title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: Richard and Elisabeth Jones, Sarah's parents, filed a wrongful death lawsuit on Sarah's behalf against CSX, the film's producers, and related companies and individuals, on May 21, 2014, in Chatham County, Georgia, where the production was based. The complaint alleged that the defendants "had knowledge, actual or constructive, that the scene filmed on February 20 was to take place on active railroad tracks, without permission from CSX" and that they "knew of the danger presented by filming under those circumstances." In reply, CSX stated that it had repeatedly denied the producers permission to use its property and railroad trestle. It also revealed that its employees on two previous CSX trains saw the film crew congregating near CSX's property where there is also a railroad crossing. The Joneses' attorneys contended that given these warning signs CSX should have slowed the train and sent an investigator to the site. The Joneses settled with a number of parties before trial. Defendants CSX, Meddin Studios, and Jeffery Gant remained in the trial.


title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: In July 2017, a jury awarded the Joneses $11.2 million. Liability for $3.9 million was allocated to CSX, $3.14 million to Miller, and $2 million to Rayonier Performance Fibers, the company that owned the land where the tracks were; the remaining liability was allocated to Savin, Schwartz and Serdish. CSX appealed and ultimately settled with the Joneses for an undisclosed lesser amount while the appeal was pending.


title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: On August 12, 2014, Film Allman LLC filed a lawsuit against New York Marine Insurance contending that if it did not receive the $1.6 million insurance payout for the interruption caused by the collision, it would be unable to continue with the production. The lawsuit also revealed that it had rewritten the script, and submitted it to the insurance carrier, to be about 1970s rock music in general, not specifically about Allman. This revelation, along with Allman's undisclosed out-of-court settlement with Film Allman LLC, raised substantial questions about whether the film would still be a "Gregg Allman biopic", based on his autobiography. The insurance policy has a clear stipulation that the insured must adhere to all safety standards and laws to prevent loss, but OSHA cited Film Allman LLC for putting its crew at risk both of falls from the trestle, a "serious citation", and of being struck by a train, a "willful citation", in addition to criminal indictments of the three managing producers and first AD for criminal trespassing and involuntary manslaughter.


title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: On March 23, 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board adopted a final report that cited the probable cause of the accident as "the film crew's unauthorized entry onto the CSX Transportation right-of-way at the Altamaha River bridge with personnel and equipment, despite CSX Transportation's repeated denial of permission to access the railroad property. Contributing to the accident was the adjacent property owner's actions to facilitate the film crew's access to the right-of-way and bridge."


title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: On August 14, 2014, OSHA cited Film Allman LLC for willful and serious citations with a proposed penalty of $74,900. The producers appealed OSHA's charges and fines, and a hearing was set for March 31, 2015, in Savannah.


title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: On October 15, 2014, the Federal Railroad Administration said it was still investigating the collision. A spokesperson said, "The FRA is investigating the February 20, 2014 accident that occurred on the CSX rail line in Nahunta, Georgia. Once completed, the investigation will identify the root cause of the accident, and we will take all appropriate enforcement actions."


title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: In its annual report, the National Council on Occupational Safety and Health (COSH) cited Sarah Jones as one of seven case studies of workplace deaths that could have been prevented. Hairstylist Joyce Gilliard, also injured in the collision, spoke about the report on a conference call with reporters and separately said in a statement, "After what I saw and lived through, I want to advocate for safety and prevent any other tragedies or injuries in the workplace."


title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: On October 2, 2014, it was revealed that Miller was in pre-production for a film called "Slick Rock Trail" and working with casting director Rick Pagano of Pagano/Manwiller Casting. Pagano had also worked with Miller as casting director on "Midnight Rider," "CBGB", "Noble Son" and "Bottle Shock". It seems the film had similarities to "Midnight Rider", including a line from Allman's book that is also a commonly quoted line from the Allman Brothers band's origin story, calling a band with two drummers as a potential train wreck. It was unclear whether the "Slick Rock Trail" script was the same one Miller presented as a rewrite of "Midnight Rider" in his lawsuit against New York Marine Insurance.


title: Midnight Rider (film)

text: In the wake of Jones' death, her family, friends, supporters and others in the film industry launched a campaign for greater awareness and attention to safety issues in film and television productions.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: Charles Bishop Kuralt (September 10, 1934 – July 4, 1997) was an American television, newspaper and radio journalist and author. He is most widely known for his long career with CBS, first for his "On the Road" segments on "The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite", and later as the first anchor of "CBS News Sunday Morning", a position he held for fifteen years. In 1996, Kuralt was inducted into Television Hall of Fame of the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: Kuralt's "On the Road" segments were recognized twice with personal Peabody Awards. The first, awarded in 1968, cited those segments as heartwarming and "nostalgic vignettes." In 1975, his award was for his work as a U.S. "bicentennial historian"; his work "capture[d] the individuality of the people, the dynamic growth inherent in the area, and…the rich heritage of this great nation." Kuralt also won an Emmy Award for "On the Road" in 1978. He shared in a third Peabody awarded to "CBS News Sunday Morning" in 1979.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: Kuralt was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. His father, Wallace H. Kuralt Sr. was a social worker and his mother was a teacher. In 1945, the family moved to Charlotte, North Carolina where his father became Director of Public Welfare in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Their house off Sharon Road, then 10 miles south of the city, was the only structure in the area.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: As a boy, he won a children's sports writing contest for a local newspaper by writing about a dog that got loose on the field during a baseball game. When he was 14 years old, Kuralt became one of the youngest radio announcers in the country, covering minor-league baseball games and hosting a music show. In 1948, he was named one of four National Voice of Democracy winners at age 14, where he won a $500 scholarship. Later, at Charlotte's Central High School, Kuralt was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" in his graduating class of 1951.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. There, he joined the literary fraternity St. Anthony Hall. He also became editor of "The Daily Tar Heel" and worked for WUNC radio. He also had a starring role in a radio program called "American Adventure: A Study of Man in The New World" in the episode titled "Hearth Fire", which aired on August 4, 1955. It is a telling of the advent of TVA's building lakes written by John Ehle and directed by John Clayton. During the summer, he also worked at WBTV in Charlotte. He graduated from UNC in 1955 with a degree in history.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: After graduating from UNC, Kuralt worked as a reporter for the "Charlotte News." He wrote "Charles Kuralt's People," a column that won an Ernie Pyle Award in 1956. He moved to CBS in 1957 as a writer. When he was 25 years old, he became the youngest correspondent in the history of CBS News. He became the first host of the primetime series "Eyewitness to History" in 1960. He also covered the 1960 presidential election. "Variety" said, "Kuralt's a comer. Young, good looking, full of poise and command, deep voiced and yet relaxed and not over-dramatic, he imparts a sense of authority and reliability to his task."


title: Charles Kuralt

text: In 1961, he became CBS's Chief Latin American Correspondent, covering 23 countries from a base in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil In 1963, he became the Chief West Coast Correspondent, moving to Los Angeles. The next year, he returned to New York City and the CBS News headquarters. Starting in 1961, he did four tours in Vietnam during the war. Kuralt said, ""Every time I got sent to Vietnam I seemed to get into some terrible situation without really trying too hard. In 1961, we got the first combat footage of that stage of the war. It was before the U.S. was involved with troops in the field, but we went out with the Vietnamese Rangers and got ambushed. Half the company we were with got killed. We were lucky as hell not to get killed "


title: Charles Kuralt

text: He also and covered the revolution in the Congo (now Zaire). In 1967, Kuralt and a CBS camera crew spent eight weeks with Ralph Plaisted in his first attempt to reach the North Pole by snowmobile, which resulted in the documentary "To the Top of the World" and his book of the same name.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: Kuralt was said to have tired of what he considered the excessive rivalry between reporters on the hard news beats. He said, "I didn't like the competitiveness or the deadline pressure," he told the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, upon his induction into their Hall of Fame. "I was sure that Dick Valeriani of NBC was sneaking around behind my back—and of course, he was!—getting stories that would make me look bad the next day. Even though I covered news for a long time, I was always hoping I could get back to something like my little column on the "Charlotte News"."


title: Charles Kuralt

text: Tired of covering war stories, Kuralt had an idea. He asked his bosses, “How about no assignments at all? How about three months of rolling down the Great American Highway, just to see what he could see?" When he finally persuaded CBS to let him try out the idea for three months with a three person crew. It turned into a quarter-century project, with Kuralt logging more than a million miles. "On the Road" became a regular feature on "The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite" in 1967 and ran through 1980. Kuralt hit the road in a motor home (he wore out six before he was through) with a small crew and avoided the interstates in favor of the nation's back roads in search of America's people and their doings. He said, "Interstate highways allow you to drive coast to coast, without seeing anything".


title: Charles Kuralt

text: According to Thomas Steinbeck, the older son of John Steinbeck, the inspiration for "On the Road" was Steinbeck's "Travels with Charley" (whose title was initially considered as the name of Kuralt's feature). During his career, he won three Peabody Awards and ten Emmy Awards for journalism. He also won a George Polk Awards in 1980 for National Television Reporting.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: On January 28, 1979, CBS launched "CBS News Sunday Morning" with Kuralt as host. On October 27, 1980, he was added as host of the weekday broadcasts of CBS' "Morning" show as well, joined with Diane Sawyer as weekday co-host on September 28, 1981. Kuralt left the weekday broadcasts in March 1982, but continued to anchor "Sunday Morning". In 1989, he covered the democracy movement in China. From 1990 to 1991, he was an anchor on "America Tonight". On April 3, 1994, he retired after 15 years as a host of "Sunday Morning", and was replaced by Charles Osgood.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: At age 60, Kuralt surprised many by retiring from CBS News. At the time, he was the longest tenured on-air personality in the News Division. However, he hinted that his retirement might not be complete. In 1995, he narrated the TLC documentary "The Revolutionary War." In early 1997, he signed on to host a syndicated, thrice-weekly, ninety-second broadcast, "An American Moment", presenting what CNN called "slices of Americana"."" Then, Kuralt also agreed to host a CBS cable broadcast show, "I Remember", designed as a weekly, hour-long review of significant news from the three previous decades.""


