title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: "Admiral Scheer" sailed in October 1940 on her first combat sortie. On the night of 31 October she slipped through the Denmark Strait and broke into the open Atlantic. Her "B-Dienst" radio intercept equipment identified the convoy HX 84, sailing from Halifax, Nova Scotia. "Admiral Scheer"s Arado seaplane located the convoy on 5 November 1940. The armed merchant cruiser , the sole escort for the convoy, issued a report of the German raider and attempted to prevent her from attacking the convoy, which was ordered to scatter under cover of a smoke screen. "Admiral Scheer"s first salvo scored hits on "Jervis Bay", disabling her wireless equipment and steering gear. Shells from her second salvo struck the bridge and killed her commander, Edward Fegen. "Admiral Scheer" sank "Jervis Bay" within 22 minutes, but the engagement delayed the German ship long enough for most of the convoy to escape. "Admiral Scheer" sank only five of the convoy's 37 ships, though a sixth was sunk by the Luftwaffe following the convoy's dispersal.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: On 18 December, "Admiral Scheer" encountered the refrigerator ship "Duquesa", of some displacement. The ship sent off a distress signal, which the German raider deliberately allowed, to draw British naval forces to the area. Krancke wanted to lure British warships to the area to draw attention away from "Admiral Hipper", which had just exited the Denmark Strait. The aircraft carriers and , the cruisers , , and , and the armed merchant cruiser converged to hunt down the German raider, but she eluded the British.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: Between 26 December and 7 January, "Admiral Scheer" rendezvoused with the supply ships "Nordmark" and "Eurofeld", the auxiliary cruiser , and the prizes "Duquesa" and "Storstad". The raiders transferred some 600 prisoners to "Storstad" while they refueled from "Nordmark" and "Eurofeld". Between 18 and 20 January "Admiral Scheer" captured three Allied merchant ships totalling , including the Norwegian oil tanker "Sandefjord". She spent Christmas 1940 at sea in the mid-Atlantic, several hundred miles from Tristan da Cunha, before making a foray into the Indian Ocean in February 1941.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: On 14 February, "Admiral Scheer" rendezvoused with the auxiliary cruiser and the supply ship about east of Madagascar. The raiders resupplied from "Tannenfels" and exchanged information on Allied merchant traffic in the area, parting company on 17 February. "Admiral Scheer" then steamed to the Seychelles north of Madagascar, where she found two merchant vessels with her Arado floatplanes. She took the oil tanker "British Advocate" as a prize and sank the Greek-flagged "Grigorios". A third ship, the "Canadian Cruiser", managed to send a distress signal before "Admiral Scheer" sank her on 21 February. The raider encountered and sank a fourth ship the following day, the Dutch steamer "Rantaupandjang", though she too was able to send a distress signal before she sank.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: The British cruiser , which was patrolling in the area, received both messages from "Admiral Scheer"s victims. "Glasgow" launched reconnaissance aircraft that spotted "Admiral Scheer" on 22 February. Vice Admiral Ralph Leatham, the commander of the East Indies Station, deployed the carrier "Hermes" and cruisers , , , , and the Australian to join the hunt. Krancke turned to the south-east to evade his pursuers, reaching the South Atlantic by 3 March. The British, meanwhile, had abandoned the hunt on 25 February when it became clear that "Admiral Scheer" had withdrawn from the area.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: "Admiral Scheer" then sailed northwards, breaking through the Denmark Strait on 26–27 March and evading the cruisers and . She reached Bergen, Norway on 30 March, where she spent a day in the Grimstadfjord. A destroyer escort joined the ship for the voyage to Kiel, which they reached on 1 April. In the course of her raiding operation, she had steamed over and sunk seventeen merchant ships for a total of . She was by far the most successful German capital ship commerce raider of the entire war. After returning to Germany, Krancke left the ship and was replaced by "KzS" Wilhelm Meendsen-Bohlken in June 1941. The loss of the battleship in May 1941, and more importantly, the Royal Navy's destruction of the German supply ship network in the aftermath of the "Bismarck" operation forced a planned Atlantic raiding operation for "Admiral Scheer" and her sister "Lützow" at the end of 1941 to be abandoned. On 4–8 September, "Admiral Scheer" was briefly moved to Oslo. There, on 5 and 8 September, No. 90 Squadron RAF, equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, mounted a pair of unsuccessful attacks on the ship. On 8 September, the ship left Oslo and returned to Swinemünde.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: On 21 February 1942, "Admiral Scheer", the heavy cruiser , and the destroyers , , , , and steamed to Norway. After stopping briefly in Grimstadfjord, the ships proceeded on to Trondheim. On 23 February, the British submarine torpedoed "Prinz Eugen", causing serious damage. The first operation in Norway in which "Admiral Scheer" took part was Operation Rösselsprung, in July 1942. On 2 July, the ship sortied as part of the attempt to intercept Arctic convoy PQ-17. "Admiral Scheer" and "Lützow" formed one group while "Tirpitz" and "Admiral Hipper" composed another. While en route to the rendezvous point, "Lützow" and three destroyers ran aground, forcing the entire group to abandon the operation. "Admiral Scheer" was detached to join "Tirpitz" and "Admiral Hipper" in Altafjord. The British detected the German departure and ordered the convoy to scatter. Aware that surprise had been lost, the Germans broke off the surface attack and turned the destruction of PQ-17 over to the U-boats and Luftwaffe. Twenty-four of the convoy's thirty-five transports were sunk.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: In August 1942, she conducted Operation Wunderland, a sortie into the Kara Sea to interdict Soviet shipping and attack targets of opportunity. The length of the mission and the distances involved precluded a destroyer escort for the operation; three destroyers would escort "Admiral Scheer" until they reached Novaya Zemlya, at which point they would return to Norway. Two U-boats — and — patrolled the Kara Gate and the Yugorsky Strait. The Germans originally intended to send "Admiral Scheer" with her sister ship "Lützow", but since the latter had run aground the previous month, she was unavailable for the operation.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: The operational plan called for strict radio silence to ensure surprise could be maintained. This required Meendsen-Bohlken to have total tactical and operational control of his ship; shore-based commands would be unable to direct the mission. On 16 August, "Admiral Scheer" and her destroyer escort left Narvik on a course to pass to the north of Novaya Zemlya. Upon entering the Kara Sea, she encountered heavy ice; in addition to searching for merchant shipping, the Arado floatplane was used to scout paths through the ice fields. On 25 August, she encountered the Soviet icebreaker "Sibiryakov". "Admiral Scheer" sank the icebreaker, but not before she sent a distress signal. The German ship then turned south, and two days later, arrived off the port of Dikson. "Admiral Scheer" damaged two ships in the port and shelled harbor facilities. Meendsen-Bohlken considered sending a landing party ashore, but firing from Soviet shore batteries convinced him to abandon the plan. After breaking off the bombardment, Meendsen-Bohlken decided to return to Narvik. She reached port on 30 August without having achieved any significant successes.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: On 23 October "Admiral Scheer", "Tirpitz" and the destroyers "Z4 Richard Beitzen", , , , and left Bogen Bay and proceeded to Trondheim. There, "Tirpitz" stopped for repairs, while "Admiral Scheer" and "Z28" continued on to Germany. "Fregattenkapitän" Ernst Gruber served as the ship's acting commander at the end of November. In December 1942, "Admiral Scheer" returned to Wilhelmshaven for major overhaul, where she was attacked and slightly damaged by RAF bombers. Consequently, "Admiral Scheer" moved to the less exposed port of Swinemünde. In February 1943, "KzS" Richard Rothe-Roth took command of the ship. Until the end of 1944 "Admiral Scheer" was part of the Fleet Training Group.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: "KzS" Ernst-Ludwig Thienemann, the ship's final commander, took command of "Admiral Scheer" in April 1944. On 22 November 1944, "Admiral Scheer", the destroyers "Z25" and , and the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla relieved the cruiser "Prinz Eugen" and several destroyers supporting German forces fighting the Soviets on the island of Ösel in the Baltic. The Soviet Air Force launched several air attacks on the German forces, all of which were successfully repelled by heavy anti-aircraft fire. The ship's Arado floatplane was shot down, however. On the night of 23–24 November, the German naval forces completed the evacuation of the island. In all, 4,694 troops were evacuated from the island.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: In early February 1945, "Admiral Scheer" stood off Samland with several torpedo boats in support of German forces fighting Soviet advances. On 9 February, the ships began shelling Soviet positions. Between 18 and 24 February, German forces launched a local counterattack; "Admiral Scheer" and the torpedo boats provided artillery support, targeting Soviet positions near Peyse and Gross-Heydekrug. The German attack temporarily restored the land connection to Königsberg. The ship's guns were badly worn out by March and in need of repair. On 8 March, "Admiral Scheer" departed the eastern Baltic to have her guns relined in Kiel; she carried 800 civilian refugees and 200 wounded soldiers. An uncleared minefield prevented her from reaching Kiel, and so she unloaded her passengers in Swinemünde. Despite her worn-out gun barrels, the ship then shelled Soviet forces outside Kolberg until she used up her remaining ammunition.


