title: World Vision International

text: Ian Buchanan, author of "Armies Of God: A Study In Militant Christianity", has claimed that World Vision is effectively an arm of the United States Department of State.


title: World Vision International

text: On March 24, 2014, the United States branch of World Vision announced that it would no longer ban employees from being in same-sex marriages. Facing protests from donors and the larger evangelical community after the announcement, World Vision reversed the policy change two days later.


title: World Vision International

text: The political weekly "Tehelka" has cited World Vision India's involvement with AD2000 as proof of evangelism. Radhakant Nayak, a leader of World Vision's local chapter in Orissa, was also accused by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh of being involved in the murder of Swami Lakshmanananda. World Vision India condemned the murder and denied any involvement, pointing out its anti-proselytizing policy. Valerie Tarico, a commentator on religious and social topics, points out that World Vision defines proselytism as "Proselytism takes place whenever assistance is offered on condition that people must listen or respond to a message or as an inducement to leave one and join another part of the Christian church." which does not in general exclude evangelism. Furthermore, she mentions the phrase "serving as a witness to the gospel of Jesus Christ" as part of World Vision's description of its mission and identifies the word "witness" as an evangelical code word for seeking converts.


title: World Vision International

text: In 1982, after World Vision publicly criticized Israel's actions in Palestinian refugee camps near Sidon and Tyre, it came under attack from conservative evangelicals and the government of Israel. In spite of this pressure, World Vision president Mooneyham presented to the eight hundred thousand readers of "World Vision Magazine" a report "showing 255 bodies and ankle-deep body fluids left in a school basement by an Israeli bomb." In the September 1982 issue of "World Vision Magazine" President Stanley Mooneyham was quoted describing Israeli actions with the behavior of Hitler's army, "reminiscent of Warsaw". In the same month Mooneyham was forced to resign when, according to former World Vision employee Ken Waters, his leadership style was criticized; he was replaced as President by Ted Engstrom.


title: World Vision International

text: In February 2012, based on information provided by the Shurat HaDin - Israel Law Center, World Vision Australia allegedly provided "financial aid to a Gaza-based terrorist group", the Union of Agricultural Work Committees (UAWC), which they also alleged is a "front for terror group the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine". WV had "suspended its dealings" with UAWC until the outcome of the investigation. WV resumed working with UAWC after AusAID and World Vision found the allegations were unfounded. The Israel Law Center considers World Vision's response to be a whitewash and maintains that the allegations have not been refuted.


title: World Vision International

text: On June 15, 2016, Mohammad El Halabi, manager of World Vision in Gaza, was arrested at the Erez border crossing and charged by Israeli prosecutors with channeling its funds directly to Hamas, a listed terror organization. A senior official with Shin Bet, Israel's internal security agency, stated that Halabi was recruited by the military wing of Hamas in 2004 and instructed to penetrate World Vision. According to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, Halabi is accused of transferring cash to Hamas to help it in digging military tunnels and purchasing weapons. Muhammad Mahmoud, Halabi's lawyer, told Haaretz that his client has nothing to do with Hamas and that the fact that the investigation had lasted 55 days proves that there is a problem with evidence. Israel's Shin Bet intelligence agency claims that about $48 million of World Vision resources were funneled to Hamas in just six years and another $80,000 was used for building a Hamas position in Beit Hanon and for paying salaries of Hamas members who fought against Israel in the 2014 war. World Vision confirmed that its funds are spent in accordance with legal requirements that contribute to peace and that the charity works closely with the UN and Red Cross. The charity initially defended Halabi as a "humanitarian".


title: World Vision International

text: In August 2016, Israeli officials claimed that the World Vision organization was providing the military wing of Hamas with tens of millions of dollars in Gaza. World Vision has denounced these allegations which come amid Israeli campaigns against the non-governmental organizations that worked with Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.


title: World Vision International

text: The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade immediately suspended all funding of Palestinian programs by World Vision. World Vision Australia chief executive, Tim Costello, accepted this move as being the correct thing to do pending a proper investigation of the allegations. A review of the Australian government came to the conclusion that no Australian taxpayer money was diverted to Hamas.


title: Erika Casupanan

text: Erika Tinio Casupanan (born July 20, 1989) is a Canadian communications professional known for being the Sole Survivor on the 41st season of the American reality TV competition series "Survivor". In doing so, Casupanan became the first Canadian and Filipino to win the competition series.


title: Erika Casupanan

text: Casupanan was born in the municipality of Hermosa, located in Bataan, a province of the Philippines. When she was young, she emigrated with her parents to Canada. She grew up in Niagara Falls, Ontario, where she attended St. Paul Catholic High School. She later earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Media, Information & Technoculture from the University of Western Ontario (Western University). Eventually, she moved to Toronto, where she worked as an agency consultant at Media Profile for five years, and a communications manager at Kijiji for four years.


title: Erika Casupanan

text: In 2020, Casupanan was cast on the 41st season of "Survivor", a reality competition series that airs on Global. However, due to the COVID-19 crisis, production of that season was delayed until 2021. When production finally resumed, Casupanan and 17 other players were flown to Fiji to participate in "Survivor 41".


title: Erika Casupanan

text: At the start of the game, Casupanan was placed on the Luvu tribe. Initially on the outs with the rest of Luvu, she found her footing after the original tribes were dissolved. On Day 12, she and fellow former Luvu member Naseer Muttalif were randomly chosen to sit out the immunity challenge. Following the completion of the challenge, the winning team chose to give Muttalif additional immunity and send Casupanan to Exile Island. While on Exile, series host Jeff Probst paid her a visit, presenting her with a brand new game twist. If she chose to do so, she could reverse the outcome of the previous challenge and give the losing team, and herself, immunity at the next Tribal Council. Her decision would be symbolized by an hourglass given to her by Probst: if she broke the hourglass, the winners of the previous challenge and Muttalif would lose immunity and have to compete against each other in an individual immunity challenge; if she left the hourglass alone, she and the losers of that challenge would compete against one another for individual immunity as originally planned.


title: Erika Casupanan

text: On Day 14, after two days on Exile Island, Casupanan got to return to her fellow castaways, and upon her return, she announced that she had broken the hourglass, thus reversing the outcome of the previous immunity challenge. This guaranteed her a spot on the merged tribe, as she was now immune from the vote at the Night 14 Tribal Council. After former Luvu member Sydney Segal was voted off that night, the new merge tribe was formed. It was Casupanan who named it Viakana, which comes from the Fijian phrase for 'hungry'. There, she formed a close bond with another former Luvu member, Heather Aldret. The two women created a strong alliance and took control of numerous eliminations. Both of them were able to make it to the Final Four together.


title: Erika Casupanan

text: On Day 25, Casupanan and Aldret lost to Xander Hastings in the final immunity challenge of the season. As a perk for winning this challenge, Hastings also got to choose one person to sit next to him at the Final Tribal Council on Day 26, meaning that the other two players left would be required to compete in a fire-making competition to determine the third and final finalist. Hastings chose Casupanan to bring into the finals, leaving Aldret to battle it out with Deshawn Radden in the fire-making contest. Radden defeated Aldret in a closely-contested battle, sending Aldret to the jury.


title: Erika Casupanan

text: On Day 26, Casupanan presented her case to the members of the jury. Her respectable social and strategic gameplay and ability to avoid being targeted earned her the respect of the jury, and she won the title of Sole Survivor in a 7–1–0 vote. She earned the votes of everyone on the jury except Danny McCray, who voted for Radden to win.


title: Simon West

text: Simon Alexander West (born 1961) is an English film director and producer. He has primarily worked in the action genre, most notably as the director of the films "Con Air", "", "The Mechanic", and "The Expendables 2". Outside of action, he also directed the films "The General's Daughter" and "When a Stranger Calls". Prior to his film career, West served as the director for music videos, including "Never Gonna Give You Up" by Rick Astley.


title: Simon West

text: West was born in Letchworth, Hertfordshire. He began his career as an assistant film editor with the BBC Film Department, where he worked on dramas and documentaries. He then left the BBC to work on commercials and music videos.


title: Simon West

text: West's directorial debut in 1997 with "Con Air", starring Nicolas Cage, John Cusack, and John Malkovich.


title: Simon West

text: West directed the 2001 action film, "." Although it's an adaptation of the popular video game "Tomb Raider," the development of the film was influenced by a market that "wasn't used to women leading summer blockbusters" (with the exception of the "Alien" film series). This factor influenced his decision to cast Angelina Jolie as Croft, though she was not well known (she was not the studio's first choice, in contrast to Catherine Zeta-Jones, Ashley Judd, and Jennifer Lopez). While "Lara Croft" led to box office totals that were the highest for a female-led action film at that time, ($131 million), inspired theme park rides, led to a sequel, and made a star of Jolie, West was disappointed that it did not lead to similar films. He noted that "at the time, the studio was incredibly nervous at what the outcome could have been. I’m surprised it's taken so long [for other female-fronted action stories to rise up], because I thought that two or three years after, there’d be 10 other movies like it cashing in on its success ...[b]ut it's amazing how things work so slowly. But finally "The Hunger Games" and Patty Jenkins’ "Wonder Woman" have caught up!"


title: Simon West

text: Joey Nolfi ("Entertainment Weekly") states that West "molded his heroine – never bogged down by romantic subplots – as a badass genre role model for girls, with more scenes of assured tomb raiding and less overt sexuality" (West notes to have done so would have "probably would’ve been the death of the film and the character"). Critic Cristina Lucia Stasia also argues that the film "Lara Croft" distinguished itself from other popular "girl power" shows and films of the same period: "The Matrix" (1999), "Charles Angels" (2000), "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" (2000), "Dark Angel" (2000), and "Alias" (2001). She suggests that this was due to the fact that "Simon West, the director of "Tomb Raider", foregrounds [a] tension between female sexuality and female action heroes when he argues that ‘Angelina should be a role model for action actors. We turned her into something you wouldn't want to meet in a dark alley – but then again you would."


title: Simon West

text: West would eventually work on a number of action films including the 2012 film "Expendables 2" with Sylvester Stallone, Jet Li, Chuck Norris, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Bruce Willis, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. He also reunited with Nicolas Cage in 2012 for "Stolen". In 2015, he directed the crime thriller film "Wild Card" with Jason Statham. It is a remake of the 1986 film "Heat," based on the novel of the same name by William Goldman. In 2017 West directed his first feature musical comedy "Gun Shy" starring Antonio Banderas and based on the novel "Salty" by Mark Haskhell Smith. West directed the 2019 big-budget disaster movie from China, "Skyfire", and will also direct another Chinese action film, "The Legend Hunters".