title: Charles Kuralt

text: Kuralt married Jean Sory Guthery in August 25, 1954. She was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Val John Guthery of Charlotte, North Carolina. Both Kuralt and Sory were seniors at UNC. They had two daughters, Susan Bowers and Lisa Bowers White. The marriage ended in a divorce in 1960.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: Late in his life, Kuralt became ill with systemic lupus erythematosus. In 1997, Kuralt was hospitalized and died from heart failure at the age of 62 at New York–Presbyterian Hospital. By request in his will, Kuralt was buried on the UNC grounds in Old Chapel Hill Cemetery.


title: Charles Kuralt

text: Two years after his death, Kuralt's decades-long companionship with a Montana woman named Patricia Shannon was made public. Kuralt apparently had a second, "shadow" family with Shannon while his wife lived in Manhattan and his daughters from a previous marriage lived on the eastern seaboard. Shannon asserted that the house in Montana had been willed to her, a position upheld by the Montana Supreme Court. According to court testimony, Kuralt met Shannon while doing a story on Pat Baker Park in Reno, Nevada, which Shannon had promoted and volunteered to build in 1968. The park was in a low-income area of Reno that had no parks until Shannon promoted her plan. Kuralt mentions Pat Shannon and the building of the park—but not the nature of their relationship together—in his autobiography.


title: Sandali Sinha

text: Sandali Sinha (born 11 January 1972) is a former Indian Bollywood actress and model. She is known for her portrayal of Pia in the romantic film "Tum Bin" (2001).


title: Sandali Sinha

text: She comes from an Air Force background. Her father, an officer, died while on duty. Her mother raised three children, including Sandali, in Delhi. She did her schooling from Air Force Bal Bharati School and graduated from Jesus and Mary College, Delhi. Sinha went to Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting Institute. Born in a family of pilots and doctors, Sinha was keen on becoming a doctor. But a brief experience on an amateur fashion show made her shift to the world of modelling.


title: Sandali Sinha

text: A graduate in commerce, Sinha shifted to Mumbai for better prospects. In a short period, Sinha became a model. Fame first came to her with a Sonu Nigam music video called "Deewana", which was directed by Anubhav Sinha. This music video took Sinha to her debut film "Tum Bin", directed by Anubhav Sinha and produced by Super Cassettes Industries Limited. In the film, Sinha plays Pia, an innocent woman who becomes a victim of circumstances. Paired opposite her are three models: Priyanshu Chatterjee, Himanshu Malik and Raqesh Bapat.


title: 1989–90 European Cup

text: The 1989–90 European Cup was the 35th edition of Europe's premier club football tournament, the European Cup. The final was played at the Praterstadion in Vienna on 23 May 1990. The final was contested by Italian defending champions Milan and Portuguese two-time former winners Benfica. Milan successfully defended their title with a 1–0 victory, securing their fourth European Cup trophy. Milan remained the last team to successfully defend their trophy until Real Madrid did it again in 2017. Arsenal were denied a place in the competition, as this was the last year of a ban from European competitions for English clubs following the Heysel Stadium disaster of 1985.


title: 1989–90 European Cup

text: "Due to fan incidents at the match, Sparta Prague were punished with a stadium ban, being ordered to play their next European home match at least from Prague."


title: 2007 NHL Entry Draft

text: The 2007 NHL Entry Draft was the 45th NHL Entry Draft. It was hosted at Nationwide Arena in the city of Columbus, Ohio, on June 22, 2007. The draft consisted of seven rounds with rounds two through seven taking place on June 23, 2007. The draft was televised on TSN and RDS, with the first round simulcasted in the United States on Versus and in Europe on NASN.


title: 2007 NHL Entry Draft

text: Columbus Blue Jackets' President and General Manager Doug MacLean and the NHL announced the event on March 21, 2006. On March 13, 2007, it was reported that NHL owners had voted in favor of changes to the team ranking system which would begin at the 2007 draft. This draft marked the first time in NHL history in which American players were selected with the top two picks, with Patrick Kane and James van Riemsdyk being selected by the Chicago Blackhawks and Philadelphia Flyers, respectively, and also tied the record of the most Americans being selected in the first round with ten players.


title: 2007 NHL Entry Draft

text: Starting with the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, the Stanley Cup champion and runner-up will receive the 30th and 29th picks, respectively. The conference finalists will get the 28th and 27th picks, and all other playoff teams will get picks based on their regular season point totals, but with the division winners getting the latest picks even if they had fewer points during the regular season than a non-division winner.


title: 2007 NHL Entry Draft

text: The draft order of the first 14 picks was determined by a lottery involving the non-playoff teams on April 10.


title: 2007 NHL Entry Draft

text: Under the weighted lottery system, the club with the fewest regular-season points had the greatest chance (25%) of winning the Draft Drawing and could pick no lower than second at the 2007 Entry Draft. The winner of the drawing would move up a maximum of four places, with all other clubs' draft order being adjusted accordingly (no team moving down more than one spot).


title: 2007 NHL Entry Draft

text: The Chicago Blackhawks, originally slated to draft in fifth place, won the lottery and as a result had the first overall pick in the draft.


title: Formal system

text: A formal system is an abstract structure used for inferring theorems from axioms according to a set of rules. These rules, which are used for carrying out the inference of theorems from axioms, are the logical calculus of the formal system.


title: Formal system

text: In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use such a system as the foundation for the knowledge in mathematics. A formal system may represent a well-defined system of abstract thought.


title: Formal system

text: The term "formalism" is sometimes a rough synonym for "formal system", but it also refers to a given style of notation, for example, Paul Dirac's bra–ket notation.


title: Formal system

text: Each formal system is described by primitive symbols (which collectively form an alphabet) to finitely construct a formal language from a set of axioms through inferential rules of formation.


title: Formal system

text: The system thus consists of valid formulas built up through finite combinations of the primitive symbols—combinations that are formed from the axioms in accordance with the stated rules.


title: Formal system

text: A formal system is said to be recursive (i.e. effective) or recursively enumerable if the set of axioms and the set of inference rules are decidable sets or semidecidable sets, respectively.


title: Formal system

text: The entailment of the system by its logical foundation is what distinguishes a formal system from others which may have some basis in an abstract model. Often the formal system will be the basis for or even identified with a larger theory or field (e.g. Euclidean geometry) consistent with the usage in modern mathematics such as model theory.


title: Formal system

text: A formal language is a language that is defined by a formal system. Like languages in linguistics, formal languages generally have two aspects:


title: Formal system

text: In computer science and linguistics usually only the syntax of a formal language is considered via the notion of a formal grammar. A formal grammar is a precise description of the syntax of a formal language: a set of strings. The two main categories of formal grammar are that of generative grammars, which are sets of rules for how strings in a language can be generated, and that of analytic grammars (or reductive grammar,) which are sets of rules for how a string can be analyzed to determine whether it is a member of the language. In short, an analytic grammar describes how to "recognize" when strings are members in the set, whereas a generative grammar describes how to "write" only those strings in the set.


title: Formal system

text: In mathematics, a formal language is usually not described by a formal grammar but by (a) natural language, such as English. Logical systems are defined by both a deductive system and natural language. Deductive systems in turn are only defined by natural language (see below).


title: Formal system

text: A "deductive system", also called a "deductive apparatus" or a "logic", consists of the axioms (or axiom schemata) and rules of inference that can be used to derive theorems of the system.


title: Formal system

text: Such deductive systems preserve deductive qualities in the formulas that are expressed in the system. Usually the quality we are concerned with is truth as opposed to falsehood. However, other modalities, such as justification or belief may be preserved instead.


title: Formal system

text: In order to sustain its deductive integrity, a "deductive apparatus" must be definable without reference to any intended interpretation of the language. The aim is to ensure that each line of a derivation is merely a syntactic consequence of the lines that precede it. There should be no element of any interpretation of the language that gets involved with the deductive nature of the system.


title: Formal system

text: A "logical system" or "language" (not be confused with the kind of "formal language" discussed above which is described by a formal grammar), is a deductive system (see section above; most commonly first order predicate logic) together with additional (non-logical) axioms. According to model theory, a logical system may be given one or more semantics or interpretations which describe whether a well-formed formula is satisfied by a given structure. A structure that satisfies all the axioms of the formal system is known as a model of the logical system. A logical system is sound if each well-formed formula that can be inferred from the axioms is satisfied by every model of the logical system. Conversely, a logic system is (semantically) complete if each well-formed formula that is satisfied by every model of the logical system can be inferred from the axioms.


title: Formal system

text: An example of a logical system is Peano arithmetic. The standard model of arithmetic sets the domain of discourse to be the nonnegative integers and gives the symbols their usual meaning. There are also non-standard models of arithmetic.


title: Formal system

text: Early logic systems includes Indian logic of Pāṇini, syllogistic logic of Aristotle, propositional logic of Stoicism, and Chinese logic of Gongsun Long (c. 325–250 BCE) . In more recent times, contributors include George Boole, Augustus De Morgan, and Gottlob Frege. Mathematical logic was developed in 19th century Europe.


title: Formal system

text: David Hilbert instigated a formalist movement that was eventually tempered by Gödel's incompleteness theorems.


title: Formal system

text: The QED manifesto represented a subsequent, as yet unsuccessful, effort at formalization of known mathematics.


title: Formal system

text: Formal proofs are sequences of well-formed formulas (or wff for short). For a wff to qualify as part of a proof, it might either be an axiom or be the product of applying an inference rule on previous wffs in the proof sequence. The last wff in the sequence is recognized as a theorem.


title: Formal system

text: The point of view that generating formal proofs is all there is to mathematics is often called "formalism". David Hilbert founded metamathematics as a discipline for discussing formal systems. Any language that one uses to talk about a formal system is called a "metalanguage". The metalanguage may be a natural language, or it may be partially formalized itself, but it is generally less completely formalized than the formal language component of the formal system under examination, which is then called the "object language", that is, the object of the discussion in question.


title: Formal system

text: Once a formal system is given, one can define the set of theorems which can be proved inside the formal system. This set consists of all wffs for which there is a proof. Thus all axioms are considered theorems. Unlike the grammar for wffs, there is no guarantee that there will be a decision procedure for deciding whether a given wff is a theorem or not. The notion of "theorem" just defined should not be confused with "theorems about the formal system", which, in order to avoid confusion, are usually called metatheorems.