title: German cruiser Admiral Scheer

text: The ship then loaded refugees and left Swinemünde; she successfully navigated the minefields on the way to Kiel, arriving on 18 March. Her stern turret had its guns replaced at the Deutsche Werke shipyard by early April. During the repair process, most of the ship's crew went ashore. On the night of 9 April 1945, a general RAF bombing raid by over 300 aircraft struck the harbor in Kiel. "Admiral Scheer" was hit by bombs and capsized. She was partially broken up for scrap after the end of the war, though part of the hull was left in place and buried with rubble from the attack when the inner harbours were filled in post-war. The number of casualties from her loss is unknown.


title: Don Hall (filmmaker)

text: Donald Lee Hall (born March 8, 1969) is an American film director, voice actor and writer at Walt Disney Animation Studios. He is known for co-directing "Winnie the Pooh" (2011), "Big Hero 6" (2014), "Moana" (2016), and "Raya and the Last Dragon" (2021). "Big Hero 6" won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in 2015. Hall made his solo directorial debut in 2022 with "Strange World".


title: Don Hall (filmmaker)

text: Hall is a graduate of the University of Iowa with a bachelor of fine arts degree in drawing and painting.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: The Mundell–Fleming model, also known as the IS-LM-BoP model (or IS-LM-BP model), is an economic model first set forth (independently) by Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming. The model is an extension of the IS–LM model. Whereas the traditional IS-LM model deals with economy under autarky (or a closed economy), the Mundell–Fleming model describes a small open economy.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: The Mundell–Fleming model portrays the short-run relationship between an economy's nominal exchange rate, interest rate, and output (in contrast to the closed-economy IS-LM model, which focuses only on the relationship between the interest rate and output). The Mundell–Fleming model has been used to argue that an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. An economy can only maintain two of the three at the same time. This principle is frequently called the "impossible trinity," "unholy trinity," "irreconcilable trinity," "inconsistent trinity," "policy trilemma," or the "Mundell–Fleming trilemma."


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: where BoP is the balance of payments surplus, "CA" is the current account surplus, and "KA" is the capital account surplus.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: where "E"(π) is the expected rate of inflation. Higher disposable income or a lower real interest rate (nominal interest rate minus expected inflation) leads to higher consumption spending.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: where "Y" is GDP in the previous period. Higher lagged income or a lower real interest rate leads to higher investment spending.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: where "NX" is net exports, "e" is the nominal exchange rate (the price of foreign currency in terms of units of the domestic currency), "Y" is GDP, and "Y*" is the combined GDP of countries that are foreign trading partners. Higher domestic income (GDP) leads to more spending on imports and hence lower net exports; higher foreign income leads to higher spending by foreigners on the country's exports and thus higher net exports. A higher "e" leads to higher net exports.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: where "CA" is the current account and "NX" is net exports. That is, the current account is viewed as consisting solely of imports and exports.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: where formula_9 is the foreign interest rate, "k" is the exogenous component of financial capital flows, "z" is the interest-sensitive component of capital flows, and the derivative of the function "z" is the degree of capital mobility (the effect of differences between domestic and foreign interest rates upon capital flows "KA").


