title: History of the Balkans

text: The collapse of the Yugoslav federation was due to various factors in various republics that comprised it. In Serbia and Montenegro, there were efforts of different factions of the old party elite to retain power under new conditions along, and an attempt to create Greater Serbia by keeping all Serbs in one state. In Croatia and Slovenia, multi-party elections produced nationally inclined leadership that followed in the footsteps of their previous Communist predecessors and oriented itself towards capitalism and secession. Bosnia and Herzegovina was split between the conflicting interests of its Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks, while Macedonia mostly tried to steer away from conflicting situations.


title: History of the Balkans

text: An outbreak of violence and aggression came as a consequence of unresolved national, political and economic questions. The conflicts caused the death of many civilians. The real start of the war was a military attack on Slovenia and Croatia taken by Serb-controlled JNA. Before the war, JNA had started accepting volunteers driven by ideology of Serbian nationalists keen to realise their nationalist goals.


title: History of the Balkans

text: The Ten-Day War in Slovenia in June 1991 was short and with few casualties. However, the Croatian War of Independence in the latter half of 1991 brought many casualties and much damage on Croatian towns. As the war eventually subsided in Croatia, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina started in early 1992. Peace only came in 1995 after such events as the Srebrenica massacre, Operation Storm, Operation Mistral 2 and the Dayton Agreement, which provided for a temporary solution, but nothing was permanently resolved.


title: History of the Balkans

text: The economy suffered an enormous damage in all of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the affected parts of Croatia. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also suffered an economic hardship under internationally imposed economic sanctions. Also many large historical cities were devastated by the wars, for example Sarajevo, Dubrovnik, Zadar, Mostar, Šibenik and others.


title: History of the Balkans

text: The wars caused large population migrations, mostly involuntary. With the exception of its former republics of Slovenia and Macedonia, the settlement and the national composition of population in all parts of Yugoslavia changed drastically, due to war, but also political pressure and threats. Because it was a conflict fueled by ethnic nationalism, people of minority ethnicities generally fled towards regions where their ethnicity was in a majority. Since the Bosniaks had no immediate refuge, they were arguably hardest hit by the ethnic violence. The United Nations tried to create "safe areas" for the Bosniak populations of eastern Bosnia but in cases such as the Srebrenica massacre, the peacekeeping troops (Dutch forces) failed to protect the "safe areas" resulting in the massacre of thousands. The Dayton Accords ended the war in Bosnia, fixating the borders between the warring parties roughly to the ones established by the autumn of 1995. One immediate result of population transfers following the peace deal was a sharp decline in ethnic violence in the region. A number of commanders and politicians, notably Serbia's former president Slobodan Milošević, were put on trial by the United Nations' International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for a variety of war crimes—including deportations and genocide that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. Croatia's former president Franjo Tuđman and Bosnia's Alija Izetbegović died before any alleged accusations were leveled at them at the ICTY. Slobodan Milošević died before his trial could be concluded.


title: History of the Balkans

text: Initial upsets on Kosovo did not escalate into a war until 1999 when the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) was bombarded by NATO for 78 days with Kosovo being made a protectorate of international peacekeeping troops. A massive and systematic deportation of ethnic Albanians took place during the Kosovo War of 1999, with over one million Albanians (out of a population of about 1.8 million) forced to flee Kosovo. This was quickly reversed from the aftermath.


title: History of the Balkans

text: Greece has been a member of the European Union since 1981. Greece is also an official member of the Eurozone, and the Western European Union. Slovenia and Cyprus have been EU members since 2004, and Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU in 2007. Croatia joined the EU in 2013. North Macedonia also received candidate status in 2005 under its then provisional name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", while the other Balkan countries have expressed a desire to join the EU but at some date in the future.


title: History of the Balkans

text: Greece has been a member of NATO since 1952. In 2004 Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia became members of NATO. Croatia and Albania joined NATO in 2009.


title: History of the Balkans

text: On October 17, 2007 Croatia became a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2008–2009 term, while Bosnia and Herzegovina became a non-permanent member for the 2010–2011 period.


title: History of the Balkans

text: Kosovo unliterally declared its independence from Serbia on February 17, 2008. To this day, it is partially recognized country.


title: History of the Balkans

text: Since the 2008 economic crisis, the former Yugoslav countries began to cooperate on levels that were similar to those in Yugoslavia.


title: Investopedia

text: Investopedia is a financial media website headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1999, Investopedia provides investment dictionaries, advice, reviews, ratings, and comparisons of financial products such as securities accounts. Investopedia has more than 32,000 articles and reaches 20 million unique monthly viewers and posts paid advertisements as investing information. It is part of the Dotdash Meredith family of brands owned by IAC.


title: Investopedia

text: Investopedia offers educational technology into day trading, asset management, foreign exchange markets, as well as financial educational courses. It also hosts a stock market simulator. Self-paced, online courses from expert instructors are available on Investopedia Academy.


title: Investopedia

text: Investopedia was founded in 1999 by Cory Wagner and Cory Janssen in Edmonton, Alberta. At the time, Janssen was a business student at the University of Alberta. Wagner focused on business development and research and development, while Janssen focused on marketing and sales.


title: Investopedia

text: In April 2007, Forbes Media acquired Investopedia.com for an undisclosed amount. At the time of the acquisition, Investopedia drew about 2,500,000 monthly users and provided a financial dictionary with about 5,000 terms from personal finance, banking and accounting. It also provided articles by financial advisers and a stock market simulator.


title: Investopedia

text: In August 2010, Forbes sold Investopedia to ValueClick for $42 million. By then, the site had grown to more than 30,000 pieces of content and reached 2.2 million unique visitors per month. In 2013, ValueClick would then sell Investopedia and a group of other properties to IAC for $80 million. Following the acquisition by IAC, Investopedia launched several initiatives, including Investopedia Academy to sell educational technology.


title: Investopedia

text: In March 2015, David Siegel, an alum of Seeking Alpha, was hired as CEO of Investopedia. Caleb Silver was hired from "CNN" to oversee content operations for the platform in January 2016. Investopedia's list of the most "influential" financial advisers in the United States was launched in June 2017.


title: Investopedia

text: In July 2018, Investopedia joined the Dotdash family of brands and laid off 1/3 of its staff, or 36 people. The site underwent a rebranding and relaunch later in the year. In early 2019, the site announced the winners of its inaugural online broker and robo-advisor awards.


title: Investopedia

text: In 2020, editor-in-chief Silver described Investopedia's goal as "provid[ing] context around the news," rather than breaking new stories. The site launched its first podcast, The Investopedia Express, hosted by Silver, in September 2020.


title: Investopedia

text: Silver also frequently appears as a guest financial expert on a variety of broadcast and radio programs, including "MSNBC", "ABC News" and "NBC".


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: Bandhavgarh National Park is a national park of India, located in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh. Bandhavgarh, with an area of , was declared a national park in 1968 and then became Tiger Reserve in 1993. The current core area is spread over .


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: This park has a large biodiversity. The park has a large breeding population of leopards, and various species of deer. Maharaja Martand Singh of Rewa captured the first white tiger in this region in 1951. This white tiger, "Mohan", is now stuffed and on display in the palace of the Maharajas of Rewa. Historically villagers and their cattle have been at a threat from the tiger. Rising mining activities around the park are putting the tigers at risk. The Park derived its name from the most prominent hill of the area which is said to have been given by Lord Rama to his brother Laxman to keep a watch on Lanka The fort was built by Gond Dynasty king. (Bandhav = Brother, Garh = Fort).


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: The three main zones of the national park are Tala, Magdhi and Khitauli. Tala is the richest zone in terms of biodiversity, mainly tigers. Altogether, these three ranges comprise the 'Core' of the Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve constituting a total area of 716 km.


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: With the tiger at the apex of the food chain, it contains at least 37 species of mammals. According to forest officials, there are more than 250 species of birds, about 80 species of butterflies, a number of reptiles. But many people have the species' list of about 350 birds along with photographs. The richness and tranquity of grasslands invites pairs of sarus cranes to breed in the rainy season.


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: One of the biggest attractions of this national park is the Bengal tiger ("Panthera tigris tigris"). Bandhavgarh has a very high density of tigers within its jungles. The 105 km of park area open to tourists was reported to have 22 tigers, a density of one tiger for every 4.77 km. (Population estimation exercise 2001). The population of tigers in the park in 2012 was about 44–49. There is a saying about the Park that goes: "In any other Park, you are lucky if you see a tiger. In Bandhavgarh, you are unlucky if you don't see (at least) one." Bandhavgarh has one of the highest density of tigers known in the world and is home to some well-known tigers which are large. Charger, a tiger so named because of his habit of charging at elephants and tourists (whom he nonetheless did not harm), was the first healthy male known to be living in Bandhavgarh since the 1990s, as well as a female known as Sita. Charger once appeared on the cover of "National Geographic" and is considered the second most photographed tiger in the world. Almost all the tigers of Bandhavgarh today are descendants of Sita and Charger. Their daughter Joita, sons Langru and B2 also maintained their tradition for frequent sighting and moving close to tourist vehicles. Mohini, another female, became prominent following Sita's death. She mated with the male tiger, Mahaman. She later died of her wounds from a vehicle accident. Charger died in 2000 and his body was buried at Charger Point where he was kept in a closed region at his old age. Between 2003 and 2006, many of his descendants met with a series of unfortunate ends. B1 was electrocuted and B3 was killed by poachers. Sita was killed by poachers too. After the death of Charger, the fully grown B2 survived as the dominant male in the forest between 2004 and 2007. Mating with a female in the Siddhababa region of Bandhavgarh, he became father of three cubs. One of them was a male. He was named Bamera. He was first sighted in 2008 and is now Bandhavgarh's dominant male. In November 2011, B2 died. Postmortem studies suggest that he died a natural death. But some claim that he was injured by the locals from the village in the buffer area. Now, the most prominent tiger in Tala zone of Bandhavgarh National Park is Bamera (died recently). However, of late he has been challenged on several occasions by a new male. Blue Eyes (died recently due to drug over dose) and Mukunda are the dominant males of Magdhi and Khitauli zone respectively. The females who are seen more frequently are Rajbehra, Mirchaini, Banbehi, Mahaman, Sukhi Pattiya and Damdama. There are quite a few cubs also who are either in sub-adult stage or have entered adulthood and are separate now.


