title: Carlos Carvalhal

text: On 28 July 2020, two days after leaving Rio Ave, Carvalhal signed a two-year contract at Braga in a return to the Estádio Municipal de Braga 14 years later. The following 23 January, his side lost the league cup final 1–0 to Sporting; both he and opposing manager Rúben Amorim were sent off for arguing with each other. He also reached the decisive match in the other domestic cup, winning 3–2 at Porto in the semi-finals second leg in spite of playing more than one hour with one player less; the final was a 2–0 victory over Benfica on 23 May.


title: Carlos Carvalhal

text: Carvalhal was linked to Clube de Regatas do Flamengo in Brazil for the 2022 season, but would have faced a €10 million fine for not completing his Braga contract. Clube Atlético Mineiro in the same country managed to reduce that fee down to €8 million due to only months remaining on his deal, but still considered it to be too high. He again finished fourth in the Portuguese League, reaching the quarter-finals in the Europa League; on 16 May, he asked the board of directors to allow him to leave and "embrace a new project", and his wish was granted.


title: Carlos Carvalhal

text: Carvalhal was linked to a return to the English second tier, and was interviewed by Blackburn Rovers. However, on 1 June 2022 he signed a one-year deal at Al Wahda FC in the UAE Pro League. He was dismissed on 3 October, having won and drawn once each from four games of the new season.


title: Carlos Carvalhal

text: On 2 November 2022, Carvalhal was appointed at RC Celta de Vigo after the sacking of Eduardo Coudet; he agreed to a contract until June 2024. In his first La Liga game three days later, he lost 2–1 at home to CA Osasuna.


title: Carlos Carvalhal

text: Carvalhal attended university alongside fellow coach Rui Faria, and studied for his UEFA Pro Licence alongside José Mourinho. He also authored the book "Soccer: Developing a Know-How" (2014), in which he discussed his own coaching philosophy.


title: Carlos Carvalhal

text: Carvalhal studied Psychology and Philosophy at university. He was known for giving metaphorical and allegorical answers to questions in press conferences.


title: Carlos Carvalhal

text: In July 2020, Carvalhal suffered light injuries in an attempted mugging when returning home to Braga after a match.


title: Dennis Holahan

text: Dennis Holahan (born November 7, 1942 in Stamford, Connecticut) is an American attorney and former actor. He is a partner in the San Francisco office of Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, California’s largest law firm, where he specializes in entertainment, media and intellectual property cases as well as more general matters in the firm’s commercial litigation practice. Prior to joining Lewis Brisbois in 2014, Dennis maintained one of the top entertainment and business-related litigation boutiques in Los Angeles for more than 20 years.


title: Dennis Holahan

text: Holahan was raised in Connecticut. After graduating from Yale in 1965, Holahan served as an officer (Lieutenant, J.G.) in the United States Navy on an amphibious assault ship in Vietnam from 1967 to 1969. He was awarded the Vietnam Service Medal with a silver star for five campaigns, a National Defense Service Medal, a Meritorious Unit Commendation, the Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation, and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal.


title: Dennis Holahan

text: Holahan graduated from Hastings College of Law in 1973. At Hastings he was the recipient of the Hale Moot Court Prize for Best Brief, was an editor of the "Hastings Law News", 1972–1973, and a founder of the Hastings Child Care Center. After Hastings he worked for a litigation firm in the financial district in San Francisco for two years.


title: Dennis Holahan

text: From 1976 to 1992, he took a hiatus from his law practice to pursue a successful career as an actor in films and television. Holahan is best known for appearing with Al Pacino in the crime film "Scarface" as Jerry the Banker. Notable other roles included "Collision Course", "Kuffs, Haywire ("mini-series")" and "Aspen Extreme", as well as television appearances in "M*A*S*H", "Hill Street Blues", "Lou Grant" and "The Rockford Files." He also appeared in the movie "The Vegas Strip War" in 1984 playing Jimmy Weldstrom. He played a lawyer in his 1981 appearance on "The White Shadow". His character interviewed James Hayward (Thomas Carter) for a summer job.


title: Dennis Holahan

text: In 1992 Holahan went back to the legal career he had put on hold in 1976. He started the Law Office of Dennis Holahan, which was based in Los Angeles and specialized in entertainment law, winning several high profile cases.


title: Dennis Holahan

text: He has two children, Nicholas Drew Holahan and Belle Holahan Casares, from his first marriage to Wylie O'Hara (1966–1972), and seven grandchildren. Holahan was married to actress Loretta Swit from 1983 to 1995. Holahan is active in the area of drug and alcohol recovery and has served on the board of McIntyre House, a non-profit recovery house for men recovering from alcoholism and drug addiction located in Los Angeles. Holahan also has served on the board of Worth Our Weight, a non-profit organization in Santa Rosa, California which trains and educates teenagers and young adults who have survived foster care programs and teaches them how to work in the fine dining industry.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: Ramiz Tafë Alia (; 18 October 1925 – 7 October 2011) was an Albanian politician serving as the second and last leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1985 to 1991, serving as First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He was also the country's head of state from 1982 to 1992. He had been seen as a successor by Enver Hoxha and took power after Hoxha died.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: Alia was born on 18 October 1925 in Shkodër to Muslim parents who fled from persecution in Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He grew up and spent his childhood in Tirana. In the early part of World War II Alia was a member of a fascist youth organisation known as the Fascist Lictor Youth Organisation but joined the underground Albanian Communist Youth Organisation in 1941. In 1943, he became a member of the Albanian Communist Party. He had risen rapidly under Hoxha's patronage, and was elected to the Central Committee in 1948, and in 1956 was named a candidate member of the Politburo. By 1961 he was made a full member of the Politburo (Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania). Alia distinguished himself as the chief ideologist in the social and cultural fields for the Party of Labour of Albania, specifically during the years of the Cultural and Ideological Revolution.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: Although Hoxha never designated an official successor, there were clear signs that he favoured Alia. In introducing Alia to one of his doctors, Hoxha said "My friend, I'm getting old, and my health is not the best it could be. Younger comrades, like this one [Alia], will step in."


title: Ramiz Alia

text: After World War II, Alia resumed his duties in the Communist Youth Organisation, and at the First Congress of the Albanian Party of Labour in November 1948, he was elected to its Central Committee and was assigned to the department of agitation and propaganda.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: As late as 1988, Alia had continued insisting that Hoxha was the only statesman in decades who stayed loyal to Marxism-Leninism, claiming in his speech at the unveiling of Hoxha's statue in Skanderbeg Square: "Enver Hoxha has been and remains to this day the only name among the communist leaders of the last 4-5 decades who defended the teachings of Marxism-Leninism, the ideals of the revolution and socialism, both in theory and practice."


title: Ramiz Alia

text: Despite Alia's efforts to proceed with change on a limited, cautious basis, reform from above threatened to turn into reform from below, largely because of the increasingly vocal demands of Albania's youth. On 9 December 1990, student demonstrators marched from the Enver Hoxha University (now University of Tirana) at Tirana through the streets of the capital shouting slogans and demanding reforms. By 11 December, the number of participants had reached almost 3,000. In an effort to quell the student unrest, which had led to clashes with riot police, Alia met with the students and agreed to take further steps toward democratization. The students informed Alia that they wanted to create an independent political organisation of students and youth. Alia's response was that such an organisation had to be registered with the Ministry of Justice.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: In his traditional New Year's message to the Albanian people, Alia welcomed the changes that had been occurring in the country and claimed that 1991 would be a turning point in terms of the economy.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: Alia was a crucial figure in the peaceful political transition of the early 1990s. Many believe that he helped the rise to power of the anti-communist opposition forces, thus eliminating possible bloodshed. He managed to remain a key political figure throughout several political crises. Nonetheless, with Albania in the throes of a grave economic crisis, Alia had to face challenges that he could not surmount. On 12 December 1990, he signed a law allowing political pluralism, on which he would later comment as his life's greatest failure. In the 1991 elections, the first democratic elections in the country, where Alia ran for Member of National Parliament in a constituency in the capital, which was a stronghold of the communist party, he was badly defeated by a surprising majority of 61% by the renowned mining engineer in the country, Franko Kroqi. Kroqi ran as a candidate of the newly formed Democratic Party of Albania, although he never became a party member.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: After this loss, and later on the Democratic Party of Albania's (DPA) landslide victory in the spring 1992 general election, he resigned as president on 3 April 1992. On 9 April the People's Assembly elected DPA leader Sali Berisha as Albania's new head of state.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: On 21 May 1994, senior officials from the Communist government, including Ramiz Alia, went on trial. Alia was charged with abuse of power and misappropriation of state funds, as was prime minister Adil Carçani, deputy prime minister Manush Myftiu, and Rita Marko who was a vice-president.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: Alia had been placed under house arrest in August 1992 and his detention was converted into imprisonment in August 1993. In court he claimed he was the victim of a political show trial and demanded that the trial be broadcast on television, a request denied by the presiding judge. The trial was monitored by a Human Rights Watch representative and proceeded with only minor due process irregularities. The ten defendants were found guilty as charged and sentenced to between three and nine years in prison; Alia received a nine-year sentence.


title: Ramiz Alia

text: A court of appeals subsequently reduced some of the sentences, notably Alia's to five years. Alia, Myftiu, Carçani, Stefani and Isai were also ordered to repay various sums to the state. On 30 November, the Court of Cassation reduced Alia's term by an additional three years. On 7 July 1995, Ramiz Alia was freed from jail. However, his freedom was short-lived and in 1996 he was charged with committing crimes against humanity during his term, and was imprisoned anew in March. The trial against him began on 18 February 1997, but he escaped from the prison following the unrest in the country and the desertion of the guards. Amid the unrest he appeared on State TV in an exclusive interview with Blendi Fevziu. In the late 2000s he was sometimes seen travelling to Albania from Dubai to give interviews or publicise his books. In December 1997, he returned to Albania after escaping briefly to France to join his family during the Albanian Civil War.