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: After the subsequent equations are substituted into the first three equations above, one has a system of three equations in three unknowns, two of which are GDP and the domestic interest rate. Under flexible exchange rates, the exchange rate is the third endogenous variable while BoP is set equal to zero. In contrast, under fixed exchange rates "e" is exogenous and the balance of payments surplus is determined by the model.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: Under both types of exchange rate regime, the nominal domestic money supply "M" is exogenous, but for different reasons. Under flexible exchange rates, the nominal money supply is completely under the control of the central bank. But under fixed exchange rates, the money supply in the short run (at a given point in time) is fixed based on past international money flows, while as the economy evolves over time these international flows cause future points in time to inherit higher or lower (but pre-determined) values of the money supply.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: The model's workings can be described in terms of an IS-LM-BoP graph with the domestic interest rate plotted vertically and real GDP plotted horizontally. The IS curve is downward sloped and the LM curve is upward sloped, as in the closed economy IS-LM analysis; the BoP curve is upward sloped unless there is perfect capital mobility, in which case it is horizontal at the level of the world interest rate.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: In this graph, under less than perfect capital mobility the positions of both the IS curve and the BoP curve depend on the exchange rate (as discussed below), since the IS-LM graph is actually a two-dimensional cross-section of a three-dimensional space involving all of the interest rate, income, and the exchange rate. However, under perfect capital mobility the BoP curve is simply horizontal at a level of the domestic interest rate equal to the level of the world interest rate.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: As explained below, whether domestic monetary or fiscal policy is potent, in the sense of having an effect on real GDP, depends on the exchange rate regime. The results are summarized here.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: In a system of flexible exchange rates, central banks allow the exchange rate to be determined by market forces alone.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: An increase in money supply shifts the LM curve to the right. This directly reduces the local interest rate relative to the global interest rate. That being said, capital outflows will increase which will lead to a decrease in the real exchange rate, ultimately shifting the IS curve right until interest rates equal global interest rates (assuming horizontal BOP). A decrease in the money supply causes the exact opposite process.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: An increase in government expenditure shifts the IS curve to the right. This will mean that domestic interest rates and GDP rise. However, this increase in the interest rates attracts foreign investors wishing to take advantage of the higher rates, so they demand the domestic currency, and therefore it appreciates. The strengthening of the currency will mean it is more expensive for customers of domestic producers to buy the home country's exports, so net exports will decrease, thereby cancelling out the rise in government spending and shifting the IS curve to the left. Therefore, the rise in government spending will have no effect on the national GDP or interest rate.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: An increase in the global interest rate shifts the BoP curve upward and causes capital flows out of the local economy. This depreciates the local currency and boosts net exports, shifting the IS curve to the right. Under less than perfect capital mobility, the depreciated exchange rate shifts the BoP curve somewhat back down. Under perfect capital mobility, the BoP curve is always horizontal at the level of the world interest rate. When the latter goes up, the BoP curve shifts upward by the same amount, and stays there. The exchange rate changes enough to shift the IS curve to the location where it crosses the new BoP curve at its intersection with the unchanged LM curve; now the domestic interest rate equals the new level of the global interest rate.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: In a system of fixed exchange rates, central banks announce an exchange rate (the parity rate) at which they are prepared to buy or sell any amount of domestic currency. Thus net payments flows into or out of the country need not equal zero; the exchange rate "e" is exogenously given, while the variable BoP is endogenous.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: Under the fixed exchange rate system, the central bank operates in the foreign exchange market to maintain a specific exchange rate. If there is pressure to devalue the domestic currency's exchange rate because the supply of domestic currency exceeds its demand in foreign exchange markets, the local authority buys domestic currency with foreign currency to decrease the domestic currency's supply in the foreign exchange market. This keeps the domestic currency's exchange rate at its targeted level. If there is pressure to appreciate the domestic currency's exchange rate because the currency's demand exceeds its supply in the foreign exchange market, the local authority buys foreign currency with domestic currency to increase the domestic currency's supply in the foreign exchange market. Again, this keeps the exchange rate at its targeted level.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: In the very short run the money supply is normally predetermined by the past history of international payments flows. If the central bank is maintaining an exchange rate that is consistent with a balance of payments surplus, over time money will flow into the country and the money supply will rise (and vice versa for a payments deficit). If the central bank were to conduct open market operations in the domestic bond market in order to offset these balance-of-payments-induced changes in the money supply — a process called sterilization – it would absorb newly arrived money by decreasing its holdings of domestic bonds (or the opposite if money were flowing out of the country). But under perfect capital mobility, any such sterilization would be met by further offsetting international flows.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: Increased government expenditure shifts the "IS" curve to the right. The shift results in an incipient rise in the interest rate, and hence upward pressure on the exchange rate (value of the domestic currency) as foreign funds start to flow in, attracted by the higher interest rate. However, the exchange rate is controlled by the local monetary authority in the framework of a fixed exchange rate system. To maintain the exchange rate and eliminate pressure on it, the monetary authority purchases foreign currency using domestic funds in order to shift the LM curve to the right. In the end, the interest rate stays the same but the general income in the economy increases. In the IS-LM-BoP graph, the IS curve has been shifted exogenously by the fiscal authority, and the IS and BoP curves determine the final resting place of the system; the LM curve merely passively reacts.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: To maintain the fixed exchange rate, the central bank must accommodate the capital flows (in or out) which are caused by a change of the global interest rate, in order to offset pressure on the exchange rate.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: If the global interest rate increases, shifting the BoP curve upward, capital flows out to take advantage of the opportunity. This puts pressure on the home currency to depreciate, so the central bank must buy the home currency — that is, sell some of its foreign currency reserves — to accommodate this outflow. The decrease in the money supply, resulting from the outflow, shifts the LM curve to the left until it intersects the IS and BoP curves at their intersection. Once again, the LM curve plays a passive role, and the outcomes are determined by the IS-BoP interaction.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: Under perfect capital mobility, the new BoP curve will be horizontal at the new world interest rate, so the equilibrium domestic interest rate will equal the world interest rate.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: If the global interest rate declines below the domestic rate, the opposite occurs. The BoP curve shifts down, foreign money flows in and the home currency is pressured to appreciate, so the central bank offsets the pressure by selling domestic currency (equivalently, buying foreign currency). The inflow of money causes the LM curve to shift to the right, and the domestic interest rate becomes lower (as low as the world interest rate if there is perfect capital mobility).


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: Some of the results from this model differ from those of the IS-LM model because of the open economy assumption. Results for a large open economy, on the other hand, can be consistent with those predicted by the IS-LM model. The reason is that a large open economy has the characteristics of both an autarky and a small open economy. In particular, it may not face perfect capital mobility, thus allowing internal policy measures to affect the domestic interest rate, and it may be able to sterilize balance-of-payments-induced changes in the money supply (as discussed above).


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: In the IS-LM model, the domestic interest rate is a key component in keeping both the money market and the goods market in equilibrium. Under the Mundell–Fleming framework of a small economy facing perfect capital mobility, the domestic interest rate is fixed and equilibrium in both markets can only be maintained by adjustments of the nominal exchange rate or the money supply (by international funds flows).


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: The Mundell–Fleming model applied to a small open economy facing perfect capital mobility, in which the domestic interest rate is exogenously determined by the world interest rate, shows stark differences from the closed economy model.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: Consider an exogenous increase in government expenditure. Under the IS-LM model, the IS curve shifts rightward, with the LM curve intact, causing the interest rate and output to rise. But for a small open economy with perfect capital mobility and a flexible exchange rate, the domestic interest rate is predetermined by the horizontal BoP curve, and so by the LM equation given previously there is exactly one level of output that can make the money market be in equilibrium at that interest rate. Any exogenous changes affecting the IS curve (such as government spending changes) will be exactly offset by resulting exchange rate changes, and the IS curve will end up in its original position, still intersecting the LM and BoP curves at their intersection point.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: The Mundell–Fleming model under a fixed exchange rate regime also has completely different implications from those of the closed economy IS-LM model. In the closed economy model, if the central bank expands the money supply the LM curve shifts out, and as a result income goes up and the domestic interest rate goes down. But in the Mundell–Fleming open economy model with perfect capital mobility, monetary policy becomes ineffective. An expansionary monetary policy resulting in an incipient outward shift of the LM curve would make capital flow out of the economy. The central bank under a fixed exchange rate system would have to instantaneously intervene by selling foreign money in exchange for domestic money to maintain the exchange rate. The accommodated monetary outflows exactly offset the intended rise in the domestic money supply, completely offsetting the tendency of the LM curve to shift to the right, and the interest rate remains equal to the world rate of interest.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: One of the assumptions of the Mundell–Fleming model is that domestic and foreign securities are perfect substitutes. Provided the world interest rate formula_10 is given, the model predicts the domestic rate will become the same level of the world rate by arbitrage in money markets. However, in reality, the world interest rate is different from the domestic rate. Rüdiger Dornbusch considered how exchange rate expectations have an effect on the exchange rate. Given the approximate formula:


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: Since domestic output is formula_14, the differentiation of income with regard to the exchange rate becomes


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: Investment and consumption increase as the interest rates decrease, and currency depreciation improves the trade balance.


title: Mundell–Fleming model

text: The denominator is positive, and the numerator is positive or negative. Thus, a monetary expansion, in the short run, does not necessarily improve the trade balance. This result is not compatible with what the Mundell-Fleming predicts. This is a consequence of introducing exchange rate expectations which the MF theory ignores. Nevertheless, Dornbusch concludes that monetary policy is still effective even if it worsens a trade balance, because a monetary expansion pushes down interest rates and encourages spending. He adds that, in the short run, fiscal policy works because it raises interest rates and the velocity of money.