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: The reserve is also densely populated with other species: the gaur or Indian bison ("Bos gaurus gaurus"), are now extinct or have migrated elsewhere; sambar and barking deer are a common sight, and nilgai are to be seen in the open areas of the park. There have been reports of the Indian wolf ("Canis lupus pallipes"), striped hyena ("Hyaena hyaena hyaena") and the caracal ("Caracal caracal schmitzi") the latter being an exclusive open area dweller. The tiger reserve abounds with chital or the spotted deer ("Axis axis") which is the main prey animal of the tiger and the Indian leopard ("Panthera pardus fusca"). The Indian bison were reintroduced from Kanha.


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: Bandhavgarh National Park had a small population of gaur, but due to disease passed from cattle to them, all of them died. The project of reintroduction of gaurs dealt with shifting some gaurs from Kanha National Park to Bandhavgarh. 50 animals were shifted by the winter of 2012. This project was executed by Madhya Pradesh Forest department, Wildlife Institute of India and Taj Safaris by technical collaboration.


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: Bandavgarh National Park is roughly 4.5hrs (~200kms) drive from the nearest major city, Jabalpur. Jabalpur is very well connected to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune and Indore via air travel.


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: Bandhavgarh does not have the airport facility for mainstream flights, but Jabalpur city, which is the nearest city to Bandhavgarh, has good air connectivity with major cities of India. Private charters can land near Bandhavgarh National Park, Umaria district also has a small air-strip facility for charter planes. Jabalpur Airport (199 km/04:30hrs) is the best option to reach Bandhavgarh National Park as it is connected to: Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Bhopal, with these airline options AirIndia, SpiceJet & IndiGo.


title: Bandhavgarh National Park

text: Travel by train is another good option. Travel to Umaria junction by train and hire a cab or taxi to the National Park.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home and/or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (e.g., a parent, caregiver, significant other, or siblings). Separation anxiety is a natural part of the developmental process. It is most common in infants and little children, typically between the ages of six to seven months to three years, although it may pathologically manifest itself in older children, adolescents and adults. Unlike SAD (indicated by excessive anxiety), normal separation anxiety indicates healthy advancements in a child's cognitive maturation and should not be considered a developing behavioral problem.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), separation anxiety disorder is an excessive display of fear and distress when faced with situations of separation from the home and/or from a specific attachment figure. The anxiety that is expressed is categorized as being atypical of the expected developmental level and age. The severity of the symptoms ranges from anticipatory uneasiness to full-blown anxiety about separation.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: SAD may cause significant negative effects within areas of social and emotional functioning, family life, and physical health of the disordered individual. The duration of this problem must persist for at least four weeks and must present itself before a child is eighteen years of age to be diagnosed as SAD in children, but can now be diagnosed in adults with a duration typically lasting six months in adults as specified by the DSM-5.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: The origins of separation anxiety disorder stem from attachment theory which has roots in the attachment theories both of Sigmund Freud and John Bowlby. Freud's attachment theory, which has similarities to learning theory, proposes that infants have instinctual impulses, and when these impulses go unnoticed, it traumatizes the infant. The infant then learns that when their mother is absent, this will be followed by a distressing lack of gratification, thus making the mother's absence a conditioned stimulus that triggers anxiety in the infant who then expects their needs to be ignored. The result of this association is that the child becomes fearful of all situations that include distance from their caregiver.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: John Bowlby's attachment theory also contributed to the thinking process surrounding separation anxiety disorder. His theory is a framework in which to contextualize the relationships that humans form with one another. Bowlby suggests that infants are instinctively motivated to seek proximity with a familiar caregiver, especially when they are alarmed, and they expect that in these moments they will be met with emotional support and protection. He poses that all infants become attached to their caregivers, however, there are individual differences in the way that these attachments develop. There are 4 main attachment styles according to Bowlby; secure attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment, disorganized attachment, and anxious-ambivalent attachment. Anxious-ambivalent attachment is most relevant here because its description, when an infant feels extreme distress and anxiety when their caregiver is absent and does not feel reassured when they return, is very similar to SAD.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: As with other anxiety disorders, children with SAD tend to face more obstacles at school than those without anxiety disorders. Adjustment and relating school functioning have been found to be much more difficult for anxious children. In some severe forms of SAD, children may act disruptively in class or may refuse to attend school altogether. It is estimated that nearly 75% of children with SAD exhibit some form of school refusal behavior.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: There are several possible manifestations of this disorder when the child is introduced into an academic setting. A child with SAD may protest profusely upon arrival at school. They might have a hard time saying goodbye to their parents and exhibit behaviors like tightly clinging to the parent in a way that makes it nearly impossible for the parent to detach from them. They might scream and cry but in a way that makes it seem as though they were in pain. The child might scream and cry for an extended period of time after his or her parents are gone (for several minutes to upwards of an hour) and refuse to interact with other children or teachers, rejecting their attention. They might feel an overwhelming need to know where their parents are and that they are okay.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: This is a serious problem because, as children fall further behind in coursework, it becomes increasingly difficult for them to return to school.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Short-term problems resulting from academic refusal include poor academic performance or decline in performance, alienation from peers, and conflict within the family.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Although school refusal behavior is common among children with SAD, it is important to note that school refusal behavior is sometimes linked to generalized anxiety disorder or possibly a mood disorder. That being said, a majority of children with separation anxiety disorder have school refusal as a symptom. Up to 80% of children who refuse school qualify for a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Symptoms for SAD might persist even in a familiar and/or comfortable setting for the child, like the home. The child might be afraid to be in a room alone even if they know that their parent is in the next room over. They might fear being alone in the room, or going to sleep in a dark room. Problems might present themselves during bedtime, as the child might refuse to go to sleep unless their parent is near and visible. During the day, the child might "shadow" the parent and cling to their side.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Just how SAD affects a child's attendance and participation in school, their avoidance behaviors stay with them as they grow and enter adulthood. Recently, "the effects of mental illness on workplace productivity have become a prominent concern on both the national and international fronts". In general, mental illness is a common health problem among working adults, 20% to 30% of adults will suffer from at least one psychiatric disorder. Mental illness is linked to decreased productivity, and with individuals diagnosed with SAD their levels at which they function decreases dramatically resulting in partial work-days, increase in number of total absences, and "holding back" when it comes to carrying out and completing tasks.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Factors that contribute to the disorder include a combination and interaction of biological, cognitive, environmental, child temperament, and behavioral factors.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Children are more likely to develop SAD if one or both of their parents was diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Recent research by Daniel Schechter and colleagues have pointed to difficulties of mothers who have themselves had early adverse experiences such as maltreatment and disturbed attachments with their own caregivers, who then go on to develop responses to their infants' and toddlers' normative social bids in the service of social referencing, emotion regulation, and joint attention, which responses are linked to these mothers own psychopathology (i.e. maternal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.) These atypical maternal responses which have been shown to be associated with separation anxiety have been related to disturbances in maternal stress physiologic response to mother-toddler separation as well as lower maternal neural activity in the brain region of the medial prefrontal cortex when mothers with and without PTSD were shown video excerpts of their own and unfamiliar toddlers during mother-child separation versus free-play. Living in a low socioeconomic status (SES) has also been shown to contribute to childhood SAD by increasing levels of parental depression.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Many psychological professionals have suggested that early or traumatic separation from a central caregiver in a child's life can increase the likelihood of them being diagnosed with SAD, school phobia, and depressive-spectrum disorders. Some children can be more vulnerable to SAD due to their temperament, for example, their level of anxiety when placed in new situations.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Most often, the onset of separation anxiety disorder is caused by a stressful life-event, especially a loss of a loved one or pet, but can also include parental divorce, change of school or neighbourhood, natural disasters, or circumstances which forced the individual to be separated from their attachment figure(s). In older individuals, stressful life experiences may include going away to college, moving out for the first time, or becoming a parent.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: According to the DSM-5 young adults with separation anxiety disorder have different examples of stress, including leaving their parents home, entering a romantic relationship, and becoming a parent. In some cases parental overprotectiveness may be associated with separation anxiety disorder.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: There may be a genetic predisposition in children with separation anxiety disorder. "Separation anxiety disorder in children may be heritable." "Heritability was estimated at 73% in a community sample of 6-year-old twins, with higher rates in girls."