title: Australorp

text: The Australorp is a chicken breed of Australian origin, developed as a utility breed with a focus on egg laying and is famous for laying more than 300 eggs. It achieved world-wide popularity in the 1920s after the breed broke numerous world records for number of eggs laid and has been a popular breed in the western world since. It is one of eight poultry breeds created in Australia and recognised by the Australian Poultry Standards. The most popular colour of the breed is black, which is the only colour recognised in the United States of America, but blue and white are also recognised in Australia and the Poultry Club South Africa recognises buff, splash, wheaten laced and golden in addition.


title: Australorp

text: The original stock used in the development of the Australorp was imported to Australia from England out of the Black Orpington yards of William Cook and Joseph Partington in the period from 1890 to the early 1900s with Rhode Island Red. Local breeders used this stock together with judicious out-crossings of Minorca, White Leghorn and Langshan blood to improve the utility features of the imported Orpingtons. There is even a report of some Plymouth Rock blood also being used. The emphasis of the early breeders was on utility features. At this time, the resulting birds were known as Australian Black Orpingtons (Austral-orp).


title: Australorp

text: The origin of the name "Australorp" seems to be shrouded in as much controversy as the attempts to obtain agreement between the States over a suitable national Standard. The earliest claim to the name was made by one of poultry fancy's institutions, Wiliam Wallace Scott, before the First World War. From 1925 Wal Scott set to work to have Australorp recognised as a breed with the Poultry Society as he developed the breed. Equally as persuasive a claim came in 1919 from Arthur Harwood who suggested that the "Australian Laying Orpingtons" be named "Australs". The letters "orp" were suggested as a suffix to denote the major breed in the fowl's development. A further overseas claim to the name came from Britain's W. Powell-Owen who drafted the British Standard for the breed in 1921 following the importation of the "Australian Utility Black Orpingtons." It is certain that the name "Australorp" was being used in the early 1920s when the breed was launched internationally. In 1929, the Australorp was admitted to the Standard of Perfection.


title: Australorp

text: The Australorp has three recognised colours according to the Australian Poultry Standard: black, white and blue. White Australorps have been recorded since 1949 but they were only recognised in the second edition of the "Australian Poultry Standards" in 2011. The Poultry Club South Africa recognises four further colours: buff, splash, wheaten laced and golden.


title: Australorp

text: It was the egg-laying performance of Australorps that attracted world attention when in 1922–1923 a team of six hens set a world record by laying 1857 eggs for an average of 309.5 eggs per hen during a 365 consecutive day trial. These figures were achieved without the lighting regimens of the modern intensive shed. Such performances had importation orders flooding in from England, United States of America, South Africa, Canada and Mexico. Well looked after Australorps lay approximately 250 light-brown eggs per year. A new record was set when a hen laid 364 eggs in 365 days. They are also known to be good nest sitters and mothers, making them one of the most popular large heritage utility breeds of chicken.


title: Phil Cornwell

text: Philip Cornwell (born 5 October 1957) is an English actor, comedian, impressionist and writer. He is part of the "Dead Ringers" television and radio series, and was the voice of Murdoc Niccals in the virtual band Gorillaz. Cornwell has co-written and performed principal roles in "The Glam Metal Detectives" and "Stella Street". He also portrayed DJ Dave Clifton from "I'm Alan Partridge" and "Alpha Papa".


title: Phil Cornwell

text: Cornwell was born in Leigh-on-Sea, in the County of Essex. He first appeared on TV in 1980 in the BBC youth programme Something Else - Southend as an episode presenter.


title: Phil Cornwell

text: He provided the voices of Mick Jagger and David Bowie for the "Steve Wright in the Afternoon" show on BBC Radio 1 in the late-1980s and early-1990s. These impersonations - augmented by many others, including the series narrator, Michael Caine - formed the backbone of the BBC TV series "Stella Street", written and performed with John Sessions.


title: Phil Cornwell

text: In 1996 he performed in a comedy spoof sketch TV advert to "The Professionals" imitating Martin Shaw's character of "Doyle" (with the actor Ray Trickett playing Lewis Collins' "Bodie") for the release of the "Nissan Almera". In 1997 as part of the same advertising campaign he performed another spoof sketch of the 1970s television series "The Sweeney".


title: Phil Cornwell

text: He played the part of Harry Noakes, Captain of the cockleboat Renown in the TV mini-series" Dunkirk."


title: Phil Cornwell

text: He has appeared in several films made by the Comic Strip, including the role as Dave Spanker in "Detectives on the Edge of a Nervous Breakdown". He also played Dave Clifton, a local radio DJ on Radio Norwich - a fictional radio station in both series of "I'm Alan Partridge".


title: Phil Cornwell

text: He also voiced Sir Lancelot and Robin Hood in the animated children's television series "King Arthur's Disasters". He was the voice of Gilbert the Alien in the 1980s TV series "Get Fresh", which later span off into "Gilbert's Fridge", a series starring the character.


title: Phil Cornwell

text: He played King Stupid in the CBBC series "Stupid!", having replaced Marcus Brigstocke, because the latter was involved in "Excuse My French" on BBC2. Cornwell also appeared in the "Doctor Who" episode, "The Fires of Pompeii". In 2010 he presented/hosted the Friday night Euro Lottery draw show on BBC1. In 2011 he did several stand-up comedy gigs as character Switzerland McNaughtiehorse. Cornwell is a supporter of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. and presents the weekly podcast "The Spurs Show" with Mike Leigh.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: The Rent Is Too Damn High Party (Rent Is 2 Damn High Party) is a single issue political party, primarily active in the state of New York, that has nominated candidates for mayor of New York City in 2005 and 2009, and for governor and senator in 2010. Jimmy McMillan was the mayoral candidate both times as well as a candidate for governor. In 2005, he received more than 4,000 votes, and more than 40,000 in 2010. The party has three registered members in the state. McMillan himself is registered as a Republican (previously a Democrat) for the purposes of running in that party's primary elections. McMillan is a perennial candidate, and a member of party has never been elected into office.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: In 2014, the party expanded beyond New York by endorsing a slate of candidates in the District of Columbia's Democratic primary elections. The party's founder, Jimmy McMillan, put the party's trademarks up for sale on December 1, 2015, with intent to retire from politics.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: As its name implies, the central tenet of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party is that rents in the city of New York are "too damn high."


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: One of the taglines for the party is "breakfast, lunch, and dinner", indicating that the party seeks to end hunger and poverty in New York City. The party, prior to McMillan's breakthrough debate performance, sought to win "without a single vote from upstate New York," and the party website included a picture of New York with a giant "X" marked over upstate. McMillan surmises that reducing rent would "create 3 to 6 million jobs", freeing up capital to give businesses a chance to hire people. This would, in turn, increase tax revenue. The party is in favor of writing off all taxes owed to the state, cutting property taxes for homeowners, consolidating the rent boards in New York, seizing unoccupied apartment buildings, reforming the state court system, and providing tax credits for commuters and free college tuition. The party opposes any cuts in spending related to education and elderly care.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: McMillan was not opposed to same-sex marriage in the 2010 gubernatorial debate, replying: "if you want to marry a shoe, I'll marry you."


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: On the topic of religion and family, McMillan's website states "we need more reliance on the moral laws brought by religion and not limit out goodwill to our neighbors and co-workers to what the law demands alone." One of the party's platforms involves "restoring family values", specifically desiring to ensure that one parent can remain at home to watch children.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: McMillan uses humor to promote the party's message, especially utilizing what the "Christian Science Monitor" has described as "theatrics", including "a booming voice, fast-paced patter ... and copious facial hair", as well as frequent jokes. Although the party adopts a jocular and tongue-in-cheek image, the party has focused primarily on serious welfare issues and avoided outright satire, precluding it from being considered a frivolous political party.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: For the 2009 mayoral campaign, the word "damn" was removed from the official ballot on account of the party's 17-letter name, two more than legally permissible under state board of elections guidelines. McMillan objected to the change, stating that he purposely used the profane word "damn" for its shock value. In 2009, Salim Ejaz ran for the party for the position of City Comptroller, without an endorsement from McMillan.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: The word "damn" was restored to the party's ballot line in 2010 by shortening "too" to "2". McMillan ran for governor on the line, while Joseph Huff ran for the U.S. Senate seat currently held by Kirsten Gillibrand.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: Under the numeric moniker, the party also ran McMillan in the 2013 mayoral elections and submitted petitions for the 2014 gubernatorial election (with McMillan and Christialle Felix on the ticket). McMillan finished sixth in the mayoral election and was thrown off the ballot in the gubernatorial election due to his petitions being photocopies. He again submitted petitions for the 2018 gubernatorial election with Felix as his running mate, which were challenged; he was removed from the ballot and unsuccessfully sued to get back onto the ballot.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: Former District of Columbia shadow representative John Capozzi and a group of incumbents used the name Rent Is Too Darn High for their slate while running for the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee in 2014. McMillan endorsed the group. On the ballot, the slate used the word "darn" rather than "damn" because District rules prohibit expletives on the ballot.


title: Rent Is Too Damn High Party

text: McMillan sued the District of Columbia Board of Elections in federal court, saying the ban on expletives violated his right to free speech. In December 2014, Judge Beryl A. Howell of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia dismissed the suit, determining that McMillan lacked standing because he was not a candidate or registered voter in the District of Columbia, and determining that the matter was moot in any case because the slate had disbanded and "demonstrated no intent to use the plaintiff's party's name in a future election."


title: Wright State University

text: Wright State University is a public research university in Fairborn, Ohio. Originally opened in 1964 as a branch campus of Miami University and Ohio State University, it became an independent institution in 1967 and was named in honor of aviation pioneers Orville and Wilbur Wright, who were Dayton residents. The university offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, and it is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". Its athletic teams, the Wright State Raiders, compete in Division I of the NCAA as members of the Horizon League. In addition to the main campus, the school also operates a regional campus near Celina, Ohio, called Wright State University–Lake Campus.