title: Khia

text: Khia Shamone Finch ( ; ' Chambers"'; born November 8, 1976) is an American rapper, songwriter, singer, media personality, and record producer.


title: Khia

text: She is best known for her highest-charting single "My Neck, My Back (Lick It)" as well as other notable street hits such as "Snatch the Cat Back", "Respect Me", "K-Wang", and "Next Caller".


title: Khia

text: Khia was born Khia Shamone Finch Chambers in Philadelphia and was raised in its Germantown neighborhood, and she moved to Tampa, Florida when she was 11. Khia attended Dowdell Middle School and Hillsborough High School. She was expelled from Hillsborough during ninth grade and attended an alternative school afterwards. In 1991, Khia had her first child, a daughter also named Khia. In 1992, she moved to Honolulu, Hawaii when the father was stationed there and had her second child, a son named Rashawn, while she was living with him. Before becoming a rapper, she worked as a bartender at Club XS in Tampa, Florida. Her mother Carol Belinda Chambers, who was a data entry specialist, died in 2001.


title: Khia

text: Khia released her debut album, "Thug Misses" in 2002 on Dirty Down/Artemis Records as a re-release from the original version by Divine Records. The lead single "My Neck, My Back (Lick It)" became a breakthrough single, charting at #42 on the Hot 100 chart and #12 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. MTV News reported that she wrote "My Neck, My Back" in 15 minutes.


title: Khia

text: In 2004, Khia appeared on a track with Trick Daddy and Tampa Tony called "Jump On It" from Trick's album "".


title: Khia

text: Khia's second album was supposed to be released in 2003 by the title "Street Preacher". The album was complete by mid-2003, and was set for released by the end of 2003, but the album got shelved for unknown reasons. In 2006 Khia recorded another album to be her second album, Gangstress.


title: Khia

text: Khia's second album, "Gangstress", was released on July 11, 2006, on Phase One Communications. It debuted at #67 on the "Billboard" R&B chart. Later in 2006, Khia also collaborated with Janet Jackson on her hit "So Excited", which peaked at #90 on the Hot 100 and #1 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart.


title: Khia

text: After signing to Big Cat Records, and still with her own label Thug Misses Entertainment, Khia finished working on her third studio album, "Nasti Muzik", released on July 22, 2008. "What They Do" was the first promotional single on the album, which featured Atlanta rapper Gucci Mane. The first single, "Be Your Lady", was produced by Tampa's Push-a-Key Productions. Khia promoted the up-and-coming album by releasing a mixtape entitled "The Boss Lady", which was hosted by DJ Scream.


title: Khia

text: Khia participated in the VH1 reality show "Miss Rap Supreme" in 2008. Khia was eliminated from the competition for rapping a song recorded prior to the show, "Respect Me".


title: Khia

text: Khia began working on her fourth album, "MotorMouf aka Khia Shamone", in 2009. On May 4, 2010, she released the lead single from the album, "Been a Bad Girl". A video for the single was shot in New York by Clifton Bell. The song showed a different, more sensitive side of the rapper. Following its release, Khia stopped by a local ABC News show to promote the single. In 2010, she told the website "HipHopDX" that the album will feature her singing instead of rapping on some of its cuts. A second single, a smooth R&B song, "So Addicted", followed "Been a Bad Girl". That track was compiled on the "Khia Shamone" section of the album. She's since released the singles, "Pay Your Pussy Bill" and "Georgia" from the album.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: Ignas Brazdeikis (born January 8, 1999) is a Lithuanian-Canadian professional basketball player for Žalgiris Kaunas of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL) and the EuroLeague. He played college basketball for the Michigan Wolverines. He has represented the Canadian national teams in junior levels. During the season, he established a Michigan record by earning four Big Ten Freshmen of the week awards and was included on both the John Wooden Award Midseason Top 25 and Late Season Top 20 watchlists. As a freshman, he was a 2019 Second team All-Big Ten selection, the Big Ten Freshman of the Year and a Big Ten All-Freshman honoree. Brazdeikis was selected with the 47th overall pick in the 2019 NBA draft by the Sacramento Kings, and was then traded to the New York Knicks.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: Brazdeikis was born in Kaunas, Lithuania, to Diana and Sigitas "Sigis" Brazdeikis. He has an older sister, Ema. His second aunt, Lina Brazdeikytė, is a former professional basketball player who won the EuroBasket Women 1997 with the Lithuania women's national team. His family emigrated to Chicago before moving to Winnipeg and Etobicoke (where he started to play basketball at the age of six) before settling in Oakville, Ontario.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: Brazdeikis attended Holy Trinity CSS in Oakville, where he became the first grade nine student to play for the senior team. He then transferred to Orangeville Prep in Mono, where he was named Ontario Scholastic Basketball Association MVP in 2017 and 2018. As a junior he led Orangeville to the 2017 OSBA championship and won the tournament MVP award. Brazdeikis is generally right-handed, including his dribble, but shoots the basketball left-handed. During Brazdeikis's high school years, he was mentored by former Wolverine Nik Stauskas.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: By May 2017 Brazdeikis was undecided between matriculating with the class of 2017 or 2018 and had taken unofficial visits to Michigan, Vanderbilt and Cincinnati. After accumulating offers from several schools including Baylor, Cal, Illinois, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, and USC and rankings of number 66 overall and 16 small forward at 247sports.com, Brazdeikis announced that he would officially visit Michigan, Vanderbilt and Florida on September 8, 15 and 29, 2017, respectively. He gave a Michigan a verbal commitment on September 22. After he committed, Michigan stopped recruiting R. J. Barrett. He signed a National Letter of Intent with Michigan on November 10, 2017 along with the 2018 class that included Colin Castleton, David DeJulius, Brandon Johns, and Adrien Nunez.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: Brazdeikis was expected to be Michigan's best incoming freshman according to Yahoo Sports and ESPN in 2018.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: In Michigan's November 6, 63–44 victory over Norfolk State, Brazdeikis debuted with 12 points in head coach John Beilein's 800th career win. In his second game on November 10, during a 56–37 victory against Holy Cross, Brazdeikis added 19 points, including 15 points in the first five minutes to start the second half as well as seven rebounds. On November 18, Brazdeikis helped Michigan defeat Providence 66–47 to win the Hall of Fame Tip Off tournament with a game-high 20 points and another 7 rebounds. He repeated his 20-point, 7-rebound performance the next time out on November 23 against Chattanooga during their 83–55 victory. Brazdeikis posted his third consecutive 20-point game on November 28, as Michigan defeated (#11 AP Poll/#13 Coaches Poll) North Carolina 84–67 in the ACC–Big Ten Challenge behind his career-high 24 points.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: On December 1, Michigan defeated (#19/#18) Purdue 76–57 in its Big Ten Conference season opener. Brazdeikis contributed 12 points. On December 3, he was recognized as Big Ten Freshman of the Week for his performance against these two ranked teams. Following a 23-point game against Northwestern and a 17-point performance against South Carolina, Brazdeikis was recognized as co-Big Ten Freshman of the Week on December 10. On December 30, Michigan defeated Binghamton 74–52. Michigan was led by Brazdeikis with a game-high 21 points. The following day, he earned Big Ten Freshman of the week recognition for the third time in December. On January 3, Michigan returned to Big Ten play with a 68–55 victory over Penn State powered by Brazdeikis' first career double-double (16 points and a career-high 11 rebounds). On January 9, Brazdeikis was one of 7 Big Ten athletes included on the John Wooden Award Men's Midseason Top 25 watchlist. On January 13, the 2018–19 Wolverines team defeated Northwestern to establish a school record for best start at 17–0 and tied the school's record 17-game win streak. On January 19, Michigan lost to Wisconsin 64–54, as Brazdeikis went scoreless. On January 22, Michigan defeated Minnesota 59–57 after a buzzer beater by Matthews. Michigan was led by Brazdeikis with a game-high 18 points and career-tying 11 rebounds, for his second double-double of the season. On January 25, Michigan defeated Indiana 69–46. Michigan was led by Brazdeikis with a game-high 20 points, while Matthews added 10 points and a career-tying 11 rebounds for his sixth career double-double. Michigan jumped out to a 17–0 lead and its defense allowed only 18 points in the first half, as Indiana shot a season-low 27.6% from the field during the game. The 23-point victory marked the largest ever by Michigan on the road against Indiana. On January 28, Brazdeikis earned his fourth Big Ten Freshman of the Week recognition for his performances against Minnesota and Indiana. This surpassed Tim Hardaway Jr. and Nik Stauskas and established a new school record for most such awards. On February 5, Brazdeikis was one of four Big Ten athletes named to the Wooden Award Late Season Top 20 Watch List. That night, he made a career-high five three-pointers and scored a game-high 23 points as Michigan defeated Rutgers 77–65 and head coach John Beilein passed Johnny Orr for the most Big Ten wins as Michigan head coach with 121. On February 7, Brazdeikis was one of two Big Ten athletes (along with Jordan Murphy) named a Karl Malone Award Top 10 finalist.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: Following the season, he was a 2019 Second team All-Big Ten selection (coaches and media), the Big Ten Freshman of the Year (coaches and media) and a Big Ten All-Freshman honoree (coaches and media). On March 12, the U.S. Basketball Writers Association named Brazdeikis to its 2018–19 Men's All-District V (OH, IN, IL, MI, MN, WI) Team, based upon voting from its national membership. He was named to the National Association of Basketball Coaches Division I All‐District 7 second team on March 21, as selected and voted on by member coaches of the NABC, making him eligible for the 2019 NABC Coaches’ Division I All-America team. He led Michigan in scoring (15.7 points per game) during its run to the March 17 championship game of the 2019 Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament, earning a spot on the All-tournament team. On March 28, Michigan lost to (#9/#10) Texas Tech 44–63 in the Sweet Sixteen round of the 2019 NCAA tournament. Brazdeikis led Michigan with 17 points and a career-high 13 rebounds, for his third career double-double. The Wolverines finished the season with a 30–7 record, for its second consecutive 30-win season. Brazdeikis was an honorable mention Associated Press 2019 All-American team selection. Following the season, on April 9, Brazdeikis, along with teammates Jordan Poole and Charles Matthews, declared for the 2019 NBA draft with the intention of hiring agents.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: On June 20, 2019, Brazdeikis was drafted 47th overall in the 2019 NBA draft by the Sacramento Kings, who then traded him to the New York Knicks. He was on the Knicks 2019 NBA Summer League roster. On July 6, 2019, the Knicks signed Brazdeikis to a multi-year contract. Brazdeikis was the first player to post a 30-point game at the 2019 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas. Brazdeikis made his NBA debut on November 3 against the Sacramento Kings scoring four points in a 113–92 loss. He was assigned to the Westchester Knicks for the start of the NBA G League season. On January 11, 2020, Brazdeikis posted 24 points, 14 rebounds and five assists for Westchester in a win over the Lakeland Magic.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: On March 25, 2021, Brazdeikis was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers. On April 8, the 76ers waived Brazdeikis who appeared in one game for the team.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: On May 2, 2021, Brazdeikis signed a 10-day contract with the Orlando Magic. Brazdeikis made his debut on May 3, recording a then career-high 14 points in the Magic's 119–112 win over the Detroit Pistons. On May 12, the Magic signed Brazdeikis for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. On May 14, Brazdeikis surpassed his career high in points with 21 in a 122–97 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: On July 24, 2022, Brazdeikis returned to his homeland and signed a two-year contract with Žalgiris Kaunas of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL) and the EuroLeague.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: Brazdeikis earned a silver medal with Team Canada at the 2015 FIBA Americas Under-16 Championship, averaging 9.2 points and 7.2 rebounds per game. He also played for Canada at the 2016 FIBA Under-17 World Championship, averaging 14.7 points and 6.9 rebounds per game. He was invited to participate in the April 13, 2018, Nike Hoop Summit and recorded nine points, four rebounds and three assists in 12 minutes of play during the 89–76 World team's victory.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: Despite playing for Canada's national teams in youth tournaments and not having the Lithuanian citizenship, Brazdeikis has said that he would like to represent the Lithuania men's national basketball team in international competitions. In January 2020, he officially applied to have his Lithuanian citizenship restored.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: On May 5, 2021, his Lithuanian citizenship was restored. Due to a change in Lithuanian laws, Brazdeikis also kept his Canadian citizenship.