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: The disappearance of Lisa Renée Irwin was reported after it was discovered that she was missing from her home in Kansas City, Missouri, in the early morning hours of October 4, 2011.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: Deborah Bradley, Lisa's mother, said that Lisa's father, Jeremy Irwin, discovered her missing around 4:00 a.m. on Tuesday, October 4, 2011. According to Deborah, Lisa had been in her bed when she checked on her at 6:40 p.m. or at 10:40 p.m. Monday night, but when Jeremy came home from his late night job on Tuesday, he discovered "many of the home's lights were on, a window was open and the front door was unlocked". Later, the family told police that several cellphones were also missing.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: During the subsequent investigation, two witnesses were discovered who claimed to have seen a man walking down the street with a baby. Police were able to find and question a man matching the description of one witness, but the other witness claimed that his photo did not match the man they saw.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: On October 19, 2011, a search was performed of the Irwin home, and court documents showed that a cadaver dog turned up a scent of a dead body that might have been Lisa, near the mother's bed. Items removed from the home at the time the warrant was executed include a multicolor comforter, purple shorts, a multicolor Disney character shirt, a Glo Worm toy, a "Cars"-themed blanket, rolls of tape, and a tape dispenser.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: During an interview with the Associated Press, Deborah said the police had accused her of being involved in Lisa's disappearance, telling her "You did it. You did it. And we have nothing", and claimed that she had failed a lie detector test. Deborah and Jeremy announced the following week that they were organizing a reward in hopes that it would result in new information.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: Jeremy Irwin appeared on the Today Show for an interview regarding the events, saying "We just want to make sure that we tell everybody that we're still cooperating. We're still talking to the police. We're doing everything we can to try to find Lisa and bring her home." Bradley was also on the broadcast.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: In October, the Irwin family reported that an anonymous benefactor had hired a private investigator, and issued a $100,000 reward for Lisa's return.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: In October 2011, Cyndy Short stopped representing the Irwin family, saying that she was unable to work with the family's other attorney, Joe Tacopina. Lisa's brothers had been scheduled for interviews and to collect DNA samples regarding the case, but their parents cancelled the night before, according to Tacopina, the family's attorney, and have allegedly denied investigators access to the boys. The boys had a second interview on November 10, 2011. A police request for a warrant claims that inconsistent stories from people involved may have hampered early stages of the investigation.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: In May 2012, Deborah Bradley and Jeremy Irwin reported that their debit card had been fraudulently used on a website that provides false birth certificates. The Today Show and America Live both confirmed that the website existed. Their attorney also confirmed that he visited the website. Police have said they are continuing their investigation and they believe Irwin may still be alive.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: In October 2013, a girl thought to be Lisa was discovered in a Romani camp in Greece. Authorities determined the girl was not Lisa Irwin.


title: Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

text: On November 24, 2020, the case was featured on the HLN series "Real Life Nightmare" in an episode called "Vanished from the Crib."


The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 1 () is the third extended play by South Korean boy band BTS. The album was released on April 29, 2015 by Big Hit Entertainment. It is available in two versions and contains nine tracks, with "I Need U" as the lead single and "Dope (쩔어)" as a promoted follow-up single.


title: The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 1

text: Shifting their sound and image from solely aggressive, masculine hip hop to more diverse styles, BTS wanted to express the beauty and anxiousness of "youth" and settled on the title of "花樣年華" (Korean: 화양연화; RR: "Hwayangyeonhwa"), loosely interpreted to define "youth" as "the most beautiful moment in life." On April 6, 2015, BTS announced their comeback date for April 29, and revealed that all members participated in writing songs for the album. On April 17, an animated comeback trailer was uploaded on Big Hit Entertainment's official YouTube channel, which featured the album's intro track performed by Suga. On April 19, Big Hit Entertainment announced the title of the album, and the first set of member concept photos was posted on their official Twitter account. Along with the reveal of the second set of concept photos, it was stated that two different cover design versions of the album would be released, Pink and White. The album would also include a 120-page photobook and a random photo card. Big Hit Entertainment released the first music video teaser for the album's lead single "I Need U" on April 23. On April 26, the album's track list was revealed, and an album preview was uploaded on Big Hit Entertainment's YouTube channel. Two of the album's tracks, "Boyz with Fun" and "Converse High," had previously been previewed at the 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode I: BTS Begins concert held in Seoul on March 29.


text: On June 14, BTS posted concept photos for the follow-up promotion track "Dope (쩔어)" through their official Facebook page, captioned with the opening line of the song: “Welcome, first time with BTS?"


text: Two tracks from the album, "Boyz with Fun" and "Converse High", were deemed unfit for broadcast by KBS due to lyrics containing swears and brand names, such as Converse, Chanel, and Alexander McQueen. The latter track was also deemed unfit for broadcast by MBC. "I Need U" was approved for broadcast and BTS held their first comeback stage performance on "M Countdown" on April 30. A music video for the song was released that same day. On April 29, prior to the release of the music video at midnight, BTS broadcast a live comeback special, "I NEED U, BTS ON AIR", through Naver Starcast. The group went on to successfully promote across multiple channels and various programs, including on KBS, MBC, SBS, and Arirang TV. BTS wrapped up promotions for "I Need U" with a final performance on the May 31 broadcast of "Inkigayo".


text: On June 13, BTS announced plans to hold follow-up music show promotions with the track "Dope (쩔어)". A music video for the song was released on YouTube on June 24. It features each of the members dressed up to represent various occupations, such as a police officer or office worker, while dancing fast-paced choreography. The dance was choreographed by Keone Madrid, and the music video was produced and directed by GDW. BTS held their first performance of the song on the June 25 broadcast of "M Countdown", and concluded promotions on July 5 with a final performance on "Inkigayo". "Dope" gained considerable attention internationally as it became the subject of numerous reaction videos on YouTube, the most noteworthy being from the Fine Brothers channel, and went on to become BTS' first music video to surpass 100 million views on the platform. This made BTS the first K-pop group outside of the "big three" Korean entertainment agencies—SM, YG, and JYP—to achieve the feat.


text: "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1" debuted at number two on the Gaon Weekly Album Chart in South Korea and rose to number one the following week. It peaked at number two on the Monthly Album Chart in May. In China, BTS ranked number one for two consecutive weeks on the Gaon Weibo Chart, a weekly rank of the top 10 most popular Korean artists based on data gathered from China's most popular social media platform, Weibo. In Japan, the EP debuted at number 24 on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart and number 45 on the Oricon Monthly Album Chart. The EP ended 2015 as the sixth best-selling album of the year in South Korea, with 274,135 copies sold.


text: In the United States, the album debuted at number two on the "Billboard" World Albums Chart, peaked at number six on the Heatseekers Chart, and entered the Independent Albums Chart for the first time at number 20, all of which were the highest for any BTS album at the time. Six of the EP's songs debuted on the World Digital Songs chart, with "I Need U" ranking the highest at number four, followed by "Dope" at number 11, "Hold Me Tight" at number 12, "Boyz with Fun" at number 13, "Converse High" at number 15, and "Outro: Love is Not Over" at number 25. "Dope" peaked at number three in July after BTS completed promotions for the single.


text: The EP was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards but did not win. In January 2016, it won two Bonsang awards for physical album sales, at the 25th Seoul Music Awards and the 30th Golden Disc Awards held on the 14th and 21st respectively.


title: The Helpful Fox Senko-san

text: Kuroto Nakano is a young salaryman with a very unhappy and stressful life, almost entirely occupied by his job at the company for which he works. One night, after yet another day spent overworking, the moment he opens the door of his home he finds a seemingly young girl with fox ears and a tail cooking dinner for him – her name is Senko, an 800-year-old fox demigod. Senko has been sent to Earth from the spirit world to relieve Kuroto from his unhappy life and help him find happiness again.


title: The Helpful Fox Senko-san

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced on December 2, 2018. The series is animated by Doga Kobo and directed by Tomoaki Koshida, with Yoshiko Nakamura handling series composition, and Miwa Oshima designing the characters. Yoshiaki Fujisawa composed the music. The series aired from April 10 to June 26, 2019, on AT-X and various local television stations. The opening theme is performed by Azumi Waki and Maaya Uchida, while the ending theme is performed by Waki. The series ran for 12 episodes. Funimation has licensed the series.


title: The Helpful Fox Senko-san

text: The anime has a rating of 4.8/5 on Crunchyroll based on 96 votes. LofZOdyssey of Comic Watch gave the anime a 7.6/10 rating, the writer stating, "If you're expecting fast-paced, hyper-energetic slapstick comedy from this show, it's best to put that thought to rest now. "Senko-san" was a much slower series than most, and when we pause for a moment, that makes a lot of sense."


