title: Tom Ketchum

text: Following this event, Thomas Ketchum joined other outlaws of the Hole in the Wall Gang and continued a life of crime, focusing on train robberies, although when not robbing trains they worked for several ranches in New Mexico and Texas. Several other notable outlaws operated out of Hole In The Wall, which was a hideout for numerous outlaw gangs which operated separately. The famous Wild Bunch gang, led by Butch Cassidy and Elzy Lay, operated out of there. One Wild Bunch gang member, Kid Curry, along with his brother Lonny Curry, had previously ridden with Black Jack Ketchum and his gang. He and Ketchum did not like each other, and Ketchum avoided Curry as much as possible. Kid Curry would kill nine lawmen over the course of the next eight years.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: During this time, Tom Ketchum was once identified mistakenly as "Black Jack" Christian, another outlaw, and that became his nickname as well. Three of the train robberies that the gang committed were near the same location, between Folsom and Des Moines, New Mexico Territory. This was at the point where the old Fort Union wagon road crossed the Colorado and Southern Rail Road tracks near Twin Mountain.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: On September 3, 1897, they committed their first robbery at Twin Mountain. Then, on July 11, 1899, the gang, without Black Jack, robbed the train again at Twin Mountain. After the robbery, Sam and several unknown gang members, in addition to Wild Bunch gang members Will Carver and William Ellsworth "Elzy" Lay, headed for the mountains southwest of Raton, New Mexico Territory. The next day, a posse consisting of Sheriff Ed Farr of Huerfano County, Colorado, Special Agent W.H. Reno of the Colorado & Southern Railroad, and five deputies found their trail and tracked them into Turkey Creek Canyon near Cimarron, New Mexico. There, the posse engaged them in a gun battle. Sam Ketchum and two deputies were wounded seriously, and the gang escaped.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: Sam Ketchum's wounds slowed the intended escape, and they made it only a short distance from the initial shootout. Several members of the posse cornered the Ketchum gang a few days later, still in the same area of the Territory. Deputy W. H. Love and Sheriff Ed Farr engaged the outlaws in another gun battle, resulting in both Love and Farr being killed, while the posse wounded at least two unknown members of the gang. Sam Ketchum escaped, but was found a few days later by Special Agent Reno at the home of a rancher, where he was arrested.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: Sam Ketchum was taken to the Santa Fe Territorial Prison, where he died from his gunshot wounds. He was buried in the Odd Fellows rest Cemetery, now the Fairview Cemetery on Cerrillos Rd. in Santa Fe.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: "Elzy" or "Elza" (William Ellsworth) Lay was born November 25, 1868, Mount Pleasant, Ohio. Lay had come out west to Denver, and became an outlaw after mistakenly believing he had killed a man. Jailed for life after the killing of Sheriff Farr after the Folsom robbery, he was released in 1906. He returned to Alma, New Mexico Territory and lived there for two years. He stayed with Louis and Walter Jones, who in 1904 had built a large merchandise store at Alma. Elzy died aged 65 in Los Angeles, on November 10, 1934.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: On August 16, 1899, Tom Ketchum, supposedly knowing nothing of the July 11 hold-up which ended in the death of his brother Sam, single-handedly attempted to rob the same train again at the same place and in the same way that he and Sam and others had robbed it just a few weeks earlier. The train conductor, Frank Harrington, saw Tom approaching the moving train. He recognized him, grabbed a shotgun, and shot Tom in the arm, knocking him off his horse. The train continued, and the next day a posse came out and found Tom beside the tracks, badly wounded. He was transported to medical facilities at Trinidad, Colorado, and his right arm had to be amputated. He was nursed back to health and then sent to Clayton, New Mexico Territory, for trial.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: At the trial, Ketchum was convicted of attempted train robbery and sentenced to death. He was the only person ever hanged in Union County, New Mexico Territory (now Union County, New Mexico). He was also the only person who suffered capital punishment for the offense of "felonious assault upon a railway train" in New Mexico Territory (which did not become a state until 1912). Later, the law was found to be unconstitutional.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: Ketchum was executed by hanging in Clayton. Nobody in Clayton had any experience in conducting hangings; the rope was too long, and since Ketchum had gained a significant amount of weight during his time in jail, he was decapitated when he dropped through the trap door.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: Ketchum's last words were reported by the "San Francisco Chronicle" as: "Good-bye. Please dig my grave very deep. All right; hurry up."


title: Tom Ketchum

text: A popular postcard was made showing the body. Afterwards his head was sewn back onto the body for viewing, and he was interred at the Clayton Cemetery.


title: Tom Ketchum

text: Western actor Jack Elam portrayed Ketchum in an episode of the 1954–55 syndicated television series "Stories of the Century."


title: Tom Ketchum

text: Rhodes Reason played Ketchum in a 1959 episode of the American Western television series "Frontier Doctor".


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: Emanuel Navarrete Martínez (born 17 January 1995) is a Mexican professional boxer. He is a two-division world champion, having held the WBO junior featherweight title from 2018 to 2020 and the WBO featherweight title since October 2020. As of October 2022, he is ranked as the world's best active featherweight by "The Ring" and ESPN, second by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and BoxRec.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: Navarrete made his professional debut against Misael Ramirez on February 18, 2012. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. Navarrete amassed a 25–1 record during the next six years, winning all but three of those fights by way of stoppage.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: It was announced on October 17, 2018, that Navarrete would challenge the reigning WBO junior featherweight champion Isaac Dogboe, in what was Dogboe's second title defense. The bout was scheduled for the undercard of a December 8, 2018, Top Rank card headlined by a unified lightweight title fight between Vasyl Lomachenko and Jose Pedraza. The event took place at the Hulu Theater in New York City and was broadcast by ESPN in the Americas and by VITV in Dogboe's native Ghana. Navarrete entered the first title bout of his career as a significant underdog, with most odds-makers having him a +500 underdog, while Dogboe was seen as a -800 favorite. Despite this, Navarrete won the fight by unanimous decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 116–112 for him, while the third judge scored it 115–113 in his favor. Dogboe dropped Navarrete with a right hand in the ninth round, but no knockdown was called, as referee Benjy Esteves Jr. deemed it an illegal punch. The fight ended with Navarrete having landed (221 to 176) and thrown (804 to 686) more punches than Dogboe.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: The pair was scheduled to fight an immediate rematch on May 11, 2019, at the Convention Center in Tucson, Arizona. The rematch headlined a Top Rank card, broadcast by ESPN. Navarrete was more convincing in their second meeting, winning the fight by a later twelfth-round technical knockout. He was in control from the beginning of the fight, keeping Dogboe at range with jabs and accumulating damage with straight punches. Navarrete began to dominate from the ninth round onward, with the former champion visibly flagging. Doboe's father and coach finally threw in the towel in the final minute of the last round. Navarrete landed almost three times as many strikes as Dogboe, out-landing the Ghanaian 314 to 121 in total punches.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: It was revealed by ESPN on June 14, 2019, that Navarrete was expected to make his second title defense against the undefeated Francisco De Vaca at a date, location and venue which would be announced later. The fight was originally scheduled for the José Benavidez Jr. and Luis Collazo undercard, but was later promoted to headline the August 17 Top Rank card, after Benavidez withdrew due to injury. The fight took place at the Banc of California Stadium on Los Angeles, California, and was broadcast by ESPN. Navarrete justified his role as the betting favorite, winning the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Navarrete spent the entirety of the fight pressuring De Vaca, undeterred by the power coming back at him, finally finishing his opponent with a flurry of punches at the 1:54 minute mark of the third round.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: Five days after Navarrete made his second title defense, Top Rank vice-president Carl Moretti confirmed that Navarrete would make his third title defense against the #2 ranked WBO junior featherweight Juan Miguel Elorde. The fight was booked for the undercard of the Tyson Fury and Otto Wallin heavyweight bout, which took place on September 14, 2019, just 28 days after Navarrete's previous fight. The fight was broadcast on BT Sport and ESPN+ pay per view. Navarrete came into the fight as a -3000 favorite. Navarrete won the fight by a fourth-round technical knockout. He first knocked Elored down in the third round, before stopping him with a flurry of punches a round later.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: Navarrete was booked to make his fourth title WBO junior featherweight title defense against Francisco Horta, in his fourth fight of the year. The fight was scheduled as for the undercard of an ESPN broadcast Top Rank card which took place on December 7, 2019, at the Auditorio GNP Seguros in Puebla, Mexico. It was Navarrete's first title fight in his native Mexico. Navarrete won the fight by a fourth-round technical knockout. After a slow start, Navarrete began catching Horta with looping punches, finally stopping his opponent at the 2:09 minute mark of the fourth round.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: On January 30, 2020, it was announced that Navarrete would make the fifth defense of his title against Jeo Santisima. The fight was booked for the Deontay Wilder vs. Tyson Fury II pay per view undercard, which took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada on February 22, 2020. Navarrete once again justified his role as the favorite, winning the fight by an eleventh-round stoppage. Navarrete appeared to be unusually slow and fatigued throughout the bout, but still managed to stagger the Filipino challenger in the fifth round, before stopping him with a barrage of punches at the 2:20 minute mark of the eleventh round. Navarrete claimed that he had suffered a right thumb injury during the post-fight interview, saying: "I hurt him weirdly with my right hand and hurt my thumb but I had to plough through it".


