicant tracking system that encompasses a subset of the above.


title: Human resource management system

text: The analytics module enables organizations to extend the value of an HRMS implementation by extracting HR related data for use with other business intelligence platforms. For example, organizations combine HR metrics with other business data to identify trends and anomalies in headcount in order to better predict the impact of employee turnover on future output.


title: Human resource management system

text: There are now many types of HRMS or HRIS, some of which are typically local-machine-based software packages; the other main type is an online cloud-based system that can be accessed via a web browser.


title: Human resource management system

text: The staff training module enables organizations the ability to enter, track and manage employee and staff training. Each type of activity can be recorded together with the additional data. The performance of each employee or staff member is then stored and can be accessed via the Analytics module.


title: Human resource management system

text: Employee reassign module is a recent additional functionality of HRMS. This module has the functions of transfer, promotion, pay revision, re-designation, deputation, confirmation, pay mode change and letter form.


title: Human resource management system

text: Employee self-service (ESS) provides employees access to their personal records and details. ESS features include allowing employees to change their contact details, banking information, and benefits. ESS also allows for administrative tasks such as applying for leave, seeing absence history, reviewing timesheets and tasks, inquiring about available loan programs, requesting overtime payment, viewing compensation history, and submitting reimbursement slips. With the emergence of ESS, employees are able to transact with their Human Resources office remotely.


title: Human resource management system

text: With ESS features, employees can take more responsibility for their present job, skill development, and career planning. As part of HRIS, feedback is given for skill profiles, training and learning, objective setting, appraisals and reporting/analytics. These systems are especially useful for businesses with remote workers, where employees are highly mobile, have flexible working, or not collocated with their manager.


title: Hyungwon

text: Chae Hyung-won (, born January 15, 1994), mononymously as Hyungwon, is a South Korean singer, dancer, actor, model, DJ, songwriter, and producer. In 2015, he debuted in the South Korean boy group Monsta X, through the Mnet's survival show "No.Mercy", under Starship Entertainment. In 2017, he began performing as a DJ, under the stage name DJ H.ONE.


title: Hyungwon

text: In 2014, while being a trainee at Starship Entertainment, he worked as a model for various fashion shows, such as W Hotel and Ceci Fashion Show.


title: Hyungwon

text: Beginning in December 2014, he competed in the Mnet's survival show "No.Mercy", through which he debuted in the new hip-hop boy group Monsta X.


title: Hyungwon

text: In January 2016, he appeared in K.Will's music video "You Call It Romance", where his performance gained praise for giving the music video a drama-like atmosphere.


title: Hyungwon

text: The following year, in March 2017, Hyungwon made his official acting debut with "Please Find Her", airing on KBS2. He played the supporting role of Jeon Ik-soo.


title: Hyungwon

text: In May, Hyungwon began activities as a DJ, using the stage name DJ H.ONE, and performed a special stage in the KCON event KCON 2017 Japan, along with DJ Justin Oh, held at Makuhari Messe in Tokyo.


title: Hyungwon

text: On June 10, he and DJ Justin Oh also appeared and performed together in the EDM festival Ultra Music Festival Korea, held at Jamsil Olympic Stadium in Seoul.


title: Hyungwon

text: In September, Hyungwon's first single was in collaboration with DJ Justin Oh, titled "BAM!BAM!BAM!", which featured fellow group member Jooheon.


title: Hyungwon

text: In December, he released a single as part of his work on the TV show "Mix and the City", with DJ Justin Oh as producer, titled "1(One)", as well as the single "Just One More", produced by Cash Cash, with Jessi, Hyomin, Tritops, Jimin, and Xie.


title: Hyungwon

text: In June 2018, Hyungwon once again was featured in the EDM festival Ultra Music Festival Korea, held at Everland Speedway in Seoul.


title: Hyungwon

text: In July, he released the single "My Name", which featured Talksick, in collaboration with Dutch DJ Jimmy Clash.


title: Hyungwon

text: Hyungwon collaborated with Hongbin and the producer dress for Pepsi's "The Love of Summer: The Performance", releasing the song "Cool Love" on July 10, 2019.