The Polish resistance movement in World War II ("Polski ruch oporu w czasie II wojny światowej"), with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistance movement in all of occupied Europe, covering both German and Soviet zones of occupation. The Polish resistance is most notable for disrupting German supply lines to the Eastern Front (damaging or destroying 1/8 of all rail transports), providing intelligence reports to the British intelligence agencies (providing 43% of all reports from occupied Europe), and for saving more Jewish lives in the Holocaust than any other Western Allied organization or government. It was a part of the Polish Underground State.


title: Polish resistance movement in World War II

text: The largest of all Polish resistance organizations was the Armia Krajowa (Home Army, AK), loyal to the Polish government in exile in London. The "AK" was formed in 1942 from the Union of Armed Struggle ("Związek Walki Zbrojnej" or ZWZ, itself created in 1939) and would eventually incorporate most other Polish armed resistance groups (except for the communists and some far-right groups). It was the military arm of the Polish Underground State and loyal to the Polish government in Exile.


text: Most of the other Polish underground armed organizations were created by a political party or faction, and included:


text: The largest groups that refused to join the AK were the National Armed Forces and the pro-Soviet and communist People's Army (Polish "Armia Ludowa" or AL), backed by the Soviet Union and established by the Polish Workers' Party (Polish "Polska Partia Robotnicza" or PPR).


text: "Within the framework of the entire enemy intelligence operations directed against Germany, the intelligence service of the Polish resistance movement assumed major significance. The scope and importance of the operations of the Polish resistance movement, which was ramified down to the smallest splinter group and brilliantly organized, have been in (various sources) disclosed in connection with carrying out of major police security operations." Heinrich Himmler, 31 December 1942


text: In February 1942, when AK was formed, it numbered about 100,000 members. In the beginning of 1943, it had reached a strength of about 200,000. In the summer of 1944 when Operation Tempest began, AK reached its highest membership numbers, though the estimates vary from 300,000 to 500,000. The strength of the second largest resistance organization, Bataliony Chłopskie (Peasants' Battalions), can be estimated for summer 1944 (at which time they were mostly merged with AK) at about 160,000 men. The third largest group include NSZ (National Armed Forces) with approximately 70,000 men around 1943–1944; only small parts of that force were merged with AK. At its height in 1944, the communist Armia Ludowa, which never merged with AK, numbered about 30,000 people. One estimate for the summer 1944 strength of AK and its allies, including NSZ, gives its strength at 650,000. Overall, the Polish resistance have often been described as the largest or one of the largest resistance organizations in World War II Europe.


text: On 9 November 1939, two soldiers of the Polish army—Witold Pilecki and Major Jan Włodarkiewicz—founded the Secret Polish Army ("Tajna Armia Polska", TAP), one of the first underground organizations in Poland after defeat. Pilecki became its organizational commander as TAP expanded to cover not only Warsaw but Siedlce, Radom, Lublin and other major cities of central Poland. By 1940, TAP had approximately 8,000 men (more than half of them armed), some 20 machine guns and several anti-tank rifles. Later, the organization was incorporated into the Union for Armed Struggle ("Związek Walki Zbrojnej"), later renamed and better known as the Home Army ("Armia Krajowa").


text: In March 1940, a partisan unit of the first guerrilla commanders in the Second World War in Europe under Major Henryk Dobrzański "Hubal" completely destroyed a battalion of German infantry in a skirmish near the village of . A few days later in an ambush near the village of Szałasy it inflicted heavy casualties upon another German unit. To counter this threat the German authorities formed a special 1,000 men strong counter-insurgency unit of combined SS–Wehrmacht forces, including a Panzer group. Although the unit of Major Dobrzański never exceeded 300 men, the Germans fielded at least 8,000 men in the area to secure it.


text: In 1940, Witold Pilecki, an intelligence officer for the Polish resistance, presented to his superiors a plan to enter Germany's Auschwitz concentration camp, gather intelligence on the camp from the inside, and organize inmate resistance. The Home Army approved this plan, provided him a false identity card, and on 19 September 1940, he deliberately went out during a street roundup (łapanka) in Warsaw and was caught by the Germans along with other civilians and sent to Auschwitz. In the camp he organized the underground organization -Związek Organizacji Wojskowej - ZOW. From October 1940, ZOW sent its first report about the camp and the genocide in November 1940 to Home Army Headquarters in Warsaw through the resistance network organized in Auschwitz.


text: During the night of 21–22 January 1940, in the Soviet-occupied Podolian town of Czortków, the Czortków Uprising started; it was the first Polish uprising during World War II. Anti-Soviet Poles, most of them teenagers from local high schools, stormed the local Red Army barracks and a prison, in order to release Polish soldiers kept there.


text: At the end of 1940 Aleksander Kamiński created a Polish youth resistance organization, known as "Wawer". It was part of the Szare Szeregi (the underground Polish Scouting Association). This organisation carried out many minor sabotage operations in occupied Poland. Its first action was drawing graffiti in Warsaw around Christmas Eve of 1940 commemorating the Wawer massacre. Members of the AK Wawer "Small Sabotage" units painted "Pomścimy Wawer" ("We'll avenge Wawer") on Warsaw walls. At first they painted the whole text, then to save time they shortened it to two letters, P and W. Later they invented Kotwica -"Anchor" - which became the symbol of all Polish resistance in occupied Poland.


text: From April 1941 the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Union for Armed Struggle started Operation N headed by Tadeusz Żenczykowski. It involved sabotage, subversion and black-propaganda activities.


text: From March 1941, Witold Pilecki's reports were forwarded to the Polish government in exile and through it, to the British and other Allied governments. These reports informed the Allies about the Holocaust and were the principal source of intelligence on Auschwitz-Birkenau for the Western Allies.


text: On 7 March 1941, two Polish agents of the Home Army killed Nazi collaborator actor Igo Sym in his apartment in Warsaw. In reprisal, 21 Polish hostages were executed. Several Polish actors were also arrested by the Nazis and sent to Auschwitz, among them such notable figures as directors Stefan Jaracz and Leon Schiller.


text: In July 1941 Mieczysław Słowikowski (using the codename "Rygor" — Polish for "Rigor") set up "Agency Africa", one of World War II's most successful intelligence organizations. His Polish allies in these endeavors included Lt. Col. Gwido Langer and Major Maksymilian Ciężki. The information gathered by the Agency was used by the Americans and British in planning the amphibious November 1942 Operation Torch landings in North Africa. These were the first large-scale Allied landings of the war, and their success in turn paved the way for the Allies' Italian campaign.


text: On 20 June 1942, the most spectacular escape from Auschwitz concentration camp took place. Four Poles, Eugeniusz Bendera, Kazimierz Piechowski, Stanisław Gustaw Jaster and Józef Lempart made a daring escape. The escapees were dressed as members of the SS-Totenkopfverbände, fully armed and in an SS staff car. They drove out the main gate in a stolen Steyr 220 automobile with a smuggled report from Witold Pilecki about the Holocaust. Three of the escapees remained free until the end of the war; Jaster, who joined the Polish Underground, was recaptured in 1943 and died shortly afterwards in German custody.


text: In September 1942 "The Żegota Council for the Aid of the Jews" was founded by Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz ("Alinka") and made up of Polish Democrats as well as other Catholic activists. Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where there existed such a dedicated secret organization. Half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota. The best-known activist of Żegota was Irena Sendler, head of the children's division, who saved 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto, providing them with false documents, and sheltering them in individual and group children's homes outside the Ghetto.


text: In 1942 Jan Karski reported to the Polish, British and U.S. governments on the situation in Poland, especially the Holocaust of the Jews. He met with Polish politicians in exile including the prime minister, and members of political parties such as the Socialist Party, National Party, Labor Party, People's Party, Jewish Bund and Poalei Zion. He also spoke to Anthony Eden, the British foreign secretary, and included a detailed statement on what he had seen in Warsaw and Bełżec.