title: Wright State University

text: Wright State University first opened in 1964 as a branch campus of Miami University and Ohio State University, occupying only a single building. Groundwork on forming the institution began in 1961 during a time when the region lacked a public university for higher education. A community-wide fundraising effort was conducted in 1962 to establish the university, and the campaign raised the $3 million needed in seed money. Much of the land that the campus was built on was donated by the United States Air Force from excess acreage of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.


title: Wright State University

text: The Ohio General Assembly passed legislation in 1965 that transformed the branch campus into a separate institution with its own Advisory Committee on November 5, 1965. It was anticipated the campus would achieve full independent status by 1967 with its rapidly increasing enrollment of full-time students, projected to reach 5,000 within two years. On October 1, 1967, the campus officially became Wright State University following a decision by the Ohio Board of Regents. The name honors the Wright brothers, well-known Dayton residents who are credited with inventing the world's first successful airplane. In 1969, a branch campus opened on the shore of Grand Lake St. Marys in Celina, Ohio


title: Wright State University

text: Wright State University celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2017, creating a website to highlight milestones and events throughout the university's history. The celebration culminated at Homecoming on September 30 – October 1, 2017. That same year, the university officially became tobacco-free on its Dayton and Lake campuses. Smoking cessation products, such as nicotine-replacement gum, lozenges, and patches were not banned. The tobacco-free decision was made following a recommendation in 2012 from the Ohio Board of Regents that all public universities in Ohio transition to tobacco-free campuses.


title: Wright State University

text: Wright State's faculty, which are unionized and represented by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), went on strike in 2019 following two years of failed contract negotiations. The faculty were joined by various groups, including other labor unions, community members, and a student-led labor rights group called Students for Faculty. An agreement was reached the following month, ending the strike, but its length of twenty days was the longest in Ohio history among higher education institutions and one of the longest in US history


title: Wright State University

text: Susan Edwards became university's president on January 1, 2020. Previous university presidents were Brage Golding (1966–1973), Robert J. Kegerreis (1973–1985), Paige E. Mulhollan (1985–1994), Harley E. Flack (1994–1998), Kim Goldenberg (1998–2006), David R. Hopkins (2007–2017), and Cheryl B. Schrader (2017–2019). Curtis L. McCray was the interim president from March 17 through June 30, 2017, holding the position following Hopkins' early retirement on March 17, 2017. Schrader was Wright State's seventh president—and first female president—from mid 2017 until she stepped down at the end of 2019 midway through her five-year appointment.


title: Wright State University

text: During the 2008 United States presidential campaign, Republican nominee John McCain announced his selection of Sarah Palin as his running mate and choice for vice president on August 29, 2008 at Wright State. Palin was a relatively unknown figure at the time and the current Governor of Alaska, but soon became a major figure in modern American politics. Eventual winner Barack Obama, who became the first African-American president in American history, held a major rally at Wright State during the campaign as well.


title: Wright State University

text: On September 23, 2015, the Commission on Presidential Debates named Wright State the host for the first 2016 United States presidential debate, which was scheduled for September 26, 2016 at the Nutter Center. On July 19, 2016, Wright State University backed out of the debate, citing inability to cover the cost of security.


title: Wright State University

text: The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission at the doctoral degree-granting level. Wright State is divided into seven colleges and three schools.


title: Wright State University

text: Wright State offers 106 bachelor degrees in the following colleges: the Raj Soin College of Business, the College of Education and Human Services, the College of Engineering and Computer Sciences, the College of Liberal Arts, the College of Nursing and Health, and the College of Science and Mathematics. The Lake Campus also offers a limited number of complete bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as 15 associate degrees.


title: Wright State University

text: Wright State offers 136 graduate programs (including doctoral programs) through the Wright State University Graduate School, the Boonshoft School of Medicine, and the School of Professional Psychology. The Lake Campus also offers a limited number of graduate programs.


title: Wright State University

text: The Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine was established in 1973. It is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education. In the 2018-19 academic year, the school had 480 M.D. students, 51 Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) students, 30 M.B.A. students with a concentration in health care management, and 71 M.S. in Pharmacology and Toxicology students. The school adopted its current name in 2005 in honor of the Oscar Boonshoft family, major donors to the medical school.


title: Wright State University

text: Wright State University offers Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) and Army ROTC programs on campus, known as Detachment 643 and the Raider Battalion, respectively. The Air Force ROTC program contains the cross town schools of the University of Dayton, Cedarville University, and Sinclair Community College and is the largest AFROTC detachment in the Northeast Region.


title: Wright State University

text: Kno.e.sis center was founded in 2007. In 2009, the Ohio Department of Higher Education established more than 50 Centers of Excellence representing key industrial areas with potential future growth. Kno.e.sis at the Wright State University was one of the selections in the area of Bio-Health Innovations. Research at the center focuses on multidisciplinary areas such as Web 3.0 (Semantic Web, Semantic Sensor Web), Network Science, Social Data Analysis, Machine Learning, Data Mining, Bioinformatics, Natural Language Processing, Visualization, Cloud Computing, High Performance Computing.


title: Wright State University

text: In recent years, Kno.e.sis has had near 80–100 researchers including 15 faculty and over 60 funded graduate (primarily PhD) students. Kno.e.sis researchers overtime have contributions in the areas related to Computer Science with focus on topics in World Wide Web, including Semantic web, Social Data Analysis, Semantic Sensor Web, and Linked Open Data. Furthermore, they have been a part of developing technical specifications and guidelines for W3C, until 2013.


title: Wright State University

text: In the fall of 2009, Wright State University's three departments of Art, Music, and Theatre, Dance, & Motion Pictures inaugurated a new initiative of collaborative artistic and educational endeavor, called CELIA (Collaboration, Education, Leadership, and Innovation in the Arts), dedicated to enhancing "ongoing collaborations as well as nurture new partnerships." Projects accepted for the CELIA designation demonstrate high-quality, innovative collaborations, and the ability to further strengthen the reputation of the arts at Wright State.


title: Wright State University

text: One of the first of these projects was the Academy Award-nominated half-hour documentary "The Last Truck", produced for HBO and broadcast on Labor Day, 2008. The film documented the closing of a major GM truck plant in Moraine, Ohio, in 2008. More recently, the Department of Theatre, Dance and Motion Pictures co-produced the regional and university premiere production of in the fall of 2010, with the region's professional theatre, The Human Race Theatre Company. In May 2011, the departments of Music and Theatre, Dance and Motion Pictures collaborated with the Dayton Philharmonic a full-stage production of the "Mass" by Leonard Bernstein at the Benjamin and Marian Schuster Performing Arts Center in Dayton.


title: Wright State University

text: On October 20, 2011, CELIA was designated an Ohio Center of Excellence by Jim Petro, Chancellor of the Ohio Board of Regents at a press conference on the campus of Wright State University, in which Tom Hanks congratulated the Wright State University arts programs via a video message.


title: Wright State University

text: Wright State University currently hosts three North American Interfraternity Conference fraternities, Alpha Sigma Phi, Phi Kappa Tau, and Sigma Phi Epsilon; five National Panhellenic Conference sororities, Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Xi Delta, Delta Zeta, Kappa Delta, and Zeta Tau Alpha; and four of the nine members of National Pan-Hellenic Council fraternities and sororities, Alpha Phi Alpha, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Phi Beta Sigma, and Sigma Gamma Rho; and the university’s first Asian-interest sorority, Kappa Phi Lambda.


title: Wright State University

text: The Wright State Raiders are the athletics teams of Wright State University. The school participates in fifteen sports at the Division I level of the NCAA, and are members of the Horizon League. The school's mascot is Rowdy Raider, a wolf. The Raiders men's basketball team participated in the 2018 NCAA Tournament for the first time since 2007, the program's third trip to "The Dance."


title: Timeline of operating systems

text: This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computer operating systems from 1951 to the current day. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the History of operating systems.


title: Bypass ratio

text: The bypass ratio (BPR) of a turbofan engine is the ratio between the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate entering the core. A 10:1 bypass ratio, for example, means that 10 kg of air passes through the bypass duct for every 1 kg of air passing through the core.


title: Bypass ratio

text: Turbofan engines are usually described in terms of BPR, which together with engine pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and fan pressure ratio are important design parameters. In addition, BPR is quoted for turboprop and unducted fan installations because their high propulsive efficiency gives them the overall efficiency characteristics of very high bypass turbofans. This allows them to be shown together with turbofans on plots which show trends of reducing specific fuel consumption (SFC) with increasing BPR. BPR is also quoted for lift fan installations where the fan airflow is remote from the engine and doesn't physically touch the engine core.


title: Bypass ratio

text: Bypass provides a lower fuel consumption for the same thrust, measured as thrust specific fuel consumption (grams/second fuel per unit of thrust in kN using SI units). Lower fuel consumption that comes with high bypass ratios applies to turboprops, using a propeller rather than a ducted fan. High bypass designs are the dominant type for commercial passenger aircraft and both civilian and military jet transports.


title: Bypass ratio

text: Combat aircraft use engines with low bypass ratios to compromise between fuel economy and the requirements of combat: high power-to-weight ratios, supersonic performance, and the ability to use afterburners.


title: Bypass ratio

text: If all the gas power from a gas turbine is converted to kinetic energy in a propelling nozzle, the aircraft is best suited to high supersonic speeds. If it is all transferred to a separate big mass of air with low kinetic energy, the aircraft is best suited to zero speed (hovering). For speeds in between, the gas power is shared between a separate airstream and the gas turbine's own nozzle flow in a proportion which gives the aircraft performance required. The first jet aircraft were subsonic and the poor suitability of the propelling nozzle for these speeds due to high fuel consumption was understood, and bypass proposed, as early as 1936 (U.K. Patent 471,368).