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: Navarrete accepted a fight at featherweight against Uriel López on June 20, 2020, for his next bout. He won the fight by a sixth-round technical knockout. He dominated his opponent, out-landing him 190 to 49 in total punches, and 150 to 38 in power punches. Following this victory, Navarrete claimed he would vacate his junior featherweight title in the post-fight interview, should the other champions refuse to face him in a title unification bout. Navarrete officially vacated the WBO junior featherweight title on July 12, 2020, and moved up to featherweight. Due to the rules of the sanctioning body, he immediately became the mandatory challenger for the vacant WBO featherweight title.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: The WBO ordered their #2 ranked featherweight contender Jessie Magdaleno to face mandatory challenger and #1 ranked contender Navarrete for the vacant title. As the two camps were unable to come to terms regarding the bout, the WBO ordered a purse bid to be held, which was won by Top Rank with a bid of $250,000. Although the fight was initially expected to take place in October of the same year, the idea was later scrapped as Magdaleno failed to respond to a Top Rank contract offer, unsatisfied with the proposed purse. As such, the next highest ranked contender Ruben Villa accepted the fight instead. The fight for the vacant belt between Navarrete and Villa was booked as the main event of an October 9, 2020, ESPN broadcast card.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: Navarette won the fight by unanimous decision, slightly edging Villa on the strength of two knockdowns. He first knocked Villa down with a left uppercut near the end of the first round, while the second knockdown was the result of a left hook in the fourth round. Two of the judges scored the fight 114–112 in his favor, while the third judge awarded him a 115–111 scorecard. Navarrete landed 163 to Villa's 131 total punches, while the difference in power punches landed was far more pronounced, with Navarrete landing 131 to Villa's 58. During the post-fight interview, Navarette called for a title unification bout with the IBF featherweight champion Josh Warrington.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: Navarrate was booked to make his first WBO featherweight title defense against the one-time WBO junior lightweight title challenger Christopher Díaz. The fight was scheduled as the main event of an ESPN card that took place on April 24, 2021, at the Silver Spurs Arena in Kissimmee, Florida. Just as in all of his previous title defenses, Navarrete was seen as the favorite to retain, with most odds-makers having him as a -900 favorite. In front of a crowd of 3,262 people, Navarrete won the fight by a late twelfth-round technical knockout. He managed to knock Díaz a total of four times throughout the bout, with the final knockdown prompting both his corner-men and the referee to stop the fight. Navarrete landed 257 to Díaz's 183 total punches, with 241 of those being power punches.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: On April 27, 2021, just three days after his first title defense, it was revealed that Navarrete was in talks to face mandatory challenger Joet Gonzalez. Gonzalez had earned his mandatory status by beating the three-time world title challenger Miguel Marriaga. The fight was officially announced for the even headliner of an October 15, 2021, ESPN broadcast card, which took place at the Pechanga Arena in San Diego, California. Navarrete retained the title by unanimous decision. Two of the judges scored the fight 116–112 for Navarrete, while the third judge scored it 118–110 in his favor. Navarrete landed a hundred punches over what Gonzalez landed (272 to 169), and about fifty more power punches (204 to 150). He threw 979 punches throughout the twelve round bout, averaging 81.6 punches per round.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: On June 29, 2022, it was announced that Navarrete would make his third title defense against the #7 ranked WBO featherweight Eduardo Baez. The bout was scheduled as the main event of an ESPN broadcast card, which took place at the Pechanga Arena in San Diego, California on August 20, 2022. Navarrete overcame a slow start to win the bout by a sixth-round knockout. He hit Baez with a left hook to the body in the first minute of the sixth round, which led to his opponent taking a knee and being counted out at the 1:00 minute mark. Navarrete was down on the scorecards at the time of the stoppage, with two judges having Baez ahead 50–45 and 48–47, while the third judge had Navarrete leading 49–46. He floated the idea of moving up to super featherweight in his post-fight speech, stating: "I’m going to rest because we had a difficult and hard camp. We’re going to sit down and talk about if those options include fighting at 126 or 130 pounds". The fight averaged an audience of 485,000 viewers and peaked at 494,000.


title: Emanuel Navarrete

text: On November 9, 2022, the WBO formally ordered Navarette to face the two-weight world champion Óscar Valdez for the vacant WBO junior lightweight championship. He wasn't stripped of his featherweight title however, as he was granted a one-fight exception to move up in weight. The vacant title bout was scheduled as the main event of an ESPN broadcast card, which took place at the Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona on February 3rd, 2023. Valdez withdrew from the fight on December 13. Navarette was instead re-booked to face the once-defeated Liam Wilson for the vacant title.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: Umrao Jaan is a 2006 Indian Hindustani-language musical romantic drama film produced and directed by J. P. Dutta, based on the Urdu novel "Umrao Jaan Ada" and is about the famous courtesan of the title. Aishwarya Rai stars in the lead role along with Abhishek Bachchan, Shabana Azmi, Sunil Shetty, Divya Dutta, Himani Shivpuri and Kulbhushan Kharbanda in supporting roles.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: Produced on a budget of 150 million, "Umrao Jaan" was released on 3 November 2006 in 600700 screens worldwide and grossed 195.2 million.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: In 1840, a girl named Amiran (Aishwarya Rai) is kidnapped from her home in Faizabad by Dilawar Khan (Vishwajeet Pradhan) who had been sent to jail based upon the evidence presented by Amiran's father. To take his revenge, he kidnaps Amiran and sells her to a brothel in Lucknow run by Khannum Jaan (Shabana Azmi). Bua Hussaini (Himani Shivpuri) and Maulvi Sahib (Kulbhushan Kharbanda) adopt Amiran and treat her as their own daughter. In the company of Khurshid (Ayesha Jhulka), Bismillah (Divya Dutta), and one of the courtesan's sons, Gauhar Mirza (Puru Raaj Kumar), Amiran learns the art of being a courtesan, or "tawaif".


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: The girl turns into an elegant, poetic beauty by the name of Umrao Jaan (Aishwarya Rai). Umrao's beauty and poetry are enough to catch the eye of Nawab Sultan (Abhishek Bachchan). The two begin a passionate romance. Though Nawab's wealth grants him exclusivity, he is worried that Umrao may still offer her charms to other men - an accusation she detests. The lovers share blissful moments, but when Nawab's father hears of their relationship, he disowns the son from his life, wealth, and property. The penniless Nawab goes to stay in the house of his uncle, who is a judge in Ghari, to sort himself out; Umrao is left desolate without him and prays every day for his return.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: In the Nawab's absence, Umrao catches the eye of Faiz Ali (Sunil Shetty). Though she rejects his romantic advances, he determinedly pursues her and eventually asks her to accompany him to his home in Daulatabad. Umrao accepts, but only after she learns that they will be traveling through Ghari. Along the way, the whole party is arrested after a confrontation between Faiz Ali's men and a group of state soldiers. Faiz Ali is revealed to be a dacoit whom the soldiers have pursued for years. Nawab Sultan hears that Umrao and Faiz Ali are in Ghari and goes to meet Faiz Ali in prison. Faiz Ali, who then realizes that Umrao only accompanied him so that she could meet Nawab, manipulates the information concerning his time with Umrao and implies to the Nawab that they had a sexual relationship. The Nawab confronts Umrao and, feeling that she betrayed him, shuns her and sends her back to Lucknow. Umrao does not clarify the obvious misunderstanding, remembering a vow Nawab has taken to never insult her with accusations of infidelity and feeling that his failure to keep the promise has destroyed their love anyway. Heartbroken, she returns to her old life, but fate has other plans for her.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: In a drunken state, Umrao's childhood friend Gauhar Mirza (Puru Raaj Kumar), who has always been in love with her, becomes frustrated at her for rejecting his advances and rapes her. Soon after, the British attack the city, and she is forced to leave Lucknow. She and the refugees separate after she decides to go to Faizabad, her childhood home. There, she learns that her father is long dead. She meets her mother and brother, but they refuse to accept her because of her profession. Umrao, rejected by her family and her lover, leaves to return to Lucknow. Then, fate plays another joke on her: on her way out of the city, she encounters Dilawar Khan, the man who had kidnapped her and sold her to the brothel when she was a child. Poor, wretched, homeless, injured, and infected with leprosy, he begs Umrao for money, not recognizing who she is. She gives him her gold bangles and prays to God for his forgiveness. Ostracized by all and having forgiven those who destroyed her life, Umrao lives out the rest of her days in Lucknow with her poetry and ill fate.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: According to Dutta the film is based on the script written by his father O. P. Dutta, which in turn was adapted from the classic Urdu novel "Umrao Jan Ada" by Mirza Hadi Ruswa. The film was shot on location including some palaces from Jaipur. Saroj Khan was selected to choreograph the dances, but backed out owing to disagreements with director J. P. Dutta. She was replaced by Vaibhavi Merchant.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: Several of the roles were changed during pre-production. Priyanka Chopra was considered to play the part of Umrao Jaan, but could not allot the ninety consecutive dates required for shooting due to her prior commitments in "Bluffmaster!" (2005). Arshad Warsi was to star in the film as Gauhar Mirza, but dropped out soon after as he chose to appear in "Lage Raho Munna Bhai" (2006). Subsequently, Puru Raaj Kumar replaced Warsi. Shabana Azmi, who plays the role of Khannum Jaan, is the daughter of Shaukat Azmi, who played the same role in the 1981 version. Saif Ali Khan was approached for the role of Nawab Sultan in the film along with Akshaye Khanna in Faiz Ali's role, but both declined the film due to other projects. This led to Abhishek Bachchan replacing Saif Ali Khan, and Sunil Shetty replacing Akshaye Khanna.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: The music is by Anu Malik and the lyrics by Javed Akhtar. The full album is recorded by Alka Yagnik, Anmol Malik, Richa Sharma and Sonu Nigam, and was released on T-Series label. Malik's daughter Anmol Malik made her singing debut with this album, she rendered her voice for "Agle Janam Mohe Bitya (Reprise)".


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: The film performed poorly at the box office, grossing only Rs. 6,49,00,000. The film received negative reviews from critics. Many of them reacted unfavourably to J. P. Dutta's direction and the film's three-hour running time, and several critics panned it while comparing it to the highly acclaimed 1981 version directed by Muzaffar Ali.


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: "BBC" film critic Poonam Joshi concluded, "J. P. Dutta's film is an Ash-fest that adds little to the legacy of "Umrao Jaan"." She praised Azmi's performance as "exemplary" and wrote about Rai, "While only Rai could emulate the grace and poise of Rekha, she doesn't quite capture the intensity of Umrao's abiding melancholy", later commenting that "her incandescent beauty and artistry... does indeed keep the audience watching, though not necessarily emotionally engaged." Describing Rai's performance, Nikhat Kazmi wrote, "she's riveting in places, diligent throughout and tries so hard to recreate a lost world of grandeur that your heart almost goes out to her." while "Rediff" gave two and a half rating out of five and wrote "there is Rai the star, queen and saving grace of "Umrao Jaan". She enthralls with her gorgeousness, the precision in her dance movements, elegance in her gestures and sincerity in her willingness to become Umrao Jaan".