title: Ignas Brazdeikis

text: On June 22, 2022, he made his debut with the Lithuanian national team in a friendly game against Latvia.


title: The Palazzo

text: The Palazzo (also called The Palazzo at The Venetian) is a luxury hotel and casino resort located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It is the tallest completed building in Nevada. Designed by the Dallas-based HKS, Inc., the hotel offers luxury in an Italian Renaissance ambiance. The hotel and casino are part of a larger complex (operated as one hotel) comprising the adjoining Venetian Resort and Casino and Venetian Expo, all of which are owned by Vici Properties and operated by Apollo Global Management.


title: The Palazzo

text: This all-suite hotel offers the largest standard accommodations on the Las Vegas Strip at per guest room. The hotel complex is the second largest hotel in the world.


title: The Palazzo

text: In its first year of eligibility, The Palazzo was awarded the AAA Five Diamond Award for 2009, and had been awarded the honor every year until 2014. After 2014, The Venetian and The Palazzo no longer receive AAA Diamond awards, as the management has refused further AAA inspections.


title: The Palazzo

text: By 1949, the property was occupied by the Ottilia Villa Motel, the eight-room Park Lane Motel, and a restaurant named Maggie's. The Carousel Motel opened on the property in 1953, and the adjacent Park Lane Motel was incorporated into the Carousel around 1954. The Ottilia Villa was renamed as the Spanish Trail Motel in 1957.


title: The Palazzo

text: The Tam O'Shanter motel was built and opened in 1959, on of the land. The motel was owned by Bernie Zeldin, and was named after Illinois' Tam O'Shanter Golf Course, where Zeldin frequently played. The motel had 100 rooms, and featured a distinctive neon sign resembling a tam o' shanter cap. The sign was later donated to the city's Neon Museum. The Spanish Trail Motel went out of business around 1960. In 1962, it reopened as the Imperial 400 Motel.


title: The Palazzo

text: Zeldin declined numerous offers to purchase the Tam O'Shanter. Billionaire Howard Hughes attempted to purchase the Tam O'Shanter at some point, initially offering $3 million. However, Hughes was late in delivering the money, and Zeldin subsequently raised the price to $6 million. When Hughes was late again in delivering the money, Zeldin called off negotiations. The Carousel Motel became the Sand Dunes Motel in 1973, and was demolished in 1998. In 1990, the Imperial 400 became a Days Inn. In 1996, it became the Vagabond Inn.


title: The Palazzo

text: Before his death in June 1997, Zeldin finalized a $12.5 million deal to sell the Tam O'Shanter to Sheldon Adelson's Las Vegas Sands, which later opened the adjacent Venetian resort in 1999. Adelson was a friend of Zeldin. Venetian officials purchased of land, including the Tam O'Shanter, in October 1998. Bernie Zeldin's daughter, Leah Zeldin, operated the Tam O'Shanter until its closure. In December 2003, the Zeldin family was informed of the Venetian's plans to demolish the motel for a future resort. While there were no specific plans for the new resort's theme or construction date, company officials wanted the motel demolished so the land could be prepared for the future project, known as The Venetian Phase II, which would consist of a $1 billion resort with 3,000 rooms.


title: The Palazzo

text: Tam O'Shanter closed on January 12, 2004. An asbestos-removal project for the motel took 19 days to complete. Tam O'Shanter was subsequently demolished on February 6, 2004, to make room for The Palazzo. The Vagabond Inn, which contained asbestos as well, was also demolished in February 2004. The asbestos-removal project cost between $500,000 and $1 million. The land had also been occupied by the Las Vegas Kosher Deli, as well as several small stores that were owned by the Venetian and were expected to close to make room for The Palazzo.


title: The Palazzo

text: Foundation work on the $1.6 billion Palazzo began in September 2004, without a groundbreaking ceremony. As of February 27, 2006, the project had been under construction for over a year. Most of that time was spent digging the 4-story-deep hole to put in the underground parking structure. Then the building itself began to gradually rise upwards. The steel fabrication and erection was supplied by Schuff Steel Company. By November 2006, the hotel tower had reached the 35th floor. Construction of the ground floors, including the parking garage and shopping center, were well under way.


title: The Palazzo

text: As of March 2007, the hotel tower's elevator core was complete, and the rooms area was rising to the top. The façade and windows were being installed on the lower floors. As of August 2007, the lettering on the side of the tower was finished and topped out.


title: The Palazzo

text: As of December 20, 2007, the Palazzo was scheduled to open at least 1,000 rooms by December 28 in preparation for the Las Vegas New Year's celebration, "America's Party". The casino and other areas of the Palazzo opened at 7pm on Sunday, December 30, 2007, after a delay of several days due to the Clark County permitting process.


title: The Palazzo

text: Upon its completion, The Palazzo ‒ its total floor area covering ‒ displaced the Pentagon as the largest building in the United States in terms of floor space by a margin of about .


title: The Palazzo

text: Parts of the resort were opened to the general public on December 30, 2007. The official grand opening took place on January 17, 2008.


title: The Palazzo

text: The St. Regis Residences at the Venetian Palazzo, Las Vegas is an unfinished condominium tower located at 3355 South Las Vegas Boulevard, between the Palazzo and the Venetian.


title: The Palazzo

text: In November 2006, Las Vegas Sands sought approval from the Clark County Commission to construct a 632-foot condominium tower on a portion of the Palazzo land. Construction of the $465 million tower began in early 2007, with pre-sales of the condominium units expected to begin by September. The tower was built atop a retail building that was part of the Palazzo project. The retail building and the condominium tower were constructed on less than an acre of land which had previously been occupied by the Rosewood Grille restaurant. In September 2008, Las Vegas Sands and Starwood announced a partnership to open the tower as "The St. Regis Residences at the Venetian Palazzo, Las Vegas", named after the St. Regis Hotels & Resorts brand. The tower would include 398 units, and was expected to cost $600 million at that time. Under the deal, Starwood would manage the tower upon its opening, which was scheduled for March 2010.


title: The Palazzo

text: In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands indefinitely suspended construction of the St. Regis because of the Great Recession. An additional 18 months of construction was needed to finish the project, which was to stand 50 stories high upon completion. In November 2009, Las Vegas Sands stated that work would remain suspended until the economy improved. In June 2011, Las Vegas Sands covered the unfinished building with a $1 million wrap made of giant cloth sheets that were printed to resemble a finished building. A company spokesman said that until a decision was made regarding the project, "We thought it was appropriate to improve it aesthetically in the meantime. We wanted it to look a little more like it belongs between a pair of five-diamond resorts like The Venetian and Palazzo." Michael Leven, president of Las Vegas Sands, had a view of the unfinished tower from his third-floor office, and later stated: "I couldn't stand looking at that steel. One day I was out at the pool and I realized our guests were looking up and staring at the steel. We put the cover on it and it's held up well. You sometimes forget it is there if you walk by."


title: The Palazzo

text: In April 2014, Leven said that money was no longer an issue in completing the project, stating, "It's not a financial decision anymore, but we want to do the right thing," referring to the ultimate use of the building. Because of the uncertainty in the high-end, high-rise residential market, Leven stated that it was unlikely the tower would be completed as condominiums. Up to that time, Las Vegas Sands had considered finishing and opening the tower as timeshares, but Leven stated that "the numbers didn't work out". Leven further stated that finishing the tower as a third hotel-casino with its own entrance was unlikely. Also considered was finishing the tower as a hotel expansion for the Palazzo and Venetian.


title: The Palazzo

text: The $1.8 billion resort features a lobby where guests from the street arrive beneath a glass dome with a two-story fountain. Those approaching from The Venetian make the transition through a towering octagonal structure and garden, itself topped by a glass-and-iron dome. Visitors to The Palazzo using the underground parking structure can take elevators or escalators from the underground garage and arrive in the center of the property's casino.


title: The Palazzo

text: The Palazzo Casino, like some other casinos on the Strip, operates under the license of a related casino—in this case The Venetian's license. The resort's high hotel tower features 3,068 all-suite rooms and 375 concierge-level suites.