title: The Helpful Fox Senko-san

text: "Gadget Tsūshin" included Senko's catchphrase (""uyan"") in their 2019 list of the most popular anime-related buzzwords.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: Nivedita Menon (1958, Mumbai) is a writer and a professor of political thought at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. She previously taught at Lady Shri Ram College and the Department of Political Science at Delhi University.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: Menon is a feminist scholar who has taught at the International Studies School of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) in Delhi since 2009. Before moving to JNU she was a teacher at Lady Shri Ram College for 15 years, and the political science department at Delhi University for seven years. Menon says that the Indian feminist movement she was exposed to in college, as well as the writings of global feminists, helped her evolve a better consciousness with respect to issues of sexuality and politics. She was greatly influenced by the work of global feminists like Betty Friednan, Germaine Greer and Gloria Steinem.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: Menon has written or edited several books about feminism and politics, including the 2004 volume "Recovering Subversion: Feminist Politics Beyond the Law". She also writes on current issues in the journal "Economic and Political Weekly", the online news blog kafila.org, and several newspapers.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: "Seeing Like a Feminist", released in 2012, received favourable reviews. It also had high sales, partly due to uproar following the 2012 Delhi gang rape. The title of the book is a play upon the title of "Seeing Like a State" by James C. Scott. A review in "The Hindu" said that the book "[dissected] social institutions, policy, and common ideas to explain the many ways the process of “gendering” occurs — here making a distinction between ‘sex’ as the biological characteristics and ‘gender’ as the set of cultural meanings that are arrived at over time." Writing in the journal "Economic and Political Weekly", feminist scholar Mary John said; "Written in a highly engrossing style, [the book] takes on very serious issues while also frequently making the reader smile. Nivedita Menon has managed to condense some of the most complex challenges facing the women’s movement in contemporary India and elsewhere in the form of a series of short reflections that are organised within six chapters." A review in "The Guardian" noted that "Menon succeeds in shattering some deeply-engrained myths, and her efficient gathering of the intersectional strands makes it a breezy but sharp read."


title: Nivedita Menon

text: Menon is known for her staunch opposition to nuclear power. Menon has commented on the different portrayals of the Kashmir conflict within India and outside it, and has criticized the Armed Forces Special Powers Act.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: In an article published in "The Hindu" on 18 October 2016, Menon criticised the Uniform Civil Code (UCC). She wrote that, "the talk of a Uniform Civil Code has nothing to do with gender justice. It has entirely to do with a Hindu nationalist agenda to ‘discipline’ Muslims". She went on to describe the UCC as "a stick to beat Muslims with" and claimed that the "Muslim Personal Law is already modern", as it already provides women the right to property and recognises marriage as a civil contract, unlike Hindu marriages which were largely considered sacrament, until recently.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: During the protests in JNU in March 2016, Nivedita Menon made a speech titled "Nation, a daily plebiscite" in which she discussed nation formation, nationalist aspirations, and Kashmir's accession to the Indian Union. The lecture was part of a series about nationalism. The ABVP activist and students union joint secretary Saurabh Kumar Sharma filed a police complaint accusing her of having made anti-national statements to the effect that "Everyone knows that India is illegally occupying Kashmir. It is said the world over. Everybody accepts (this)". She was also accused of saying, "Manipur and Kashmir have been illegally occupied by the Indian state". A video clip from her lecture was highlighted by the news channel Zee News, which labelled Menon "anti-national". In the clip Nivedita said that " Hindu Society is the most violent, to the root violent society in the world". The incident led to her being targeted for her views by people and student organisations.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: Menon claimed that her actual statement was,"We [Indians] must accept that Kashmiri's call for freedom is absolutely justified". She also said "We know that people the world over think that India is illegally occupying Kashmir". She also said, "If people are raising slogans for "azadi" (freedom), shouldn’t this be looked at in the context of India being seen as an imperialist country internationally?". She also highlighted the fact that Kashmiris equate "India" and Indian nationalism with militarism and abuse of power. Menon later stated that she had not said anything anti-national.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: The video of her speech and the reactions to it also led to Menon receiving widespread support online. A number of activists published a statement saying that Menon was being vilified by the media and the police, and that the complaints against her constituted harassment. Friends and students of Menon created a Facebook page in her support. The controversy led to her being described as a figure of dissent against the Hindu right.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: Menon is known as 'Nivi' to most of her students and peers. She belongs to an upper-caste middle-class family, and was brought up in different parts of India, including Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi. Menon's sister is the queer activist, stand-up comedian, and gender and sexuality consultant Pramada Menon, who co-founded the organization Creating Resources for Empowerment in Action (CREA). Their brother is Dilip Menon, who is a historian at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa.


title: Nivedita Menon

text: In 1994, Nivedita Menon won the A. K. Ramanujan Award (Instituted by Katha) for translation from Hindi and Malayalam into English 1994.


title: Leftfield

text: Leftfield are a British electronic music duo formed in 1989 as the duo of Neil Barnes and Paul Daley (the latter formerly of the Rivals and A Man Called Adam). The duo was very influential in the evolution of electronic music in the 1990s, with "Mixmag" describing them as "the single most influential production team working in British dance music". As with many of their contemporaries, such as the Chemical Brothers and Fatboy Slim, Leftfield are notable for their use of guest vocalists in their works. Among those involved were Toni Halliday on "Original", Johnny Rotten on "Open Up", Djum Djum on "Afro-Left", and Earl 16 and Cheshire Cat on "Release the Pressure". The term progressive house was coined to define their style, a fusion of house with dub and reggae.


title: Leftfield

text: There was a hiatus in recording and live performances between 2002 and 2010. When Barnes revived Leftfield, Daley declined to be involved, in order to focus on his solo career. After touring for a few years, Barnes finished writing new material for a third Leftfield album, "Alternative Light Source".


title: Leftfield

text: Neil Barnes' music career started off as a DJ at The Wag Club while simultaneously playing percussion on a session basis. In 1986, he joined the London School of Samba and played the bateria in the 1986 Notting Hill Carnival. Around 1989, inspired by Afrika Bambaataa, Barnes decided to try his hand at electronic music production, the results of which were the tracks "Not Forgotten" and "More Than I Know", released on the Rhythm King label. For the remixes of these tracks, Barnes called upon Paul Daley, percussion player with A Man Called Adam and formerly a session musician for the Brand New Heavies and Primal Scream, appearing on their "Dixie-Narco EP". Barnes and Daley had previously worked together as percussionists at The Sandals first club, Violets. Described by Barnes as "[t]he sound of 15 years of frustration coming out in one record", the piece was termed "Progressive House" by "Mixmag" and held significant prominence in nightclubs from 1991 onwards. As their mutual interest in electronic music became clear the pair decided that they would work instead upon Leftfield, once Barnes had extricated himself from his now troublesome contract with Rhythm King subsidiary, Outer Rhythm. The name Leftfield was originally used by Barnes for his first single, with editing/arranging and additional production undertaken by Daley. However, after this, Daley was subsequently involved in remixing "Not Forgotten" and thereafter in the creation of all of Leftfield's work until the band split up in 2002.


title: Leftfield

text: During this period, in which the band could not release their own music owing to the legal dispute with Rhythm King, the pair undertook remix work for React 2 Rhythm, I.C.P. (Ice Cool Productions), Supereal, Inner City, Sunscreem, Ultra Naté and provided two remixes to David Bowie's single "Jump They Say". Finally, once the problems with their former label had been sorted out, Leftfield were able to unveil their single "Release the Pressure".


title: Leftfield

text: Leftfield's first major career break came with the single "Open Up", a collaboration with John Lydon (of Sex Pistols fame) that was soon followed by their debut album, "Leftism" in 1995, blending dub, breakbeat, and house. It was shortlisted for the 1995 Mercury Music Prize but lost out to Portishead's "Dummy". In a 1998 "Q" magazine poll, readers voted it the eightieth greatest album of all time, while in 2000 "Q" placed it at number 34 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. The album was re-released in 2000 with a bonus disc of remixes, and again in 2017 as a remastered version with eleven completely new remixes.


title: Leftfield

text: Their second album, "Rhythm and Stealth" (1999) maintained a similar style, and featured Roots Manuva, Afrika Bambaataa, and MC Cheshire Cat from Birmingham. The album was shortlisted for the Mercury Music Prize in 2000 but lost out to Badly Drawn Boy's "The Hour of Bewilderbeast". It reached No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart. The album featured the song "Phat Planet" which featured on Guinness' 1999 advert, "Surfer", and "6/8 War" featured on the Volkswagen Lupo Advert 'Demon Baby'. The track "Double Flash" featured in the PlayStation software game "Music 2000".


title: Leftfield

text: Leftfield headlined "Creamfields" in Cheshire, England in August 2010, "RockNess" in Dores, Scotland in June 2010, and played the final set on the main stage at Ireland's three-day festival, Electric Picnic in September. Further headline festival shows were announced in the coming weeks. Leftfield is now represented by Neil Barnes on keyboards and drum programming, with a rotating group of vocalists, MC Cheshire Cat, Adam Wren on engineering and programming and Sebastian 'Bid' Beresford on drums. Founding member Paul Daley declined to rejoin, focusing on his solo DJ career.


title: Leftfield

text: On 25 March 2015, the new single, "Universal Everything", was premiered on Annie Mac's BBC Radio 1 show. Shortly afterwards the new album was announced via the Leftfield website and social networks, along with UK tour dates for June 2015.