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: Susan Muthalaly from "The Hindu" wrote, ""Umrao Jaan" remains a spectacle that does nothing for you, personally." She wrote about Rai, "You'd think that since she's playing someone so close to her real life, there would be real feeling in the performance. But remember, this is a realistic performance, so Rai stays true to her real life character and shows no genuine emotion for most of the film. She dances like a dream, but her range of emotions is limited." Another review in "The Hindu" said, ""Umrao Jaan" of 2006 would be at best remembered as a poor man's remake of a classic or a love story with a period flavour."


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: "The Tribune" concluded that ""Umrao Jaan" fails to impress" and while referring to Rai's performance wrote, "She is no match to Rekha". Seena Menon of "Deccan Herald" said, "Unfortunately, watching 19th-century Lucknow in the 2006 version of "Umrao Jaan" gives you nothing but a feeling akin to staring at a glass model of the original."


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: Kathakali Jana from "Hindustan Times" wrote, "Though comparing the film with the 1981 magnum opus is not fair, what does one do with a baggage of incredible weight? One simply remembers it again and decides to go back to it once more." Similarly, Jana wrote about Rai that she "looks lovely when she smiles. She looks lovelier when she cries. Dutta's screenplay – which runs into 180 excruciating minutes – allows her to do both in good measure. But where is the celebrated 19th century tawaif of Lucknow whose untold sufferings could do nothing to strip her of her dignity?"


title: Umrao Jaan (2006 film)

text: Ziya Us Salam wrote for the same newspaper in a more positive review, "At its soul, body, even content, this "Umrao Jaan" is as beautiful as its leading lady (Rai), the one who once had the world at her feet." Gullu Singh, another reviewer for "Rediff", praised the film for being more loyal to the novel."


title: Kurt Seyit ve Şura

text: Kurt Seyit ve Şura is Turkish television drama based on a novel of the same name in a series. (It is not a direct adaptation of "Kurt Seyt ve Murka," which is the second novel in the series, nor of "Shura", which is the third novel.) It was broadcast on Star TV from 4 March to 20 November 2014 for two seasons and 22 episodes. Nermin Bezmen, the writer of the novel is the granddaughter of Kurt Seyit. The show "Kurt Seyit ve Sura" is based on a true story where a handsome army major falls in love with a Russian girl.


title: Kurt Seyit ve Şura

text: "Kurt Seyit ve Şura" is about the adventures of two people in love who are forced to leave their lives and family behind and escape to Istanbul during the Russian Revolution. The journey of Kurt Seyit Eminof (Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ), a handsome lieutenant from Crimea, and Şura (Farah Zeynep Abdullah), the beautiful daughter of a noble Russian family, tells their tale from the days of magnificence in Petrograd, to the Carpathian front line, from the riots to the revolution, from bucolic Alushta to occupied Istanbul, to Pera in the 1920s. It is the journey of their love.


title: Jordan Maron

text: Jordan Maron (born February 10, 1992), also known by his online alias CaptainSparklez, is an American YouTuber, Twitch streamer, gamer, and musician. Maron is primarily known for playing the video game "Minecraft", which is featured on his main channel, CaptainSparklez. his 11 YouTube channels have collectively earned over million subscribers and billion video views, and his main channel is the 281st most-subscribed channel on YouTube with over 11.3 million subscribers. Maron has produced several "Minecraft"-themed songs and music videos.


title: Jordan Maron

text: Maron was born in Los Angeles, California. At four years old, he and his mother moved to Santa Barbara. He attended Santa Barbara High School, beginning in ninth grade. Maron then went to the University of California, Santa Barbara as a chemical engineering major. He then decided to switch his major to computer science midway through his freshman year, based on his interest in video games. After the first quarter of his sophomore year, he dropped out. In December 2011, he made YouTube his full-time job.


title: Jordan Maron

text: Maron operates eleven YouTube channels, four of which are currently active. Maron is best known for his internet content in the video game "Minecraft". Maron releases daily videos, which aided in the creation of his fanbase.


title: Jordan Maron

text: On February 9, 2010, he created his first channel titled ProsDONTtalkSHIT (PDTS) where he primarily uploaded gameplay videos of "". When the channel became more popular, Maron wanted a less vulgar name. He created a new channel named CaptainSparklez on July 20, 2010, and left PDTS inactive. Maron began creating "Minecraft" content in 2010. Maron began livestreaming since 2011 on justin.tv, which was later migrated to Twitch. In April 2012, the CaptainSparklez channel reached 1 million subscribers on YouTube. In September 2013, CaptainSparklez reached 1 billion video views, becoming the fifth solo YouTube gaming channel to reach the milestone behind PewDiePie, SkyDoesMinecraft, UberHaxorNova and TobyGames.


title: Jordan Maron

text: Maron started a mobile gaming company called XREAL with Howard Marks, co-founder and former CEO of Activision and co-founder of Acclaim Games and StartEngine. XREAL released their game "Fortress Fury" in May 2015, which received over 1.5 million downloads within its first month of launch. "Fortress Fury" was originally titled "Fortress Fallout"; however, ZeniMax Media, parent company of Bethesda Softworks, known for the "Fallout" series, sent a cease and desist letter which requested that XREAL "immediately expressly abandon the application for "Fortress Fallout" and cease any and all current or proposed use of any mark incorporating the term "Fallout"." The letter was sent to prevent competition in the mobile game market for their game "Fallout Shelter". Maron and the XREAL's legal team were not informed of this, because Bethesda kept "Shelter" a secret at the time and did not reveal its existence until its release on June 14, 2015.


title: Jordan Maron

text: Maron was featured in the 2016 "Forbes" 30 Under 30 list. In June 2016, he made an appearance in the sixth episode of "". On May 28, 2022, Maron was on a winning MC Championship team for the first time.


title: Jordan Maron

text: On February 26, 2011, he released his first "Minecraft" music video, "TNT", a parody of Taio Cruz's "Dynamite", with vocals from singer TryHardNinja. The video is currently the fourth-most-viewed video on Maron's channel with over 106 million views, surpassing the number of views of the original song.


title: Jordan Maron

text: On August 19, 2011, he released his second "Minecraft" music video titled "Revenge", which is a parody of Usher's "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love". The video has over 250 million views, making it the most viewed video on Maron's channel. In July 2019, following the 10th anniversary of "Minecraft", the song received renewed attention as an internet meme. This has led to "Revenge" reaching the number one spot on Genius' Top Songs chart.


title: Jordan Maron

text: Maron created a parody video called ""Minecraft" Style", based on "Gangnam Style" by PSY, that used animated "Minecraft" models. According to MSN, within a few days, it had more than a million views. The video was referenced in technology and gaming articles published by NBC, "The Daily Telegraph", Mashable and the "Huffington Post". The original video was removed from YouTube due to copyright issues. Since its reupload, the video has gained over 19 million views.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Sri Ganganagar is a planned city and the northernmost city of the Indian state of Rajasthan, near the international border of India and Pakistan. It is the administrative headquarters of Sri Ganganagar district. It is named after Maharaja Shri Ganga Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Bikaner. The city is also known as the "food basket of Rajasthan".


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Sri Ganganagar was established by Maharaja Ganga Singh. It was part of Bikaner state. Sri Ganganagar is one of the first well-planned modern cities of India, it is said to be influenced by the town planning of Paris. It is divided into residential blocks and a commercial area which includes a Dhan Mandi (agricultural marketplace).


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Almost 70-75 percent of people in Sri Ganganagar depend on farming. They grow a number of crops, including wheat, rice, and sugarcane. These products are exported to many other states, such as Punjab and Haryana.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: The youth of Sri Ganganagar enjoy sports like kabaddi, cricket, badminton and football. They win hundreds of trophies and cups every year in state and national level tournaments.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: It is at the point where the Sutlej waters enter Rajasthan, and where it entered the erstwhile Bikaner State. It is said by the elders that this area first came under the jurisdiction of Bahawalpur state. But due to the large open area, the area was unguarded, and Hindu Mal (a companion of Maharaja Ganga Singh) took advantage of this opportunity and moved the posts along the boundary. He started his journey to change posts from Suratgarh in the south, and went until what is now Hindumalkot in the north. He informed the Maharaja about his successful invasion of the area when he reached the northern part and thereafter died, giving name to the city Hindumalkot.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: In 1899–1900, the Bikaner State was affected by a severe famine. To resolve this issue, Maharaja Ganga Singh obtained the services of AWE Standley, an engineer, who demonstrated the feasibility of the western area of the Bikaner State being irrigated by the waters of the Sutlej. The plan of the Sutlej Valley Project was drawn by the chief engineer of Punjab, RG Kennedy, according to which the vast area of erstwhile Bikaner State could be brought under irrigation. However, the project was delayed due to objections by the state of Bahawalpur.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: With the intervention of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon in 1906, a Tripartite Conference was held and an agreement was reached on 4 September 1920. The foundation stone of the Canal Head Works at Ferozepur was laid on 5 December 1925 and the work completed in 1927 by constructing of lined canal. The opening ceremony was performed on 26 October 1927 by Lord Irwin, then Viceroy of India.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: The plan for the city of Sri Ganganagar was drawn at this time. Irrigated parts of Bikaner State were brought under Sri Ganganagar district. Part of the district was later split off to form Hanumangarh district in 1994.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Sri Ganganagar District is between latitudes 28.4 and 30.6 and longitudes 72.2 and 75.3 The total area of Sri Ganganagar is . It is surrounded on the east by Hanumangarh district, (formerly part of Sri Ganganagar district) on the south by Bikaner District, on the west by Bahawalnagar district of the Pakistani Punjab, and on the north by Fazilka district of Indian Punjab.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Although Sri Ganganagar district lies in the Thar Desert, irrigation via the Indira Gandhi and Ganga Canals has changed the flora and fauna. The district can be classified into five geographical regions:


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: According to the 2011 census Sri Ganganagar city and outgrowths had a population of 237,780. Ganganagar had a sex ratio of 859 females for every 1000 males. Males constitute 53.8% of the population and females 46.2%. Ganganagar had an effective literacy rate of 74.25%: male literacy is 88.03%, and female literacy is 76.23%. In Ganganagar, 19.6% of the population is under 6 years of age.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Desert land was converted to a green town by the efforts of Maharaja Ganga Singh, who brought the Ganga Canal. It carries the excess waters of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the region, making Ganganagar a district known as the "food basket of Rajasthan".