title: The Palazzo

text: The Palazzo is reported to be the eleventh largest building in the world in terms of available floor space and is also currently the second-largest building in the Western Hemisphere.


title: The Palazzo

text: The Las Vegas Car Museum is inside the multi-story Dal Toro restaurant, and features displays of automobiles from automakers including Bugatti, Spyker, Saleen, and Koenigsegg. The showroom is decorated with marble and tile flooring, leather wall coverings, and artwork. The space was originally a Lamborghini Las Vegas dealership. The restaurant stopped using the automaker's trademark after a lawsuit was filed.


title: The Palazzo

text: Features boutique stores from the likes of Ralph Lauren, Jimmy Choo, Fendi, Cole Haan, Piaget, Diane von Furstenberg, Chloè, Bottega Veneta, Bulgari, Michael Kors, Burberry, Christian Louboutin, Catherine Malandrino, Anya Hindmarch, Charriol, and others. It also features an Barneys New York.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The 73rd Annual Tony Awards were held on June 9, 2019, to recognize achievement in Broadway productions during the 2018–19 season. The ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and was broadcast live by CBS. James Corden served as host.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: "Hadestown" was the most awarded show of the season, with eight including Best Musical." The Ferryman" won four awards, including Best Play. Musicals "The Cher Show" and "Tootsie", the revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Oklahoma!", and the new play "Ink" each won two awards.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The ceremony received mixed reviews, with many criticizing the performance of Corden as host. At the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, it was nominated for three awards: Outstanding Variety Special (Live), Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special, and Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Special.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The official eligibility cut-off date for Broadway productions opening in the 2018–2019 season was April 25, 2019.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The Tony Award nominations were announced on April 30, 2019 by Bebe Neuwirth and Brandon Victor Dixon and broadcast on CBS.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: "Hadestown" received 14 nominations, the most of any production of the season. "Ain't Too Proud" followed, with 12 nominations. The plays "The Ferryman" and "To Kill a Mockingbird" each received nine nominations.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The annual Meet the Nominees Press Reception took place on May 1, 2019 at the Sofitel New York Hotel. The annual Nominees Luncheon took place on May 21, 2019 at the Rainbow Room. A cocktail party was held on June 3, 2019 at the Sofitel New York Hotel to celebrate the season's Tony Honors for Excellence in the Theatre and Special Award recipients.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The Creative Arts Tony Awards ceremony was presented prior to the televised award ceremony. The ceremony was hosted by Danny Burstein, Karen Olivo and Aaron Tveit. The awards presented include honorary awards and technical categories.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The playwrights of the nominated plays spoke of their work. As noted by "The Hollywood Reporter" "Presenting the play nominees has always been the telecast's biggest challenge, and having the writers themselves take the stage to discuss the genesis and themes of their work felt particularly appropriate in such an uncommonly strong season for new plays. It helped that they were so entertaining." The playwrights included James Graham ("Ink"), Jez Butterworth ("The Ferryman"), Tarell Alvin McCraney ("Choir Boy"), Taylor Mac ("Gary: A Sequel to Titus Andronicus") and Heidi Schreck ("What the Constitution Means to Me").


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: During the broadcast's commercial breaks, Corden started "Broadway Karaoke", whereby Broadway performers in the audience would karaoke a show tune without preplanning or rehearsal. Equipped with a songbook, microphone, and with a pianist to accompany, Corden would pick various stars to sing during three of the telecast commercials. Although the performances weren't broadcast, audience members and Corden's own film crew recorded the proceedings with some videos being posted online. Corden, whose own late-night show has a successful and similar ongoing segment, Carpool Karaoke, which led to television's "", revealed the scheme on his show the following night of the Tonys.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The first of three karaokes was "Dear Evan Hansens Ben Platt who sang "Tomorrow" from "Annie." During the next karaoke break was a performance of "96,000" from "In the Heights" by the upcoming film's Anthony Ramos who plays Usnavi, who was soon duetting with Christopher Jackson, who originated the role of Benny. The third performance was a "showstopper" shared by Corden on his show the next night, weaving online videos as well as from his own crew. Toward the end of the show he approached "Pose"'s Billy Porter, who garnered media attention for his red and pink haute couture gown upcycled from "Kinky Boots curtains, to deliver what Corden said was an incredible performance of "Everything's Coming up Roses" from "Gypsy", which received a standing ovation from the roughly 6,000 attendees.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The non-competitive Special Tony Award was presented to Rosemary Harris, Terrence McNally and Harold Wheeler for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The Isabelle Stevenson Award was awarded to Judith Light for her work to end HIV/AIDS and support for LGBTQ+ and human rights.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The Excellence In Theatre Education Award recipient was Madeleine Michel of Monticello High School in Charlottesville, Virginia.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre was awarded to Broadway Inspirational Voices; Peter Entin, retired vice president of Theatre Operations for the Shubert Organization; Joseph Blakely Forbes, founder and president of Scenic Art Studios, Inc.; and FDNY Engine 54, Ladder 4, Battalion 9 (firehouse, New York City).


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: Special Tony Awards were presented to the late Marin Mazzie, music director Jason Michael Webb, and Sonny Tilders and Creature Technology Company, creator of the gorilla in "King Kong" among others.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The show received a mixed reception from many media publications. On Metacritic, the ceremony has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100, based 6 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". "The Hollywood Reporter" columnist David Rooney remarked, "The host started strong and had one sharp musical interlude mid-show, but elsewhere delivered strained comedy bits that felt familiar, safe and thematically generic." "The New York Times" theatre critic Mike Hale commented, "But after his verbal dexterity enlivened an overcrowded and bland opening number that did little to showcase the season's musicals, the material continually failed him, whether it was a tortured audience-participation gag about putting on a loser's face for the cameras, or a tortured audience-participation gag about generating some rap-style beefs between Broadway stars." Daniel D'Addario from "Variety" wrote, "The quality of showmanship — the simple sense of taking joy in a production having been brought across well — seemed painfully absent from a broadcast that has little other reason to exist. Many, many people who watch the Tonys never have seen and never will see a nominated show in Manhattan; for that audience, a production brought off well before the cameras is the ceremony's point vastly more than is a list of winners."


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: In addition, Caroline Siede from "The A.V. Club" gave the show a B−, expanding in her review, "All in all, this was a mostly satisfying, if not completely exhilarating year for the Tonys. I'll remember the winners and I'll remember some of the musical performances, but I doubt I'll remember James Corden's opening number in the way I still do with Neil Patrick Harris' "Bigger" or last year's Sara Bareilles and Josh Groban's tribute to losers." "New York Post" critic Michael Riedel wrote, "As for Corden, this was not his finest hour. The opening number, written especially for the telecast, was a dud, and he seemed a bit tired throughout the evening. There was a skit where he had Broadway actors dissing each other, and I can only hope he did not have script approval on that one." Theatre critic Charles McNulty of the "Los Angeles Times" remarked, "James Corden sprinkled in crowd-pleasing pokes at annoying audience members' phones ringing during shows, how expensive Broadway tickets have become and how low the industry's paychecks and the CBS telecast's ratings tend to be."


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: Of the ten nominated musicals, "Be More Chill" was the only one to not have a performance or segment on the telecast. Host Corden, with Josh Groban and Sara Bareilles, performed a parody of "Michael in the Bathroom", a song from the show. Joe Iconis, the show's composer and sole Tony nominee, praised the parody for giving the show exposure on a large scale, but the award ceremony was nevertheless criticized by fans for not crediting the source material. "New York Post"'s Riedel noted Broadway League chief Charlotte St. Martin talked about the importance of getting young people to the theater, while the ceremony almost entirely ignored a show about teenagers whose target audience was mostly teenagers. The day after the ceremony, both Corden and Groban credited the show. St. Martin said, "We are doing everything we can to rectify [the situation]." CBS's Facebook post of the number was later revised to credit Iconis and "Be More Chill" as the parody's source.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: The ceremony averaged a Nielsen 4.3 ratings/8 share, and was watched by 5.4 million viewers. The ratings was a 10 percent decrease from previous ceremony's viewership of 6.3 million, becoming the lowest in its entire history.