text: The Zamość Uprising was an armed uprising of Armia Krajowa and Bataliony Chłopskie against the forced expulsion of Poles from the Zamość region under the Nazi Generalplan Ost. The Germans attempted to remove the local Poles from the Greater Zamość area (through forced removal, transfer to forced labor camps, or, in some cases, mass murder) to get it ready for German colonization. It lasted from 1942 until 1944 and despite heavy casualties suffered by the Underground, the Germans failed.


text: On the night from 7 to 8 October 1942 Operation Wieniec started. It targeted rail infrastructure near Warsaw. Similar operations aimed at disrupting and harrying German transport and communication in occupied Poland occurred in the coming months and years. It targeted railroads, bridges and supply depots, primarily near transport hubs such as Warsaw and Lublin.


text: In early 1943 two Polish janitors of Peenemünde's Camp Trassenheide provided maps, sketches and reports to Armia Krajowa Intelligence, and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified the "rocket assembly hall', 'experimental pit', and 'launching tower'. When reconnaissance and intelligence information regarding the V-2 rocket became convincing, the War Cabinet Defence Committee (Operations) directed the campaign's first planned raid (the Operation Hydra bombing of Peenemünde in August 1943) and Operation Crossbow.


text: On 26 March 1943 in Warsaw Operation Arsenal was launched by the Szare Szeregi (Gray Ranks) Polish Underground The successful operation led to the release of arrested troop leader Jan Bytnar "Rudy". In an attack on the prison, Bytnar and 24 other prisoners were freed.


text: In 1943 in London Jan Karski met the then much known journalist Arthur Koestler. He then traveled to the United States and reported to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. His report was a major factor in informing the West. In July 1943, again personally reported to Roosevelt about the situation in Poland. He also met with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including Felix Frankfurter, Cordell Hull, William Joseph Donovan, and Stephen Wise. Karski also presented his report to media, bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal Samuel Stritch), members of the Hollywood film industry and artists, but without success. Many of those he spoke to did not believe him, or supposed that his testimony was much exaggerated or was propaganda from the Polish government in exile.


text: In April 1943 the Germans began deporting the remaining Jews from the Warsaw ghetto provoking the Warsaw Ghetto Rising, 19 April to 16 May. Polish Underground State ordered Ghetto Action - a series of combat actions carried out by the Home Army during the uprising between 19 April 1943 and May 16, 1943.


text: Some units of the AK tried to assist the Ghetto rising, but for the most part, the resistance was unprepared and unable to defeat the Germans. One Polish AK unit, the National Security Corps ("Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa"), under the command of Henryk Iwański ("Bystry"), fought inside the ghetto along with ŻZW. Subsequently, both groups retreated together (including 34 Jewish fighters). Although Iwański's action is the most well-known rescue mission, it was only one of many actions undertaken by the Polish resistance to help the Jewish fighters. In one attack, three cell units of AK under the command of Kapitan Józef Pszenny ("Chwacki") tried to breach the ghetto walls with explosives, but the Germans defeated this action. AK and GL engaged the Germans between 19 and 23 April at six different locations outside the ghetto walls, shooting at German sentries and positions and in one case attempting to blow up a gate. Participation of the Polish underground in the uprising was many times confirmed by a report of the German commander - Jürgen Stroop.


text: In August 1943 the headquarters of the Armia Krajowa ordered Operation Belt which was one of the large-scale anti-Nazi operations of the AK during the war. By February 1944, 13 German outposts were destroyed with few losses on the Polish side.


text: Operation Heads began: the serial executions of German personnel who had been sentenced to death by Polish underground Special Courts for crimes against Polish citizens in German-occupied Poland.


text: On 7 September 1943, the Home Army killed Franz Bürkl during Operation Bürkl. Bürkl was a high-ranking Gestapo agent responsible for the murder and brutal interrogation of thousands of Polish Jews and resistance fighters and supporters. In reprisal, 20 inmates of Pawiak were murdered in a public execution by the Nazis.


text: In November 1943, Operation Most III started. The Armia Krajowa provided the Allies with crucial intelligence on the German V-2 rocket. In effect some 50 kg of the most important parts of the captured V-2, as well as the final report, analyses, sketches and photos, were transported to Brindisi by a Royal Air Force Douglas Dakota aircraft. In late July 1944, the V-2 parts were delivered to London.


text: On 11 February 1944 the Resistance fighters of Polish Home Army's unit Agat executed Franz Kutschera, SS and Reich's Police Chief in Warsaw in action known as Operation Kutschera. In a reprisal of this action 27 February 140 inmates of Pawiak—Poles and Jews—were shot in a public execution by the Germans.


text: 13–14 May 1944 the Battle of Murowana Oszmianka the largest clash between the Polish anti-Nazi Armia Krajowa and the Nazi Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force a Lithuanian volunteer security force subordinated to Nazi Germany. The battle took place in and near the village of Murowana Oszmianka in the "Generalbezirk Litauen" of "Reichskommissariat Ostland". The outcome of the battle was that the 301st LVR battalion was routed and the entire force was disbanded by the Germans soon afterwards.


text: On 14 June 1944 the Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze took place between Polish and Russian partisans, numbering around 3,000, and the Nazi German units consisted of between 25,000 and 30,000 soldiers, with artillery, tanks and armored cars and air support.


text: On 25–26 June 1944 the Battle of Osuchy—one of the largest battles between the Polish resistance and Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II—was fought, in what was essentially a continuation of the Zamość Uprising.


text: In 1943 the Home Army built up its forces in preparation for a national uprising. The plan of national anti-Nazi uprising on areas of prewar Poland was code-named Operation Tempest. Preparation began in late 1943 but the military actions started in 1944. Its most widely known elements were Operation Ostra Brama, Lwów Uprising and the Warsaw Uprising.


text: On 7 July, Operation Ostra Brama started. Approximately 12,500 Home Army soldiers attacked the German garrison and managed to seize most of the city center. Heavy street fighting in the outskirts of the city lasted until 14 July. In Vilnius' eastern suburbs, the Home Army units cooperated with reconnaissance groups of the Soviet 3rd Belorussian Front. The Red Army entered the city on 15 July, and the NKVD started to intern all Polish soldiers. On 16 July, the HQ of the 3rd Belorussian Front invited Polish officers to a meeting and arrested them.


text: On 23 July the Lwów Uprising—the armed struggle started by the Armia Krajowa against the Nazi occupiers in Lwów during World War II—started. It started in July 1944 as a part of a plan of all-national uprising codenamed Operation Tempest. The fighting lasted until 27 July and resulted in liberation of the city. However, shortly afterwards the Polish soldiers were arrested by the invading Soviets and either forced to join the Red Army or sent to the Gulags. The city itself was occupied by the Soviet Union.


text: In August 1944, as the Soviet armed forces approached Warsaw, the government in exile called for an uprising in the city, so that they could return to a liberated Warsaw and try to prevent a communist take-over. The AK, led by Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, launched the Warsaw Uprising. Soviet forces were less than 20 km away but on the orders of Soviet High Command they gave no assistance. Stalin described the uprising as a "criminal adventure". The Poles appealed to the Western Allies for help. The Royal Air Force, and the Polish Air Force based in Italy, dropped some munitions, but it was almost impossible for the Allies to help the Poles without Soviet assistance.