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: A child's temperament can also impact the development of SAD. Timid and shy behaviors may be referred to as "behaviorally inhibited temperaments" in which the child may experience anxiety when they are not familiar with a particular location or person. Low levels of child effortful control and self-regulation, the abilities to regulate one’s emotional, sensory, and behavioral responses and impulses, have also been shown to contribute to the development of SAD. Additionally, higher levels of child negative affect, or tendencies to display negative emotions and remain in such a state, also predict SAD.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: There are also unique genetic traits that may contribute to SAD development in adulthood. One study found that negative temperament predicted higher levels of adult separation anxiety.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Preliminary evidence shows that heightened activity of the amygdala may be associated with symptoms of separation anxiety disorder. Defects in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial areas of the prefrontal cortex are also correlated to anxiety disorders in children.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Separation anxiety occurs in many infants and young children as they are becoming acclimated with their surroundings. This anxiety is viewed as a normal developmental phase between the months of early infancy until age two. Separation anxiety is normal in young children, until they age 3–4 years, when children are left in a daycare or preschool, away from their parent or primary caregiver. Other sources note that a definite diagnosis of SAD should not be presented until after the age of three.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Some studies have shown that hormonal influences during pregnancy can result in lower cortisol levels later in life, which can later lead to psychological disorders, such as SAD. It is also important to note significant life changes experienced by the child either previous to or present at the onset of the disorder. For example, children who emigrated from another country at an early age may have a stronger tendency for developing this disorder, as they have already felt displaced from a location they were starting to become accustomed to. It is not uncommon for them to incessantly cling to their caregiver at first upon arrival to the new location, especially if the child is unfamiliar with the language of their new country. These symptoms may diminish or go away as the child becomes more accustomed to the new surroundings. Other sources note that a definite diagnosis of SAD should not be presented until after the age of three. Separation anxiety may be diagnosed as a disorder if the child's anxiety related to separation from the home or attachment figure is deemed excessive; if the level of anxiety surpasses that of the acceptable caliber for the child's developmental level and age; and if the anxiety negatively impacts the child's everyday life.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Many psychological disorders begin to emerge during childhood. Nearly two-thirds of adults with psychological disorder show signs of their disorder earlier in life. However, not all psychological disorders are present before adulthood. In many cases, there are no signs during childhood.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Behavioral inhibition (BI) plays a large role in many anxiety disorders, SAD included. Compared to children without it, children with BI demonstrate more signs of fear when experiencing a new stimulus, particularly those that are social in nature. Children with BI are at a higher risk for developing a mental disorder, particularly anxiety disorders, than children without BI.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Separation anxiety is normal in young children, until they age 3–4 years, when children are left in a daycare or preschool, away from their parent or primary caregiver.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Separation anxiety is common for infants between the ages of eight and fourteen months and occurs as infants begin to understand their own selfhood—or understand that they are separate persons from their primary caregiver. Infants oftentimes look for their caregivers to give them a sense of comfort and familiarity, which causes separation to become challenging. Subsequently, the concept of object permanence emerges—which is when children learn that something still exists when it cannot be seen or heard, thus increasing their awareness of being separated from their caregiver. Consequently, during the developmental period where an infant's sense self, incorporating object permanence as well, the child also begins to understand that they can in fact be separated from their primary caregiver. They see this separation as something final though, and don't yet understand that their caregiver will return causing fear and distress for the infant. It is when an individual (infant, child, or otherwise) consistently reacts to separation with excessive anxiety and distress and experiences a great deal of interference from their anxiety that a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) can be warranted.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: One of the difficulties in the identification of separation anxiety disorder in children is that it is highly comorbid with other behavioral disorders, especially generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviors such as refusal or hesitancy in attending school or homesickness for example, can easily reflect similar symptoms and behavioral patterns that are commonly associated with SAD, but could be an overlap of symptoms. The prevalence of co-occurring disorders in adults with separation anxiety disorder is common and includes a much broader spectrum of diagnostic possibilities. Common co-morbidities can include specific phobias, PTSD, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and personality disorders. It is very common for psychological disorders to overlap and even lead to the manifestation of another, especially when it comes to anxiety disorders. Because of the variation and overlap in symptoms a proper, thorough evaluation of the individual is critical to distinguish the differences and significance. An important signifier to establish a difference between SAD and other anxiety or psychological disorders is to investigate where the individual's fear of separation is stemming from; this can be accomplished by asking "what they fear will occur during a separation from their significant other".


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: What stands out about SAD, as mentioned above, are the avoidance behaviors which present within an individual. Individuals "typically exhibit excessive distress manifested by crying, repeated complaints of physical symptoms (e.g., stomach aches, headaches, etc.), avoidance (e.g., refusing to go to school, to sleep alone, to be left alone in the home, to engage in social events, to go to work, etc.), and engagement in safety behaviors (e.g., frequent calls to or from significant others, or primary caregivers)".


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Assessment methods include diagnostic interviews, self-report measures from both the parent and child, observation of parent-child interaction, and specialized assessment for preschool-aged children. Various facets of a child's development including social life, feeding and sleep schedules, medical issues, traumatic events experienced, family history of mental or anxiety health issues are explored. The compilation of aspects of a child's life aids in capturing a multi-dimensional view of the child's life.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Additionally, while much research has been done in efforts to further understand separation anxiety in regards to the relationship between infants' and their caregivers, it was behavioral psychologist, Mary Ainsworth, who devised a behavioral evaluation method, The Strange Situation (1969), which, at the time, was considered to be the most valuable and famous body of research in the study of separation anxiety. The Strange Situation process assisted in evaluating and measuring the individual attachment styles of infants between the ages of 9 and 18 months. In this observational study an environment is created that fluctuates between familiar and unfamiliar situations that would be experienced in everyday life. The variations in stressfulness and the child's responses are observed and, based on the interaction behavior that is directed towards the caregiver, the infant is categorized into one of four different types of attachment styles: 1. Secure, 2. Anxious-avoidant, insecure, 3. Anxious-ambivalent/resistant, insecure and 4. Disorganized/disoriented.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Clinicians may utilize interviews as an assessment tool to gauge the symptomatic occurrences to aid in diagnosing SAD. Interviews may be conducted with the child and also with the attachment figure. Interviewing both child and parent separately allows for the clinician to compile different points of view and information.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: This form of assessment should not be the sole basis of a SAD diagnosis. It is also important to verify that the child who is reporting on their experiences has the cognitive and communication skills appropriate to accurately comprehend and respond to these measurements.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: An example of a self-report tool that has been tested is: The Separation Anxiety Assessment Scale for Children (SAAS-C). The scale contains 34 items and is divided into six dimensions. The dimensions in order are: Abandonment, Fear of Being Alone, Fear of Physical Illness, Worry about Calamitous Events, Frequency of Calamitous Events, and Safety Signal Index. The first five dimensions have a total of five items while the last one contains nine items. The scale goes beyond assessing symptoms; it focuses on individual cases and treatment planning.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: As noted by Altman, McGoey & Sommer, it is important to observe the child, "in multiple contexts, on numerous occasions, and in their everyday environments (home, daycare, preschool)". It is beneficial to view parent and child interactions and behaviors that may contribute to SAD.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System and recently the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System II (DPICS II) are methods used when observing parents and children interactions.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Separation Anxiety Daily Diaries (SADD) have also been used to "assess anxious behaviors along with their antecedents and consequences and may be particularly suited to SAD given its specific focus on parent–child separation" (Silverman & Ollendick, 2005). The diaries are carefully evaluated for validity.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: At the preschool-aged stage, early identification and intervention is crucial. The communication abilities of young children are taken into consideration when creating age-appropriate assessments.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: A commonly used assessment tool for preschool-aged children (ages 2–5) is the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA). Additional questionnaires and rating scales that are used to assess the younger population include the Achenbach Scales, the Fear Survey Schedule for Infants and Preschoolers, and The Infant–Preschool Scale for Inhibited Behaviors.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Preschool children are also interviewed. Two interviews that are sometimes conducted are Attachment Doll-Play and Emotional Knowledge. In both of the assessments the interviewer depicts a scenario where separation and reunion occur; the child is then told to point at one of the four facial expressions presented. These facial expressions show emotions such as anger or sadness. The results are then analyzed.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Behavioral observations are also utilized when assessing the younger population. Observations enable the clinician to view some of the behaviors and emotions in specific contexts.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Non-medication based treatments are the first choice when treating individuals diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder. Counseling tends to be the best replacement for drug treatments. There are two different non-medication approaches to treat separation anxiety. The first is a psychoeducational intervention, often used in conjunction with other therapeutic treatments. This specifically involves educating the individual and their family so that they are knowledgeable about the disorder, as well as parent counseling and guiding teachers on how to help the child. The second is a psychotherapeutic intervention when prior attempts are not effective. Psychotherapeutic interventions are more structured and include behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, contingency, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and family therapy.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Behavioral therapies are types of non-medication based treatment which are mainly exposure-based techniques. These include techniques such as systematic desensitization, emotive imagery, participant modelling and contingency management. Behavioral therapies carefully expose individuals by small increments to slowly reduce their anxiety over time and mainly focuses on their behavior. Exposure based therapy works under the principle of habituation that is derived from learning theory. The core concept of exposure therapy is that anxiety about situations, people, and things does not go away when people avoid the things that they fear, but rather, the uncomfortable feelings are simply kept at bay. In order to effectively diminish the negative feelings associated with the situation of fear, one must address them directly. In order to administer this treatment, the therapist and the anxious child might sit together and identify progressively intense situations. As each situation is dealt with masterfully, the child advances to the next phase of intensity. This pattern continues until the child is able to handle being away from their parent in a developmentally typical way that causes them and their caregiver(s) minimal amounts of stress. While there is some controversy about using exposure therapy with children, it is generally agreed upon that exposure therapy in the context of SAD is acceptable as it may be the most effective form of therapy in treating this disorder and there is minimal risk associated with the intervention in this context.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Contingency management is a form of treatment found to be effective for younger children with SAD. Contingency management revolves around a reward system with verbal or tangible reinforcement requiring parental involvement. A contingency contract is written up between the parent and the child, which entails a written agreement about specific goals that the child will try to achieve and the specific reward the parent will provide once the task is accomplished. When the child undergoing contingency management shows signs of independence or achieves their treatment goals, they are praised or given their reward. This facilitates a new positive experience with what used to be filled with fear and anxiety. Children in preschool who show symptoms of SAD do not have the communicative ability to express their emotions or the self-control ability to cope with their separation anxiety on their own, so parental involvement is crucial in younger cases of SAD.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on helping children with SAD reduce feelings of anxiety through practices of exposure to anxiety-inducing situations and active metacognition to reduce anxious thoughts.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: CBT has three phases: education, application and relapse prevention. In the education phase, the individual is informed on the different effects anxiety can have physically and more importantly mentally. By understanding and being able to recognize their reactions, it will help to manage and eventually reduce their overall response.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: According to Kendall and colleagues, there are four components which must be taught to a child undergoing CBT:


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: In the application phase, individuals can take what they know and apply it in real time situations for helpful exposure. The most important aspect of this phase is for the individuals to ultimately manage themselves throughout the process. In the relapse prevention phase, the individual is informed that continued exposure and application of what worked for them is the key to continual progress.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: A study investigated the content of thoughts in anxious children who suffered from separation anxiety as well as from social phobia or generalized anxiety. The results suggested that cognitive therapy for children suffering from separation anxiety (along with social phobia and generalized anxiety) should be aimed at identifying negative cognition of one's own behavior in the threat of anxiety-evoking situations and to modify these thoughts to promote self-esteem and ability to properly cope with the given situation.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Cognitive procedures are a form of treatment found to be ideal for older children with SAD. The theory behind this technique is that the child's dysfunctional thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs are what leads to anxiety and causes anxious behavior. Children who are being treated with cognitive procedures are taught to ask themselves if there is "evidence" to support their anxious thoughts and behaviors. They are taught "coping thoughts" to replace previously distorted thoughts during anxiety-inducing situations such as doing a reality check to assess the realistic danger of a situation and then to praise themselves for handling the situation bravely. Examples of such disordered thoughts include polarized thinking, overgeneralization, filtering (focusing on negative), jumping to conclusions, catastrophizing, emotional reasoning, labeling, "shoulds", and placing blame on self and others. Sometimes therapists will involve parents and teach them behavioral tactics such as contingency management.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: The use of medication is applied in extreme cases of SAD when other treatment options have been utilized and failed. However, it has been difficult to prove the benefits of drug treatment in patients with SAD because there have been many mixed results. Despite all the studies and testings, there has yet to be a specific medication for SAD. Medication prescribed for adults from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are often used and have been reported to show positive results for children and adolescents with SAD.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: There are mixed results regarding the benefits of using tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which includes imipramine and clomipramine. One study suggested that imipramine is helpful for children with "school phobia," who also had an underlying diagnosis of SAD. However, other studies have also shown that imipramine and clomipramine had the same effect of children who were treated with the medication and placebo. The most promising medication is the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in adults and children. Several studies have shown that patients treated with fluvoxamine were significantly better than those treated with placebo. They showed decreasing anxiety symptoms with short-term and long-term use of the medication.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Discomfort from separations in children from ages 8 to 14 months is normal. Children oftentimes get nervous or afraid of unfamiliar people and places but if the behavior still occurs after the age of six and if it lasts longer than four weeks, the child might have separation anxiety disorder.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: About 4% of children have the disorder. Separation anxiety disorder is very treatable especially when caught early on with medication and behavioral therapies. Helping children with separation anxiety to identify the circumstances that elicit their anxiety (upcoming separation events) is important. A child's ability to tolerate separations should gradually increase over time when he or she is gradually exposed to the feared events. Encouraging a child with separation anxiety disorder to feel competent and empowered, as well as to discuss feelings associated with anxiety-provoking events promotes recovery.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Children with separation anxiety disorder often respond negatively to perceived anxiety in their caretakers, in that parents and caregivers who also have anxiety disorders may unwittingly confirm a child's unrealistic fears that something terrible may happen if they are separated from each other. Thus, it is critical that parents and caretakers become aware of their own feelings and communicate a sense of safety and confidence about separation.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Several studies aim to understand the long-term mental health consequences of SAD. SAD contributed to vulnerability and acted as a strong risk factor for developing other mental disorders in people aged 19–30. Specifically disorders including panic disorder and depressive disorders were more likely to occur. Other sources also support the increased likelihood of displaying either of the two psychopathologies with previous history of childhood SAD.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Studies show that children who have separation anxiety at younger ages have more complex fear acquisition. This means that there is likely an interplay between associative and non-associative processes concerning fear and anxiety later in life.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Beyond mental health outcomes, SAD has also been shown to impact other important areas of functioning as well.  For preschool children, high and persistent levels of separation anxiety were shown to predict worse academic achievement, poorer physical health, and higher internalizing symptoms throughout middle-childhood and early adolescence.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychopathology to occur in today's youth, affecting from 5–25% of children worldwide. Of these anxiety disorders, SAD accounts for a large proportion of diagnoses. SAD may account for up to 50% of the anxiety disorders as recorded in referrals for mental health treatment. SAD is noted as one of the earliest-occurring of all anxiety disorders. Adult separation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults, though it has also been shown to occur in between 23-42% of adults in clinical samples. It has also been reported that the clinically anxious pediatric population are considerably larger. For example, according to Hammerness et al. (2008) SAD accounted for 49% of admissions.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: Research suggests that 4.1% of children will experience a clinical level of separation anxiety. Of that 4.1% it is calculated that nearly a third of all cases will persist into adulthood if left untreated. Research continues to explore the implications that early dispositions of SAD in childhood may serve as risk factors for the development of mental disorders throughout adolescence and adulthood.


title: Separation anxiety disorder

text: It is presumed that a much higher percentage of children suffer from a small amount of separation anxiety, and are not actually diagnosed. Multiple studies have found higher rates of SAD in girls than in boys, and that paternal absence may increase the chances of SAD in girls.


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Religious fanaticism, or religious extremism, is a pejorative designation used to indicate uncritical zeal or obsessive enthusiasm which is related to one's own, or one's group's, devotion to a religion – a form of human fanaticism which could otherwise be expressed in one's other involvements and participation, including employment, role, and partisan affinities. Historically, the term was applied in Christian antiquity to denigrate non-Christian religions, and subsequently acquired its current usage with the Age of Enlightenment.


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Ever since Christianity was established, some of those in authority have sought to expand and control the church, often through the fanatical use of force. Grant Shafer says, "Jesus of Nazareth is best known as a preacher of nonviolence".


title: Religious fanaticism

text: The start of Christian fanatic rule came with the Roman Emperor Constantine I. Ellens says, "When Christianity came to power in the empire of Constantine, it proceeded to almost viciously repress all non-Christians and all Christians who did not line up with official Orthodox ideology, policy, and practice". An example of Christians who didn't line up with Orthodox ideology is the Donatists, who "refused to accept repentant clergy who had formerly given way to apostasy when persecuted".


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Fanatical Christian activity continued into the Middle Ages with the Crusades. These religious wars were attempts by the Catholics, sanctioned by the Pope, to conquer the Holy Land from the Muslims. However many Catholics see the crusades as a just war. Charles Selengut, in his book "Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence", said:


title: Religious fanaticism

text: The Crusades were very much holy wars waged to maintain Christianity's theological and social control. On their way to conquering the Holy Land from the Muslims by force of arms, the crusaders destroyed dozens of Jewish communities and killed thousands because the Jews would not accept the Christian faith. Jews had to be killed in the religious campaign because their very existence challenged the sole truth espoused by the Christian Church.


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Shafer adds that, "When the crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099, they killed Muslims, Jews, and native Christians indiscriminately". Contrary to what Shafer alleges, however, no eyewitness source refers to Crusaders killing native Christians in Jerusalem, and early Eastern Christian sources (Matthew of Edessa, Anna Comnena, Michael the Syrian, etc.) make no such allegation about the Crusaders in Jerusalem. According to the Syriac Chronicle, all the Christians had already been expelled from Jerusalem before the Crusaders arrived. Presumably this would have been done by the Fatimid governor to prevent their possible collusion with the Crusaders.