title: 73rd Tony Awards

text: Broadway actor Cynthia Erivo performed "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from "The Lion King" as images of theatre personalities who died in the past year were shown in the following order.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: Gaziantep Futbol Kulübü is a Turkish professional football club based in Gaziantep. Founded in 1988, the club currently plays in the Süper Lig, the highest tier of Turkish football.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: The club was founded as Sankospor in 1988 and competed at the amateur level until 1993. They competed between the TFF Third League and TFF First League until 2019, when they were promoted to Süper Lig. During the 2020–21 season, the club reached the top of the standings in week 17, which they held for one week until being taken over by Beşiktaş J.K.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: The club was founded at the amateur level as Sankospor under Sanko Holding A.Ş., an industrial group of companies headquartered in Gaziantep, in 1988. The first colors of club were blue and white. The club started to compete at TFF Third League in the 1993–94 season. In the TFF Third League, they played their first game in professional leagues against İslahiyespor, another Gaziantep-based club, which ended as a goalless draw on 26 September 1993. Amassing 85 points with 27 wins in a total of 34 games, the team won Group 3 of the 1996–97 season and was promoted to the TFF Second League, with 17 points above the closest competitor Kilis Belediyespor.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: The name of the club was changed to Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyespor in the beginning of the 1999–2000 season. The club won the Group C title of the 2004–05 season of the TFF Second League, winning 22 games out of 34 with 73 points, scoring 90 goals.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: The club made the playoffs for the first time in the 2010–11 season of the TFF First League, when they were defeated by Orduspor 1–0. In the same season, Gaziantep reached the quarter finals of the 2010–11 Turkish Cup, beaten by Beşiktaş J.K. 0–8 (0–5 and 0–3) in aggregate score.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: The name of club was changed for third time as Gazişehir Gaziantep Futbol Kulübü, following the general assembly held on 15 June 2017. The club competed at TFF First League for 2 seasons under this name. The club reached play-offs in 2 consecutive seasons between 2017–18 season under Erkan Sözeri, and 2018–19 season under Mehmet Altıparmak's management. In 2017–18 season, club was eliminated by Erzurum BB after 4–5 final score in play-off final after penalty shoot-outs.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: In 2018–19 season, this time club defeated Hatayspor by 5–3 final score after penalty shoot-outs and promoted to Süper Lig. Thus, after Gaziantepspor, Gazişehir Gaziantep are the 2nd team in history to compete at Süper Lig from city of Gaziantep.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: Following their promotion to Süper Lig, the club announced the employment of Marius Șumudică as head coach on a single-season-basis contract with a potential one season extension, on 13 June 2019. In match week 1 of 2019–20 season, the club made their Süper Lig debut against Fenerbahçe S.K. on an away game held at Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium, which Gaziantep FK lost by 0–5 final score, on 19 August 2019. Following week of fixtures, they achieved their first Süper Lig win agasint Gençlerbirliği with a 4–1 final score, on 26 August 2019. The first Süper Lig level goal of the club was scored by Olarenwaju Kayode. In October 2019, name of the club was changed once again as Gaziantep Futbol Kulübü. On 28 October 2019, the club announced the contract renewal with coach Șumudică, until 2021. The club completed 2019–20 season at 8th place of the table.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: On week 17 of the 2020–21 season, beating MKE Ankaragücü by 2–0 final score, reaching 31 points, Gaziantep FK topped the first position of Süper Lig standings, with one game in front Beşiktaş, on 5 January 2021. Following a 1–3 loss against Galatasaray at week one, the 2019–20 season, the team retained a 15-week-long unbeaten record until 9 January 2021, where they have been eventually beaten by Sivasspor by 1–2. Following a long infiltrated discussion concentrated a contract renewal between the board of club and Șumudică, the club sacked Romanian coach on 11 January 2021. The club agreed with Portuguese former international Ricardo Sá Pinto on a two-and-a-half-season-long contract, with a potential one season extension, on 20 January 2021. After 6 wins and 6 draws out of 21 official games, finishing the season on 9th place under Sá Pinto's management, the parties agreed for a mutual termination at the end of the season. Club announced their agreement with Erol Bulut on 20 May 2021.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: The first colors of the club were blue and white. The colors were altered into "white-red-black" combination and the new and current logo was enacted, all together under the scope of a council board, including changing the name of club, held in June 2017. The design of crest was inspired after baklava slices, colored in official club colors.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: Since their promotion to TFF Third League in 1993, Gaziantep FK played in professional leagues, governed by TFF. During playing at third division, the club co-tenanted their home fixtures with Gaziantepspor at Kamil Ocak Stadium between 1993 and 2000. They played their first home game at professional leagues at Kamil Ocak Stadium, on 3 October 1993, where they beat Adana Polisgücü by 3–0, at week 2 of 1993–94 season, on 3 October 1993.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: They sublet GASKİ Stadium of GASKİ SK between 2000 and 2005, until they promoted to TFF First League. Their first game at GASKİ Stadium against Bakırköyspor at first week of 2000–01 season, which they won 6–0, on 13 August 2000. The club returned to Kamil Ocak Stadium at 2005–05 season. They played their last home game at Kamil Ocak Stadium against Eskişehirspor, losing the game 0–1, on 23 December 2016. Demolition of Kamil Ocak Stadium was started in October 2018.


title: Gaziantep F.K.

text: Constructed between 2013 and 2017 with an approximate 120m TRY, the club took New Gaziantep Stadium, their own stadium, with all-seated 35,502 of capacity, in 2017. They played their first home match of club at New Gaziantep Stadium on 28 January 2017, where team beat Bandırmaspor 3–1. Muhammet Reis scored the first ever goal of stadium's history in the 10th minute of the same match.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: The Amazing Race 5 is the fifth season of the American reality television show "The Amazing Race". It featured eleven teams of two in a race around the world.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: Married parents Chip and Kim McAllister were the winners of the season, while dating couple Colin Guinn and Christie Woods finished in second place, and models Brandon Davidson and Nicole O'Brian finished in third.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: After the anemic ratings for "The Amazing Race 4", CBS chairman and CEO Les Moonves doubted whether the series would be renewed for another season. After much deliberation, CBS officially ordered a fifth installment of "The Amazing Race" in September 2003. Some observers cited the series' recent Emmy win as the factor behind its renewal. While CBS flirted with the idea of a fall premiere, it ultimately gave season 5 a summer broadcast to create momentum for "The Amazing Race 6" on the fall schedule.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: This season introduced two major twists to "The Amazing Race": the Yield and the non-elimination penalty. The Yield allowed one team to force another team to stop racing for a predetermined amount of time. The Yield was available on each leg, except the last two, although it was not shown on each episode. The non-elimination penalty required teams finishing last on non-elimination legs to be stripped of any money they had accumulated and, in addition, they received no money at the start of the next leg. This was also the first season to see the number of Fast Forwards reduced; only two were available in the entire season.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: Filming for "The Amazing Race 5" began on January 30, 2004 and finished on February 27. This season traveled , which was the show's longest route yet, covering six continents and twelve countries. The teams visited nine countries not previously seen on the show: Uruguay, Argentina, Russia, Egypt, Kenya, Tanzania, the United Arab Emirates, the Philippines, and Canada.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: During pre-production, the producers moved the Dubai leg from the originally planned location of Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul was eventually visited on "The Amazing Race 7". Production also moved the legs in the Philippines from Japan, but Japan was eventually visited on "The Amazing Race 9".


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: The Zorb task in Leg 10 was filmed at a New Zealand farm owned by a friend of host Phil Keoghan. Prior to the season, Keoghan experienced rolling in the Zorb and insisted it be a task on the show.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: Marshall & Lance were the first team in "Amazing Race" history to quit. When they arrived at the Roadblock site after all of the other teams had left, they decided to give up rather than complete the frustrating 'needle in a haystack' task during Leg 6 in Luxor, Egypt.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: After two seasons that featured twelve teams, the contestant pool this season was reduced to eleven teams. They included a dating widowed couple, female twins, a former "Big Brother" contestant, and a team member with dwarfism. Alison Irwin of CBS's "Big Brother 4" was the first contestant from a previously aired reality show to take part in "The Amazing Race".


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: Charla & Mirna returned to compete in "The Amazing Race: All-Stars". Colin & Christie were also invited to participate in "The Amazing Race: All-Stars", but had to decline due to Christie's pregnancy. They later competed on "The Amazing Race: Reality Showdown" in 2019.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: Alison Irwin later appeared on "Big Brother: All Stars". In 2005, Chip, Kim, Charla, and Mirna all competed on the Bravo reality series "Battle of the Network Reality Stars", along with twenty-eight other individuals from various reality series.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: The following teams are listed with their placements in each leg. Placements are listed in finishing order.


title: The Amazing Race 5

text: "The Amazing Race 5" received positive reviews. Maureen Ryan of the "Chicago Tribune" called this season a "breakout success". In 2016, this season was ranked 1st out of the first 27 seasons by the "Rob Has a Podcast Amazing Race" correspondents. Kareem Gantt of "Screen Rant" called it "an otherwise near-perfect season." In 2021, Jane Andrews of Gossip Cop ranked this season as the show's 2nd best season. In 2022, Jason Shomer of Collider ranked this season among the show's top seven seasons. In 2022, Rhenn Taguiam of Game Rant ranked this season as the tenth-best season.


title: Stylophone

text: The Stylophone is a miniature analog electronic keyboard musical instrument played with a stylus. Invented in 1967 by Brian Jarvis, it entered production in 1968, manufactured by Dubreq.


title: Stylophone

text: Some three million Stylophones were sold, mostly as children's toys, but were occasionally used by professional musicians such as Rolf Harris, John Lennon, Kraftwerk and David Bowie.


title: Stylophone

text: It consists of a metal keyboard made of printed circuit board and played by touching it with a stylus. Each note on the keyboard is connected to a voltage-controlled oscillator via a different-value resistor, and touching the stylus to the keyboard thus closes a circuit. The only other controls were a power switch and a vibrato control on the front panel beside the keyboard, and a tuning potentiometer on the rear.


title: Stylophone

text: The Stylophone was available in three variants: standard, bass, and treble, the standard one being by far the most common. There was also a larger version called the 350S with more notes on the keyboard, various voices, a novel 'wah-wah' effect that was controlled by moving one's hand over a photo-sensor, and two styli.


title: Stylophone

text: In the mid-1970s a new model appeared which featured pseudo-wood on the speaker panel and a volume control. This was shortly before the Stylophone ceased production altogether in 1975.


title: Stylophone

text: The entertainer Rolf Harris appeared for several years as the Stylophone's advertising spokesman in the United Kingdom, and appeared on many "play-along" records sold by the manufacturer.


title: Stylophone

text: In October 2007, 28 years after the Stylophone went out of production, toy company Re:creation, in conjunction with Dubreq Ltd (re-formed in 2003 by Ben Jarvis, the son of the original inventor), re-launched the Stylophone, having it manufactured in China. The new model, officially called the S1, is a digital copy that closely resembles the 1960s original but has a volume control and features an audio throughput function, as well as sporting two new sounds.


title: Stylophone

text: In December 2012, Dubreq released the Series 2 Stylophone, a British-made, true analogue synthesizer.


title: Stylophone

text: This model strays from the normal box-shaped stylophone. It is a mainly round case that has a circular keypad containing 13 contact areas. It offers 3 different sound banks and a tempo control. It also features a basic record/loop function.


title: Stylophone

text: In January 2017, Dubreq released details of the Stylophone Gen X-1 portable analogue synthesizer. It was designed and manufactured by Dubreq and retails at £59.99 or €69.99.


title: Stylophone

text: In 2019 Dubreq announced the Gen R-8, a limited edition, full-analogue, metal-cased stylophone. This version has features seen on more expensive analogue synthesizers and is considerably larger than the standard model. An initial batch of 500 has been released.


title: Stylophone

text: In 2020, Dubreq released a replacement for the 2007 S1. The new model is visually similar to its predecessor, but has less rounded corners and no auxiliary input. Internally, the digital sampled sounds have been replaced by an analogue oscillator based around a 555 timer IC, and the tone selector offers three octave ranges. The sound is much more similar to the 1970s versions.