title: Bypass ratio

text: The underlying principle behind bypass is trading exhaust velocity for extra mass flow which still gives the required thrust but uses less fuel. Frank Whittle called it "gearing down the flow". Power is transferred from the gas generator to an extra mass of air, i.e. a bigger diameter propelling jet, moving more slowly. The bypass spreads the available mechanical power across more air to reduce the velocity of the jet. The trade-off between mass flow and velocity is also seen with propellers and helicopter rotors by comparing disc loading and power loading. For example, the same helicopter weight can be supported by a high power engine and small diameter rotor or, for less fuel, a lower power engine and bigger rotor with lower velocity through the rotor.


title: Bypass ratio

text: Bypass usually refers to transferring gas power from a gas turbine to a bypass stream of air to reduce fuel consumption and jet noise. Alternatively, there may be a requirement for an afterburning engine where the sole requirement for bypass is to provide cooling air. This sets the lower limit for BPR and these engines have been called "leaky" or continuous bleed turbojets (General Electric YJ-101 BPR 0.25) and low BPR turbojets (Pratt & Whitney PW1120). Low BPR (0.2) has also been used to provide surge margin as well as afterburner cooling for the Pratt & Whitney J58.


title: Bypass ratio

text: In a zero-bypass (turbojet) engine the high temperature and high pressure exhaust gas is accelerated by expansion through a propelling nozzle and produces all the thrust. The compressor absorbs all the mechanical power produced by the turbine. In a bypass design extra turbines drive a ducted fan that accelerates air rearward from the front of the engine. In a high-bypass design, the ducted fan and nozzle produce most of the thrust. Turbofans are closely related to turboprops in principle because both transfer some of the gas turbine's gas power, using extra machinery, to a bypass stream leaving less for the hot nozzle to convert to kinetic energy. Turbofans represent an intermediate stage between turbojets, which derive all their thrust from exhaust gases, and turbo-props which derive minimal thrust from exhaust gases (typically 10% or less). Extracting shaft power and transferring it to a bypass stream introduces extra losses which are more than made up by the improved propulsive efficiency. The turboprop at its best flight speed gives significant fuel savings over a turbojet even though an extra turbine, a gearbox and a propeller were added to the turbojet's low-loss propelling nozzle. The turbofan has additional losses from its extra turbines, fan, bypass duct and extra propelling nozzle compared to the turbojet's single nozzle.


title: Bypass ratio

text: To see the influence of increasing BPR alone on overall efficiency in the aircraft, i.e. SFC, a common gas generator has to be used, i.e. no change in Brayton cycle parameters or component efficiencies. Bennett shows in this case a relatively slow rise in losses transferring power to the bypass at the same time as a fast drop in exhaust losses with a significant improvement in SFC. In reality increases in BPR over time come along with rises in gas generator efficiency masking, to some extent, the influence of BPR.


title: Bypass ratio

text: Only the limitations of weight and materials (e.g., the strengths and melting points of materials in the turbine) reduce the efficiency at which a turbofan gas turbine converts this thermal energy into mechanical energy, for while the exhaust gases may still have available energy to be extracted, each additional stator and turbine disk retrieves progressively less mechanical energy per unit of weight, and increasing the compression ratio of the system by adding to the compressor stage to increase overall system efficiency increases temperatures at the turbine face. Nevertheless, high-bypass engines have a high propulsive efficiency because even slightly increasing the velocity of a very large volume and consequently mass of air produces a very large change in momentum and thrust: thrust is the engine's mass flow (the amount of air flowing through the engine) multiplied by the difference between the inlet and exhaust velocities in—a linear relationship—but the kinetic energy of the exhaust is the mass flow multiplied by one-half the square of the difference in velocities. A low disc loading (thrust per disc area) increases the aircraft's energy efficiency, and this reduces the fuel use.


title: Bypass ratio

text: The Rolls–Royce Conway turbofan engine, developed in the early 1950s, was an early example of a bypass engine. The configuration was similar to a 2-spool turbojet but to make it into a bypass engine it was equipped with an oversized low pressure compressor: the flow through the inner portion of the compressor blades went into the core while the outer portion of the blades blew air around the core to provide the rest of the thrust. The bypass ratio for the Conway varied between 0.3 and 0.6 depending on the variant


title: Bypass ratio

text: The growth of bypass ratios during the 1960s gave jetliners fuel efficiency that could compete with that of piston-powered planes.


title: Bypass ratio

text: Today (2015), most jet engines have some bypass. Modern engines in slower aircraft, such as airliners, have bypass ratios up to 12:1; in higher-speed aircraft, such as fighters, bypass ratios are much lower, around 1.5; and craft designed for speeds up to Mach 2 and somewhat above have bypass ratios below 0.5.


title: Bypass ratio

text: Turboprops have bypass ratios of 50-100, although the propulsion airflow is less clearly defined for propellers than for fans and propeller airflow is slower than the airflow from turbofan nozzles.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: Carbidopa/levodopa, also known as levocarb and co-careldopa, is the combination of the two medications carbidopa and levodopa. It is primarily used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but it does not slow down the disease or stop it from getting worse. It is taken by mouth. It can take two to three weeks of treatment before benefits are seen. Each dose then begins working in about ten minutes to two hours with a duration of effect of about five hours.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: Common side effects include movement problems and nausea. More serious side effects include depression, low blood pressure with standing, sudden onset of sleepiness, psychosis, and increased risk-taking behavior. Carbidopa prevents the breakdown of levodopa outside the brain. In the brain, levodopa is broken down into dopamine, its active form. Carbidopa also helps prevent some of the nausea which levodopa causes.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 364th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 500thousand prescriptions.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: It is primarily used to improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease but does not change the course of the disease. It can take two to three weeks of treatment before benefits are seen. Each dose then begins working in about ten minutes to two hours depending on the formulation, with a duration of effect of about five hours.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: Common side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, blurred vision, vomiting, nausea, dry mouth, low appetite, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, frequent sneezing, stuffiness of the nose, any of the symptoms of ordinary common cold, cough, muscle pain, hallucinations, numbness or a tingling sensation, disturbances of sleep, skin rash, itching, and/or headache.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: Less common, but more serious, side effects can include very frequent blinking or twitching of the eyes, fainting, mood changes such as confusion, depression, hallucinations, thoughts of suicide, or unusual strong urges (such as increased gambling), increases in the sex-drive, delusions (strongly-felt belief in something which is obviously not true), worsening of involuntary movements or spasms, and/or other movement problems. Patients should report these to their doctors as soon as possible.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: Levodopa is converted to dopamine via the action of a naturally occurring enzyme called DOPA decarboxylase. This occurs both in the peripheral circulation and in the central nervous system after levodopa has crossed the blood brain barrier. Activation of central dopamine receptors improves the symptoms of Parkinson's disease; however, activation of peripheral dopamine receptors causes nausea and vomiting. For this reason levodopa is usually administered in combination with a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI), in this case carbidopa, which is very polar (and charged at physiologic pH) and cannot cross the blood brain barrier, however prevents peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine and thereby reduces the unwanted peripheral side effects of levodopa. Use of carbidopa also increases the quantity of levodopa in the bloodstream that is available to enter the brain.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: In 1960 the Austrian biochemist Oleh Hornykiewicz, while at the University of Vienna, examined results of autopsies of patients who had died with Parkinson's disease. He suggested that the disease was associated with, or caused by, a reduction in the levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia of the brain. Since dopamine itself did not enter the brain, he tried treating twenty patients with a racemic mixture of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which could enter the brain and be converted there to dopamine by the action of DOPA decarboxylase. His results were positive, as were those of another trial in Montreal run by André Barbeau. Unfortunately, other investigators were unable to replicate these early results, and the use of DOPA remained in question until 1967, when George Cotzias at the Brookhaven National Laboratories in Upton, New York, used megadoses of DOPA, up to 16 grams per day. Not long after these results became known, Curt Porter at Merck showed that L-DOPA was the active stereoisomer, thus reducing the effective dose to half.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: With L-DOPA identified as the active form, Alfred Pletscher and his colleagues at Hoffman-LaRoche synthesized benserazide, an inhibitor of DOPA decarboxylase, which further reduced the required dose. A drug combining L-DOPA with benserazide was marketed under the brand name of Madopar. Independent work was carried out by Victor Lotti at Merck in West Point, Pennsylvania. Merck had already synthesized and patented carbidopa, another dopa decarboxylase inhibitor in 1962, and in 1971 Lotti showed that the use of the L-form of carbidopa, further reduced the therapeutic dose of L-DOPA. The combination of L-carbidopa and L-DOPA was marketed under the brand name of Sinemet.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: It is sold under several brand names, including Sinemet (Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited), Pharmacopa, Atamet, Apo-Levocarb, Duodopa, Kinson, and Pharmacopa, among others.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: Extended-release formulations are sold as Rytary and Sinemet-CR. An extended-release enteral solution is sold as Duopa.