text: The fighting in Warsaw was desperate. The AK had between 12,000 and 20,000 armed soldiers, most with only small arms, against a well-armed German Army of 20,000 SS and regular Army units. Bór-Komorowski's hope that the AK could take and hold Warsaw for the return of the London government was never likely to be achieved. After 63 days of savage fighting the city was reduced to rubble, and the reprisals were savage. The SS and auxiliary units were particularly brutal.


text: After Bór-Komorowski's surrender, the AK fighters were treated as prisoners-of-war by the Germans, much to the outrage of Stalin, but the civilian population were ruthlessly punished. Overall Polish casualties are estimated to be between 150,000 and 300,000 killed, 90,000 civilians were sent to labor camps in the Reich, while 60,000 were shipped to death and concentration camps such as Ravensbrück, Auschwitz, Mauthausen and others. The city was almost totally destroyed after German sappers systematically demolished the city. The Warsaw Uprising allowed the Germans to destroy the AK as a fighting force, but the main beneficiary was Stalin, who was able to impose a communist government on postwar Poland with little fear of armed resistance.


text: In March 1945, a staged trial of 16 leaders of the Polish Underground State held by the Soviet Union took place in Moscow - (Trial of the Sixteen). The Government Delegate, together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the C-i-C of the Armia Krajowa, were invited by Soviet general Ivan Serov with agreement of Joseph Stalin to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They were presented with a warrant of safety, yet they were arrested in Pruszków by the NKVD on 27 and 28 March. Leopold Okulicki, Jan Stanisław Jankowski and Kazimierz Pużak were arrested on 27th with 12 more the next day. A. Zwierzynski had been arrested earlier. They were brought to Moscow for interrogation in the Lubyanka. After several months of brutal interrogation and torture, they were presented with the forged accusations of "collaboration with Nazi Germany" and "planning a military alliance with Nazi Germany".


text: In the latter years of the war, there were increasing conflicts between Polish and Soviet partisans. Cursed soldiers continued to oppose the Soviets long after the war. The last cursed soldier - member of the militant anti-communist resistance in Poland was Józef Franczak who was killed with pistol in his hand by ZOMO in 1963.


text: On 5 May 1945 in Bohemia, the Narodowe Siły Zbrojne brigade liberated prisoners from a Nazi concentration camp in Holiszowo, including 280 Jewish women prisoners. The brigade suffered heavy casualties.


text: On 7 May 1945 in the village of Kuryłówka, southeastern Poland, the Battle of Kuryłówka started. It was the biggest battle in the history of the Cursed soldiers organization - National Military Alliance (NZW). In battle against Soviet Union's NKVD units anti-communist partisans shot 70 NKVD agents. The battle ended in a victory for the underground Polish forces.


text: On 21 May 1945, a unit of the Armia Krajowa, led by Colonel Edward Wasilewski, attacked a NKVD camp in Rembertów on the eastern outskirts of Warsaw. The Soviets kept there hundreds of Poles, members of the Home Army, whom they were systematically deporting to Siberia. However, this action of the pro-independence Polish resistance freed all Polish political prisoners from the camp. Between 1944 and 1946, cursed soldiers attacked many communist prisons in Soviet-occupied Poland —see Raids on communist prisons in Poland (1944–1946).


text: From 10 to 25 June 1945, Augustów chase 1945 (the Polish "Obława augustowska") took place. It was a large-scale operation undertaken by Soviet forces of the Red Army, the NKVD and SMERSH, with the assistance of Polish UB and LWP units against former Armia Krajowa soldiers in the Suwałki and Augustów region in Poland. The operation also covered territory in occupied Lithuania. More than 2,000 alleged Polish anticommunist fighters were captured and detained in Russian internment camps. 600 of the "Augustów Missing" are presumed dead and buried in an unknown location in the present territory of Russia. The Augustów Roundup was part of an anti-guerilla operation in Lithuania.


text: a A number of sources note that the Home Army, representing the bulk of Polish resistance, was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. Norman Davies writes that the "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance [organizations]." Gregor Dallas writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe." Mark Wyman writes that the "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe." The numbers of Soviet partisans were very similar to those of the Polish resistance.


title: McDonaldization

text: McDonaldization is a McWord developed by sociologist George Ritzer in his 1993 book "The McDonaldization of Society". For Ritzer, "McDonaldization" is when a society adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant. The process of McDonaldization can be summarized as the way in which "the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of recent idea about the worldwide homogenization of cultures due to globalization.


title: McDonaldization

text: McDonaldization is a reconceptualization of rationalization and scientific management. Where Max Weber used the model of the bureaucracy to represent the direction of this changing society, Ritzer sees the fast-food restaurant as a more representative contemporary paradigm.


title: McDonaldization

text: With these four principles of the fast food industry, a strategy which is rational within a narrow scope can lead to outcomes that are harmful or irrational. As these processes spread to other parts of society, modern society's new social and cultural characteristics are created. For example, as McDonald's enters a country and consumer patterns are unified, cultural hybridization occurs.


title: McDonaldization

text: Organizations have been making an effort to deny the rationalization of McDonaldization. Efforts are related to focusing on quality instead of quantity, enjoying the unpredictability of service and product and employing more skilled workers without any outside control.


title: McDonaldization

text: Protests have also been rising in nation-states in order to slow down the process of McDonaldization and to protect their localization and traditional value.


title: McDonaldization

text: Some local case studies show how adjusting the rational model of McDonald's to suit local cultural preferences results in a diminution of the original McDonald's product. The more the company adjusts to local conditions, the more appeal the scientific calculations of the specifically American product may be lost. This can be used to justify McDonald's uniform approach. The ubiquity of McDonald's and the uniformity of its practices is a contributing factor to globalization.


title: McDonaldization

text: Junk food news, defined here as inoffensive and trivial news served up in palatable portions, is an example of McDonaldization. Another example could be McUniversities, which features modularized curricula, delivering degrees in a fast-track pick-and-mix fashion to satisfy all tastes. The diminished quality of these products can only be disguised by extensive advertising which constantly repackages them to look new.


title: McDonaldization

text: In penology, there has been a shift from punishments and treatment tailored to individual offenders, to attempting to control classes of offenders who are considered to be at high risk of recidivism through standardized penalties, such as those specified by three-strikes laws or sentencing guidelines. Offenders are classified by security level and sent to facilities deemed capable of adequately incapacitating prisoners in their risk category. Technology such as electronic surveillance, electronic monitoring, urinalysis, and computer-based offender tracking systems are often used in place of humans in the penal system.


title: McDonaldization

text: The response from McDonald's, expressed by its representatives in the United Kingdom, is that Ritzer, like other commentators, uses the company's size and brand recognition to promote ideas that do not necessarily relate to the company's business practices.


title: McDonaldization

text: It has been argued by a westerner that an example of the phenomenon of McDonaldization can be seen in education, where there is seen to be increasing similarity between that of Western classrooms and the rest of the world. Slater argues that the class size, layout and pedagogy in Peru closely resemble that of America, with clear examples of Western culture focused on efficiency of transfer of knowledge in other parts of the world. Furthermore, Slater goes on to demonstrate that the McDonaldization of education could have many negative side effects; particularly that it does not promote inquiry or creativity. Therefore, schools will become less effective at educating children as they will fail to develop critical and creative thinkers.