title: Stylophone

text: In 2021 Dubreq launched a limited edition version of the Analog S1 as a tribute to the late David Bowie. This model has an all-white finish, has an official Bowie logo moulded into the chromed grille, and comes with a colour-printed booklet including photos, interviews and tablature for a selection of Bowie's songs.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: Rodrigo y Gabriela (Rodrigo and Gabriela) are a Mexican acoustic guitar duo whose music is influenced by a number of genres including nuevo flamenco, rock, and heavy metal. The duo's recordings consist largely of instrumental duets on the flamenco guitar. Currently residing in Mexico City, they began their career in Dublin, Ireland, during an eight-year stay. They have released five studio albums, three live albums and one EP. In 2011, they collaborated with Hans Zimmer on the while also contributing to the soundtrack for "Puss in Boots". They have toured internationally and in May 2010, performed at The White House for President Barack Obama.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: In January 2020, their fifth studio album "Mettavolution" won a Grammy Award for the Best Contemporary Instrumental Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: Rodrigo Sánchez (born 9 January 1974) and Gabriela Quintero (born 11 June 1973) grew up in middle-class families in Mexico City. Their parents listened to flamenco, jazz, and rock music, but they both enjoyed heavy metal bands like Metallica, which proved influential to Rodrigo and Gabriela.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: Rodrigo and Gabriela met at the age of 15, at 'la casa de la cultura' (House of Culture) in Mexico City, where Rodrigo's brother was the director. Quintero was in a drama class and at the suggestion of his brother, Rodrigo met up with her. She remembers "this 15-year-old boy there, dressed in a black ... with messy hair. Yet he was different to the other metal-heads his age: he seemed very serious and didn't drink or smoke". The two bonded over their interest in music and they soon became a couple.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: In the early 1990s, Sánchez formed a heavy metal band called Tierra Ácida (Acid Land) with his brother. Quintero joined them in 1993 "as they couldn't get a guitarist who would please Rodrigo". When a record deal for the band fell through in 1997, Sánchez and Quintero left Mexico City for the resort town of Ixtapa on the Pacific coast of Mexico. They played in beach-side bars and hotels for nine months where "we wanted to play a different kind of music, something we could make as our own".


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: Sánchez and Quintero dated for many years before ending their relationship (but not their musical partnership) in 2012. "We're now better friends by far," said Quintero. "We no longer behave like 15-year-olds and it's allowed us to grow up."


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: Growing frustrated with the limited scope of the domestic Mexican rock scene, the duo moved to Europe. After travelling around, they took up residence in Dublin, Ireland, in 1999, despite not speaking any English. Playing live gigs in various pubs and busking on Grafton Street where they began to play "many cover songs, which we enjoyed. Then we began to put in our own songs, and we've built up our repertoire from there". They became friends with fellow musician Damien Rice who invited them to open for one of his shows. He also introduced the duo to Niall Muckian, who became their manager. In the first half of 2001 they recorded a 9-track demo called "Foc" of their own material supplemented by some covers, also featuring an appearance by Zoe Conway.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: As interest in the band grew, it was decided to re-record the songs on the demo as "re-Foc" in 2002 with a number of friends, including Lisa Hannigan who provided vocal stylings and Conway, who by now also was a feature of the live set-up of the duo. The album appeared on Muckian's own Rubyworks Records as he found that "because it is all instrumental, we found it hard to get major-label interest or any radio-play, so I put it out myself". As interest grew, the duo were offered further support-slots, which resulted in an eight-track live-album recorded in Dublin and Manchester, released in 2004.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: The eponymous album, "Rodrigo y Gabriela," entered the Irish Albums Chart at #1 beating Arctic Monkeys and Johnny Cash to the top spot. It was released internationally on March 13, 2006, having been given an earlier Irish release. "Rodrigo y Gabriela," which was produced by John Leckie, includes covers of Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" and Metallica's "Orion". The duo lists Metallica as being among their key influences, alongside other heavy metal bands such as Megadeth, Slayer, Testament and Overkill. The other tracks are original works inspired by the places they have been and the people they have met.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: The duo had their national American TV debut on "Late Show with David Letterman" on December 18, 2006, performing "Diablo Rojo". Their song "Tamacun" featured in the pilot episode of AMC's "Breaking Bad" in January 2008. "Live in Japan" was released on October 20, 2008, in the United Kingdom, and includes 14 tracks, and a bonus DVD containing five videos. The Led Zeppelin cover can be found on the album "Rhythms del Mundo Classics." Their feature on MTV gave them a huge boost in popularity in the United States. This led to a feature on "Nightmare Revisited", a tribute album to Danny Elfman's music from Tim Burton's "The Nightmare Before Christmas". The duo performed an instrumental version of "Oogie Boogie's Song."


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: They released a new album, "," in September, 2009. Alex Skolnick of Testament guests on the album, as do Strunz & Farah. Upon the release of the new album, they received much mainstream American popularity and were the featured music on "Monday Night Football" on October 12, 2009, as they celebrated Latino Heritage Month.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: Their song "Santo Domingo" was chosen as the Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week for November 10, 2009. The duo was the musical guest on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" that aired on CBS-TV on October 28, 2009, and was re-run on December 29, 2009. They performed "Buster Voodoo." They performed on Jools Holland's "Annual Hootenanny" on December 31, 2009.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: The duo was the musical guest on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" that aired on NBC on March 23, 2010, to promote their album "11:11" and on "Lopez Tonight" which aired on TBS March 25, 2010. They headlined the West Holts stage on the Sunday night at Glastonbury 2010 and played the King Tuts Tent at T In The Park on 10 July 2010. They also had a spot on the main stage at Latitude festival that same July and they managed to draw in a huge crowd.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: In 2010, Rodrigo y Gabriela contributed a live version of their song "Hora Zero" to the Enough Project and Downtown Records' Raise Hope for Congo compilation. Proceeds from the compilation fund efforts to make the protection and empowerment of Congo's women a priority, as well as inspire individuals around the world to raise their voice for peace in the Congo.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: They played the Nice Jazz Festival on 23 July 2010, and the McMenamin's Edgefield outdoor concert in Portland, Oregon on August 14, 2010, as well as the Ravinia Festival on August 28, 2010, and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on September 30, 2010. In September, 2010, the duo announced a hiatus from touring due to stress injuries caused by Gabriela's heavily percussive style of playing. However, they did manage to play five sold-out nights at Shepherd's Bush in London.


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: On January 20, 2011, Rodrigo y Gabriela entered the studio with Hans Zimmer to write and record sessions of the score from "." The was released on May 17, 2011, three days before the film's general release. On July 9, 2011, Rodrigo Y Gabriela performed a live set for "Guitar Center Sessions" on DirecTV. The episode included an interview with program host, Nic Harcourt. On July 25, 2011, Rodrigo y Gabriela released another live album entitled "Live in France". Rodrigo y Gabriela were featured in the 2011 DreamWorks film "Puss in Boots", scored by Henry Jackman. During 2011, Rodrigo y Gabriela recorded in Havana, Cuba, with C.U.B.A., a 13-piece Cuban orchestra, and special guest musicians (Anoushka Shankar on sitar and Le Trio Joubran on oud).


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: In January 2012 they released "Area 52", their first album backed by other musicians. The tracks on the album are mostly re-worked versions of songs that have appeared on their duo albums, "Rodrigo y Gabriela" and "11:11". Reviews were mixed, with some tracks criticised for the backing band drowning out the guitar work that fans love but others praised where the guitar workouts "are allowed space to breathe by lighter salsa-style backing."


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: Their fifth studio album "Mettavolution" was released by ATO Records on April 26, 2019 and includes a cover of the Pink Floyd song "Echoes". In January 2020, "Mettavolution" won a Grammy Award for 'Best Contemporary Instrumental Album' 62nd Annual Grammy Awards. In 2021, the duo contributed a cover of the Metallica song "The Struggle Within" to the charity tribute album "The Metallica Blacklist".


title: Rodrigo y Gabriela

text: Reviewing one of their gigs, "The Independent" noted that "Rodrigo y Gabriela's secret is maybe quite simple. They are resourceful musicians, and are open-hearted, happy entertainers. That, very often, is what people want." Both Rodrigo and Gabriela play Yamaha NX series electro nylon string guitars exclusively. Rodrigo plays the slimmer neck NTX1200 and Gabriela plays the more traditional sized NCX2000 and NCX1200.


title: Civitavecchia

text: Civitavecchia (; meaning "ancient town") is a city and "comune" of the Metropolitan City of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio. A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea, it is located west-north-west of Rome. The harbour is formed by two piers and a breakwater, on which stands a lighthouse. Civitavecchia had a population of around 53,000 .


title: Civitavecchia

text: The harbour was constructed by the Emperor Trajan at the beginning of the 2nd century. The first occurrence of the name Centum Cellae is from a letter by Pliny the Younger (AD 107). The origin of the name is disputed: it has been suggested that it could refer to the "centum" ("hundred") halls of the villa of the emperor. The modern harbour works rest on the ancient foundations. Remains of an aqueduct and other Roman buildings are preserved, and the imperial family had a villa here.


title: Civitavecchia

text: In the early Middle Ages (530s), "Centumcellae" was a Byzantine stronghold. It became part of the Papal States in 728. As the port was raided by the Saracens in 813–814, 828, 846 and finally in 876, a new settlement in a more secure place was therefore built by order of Pope Leo VII as soon as 854. In the meantime, however, the inhabitants returned to the old town by the shore in 889 and rebuilt it, giving it the name "Civitas Vetus". The Popes gave the settlement as a fief to several local lords, including the Count Ranieri of Civitacastellana and the Abbey of Farfa, and the Di Vico, who held "Centumcellae" in 1431. In that year, pope Eugene IV sent an army under cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi and several condottieri (Niccolò Fortebraccio, Ranuccio Farnese and Menicuccio dell'Aquila among them) to recapture the place, which, after the payment of 4,000 florins, became thenceforth a full Papal possession, led by a vicar and a treasurer.


title: Civitavecchia

text: The place became a free port under Pope Innocent XII in 1696 and by the modern era was the main port of Rome. The French Empire occupied it in 1806. On 16 April 1859 the Rome and Civitavecchia Rail Road was opened for service.


title: Civitavecchia

text: The Papal troops opened the gates of the fortress to the Italian general Nino Bixio in 1870. This permanently removed the port from papal control.