title: Carbidopa/levodopa

text: In 1991, Merck licensed the rights to the manufacture and sale of Sinemet to a newly created joint venture, DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company. That same year, approvals for a sustained release formulation (Sinemet CR) which could be taken less frequently were also obtained. DuPont purchased Merck's share in the joint venture in 1998 and began operating the company as DuPont Pharmaceuticals (DuPont Pharma), but Merck continued to manufacture the drug for DuPont. Starting in late 2009 and continuing into 2011 Merck stopped manufacturing the drug while awaiting regulatory approvals due to a change in the supplier of the active ingredient. This resulted in shortages of the brand name products Sinemet and Sinemet CR, although alternative generic versions were still available.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Charles Goodyear (December 29, 1800 – July 1, 1860) was an American self-taught chemist and manufacturing engineer who developed vulcanized rubber, for which he received patent number 3633 from the United States Patent Office on June 15, 1844.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Goodyear is credited with inventing the chemical process to create and manufacture pliable, waterproof, moldable rubber.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Goodyear's discovery of the vulcanization process followed five years of searching for a more stable rubber and stumbling upon the effectiveness of heating after Thomas Hancock. His discovery initiated decades of successful rubber manufacturing in the Lower Naugatuck Valley in Connecticut, as rubber was adopted to multiple applications, including footwear and tires. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company is named after him.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Charles Goodyear was born on 29 December 1800, in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Amasa Goodyear, and the oldest of six children. His father was a descendant of Stephen Goodyear, successor to Governor Eaton as the head of the company London Merchants, who founded the colony of New Haven in 1683.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: In 1823, Charles left his home and went to Philadelphia to learn the hardware business. He worked industriously until he was twenty-five years old, and then, returning to Connecticut, entered into a partnership in his father's business in Naugatuck, CT where they manufactured not only ivory and metal buttons, but also a variety of agricultural supplements. He had siblings Nelson Goodyear, Henry Goodyear, Robert Goodyear, Harriet Goodyear Tomlinson, Amasa Goodyear, Jr.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: On August 3, 1824, he married Clarissa Beecher, whom he met at his Congregational Church. Two years later the family moved to Philadelphia, and there Charles Goodyear opened a hardware store. This is where he did most of his work. His specialties were the valuable agricultural implements that his firm had been manufacturing, and after the first distrust of domestically made goods had worn away—for all agricultural implements were imported from England at that time—he found himself heading a successful business.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: This continued to increase until it seemed that he was to be a wealthy man. Between 1829 and 1830 he broke down in health, being troubled with dyspepsia. At the same time, the failure of a number of business endeavors seriously embarrassed his firm. They struggled on, however, for some time, but were finally obliged to fail.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Between the years 1831 and 1832, Goodyear heard about gum elastic (natural rubber) and examined every article that appeared in the newspapers relative to this new material. The Roxbury Rubber Company, of Boston, had been for some time experimenting with the gum, and believed it had found means for manufacturing goods from it. It had a large plant and was sending its goods all over the country. It was some of Roxbury's goods that first attracted Goodyear's attention. Soon after this, Goodyear visited New York, and his attention went to life preservers, and it struck him that the tube used for inflation was not very effective nor well-made. Therefore, upon returning to Philadelphia, he made tubes and brought them back to New York and showed them to the manager of the Roxbury Rubber Company.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: The manager was pleased with the ingenuity that Goodyear had shown in manufacturing the tubes. He confessed to Goodyear that the business was on the verge of ruin and that his products had to be tested for a year before it could be determined if they were perfect or not. To their surprise, thousands of US$ worth of goods that they had determined to be of good quality were being returned, the gum having rotted, making them useless. Goodyear at once made up his mind to experiment on this gum and see if he could overcome the problems with these rubber products.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: However, when he returned to Philadelphia, a creditor had him arrested and imprisoned. While there, he tried his first experiments with India rubber. The gum was inexpensive then, and by heating it and working it in his hands, he managed to incorporate in it a certain amount of magnesia which produced a white compound that appeared to take away the stickiness.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: He thought he had discovered the secret, and through the kindness of friends was able to improve his invention in New Haven. The first thing that he made was shoes, and he used his own house for grinding, calendering and vulcanizing, with the help of his wife and children. His compound at this time consisted of India rubber, lampblack, and magnesia, the whole dissolved in turpentine and spread upon the flannel cloth which served as the lining for the shoes. It was not long, however, before he discovered that the gum, even treated this way, became sticky. His creditors, completely discouraged, decided that he would not be allowed to go further in his research.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Goodyear, however, had no mind to stop here in his experiments. Selling his furniture and placing his family in a quiet boarding place, he went to New York and in an attic, helped by a friendly druggist, continued his experiments. His next step was to compound the rubber with magnesia and then boil it in quicklime and water. This appeared to solve the problem. At once it was noticed abroad that he had treated India rubber to lose its stickiness, and he received international acclamation. He seemed on the high road to success, until one day he noticed that a drop of weak acid, falling on the cloth, neutralized the alkali and immediately caused the rubber to become soft again. This proved to him that his process was not a successful one. He therefore continued experimenting, and after preparing his mixtures in his attic in New York, would walk three miles to a mill in Greenwich Village to try various experiments.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: In the line of these, he discovered that rubber dipped in nitric acid formed a surface cure, and he made many products with this acid cure which were held in high regard, and he even received a letter of commendation from Andrew Jackson.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Exposure to harsh chemicals, such as nitric acid and lead oxide, adversely affected his health. Once, he nearly suffocated himself by gas generated in his laboratory. Goodyear survived, but the resulting fever came close to taking his life.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Together with an old business partner, he built up a factory and began to make clothing, life preservers, rubber shoes, and a great variety of rubber goods. They also had a large factory with special machinery, built at Staten Island, where he moved his family and again had a home of his own. Just about this time, when everything looked bright, the panic of 1837 came and swept away the entire fortune of his associate and left Goodyear penniless.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: His next move was to go to Boston, where he became acquainted with J. Haskins, of the Roxbury Rubber Company. Goodyear found him to be a good friend, who lent him money and stood by him when no one would have anything to do with the visionary inventor. A man named Mr. Chaffee was also exceedingly kind and ever ready to lend a listening ear to his plans, and to also assist him in a pecuniary way. About this time it occurred to Mr. Chaffee that much of the trouble that they had experienced in working India rubber might come from the solvent that was used. He therefore invented a huge machine for doing the mixing by mechanical means. The goods that were made in this way were beautiful to look at, and it appeared, as it had before, that all difficulties were overcome.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Goodyear discovered a new method for making rubber shoes and received a patent which he sold to the Providence Company in Rhode Island. However, a method had not yet been found to process rubber so that it would withstand hot and cold temperatures and acids, and so the rubber goods were constantly growing sticky, decomposing and being returned to the manufacturers.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: From 1834 through 1839, Goodyear worked anywhere he could find investors, and often moved locations, mostly within New York, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, and Connecticut. In 1839, Goodyear was at the Eagle India Rubber Company in Woburn, Massachusetts, where he discovered that combining rubber and sulfur over a hot stove caused the rubber to become rigid, a process which he called vulcanization because of the heat involved. For this Goodyear and Nathaniel Hayward received US patent number 1,090 on February 24 of the same year.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Several years earlier, Goodyear had started a small factory at Springfield, Massachusetts, to which he moved his primary operations in 1842. The factory was run largely by Nelson and his brothers. Charles Goodyear's brother-in-law, Mr. De Forest, a wealthy woolen manufacturer became involved as well. The work of making the invention practical was continued. In 1844, the process was sufficiently perfected and Goodyear received US patent number 3633, which mentions New York but not Springfield. Also in 1844, Goodyear's brother Henry introduced mechanical mixing of the mixture in place of the use of solvents. Goodyear sold some of these patents to Hiram Hutchinson who founded Hutchinson SA in France in 1853.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: In the year 1852, Goodyear went to Europe, a trip that he had long planned, and saw Thomas Hancock, then in the employ of Charles Macintosh & Company. Hancock claimed to have invented vulcanization independently, and received a British patent, initiated in 1843, but finalized in 1844. In 1855, in the last of three patent disputes with fellow British rubber pioneer, Stephen Moulton, Hancock's patent was challenged with the claim that Hancock had copied Goodyear. Goodyear attended the trial. If Hancock lost, Goodyear stood to have his own British patent application granted, allowing him to claim royalties from both Hancock and Moulton. Both had examined Goodyear's vulcanized rubber in 1842, but several chemists testified that it would not have been possible to determine how it was made by studying it. Hancock prevailed.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Despite his misfortune with patents, Goodyear wrote, “In reflecting upon the past, as relates to these branches of industry, the writer is not disposed to repine, and say that he has planted, and others have gathered the fruits. The advantages of a career in life should not be estimated exclusively by the standard of dollars and cents, as is too often done. Man has just cause for regret when he sows and no one reaps.”


title: Charles Goodyear

text: Goodyear died on July 1, 1860, while traveling to see his dying daughter. After arriving in New York, he was informed that she had already died. He collapsed and was taken to the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City, where he died at the age of 59. He is buried in New Haven at Grove Street Cemetery.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: In 1898, almost four decades after his death, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company was founded and named after Goodyear by Frank Seiberling.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: On February 8, 1976, he was among six individuals selected for induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: The ACS Rubber Division awards a medal named in Goodyear's honor, the Charles Goodyear Medal. The medal honors principal inventors, innovators, and developers whose contributions resulted in a significant change to the nature of the rubber industry.


title: Charles Goodyear

text: The Goodyear welt, a technique in shoemaking, was named after and in honor of its inventor, Charles' son; Charles Goodyear Jr.


title: Filipino witches

text: Filipino witches are the users of black magic and related practices from the Philippines. They include a variety of different kinds of people with differing occupations and cultural connotations which depend on the ethnic group they are associated with. They are completely different from the Western notion of what a witch is, as each ethnic group has their own definition and practices attributed to witches. The curses and other magics of witches are often blocked, countered, cured, or lifted by Filipino shamans associated with the indigenous Philippine folk religions.


title: Filipino witches

text: Filipino witches practice a kind of black magic, specifically a malevolent use of sympathetic magic, which is associated with Indigenous Philippine religions. Witchcraft has been present throughout the Philippines even before Spanish colonization. Today, practices are said to be centered in Siquijor, Cebu, Davao, Talalora, Western Samar, and Sorsogon, where many of the country's faith healers reside. Witchcraft also exists in many of the hinterlands, especially in Samar and Leyte, however, witchcraft is known and occurs anywhere in the Philippines.