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: The economy of the city is based on agriculture; its main crops are wheat, mustard and cotton. Other crops are guar, bajra, sugar cane and grams. In recent years, farmers are diverting towards horticulture. Kinnow (a citrus family fruit or a hybrid citrus fruit) is a popular horticultural product; other fruits of the citrus family are also grown.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Industries in Sri Ganganagar District are based on agriculture. Major industries are cotton ginning and pressing factories, mustard oil mills, wheat flour mills, Rajasthan State Ganganagar Sugar Mills (known for its Royal Heritage Liqueurs), 20 top renowned industries are Vikas WSP (P) Limited, T.C. Fresh Kinnow Waxing, Kanda Edible Oil Unit, Ruchi Soya Industries etc. It has cotton spinning and textile factories such as JCT Mills (now closed). Most of the factories are in and around Sri Ganganagar City.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: A majority of people in the district speak Bagri and Punjabi. Writers of the district have made contributions to Rajasthani literature, through Bagri.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: The embroidered odhni (mostly red) is a symbol of Bagri women. Kurto (a long shirt), Ghaghro/Ghagariyo (long frock-type clothes), Borlo/Boryo (a head ornament), and Odhni/Odhaniyo are the traditional dress of Bagri women, though the younger generation has adopted Salwar Kameez or western clothing.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: The purdah (or veil) is mainly in vogue among Bagri women. Men mainly wear a pant-shirt, kurta-payjama and dhoti.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Traditional and Pop Punjabi music and Rajasthani devotional music is popular. Bollywood songs are listened to with the same enthusiasm as in other northern Indian regions.


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: The landscape of Sri Ganganagar is dotted with temples and religious places. The famous temples in Sri Ganganagar include


title: Sri Ganganagar

text: Sri Ganganagar is well connected with road and is linked directly to Delhi, Jaipur, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Sikar, Karnal, Haridwar, Bathinda, Ambala, Jodhpur and many other cities. National Highway 62 passes through Sri Ganganagar. Sri Ganganagar is directly connected to Delhi, Jaipur, Kota, Bikaner, Haridwar, Hanumangarh, Jodhpur, Ambala, Sikar, Bathinda, Firozpur, Fazilka, Howrah, Trivandrum, Nanded, Ahmedabad, Pune, Roorkee, Kanpur, Bangalore and some other cities via train.


title: Riven

text: Riven is a puzzle adventure video game. It is the sequel to "Myst" and second in the "Myst" series of games. Developed by Cyan Worlds, it was initially published by Red Orb Entertainment, a division of Broderbund. "Riven" was distributed on five compact discs and released on October 31, 1997, in North America; it was later released on a single DVD-ROM on August 17, 1998, with improved audio and a fourteen-minute "making-of" video. In addition to the PC versions, "Riven" has been ported to several other platforms.


title: Riven

text: The story of "Riven" is set after the events of "Myst". Having been rescued from the efforts of his sons, the main non-player protagonist Atrus enlists the help of the player character to free his wife from his power-hungry father, Gehn. Unlike "Myst", which took place on several worlds known as Ages linked together by special books, "Riven" takes place almost entirely on the Age of Riven, a world slowly falling apart due to Gehn's destructive rule.


title: Riven

text: Development of "Riven" began soon after "Myst" became a success, and spanned more than three years. In an effort to create a visual style distinct from that of "Myst", director Robyn Miller and his brother, producer Rand Miller recruited former "Aladdin" production designer Richard Vander Wende as a co-director. Broderbund employed a US$10 million advertising campaign to publicize the game's release.


title: Riven

text: "Riven" was praised by reviewers, with the magazine "Salon" proclaiming that the game approaches the level of art. Critics positively noted the puzzles and immersive experience of the gameplay, though publications such as "Edge" felt that the nature of point-and-click gameplay limited the title heavily. The best-selling game of 1997, "Riven" sold 1.5 million copies in one year. After the game's release, Robyn Miller left Cyan to form his own development studio, ending the professional partnership of the two brothers. Rand stayed at Cyan and continued to work on "Myst"-related products including "The Myst Reader" and the real-time rendered game "". The next entry in the "Myst" series, "", was developed by Presto Studios and published by Ubisoft. A remake of the game is in development.


title: Riven

text: Like its predecessor, "Riven" is a point and click adventure game played from a first-person perspective. The player explores immersive environments depicted through a large series of computer generated stills using mouse clicks for movement or to manipulate objects within reach. By operating mechanical contraptions and deciphering codes and symbols discovered in the surroundings, the vaguely explained goal can eventually be reached.


title: Riven

text: To navigate the world, the player clicks in the direction they want to walk or turn. The cursor changes in appearance, depending on its position on the screen and what it is hovering over, to show what effect clicking will have. For instance, if the player positions the cursor hand near the side of the screen, it may show a pointing finger, indicating that clicking will turn the view in that direction. The cursor changes in context to show when players can drag or toggle switches, or when certain items can be picked up and carried. Such items can then be examined at any time, and either reveal clues to puzzles or provide information on the game's setting and story. Like "Myst", "Riven" has an optional method of navigation known as Zip Mode, which allows players to skip to areas already explored, but may cause them to miss important clues.


title: Riven

text: "Riven" has more complex and numerous puzzles than its forerunner and is set in a larger virtual world for players to explore. Whereas in "Myst" the objective of the game is to travel to different Ages to solve puzzles before returning to a "hub Age", "Riven"s gameplay takes place on the five islands of the Age of Riven. Much of it consists of solving puzzles to access new areas of the islands, though players are also able to explore without fulfilling objectives. The volcanic landscape depicted, with its steep cliffs and crater lakes, is bestrewn with mechanical, Victorian-style artifacts such as elevators, pipes, levers and roller coaster-like transports. To solve the game, players must consider the purpose and physical principles of these artifacts as well as their role in the fictional culture.


title: Riven

text: "Riven"s story continues where "Myst" and its companion novel, "The Book of Atrus", left off. The player assumes the role of the Stranger, the protagonist of the first game and friend of Atrus (Rand Miller). Atrus knows the ancient art of creating "linking books", specially written books that serve as portals to other worlds known as "Ages". Atrus needs the Stranger's help to free his wife, Catherine (Sheila Goold; voice by Rengin Altay), who is held hostage in her home Age of Riven, which is slowly collapsing. Her captor is Gehn (John Keston), Atrus' manipulative father and self-declared ruler of Riven. Thirty years earlier, Atrus and Catherine trapped Gehn on Riven by removing all of the linking books that led out of the Age; the last book to be removed, linking to the Age of Myst, was the one they held to escape Riven. In the belief that it would be destroyed, they let the book fall into the Star Fissure, a rift leading out of the damaged Age of Riven into a mysterious, space-like void. Catherine was later tricked into returning to Riven by her sons, Sirrus and Achenar, whereupon she was taken hostage by Gehn. Eventually, the player discovered the unharmed Myst book, leading to the events in "Myst".


title: Riven

text: At the beginning of "Riven", Atrus equips the player with a trap book—a snare that functions as a one-man prison, yet looks identical to a linking book—and his personal diary. This diary summarizes the history of events leading to the present situation; Atrus cannot explain in depth as he is engaged in rewriting the descriptive book of Riven, in an attempt to slow its deterioration. The player must enter the Age with no way of leaving, as Atrus cannot risk sending a real linking book to Riven until Gehn is safely imprisoned lest he use it to escape Riven. Instructing the player to capture Gehn in the trap book, find Catherine, and then signal him, Atrus holds out the link book that will transport the player to Riven.


title: Riven

text: Once there, the player explores the islands of Riven, eventually discovering Catherine's prison. The player also travels to Tay, the Age of the Moiety (rebellious Rivenese under the leadership of Catherine who are attempting to end Gehn's tyrannical rule), and the "233rd Age", Gehn's personal sanctuary, where the player meets Gehn himself. Gehn attempts to convince the player that his intentions to rebuild D'ni (the civilization responsible for originating the art of the link books) were honorable and that he seeks atonement for his past transgressions. Because of the decay of Riven's structure, the only way to clearly signal Atrus is to bring about a massive disturbance in the Age's stability—accomplished by reopening the Star Fissure, which Gehn had closed. When it opens, Atrus immediately links to Riven to investigate and meets the player at the brink of the Fissure. Depending on the player's actions, the ending to "Riven" varies. In the best ending, the player tricks Gehn into the prison book and releases Catherine. Atrus and Catherine thank the Stranger before linking back to the Age of Myst. The Stranger then falls into the Star Fissure to be taken on the path back to his world. The worst ending involves neither capturing Gehn nor releasing Catherine, which allows Gehn to kill Atrus (and then the player) and escape from his imprisonment. Other endings include capturing Gehn without saving Catherine, or being trapped in the prison book.


title: Riven

text: Cyan began work on "Riven" in 1993, after "Myst"s release. Before development began, when the name of the game was undecided, the brothers Robyn and Rand Miller said they wanted a "natural flow" from the first game to the sequel. As "Myst" proved to be a popular and commercial success, the two developers were able to expand their four-person team to a much larger crew of designers, artists, programmers, and sound designers. Development spanned more than four years, and was a much larger undertaking than for the first game; "Riven" had a budget of between US$5 and $10 million, more than ten times the cost of developing "Myst".


title: Riven

text: The design for "Riven" stemmed from a desire to create something different and more dynamic than the romantic style of "Myst". At an early point, the game's world was to be called Equiquay. The first stage of development was to create the puzzles, in an attempt to integrate them as smoothly as possible into the areas in the game. The Millers met their co-designer, Richard Vander Wende, at a demonstration of "Myst" for the Digital World Expo in Los Angeles. Vander Wende had previously worked for ILM, and at Disney as a designer for the animated feature "Aladdin". As the third member of "Riven"s conceptual team, Vander Wende ended up contributing what Robyn Miller described as an "edgier" and complementary vision, that made the game dramatically different from its predecessor.