title: Civitavecchia

text: Civitavecchia is today a major cruise and ferry port, the main starting point for sea connection from central Italy to Sardinia, Sicily, Tunis and Barcelona. Fishing has a secondary importance.


title: Civitavecchia

text: The city is also the seat of two thermal power stations. The conversion of one of them to coal has raised the population's protests, as it is feared it could create heavy pollution.


title: Civitavecchia

text: The massive "Forte Michelangelo" was first commissioned from Donato Bramante by Pope Julius II, to defend the port of Rome. The upper part of the "maschio" tower, however, was designed by Michelangelo, whose name is generally applied to the fortress. Pius IV added a convict prison, and the arsenal, designed by Bernini, was built by Alexander VII. North of the city at Ficoncella are the Terme Taurine baths frequented by Romans and still popular with the Civitavecchiesi. The modern name stems from the common fig plants among the various pools. And also next to the town is the location of the cruise ship docks. All major cruise lines start and end their cruises at this location, and others stop for shore excursion days that allow guests to see Rome and Vatican sights, which are ninety minutes away.


title: Civitavecchia

text: The Port of Civitavecchia, also known as "Port of Rome", is an important hub for the maritime transport in Italy, for goods and passengers. Part of the "Motorways of the Sea", it is linked to several Mediterranean ports and represents one of the main links between Italian mainland to Sardinia.


title: Civitavecchia

text: Civitavecchia railway station, opened in 1859, is the western terminus of the Rome–Civitavecchia railway, which forms part of the Pisa–Livorno–Rome railway.


title: Civitavecchia

text: A short line linking the town center to the harbour survived until the early 2000s. It counted two stations: Civitavecchia Marittima, serving the port, and Civitavecchia Viale della Vittoria.


title: Civitavecchia

text: Civitavecchia is served by the A12, an unconnected motorway linking Rome to Genoa and by the State highway SS1 "Via Aurelia", which also links the two stretches. The town is also interested by a project regarding a new motorway, the Civitavecchia-Venice or "New Romea", nowadays completed as a dual carriageway between Viterbo and Ravenna (via Terni, Perugia and Cesena) and commonly known in Italy as the "Orte-Ravenna".


title: Civitavecchia

text: The commune has multiple preschools, primary schools, junior high schools, and high schools. Polo Universitario di Civitavecchia is located in the city.


title: Internet backbone

text: The Internet backbone may be defined by the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers of the Internet. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers, as well as the Internet exchange points and network access points, that exchange Internet traffic between the countries, continents, and across the oceans. Internet service providers, often Tier 1 networks, participate in Internet backbone traffic by privately negotiated interconnection agreements, primarily governed by the principle of settlement-free peering.


title: Internet backbone

text: The Internet, and consequently its backbone networks, do not rely on central control or coordinating facilities, nor do they implement any global network policies. The resilience of the Internet results from its principal architectural features, most notably the idea of placing as few network state and control functions as possible in the network elements and instead relying on the endpoints of communication to handle most of the processing to ensure data integrity, reliability, and authentication. In addition, the high degree of redundancy of today's network links and sophisticated real-time routing protocols provide alternate paths of communications for load balancing and congestion avoidance.


title: Internet backbone

text: The largest providers, known as Tier 1 networks, have such comprehensive networks that they do not purchase transit agreements from other providers.


title: Internet backbone

text: The Internet backbone consists of many networks owned by numerous companies. Optical fiber trunk lines consist of many fiber cables bundled to increase capacity, or bandwidth. Fiber-optic communication remains the medium of choice for Internet backbone providers for several reasons. Fiber-optics allow for fast data speeds and large bandwidth, they suffer relatively little attenuation, allowing them to cover long distances with few repeaters, and they are also immune to crosstalk and other forms of electromagnetic interference which plague electrical transmission. The real-time routing protocols and redundancy built into the backbone is also able to reroute traffic in case of a failure. The data rates of backbone lines have increased over time. In 1998, all of the United States' backbone networks had utilized the slowest data rate of 45 Mbit/s. However, technological improvements allowed for 41 percent of backbones to have data rates of 2,488 Mbit/s or faster by the mid 2000s.


title: Internet backbone

text: The first packet-switched computer networks, the NPL network and the ARPANET were interconnected in 1973 via University College London. The ARPANET used a backbone of routers called Interface Message Processors. Other packet-switched computer networks proliferated starting in the 1970s, eventually adopting TCP/IP protocols, or being replaced by newer networks. The National Science Foundation created the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) in 1986 by funding six networking sites using interconnecting links, with peering to the ARPANET. In 1987, this new network was upgraded to T1 links for thirteen sites. These sites included regional networks that in turn connected over 170 other networks. IBM, MCI and Merit upgraded the backbone to bandwidth (T3) in 1991. The combination of the ARPANET and NSFNET became known as the Internet. Within a few years, the dominance of the NSFNet backbone led to the decommissioning of the redundant ARPANET infrastructure in 1990.


title: Internet backbone

text: In the early days of the Internet, backbone providers exchanged their traffic at government-sponsored network access points (NAPs), until the government privatized the Internet, and transferred the NAPs to commercial providers.


title: Internet backbone

text: Because of the overlap and synergy between long-distance telephone networks and backbone networks, the largest long-distance voice carriers such as AT&T Inc., MCI (acquired in 2006 by Verizon), Sprint, and Lumen also own some of the largest Internet backbone networks. These backbone providers sell their services to Internet service providers (ISPs).


title: Internet backbone

text: Each ISP has its own contingency network and is equipped with an outsourced backup. These networks are intertwined and crisscrossed to create a redundant network. Many companies operate their own backbones which are all interconnected at various Internet exchange points (IXPs) around the world. In order for data to navigate this web, it is necessary to have backbone routers—routers powerful enough to handle information—on the Internet backbone and are capable of directing data to other routers in order to send it to its final destination. Without them, information would be lost.


title: Internet backbone

text: Backbone providers of roughly equivalent market share regularly create agreements called peering agreements, which allow the use of another's network to hand off traffic where it is ultimately delivered. Usually they do not charge each other for this, as the companies get revenue from their customers regardless.


title: Internet backbone

text: Antitrust authorities have acted to ensure that no provider grows large enough to dominate the backbone market. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission has decided not to monitor the competitive aspects of the Internet backbone interconnection relationships as long as the market continues to function well.


title: Internet backbone

text: Backbone providers of unequal market share usually create agreements called transit agreements, and usually contain some type of monetary agreement.


title: Internet backbone

text: During the Egyptian revolution of 2011, the government of Egypt shut down the four major ISPs on January 27, 2011 at approximately 5:20 p.m. EST. Evidently the networks had not been physically interrupted, as the Internet transit traffic through Egypt was unaffected. Instead, the government shut down the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) sessions announcing local routes. BGP is responsible for routing traffic between ISPs.


title: Internet backbone

text: Only one of Egypt's ISPs was allowed to continue operations. The ISP Noor Group provided connectivity only to Egypt's stock exchange as well as some government ministries. Other ISPs started to offer free dial-up Internet access in other countries.


title: Internet backbone

text: Europe is a major contributor to the growth of the international backbone as well as a contributor to the growth of Internet bandwidth. In 2003, Europe was credited with 82 percent of the world's international cross-border bandwidth. The company Level 3 Communications began to launch a line of dedicated Internet access and virtual private network services in 2011, giving large companies direct access to the tier 3 backbone. Connecting companies directly to the backbone will provide enterprises faster Internet service which meets a large market demand.


title: Internet backbone

text: Certain countries around the Caucasus have very simple backbone networks; for example, in 2011, a 70 year old woman in Georgia pierced a fiber backbone line with a shovel and left the neighboring country of Armenia without Internet access for 12 hours. The country has since made major developments to the fiber backbone infrastructure, but progress is slow due to lack of government funding.


title: Internet backbone

text: Japan's Internet backbone needs to be very efficient due to high demand for the Internet and technology in general. Japan had over 86 million Internet users in 2009, and was projected to climb to nearly 91 million Internet users by 2015. Since Japan has a demand for fiber to the home, Japan is looking into tapping a fiber-optic backbone line of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), a domestic backbone carrier, in order to deliver this service at cheaper prices.


title: Internet backbone

text: In some instances, the companies that own certain sections of the Internet backbone's physical infrastructure depend on competition in order to keep the Internet market profitable. This can be seen most prominently in China. Since China Telecom and China Unicom have acted as the sole Internet service providers to China for some time, smaller companies cannot compete with them in negotiating the interconnection settlement prices that keep the Internet market profitable in China. This imposition of discriminatory pricing by the large companies then results in market inefficiencies and stagnation, and ultimately affects the efficiency of the Internet backbone networks that service the nation.


title: Deborah James (journalist)

text: Dame Deborah Anne James (1 October 1981 – 28 June 2022) was an English journalist, educator, podcast host and charity campaigner from London. In 2016, she was diagnosed with incurable bowel cancer and went on to host the "You, Me and the Big C" podcast on BBC Radio 5 Live about her struggles with her illness.


title: Deborah James (journalist)

text: James was born in London on 1 October 1981 to Heather and Alistair James. She attended Salesian School, Chertsey, later going on to study economics at the University of Exeter. Her mother was a gymnastics coach, and James trained at Woking Gymnastics Club. By the age of 9, she was training 30 hours a week. James married Sebastien Bowen in 2008; the couple had two children.


title: Deborah James (journalist)

text: James was a deputy head teacher specialising in computer science and e-learning at Salesian School, Chertsey, and later moving to the Matthew Arnold School in Staines-upon-Thames where she worked up until her diagnosis with bowel cancer. She began working as a journalist and columnist for "The Sun", detailing her cancer journey. In March 2018, she began presenting the "You, Me and the Big C" podcast for BBC Radio 5, alongside fellow cancer patients Lauren Mahon and Rachael Bland, the latter of whom died in September 2018. "The Guardian" described the podcast as unique for its "frankness, honesty and humour" and James as "its outrageous heart"; she was open about graphic details of her bowel cancer and once asked the Olympic swimmer Steve Parry whether he ejaculated twice or half as much after surviving testicular cancer. In October 2018, she released her book "F*** You Cancer: How to Face the Big C, Live Your Life and Still Be Yourself".