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Another prominent form of fanaticism according to some came a few centuries later with the Spanish Inquisition. The Inquisition was the monarchy's way of making sure their people stayed within Catholic Christianity. Selengut said, "The inquisitions were attempts at self-protection and targeted primarily "internal enemies" of the church". The driving force of the Inquisition was the Inquisitors, who were responsible for spreading the truth of Christianity. Selengut continues, saying:


title: Religious fanaticism

text: The inquisitors generally saw themselves as educators helping people maintain correct beliefs by pointing out errors in knowledge and judgment... Punishment and death came only to those who refused to admit their errors ... during the Spanish Inquisitions of the fifteenth century, the clear distinction between confession and innocence and remaining in error became muddled... The investigators had to invent all sorts of techniques, including torture, to ascertain whether ... new converts' beliefs were genuine.During the Reformation Christian fanaticism increased between Catholics and the recently formed Protestants. Many Christians were killed for having rival viewpoints. The Reformation set off a chain of sectarian wars between the Catholics and the sectarian Protestants, culminating in the wars of religion.


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Islamic extremism dates back to the early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE. The original schism between Kharijites, Sunnīs, and Shīʿas among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community ("Ummah") after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims. Shīʿas believe ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider Abu Bakr to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to "takfīr" (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either infidels ("kuffār") or false Muslims ("munāfiḳūn"), and therefore deemed them worthy of death for their perceived apostasy ("ridda").


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was influential in promoting the Pan-Islamist ideology in the 1960s. When he was executed by the Egyptian government under the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ayman al-Zawahiri formed the organization Egyptian Islamic Jihad to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas for the Islamic revival that he yearned for. The Qutbist ideology has been influential on jihadist movements and Islamic terrorists that seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri of al-Qaeda, as well as the Salafi-jihadi terrorist group ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh. Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki.


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Since Osama bin Laden's "fatwa" in 1998, "jihad" has increasingly become an internationally recognized term. Bin Laden's concept, though, is very different from the actual meaning of the term. In the religious context, "jihad" most nearly means "working urgently for a certain godly objective, generally an imperialist one". The word "jihad" in Arabic means 'struggle'. The struggle can be a struggle of implementing the Islamic values in daily activities, a struggle with others to counter arguments against Islam, or self-defense when physically attacked because of belief in Islam. According to Steffen, there are portions of the Quran where military "jihad" is used. As Steffen says, though, "Jihad in these uses is always defensive. Not only does 'jihad' not endorse acts of military aggression, but 'jihad' is invoked in Qur'anic passages to indicate how uses of force are always subject to restraint and qualification". This kind of jihad differs greatly from the kind most commonly discussed today.


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Thomas Farr, in an essay titled "Islam's Way to Freedom", states that "Even though most Muslims reject violence, the extremists' use of sacred texts lends their actions authenticity and recruiting power". (Freedom 24) He goes on to say, "The radicals insist that their central claim – God's desire for Islam's triumph – requires no interpretation. According to them, true Muslims will pursue it by any means necessary, including dissimulation, civil coercion, and the killing of innocents". (Freedom 24)


title: Religious fanaticism

text: According to certain observers this disregard for others and rampant use of violence is markedly different from the peaceful message that "jihad" is meant to employ. Although fanatic jihadists have committed many terroristic acts throughout the world, perhaps the best known is the September 11 attacks. According to Ellens, the al-Qaeda members who took part in the terrorist attacks did so out of their belief that, by doing it, they would "enact a devastating blow against the evil of secularized and non-Muslim America. They were cleansing this world, God's temple".


title: Religious fanaticism

text: Violence based on communalistic-ideologies are quite predominant in the Indian subcontinent, especially since the British Raj, even resulting in the partition of British India based on religious lines. In modern-day India, incidents of anti-Muslim violence are politically motivated and a part of the electoral strategy of mainstream political parties who are associated with Hindu nationalism like the Bharatiya Janata Party (political wing of RSS).


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: Sidekicks is a 1992 American adventure action comedy-drama film directed by Aaron Norris and starring Jonathan Brandis and Chuck Norris.


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: Barry Gabrewski is a troubled and bullied asthmatic boy who lives with his widowed father, Jerry (Beau Bridges), in Houston, Texas. A loner, Barry has vivid daydreams about being Chuck Norris' sidekick, battling against Norris' movie enemies, who are often personified by Barry's everyday bullies such as Randy Cellini (John Buchanan). Noreen Chan (Julia Nickson-Soul), his favorite teacher, often plays the damsel in distress in these daydreams.


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: Barry wants to learn martial arts, but is rejected by the arrogant dojo owner Kelly Stone (Joe Piscopo) for being too weak. Instead, he is taken on as a student by an old Chinese man called Mr. Lee (Mako), Noreen's sly uncle and the owner of a local Chinese restaurant, "Frying Dragon". Mr. Lee finds creative ways to teach Barry to defend himself from his bullies. Lee devises training methods that increase Barry's endurance, which helps his asthma. Lee also deduces Barry's hero worship of Norris, and from that at least some of Barry's daydreams. He creatively incorporates this into Barry's training, devising training scenarios that seem more dangerous than they are so that Barry will feel heroic for succeeding at them.


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: Lee enters himself, Barry, and Chan into a local team Karate tournament but is a bit stymied to learn that a team must have four members. Norris is attending the tournament as a guest and, at Lee's urging, Chan convinces Norris to join the team. Norris is both willing to help an ardent fan and has his own motivation for participating: he has encountered Stone on several occasions and wants to teach him "a lesson in humility". Barry is stunned to find himself working together with his hero.


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: The tournament involves four events: Breaking, Men's Weapons, Female Kata, and Freestyle fighting. Stone's team narrowly defeats Chan in the Female Kata, but Lee defeats Cellini, one of Stone's students, in Breaking. True to his word, Norris defeats Stone in Freestyle fighting, and Barry—aided by a vivid daydream—scores a victory in Men's Weapons. The result is a tie between Stone's team and Lee's team. In the tie-breaker, Lee is allowed to choose the participants, and chooses Barry and Cellini, saying Barry is the member of the team with "something to prove". Stone chooses the event, Breaking. Barry is dismayed to be confronting Cellini in the latter's best event, but Lee tilts the odds in Barry's favor by using a small amount of lighter fluid to set Barry's bricks on fire. Faced with a much more heroic-seeming task, Barry wins.


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: After the tournament, Barry is seen talking to Norris, thanking him for his help. Norris vanishes, and it is implied that Barry has found the strength to live his life without the need for his daydreams. A young boy in a wheelchair finds Barry's Chuck Norris magazine and reacts with an excited "Wow!"


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: NOTE: Nickson-Soul's character-name is an inside reference to Chuck Norris's movie "An Eye For an Eye", in which Mako portrayed James Chan (the father of a murdered journalist, who teams up with Norris' character to hunt down her killers).


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: "Sidekicks" was filmed primarily in Houston, TX. It was the pet project of well-known Houston furniture outlet owner Jim "Mattress Mac" McIngvale, who (in partnership with Chuck Norris and his "Kick Drugs out of Schools" campaign) invested 8 million dollars in producing this movie. Chuck Norris, who had appeared in many local television commercials for McIngvale, suggested the idea of creating this film, and "Mac" agreed to finance and produce it. In McIngvale's book, "Always Think Big", he states going into film and producing was "extremely hard work".


title: Sidekicks (1992 film)

text: The film received largely negative reviews from critics. Based on 19 reviews gathered, the film has a 26% from Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 4/10.


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: The third season of "The O.C." commenced airing in the United States on September 8, 2005, concluded on May 18, 2006, and consisted of 25 episodes. The first ten episodes of season three aired Thursdays at 8:00 p.m. ET in the US on FOX, a terrestrial television network; however, from January 12, 2006, onwards, "The O.C." was shifted to a later time of Thursdays at 9:00 p.m. ET.


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: The season was released on DVD as a seven disc boxed set under the title "The O.C.: The Complete Third Season" on October 24, 2006, by Warner Bros. Home Video.


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: Season three was also broadcast outside of the United States. In Canada, the season was simulcast on the terrestrial network CTV Television Network. It was broadcast on Network Ten on Tuesdays at 8:30 p.m. (local time) in Australia, and premiered several months after it did in the US. In New Zealand the season started February 11, 2006 on TV NZ. It premiered in the United Kingdom on January 10, 2006, on the digital terrestrial channel E4, airing Tuesdays at 9:00 p.m. GMT. The episodes were rebroadcast the following week on the analogue Channel 4, E4's parent channel, on Sundays at 1:50 p.m. GMT.


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: Picking up from season two, this seàson continues to follow the characters' lives in the wealthy community of Newport Beach, Orange County, California, with the main characters entering their senior year of high school. Ryan's savior complex causes trouble, and Seth's lies poses problems in his relationship with Summer. Meanwhile, Kirsten attends rehab in an attempt to put her life back together, while her husband Sandy assumes leadership of the Newport Group after Caleb's death and finds himself the heir-apparent to a legacy of scandal, and Marissa spirals out of control after her younger sister Kaitlin causes trouble on her return home from boarding school.


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: The season was produced by Warner Bros. Television and Wonderland Sound and Vision. The executive producers were series creator Josh Schwartz, McG, a co-founder of Wonderland, and Bob DeLaurentis. Stephanie Savage, the other co-founder of Wonderland, served as co-executive producer, whilst Ian Toynton served as supervising producer. The staff writers were Schwartz, Savage, DeLaurentis, John Stephens, J.J. Philbin and Mike Kelley. The regular directors throughout the season were Toynton, Michael Lange, Michael Fresco, Norman Buckley and Tony Wharmby.