title: Riven

text: At the time of "Riven"s development, publisher Broderbund was facing falling revenues as development costs rose. Two years into the project, Cyan still had nothing they could show them. Broderbund's stock dropped from $60 a share to $22 in 1996, because of a delay in the publishing of "Riven". The plan had been to ship the game in time for the 1996 holiday season; "Riven" was finally published on October 31, 1997. Even though "Riven"s sales were expected to be higher than any other game that holiday season, Broderbund launched a $10 million marketing campaign and developed a retail marketing partnership with Toshiba America. Anticipation for the game was high even among non-gamers, helped by web-based word of mouth and well-placed media coverage.


title: Riven

text: As in "Myst", the topography of the islands was originally created as grayscale images, where brightness corresponded to elevation. In Softimage, these maps were turned into the terrain models seen in the game. The large island objects were broken apart to facilitate efficient rendering, which required them to be created using polygonal geometry. All other objects were modeled using B-splines and NURBS.


title: Riven

text: Many of the textures were accumulated during a three-day trip to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The artists took hundreds of photos of wood, adobe, sand, stucco and other materials, which were treated in Photoshop before being mapped onto the 3D geometry. Whereas many computer-generated environments of the time ended up looking smooth, like plastic, the Millers and Vander Wende developed a more gritty and weathered design, with corroded and aged elements, to imply reality. The artists considered how objects would look and function if they were real, where and how they would be worn, and created corresponding details. While bump maps were occasionally used to simulate geometry, even small details such as screws were often individually modeled.


title: Riven

text: Rendering was executed in Mental Ray, using numerous custom-made shaders to produce lifelike lighting, water and landscapes. Wireframes also served as a guide to model the backgrounds. In total "Riven" has over three hours of video and almost five thousand images; rendering was a major bottleneck in production despite the use of 18 dedicated workstations. Some scenes consisted of tens of thousands of individual models and textures and more than a hundred virtual light sources. Loading a single island model could take two hours. Runtime animation effects were created by Mark DeForest, to add flying insects and simple water ripples.


title: Riven

text: "Riven" combined the pre-rendered backgrounds with live action footage, in order to increase the player's immersion level. "Riven" was the first game in which any of its designers had directed live actors, and Vander Wende was apprehensive about their use. Rand Miller had to reprise his role of Atrus from "Myst", even though he hated acting. All the actors were filmed with a blue screen as a backdrop, which was removed in post-production by chroma key, so that the actors would blend into the virtual environment. Real world stairs, doorways and studio lights had to be meticulously positioned on the live stage to match their CG equivalents. Some sequences were seamlessly cut together with morphing, to allow for partial variations due to the nonlinearity of the gameplay.


title: Riven

text: Robyn Miller composed "Riven"s music, which was later packaged and released by Virgin Records as "Riven: The Soundtrack". Miller designed the liner notes and packaging, which included English translations of the language found in the game. Whereas the music to "Myst" was, at first, only available by mail-order from Cyan, Virgin Records had bought the rights to release it initially, prompting Miller to make sure that it could stand alone in CD form. The compact disc was released on February 24, 1998, with 54 minutes of music.


title: Riven

text: Miller established three leitmotifs for the game's three central characters, Atrus, Catherine, and Gehn. Gehn's theme is only heard in its complete form near the end of the game, but portions of the melody can be heard throughout Riven, highlighting his control of the Age. Miller tried to let the environment dictate the resulting sound in order to make the music as immersive as possible. He blended live instrumentation with synthesizers: "By mixing and matching conventional instrumentation, you can create an odd, interesting mood," Miller said. Ultimately, he wanted the music of "Riven" to reflect the game itself, which he described as having "a familiar-yet-strange feel to it."


title: Riven

text: Miller described his biggest challenge in writing "Riven"s music as reconciling the linear, pleasing construction of music with the nonlinearity of the gameplay. As players can freely explore all areas, Miller explained in an interview, "the music can't say anything too specific. If it says something, if it builds in intensity and there starts to be a climax, and people are just standing in a room looking around, and they're thinking 'What's going on in here? Is something about to jump out from behind me?' You can't have the basic parts of music that you'd like to have, you can't have a basic structure. It's all got to be just flowing, and continue to flow." Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine argued that the soundtrack is "appealingly atmospheric", but "lacks definition", and that the music loses impact when separated from the game.


title: Riven

text: Sunsoft, who previously published "Myst" for the Sega Saturn, were initially set to publish the Saturn version of "Riven" in PAL regions, but the rights were later picked up by Acclaim Entertainment. Atari Corporation were in talks with Sunsoft in regards for a potential conversion of "Riven" to the Atari Jaguar that never materialized. On December 17, 2017, ScummVM added support for "Riven".


title: Riven

text: "Riven" was generally positively received by critics, with the PC version garnering an average critic score of 83/100 at Metacritic. PC Data reported it as the best-selling computer game in the United States during 1997, despite its having only been on the market for less than three months. "Myst" or "Riven" held the number one and two spots on the PC Data sales charts from June 1997 until January 1998. By April, "Riven" had sold over 1 million units and earned $46.2 million in revenue domestically, which led PC Data to declare it the fifth-best-selling computer game in the United States between January 1993 and April 1998. Sales surpassed 1.5 million units within a year of its release. By 2001, over 4.5 million units had been sold.


title: Riven

text: Jeff Segstack of GameSpot gave the game high marks, explaining that it is "a leisurely paced, all-encompassing, mentally challenging experience. If you enjoyed "Myst", you'll thoroughly enjoy "Riven"." "Computer Gaming World" stated that the graphics were the best they had seen in any adventure game. "GamePro" said that it "retains the ambiance of "Myst", but new features, such as increased use of animation and live action footage, create even more believable environments." The reviewer gave it a 4.5 out of 5 in graphics and a perfect 5.0 in every other category (sound, control, and funfactor), and predicted that it would both surpass the expectations of "Myst" fans and draw in many new enthusiasts to the series. Laura Miller of "Salon" declared that "Art [...] is what "Riven" approaches," and praised the gameplay as having "a graceful elegance that reminds [her] of a masterfully constructed novel." The game's sound and graphics were consistently praised. "Macworld"s Michael Gowan highlighted the game's "rich, engrossingly mysterious world", and he argued that the quality of its storytelling made "Riven" "more like a good novel than a computer game."


title: Riven

text: Nevertheless, several publications found fault with aspects of "Riven". "Computer Gaming World" felt that the gameplay was too similar to the original "Myst", making "Riven" the "same game with a new title"; the magazine also criticized the minimal character interaction. Gaming magazine "Edge" felt that although "Riven" was a good game, the solitary atmosphere and lack of mobility was steadily becoming outdated, as games like "Super Mario 64" sacrificed graphical fidelity for an increase in freedom. They stated "the question is whether Cyan can incorporate its almost Tolkien-esque world-building skills into a more cutting-edge game vehicle next time." Even long-time players of the "Myst" games, such as Heidi Fournier of Adventure Gamers, felt that a few puzzles were too difficult; "Computer and Video Games", meanwhile, believed that the story clues were too symbolic and scant, which made following the plot difficult. "Next Generation" commended "Riven" for being highly accessible to the general public rather than just experienced gamers, but also said the puzzles, while an improvement over those of "Myst", were still not well-integrated into the story, making them feel like arbitrary obstacles to progress.


title: Riven

text: "Electronic Gaming Monthly" (EGM) and "GamePro" both positively reviewed the PlayStation port, remarking that "Riven" is very specific to the player's taste, with a slow pace, intricate plot, vast size, and often frustrating set of puzzles that would likely infuriate traditional action gamers but engross the more patient player. Kelly Rickards and Shawn Smith of "EGM" argued that while the game is superficially very similar to "Myst", subtle elements such as the greater amount of interaction and better puzzle design make it more appealing, and anyone with an open mind should give it a try. "GamePro" gave it the same scores as the PC version, excepting only that the graphics category dropped to a 4.0 out of 5. John Broady of "GameSpot", however, said that while the developers had done the best they could with converting the game, the limitations of the PlayStation made it fall far short of the PC original, with dithered scenery, muddy video sequences, and long load times. He concluded that "Playing "Riven" on the PlayStation is sort of like watching "Star Wars" on a 13 TV; you'll get the point but you're definitely missing something."


title: Riven

text: Despite the success of the game, the Miller brothers eventually pursued other projects. Robyn Miller said: "I think it would be a detriment to always, for the rest of our lives, be creating "Myst"-like projects. […] We're going to change, evolve and grow, just like any person does in any manner." Robyn would leave Cyan to form a new development company called Land of Point; Vander Wende would also leave to pursue other projects. The next video game entry in the "Myst" franchise would be 2001's "", which was not developed by Cyan nor published by Broderbund. Presto Studios took over development; Ubisoft acquired Broderbund's entertainment library from The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) and published the Myst sequels.


title: Riven

text: The reviewer from "Pyramid" #29 (Jan./Feb., 1998) stated that ""Myst", and now "Riven", are worlds to be explored, with complex puzzles to be solved, and without time limitations or enemies to worry about. Take all the time you like; the basic problems of the game will still be there, waiting for you to solve them."


title: Riven

text: Cyan announced plans to release a remake of "Riven" on the game's 25th anniversary on October 31, 2022. Cyan said the game will feature fully explorable 3D environments, in a similar manner to the 3D remake of "Myst". Cyan reached out to The Starry Expanse project, a fan-driven effort to recreate "Riven", about a year prior to the announcement, working out a deal to work with members of that team to use their efforts within the remake of "Riven".


title: Megalonyx

text: Megalonyx (Greek, "large claw") is an extinct genus of ground sloths of the family Megalonychidae, native to North America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. It became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event at the end of the Rancholabrean of the Pleistocene, living from ~5 million to 11,000 years ago. The type species, "M. jeffersonii", measured about and weighed up to . "Megalonyx" is descended from "Pliometanastes," a genus of ground sloth that had arrived in North America during the Late Miocene, prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange. "Megalonyx" had the widest distribution of any North American ground sloth, having a range encompassing most of the contiguous United States, extending as far north as Alaska during warm periods.