title: Leftfield

text: "Alternative Light Source", Leftfield's first album in 16 years, was released on 8 June 2015 on Infectious Records. On 1 June 2015 the album premiere was streamed live on Twitter, coupled with conversation via hashtag #leftfieldstream.


title: Leftfield

text: "Head and Shoulders" features Sleaford Mods on vocals, and its stop-motion and animation hybrid video debuted on Pitchfork on 6 August 2015.


title: Leftfield

text: A new album was declared finished by Barnes via Twitter on 4 February 2022, and has since been titled: "This Is What We Do". It was released on 2 December 2022.


title: Leftfield

text: The song "Phat Planet" was used in the "Surfers" TV advertisement for Guinness, ranked number one in Channel 4's Top 100 Adverts list in 2000. "Phat Planet" was also used in the animated television series "", the simulation racing games "F1 2000" by EA Sports and "Racedriver GRID" by Codemasters. In addition, their song "Release the Pressure" was used on advertisements for the O mobile phone network at its launch, and the Kerry Group's Cheestrings snack in 2006. "A Final Hit" was featured on the "Trainspotting" soundtrack; the b-side "Afro Ride" was also featured on the soundtracks to both "wipE'out"" and "wipE'out" 2097" although it did not appear on the album of the first game.


title: Leftfield

text: A white label release called "Snakeblood" was featured on the soundtrack of "The Beach" (2000). The song was found to have sampled OMD's "Almost" without permission.


title: Leftfield

text: The song "Storm 3000" has been used as the theme tune for the BBC television programme "Dragons' Den".


title: Leftfield

text: In Leftfield's Amsterdam show, the Dutch police were close to arresting the venue sound engineers due to the sound system reaching illegal volumes. At the next concert, in Belgium, 30 people were given refunds after complaining that the sound level was too high, leading to a newspaper headline reading "LEFTFIELD TOO LOUD". In June 1996, while the group was playing at Brixton Academy, the sound system caused dust and plaster to fall from the ceiling; subsequently, the group was banned from ever returning to the venue. The ban however was taken by the band as a ban on the sound system and not themselves, which was confirmed when Leftfield returned to Brixton again on Saturday 20 May 2000.


title: Leftfield

text: In November and December 2010, Leftfield did a series of dates around the UK and Ireland. Friday 3 December's gig saw more plaster fall from Brixton Academy's ceiling.


title: Dunlop (brands)

text: Dunlop is a brand of tyre originally produced by the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company from the end of the 19th century, taking its name from John Boyd Dunlop. The brand is used for many other products made from rubber or with rubber components and some with a looser connection to rubber.


title: Dunlop (brands)

text: Ownership of the brand has become fragmented over the years. Three main events contributed to this fragmentation:


title: Dunlop (brands)

text: The Dunlop brand and logo is largely reunified under the ownership of Sumitomo Rubber Industries. Various companies market products with the "flying D" logo or incorporate the word Dunlop in their trading name.


title: Dunlop (brands)

text: In the US and Canada, the rights to the Dunlop brand is now owned by SRI Sports, part of Sumitomo Rubber Industries.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: "You Light Up My Life" is a ballad written by Joseph Brooks, and originally recorded by Kasey Cisyk for the soundtrack album to the 1977 film of the same title. The song was lip synced in the film by its lead actress, Didi Conn. The best-known cover version of the song is a cover by Debby Boone, the daughter of singer Pat Boone. It held the No. 1 position on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for ten consecutive weeks in 1977 and topped "Record World" magazine's Top 100 Singles Chart for a record 13 weeks.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: Cisyk's original soundtrack recording was included in the film's soundtrack album. Then later it was released as a single to bolster sales of the soundtrack album after Debby Boone included her version on her first solo album (also titled "You Light Up My Life"). Although the soundtrack album was certified Gold, peaking at No. 17 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart, it never included Boone's hit single version of the song.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: Cisyk's single was credited to "Original Cast", not to Cisyk herself, and even though Brooks is listed on the A-side of the single, the "Original Cast" B-side charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and only reached No. 80. Brooks also released an instrumental version of the song from the soundtrack as a promotional single, but that version failed to chart.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: Following the success of Boone's version, the song earned Brooks a Grammy Award for Song of the Year, an Academy Award for Best Original Song, a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and an American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) award.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: In a 2013 biographical essay about Cisyk, Cisyk's second husband, Ed Rakowicz (who worked as a sound engineer, but not for this song), wrote that songwriter Brooks was initially pleased with Cisyk's recording of the song with orchestra (and her version appeared in the movie and soundtrack) but "tried to evade payment by false promises and by asking her to be an incidental actor in his film, implying huge rewards yet to come..." Rackowicz claimed that Brooks made improper advances toward Cisyk, that after being rebuffed, he refused to speak directly to her again, and that he continued to evade payments to her while commissioning another recording with Debby Boone.According to Rackowicz, "Besides wanting Boone to copy Kacey's [sic] iconic hit reading of his songs, Brooks needed to cover up Kacey's vocal leakage in the microphones in the piano recorded at the original demo session on which was overdubbed the orchestral track used in the film. Brooks didn't want to pay to re-record the piano and orchestra again." In 2003, Boone admitted, "I had no freedom whatsoever. Joe told me exactly how to sing it and imitate every inflection from the original recording." in an interview with "Entertainment Weekly Magazine." Cisyk later retained a lawyer and sued Brooks for the fees she had earned for her work on the record and for credit on the soundtrack, which she later received.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: In 1977, Debby Boone, Pat Boone's daughter, recorded the song under the guidance of Curb Records executive Mike Curb and songwriter Joseph Brooks. Boone recorded her vocals over a pre-existing instrumental track that Brooks already had developed for the film's soundtrack. The song was released as both a Warner-Curb Records single and as the title track to her first solo album, "You Light Up My Life," which she released on Warner Bros. Records, Curb Records' parent label.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: "Cash Box" said that "Ms. Boone builds it to a powerful emotional peak as a massive string section lends support."


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: The single became the biggest single of the 1970s in the United States, setting a new "Billboard" Hot 100 record for most weeks spent at number one. Elvis Presley's double-sided hit "Don't Be Cruel/Hound Dog", then recognized as the longest-running number one song of the rock era, spent eleven weeks atop the "Billboard" Best Sellers chart in 1956, before the 1958 debut of the Hot 100. The previous Hot 100 record was held by Bobby Darin's "Mack the Knife", Percy Faith's recording of "Theme from "A Summer Place"" (1960) and the Beatles' "Hey Jude" (1968), all three of which remained at No. 1 for nine weeks. The ten-week record was matched in 1982 by Olivia Newton-John's "Physical", but was not surpassed until a 1991 change in chart methodology allowed songs to achieve longer reigns at No. 1. In 1992, "End of the Road" by Boyz II Men would set the new record with 13 weeks.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: Besting her chart performance in "Billboard", Boone's "You Light Up My Life" single topped "Record World"s Top 100 Singles Chart for an unbroken record of 13 weeks. On "Billboard"s chart, Boone was unseated from No. 1 by the Bee Gees, with "How Deep Is Your Love", the first of three No. 1 singles from the "Saturday Night Fever" soundtrack. On "Record World"s chart, Boone kept the Bee Gees out of the number-one spot. In "Cash Box" magazine, "You Light Up My Life" managed only an eight-week stay at the top of the chart, before being dethroned by Crystal Gayle's "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue". Its least-lengthy run was on the "Radio and Records" chart, with six weeks at No. 1 before relinquishing the spot to the Bee Gees; it had knocked Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better" out of the top spot after only one week.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: The single, which was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), also hit No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart and reached No. 4 on the Country chart. The single peaked at No. 48 on the UK Singles Chart. Boone's hit single led to her winning the 1978 Grammy Award for Best New Artist, with additional Grammy nominations for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female and Record of the Year. Boone also won the 1977 American Music Award for Favorite Pop Single.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: Decades after its release, the Debby Boone version is still considered one of the top ten "Billboard" Hot 100 songs of all time. In 2008, it was ranked at No. 7 on "Billboard"s "Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs" list (August 1958 - July 2008). An updated version of the all-time list in 2013 ranked the song at No. 9.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: Although it was written by Brooks as a love song, the devout Boone interpreted it as inspirational and proclaimed that it was instead God who "lit up her life." This fact was later alluded to when the song appeared in "The Simpsons" episode "I Married Marge", Season 3, Episode 12.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Note: Produced and arranged by Joe Brooks.<nowiki>**</nowiki> Note: Produced by Mike Curb and arranged by Al Capps.


title: You Light Up My Life (song)

text: LeAnn Rimes released her own version of "You Light Up My Life" as a single in 1997, 20 years after Boone's version was released, and on the same record label, the Warner Bros. Records label's Curb Records label. Her version fared modestly by comparison to the original at radio (No. 34 Pop, No. 48 Country). However, her single was certified gold and was the title track to her No. 1 pop and country album, "".


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language, comedy-drama film written and directed by Senna Hegde. The film won the Best Feature Film in Malayalam in the 68th National Film Awards. The film was chosen as the Second Best Film and Senna Hegde received the award for Best Story in 51st Kerala State Film Awards. The film was selected for 25th IFFK under the "Malayalam Cinema Today" category. The film is produced by Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah under the banner of Pushkar Films.


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: Set in Kanhangad, a modest town in North Kerala, arrangements are underway for Vijayan's second daughter, Suja's engagement. On what should be a perfect ceremony, the bride is brooding over her undisclosed love life, her father is an ex-gulf and is in a financial mess. His eldest daughter, Surabhi's was a love marriage and even after two years he does not see eye to eye with his son-in-law. Members of their family arrive one by one, and family secrets start to surface when one tries to downstage the other. The day before the ceremony everything comes to a halt, and Vijayan's youngest son Sujith's girlfriend who eloped from her house lands at Vijayan's house with her own one-woman show when the family is at a breaking point.