title: Filipino witches

text: The craft of black magic among Filipino ethnic groups also have unique terms. Some of these are as follow:


title: Filipino witches

text: Filipino witches are believed to have powers that cause harm to other people covertly. Healer-sorcerers who practice this kind of sorcery usually justify it as a form of criminal punishment, as a widespread belief is that black magic does not work on people who are innocent. Their targets are usually "wrongdoers" like thieves, adulterous spouses, or land grabbers. There are also "true" sorcerers who are said to have hereditary sorcerous powers. Unlike healers, they do not consider the justice of their actions. The latter type of sorcerers are often conflated with the evil supernatural beings capable of appearing human, like "aswang" and "manananggal".


title: Filipino witches

text: One of the most common kinds of black magic is a malevolent use of sympathetic magic. This is known by various names like "kulam", "gaway" (Tagalog); "barang", "hiwit", "lágà" (Visayan); "tanem", "tamay" (Ilocano); and "pantak" (Moro). Despite the differences in terminology, the methods are almost identical across the Philippine islands (and indeed, across Southeast Asia). This type of sorcery uses beetles, effigies, poppets, a boiling pot or some other type of representation of the target victim. These are usually "linked" by including bodily exuviae like hair or nail clippings. These are activated by chants, spells, or symbols (sometimes syncretized with Christian or Muslim rituals). The sorcerer then either harms the effigy to cause corresponding harm to the victim, or physically "sends" objects into the victim's body (which can range from insects, stones, to pins). In some instances, the ingredients of the ritual themselves determine the effects. For example, adding seawater to a boiling pot "linked" to a victim is said to cause the victim's belly to swell and ache in time with the tides. This type of sorcery was documented as early as the 17th century by Francisco Combés.


title: Filipino witches

text: Other malevolent powers are more direct. These include the ability to kill another person instantly with magic spells, the ability to cast curses or the evil eye, the ability to "abduct" a person's soul, or the ability to send evil spirits or familiar animals to possess or harm the victim.


title: Filipino witches

text: Some of these purportedly sorcerous powers may be explained by the use of poisons ("hilo" or "lason") and sleight of hand. In most cases however, accusations of this type of black magic are often borne out of paranoia, moral panic, or mass hysteria against disliked or mistrusted members of the community, similar to the European witch-hunts. People accused of black magic were often subject to ostracization and in many cases, violence. This was especially true during the Spanish colonial period, where in one instance in the mid-19th century, a Filipino curate ordered the assassination of 57 people he suspected were sorcerers casting evil spells on his sick mother.


title: Filipino witches

text: Sorcerous "attacks" are most commonly treated with "sumbalik" (counter-spells or antidotes), which are themselves, a form of sorcery and do not usually require interaction with the spirits. They purportedly deflect the effects of the curse and return it to the caster. In extreme cases, "sumbalik" can kill the caster. Other healing rituals against sorcery do not harm the caster, but instead supposedly moves them to pity and thus revoke the curse.


title: Filipino witches

text: Kulam uses beetles, effigies, poppets, a boiling pot or some other type of representation of the target victim. These are usually "linked" by including bodily exuviae like hair or nail clippings. These are activated by chants, spells, or symbols (sometimes syncretized with Christian or Muslim rituals). The sorcerer then either harms the effigy to cause corresponding harm to the victim, or physically "sends" objects into the victim's body (which can range from insects, stones, to pins). Earth (soil), fire, herbs, spices, candles, oils and kitchenwares and utensils are often used for rituals, charms, spells and potions. In some instances, the ingredients of the ritual themselves determine the effects. For example, adding seawater to a boiling pot "linked" to a victim is said to cause the victim's belly to swell and ache in time with the tides. This type of sorcery was documented as early as the 17th century by Francisco Combés. Barang (the term "barang" refers to a type of beetle in Visayan) usually employs a swarm of destructive insects, specifically carnivorous beetles. Other methods are "usik" (sharp magic, or induced illnesses using smaller insects), "hilo" and "lason" (poison magic), (doll magic, using skulls or representations of the victim), "laga" (boiling magic, "Lágà" sometimes written as "la-ga" or "la-aga", means to brew or to boil [in a pot]), and "sampal" (sea creature magic). Other malevolent powers are more direct. These include the ability to kill another person instantly with magic spells, the ability to cast curses or the evil eye, the ability to "abduct" a person's soul, or the ability to send evil spirits or familiar animals to possess or harm the victim.


title: Filipino witches

text: There are various names for sorcerers in Philippine ethnic groups. Most of these names have negative connotations, and thus is also translated to "witch" or "hag" in English sources. These witches actually include a variety of different kinds of people with differing occupations and cultural connotations which depend on the ethnic group they are associated with. They are completely different from the Western notion of what a witch is. They include Bikol: "parakaraw"; Ilocano: "managtanem", "managinulod", "mannamay"; Ivatan: , ; Kapampangan: "mangkukusim" (or "mangkukusino"); Pangasinan: , ; Tagalog: "mangkukulam", "manggagaway", "may-galing", "hukluban" (or "hukloban"); Visayan: "dalagangan", "dunganon", "dalongdongan", "busalian", "mambabarang" (or "mamamarang", "mamalarang", "barangan"), "usikan" (or ), "paktolan", "sigbinan", "manughiwit", "mamumuyag", "mang-aawog" (or "mang-aawug", "mang-aaug"), Hiligaynon: . Other terms are the Spanish "brujo" and "bruja" (masculine and feminine forms of "witch"; Filipinized as "bruho" and "bruha").


title: Filipino witches

text: The "Aswang", vampire-like supernatural entities, are sometimes considered a type of witch since they can start out as an ordinary person. They have strong powers of sorcery (particularly shape-shifting) that they need to maintain by feeding on humans. They are also called , , , , , , etc., depending on the form they take or the method of attack they prefer. It is generally believed that an can not be born to normal parents. They either need to have an parent or gain their curse through transference called . Depending on local beliefs, this can involve an merely looking at a victim, contaminating the food of the victim with secretions, or by directly transferring their powers through touch on their deathbed.


title: Filipino witches

text: A "mangkukulam" can be considered a Filipino witch, literally meaning "a practitioner of "kulam"". A curse is called a "sumpâ" (/soom-PA/), which can also be translated as a "vow" or "oath" and "curse". A "mangkukulam" may use a voodoo doll and a needle to cast spells on people they want to take revenge on, but largely use natural magic and superstitions similar to an arbularyo, or witch doctor. Both can be considered witches, but the main difference is that the arbularyo is more of a doctor who heals people, while a "mangkukulam" is a malevolent person who tricks and curses others. The primary methods employed by a "mangkukulam" are candle lighting rituals, scrying or tawas, recitation of spells, and concocting potions. Healer-sorcerers who practice Kulam usually justify it as a form of criminal punishment, as a widespread belief is that black magic does not work on people who are innocent. Their targets are usually "wrongdoers" like thieves, adulterous spouses, or land grabbers. There are also "true" sorcerers who are said to have hereditary sorcerous powers. Unlike healers, they do not consider the justice of their actions. The latter type of sorcerers are often conflated with the evil supernatural beings capable of appearing human, like "aswang" and "manananggal". Modern popular culture also depicts the "mangkukulam" as using either photographs or the equivalent of a Voodoo doll. Modern popular culture also depicts "mangkukulam" as mainly doing only love potions and malicious curses, but more extreme depictions claim they can summon ghosts to haunt dolls, raise the dead (or at least control dead bodies), and other things related to necromancy.


title: Filipino witches

text: The "Mambabarang" is the Bisayan version of a sorcerer/sorceress, who uses insects and spirits to enter the body of any person they hate. "Mambabarang" are ordinary human beings with black magic who torture and later kill their victims by infesting their bodies with insects. They are different from "mangkukulams" - the latter only inflict pain or illness. "Mambabarang" use a strand of hair from their chosen victim and tie it to the bugs or worms which they will use as a medium. When they prick the bug, the victim immediately experiences the intended effect. The name is derived from the word "barang". In legends the "mambabarang" keeps his swarm of carnivorous beetles in a bottle or a section of bamboo, carefully feeding them ginger root. When the practitioner decides to employ his dark art, he performs a prayer ritual wherein he whispers instructions and identifies the victim to the beetles. The destructive insects are then set free and to seek out the victim and gain entry into the body via any bodily orifice: the nose, mouth, ears, anus or dermal breaks such as open sores/wounds. The victim will then feel the effects of the invasion of the insects through manifestations depending on the area of entry; hemorrhoids if through the anus, ear ache if through the ears and other similar cases. The resulting illness is supposedly resistant to conventional medical treatment and only reveals its true nature when the victim succumbs and flying insects issue forth from bodily cavities. In reality, it is possible a carnivorous beetle could lay eggs in someone it killed, and the eggs would then hatch post-mortem.


title: Filipino witches

text: The , also known as the , is a type of Visayan sorcerer that can inflict harm through words (). They can affect not only people, but also plants, animals, and inanimate objects. They cause harm by complimenting someone or something, either unwittingly or with malevolent intent. To protect against this, people carefully avoid accepting compliments from strangers and may say the phrase ""pwera buyag"" (from Spanish "fuera buyag") immediately after giving a compliment or receiving one. Various beliefs hold that the can be recognized by having a dark tongue or by being born with teeth. Unlike the other types of "witches", the power of the is innate, and is not acquired by choice. Nor are they innately malevolent, and in most cases, they are believed to be unaware that they possess the power.