title: Megalonyx

text: In 1796, Colonel John Stuart sent Thomas Jefferson, shortly before he took office as Vice President of the United States, some fossil bones: a femur fragment, ulna, radius, and foot bones including three large claws. The discoveries were made in a cave in Greenbrier County, Virginia (present-day West Virginia). Jefferson examined the bones and presented his observations in the paper "A Memoir on the Discovery of Certain Bones of a Quadruped of the Clawed Kind in the Western Parts of Virginia" to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia on March 10, 1797. In the paper, he named the then unknown animal "Megalonyx" ("giant claw") and compared each recovered bone to the corresponding bone in a lion. Jefferson did not attempt a definitive taxonomic classification and kept an open mind, writing “Let us only say then, what we may safely say, that he was more than three times as large as the lion”. In his postscript, Jefferson mentions the remains of a "Megatherium" discovered in Paraguay and notes its anatomical similarities to "Megalonyx".


title: Megalonyx

text: Contrary to the scientific consensus emerging at the time that extinction had played an important role in natural history, Jefferson believed in a "completeness of nature" whose inherent balance did not allow species to go extinct naturally. He asked Lewis and Clark, as they planned their famous expedition in 1804–1806, to keep an eye out for living specimens of "Megalonyx", as this would support his case. His idea made no headway and was later shown to be incorrect.


title: Megalonyx

text: His presentation to the American Philosophical Society in 1797 is often credited as the beginning of vertebrate paleontology in North America. In 1799, Caspar Wistar correctly identified the remains as those of a giant ground sloth. In 1822, Wistar proposed naming the species "Megalonyx jeffersonii" in honor of the former statesman. Desmarest then published it as such. "Megalonyx" was first formally named by Richard Harlan in 1825.


title: Megalonyx

text: Recent research confirms that the sloth bones were discovered in Haynes Cave in Monroe County, West Virginia. For many decades in the twentieth century, the reported origin of Jefferson's "Certain Bones" was Organ Cave in what is now Greenbrier County, West Virginia. This story was popularized in the 1920s by a local man, Andrew Price of Marlinton. The story came under scrutiny when in 1993 two fragments of a "Megalonyx" scapula were found in Haynes Cave in neighboring Monroe County. Smithsonian paleontologist Frederick Grady presented evidence in 1995 confirming Haynes Cave as the original source of Jefferson's fossil. Jefferson reported that the bones had been found by saltpeter workers. He gave the cave owner's name as Frederic Crower. Correspondence between Jefferson and Colonel Stuart, who sent him the bones, indicates that the cave was located about five miles from Stuart's home and that it contained saltpeter vats. An investigation of property ownership records revealed "Frederic Crower" to be an apparent misspelling of the name Frederic Gromer. Organ Cave was never owned by Gromer, but Haynes Cave was. Two letters written by Tristram Patton, the subsequent owner of Haynes Cave, indicate that this cave was located in Monroe County near Second Creek. Monroe County had originally been part of Greenbrier County; it became a separate county shortly after the discovery of the bones. In his own letters Patton described the cave and indicated that more fossil bones remained inside.


title: Megalonyx

text: "M. jeffersonii" is still the most commonly identified species of "Megalonyx". It was designated the state fossil of West Virginia in 2008.


title: Megalonyx

text: "M. leptostomus," named by Cope (1893), lived from the Blancan to the Irvingtonian. This species lived from Florida to Texas, north to Kansas and Nebraska, and west to New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. It is about half the size of "M. jeffersonii". It evolved into "M. wheatleyi", the direct ancestor of "M. jeffersonii". Species gradually got larger, with different species mostly based on size and geologic age.


title: Megalonyx

text: The first wave of Megalonychids came to North America by island-hopping across the Central American Seaway from South America, where ground sloths arose, prior to formation of the Panamanian land bridge. Based on molecular results, its closest living relatives are the three-toed sloths ("Bradypus"); earlier morphological investigations came to a different conclusion.


title: Megalonyx

text: "M. jeffersonii" lived from the Illinoian Stage during the Middle Pleistocene (150,000 years BP) through to the Rancholabrean of the Late Pleistocene (11,000 BP). It belongs to the genus "Megalonyx", a name proposed by Thomas Jefferson, future president of the United States, in 1797. (Jefferson's surname was appended to the animal as the specific epithet in 1822 by the French zoologist Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest.) "M. jeffersonii" was probably descended from "M. wheatleyi."


title: Megalonyx

text: "Megalonyx" was a large, heavily built herbivore about long. Its maximum weight is estimated at . This is medium-sized among the giant ground sloths. Like other ground sloths, it had a blunt snout, massive jaw, and large peg-like teeth. The hind limbs were plantigrade (flat-footed) and this, along with its stout tail, allowed it to rear up into a semi-erect position to feed on tree leaves. The forelimbs had three highly developed claws that were probably used to strip leaves and tear off branches.


title: Megalonyx

text: During excavations at Tarkio Valley in southwest Iowa, an adult "Megalonyx" was found in direct association with two juveniles of different ages, suggesting that adults cared for young of different generations.


title: Megalonyx

text: "Megalonyx" ranged over much of North and Central America. Their remains have been found as far north as Alaska and the Yukon during interglacial intervals.


title: Megalonyx

text: "M. jeffersonii", also known as Jefferson's ground sloth, was apparently the most wide-ranging giant ground sloth. Fossils are known from many Pleistocene sites in the United States, including most of the states east of the Rocky Mountains as well as along the west coast. It was the only ground sloth to range as far north as the present-day Yukon. Jefferson's ground sloth dwelled primarily in woodlands and forest, although they likely occupied a variety of habitats within these broad systems. Two recent studies were able to link directly dated specimens from the terminal Pleistocene with regional paleoenvironmental records, demonstrating that these particular animals were associated with spruce dominated, mixed conifer-hardwood habitat.


title: Megalonyx

text: In late 2010, the first specimen ever found in Colorado was discovered at the Ziegler Reservoir site near Snowmass Village (in the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of ). The Firelands ground sloth fossil dated between 11,727 and 11,424 BCE represents the earliest-known hunting activity by Ohioan Paleo-Indians.


title: Stellar population

text: In the abstract of the article by Baade, he recognizes that Jan Oort originally conceived this type of classification in 1926:


title: Stellar population

text: Baade noticed that bluer stars were strongly associated with the spiral arms, and yellow stars dominated near the central galactic bulge and within globular star clusters. Two main divisions were defined as


title: Stellar population

text: Among the population types, significant differences were found with their individual observed stellar spectra. These were later shown to be very important and were possibly related to star formation, observed kinematics, stellar age, and even galaxy evolution in both spiral and elliptical galaxies. These three simple population classes usefully divided stars by their chemical composition or metallicity.


title: Stellar population

text: By definition, each population group shows the trend where decreasing metal content indicates increasing age of stars. Hence, the first stars in the universe (very low metal content) were deemed population III, old stars (low metallicity) as population II, and recent stars (high metallicity) as population I. The Sun is considered population I, a recent star with a relatively high 1.4% metallicity. Note that astrophysics nomenclature considers any element heavier than helium to be a "metal", including chemical non-metals such as oxygen.


title: Stellar population

text: Observation of stellar spectra has revealed that stars older than the Sun have fewer heavy elements compared with the Sun. This immediately suggests that metallicity has evolved through the generations of stars by the process of stellar nucleosynthesis.


title: Stellar population

text: Under current cosmological models, all matter created in the Big Bang was mostly hydrogen (75%) and helium (25%), with only a very tiny fraction consisting of other light elements such as lithium and beryllium. When the universe had cooled sufficiently, the first stars were born as population III stars, without any contaminating heavier metals. This is postulated to have affected their structure so that their stellar masses became hundreds of times more than that of the Sun. In turn, these massive stars also evolved very quickly, and their nucleosynthetic processes created the first 26 elements (up to iron in the periodic table).


title: Stellar population

text: Many theoretical stellar models show that most high-mass population III stars rapidly exhausted their fuel and likely exploded in extremely energetic pair-instability supernovae. Those explosions would have thoroughly dispersed their material, ejecting metals into the interstellar medium (ISM), to be incorporated into the later generations of stars. Their destruction suggests that no galactic high-mass population III stars should be observable. However, some population III stars might be seen in high-redshift galaxies whose light originated during the earlier history of the universe. Scientists have found evidence of an extremely small ultra metal-poor star, slightly smaller than the Sun, found in a binary system of the spiral arms in the Milky Way. The discovery opens up the possibility of observing even older stars.


title: Stellar population

text: Stars too massive to produce pair-instability supernovae would have likely collapsed into black holes through a process known as photodisintegration. Here some matter may have escaped during this process in the form of relativistic jets, and this could have distributed the first metals into the universe.


title: Stellar population

text: The oldest observed stars, known as population II, have very low metallicities; as subsequent generations of stars were born, they became more metal-enriched, as the gaseous clouds from which they formed received the metal-rich dust manufactured by previous generations. As those stars died, they returned metal-enriched material to the interstellar medium via planetary nebulae and supernovae, enriching further the nebulae, out of which the newer stars formed. These youngest stars, including the Sun, therefore have the highest metal content, and are known as population I stars.


title: Stellar population

text: Population I, or metal-rich, stars are young stars with the highest metallicity out of all three populations and are more commonly found in the spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is an example of a metal-rich star and is considered as an intermediate population I star, while the solar-like Mu Arae is much richer in metals.


title: Stellar population

text: Population I stars usually have regular elliptical orbits of the Galactic Center, with a low relative velocity. It was earlier hypothesized that the high metallicity of population I stars makes them more likely to possess planetary systems than the other two populations, because planets, particularly terrestrial planets, are thought to be formed by the accretion of metals. However, observations of the Kepler Space Telescope data have found smaller planets around stars with a range of metallicities, while only larger, potential gas giant planets are concentrated around stars with relatively higher metallicity—a finding that has implications for theories of gas-giant formation. Between the intermediate population I and the population II stars comes the intermediary disc population.


title: Stellar population

text: Population II, or metal-poor, stars are those with relatively little of the elements heavier than helium. These objects were formed during an earlier time of the universe. Intermediate population II stars are common in the bulge near the centre of the Milky Way, whereas population II stars found in the galactic halo are older and thus more metal-deficient. Globular clusters also contain high numbers of population II stars.


title: Stellar population

text: A characteristic of population II stars is that despite their lower overall metallicity, they often have a higher ratio of "alpha elements" (elements produced by the alpha process, like O and Ne) relative to Fe as compared with population I stars; current theory suggests that this is the result of type II supernovas being more important contributors to the interstellar medium at the time of their formation, whereas type Ia supernova metal-enrichment came at a later stage in the universe's development.