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: "Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam" is the third film and the second Malayalam film directed by Senna Hegde. In June 2019, the director announced that he is once again collaborating with Pushkar Films for his third directional. Initially the movie was intended to be made in Kannada but later, the director chose to do the film in Malayalam. The movie was shot in 23 days, in a small house in Kanhangad, Kasargod and the movie uses the native Kanhangad slang of Malayalam language throughout. He cast the native Kanhangad people, mostly newcomers in this movie and he also commented that working with the newcomers is far more easier. The trailer of the movie was released on the SonyLIV's youtube channel on October 20, 2021.


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: Sreeraj Raveendran who is also the co-writer of the movie, has done the cinematography of the movie. Harilal Rajeev handled editing in the movie. Rajesh Madhavan is the creative director and Ullas Hydoor is the art director of the movie. Ranjit Manaliparambil handled the makeup in the film.


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: Mujeeb Majeed composed all songs and the background scores for the movie. The lyrics are penned by Vinayak Sasikumar and Nideesh Nadery.


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: The film was premiered at 25th International Film Festival of Kerala which happened at Trivandrum and thereafter in Kochi. Later the movie had an OTT release through SonyLIV on 29 October 2021. This movie is the second Malayalam movie to be premiered in SonyLIV after "Kaanekkaane".


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: In an interview, director Senna Hegde said that the movie will have a sequel which would focus on a wedding. He plans to start the shooting of the same in 2023.


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: The film received positive reviews from the viewers as well as the critics. Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion" wrote that "The beautifully written and acted film exits in a zone between a broad Priyadarshan entertainer and the nuanced New Age Malayalam dramedy." "The Times Of India" gave a rating of 3.5 on 5 for the movie and wrote that, "What makes Senna’s film stand-out is the interesting presentation of the ordinary pains, characters, their circumstances and thoughts, by the fresh-out-of-the-oven cast." Sajin Shrijith of "The New Indian Express" wrote that, "The film is a treasure trove of laughter and is a classic testament to the idea that one doesn’t have to rely on popular stars to make something work. All that is needed is a finely tuned script with attention-grabbing characters, and you got 80% of the job done. It’s admirable how the film gets a lot of character development done in a short time. I hope this state award-winner reaches so many eyeballs and gets discussed everywhere on social media. It deserves all the love it can get."


title: Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam

text: "Firstpost" rated the movie with 3.5 stars on 5 and said that, "The loveliness of Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam lies in the way it mines cultural and social specifics to tell a universal story – of flawed human beings with shades of gray." S. R. Praveen of "The Hindu" commented that, "With Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam, Senna Hegde shows that no story is stale, if you find novel and creative ways of narrating it. He brings a certain originality and authenticity to the proceedings on-screen and bring out the relationship dynamics and underlying tensions between any set of characters. A majority of the cast is fresh, but most of them perform like seasoned veterans. "The Indian Express" wrote that "Through the film Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam, the director Senna Hegde has infused every frame with a lot of energy and original thinking, giving a fresh perspective on a very familiar premise." Sify Movies gave a rating of 4 on 5 and said that, "Thinkalazhcha Nishchayam is a cute little gem and is in a way, a humorous take on certain attitudes of our society. This is one of those movies that make us feel like, continue watching it, even as the end titles start rolling."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Poland and a coalition of other countries was a violation of the United Nations Charter, the bedrock of international relations in the post-World War II world. The then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated in September 2004 that: "I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN charter. From our point of view and the UN Charter point of view, it [the war] was illegal".


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Political leaders of the US and UK, which led the arguments leading to the invasion, have claimed that the war was legal; however, legal experts, including John Chilcot, who, acting as chairman for the British public inquiry into Iraq, also known as the Iraq Inquiry, led an investigation with hearings from 24 November 2009 to 2 February 2011, concluded that the process of identifying the legal basis for the invasion of Iraq was unsatisfactory and that the actions of the US and the UK have undermined the authority of the United Nations.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that the war was unjustified and Deputy Prime Minister to Tony Blair, John Prescott, has also argued that the invasion of Iraq lacked legality as examples. In a 2005 paper, Kramer & Michalowski argued that the war "violated the UN Charter and international humanitarian law". Russian President Vladimir Putin, in a televised conference before a meeting with the US envoy to Iraq, said on 19 December 2003 that "The use of force abroad, according to existing international laws, can only be sanctioned by the United Nations. This is the international law. Everything that is done without the UN Security Council's sanction cannot be recognised as fair or justified."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: US and UK officials have argued that existing UN Security Council resolutions related to the 1991 Gulf War and the subsequent ceasefire (660, 678), and to later inspections of Iraqi weapons programs (1441), had already authorized the invasion. Critics of the invasion have challenged both of these assertions, arguing that an additional Security Council resolution, which the US and UK failed to obtain, would have been necessary to specifically authorize the invasion.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The UN Security Council, as outlined in Article 39 of the UN Charter, has the ability to rule on the legality of the war, but has yet not been asked by any UN member nation to do so. The United States and the United Kingdom have veto power in the Security Council, so action by the Security Council is highly improbable even if the issue were to be raised. Despite this, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) may ask that the International Court of Justice (ICJ)—"the principal judicial organ of the United Nations" (Article 92)—give either an 'advisory opinion' or 'judgement' on the legality of the war.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The General Assembly or the Security Council may request that the International Court of Justice provide an advisory opinion on any legal question. Any organ or agency of the UN so authorized by the General Assembly may also request the ICJ for an advisory opinion.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The United Nations Charter is the foundation of modern international law. The UN Charter is a treaty ratified by the US and its principal coalition allies in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which are therefore legally bound by its terms. Article 2(4) of the UN Charter generally bans the use of force by states except when carefully circumscribed conditions are met, stating:


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: This rule was "enshrined in the United Nations Charter in 1945 for a good reason: to prevent states from using force as they felt so inclined", said Louise Doswald-Beck, Secretary-General International Commission of Jurists.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Therefore, in the absence of an armed attack against the US or the coalition members, any legal use of force, or any legal threat of the use of force, had to be supported by a UN security Council resolution authorizing member states to use force against Iraq. However, the US government stated that an armed attack by Iraq did occur against the US and its coalition partners as demonstrated by the assassination attempt on former US President George H. W. Bush in 1993 and firing on coalition aircraft enforcing the no-fly zones over Northern and Southern Iraq since the 1991 Gulf War ceasefire agreement. Under Article 51 of the UN Charter, the US reserved the right to self-defense, even without a UN mandate, as were the cases in the bombing of Iraq in June 1993 in retaliation for Hussein's attempt on former President Bush's life and again in 1996 in retaliation for Hussein's targeting of American aircraft patrolling the no-fly zones over Northern and Southern Iraq and the launching of a major offensive against the city of Irbil in Iraqi Kurdistan in violation of UNSC Resolution 688 prohibiting repression of Iraq's ethnic minorities.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The U.S. and UK governments, along with others, also stated (as is detailed in the first four paragraphs of the joint resolution) that the invasion was entirely legal because it was already authorized by existing United Nations Security Council resolutions and a resumption of previously temporarily suspended hostilities, and not a war of aggression as the United States and UK were acting as agents for the defense of Kuwait in response to Iraq's 1990 invasion. Some International legal experts, including the International Commission of Jurists, the U.S.-based National Lawyers' Guild, a group of 31 Canadian law professors, and the U.S.-based Lawyers' Committee on Nuclear Policy have found this legal rationale to be untenable, and are of the view that the invasion was not supported by UN resolution and was therefore illegal.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: UNSC Resolution 1441 was passed unanimously on November 8, 2002, to give Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" that had been set out in several previous resolutions (resolution 660, resolution 661, resolution 678, resolution 686, resolution 687, resolution 688, resolution 707, resolution 715, resolution 986, and resolution 1284). According to the US State Department, "The resolution strengthened the mandate of the UN Monitoring and Verification Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), giving them authority to go anywhere, at any time and talk to anyone in order to verify Iraq's disarmament."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The most important text of Resolution 1441 was to require that Iraq "shall provide UNMOVIC and the IAEA immediate, unimpeded, unconditional, and unrestricted access to any and all, including underground, areas, facilities, buildings, equipment, records, and means of transport which they wish to inspect". However, on January 27, 2003, Hans Blix, the lead member of the UNMOVIC, said that, "Iraq appears not to have come to a genuine acceptance, not even today, of the disarmament that was demanded of it". Blix noted that Iraq had failed cooperation in a number of areas, including the failure to provide safety to U-2 spy planes that inspectors hoped to use for aerial surveillance, refusal to let UN inspectors into several chemical, biological, and missile sites on the belief that they were engaging in espionage rather than disarmament, submitting 12,000-page arms declaration that it handed over in December 2002 which contained little more than old material previously submitted to inspectors, and failure to produce convincing evidence to the UN inspectors that it had unilaterally destroyed its anthrax stockpiles as required by resolution 687 a decade before 1441 was passed in 2002. On March 7, 2003, Blix said that Iraq had made significant progress toward resolving open issues of disarmament but the cooperation was still not "immediate" and "unconditional" as called for by UN Security Council Resolution 1441. He concluded that it would take "but months" to resolve the key remaining disarmament tasks. The US government observed this as a breach of resolution 1441 because Iraq did not meet the requirement of an "immediate" and "unconditional" compliance.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: On the day Resolution 1441 was passed, the US ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, assured the Security Council that there were no "hidden triggers" with respect to the use of force, and that in the event of a "further breach" by Iraq, resolution 1441 would require that "the matter will return to the Council for discussions as required in paragraph 12." However, he then added: "If the Security Council fails to act decisively in the event of further Iraqi violations, this resolution does not constrain any Member State from acting to defend itself against the threat posed by Iraq or to enforce relevant United Nations resolutions and protect world peace and security."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: At the same meeting, UK Permanent Representative Sir Jeremy Greenstock KCMG used many of the same words. "If there is a further Iraqi breach of its disarmament obligations, the matter will return to the Council for discussion as required in Operational Paragraph 12."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: On March 17, 2003, the Attorney General for England and Wales Lord Goldsmith agreed that the use of force against Iraq was justified by resolution 1441, in combination with the earlier resolutions 678 and 687.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: According to an independent commission of inquiry set up by the government of the Netherlands, UN resolution 1441 "cannot reasonably be interpreted as authorising individual member states to use military force to compel Iraq to comply with the Security Council's resolutions."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: As part of the 1991 Gulf War ceasefire agreement, the Iraqi government agreed to UN Security Council Resolution 687, which called for weapons inspectors to search locations in Iraq for chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, as well as weapons that exceed an effective distance of 150 kilometres. After the passing of resolution 687, thirteen additional resolutions (699, 707, 715, 949, 1051, 1060, 1115, 1134, 1137, 1154, 1194, 1205, 1284) were passed by the Security Council reaffirming the continuation of inspections, or citing Iraq's failure to comply fully with them. On September 9, 1998, the Security Council passed Resolution 1194, which unanimously condemns Iraq's suspension of cooperation with UNSCOM. One month later, on October 31, Iraq officially declares it will cease all forms of interaction with UNSCOM.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 (1990) authorizes the use of all necessary means to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolution 660 (1990) and subsequent relevant resolutions and to compel Iraq to cease certain activities that threaten international peace and security, including the development of weapons of mass destruction and refusal or obstruction of United Nations weapons inspections in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 (1991), repression of its civilian population in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 (1991), and threatening its neighbors or United Nations operations in Iraq in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 949 (1994).