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: The third season had star billing for seven major roles. Mischa Barton as Marissa, Rachel Bilson as Summer, Adam Brody as Seth, Melinda Clarke as Julie, Peter Gallagher as Sandy, Benjamin McKenzie as Ryan, and Kelly Rowan as Kirsten all returned to the main cast. Former main cast member Alan Dale did not return due to his character, Caleb, dying at the end of the second season, while Tate Donovan, as Jimmy Cooper, returned only in a recurring role, and then only for the first three episodes of the season.


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: Logan Marshall-Green returned for the season premiere, portraying Trey Atwood, comatosed as a result of the shooting in the second-season finale. Additionally Navi Rawat, Samaire Armstrong, Daphne Ashbrook and Nikki Griffin all made brief returns to guest star as Theresa Diaz, Anna Stern, Dawn Atwood, and Jess Sathers, respectively. Willa Holland took over from Shailene Woodley in portraying Marissa's younger sister Kaitlin, who returns to the show after being away at boarding school last year. Cast member Michael Nouri continued as Summer's dad, Dr. Neil Roberts, who became a larger part of the series. Other actors to leave the series were Nicholas Gonzalez (D.J.), Michael Cassidy (Zach), Shannon Lucio (Lindsay), Olivia Wilde (Alex), Billy Campbell (Carter), Kim Delaney (Rebecca), Johnny Messner (Lance), Kathleen York (Renee), and Marguerite Moreau (Reed).


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: The season introduced a number of new students to the show. Additions to the cast included Autumn Reeser, Cam Gigandet, Ryan Donowho and Johnny Lewis, as new social chair Taylor Townsend, rival surfers Kevin Volchok and Johnny Harper, and Johnny's best friend Chili. Jeri Ryan and Jeff Hephner also joined the cast to portray new adult characters Charlotte Morgan, a mysterious woman Kirsten befriends in rehab, and Matt Ramsey, an overzealous business partner working at the Newport Group. New guest stars in recurring roles included Paula Trickey as Taylor's mother, Veronica Townsend; Erin Foster as a Newport Union student called Heather; Kayla Ewell and Nikki Reed as Johnny's girlfriend, Casey, and cousin Sadie; Eric Mabius as new Dean of Discipline, Jack Hess; Shaun Duke as Henry Griffin, head of the board at Newport Hospital; and Morena Baccarin as Griffin's daughter Maya. This is the final season for original cast member Mischa Barton who played Marissa Cooper; Marissa tragically dies in a car accident in the season finale.


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: Season three was widely regarded by both fans and critics as the worst season of "The O.C." The season premiere attracted 7.5 million viewers, but average viewing figures decreased twenty percent from the previous season to 5.6 million. The first half of the season averaged 6.3 million viewers, representing a substantial decrease in the show's popularity. However Marcy Ross, head of current programming at FOX said that the "ratings are perfectly fine and acceptable".


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: After the eventual cancellation of the show, Schwartz admitted that "the whole first half of the third season was a total mess".


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: The third season was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards and won four of them, including "Choice Drama/Action Adventure Show" and "Choice Actor: Drama/Action Adventure", which Adam Brody won for the third consecutive year. IGN faulted a season which, in their opinion, had "far too much time and too many episodes spent with the less than beloved character Johnny". IGN also noted that "Kirsten and Sandy both suffered from unsatisfying stories", and that the departure of character Caleb Nichol had been a mistake "as he had been a great character to bounce off both of the elder Cohens". In September 2007, Schwartz admitted in an interview for "New York" that the show "went down the wrong road" with Johnny. The season did, however, receive some praise. The new character Taylor Townsend was stated as being "played to perfection by Autumn Reeser" and her character was described as "one of the greatest elements of "The O.C."" Jeffrey Robinson of DVD Talk described the storylines as "very intelligent and also incorporate a great deal of humor to keep your interest".


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: "USA Today" critic Robert Bianco said that the season premiere was "as dreary and ridiculous as any episode the show ever gave us",


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: but the season finale was commended by IGN's Eric Goldman for killing off main character Marissa Cooper. Goldman said that "the episode documenting her demise was a fairly strong one" and that the following season "would really pay off this shocking twist". Despite not being the final season it was also noted that the graduation of characters gave "the show a feeling of ending".


title: The O.C. (season 3)

text: The DVD release of season three was released by Warner Bros. in the US on October 24, 2006 after it had completed broadcast on television. As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material including a gag reel, featurettes, and the making of a music video by The Subways.


title: Heart of Gold (Neil Young song)

text: "Heart of Gold" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Neil Young. From his fourth album "Harvest", it is Young's only U.S. No. 1 single. In Canada, it reached No. 1 on the "RPM" national singles chart for the first time on April 8, 1972, on which date Young held the top spot on both the singles and albums charts. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 17 song for 1972. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" ranked it No. 297 on their list of the 500 greatest songs of all time, No. 303 in an updated 2010 list, and No. 259 in 2021.


title: Heart of Gold (Neil Young song)

text: The song, which features backup vocals by James Taylor and Linda Ronstadt, is one of a series of soft acoustic pieces which were written partly as a result of a back injury. Unable to stand for long periods of time, Young could not play his electric guitar and so returned to his acoustic guitar, which he could play sitting down. He also played his harmonica during the three instrumental portions, including the introduction to the song.


title: Heart of Gold (Neil Young song)

text: "Heart of Gold" was recorded during the initial sessions for "Harvest" on February 6–8, 1971, at Quadrafonic Sound Studios in Nashville, Tennessee. Ronstadt (who herself would later cover Young's song "Love Is a Rose") and Taylor were in Nashville at the time for an appearance on Johnny Cash's television program, and the album's producer Elliot Mazer arranged for them to sing backup for Young in the studio.


title: Heart of Gold (Neil Young song)

text: Young played this song in 1971 solo shows before recording it. At a January 19 concert (preserved on "Live at Massey Hall 1971", released in 2007) he played it on piano, starting with "A Man Needs a Maid" and then segueing into this song. By the time of "Harvest", he had separated the two songs and played "Heart of Gold" on guitar and harmonica.


title: Heart of Gold (Neil Young song)

text: Young wrote in the liner notes of his 1977 compilation album "Decade": "This song put me in the middle of the road. Traveling there soon became a bore so I headed for the ditch. A rougher ride but I saw more interesting people there." This statement was in response to the mainstream popularity that he gained as a result of the number-one status of "Heart of Gold".


title: Heart of Gold (Neil Young song)

text: Young has stated that this song, as well as "Harvest" and "Out on the Weekend" from the same album, were inspired by his then blossoming love for actress Carrie Snodgress.


title: Heart of Gold (Neil Young song)

text: The only time it bothered me that someone sounded like me was when I was living in Phoenix, Arizona, in about '72 and the big song at the time was "Heart of Gold". I used to hate it when it came on the radio. I always liked Neil Young, but it bothered me every time I listened to "Heart of Gold." I think it was up at number one for a long time, and I'd say, "Shit, that's me. If it sounds like me, it should as well be me."


title: Heart of Gold (Neil Young song)

text: In 2005, "Heart of Gold" was named the third greatest Canadian song of all time on the CBC Radio One series "". It ranked behind only Barenaked Ladies' "If I Had $1,000,000" and Ian and Sylvia's "Four Strong Winds", the latter covered by Young on his 1978 album "Comes a Time".