title: Filipino witches

text: A typical belief of "kulam" is that curses are mitigated by finding the caster and bribing him or her to lift the curse. Superstitious people still attribute certain illnesses or diseases to "kulam". This most often happens in rural areas, where an herbal doctor called an "Albularyo", diagnoses a victim using a divination method called "Pagtatawas" and helps the victim cure his or her malady. Superstitious folks still attribute certain illnesses or diseases to "barang". This most often happens in the provinces, where an herbal doctor, albularyo or a faith healer, a "mananambal" or (female) / (male) treats such diseases. In some rural provincial areas, people completely rely on the "albularyo" and "mananambal" for treatment. In most cases, a healer is also a sorcerer. In order to cure or counteract sorcerous illnesses, healers must themselves know sorcery. This relationship is most apparent in Siquijor Island, where healer-sorcerers are still common. The mananambal specialize in countering "barang". As spiritual mediums and divinators, Filipino shamans are notable for countering and preventing the curses and powers of witches, notably through the usage of special items and chants.


title: Filipino witches

text: Sorcerous "attacks" are most commonly treated with "sumbalik" (counter-spells or antidotes), which are themselves, a form of sorcery and do not usually require interaction with the spirits. They purportedly deflect the effects of the curse and return it to the caster. In extreme cases, "sumbalik" can kill the caster. Other healing rituals against sorcery do not harm the caster, but instead supposedly moves them to pity and thus revoke the curse. Illnesses believed to be caused by sorcery are treated with counter-spells, simple antidotes, and physical healing. Darker forms of remedies to "kulam" include Albularyos whipping the bewitched person with a "Buntot Pagi" (Stingray's Tail) until the afflicted is forced to divulge the witch's name and confronting him or her. This is done in the belief that the one who is getting hurt is the witch and not the bewitched.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: The Beach Boys Love You is the 21st studio album by American rock band the Beach Boys, released April 11, 1977 on Brother/Reprise. Sometimes referred to as the band's "punk" or "synth pop" album, "Love You" is distinguished for its pioneering use of synthesizers and its juxtaposition of adolescent-oriented lyrics with the adult band members' rough vocals.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: The album was largely recorded in late 1976 at the band's Brother Studios. Originally planned as "Brian Loves You", it is essentially a solo project by Brian Wilson, who wrote almost all of the material and played nearly every instrument on the record, including keyboards, synthesizers, and drums. "Love You" marked the first time he was given full control of a Beach Boys album since the "Smile" sessions in 1967, albeit with a strong assist from his brothers Carl and Dennis.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Engineer Earle Mankey described the work as "serious", "autobiographical", and "frighteningly accurate" to Brian's personality. The subject matter of the 14 songs ranges from the planetary system and roller skating to adolescent sexuality and babies. Wilson also included tributes to his wife, daughters, and mistress, as well as his idols Phil Spector and Johnny Carson. Although it was met with near-unanimous critical acclaim, some listeners found the album's bizarre, childlike quality to be a detriment. The record sold poorly, peaking at number 53 on the U.S. "Billboard" Top LPs & Tape chart.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Love You" has since been recognized for contributions to synth-pop and new wave. A follow-up, "Adult/Child", was completed by the group, but left unreleased. Wilson later referred to "Love You" as his life-defining work, and his most creatively fulfilling since "Pet Sounds" (1966). It was the last album he wrote and produced until his first solo LP, "Brian Wilson" (1988), and his last that was created without significant interference from outsiders.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Following a period of semi-inactivity, in late 1975, Wilson became a patient under psychologist Eugene Landy's radical 24-hour therapy program. Under Landy's care, he became more stable and socially engaged, with his productivity increasing once again. During the latter half of 1976, Wilson became a regular member of the band's touring line-up for the first time since 1964. The tagline "Brian's Back!" became a major promotional tool for the group's concert tours, as well as their July release "15 Big Ones", the first Beach Boys LP that reached the U.S. top 10 with new material since "Pet Sounds" (1966), and their first that credited Wilson as the sole producer since "Pet Sounds".


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "15 Big Ones", which consisted of an equal share of cover songs and originals, came as a disappointment for most fans and the group members themselves. In a contemporary interview, Wilson acknowledged that the album was "nothing too deep", but promised that the band's next release would be "a masterpiece" on par with "Good Vibrations" (1966). It was to be the second-to-last album owed to their record company, Warner Bros., as their contract had been set to expire in July 1977.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: From July to August 1976, Wilson joined his bandmates on a U.S. tour, after which he produced a large collection of studio recordings, largely by himself while the other Beach Boys were preoccupied with their own personal and creative affairs. During this period, in late 1976, Dennis Wilson recorded his first solo album "Pacific Ocean Blue" (1977), Carl Wilson produced Ricci Martin's "Beached" (1977), Mike Love taught Transcendental Meditation, and Al Jardine spent time with his family.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Asked in a December 1976 interview about his feelings on a solo career, Brian responded that he would like to release a solo album, however, he did not want to deal with the inner-band politics that would result from him becoming a solo artist. "They want to keep the material for the Beach Boys, too; a solo album would take away from Beach Boys sales. It would split the group up too much – and I don't think that would be good." Later in the interview, he remarked that he had recently left the band temporarily, "because I want freedom and I want to do my own album... So I've got to make a decision: either I'm going to stay with the Beach Boys and produce only their stuff or I'm going to go on my own and do an album by myself. I haven't decided which to do yet."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Love You" was largely recorded in October and November 1976 at the band's Brother Studios in Santa Monica, California. Demo recordings, in which Brian previewed his new songs for his bandmates, were captured at a Brother Studios session in fall 1976. The demoed songs were "Airplane", "I'll Bet He's Nice", "It's Over Now", "Let's Put Our Hearts Together”, "Love Is a Woman", "Little Children”, "Mona", and "Still I Dream Of It.” In 2021, five of these demo recordings were officially released as downloadables on Wilson's official website.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: The "Love You" sessions marked the first time that Brian was given full reign on a new Beach Boys album since the "Smile" sessions in 1967. He wrote almost the entire album and performed nearly every instrument, including keyboards, synthesizers, and drums. Carl and Dennis contributed some instrumentation, while Jardine and Love were rarely present for the sessions, and ultimately every member of the band sang several lead vocals. In biographer Peter Ames Carlin's estimation, "it was essentially [Brian's] solo album", while biographer Christian Matijas-Mecca concurred that it was effectively "a Brian Wilson solo album with only brief contributions by other members of the band who added their parts after the bulk of the work was finished." Conversely, Jardine said, "In a way, ["Love You"] was Carl's tribute to Brian... Carl wanted Brian to feel appreciated. He had the most to do with that album, him and Dennis, paying tribute to their brother." Biographer Jon Stebbins similarly viewed it as "pretty much a Wilson brothers album", adding that "it's clear that Dennis and Carl willingly checked their egos to help Brian get this one out."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Contrasting his earlier records, which used orchestras of organic instruments, electronic sounds pervade "Love You", with Brian more reliant on the Moog synthesizer than he had been on "15 Big Ones". All of the bass lines were performed by him on ARP and Moog synthesizers. Biographer Mark Dillon attributed the record's "oddball sound" directly to Wilson's use of these instruments. Jardine acknowledged, "The Minimoogs are all over the place." Wilson said his use of synthesizers was partly influenced by Wendy Carlos' "Switched-On Bach" (1969). Like on "15 Big Ones", Dennis' and Brian's vocals appeared rough and strained. Carlin describes Brian's singing style on "Love You" as a "gravelly, messed-up baritone and often slightly off-key. .. in some ways it almost feels like a suicidal gesture."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Brother staff engineer Earle Mankey, who had also worked on "15 Big Ones", recalled that Wilson appeared to exert more self-discipline during the "Love You" sessions, working typically from 10 or 11 A.M. to the early afternoon. He said that, unlike prior occasions, Wilson took the initiative to record in the studio "instead of being forced into it." Carl was credited on the "Love You" liner notes as "mixdown producer". According to Mankey, "Carl took his productions seriously and did really careful mixes. When Brian came in, he'd say, 'Let's mix this,' and after one pass, like five minutes later, he'd say, 'That's good!' Or maybe he'd say, 'More bass! More vocal!' But that was it."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Biographer Steven Gaines states that the material had been written under the "aegis" of Eugene Landy, and in Wilson's 1991 memoir, "", it is stated that about half of the songs on the album were co-written and co-produced by Landy, but his credits were purposely omitted at the group's behest. Brother Studios administrator Trish Campo recalled that Landy "used to go out of his way to embarrass Brian. I remember he had a young kid working for him, and I remember seeing him standing over Brian with a fucking baseball bat, like, if you don't knuckle down and do what we want, I'm gonna hit you with the bat." Over the next month, Wilson set to work on another album, "Adult/Child", that was completed but left unreleased.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: The first side of the album consists of uptempo songs, with the other side contains song that reflect a more adult perspective. The lyrical content ranged from Wilson's stream-of-conscious (such as on "Solar System") to adolescent concerns (such as "roller skating", schoolmate infatuations, and fraternizing with the family of one's girlfriend). Wilson went in this direction because he believed that these were the type of lyrics that fans had wanted from the Beach Boys.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Relative to "15 Big Ones", Wilson stated that he wanted "Love You" to be "more creative, more original" and "lyrically much more interesting." His 2016 memoir, "I Am Brian Wilson", compared the lyrical approach to "Pet Sounds". "I wrote some songs that were about how I felt in my thirties, the same way that "Pet Sounds" was about how I felt in my twenties." Mankey surmised, "Brian Wilson lyrics maybe weren't as familiar to the public as [his past co-written lyrics] were, and so "The Beach Boys Love You" songs might have seemed odder because no one knew what Brian was really like."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Carlin characterizes the total effect as having reframed the themes of past Beach Boys hits through Wilson's "warped" adult perspective, as well as "a tour through the cracked fun-house mirror of [his] imagination". Dillon acknowledged that, given the age of the band members, the fact that they "sing these teenage ditties made the tunes a little creepy". Stebbins felt that the album "revealed more than the listener wanted to know", containing songs with "unsettling, pedophilic overtone[s]" such as "Roller Skating Child" and "I Wanna Pick You Up". According to biographer Timothy White, it was a "portrait of a man trying to redefine his shattered personality."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Let Us Go On This Way" is a rock song in which the narrator, a young man, expresses to his object of affection, "To get you babe, I went through the ringer / ain't gonna let you slip through my finger", followed by a plea for God to "let us go on this way". Wilson said he wrote the song with Mike Love when they found that the rest of the album sounded too "deadpan and we needed something uptempo". "Roller Skating Child" elaborates on the themes of the previous track except, as Carlin writes, "with a grown-up perspective that made it sound like a kind of musical interpretation of Vladimir Nabokov's novel "Lolita", complete with vivid descriptions of adolescent sexuality... careless parenting [and] lust-fueled escape"." Wilson said the song was a tribute to his daughters Carnie and Wendy. "Carnie actually goes "ice"-skating but I called it 'Roller skating child, with a ribbon in her hair.' We all go out to a skating rink in Santa Monica."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Mona" is a 1950s-style love song with only four chords. The lyrics discuss some of Wilson's favorite songs by Phil Spector, including his 1963 productions of the Crystals' "Da Doo Ron Ron" and the Ronettes' "Be My Baby". "Johnny Carson" similarly expresses admiration for the host of the late-night television talk show, "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". Carlin refers to the track as the album's "pivot point", one that "separates the normal from the freakishly bizarre." Asked about the song in a 1979 interview, Carson answered, "Sure I heard it. Someone sent it over to the office. I don't think it was a big seller. I think they just did it for the fun of it. It was "not" a work of art."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Good Time" is a song about a man who declares of his various girlfriends, "Maybe it won't last but what do we care / My baby and I just want a good time". It was first tracked by the band on January 7, 1970 at their since-dismantled private studio – predating the "Love You" sessions by seven years – and had already been released, albeit with different vocals, as the second single by American Spring from their debut album, "Spring" (1972). Wilson explained that he recycled the song for "Love You" because "Spring" had sold poorly, and he thought, "Maybe the exposure to that song to people might be good. Why waste a song?" Since the recording of "Good Time", Wilson's voice had deteriorated significantly, making it the only track on "Love You" in which his singing is not coarse.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Honkin' Down the Highway" is a rock and roll song about a man driving to a woman, at her father's behest, for an engagement that the narrator states will conclude with himself "Takin' one little inch at a time, now / 'Til we're feelin' fine, now". Wilson said, "I remember when I wrote that I was thinkin' 'truckin' down the highway' – just some kind of a country western kind of an idea. The actual song itself wasn't that country though."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Ding Dang" is a short song, consisting of a single verse and chorus, that Wilson wrote with the Byrds' Roger McGuinn in the early 1970s. McGuinn recalled that Wilson had one day visited his home asking for amphetamines. After they worked together on the song, McGuinn went to bed. The next morning, he found that Wilson was still awake playing "Ding Dang" on the piano. Only one lyric was ever written: "I love a girl and I love her madly / I treat her so fine but she treats me so badly". Jardine surmised that Wilson's longtime obsession with the folk standard "Shortenin' Bread" may have originated from this impromptu writing session for "Ding Dang".