title: Hyungwon

text: In 2020, Hyungwon participated in the writing, composing, and arranging for the song "Nobody Else" for Monsta X's album "Fatal Love". He collaborated again with Justin Oh for the track, and it is the first song in which he was involved in each aspect of the song production. It was noted for showing Hyungwon's musical range when composing music, being so distinct in style from his EDM tracks as a DJ. In January 2021, the song charted at number ten on the "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales chart.


title: Hyungwon

text: In June 2021, Hyungwon and Minhyuk were selected as new cast members for Youtube channel "Inssa Oppa". For the show, they transformed into different "sub-characters" for each episode to introduce the latest trends and G-Market global shop products in entertainment format.


title: Hyungwon

text: In July, Hyungwon with other Monsta X members' Shownu and I.M joined Pepsi's "Taste of Korea" summer campaign, releasing a promotional single "Summer Taste", alongside Rain, Brave Girls members' Yujeong and Yuna, and Ateez members' Hongjoong and Yunho.


title: Hyungwon

text: In August, MBC's "Idol Radio" announced its second season to begin airing on August 9, with Hyungwon as a DJ alongside his group member Joohoney. The program is live streamed through Universe and aired through MBC Radio.


title: Hyungwon

text: In November, Hyungwon starred in the new KakaoTV musical web series "Fly Again" as Han Yo-han, his first-ever lead role. It revolved around how he changed his dream, from being a genius dancer to becoming an idol upon meeting the school's dance club "Villainz". In December, he released an OST for the web series, titled "Picture", a dance song.


title: Hyungwon

text: In March 2022, Hyungwon and Minhyuk returned for the sixth season of "Inssa Oppa". For this season, they focused on a concept of "what if" and perform situational plays on various themes, moving freely to any desired time, such as the past, present, and future. He tested positive for COVID-19 on March 28.


title: Hyungwon

text: In September, Hyungwon was cast as the main character in the new JTBC drama "President Idol Mart", alongside Exo's Xiumin and Lee Shin-young, produced by The Great Show. It is a drama depicting episodes that occur while former members of an idol group run a mart. On September 30, he attended the DJing party "2022 DG Night", held at the Martini Bar of Dolce & Gabbana, as well as participating in the Tommy Hilfiger's pop-up store in Cheongdam-dong, Seoul, to showcase a capsule collection in collaboration with Richard Quinn, winner of the "Queen Elizabeth II British Design Award", alongside Twice's Nayeon.


title: Hyungwon

text: On October 20, Hyungwon hosted and performed at MBC's "Idol Radio"s first overseas concert Idol Radio Live in Tokyo, alongside his group member Joohoney and Got7's Youngjae, with several other artists, held at Tokyo Garden Theater in Tokyo.


title: Hyungwon

text: Hyungwon, as an individual and a member of Monsta X, is expanding his field of activity and is making a trending move as an "all-rounder". He has boasted of "excellent model fit" by digesting various concepts, is also receiving a rush of love calls from the industry, such as advertising models, various pictorials, beauty, fashion, and catering as if proving his infinite potential as a solo artist. He participated in various festivals, proving his high-quality DJing skills, along with acting in various shows. Hyungwon, having a limitless spectrum of music, acting, and DJing, is being reborn as an "all-rounder" from "global trend".


title: Hyungwon

text: Hyungwon appeared on Lee Young-ji's web entertainment show "I Haven't Set Up", released on August 12. Although his appearance was not for publicity purposes, it is loved by many people, surpassing 4.6 million views within three days of being released, such as recording the number one video on YouTube everyday. He also became the hot topic and went viral in every social media platforms because of his visuals and humor, performing as a "complete all-rounder". His episode also ranked first on YouTube's most popular video for three days in a row and surpassed 5 million views within four days of being released.


title: Hyungwon

text: Hyungwon started producing and working on external songs, as he composed, wrote, and arranged for AB6IX's song "Complicated", from the group's sixth EP "Take a Chance". He also composed, wrote, and arranged two songs, "Bad Liar" and "Where Is This Love", for fellow group member Kihyun's first EP "Youth". Hyungwon participated as a producer in the American sports-themed beverage and food products brand Gatorade's campaign advertisement music (featuring Kim Yuna and Lee Dong-gook).