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: Scott Pilgrim vs. The World: The Game is a side-scrolling beat 'em up game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Chengdu and published by Ubisoft, based on the "Scott Pilgrim" series of Oni Press graphic novels by Bryan Lee O'Malley and tying in with the release of the film of the same name. The game was originally released digitally for Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation 3 via PlayStation Network in August 2010 before being delisted in December 2014. An updated re-release for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One, Amazon Luna and Google Stadia titled Scott Pilgrim vs. The World: The Game – Complete Edition, was released on January 14, 2021.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: Loosely following the story of the graphic novels, up to four players can play as Scott Pilgrim, Ramona Flowers, Kim Pine or Stephen Stills (along with the unlockable character NegaScott and the downloadable characters Knives Chau and Wallace Wells), who must battle through seven levels in order to defeat Ramona's seven evil exes. Characters have their own individual movesets, which can be expanded upon by gaining enough experience, and are also able to use weapons. Each player has Heart Points and Guts Points, the latter of which can revive players if they are knocked out, or be used to perform special moves such as summoning Knives Chau or the unlockable assist character Mr. Chau. Defeating enemies earns coins which can be spent in shops to purchase items that can replenish health or boost stats. Certain items can be taken 'to go' to be automatically used when the player runs out of health. Players can also enter Subspace areas which act as bonus areas where extra coins can be earned. During co-operative play, players can revive fallen comrades at the cost of some money, give each other health or money and simultaneously taunt for a combined attack. Various cheat codes unlock extra features, such as a Sound Test, a Boss Rush and a Survival Horror mode.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game" was co-developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Chengdu. The game's art direction and animation was headed by Paul Robertson, whom the company contacted by e-mail. Robertson had previous experience working on the 5th Cell series "Drawn to Life" and created "Pirate Baby's Cabana Battle Street Fight 2006", an animated side-scroller game based film. Robertson was responsible for designing and animating the game's sprites, effects, and other aspects. He felt he had "the most creative control" on any game he has worked on, but that he was still restricted by the source material, pleasing the publishers and producers, and programming limitations. Chiptune-based pop and rock band Anamanaguchi performed the soundtrack for the game. Bryan Lee O'Malley, "Scott Pilgrim" series creator, and Edgar Wright, director of the film adaptation, were also involved in development. O'Malley came to Ubisoft and discussed with the development team how the game's narrative and flow should be handled. He also drew several sketches on which the in-game cutscenes are based. According to O'Malley, he was initially approached by Telltale Games to make a "Scott Pilgrim" adventure game, but he declined as he could not see it as part of that genre. O'Malley designed the concept moves and specials of the playable characters and bosses. He began this in the Summer of 2009.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game" was first announced at San Diego Comic-Con 2009 on July 28, 2009. On June 8, 2010, "Game Informer" presented their first hands on, where it was revealed the game would be a timed exclusive for PlayStation Network, with an Xbox Live Arcade release at a later date. The first trailer for the game was released on June 11, 2010, which showed some of the stages in the game such as inside a club, on a street and noticeably inside a Toronto Transit Commission streetcar. The game makes various references to video games, such as "River City Ransom", "Mario", "Kirby", "Mega Man", and "Guitar Hero". An early pitch video was revealed on August 11, 2010, which showcased even more retro graphics and direct parodies of classic games.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: "Scott Pilgrim"-themed Avatar clothes and props were released on Xbox Live's Avatar Marketplace on August 12, 2010. The game's original soundtrack by Anamanaguchi was released on Amazon and iTunes by ABKCO Records in North America on August 24, 2010, and was released internationally on August 30, 2010. Downloadable content was released for the PSN version on November 9, 2010, to coincide with the film's DVD and Blu-ray Disc release, including Knives Chau as a playable character and two additional game modes: Battle Royal and Dodge Ball. The XBLA version was later released on December 28, 2010. A second DLC pack, which implements online multiplayer and adds Wallace Wells as a playable character, was scheduled for release on February 5, 2013, but the pack was delayed and eventually released on March 12, 2013 on PlayStation Network and on March 13, 2013 on Xbox Live Arcade.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: On December 30, 2014, "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game" and its DLC were delisted from the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network, possibly due to the license expiring. In May 2020, approaching the film and game's 10 year anniversary, both O'Malley and Wright tweeted Ubisoft asking to bring the game back alongside a re-release of the film. In August 2020, O'Malley tweeted that Ubisoft has reached out to him. In September 2020, Ubisoft announced "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game – Complete Edition", a remaster of the original game including both DLC packs' contents, for a January 14, 2021 release on Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Amazon Luna, and Stadia. On January 8, 2021, it was revealed that Limited Run Games would release a physical version of the game, alongside several special edition releases with additional physical bonuses.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: The PlayStation 3 version of "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game" received "generally favorable reviews", while the Xbox 360 version received "mixed or average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: IGN praised the game's style and soundtrack but criticizing its lack of online multiplayer or drop-in play. They later named it the 25th best game on Xbox Live Arcade in 2010. Similarly, "1UP.com" criticized the PS3 version's difficulty and need for grinding. "Joystiq" said of the same console version that "they couldn't recommend it any higher, especially at 10 bucks." "Game Informer" called the same console version "the best modern brawler since "Castle Crashers"."


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: GameTrailers called said PS3 version "an excellent pastiche that will reaffirm your love for classic beat-em-ups." "Kotaku" called it "an entertaining little old-school beat-em up that becomes exponentially more entertaining the more friends you play with." GameSpot said that the game is a bit too chaotic with four players on screen.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: Prior to release, "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game" received nominations for Best Downloadable Game of E3 2010 by both GameSpot. It was nominated for Best Downloadable Game and won Best Adapted Video Game at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: The soundtrack for Ubisoft's "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game" was written, composed and performed by Anamanaguchi. The digital soundtrack was released by ABKCO Records on August 24, 2010.


title: Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game

text: In their review of "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game", IGN called Anamanaguchi's soundtrack "possibly the best soundtrack on PS3". AllMusic reviewer Heather Phares, giving it 4 out of 5 stars, said that Anamanaguchi "serve up hyperkinetic tracks that sound like they’ve been hiding on an NES cartridge for a quarter century", and was impressed that the film production chose to "provide such a distinct aesthetic for a game’s music".


title: Walkabout

text: Walkabout is a rite of passage in Australian Aboriginal society, during which males undergo a journey during adolescence, typically ages 10 to 16, and live in the wilderness for a period as long as six months to make the spiritual and traditional transition into manhood.


title: Walkabout

text: The term "walkabout" has been used to characterise Indigenous Australians as highly mobile over the short-term.


title: Walkabout

text: In the case of Aboriginal Australians, life-cycle stages, such as traditional rites of passage, seem to influence the motivations for movement more than the frequency of movement.


title: Walkabout

text: "Temporary mobility" is a nomadic lifestyle that does not establish a permanent residence and includes a significant amount of movement for religious observance. Young Indigenous adults have the highest mobility rate of all age groups in Australia; males make up the majority.


title: Walkabout

text: Mobility as a topic of research is difficult to track and measure. In 2010s research, professionals identified technology as being a factor of then-current mobility in young Indigenous adults in Australia. However, no formal, sound research has been conducted on this subject matter specifically. The lack of female Indigenous presence in research results has determined that Australian women participate in the national census less than their male counterparts leading to the underrepresentation of women in mobility research. This under-representation in research is due to the fact that most mobility research relies highly on census data as its primary form of data collection. The census occurs on one night nationally, which can make it difficult to track mobility, as does the finding that women in Australia are typically out of their usual residence at night, also leading to the under-representation of women in research.


title: Walkabout

text: As of 2008, government statistical measures were not able to provide any detailed indication of the frequency, volume, or direction of Indigenous temporary mobility.


title: Walkabout

text: Indigenous temporary mobility practices remain poorly understood within mainstream Australian society. They are often explained away as simply the product of a nomadic predisposition to wander aimlessly.


title: Walkabout

text: The potential rise for the complexity of temporary mobility of traditional origins within modernisation is prevalent in current Australian society for the transition of Indigenous cultures from traditional activities toward modernity has given rise to growing recognition of the importance of traditional practices.


title: Walkabout

text: Indigenous temporary mobility in and around remote Australia is due to the spiritual ties of the Indigenous people to the land of the Outback. With modernisation occurring all across Australia, walkabout will occur in more remote areas such as the outback to create a break from modern culture in order to create a connection with traditional, spiritual roots. Interior Australia (Outback) witnesses temporary mobility in those areas due to the lack of permanent residents in those areas. The spiritual attachment of aboriginals to the land of the Outback was a strong, unbreakable force that rooted social groups within their traditional territories.


title: Walkabout

text: The physical geography of the Australian Outback has fundamentally shaped indigenous socio-spatial organisation and thus mobility practices. Owing to low population density and the uncharted aura of these areas it is not surprising that the Outback is the typical home to walkabout for aboriginals with ancestral ties to the land.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: Gabriele Corcos (born October 7, 1972) is an Italian celebrity cook, entrepreneur, and television personality. He is the creator, host, and producer of "Extra Virgin" on the Cooking Channel. He is also the author of a "New York Times" best-selling cookbook, "Extra Virgin". Corcos owned The Tuscan Gun Officine Alimentari in Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn, New York, which is now permanently closed.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: He starred with his wife, Debi Mazar, in the television show, "Extra Virgin Americana", which ran for eight episodes in early 2016 on The Cooking Channel. Corcos has involved himself with several anti-hunger charities.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: Born into a family of Sephardic Jewish descent in Fiesole, Italy, Corcos was raised Jewish in Tuscany. After graduating from high school, he enlisted in the Italian Army where he studied medicine at the military academy for several years. However, his passion was in music and he decided to pursue his musical studies rather than complete his medical degree and be deployed in a war zone. Corcos traveled to Brazil, Cuba, and Morocco to study drums and to perform with local musicians.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: In 2001 Corcos met his wife, Debi Mazar in Florence. He left his family in Fiesole to move to Los Angeles. The two married on March 16, 2002. While his wife was filming during the day, Corcos would write on his computer about the impression American food had made on him.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: One day the couple filmed themselves in the kitchen making a sauce for spaghetti. They posted it on the newly launched website, YouTube. In 2006, the "Under the Tuscan Gun" blog and web series was born, after the two received countless emails from people who loved the project. The couple raised a large community of devoted fans over the five-year course of the web series, with no intention of going to TV. However, with the creation the Cooking Channel in May 2010 by Scripps Networks Interactive, the couple was asked to be the hosts of the channel's first original cooking show. "The Boston Globe" thus dubbed them Cooking Channel's "first family". From the time of the web series, the interaction between Corcos and Mazar has been compared to that of Ricky and Lucy Ricardo on "I Love Lucy".