title: Stellar population

text: Scientists have targeted these oldest stars in several different surveys, including the HK objective-prism survey of Timothy C. Beers et al. and the Hamburg-ESO survey of Norbert Christlieb et al., originally started for faint quasars. Thus far, they have uncovered and studied in detail about ten ultra-metal-poor (UMP) stars (such as Sneden's Star, Cayrel's Star, BD +17° 3248) and three of the oldest stars known to date: HE 0107-5240, HE 1327-2326 and HE 1523-0901. Caffau's star was identified as the most metal-poor star yet when it was found in 2012 using Sloan Digital Sky Survey data. However, in February 2014 the discovery of an even lower-metallicity star was announced, SMSS J031300.36-670839.3 located with the aid of SkyMapper astronomical survey data. Less extreme in their metal deficiency, but nearer and brighter and hence longer known, are HD 122563 (a red giant) and HD 140283 (a subgiant).


title: Stellar population

text: Population III stars are a hypothetical population of extremely massive, luminous and hot stars with virtually no metals, except possibly for intermixing ejecta from other nearby population III supernovae. Such stars are likely to have existed in the very early universe (i.e., at high redshift) and may have started the production of chemical elements heavier than hydrogen, which are needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.


title: Stellar population

text: The existence of population III stars is inferred from physical cosmology, but they have not yet been observed directly. Indirect evidence for their existence has been found in a gravitationally lensed galaxy in a very distant part of the universe. Their existence may account for the fact that heavy elements – which could not have been created in the Big Bang – are observed in quasar emission spectra. They are also thought to be components of faint blue galaxies. These stars likely triggered the universe's period of reionization, a major phase transition of the hydrogen gas composing most of the interstellar medium. Observations of the galaxy UDFy-38135539 suggest that it may have played a role in this reionization process. The European Southern Observatory discovered a bright pocket of early population stars in the very bright galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 from the reionization period around 800 million years after the Big Bang, at . The rest of the galaxy has some later redder population II stars. Some theories hold that there were two generations of population III stars.


title: Stellar population

text: Current theory is divided on whether the first stars were very massive or not. One possibility is that these stars were much larger than current stars: several hundred solar masses, and possibly up to 1,000 solar masses. Such stars would be very short-lived and last only 2–5 million years. Such large stars may have been possible due to the lack of heavy elements and a much warmer interstellar medium from the Big Bang. Conversely, theories proposed in 2009 and 2011 suggest that the first star groups might have consisted of a massive star surrounded by several smaller stars. The smaller stars, if they remained in the birth cluster, would accumulate more gas and could not survive to the present day, but a 2017 study concluded that if a star of 0.8 solar masses () or less was ejected from its birth cluster before it accumulated more mass, it could survive to the present day, possibly even in our Milky Way galaxy.


title: Stellar population

text: Analysis of data of extremely low-metallicity population II stars such as HE 0107-5240, which are thought to contain the metals produced by population III stars, suggest that these metal-free stars had masses of 20 to 130 solar masses. On the other hand, analysis of globular clusters associated with elliptical galaxies suggests pair-instability supernovae, which are typically associated with very massive stars, were responsible for their metallic composition. This also explains why there have been no low-mass stars with zero metallicity observed, although models have been constructed for smaller population III stars. Clusters containing zero-metallicity red dwarfs or brown dwarfs (possibly created by pair-instability supernovae) have been proposed as dark matter candidates, but searches for these types of MACHOs through gravitational microlensing have produced negative results.


title: Stellar population

text: Detection of population III stars is a goal of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. New spectroscopic surveys, such as SEGUE or SDSS-II, may also locate population III stars.


title: Niki Aneja Walia

text: Niki Aneja Walia is an Indian television and film actress who works in Hindi films and television serials. She is the cousin of actor Parmeet Sethi.


title: Niki Aneja Walia

text: She married Sonny Walia in February 2002 and moved to the UK the same year. The couple has twins (a boy, Sean and a girl, Sabrina). She currently resides in England.


title: Niki Aneja Walia

text: Niki has worked as a model, compere, VJ, host and actress on television and film (Bollywood). She has acted for nearly 30 years in over 31 television serials across genres.


title: Niki Aneja Walia

text: She is best known for her role as Dr. Simran Mathur in the Hindi TV series "Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani" on Zee TV. She played the role of Nikki in Zee TV serial "Baat ban jaye"


title: Niki Aneja Walia

text: She was also a judge for Femina Miss India 1994 which resulted in the win for Miss World for Aishwarya Rai Bachchan and Miss Universe for Sushmita Sen.


title: Niki Aneja Walia

text: Niki was a runner-up at Miss World University in 1991, resulting in her being World Ambassador for Peace 1991–1992. She worked in "Cloud 9" which was UK's first British Asian soap.


title: Book of Life

text: In Christianity and Judaism, the Book of Life (Hebrew: ספר החיים, transliterated "Sefer HaChaim"; "Biblíon tēs Zōēs") is the book in which God records, or will record, the names of every person who is destined for Heaven and the World to Come. According to the Talmud it is opened on Rosh Hashanah, as is its analog for the wicked, the Book of the Dead. For this reason, extra mention is made for the Book of Life during Amidah recitations during the Days of Awe, the ten days between Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year, and Yom Kippur, the day of atonement (the two High Holidays, particularly in the prayer Unetaneh Tokef).


title: Book of Life

text: In the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Life records forever all people considered righteous before God. To be blotted out of this book signifies death. It is with reference to the Book of Life that the holy remnant is spoken of as being written unto life in Jerusalem; compare also Book of Ezekiel 9:4, where one of the six heavenly envoys "who had the scribe's inkhorn upon his loins" is told to mark the righteous for life, while the remainder of the inhabitants of Jerusalem are doomed. The Psalms also speaks of a book of the living: "Let them be blotted out of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous.


title: Book of Life

text: The apocryphal Book of Jubilees speaks of two heavenly tablets or books: a Book of Life for the righteous, and a Book of Death for those that walk in the paths of impurity and are written down on the heavenly tablets as adversaries (of God). Also, according to Jubilees 36:10, one who contrives evil against his neighbor will be blotted out of the Book of Remembrance of men, and will not be written in the Book of Life, but in the Book of Perdition. In Daniel 12:1 and Enoch 47:3 "the Ancient of Days" is described as seated upon his throne of glory with "the Book" or "the Books of Life" ("of the Living") opened before him. So are, according to Enoch 56:1, the righteous "written before the glory of the Great One," and, according to Enoch 108:3, the transgressors "blotted out of the "Book of Life" and out of the books of the holy ones." Reference is made also in The Shepherd of Hermas (Vision i. 3; Mandate viii.; Similitude ii.); in Revelation 3:5, 13:8, 17:8, 20:12–15, where "two Books" are spoken of as being "opened before the throne, the Book of Life, and the Book of Death, in which latter the unrighteous are recorded together with their evil deeds, in order to be cast into the lake of fire." It is the "Book of Life" in which the apostles' names are "written in heaven" (Luke 10:20), or "the fellow-workers" of Paul (Phil 4:3), and "the assembly of the first-born" (Hebrews 12:23; compare I Clem. 45). Allusion is made also in Enoch 81:4, 89:61–77, 90:17–20, 98:6-15, 104:7; 2 Baruch 24:1; Ascension of Isaiah 9:20.


title: Book of Life

text: The Book of Life is referred to seven times in the Book of Revelation (3:5, 13:8, 17:8, 20:12, 20:15, 21:27, 22:19), one of the books of the New Testament, attributed to John of Patmos. As described, only those whose names are written in the Book of Life from the foundation of the world, and have not been blotted out by the Lamb, are saved at the Last Judgment; all others are doomed. "And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire" ("Rev." 20:15, King James Version). "And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works". ("Rev." 20:12, King James Version)


title: Book of Life

text: While the prevailing tendency among apocryphal writers of the Hasidean school was to give the Book of Life an eschatological meaning, the Jewish liturgy and the tradition relating to the New Year and Atonement days adhered to the ancient view, which took the Book of Life in its natural meaning, preferring, from a practical point of view, the worldliness of Judaism to the heavenliness of the Essenes. Instead of transferring, as is done in the Book of Enoch, the Testament of Abraham, and elsewhere, the great Judgment Day to the hereafter, the Pharisaic school taught that on the first day of each year ("Rosh Hashanah"), God sits in judgment over his creatures and has the Books of Life together with the books containing the records of the righteous and the wicked.


title: Book of Life

text: The origin of the heavenly Book of Life must be sought in Babylonia, where legends speak of the Tablets of Destiny and of tablets containing the transgressions, sins, wrongdoings, curses and execrations of a person who should be "cast into the water"; that is, blotted out. The living are the righteous, who alone are admitted to citizenship in the theocracy, while the wicked are denied membership and blotted out of God's book ("Ex." xxxii. 32 "et seq".). The life in which the righteous participate is to be understood in a temporal sense, as temporal life is apparently prayed for in the liturgical formula: "Inscribe us in the Book of Life."


title: Book of Life

text: In "Daniel" xii. 1, however, those who are found written in the book and who escape the troubles preparatory to the coming of the Messianic kingdom are they who, together with the risen martyrs, are destined to share in everlasting life. Eternal life is certainly meant in "Enoch" xlvii. 3, civ. 1, cviii. 3, and frequently in the "New Testament", especially in "Revelation". The Targum ("Isa." iv. 3; "Ezek." xiii. 9) speaks of the "Book of Eternal Life." The Mishnah states that the deeds of every human being are recorded in a book ("Abot," ii. 1; see iii. 16). The "Sefer Ḥasidim" (xxxiii) pointedly adds that God is in no need of a book of records; "the Torah speaks the language of man."


title: Book of Life

text: A book of life motif is frequently found in Jewish houses of worship. It is both a decorative feature and fundraiser. Some synagogues have raised money by inscribing congregation member's names in a "book of life" as a tribute to their financial generosity.


title: Dakota Allen

text: Dakota Devon Allen (born November 2, 1995) is an American football linebacker for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Tech and East Mississippi Community College.


title: Dakota Allen

text: Allen was born in Dallas, Texas and grew up in Humble, Texas. He attended Summer Creek High School and was a standout football player for the Bulldogs. As a senior, he recorded 112 tackles and three interceptions and was named the Defensive MVP of District 19-4A. He committed to play college football at Texas Tech over offers from Oklahoma, TCU, Kansas State, and Iowa State.