title: Hyungwon

text: In November 2021, as part of Monsta X's promotional campaign for traditional Korean culture, Hyungwon and Minhyuk participated in a video narration for the YouTube series "Kimchi Universe 3", jointly produced by Daesang Jonggajib and World Kimchi Research Institute together with Professor Seo Kyung-duk of Sungshin Women's University. The video explains how "kimchi" became known all over the world through the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Seoul Olympics, culminating with Gimjang, the traditional practice of preparing and preserving "kimchi", being registered on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2013.


title: Hyungwon

text: In 2019, Hyungwon alongside VIXX's Hongbin became the Korean representatives for the global beverage brand Pepsi's "The Love of Summer" campaign.


title: Hyungwon

text: In 2021, he joined Pepsi's "Taste of Korea" summer campaign, alongside Rain, Monsta X members' Shownu and I.M, Brave Girls members' Yujeong and Yuna, and Ateez members' Hongjoong and Yunho. In July, Hyungwon has also been selected as new model for the Korean cosmetic brand Wellage through the Korean star and style magazine "AtStyle".


title: Hyungwon

text: In July 2022, he became the model for the French premium mineral water brand Evian. The company also launches a limited edition collection with the beagle character Snoopy. In August, Hyungwon became the model for the French cosmetic brand Avène through the Korean fashion, beauty, and life magazine "Singles". In October, he became a model of the American denim jeans brand Lee's winter collection through the fashion magazine "W Korea". On November 6, Hyungwon renewed his model contract for the Korean cosmetic brand Wellage.


title: Hyungwon

text: In January 2022, Hyungwon donated 00,000 through the idol fandom community service My Favorite Idol, for his birthday. It will be delivered to the Miral Welfare Foundation and used as fund for the disabled who are isolated due to COVID-19. On March 30, he donated ,000,000 through Yeouldol, a non-profit organization that helps children with rare diseases, together with Wellage. On October 28, Hyungwon attended the fashion magazine "W Korea"s breast cancer awareness campaign "Love Your W" charity event, with his group member Minhyuk, held at the Four Seasons Hotel in Gwanghwamun, Seoul.


title: Bowl game

text: In North America, a bowl game is one of a number of post-season college football games that are primarily played by teams belonging to the NCAA's Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). For most of its history, the Division I Bowl Subdivision had avoided using a playoff tournament to determine an annual national champion, which was instead traditionally determined by a vote of sports writers and other non-players. In place of such a playoff, various cities across the United States developed their own regional festivals featuring post-season college football games. Prior to 2002, bowl game statistics were not included in players' career totals. Despite attempts to establish a permanent system to determine the FBS national champion on the field (such as the Bowl Coalition from 1992 to 1994, the Bowl Alliance from 1995 to 1997, the Bowl Championship Series from 1998 to 2013, and the College Football Playoff from 2014 to the present), various bowl games continue to be held because of the vested economic interests entrenched in them.


title: Bowl game

text: Bowl games originally featured the very best teams in college football, with strict bowl eligibility requirements for teams to receive an invitation to a bowl game in a particular year; as of 1971, there were only 10 team-competitive (as compared to all-star) bowl games. The number of bowl games has grown, reaching 20 games by the 1997 season, then rapidly expanding beyond 30 games by the 2006 season and 40 team-competitive games (not including the College Football Playoff National Championship) by the 2015 season. The increase in bowl games has necessitated a significant easing of the NCAA bowl eligibility rules, since reduced to allow teams with non-winning 6–6 records (numerous teams since 2002 season) and even losing 5–6 and 5–7 seasons (10 teams since the 2001 season) to fill some of the many available bowl slots.


title: Bowl game

text: The term "bowl" originated from the Rose Bowl stadium, site of the first post-season college football games. The Rose Bowl Stadium, in turn, takes its name and bowl-shaped design from the Yale Bowl, the prototype of many football stadiums in the United States. The term has since become almost synonymous with any major American football event, generally collegiate football with some significant exceptions. Two examples are the Egg Bowl, the name of the annual matchup between the Mississippi State Bulldogs and the Ole Miss Rebels, and the Iron Bowl, a nickname given to the annual game between the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Auburn Tigers. In professional football, the names of the National Football League (NFL)'s Super Bowl and Pro Bowl are references to college football bowl games.