title: McDonaldization

text: A study by Carroll (2013) describes how e-learning has become one of the biggest phenomena of educational literature in recent years. Although the potential promise of e-learning is often expected within the process of learning, much of the emphasis is in fact on the electronic issues to facilitate learning, with little regard for its consequences on the learning process. Consequently, this often erodes the human factor in learning – making the learning process a more isolated experience. This article suggests that academics should become more cautious with their acceptance of facilitating learning through e-learning platforms without fully understanding the impact on students learning experiences. It also explores the changing role of students in discovering, questioning, and seeking knowledge into that of ‘consumers of pre-packed education.


title: McDonaldization

text: The McDonaldization of Education is not only limited to physical classroom settings. It is predicted by George Ritzer that MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) will make future education even more McDonaldized. While it is possible to create a new original MOOC every semester, it is more likely a basic structure will be created and subsequently altered each time in order to make their creation more efficient. Over time as the interest and quality of MOOCs increases, the same pre recorded MOOCs may be used by many different universities, creating predictable content for MOOC students. Computer graded exams will be used more frequently than written essay exams to make it more efficient for the instructors. Yet since MOOCs limit the amount of contact between student and teacher, it will be difficult to engage the course on a deeper and more meaningful level.


title: The Enemy Within (TV series)

text: The Enemy Within is an American drama television series created by Ken Woodruff, which aired on NBC from February 25 to May 20, 2019. The series was cancelled after one season on May 30, 2019.


title: The Enemy Within (TV series)

text: In 2015, Erica Shepherd is the CIA Deputy Director of Operations. When Russian master terrorist Mikhail Vassily Tal threatens her daughter Hannah, Erica is forced to reveal the names of four agents: Steven Haibach, Brian Lanich, Desiree Villareal, and Laine Heffron. The agents are killed, and Erica is arrested by FBI agent Will Keaton and sentenced to 15 consecutive life sentences without possibility of parole. Three years later, Tal strikes again, and Keaton is ordered to bring Erica out of ADX Florence to join the hunt for Tal and his growing network of spies.


title: The Enemy Within (TV series)

text: On January 22, 2018, it was announced that NBC had given the production a pilot order. The pilot was written by Ken Woodruff who was also expected to executive produce alongside Vernon Sanders. Production companies involved with the pilot were set to include Universal Television. On February 16, 2018, it was reported that Mark Pellington would direct the pilot episode. On May 7, 2018, it was announced that NBC had given the production a series order. It was also reported that Pellington would act as an executive producer for the series. A few days later, it was announced that the series would premiere as a mid-season replacement in the spring of 2019. On December 18, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on February 25, 2019 and air weekly on Mondays during the 10 PM time slot. On May 30, 2019, NBC canceled the series after a single season.


title: The Enemy Within (TV series)

text: In February 2018, it was announced that Raza Jaffrey, Jennifer Carpenter, and Morris Chestnut had been cast in lead roles in the pilot. In March 2018, it was reported that Cassandra Freeman and Kelli Garner had joined the main cast. On June 28, 2018, it was announced that Noah Mills had been cast in a series regular role. In December 2018, it was reported that Coral Peña and Robert Gossett would appear in a recurring capacity.


title: The Enemy Within (TV series)

text: In October 2018, filming for the series took place at Bergen Community College in Bergen County, New Jersey.


title: The Enemy Within (TV series)

text: Scenes are also shot on soundstages installed in the East Rutherford Meadowlands Arena, former home to the New Jersey Devils and New Jersey Nets, now known as the Brooklyn Nets.


title: The Enemy Within (TV series)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 43% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 5.33/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite a set of stellar performances led by the capable Jennifer Carpenter, "The Enemy Within" stumbles into an overly formulaic narrative that fails to produce any real spark." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: A Cinderella Story: Starstruck

text: A Cinderella Story: Starstruck is a 2021 American teen comedy musical film written and directed by Michelle Johnston and starring Bailee Madison and Michael Evans Behling. It is a standalone sequel to "" (2019), and the sixth installment of "A Cinderella Story" film series. The film was released digitally on June 29, 2021, and on DVD on July 13, 2021.


title: A Cinderella Story: Starstruck

text: "A Cinderella Story: Starstruck" was released on digitally on June 29, 2021, and on DVD on July 13, 2021.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The Lincoln LS is a four-door, five-passenger luxury sedan manufactured and marketed by Ford's Lincoln division over a single generation from 1999–2006. Introduced in June 1999 for model-year 2000, the LS featured rear-wheel drive and near 50/50 weight distribution and was available with a V8 or V6, the latter initially offered with a manual transmission.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The LS shared the Ford DEW98 platform with the Jaguar S-Type and the Ford Thunderbird. Trim levels ranged from the base V6 model to the Special Edition V8 LSE trims in 2004, with revised front and rear fascia, taillights and foglights, and front grille.


title: Lincoln LS

text: LS models were manufactured at Ford's Wixom Assembly Plant until production ended on April 3, 2006 and the plant was idled as part of Ford's The Way Forward. Approximately 262,900 were manufactured, including 2,331 with manual transmissions and 1,500 LSE editions.


title: Lincoln LS

text: In 1999, the LS debuted as Lincoln's first rear-wheel drive sport luxury sedan for the 2000 model year, under influence from the newly established Premier Automotive Group.


title: Lincoln LS

text: Lincoln originally intended to market the sedan in two versions, the LS6 and the LS8, the names reflecting their respective engine layouts. Toyota's Lexus division noted concern about the potential name confusion with its Lexus LS and Lincoln ended up using only the name "LS".


title: Lincoln LS

text: In designing the LS to be competitive in its segment, the LS' German-born chief designer, said of the car, "In a segment defined and dominated by BMW and Mercedes, the car had to have a functional, no-nonsense look. This redefines the Lincoln brand, but we still had to make sure it was recognizable as a member of the same family as the Town Car, Continental, Mark VIII, and the Navigator." The LS featured understated exterior and interior styling.


title: Lincoln LS

text: Leather seating surfaces were standard, the steering wheel could be wood- and leather-wrapped, and the interior featured wood accents. Standard features included power windows, power door locks with keyless entry, power heated mirrors, automatic headlights, air conditioning with automatic climate control, cruise control, and an AM/FM cassette radio. Available options included a six-disc in-dash CD changer (only accessible through the glove box initially; changed on later models), power moonroof, and a universal garage door opener.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The LS shared platforms and equipment with the Jaguar S-Type. The DEW98 platform used independent double wishbone (short-long arm; SLA) front and rear suspensions and a wheelbase. Four-wheel antilock disc brakes were standard along with an optional traction control system, marketed as Ford's "AdvanceTrac". Numerous suspension components, as well as the hood, decklid, and front fenders, were aluminum. The LS came with standard 16-inch alloy wheels while 17-inch wheels were available through an optional sport package. The sport package for an extra $1,000 included a stiffer suspension, 17-inch wheels, and manual shift capability for the automatic transmission. The battery of the LS was located in the spare tire well in the car's trunk.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The base LS was powered by an all-aluminum 3.0 L DOHC V6 that was a variant of the Jaguar AJ-V6 engine. Optional in the LS was an all-aluminum 3.9 L DOHC V8, a shorter-stroke variant of the Jaguar 4.0 L AJ-26 V8. Both engines required premium-grade gasoline. Ford's 5R55S five-speed automatic transmission with an optional manual shift ability called "SelectShift" was standard with either engine, while a Getrag 221 five-speed manual transmission was available for V6-equipped LS models through an optional sport package. Automatic transmission-equipped cars featured a 3.58:1 rear-axle ratio, while manual transmission-equipped versions came with a 3.07:1 rear-axle ratio. Lincoln stopped production of the manual-transmission model LS after 2,331 were manufactured. Road tests by "Motor Trend" and "Car and Driver" found that a V8-equipped LS could accelerate from zero to in the low seven-second range, while V6 models were up to two seconds slower in the same test.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The LS was named "Motor Trend's" Car of the Year for 2000 and was nominated for the North American Car of the Year award, as well.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The powertrain control module in 2000-2002 automatic transmission models with the "SelectShift" option was originally programmed to prevent launching in first gear; i.e., the car would default to a second gear launch. A first gear launch was available by depressing the throttle more than 60%. Second-gear launches were programmed to meet EPA fuel economy regulations . For the model year 2003, first-gear launches were programmed into the transmission, reflecting revised fuel economy regulations.