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: On June 4, 2019, Gabriele Corcos was honored Knight by the Italian President of the Republic, in recognition of his work on behalf of the Italian heritage in the US. It's the highest civilian honor for an Italian citizen.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: Corcos's experience with cooking started from a very early age. He says his fondest memories are shared cooking in the kitchen with his grandmother and mother, as a small child. Corcos learned about Tuscan food and traditional farmers' cuisine from them. While living in LA, Corcos spent a few years working in the kitchens of chefs such as Gino Angelini of Osteria Angelini. In addition, for the year of 2012 he was appointed as executive chef of the prestigious Montauk Yacht Club. Corcos has been participating in both the Food Network New York City and Food Network South Beach Wine and Food Festivals since 2011 as a celebrity chef. In February 2015, he hosted the opening event at the festival, entitled the Ronzoni Italian Feast event.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: While making an appearance on Food Network's "Chopped" in April 2013, he competed on behalf of the charity Feeding America. In May 2013, Corcos and his family participated in the Live Below the Line Challenge. For five days, the family had $1.50 each per day to spend on food, which is the equivalent of the poverty line in America. Furthermore, in 2014, Corcos became a council member of the Food Bank For New York City and hosted a pop-up dinner series in October 2014 where a large portion of the proceeds benefited the Food Bank.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: Season 1 of "Extra Virgin" premiered in 2011 and as of 2015 has included five seasons. "Extra Virgin" airs domestically on the Cooking Channel and outside the United States on the Food Network International platforms.


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: The "Extra Virgin" cookbook, "Extra Virgin: Recipes & Love from Our Tuscan Kitchen", was released on May 6, 2014. It was #1 on Amazon's Italian Cooking rankings for six months and remains in the top 10 as of October 2015. In June 2014, the cookbook made the "New York Times" Best-Seller list. The cookbook includes both authentic Tuscan dishes and Tuscan-inspired dishes. The cookbook contains 120 recipes which "straddle the line between simple and all-out seduction."


title: Gabriele Corcos

text: Opened in May 2015 and out of business in late 2017, its menu included cuisine from his home country. Located in Brooklyn, New York, the shop was open every day for breakfast and lunch. In addition, a few ticketed dinners were held monthly, with tasting menus using seasonal ingredients.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen (), Hymenaios or Hymenaeus, in Hellenistic religion, is a god of marriage ceremonies, inspiring feasts and song. Related to the god's name, a "hymenaios" is a genre of Greek lyric poetry sung during the procession of the bride to the groom's house in which the god is addressed, in contrast to the "Epithalamium", which is sung at the nuptial threshold. He is one of the winged love gods, the Erotes.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen's name is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *"syuh₁-men"-, "to sew together," hence, "joiner;" it is also recorded in Doric Greek as Ῡ̔μᾱ́ν ("Hyman"). The term "hymen" was also used for a thin skin or membrane, such as the hymen that covers the vaginal opening and was traditionally supposed to be broken by sexual intercourse following a woman's (first) marriage. So, the membrane's name was not directly connected to that of the god, but they shared the same root and in folk etymology were sometimes supposed to be related.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen is supposed to attend every wedding. If he did not, then the marriage would supposedly prove disastrous, so the Greeks would run about calling his name aloud. He presided over many of the weddings in Greek mythology, for all the deities and their children.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen is celebrated in the ancient marriage song of unknown origin (called a Hymenaios) "Hymen o Hymenae, Hymen" delivered by G. Valerius Catullus.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen is also mentioned in Virgil's "Aeneid" and in seven plays by William Shakespeare: "Hamlet", "The Tempest", "Much Ado about Nothing", "Titus Andronicus", "Pericles, Prince of Tyre", "Timon of Athens" and "As You Like It", where he joins the couples at the end —


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen also appears in the work of the 7th- to 6th-century BCE Greek poet Sappho (translation: M. L. West, "Greek Lyric Poetry", Oxford University Press):


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen is most commonly the son of Apollo and one of the Muses. In Seneca's play "Medea", he is stated to be the son of Dionysus.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Other stories give Hymen a legendary origin. In one of the surviving fragments of the "Megalai Ehoiai" attributed to Hesiod, it's told that Magnes "had a son of remarkable beauty, Hymenaeus. And when Apollo saw the boy, he was seized with love for him, and wouldn't leave the house of Magnes".


title: Hymen (god)

text: Aristophanes' "Peace" ends with Trygaeus and the Chorus singing the wedding song, with the repeated phrase "Oh Hymen! Oh Hymenaeus!", a typical refrain for a wedding song.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Maurus Servius Honoratus, in his commentaries on Virgil's "Eclogues", mentions that Hesperus, the Evening Star, inhabited Mount Oeta in Thessaly and that there he had loved the young Hymenaeus, son of Dionysus and Ariadne.


title: Hymen (god)

text: According to a later romance, Hymen was an Athenian youth of great beauty but low birth who fell in love with the daughter of one of the city's wealthiest women. Since he couldn't speak to her or court her, due to his social standing, he instead followed her wherever she went.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen disguised himself as a woman in order to join one of these processions, a religious rite at Eleusis where only women went. The assemblage was captured by pirates, Hymen included. He encouraged the women and plotted strategy with them, and together they killed their captors. He then agreed with the women to go back to Athens and win their freedom, if he were allowed to marry one of them. He thus succeeded in both the mission and the marriage, and his marriage was so happy that Athenians instituted festivals in his honour and he came to be associated with marriage.


title: Hymen (god)

text: According to Apollodorus, "the Orphics report" that Hymenaeus was among those resurrected by Asclepius.


title: Hymen (god)

text: At least since the Italian Renaissance, Hymen was generally represented in art as a young man wearing a garland of flowers and holding a burning torch in one hand.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen appears as a character in the final scene of William Shakespeare's pastoral comedy "As You Like It", where he presides over four weddings joining eight characters, including the play's protoganist and heroine Rosalind with her beloved Orlando.


title: Hymen (god)

text: "Hymen" (1921) is an early book of poetry by the American modernist poet H.D. The eponymous long poem of the collection imagines an ancient Greek women's ritual for a bride.


title: Hymen (god)

text: Hymen is mentioned by a wedding guest in an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, “Hell’s Bells” (Season 6, Episode 16). The guest, a demon, wishes “Hymen’s greetings” to Buffy’s younger sister, Dawn, and explains Hymen is the “god of matrimony”.


title: Major League Gaming

text: Major League Gaming Corp. (MLG) is a professional esports organization. MLG is headquartered in New York City, New York and was founded in 2002 by Sundance DiGiovanni and Mike Sepso. MLG has held official video game tournaments throughout the United States and Canada. The "Boost Mobile MLG Pro Circuit" was a television broadcast of "Halo 2" MLG tournaments in 2006 and 2007, ESPN.com, and other broadband sites. The company has also been involved in television production, and game development. MLG's aim is to elevate computer and console game tournaments to viable competitive and spectator events.


title: Major League Gaming

text: In January 2016, video game publisher Activision Blizzard announced its acquisition of Major League Gaming. The company, whose own esports division is led by MLG co-founder Mike Sepso, stated that it intended to leverage the purchase as part of its plans to build an esports-focused television network.


title: Major League Gaming

text: The MLG Pro Circuit roster currently includes "Starcraft II" and "League of Legends" for the PC. "Mortal Kombat", "Soul Calibur V", and "King of Fighters XIII" for the PlayStation 3, and "Super Smash Bros. Melee" for the Nintendo Gamecube are the only console games. Fighting games are commentated by Juicebox Abel, Tom Brady (not to be confused with the NFL quarterback), and Bibulus. No "League of Legends" casters have been announced yet.


title: Major League Gaming

text: Major League Gaming also hosts a series of online qualifier ladders for the online-only pro circuit titles leading to the national championship. In the past, MLG hosted "Super Smash Bros. Melee" tournaments during the 2004 through 2006 MLG Circuit and other games such as "", "Halo 2", "Tekken 5", "Gears of War", "", "Shadowrun", "", "Call of Duty 4", and "Gears of War 2".


title: Major League Gaming

text: Each team/player must purchase a team pass to compete. These passes normally go on sale several weeks in advance of the next Pro Circuit event. Passes are limited, so participants are encouraged to purchase a pass as soon as they go on sale.


title: Major League Gaming

text: The MLG Pro League was a "Call of Duty" league that ran in 2014 and 2015 for "Ghosts" and "Advanced Warfare" respectively. There were three seasons per year, and 16 teams competing per season. The regular season was played online in a round-robin tournament format over the course of two months. At the end of each season, the bottom four teams were sent to a relegation tournament and the top eight teams were invited to an offline playoff tournament.


title: Major League Gaming

text: Major League Gaming was founded in 2002 by Sundance DiGiovanni and Mike Sepso. In 2006, MLG became the first televised video game console gaming league in the United States, with their "Halo 2" Pro Series being broadcast by USA Network on "Boost Mobile MLG Pro Circuit". It moved into the 3 Park Avenue sometime after its founding.


title: Major League Gaming

text: In February 2009, it was announced that MLG got $10 Million in financing from Ritchie Capital Management. On February 6, 2009, MLG Commissioner John Nelson addressed the MLG community about changing the format for the 2009 pro circuit. Semi-pro teams now have the opportunity to gain pro status. The rolling rank points system and the championship bracket were also modified. On August 18, 2009, Major League Gaming acquired Agora Games; CEO Matthew Bromberg explained that "we already operate the largest online competitive gaming property in the world. Agora is the leading developer of multi-player communities in the world. Coming together with Agora allows us to double-down on our biggest strength."