title: Dakota Allen

text: Allen began his collegiate career at Texas Tech, redshirting his freshman season. As a redshirt freshman, Allen was the Red Raiders' second-leading tackler with 87 stops. After the end of the season, he was charged with second-degree burglary along with two teammates and ultimately expelled from Texas Tech. All charges were eventually dropped against Allen after agreeing to enter a pre-trial diversionary program.


title: Dakota Allen

text: Following his dismissal, he transferred to East Mississippi Community College, where he was featured in the second season of the Netflix documentary series "Last Chance U". Allen recorded a team leading 117 tackles with two sacks, an interception, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery and five pass breakups. Despite success on the field early in the season, he only originally received scholarship offers from Bowling Green and Troy due to his previous arrest. Allen later received offers from Ole Miss, Mississippi State and Marshall, but opted to return to Texas Tech to finish his collegiate career.


title: Dakota Allen

text: Allen had a breakout junior season in 2017, with 92 tackles, 12 tackles for loss, and six forced turnovers. He was subsequently named to the All-Big 12 by Pro Football Focus and to the second-team All-Big 12 by coaches and media. As a senior, Allen made 73 total tackles, including 6.5 for loss, and was named first-team All-Big 12.


title: Dakota Allen

text: Allen was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in the seventh round (251st overall) of the 2019 NFL Draft. Allen signed a four-year $2,594,288 contract with a signing bonus of $74,288 on June 7, 2019. He was waived during final roster cuts on August 31, 2019, but was signed to the practice squad the following day.


title: Dakota Allen

text: On September 24, 2019, Allen was signed by the Oakland Raiders off the Rams practice squad. Allen made his NFL debut on October 6, 2019 against the Chicago Bears, playing eight snaps on special teams. He was waived on October 30 after appearing in two games for the Raiders.


title: Dakota Allen

text: On December 10, 2019, Allen was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars off the Rams practice squad. After appearing mostly in the field goal defense. Allen replaced starter Myles Jack in week 4 of the 2020 NFL season during the second half of the game against the Cincinnati Bengals. In 2020, Allen played in 13 games with the Jaguars, he started two and played mostly on special teams. He has 14 tackles (nine solo), four special teams tackles and three loss tackles this season.


title: Dakota Allen

text: On June 21, 2022, Allen signed with the Cleveland Browns. Allen was waived by the Browns on August 30, 2022. The Browns signed Allen to their practice squad on August 31, 2022. He was signed to the active roster on October 15, 2022. He was waived three days later.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: Ghostwriter is a children's mystery television series created by Liz Nealon and produced by Sesame Workshop and BBC Television. It began airing on PBS on October 4, 1992, and the last episode aired on February 12, 1995. The series revolves around a multiethnic group of friends from Brooklyn who solve neighborhood crimes and mysteries as a team of youth detectives with the help of a ghost named Ghostwriter. Ghostwriter can communicate with children only by manipulating whatever text and letters he can find and using them to form words and sentences. The series was filmed on location in Fort Greene, Brooklyn.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: The series is designed to teach reading and writing skills to schoolchildren. Each mystery is presented as a case, covering four 30-minute episodes (except for the first and fifth story arc, where there are five 30 minute episodes); children are encouraged to follow each mystery and use the reading and writing clues given to attempt to solve them just as the Ghostwriter team does.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: "Ghostwriter" was critically acclaimed and honored for presenting a realistic, ethnically diverse world in its two-hour mystery stories. By the end of its third season, "Ghostwriter" ranked in the top five of all children's shows on American television.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: Created as an integrated, branded, multi-media project, the "Ghostwriter" brand included magazines and teacher's guides, software (Microsoft), home video, games/licensed product, and other outreach materials that reached over a million children each month. There were many "Ghostwriter" novels released, both novelizations of the TV episodes and new stories. They were released by Bantam Books.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: "Ghostwriter" has been broadcast in 24 countries worldwide, and generated a number of foreign-language adaptations, including a dubbed over version on Discovery Kids in Latin America marketed as "Fantasma Escritor".


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: Despite its popularity, the program was abruptly canceled after the third season due to inadequate funding after the BBC pulled out of co-producing the show. The original series was rerun from 1995 to 1999 on PBS. From 1999 to 2003, it aired on the Noggin cable network, which was jointly founded by the Children's Television Workshop (now known as Sesame Workshop) with Paramount's Nickelodeon. The show's revival "The New Ghostwriter Mysteries" also aired on Noggin as part of its nighttime programming blocks, The Hubbub and The N.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: During the mid-1990s, "Ghostwriter" was released on VHS by Republic Pictures Home Video. The company released "Ghost Story", "Who Burned Mr. Brinker's Store?", and "Into the Comics" with their respective story-arc episodes edited together into a feature-length format.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: In February 2010, it was announced that Season 1 of "Ghostwriter" would be released on DVD by Shout! Factory. The 5-disc set, running 870 minutes long, was released on June 8, 2010. Supplements are a trivia game and a casebook. The entire series except for the last two story arcs were also released by GPN.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: In 1997, CBS aired a new version of the series, The New Ghostwriter Mysteries, as part of their educational "Think CBS Kids" block, but it was canceled after one season due to low ratings. The new series had little in common with the original, changing Ghostwriter's on-screen appearance, introducing entirely new characters, and getting rid of the serial format of the original series. The series was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and featured a new team of three kids: Camella Gorik (Charlotte Sullivan), Emilie Robeson (Erica Luttrell), and Henry "Strick" Strickland (Kristian Ayre). Ghostwriter only had two colors, which were silver and gold.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: "Ghostwriter" producer and writer Kermit Frazier revealed in a 2010 interview that Ghostwriter was a runaway slave during the American Civil War. He taught other slaves how to read and write and was killed by slave catchers and their dogs. His spirit was kept in the book that Jamal discovers and opens in the pilot episode, freeing the ghost.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: In Summer 2006, BBC School Radio produced a radio series of "Ghostwriter" for primary school students. Character names from the TV series were retained, though voiced by new children. Music and the theme song were also kept, and a new arranged jingle for children to recognize Ghostwriter's appearances was created by Sesame Workshop.


title: Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)

text: In September 2019, it was reported that a "Ghostwriter" revival would air on Apple TV+. The series premiered on November 1, 2019. The series was nominated for eight Daytime Emmy Awards.


title: Brinda Karat

text: Brinda Karat (born 17 October 1947) is an Indian politician, elected to the Rajya Sabha as a Communist Party of India (Marxist) member on 11 April 2005 for West Bengal.


title: Brinda Karat

text: In 2005, she became the first woman member of the CPI(M) Politburo. She has also been the general secretary of the All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA) from 1993 to 2004, and thereafter its vice-president.


title: Brinda Karat

text: Karat was born on 17 October 1947 in Calcutta, West Bengal, India to Oshrukona Mitra, and Suraj Lall Das. Her mother was Bengali, and her father was a Punjabi refugee from the newly-created Pakistan. Theirs was an inter-caste marriage fraught with familial opposition; Mitra’s father’s brother imposed a social ban on attending the wedding. In response, she approached her mother’s family, and finally the ceremony took place at Indian nationalist Subodh Malik’s home.


title: Brinda Karat

text: Karat grew up with 4 siblings—one elder brother, one elder sister and one younger sister. Her father raised them in a “liberal and secular” household. “We had no barriers or brakes on kind of friends we can have or kind of activities we were into,” she recalled in a 2005 interview, “We had tremendous amount of freedom. There was no personal battle I had to fight in this regard”.


title: Brinda Karat

text: Until 12 or 13, she remained in Calcutta and studied at Loreto House under Irish nuns. Later, she enrolled in the Welham Girls’ School in Dehradun, where she demonstrated strong athletic skills that helped her secure admission into New Delhi’s Miranda House at 16. At the time, she did not consider herself “politically motivated” although she expressed interest in drama, theatre and debates. She credits her then college professor Devaki Jain, the feminist economist, for influencing her thinking.


title: Brinda Karat

text: In 1967, after graduation from Miranda House, she left for London, where she worked with Air India at Bond Street for four years. While working for Air India, she campaigned against the mandatory wearing of skirts in the airlines rather than the saree. The Air India headquarters finally agreed with her and ever since then women working for the airline in London can exercise a choice of whether to wear a saree or a skirt as their uniform.


title: Brinda Karat

text: At the same time, anti-war movements across Europe and the Atlantic were on the rise to protest the intervention of the United States in Vietnam. For Karat, this was the turning point; “There was a whole range of questions,” she mentioned in 2005, “Why should a poor country like Vietnam be attacked by a big power like America? Why should young people go to war? What were the reasons for war? These questions are even relevant today. At that time you could not be young without questioning the Vietnam War.” Consequently, She was associated with a few Indian student groups, but no institution in particular. She familiarised herself with Marxist literature, and began ideating ways to “bring back home that awareness in the Indian context.”


title: Brinda Karat

text: In 1971, she decided to leave her job and return to Calcutta. She started her political work as a student activist since under the guidance of the Party she enrolled as a student in Calcutta University. Initially she worked with students in the college campus and later during the Bangladesh war at refugee camps in the State. She was also writing for the Party weekly and later became a full-time worker there. In 1975, she shifted to Delhi "In 1975 I shifted to Delhi because I wanted to work in the trade unions. At that time our party general secretary was Comrade P. Sundaraiah. He was ahead of his time. He had a clear perspective of the area of work to assign workers. He had a sensitive cadre policy. I was privileged to join the party in Delhi when he was the leader. I was accepted and got my membership."


title: Brinda Karat

text: On 7 November 1975, she married Prakash Karat. The same year she started working as a trade union organiser with textile mill workers in North Delhi. She grew to be active with worker's movements and the Indian women's movements. She gained prominence in the campaign for reform of rape laws in the 1980s. Karat is a prominent campaigner for gender issues and has fought within the party for adequate representation for women in its leadership.


title: Brinda Karat

text: On 11 April 2005, she was elected to the Indian Parliament, Rajya Sabha as a CPI(M) member for West Bengal. In 2005, she was also elected to the Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the highest decision-making body of the party and Brinda Karat is its first woman member.