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The commission of inquiry of the government of the Netherlands found that the UN resolution of the 1990s provided no authority for the invasion.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The legal right to determine how to enforce its own resolutions lies with the Security Council alone (UN Charter Articles 39–42), not with individual nations. On 8 November 2002, immediately after the adoption of Security Council resolution 1441, Russia, the People's Republic of China, and France issued a joint statement declaring that Council Resolution 1441 did not authorize any "automaticity" in the use of force against Iraq, and that a further Council resolution was needed were force to be used. Critics have also pointed out that the statements of US officials leading up to the war indicated their belief that a new Security Council resolution was required to make an invasion legal, but the UN Security Council has not made such a determination, despite serious debate over this issue. To secure Syria's vote in favor of Council Resolution 1441, Secretary of State Powell reportedly advised Syrian officials that "there is nothing in the resolution to allow it to be used as a pretext to launch a war on Iraq."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The United States structured its reports to the United Nations Security Council around intelligence from the Central Intelligence Agency and Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) stating that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. The US claimed that justification for the war rested upon Iraq's violation of several UN resolutions, most recently UN Security Council Resolution 1441.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: According to a detailed legal investigation conducted by an independent commission of inquiry set up by the government of the Netherlands headed by former Netherlands Supreme Court president Willibrord Davids, the 2003 invasion violated international law. Also, the commission concluded that the notion of "regime change" as practiced by the powers that invaded Iraq had "no basis in international law". Also, the commission found that UN resolution 1441 "cannot reasonably be interpreted as authorising individual member states to use military force to compel Iraq to comply with the Security Council's resolutions". In a letter to the parliament, the Dutch cabinet admitted that MPs could have been better informed about the doubts and uncertainties of the Dutch intelligence services and about the United States' request for Dutch support.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The Davids inquiry also investigated the rumours that the appointment of former Dutch foreign minister De Hoop Scheffer as NATO secretary general was the result of his support for the US-led invasion of Iraq, but was unable to find any proof. In February 2010 De Hoop Scheffer himself criticised the Davids Commission report. In an interview with newspaper de Volkskrant he argued that the cabinet did fully inform parliament and that there had never been any doubts. He rejected the conclusion that it took less than 45 minutes to decide to give political support to the United States. He also contested the conclusion that Prime Minister Balkenende failed to provide adequate leadership. In addition, he argued that no United Nations mandate was needed for the invasion of Iraq and remarked that there was no UN mandate when the Netherlands supported the 1991 US operations in Iraq.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Then UK Foreign Secretary Jack Straw sent a secret letter to Prime Minister Tony Blair in April 2002 warning Blair that the case for military action against Iraq was of "dubious legality". The letter goes on to state that "regime change per se is no justification for military action" and that "the weight of legal advice here is that a fresh [UN] mandate may well be required." Such a new UN mandate was never given. The letter also expresses doubts regarding the outcome of military action.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: In March 2003, Elizabeth Wilmshurst, then deputy legal adviser to the British Foreign Office, resigned in protest of Britain's decision to invade without Security Council authorization. Wilmshurst also insinuated that the English Attorney General Lord Goldsmith also believed the war was illegal, but changed his opinion several weeks before the invasion.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: In March 2004, when a Royal Court trial raised the question of whether the invasion was legal, the under-secretary of state Sir Michael Hastings wrote to the court, warning "it would be prejudicial to the national interest and to the conduct of the Government’s foreign policy if the English courts were to express opinions on questions of international law".


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: In 2010, the deputy prime minister Nick Clegg, during prime minister's questions in Parliament, asserted that the Iraq war was illegal. Statements issued later suggested that this was a personal view and not a formal view of the coalition government.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: In 2016, the deputy prime minister at the time of the invasion, John Prescott, wrote: "In 2004, the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that as regime change was the prime aim of the Iraq War, it was illegal. With great sadness and anger, I now believe him to be right."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg held following World War II that the waging of a war of aggression is:


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Benjamin B. Ferencz was one of the chief prosecutors for the United States at the military trials of German officials following World War II, and a former law professor. In an interview given on August 25, 2006, Ferencz stated that not only Saddam Hussein should be tried, but also George W. Bush because the Iraq War had been begun by the U.S. without permission by the UN Security Council. Benjamin B. Ferencz wrote the foreword for Michael Haas's book, "George W. Bush, War Criminal?: The Bush Administration's Liability for 269 War Crimes". Ferencz elaborated as follows:


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Professor Ferencz quoted the British deputy legal adviser to the Foreign Ministry who resigned suddenly before the Iraq war started, stating in her resignation letter:


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The invasion of Iraq was neither in self-defense against armed attack nor sanctioned by UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force by member states and thus constituted the crime of war of aggression, according to the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) in Geneva. A "war waged without a clear mandate from the United Nations Security Council would constitute a flagrant violation of the prohibition of the use of force". We note with "deep dismay that a small number of states are poised to launch an outright illegal invasion of Iraq, which amounts to a war of aggression".


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Then Iraq Ambassador to the United Nations Mohammed Aldouri shared the view that the invasion was a violation of international law and constituted a war of aggression, as did a number of American legal experts, including Marjorie Cohn, Professor at Thomas Jefferson School of Law and president of the National Lawyers Guild and former Attorney-General of the United States Ramsey Clark.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: With the support of large bipartisan majorities, the U.S. Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002. The resolution asserts the authorization by the Constitution of the United States and the United States Congress for the President to fight anti-United States terrorism. Citing the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998, the resolution reiterated that it should be the policy of the United States to remove the Saddam Hussein regime and promote a democratic replacement. The resolution "supported" and "encouraged" diplomatic efforts by President George W. Bush to "strictly enforce through the U.N. Security Council all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq" and "obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq". The resolution authorized President Bush to use the Armed Forces of the United States "as he determines to be necessary and appropriate" in order to "defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and enforce all relevant UN Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq".


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Before the invasion, the then Attorney General for England and Wales Lord Goldsmith, advised that the war would be in breach of international law for six reasons, ranging from the lack of a second United Nations resolution to UN inspector Hans Blix's continuing search for weapons. Ten days later on 7 March 2003, as UK troops were massing in Kuwait, Lord Goldsmith changed his mind, saying:


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: I remain of the opinion that the safest legal course would be to secure the adoption of a further resolution to authorise the use of force... Nevertheless, having regard to the information on the negotiating history which I have been given and to the arguments of the US Administration which I heard in Washington, I accept that a reasonable case can be made that resolution 1441 is capable in principle of reviving the authorisation in 678 without a further resolution.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: He concluded his revised analysis by saying that "regime change cannot be the objective of military action."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: On 1 May 2005, a related UK document known as the Downing Street memo, detailing the minutes of a meeting on 26 July 2002, was apparently leaked to "The Sunday Times". The memo recorded the head of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) as expressing the view following his recent visit to Washington that "Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and facts were being fixed around the policy." It also quoted Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Foreign Secretary) Jack Straw as saying that it was clear that Bush had "made up his mind" to take military action but that "the case was thin", and the Attorney-General Goldsmith as warning that justifying the invasion on legal grounds would be difficult.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: British officials did not dispute the document's authenticity but did dispute that it accurately stated the situation. The Downing Street memo is relevant to the question of the legality of the 2003 invasion of Iraq because it discusses some legal theories that were considered prior to the invasion.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The minutes of the cabinet meetings where the legality of the Iraq war was discussed was subjected to a Freedom of Information request in 2007. The request was refused. On 19 February 2008 the Information Commissioner ordered the minutes to be disclosed in the public interest but the government appealed to the Information Tribunal. When the Tribunal upheld the order for disclosure in early 2009 Jack Straw (then Justice Minister) issued the first ever ministerial veto (Section 53 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000) and prevented the release of the minutes. On 6 July 2016, extracts from the minutes were disclosed by the Iraq Inquiry.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The German Federal Administrative Court on 21 June 2005 found in regard to the Iraq War that it had "grave concerns in terms of public international law." The Court did not make it clear that, in its opinion, the war and the contributions to it by the German Federal Government were outright illegal.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: In this minor criminal case the court decided not to convict a Major in the German Army of the crime of refusing duty that would advance the Iraq war. Nikolaus Schultz wrote of this decision: "The Court did not express an opinion as to whether the war on Iraq constituted an act of aggression in the first part of its judgment when dealing with the exceptions of the obligation of a German member of the Federal Armed Forces to obey orders. At a later stage in the written reasons, however, it jumped to the conclusion that a state, which resorts to military force without justification and, therefore, violates the prohibition of the use of force provided for by Art. 2.4 of the Charter, at the same time commits an act of military aggression. The (non-binding) Definition of Aggression of the GA attached to UN General Assembly Resolution 3314 is broad enough to support this conclusion. However, it has to recalled that the State Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) could not agree on a definition of the crime of aggression."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: Nikolaus Schultz wrote in summary of this case: "These findings were watered down to an extent by the Court when it used the cautious proviso that the actions of the states involved only gave rise to grave concerns before arguing the respective issues at stake. By doing that, the Court shifted the burden to the individual soldiers and their decision of conscience whether to obey an order rather than reaching the conclusion that participating in a war violating rules of international law, and even constituting an act of aggression, as the court held, would be illegal and, therefore, justify insubordination."


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: The operation of the multi-national force in 2003 was supported by the Dutch government following intelligence from the UK and US. In January 2010, in the Netherlands the 10-month Davids Commission inquiry published its final report. The Commission had been tasked with investigating Dutch government decision-making on political support for the war in Iraq in 2003 . The inquiry by the Dutch commission was the first ever independent legal assessment of the invasion decision. The Dutch commissioners included the former president of the Supreme Court, a former judge of the European Court of Justice, and two academic lawyers.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: According to the report, the Dutch cabinet failed to fully inform the House of Representatives that the allies' military action against Iraq "had no sound mandate under international law" and that the United Kingdom was instrumental in influencing the Dutch decision to back the war. It also emerged that the British government had refused to disclose a key document requested by the Dutch panel, a letter to Balkenende from Tony Blair, asking for the support. This letter was said to have been handed over in a "breach of diplomatic protocol" and therefore for Balkenende's eyes only.


title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: In response, Balkenende stated that he had fully informed of the House of Representatives about government support for the invasion, and that Saddam Hussein's repeated refusal to respect UN resolutions and co-operate with UN weapons inspectors had justified the invasion.


title: Interregnum

text: An interregnum (plural interregna or interregnums) is a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one monarch and the next (coming from Latin "inter-", "between" and "rēgnum", "reign" [from "rex, rēgis", "king"]), and the concepts of interregnum and regency therefore overlap. Historically, longer and heavier interregna have been typically accompanied by widespread unrest, civil and succession wars between warlords, and power vacuums filled by foreign invasions or the emergence of a new power. A failed state is usually in interregnum.


title: Interregnum

text: The term also refers to the periods between the election of a new parliament and the establishment of a new government from that parliament in parliamentary democracies, usually ones that employ some form of proportional representation that allows small parties to elect significant numbers, requiring time for negotiations to form a government. In the UK, Canada and other "first past the post" electoral systems, this period is usually very brief, except in the rare occurrence of a hung parliament as occurred both in the UK in 2017 and in Australia in 2010. In parliamentary interregnums, the previous government usually stands as a caretaker government until the new government is established. Additionally, the term has been applied to the United States presidential transition, the period of time between the election of a new U.S. president and his or her inauguration, during which the outgoing president remains in power, but as a lame duck.


title: Interregnum

text: Similarly, in some Christian denominations, "interregnum" (interim) describes the time between vacancy and appointment of priest or pastors to various roles.


title: Interregnum

text: In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an "interregnum" is usually avoided due to a rule described as "The King is dead. Long live the King", i.e. the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty, attached to a personal form of power named "Auctoritas". This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for instance, kings were elected, which often led to relatively long interregna. During that time it was the Polish primate who served as an interrex (ruler between kings). In Belgium the heir only becomes king upon swearing an oath of office before the parliament.


title: Interregnum

text: A "Papal interregnum" occurs upon the death or resignation of the Catholic Church's Pope, though this is generally known as a "sede vacante" (literally "when the seat is vacant"). The interregnum ends immediately upon election of a new Pope by the College of Cardinals.


title: Interregnum

text: "Interregnum" is the term used in the Anglican Communion to describe the period before a new parish priest is appointed to fill a vacancy. During an interregnum, the administration of the parish is the responsibility of the churchwardens.


title: Interregnum

text: In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, when the President of The Church dies, the First Presidency is dissolved and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (the Twelve) becomes the Church's presiding body. Any members of the First Presidency who were formerly members of the Twelve rejoin that quorum. The period between the death of the President and the reorganization of the First Presidency is known as an "Apostolic Interregnum".


title: Interregnum

text: FIDE, the world governing body of international chess competition, has had two Interregnum periods of having no chess champions, both during the 1940s.


title: Kevin Pereira

text: While he was 14, Pereira hosted "Pointless Audio" under the pseudonym Captain Immy. The show featured many prank calls and was hosted on such gaming sites as Planet Quake and ShugaShack (now Shacknews); it later evolved into "Pointless TV", and finally LickMySweaty.com. One of the projects featured on the latter site, a short film created for his video production class at Deer Valley High School, earned him three California Media Festival awards in 2001. A different film project was recognized in 2002. He studied film and television production with a scholarship to the Academy of Art University in San Francisco, California for one semester.


title: Kevin Pereira

text: After working as a network administrator at an Internet service provider for five years and also at a television network, he pursued a career at G4. He started as a production assistant in 2002 on the talk show "G4tv.com", then moved on to "Arena" and "Pulse" and then quickly moved to another G4 show, "The Screen Savers", in 2004. Pereira was a co-host of "Attack of the Show!", G4's live tech info show, and was the last original cast member to leave. He co-hosted the show for a year with Sarah Lane, who left in 2006, followed by Olivia Munn, who left in 2010. In 2011 Candace Bailey joined Pereira as co-host. He hosted his last episode of "Attack of the Show!" on May 31, 2012, after it was announced on May 8, 2012, by G4 that his final broadcast would take place on that day. His final broadcast for the channel was their Electronic Entertainment Expo coverage, preceded by a month-long retrospective of highlights from the show. Pereira also produced a show for SyFy titled "Viral Video Showdown".


title: Kevin Pereira

text: He formerly hosted the syndicated quiz show "Let's Ask America" until 2014, when MTV VJ Bill Bellamy took over. On October 4, 2012, Pereira launched his podcast "Pointless" on the Deathsquad podcast network, but later moved to hosting his podcast on SuperCreative.


title: Kevin Pereira

text: Pereira appeared as a co-host on the political webshow "The Young Turks" on February 4, 2013, alongside long-time co-host of the show Ana Kasparian.


title: Kevin Pereira

text: On February 12, 2021, G4 announced that Pereira would return to host "Attack of the Show!" on the relaunched network.


title: Kevin Pereira

text: In September 2022, he announced he would be leaving the network; his last day was September 21, 2022.


title: Kevin Pereira

text: Upon hosting on the new G4 Kevin’s participation slowly began to get sparse and eventually he went on a hiatus and soon after G4 closed its doors again.


title: Dhola–Sadiya Bridge

text: The Bhupen Hazarika Setu, commonly known as the Dhola Sadiya Bridge, is a beam bridge in India, connecting the northeast states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The bridge spans the Lohit River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra, connecting the village of Dhola in the south to the village of Sadiya to the north, both in Tinsukia district of Assam, and providing convenient access to Arunachal Pradesh, whose border lies a short distance from Sadiya. The bridge is the first permanent road connection between the northern Assam and eastern Arunachal Pradesh.


title: Dhola–Sadiya Bridge

text: At in length, it is the longest bridge in India over water. However, the Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge under construction in the Indian state of Bihar is expected to become the longest bridge in India upon its estimated completion in July 2023.


title: Dhola–Sadiya Bridge

text: With rapid movement of India's defense assets in mind following incursions by the Chinese Army, the Dhola–Sadiya Bridge has been designed to handle the weight of tanks such as the Indian Army's "Arjun" and T-72 main battle tanks. Since the Sino-Indian War, China has disputed India's claim to Arunachal Pradesh, politically and militarily, along the Line of Actual Control, making the bridge an important tactical asset in the ongoing dispute.


title: Dhola–Sadiya Bridge

text: The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways started a feasibility study of the project in August 2003 after demands from local constituents. In January 2009, the bridge was approved for construction with funding from the Government of India as part of the Arunachal Pradesh Package of Roads and Highways.


title: Dhola–Sadiya Bridge

text: Construction began in November 2011 as a public-private partnership with Navayuga Engineering Company, with an expected completion in 2015. However, due to construction delays and cost increases, the bridge's completion date was pushed into 2017.


title: Dhola–Sadiya Bridge

text: The project cost around and construction took over five years to complete. It is longer than the Bandra Worli Sea Link in Mumbai, making it the longest bridge in India.