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Wilson recorded "Ding Dang" in the studio on numerous occasions during the mid-1970s. Mankey noted that "everybody who showed up [to the sessions] got subjected to 'Ding Dang'." It appeared on the album with a less than one-minute runtime, virtually unaltered from how Wilson and McGuinn originally left it.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Solar System" discusses the planetary system in a similar vein as the band's 1965 hit "California Girls". In the song, the narrator asks, "What do the planets mean? / And have you ever seen / sunrise in the mornin'? / It shined when you were born". "The Night Was So Young", according to Carlin, revels in "traditional shades of self-pity, jealousy, and loneliness". It was written about Wilson's mistress, Debbie Keil, and her nightly visits to his home. Stebbins called it "a direct descendent of "Pet Sounds" in both sound and attitude." "I'll Bet He's Nice" follows similar themes as the previous track.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Let's Put Our Hearts Together" is a duet between Wilson and his first wife Marilyn. In the song, they discuss the insecurities that they feel for each other before coming together to "see what we can cook up between us". Wilson said that he enlisted Marilyn as a vocalist because he had inadvertently composed the song in a key outside of his vocal range.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "I Wanna Pick You Up", in Carlin's description, concerns an "object of desire" that is "either a disturbingly sexualized infant or a dismayingly infantilized adult." At the end of the song, the singer instructs the listener to "pat, pat, pat her on her butt, butt / She's gone to sleep, be quiet". Wilson explained that the lyrics are about "a man who considers this chick a baby... she's too big to pick up, of course. But he wants to; he wants to pretend she's small like a baby: He really wants to pick her up!"


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Airplane" is a love song written from the perspective of someone flying on an airplane. "Love Is a Woman" concludes the album with an instrumental palette of saxophones and flutes. Wilson wrote of the song, "It's just about everybody, about anything, about how things are. It's an idea that a woman is love. A baby is love, too, of course. It's just an experience, you know? 'Love is a Baby' would have been a better title."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Several songs that were recorded or worked on during the "Love You" sessions were passed over for inclusion on the album. Among these were the originals "11th Bar Blues", "Clangin'", "Hey Little Tomboy", "Lazy Lizzie", "Sherry She Needs Me", "Marilyn Rovell", "My Diane", "Hey There Momma", and "We Gotta Groove", as well as "That Special Feeling". "Sherry She Needs Me" dated from the band's "Summer Days (and Summer Nights!!)" era, with Wilson overdubbing a new lead vocal onto the backing track from 1965. "Lazy Lizzie" includes a melody recycled from Wilson's "Mount Vernon and Fairway" (1973). Biographer David Leaf referred to the song as "a fully realized production as well as a strong example of Brian's songwriting ability."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: In addition, Wilson worked on cover versions of the Drifters' "Ruby Baby" and the Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'". According to band archivist Alan Boyd, "His [Wilson's] version of 'You've Lost that Lovin’ Feeling' is very dark and it's very raw. It almost has kind of a punk edge to it... He plays everything on it, did all the vocals. Everything was pretty much done in one take."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Hey Little Tomboy" and "My Diane" were completed for "M.I.U. Album" (1978). "Hey There Momma" was reworked into "I Saw Santa (Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree)"; the reworking was released on the 1998 compilation "Ultimate Christmas". "Sherry She Needs Me" and "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" were released on the box set "Made in California" (2013). "11th Bar Blues", "Clangin'", "Lazy Lizzie", "Marilyn Rovell", "We Gotta Groove", "That Special Feeling", and "Hey There Momma" remain unreleased.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Wilson originally intended to title the album "Brian Loves You", with the "you" referring to the group's fanbase. He said that he chose the name "Love You" because he "thought it would be a good sound people could feel secure with". To make the album seem more democratic, its title was changed to "The Beach Boys Love You". Reflective of the new title, the inner sleeve included a dedication to Wilson from his bandmates, "To Brian, whom we love with all our hearts...", written below a photo of him at a party with Marilyn. Jardine later commented, "The title of that album is really "The Beach Boys Love Brian"." The dedication continues,


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Dean Torrence designed the cover illustration, which was intended to resemble a Navajo rug, and had suggested titling the album "Cowabunga", inspired by Chief Thunderball's catch-phrase on the children's television show "Howdy Doody". According to Dillon, the cover "inadvertently suggests a Lite-Brite toy, which suits the childlike wonder of the record's contents."


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Jardine had an unfavorable opinion of the design: "[I]t's a shame that the ["Love You"] album cover is so crummy. Everything about that thing is home made. I think they [Warner Bros.] thought it was our last album. They didn't spend a penny on the album because they knew that we weren't coming back. They used real cheap cardboard on it." Torrence contended that expensive paper was used to simulate the record sleeve's stitched texture.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: On November 27, 1976, Wilson appeared as the featured musical guest on "NBC's Saturday Night", during which he performed "Love Is a Woman", "Back Home", and "Good Vibrations". It was his first solo television appearance since 1967's "". Producer Lorne Michaels insisted that Wilson appear without his bandmates, who were playing their third night of sold-out concerts at nearby Madison Square Garden. Another solo appearance on "The Mike Douglas Show", which included an interview with Wilson about his past drug use, was filmed days earlier, but was not broadcast until December 8. In early December, Landy was relieved from his services amid concerns of his raising fees and controversial treatment methods. On December 31, the band played a fifteenth anniversary celebration concert at the Los Angeles Forum, a performance that included "Airplane".


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: By 1977, the media hype ahead of the "Brian's Back" campaign from the previous year had dissipated. As "Love You" approached completion, band manager Stephen Love arranged negotiations for the band to change labels with CBS Records once the group had fulfilled their contractual obligations to Warner Bros. Gaines writes, "Warner Brothers knew of the CBS deal by January 1977... Warner was so disgusted with the Beach Boys at this point that the group members were convinced the company was doing very little to promote the album." Released on April 11, "Love You" reached number 53 in the U.S. during a seven-week chart stay. One single, "Honkin' Down the Highway", was issued several weeks later with no chart showing.


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: Members of the group, including Mike Love, attributed the album's poor sales to Warner's lackluster promotional efforts. Gaines countered that, despite what the group thought of the company, "the best promotional campaign in the world couldn't have helped "The Beach Boys Love You"".


title: The Beach Boys Love You

text: "Love You" was met with polarized reactions from the public. Schinder cited a "sharp divide" between fans and critics, some of whom saw the album as a work of "eccentric genius" whereas others "dismissed it as childish and trivial". Some listeners viewed the album as a near-punk rock statement and felt that it had been a refreshing change of pace given the dominance of progressive rock and "overproduced" pop that had dominated the mainstream for several years. Generally, the reactions from record reviewers were positive. Writing in his 1978 biography of the band, John Tobler said that "Love You" was "in the author's estimation and that of several critics... the best released by the group since the '60s."