title: Bowl game

text: The use of the term has crossed over into professional and collegiate Canadian football. A notable example is the annual Banjo Bowl between the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). In Canadian university football, U Sports plays two semi-final "bowl games" before the Vanier Cup national championship game, the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. The matchups are determined on a conference rotation basis, with the Uteck Bowl being played at the easternmost host team, while the Mitchell is at the westernmost host team.


title: Bowl game

text: The history of the bowl game began with the 1902 Tournament East-West football game, sponsored by the Tournament of Roses Association between Michigan and Stanford, a game which Michigan won 49-0. The Tournament of Roses eventually sponsored an annual contest starting with the 1916 Tournament East-West Football Game. With the 1923 Rose Bowl it began to be played at the newly completed Rose Bowl stadium, and thus the contest itself became known as the Rose Bowl game. The name "bowl" to describe the games thus comes from the Rose Bowl stadium. Other cities saw the promotional value for tourism that the Tournament of Roses parade and Rose Bowl carried and began to develop their own regional festivals which included college football games. The label "bowl" was attached to the festival name, even though the games were not always played in bowl-shaped stadiums.


title: Bowl game

text: The historic timing of bowl games, around the new year, is the result of two factors—warm climate and ease of travel. The original bowls began in warm climates such as Southern California, Louisiana, Florida, and Texas as a way to promote the area for tourism and business. Since commercial air travel was either non-existent or very limited, the games were scheduled well after the end of the regular season to allow fans to travel to the game site. While modern travel is more convenient, all but 5 of 41 bowl games (as of 2016-17) are still located in cities below approximately 36° N.


title: Bowl game

text: Currently, college football bowl games are played from mid-December to early January. As the number of bowl games has increased, the number of games a team would need to win to be invited to a bowl game has decreased. With a 12-game schedule, a number of teams with only 5 wins have been invited to a bowl game.


title: Bowl game

text: As of the completion of the 2018 season, the University of Alabama has played in more bowl games than any other school, with 69 appearances (counting College Football Playoff semifinals and finals). Alabama also holds the record for most bowl victories with 41 under that same metric. As of the 2019 season, the Virginia Tech Hokies holds the official NCAA-recognized record of consecutive bowl berths, along with the longest active streak of consecutive bowl appearances, at 26 straight bowls.


title: Bowl game

text: Florida State held the record of consecutive bowl berths at 36 bowl appearances from 1982 until 2017. However, it is not recognized by the NCAA due to the NCAA vacated FSU's 2006 Emerald Bowl victory over UCLA due to an academic issue.


title: Bowl game

text: The Rose Bowl was the only major college bowl game in 1930. By 1940, there were five major college bowl games: the Rose Bowl, the Sugar Bowl (1935), the Cotton Bowl Classic (1937), the Orange Bowl (1935), and the Sun Bowl (1935). By 1950, the number had increased to eight games. This figure of eight bowl games persisted through 1960, but by 1970 the number had increased again, to 11 games. The number continued to increase, to 15 games in 1980, to 19 games in 1990, 25 games in 2000, 35 games in 2010, and 41 games by 2015 (40 games plus two teams playing a second game to determine the National Champion). Up until around the 1950s, the small number of games were played solely on New Year's Day, with the only major exception being the holiday occurring on a Sunday. The tradition of not playing bowl games on Sunday initially started from the Rose Parade and Rose Bowl not being held on Sundays for fear of spooking horses tied at churches, but in later years was done to avoid conflict with NFL games. For the 2016–17 bowl season, the 41 games require a little over three weeks, starting December 17 and ending on January 9. While bowl games were originally exclusive to warm cities thought of as winter vacation destinations, indoor stadiums allow games to be played in colder climates.


title: Bowl game

text: The attendance of 106,869 for the 1973 Rose Bowl set the Rose Bowl Stadium record, as well as the NCAA bowl game attendance record. The Rose Bowl stadium still is the largest capacity stadium and the Rose Bowl game has the highest attendance for post season bowl games.


title: Bowl game

text: In the 1990s, many bowl games began to modify or abandon their traditional names in favor of selling naming rights. While some include the traditional name in some form (e.g. the "Rose Bowl Game presented by Northwestern Mutual"), others have totally eliminated their traditional name in favor of solely using their corporate sponsor's name (e.g. the former "Citrus Bowl" became the "Capital One Bowl" for some time after the financial services company Capital One bought the naming rights; it later reverted to its original name in 2015).