title: Dhola–Sadiya Bridge

text: The bridge was inaugurated on 26 May 2017 by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Nitin Gadkari (Minister of Road Transport and Highways). The bridge is named after Bhupen Hazarika an artist and filmmaker from Assam.


title: Arms and the Man

text: Arms and the Man is a comedy by George Bernard Shaw, whose title comes from the opening words of Virgil's "Aeneid", in Latin:


title: Arms and the Man

text: The play was first produced on 21 April 1894 at the Avenue Theatre and published in 1898 as part of Shaw's "Plays Pleasant" volume, which also included "Candida", "You Never Can Tell," and "The Man of Destiny." "Arms and the Man" was one of Shaw's first commercial successes. He was called on to stage after the curtain, where he received enthusiastic applause. Amidst the cheers, one audience member booed. Shaw replied, in characteristic fashion, "My dear fellow, I quite agree with you, but what are we two against so many?"


title: Arms and the Man

text: "Arms and the Man" is a humorous play that shows the futility of war and deals comedically with the hypocrisies of human nature.


title: Arms and the Man

text: The play takes place during the 1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War. Its heroine, Raina Petkoff, is a young Bulgarian woman engaged to Sergius Saranoff, one of the heroes of that war, whom she idolizes. On the night after the Battle of Slivnitza, a Swiss mercenary soldier in the Serbian army, Captain Bluntschli, climbs in through her bedroom balcony window and threatens to shoot Raina if she gives the alarm. When Russian and Bulgarian troops burst in to search the house for him, Raina hides him so that he won't be killed. He asks her to remember that "nine soldiers out of ten are born fools." In a conversation after the soldiers have left, Bluntschli's pragmatic and cynical attitude towards war and soldiering shocks the idealistic Raina, especially after he admits that he uses his ammunition pouches to carry chocolates rather than cartridges for his pistol. When the search dies down, Raina and her mother Catherine sneak Bluntschli out of the house, disguised in one of Raina's father's old coats.


title: Arms and the Man

text: The war ends, and the Bulgarians and Serbians sign a peace treaty. Raina's father (Major Paul Petkoff) and Sergius both return home. Raina begins to find Sergius both foolhardy and tiresome, but she hides it. Sergius also finds Raina's romantic ideals tiresome, and flirts with Raina's insolent servant girl Louka (a soubrette role), who is engaged to Nicola, the Petkoffs' manservant. Bluntschli unexpectedly returns so that he can give back the old coat, but also so that he can see Raina. Raina and Catherine are shocked, especially when Major Petkoff and Sergius reveal that they have met Bluntschli before and invite him to stay for lunch (and to help them figure out how to send the troops home).


title: Arms and the Man

text: Left alone with Bluntschli, Raina realizes that he sees through her romantic posturing, but that he respects her as a woman, as Sergius does not. She reveals that she left a photograph of herself in the pocket of the coat, inscribed "To my chocolate-cream soldier", but Bluntschli says that he didn't find it and that it must still be in the coat pocket. Bluntschli gets a telegram informing him of his father's death: he must now take over the family business, several luxury hotels in Switzerland.


title: Arms and the Man

text: Louka tells Sergius that Raina protected Bluntschli when he burst into her room and that Raina is really in love with him. Sergius challenges Bluntschli to a duel, but Bluntschli avoids fighting and Sergius and Raina break off their engagement, with some relief on both sides. Major Petkoff discovers the photograph in the pocket of his old coat; Raina and Bluntschli try to remove it before he finds it again, but Petkoff is determined to learn the truth and claims that the "chocolate-cream soldier" is Sergius. After Bluntschli reveals the whole story to Major Petkoff, Sergius proposes marriage to Louka (to Major Petkoff and Catherine's horror); Nicola quietly and gallantly lets Sergius have her, and Bluntschli, recognising Nicola's dedication and ability, offers him a job as hotel manager.


title: Arms and the Man

text: While Raina is now unattached, Bluntschli protests that—being 34 and believing she is 17—he is too old for her. On learning that she is actually 23, he immediately proposes marriage and proves his wealth and position by listing his inheritance from the telegram. Raina, realizing the hollowness of her romantic ideals, protests that she would prefer her poor "chocolate-cream soldier" to this wealthy businessman. Bluntschli says that he is still the same person, and the play ends with Raina proclaiming her love for him and Bluntschli, with Swiss precision, both clears up the major's troop movement problems and informs everyone that he will return to be married to Raina exactly two weeks from that day.


title: Arms and the Man

text: George Orwell said that "Arms and the Man" was written when Shaw was at the height of his powers as a dramatist. "It is probably the wittiest play he ever wrote, the most flawless technically, and in spite of being a very light comedy, the most telling." Orwell says that "Arms and the Man" wears well—he was writing 50 years later—because its moral—that war is not a wonderful, romantic adventure—still needs to be told. His other plays of the period, equally well written, are about issues no longer controversial. For example, the theme of "Mrs. Warren's Profession", which so shocked audiences at the time, was that the causes of prostitution are mainly economic, hardly big news today, and the play "Widowers' Houses" was an attack on slum landlords, who are now held in such low esteem that the matter is hardly controversial.


title: Arms and the Man

text: The chocolate-cream soldier of the play has inspired a pejorative military use of the term. In Israel, soldiers use the term "chocolate soldier" (Hayal Shel Shokolad, חייל של שוקולד) to describe a soft soldier who is unable to fight well. Similarly, members of the Australian Citizens Military Force were derided by the regular army as "chokos" or chocolate soldiers, the implication being that they were not real soldiers.


title: Sharknado 5: Global Swarming

text: Sharknado 5: Global Swarming (stylized on-screen as 5harknado: Global Swarming) is a 2017 American made-for-television science fiction comedy disaster film and the fifth installment in the "Sharknado" film series, following "Sharknado", "", "", and "".


title: Sharknado 5: Global Swarming

text: The film was directed by Anthony C. Ferrante, with Ian Ziering, Tara Reid and Cassie Scerbo reprising their roles from the previous installments, along with newcomer Dolph Lundgren and the usual dozens of cameo roles by various celebrities. In the film, lead characters Fin and April travel around the world instantaneously by going through portals at the top of tornadoes in order to save their son Gil, who has been swept up in a sharknado. They visit several places like Sydney, Rio de Janeiro, and Giza.


title: Sharknado 5: Global Swarming

text: Following the events of , Fin and April travel to London with their young son Gil to attend a NATO meeting regarding the escalating sharknado threat. Meanwhile, Nova and her assistants investigate a temple hidden beneath Stonehenge, and Nova summons Fin to aid her. They discover a shrine dedicated to an ancient shark god and collect an artifact, which has the unforeseen consequence of unleashing a new type of sharknado with a dimensional vortex inside it. The sharknado heads toward London, and Fin rallies the Buckingham Palace guards to defeat it. They manage to survive the sharknado, but Gil is pulled into the storm and vanishes.


title: Sharknado 5: Global Swarming

text: Fin, April and Nova realize that Gil is still alive and track him using a signal emitted by a special helmet given to him earlier by British scientists. They board an airship created and piloted by inventor Dr. Angel and pursue Gil to Switzerland, but the ship is caught in a sharknado and crashes, killing Dr. Angel while Fin's group steal skis and battle the sharknado as they head down the slopes. Eventually, they are engulfed by the sharknado and teleported to Sydney, Australia through the vortex, where April's cybernetic body is badly damaged in a shark attack. Nova brings April to her allies Orion and Electra for repairs, then reveals to Fin that she leads the "Sharknado Sisterhood," a global organization dedicated to destroying the sharknados. Orion and Electra are members of the Sisterhood, as is Fin's cousin Gemini, who is supervising the ship carrying the nuclear waste left behind from the nukenado at Niagara Falls. Fin is angered that Nova kept Gemini's role in the group a secret and sets out with the upgraded April to pursue Gil. Meanwhile, a sharknado strikes Gemini's ship and absorbs the nuclear waste, causing it to mutate into a shark-shaped mass of sharks that begins heading toward Japan.


title: Sharknado 5: Global Swarming

text: Fin and April end up in Rio de Janeiro, where they meet another member of the Sisterhood at an old church and learn the ancient myths behind the sharknados and the vortex, being told that "the Earth has many portals." An art thief steals the artifact during the meeting, leading to a car chase that ends up in the Colosseum in Rome, Italy when a sharknado teleports both vehicles. Fin and April recover the artifact and are summoned by the Pope, who encourages Fin to continue his mission to save Gil and the world and supplies him with a special chainsaw for the fight to come. Using the artifact, Fin and April summon a sharknado and nearly manage to recover Gil, but he slips out of their grasp and all three are pulled into the vortex.


title: Sharknado 5: Global Swarming

text: Fin and April emerge in Tokyo, where the nuclear mass of sharks - now dubbed "Sharkzilla" by the global media - is rampaging. They discover that Gil is trapped inside Sharkzilla's mass, and Nova arrives with the remaining members of the Sisterhood to defeat the creature. Nova skydives into Sharkzilla and begins fighting her way to Gil, but when military fighter jets bomb the mass, it explodes. Gil vanishes, seemingly killed in the blast, while Nova is mortally wounded and dies after Fin forgives her and accepts her as part of their family. Shortly thereafter, Fin receives a call from his son Matt, who frantically tells him that all the members of their family are dead before he is killed himself by a sharknado striking the family farm in Kansas. Distraught, but with nothing else left to lose, Fin and April decide to try returning the artifact to Stonehenge in the hopes that doing so will stop the escalating sharknado outbreak.