title: Lincoln LS

text: In 2002, the LSE (Limited Special Edition) package was introduced in V6 and V8 versions, with a revised fascia including round fog lamp openings and a special metallic grille treatment, and with enlarged lower body rocker panels, special wheels, and twin dual-exhaust tailpipes. Also for 2002, V6-equipped LS models gained and of torque.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The LS received a refresh for 2003, coinciding with Lincoln's then-new "Travel Well" ad campaign. The exterior received HID headlamps (optional) and a revised trunklid with revised taillights. Both available engines received a boost in power and torque, as well as slightly improved fuel efficiency. The 3.0 L DOHC V6 with which the LS was introduced now featured continuously variable intake cam timing, improved variable-length intake runners, and electronic "drive-by-wire" throttle control (which replaced the traditional mechanical cable-linked throttle control system used previously). The optional 3.9 L DOHC V8 with which the LS was also introduced received variable exhaust-valve timing. Due to its upgraded design, the 3.9 L V8 now produced over 87% of its peak torque output at only 2000 rpm and cars equipped with the V8 could now accelerate from zero to in around 6.5 seconds. Other notable additions to the LS included an electronic push-button parking brake (similar to that of the BMW E65 7 Series), replacing the traditional center console-mounted hand lever (or foot pedal), a touchscreen DVD satellite navigation map system, and an industry-first, 10-speaker THX-certified sound system. LSE versions were also available in the 2004 and 2005 model years, with unique fascia, unique 17-inch wheels, all-red tail lights, a color-keyed grille, unique floormats, and additional wood paneling in the interior.


title: Lincoln LS

text: Earlier LS models had a mechanical engine cooling fan that was operated with a hydraulic pump because the electrical charging system did not have sufficient capacity to effectively power an electric fan. A later revised alternator enabled the implementation of an electric fan for the 2003-2006 models.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The 2003-2006 GPS navigation system uses a DVD player mounted in the trunk (under the package tray) to contain the map data.


title: Lincoln LS

text: For 2006, the LS received exterior revision similar to LSE fascia trim from previous model years. The V6-powered model was dropped from the lineup. The base MSRP increased from $32,370 in 2004 to $39,285.


title: Lincoln LS

text: The Lincoln LS has received very high marks in occupant protection. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has rated the LS as a "Best Pick" with a perfect score in their frontal offset crash test. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gave the LS almost perfect scores in its side-impact and rollover tests. In fact, CNBC rated the LS as “one of the five safest cars of all time.”


title: Lincoln LS

text: Lincoln originally intended to designate LS models as "LS6" and "LS8", depending on the engine size option. Toyota threatened a trademark infringement lawsuit, due to the similar naming scheme used on the Lexus LS, while at the same time, Ford threatened a lawsuit regarding the Toyota T150 concept, arguing that the name was too close to that of the F150. Lincoln settled on designating the cars as "LS V6" and "LS V8" and Toyota changed the name of their pickup truck to the Tundra.


title: Samantha Brown

text: Samantha Elizabeth Brown (born March 31, 1970) is an American television host, notable for her work as the host of several Travel Channel shows including "Girl Meets Hawaii", "Great Vacation Homes", "Great Hotels", "Passport to Europe", "Passport to Latin America", "Great Weekends", "Green Getaways", "Passport to China", and "Samantha Brown's Asia". As of 2012 Samantha Brown has made her own travel luggage called Samantha Brown: Travel America. She has visited 62 countries. In January 2018, she began hosting "Samantha Brown's Places to Love" on PBS. It is shown on PBS stations nationwide and is on the PBS website and app.


title: Samantha Brown

text: Brown was born in Dallas, Texas, in 1970, but her family soon moved to New Castle, New Hampshire, where she grew up and graduated from Pinkerton Academy in Derry, New Hampshire. She performed with Music and Drama Company with award-winning designer Brian Sidney Bembridge; took 12 years of voice lessons; attended Chapman University, and transferred to Syracuse University to study musical theater. As stated in one of her episodes in "Passport to Europe", she is of Scottish and German descent.


title: Samantha Brown

text: Brown's early career included working in commercials, notably playing the spokesperson "Wendy Wire" for a company called Century Cable. She


title: Samantha Brown

text: appeared in the "HP Pavilion" "Computer is Personal Again" commercials. Additionally, she is the spokesperson for ECCO shoes. and was also a spokesperson in a 2009 commercial for Cedar Point amusement park. She is involved in the comedy sketch group "Mouth", based in New York, where she has lived for over 12 years.


title: Samantha Brown

text: In 1999 and 2000, the Travel Channel was looking for a travel host, and Brown was chosen after a series of auditions. In her role of host, she introduces viewers to vacation destinations and hotels in the United States and around the world, as well as showcasing restaurants and activities at those destinations. As a travel host, Brown travels 230 days out of the year and takes eight days to film an hour-long episode.


title: Samantha Brown

text: Since joining the network, Brown has hosted several series including "Girl Meets Hawaii", "Great Vacation Homes", "Great Hotels", "Passport to Europe", "Passport to Great Weekends", and "Passport to Latin America".


title: Samantha Brown

text: In addition to her regular shows, Brown hosted several Travel Channel specials, such as the 2006 all-access special "Great Cruises: Freedom of the Seas with Samantha Brown" aboard the "Freedom of the Seas" cruise ship, the largest passenger ship in the world at the time of its launch. Prior to that, she hosted a 12-night Mediterranean Venice cruise aboard the "Brilliance of the Seas" cruise ship. The accompanying show was titled "Samantha Brown's First Cruise". In 2007, she hosted a special titled "Passport to Green Getaways", a travelogue to three eco-friendly destinations in North America.


title: Samantha Brown

text: In 2007, Brown had two shows in production. In April 2007, Discovery Networks announced that she would host a new series titled "Passport to Great Weekends ... With Samantha Brown" featuring Brown exploring 48-hour vacation locations in the US and abroad. In September 2007, she was in Beijing, filming "Passport to China", which aired in July 2008, just ahead of the Beijing Olympics.


title: Samantha Brown

text: In 2008, Brown debuted "Passport to Great Weekends", which showcased her in a more informal light as well as following her on more unique, off-the-beaten-path vacations. Episodes would follow the format of her arrival at a destination on a Friday afternoon and conclude with her leaving on Sunday evening. The second season's title was changed to "Samantha Brown's Great Weekends" and featured a new introduction, but mostly the same format.


title: Samantha Brown

text: On February 8, 2010, the Travel Channel presented "Samantha Brown's 10th Anniversary Special" to commemorate Brown's ten years as host.


title: Samantha Brown

text: On April 9, 2010, she made a special guest appearance on "The Price Is Right" to present a travel-themed showcase.


title: Samantha Brown

text: In Anthony Bourdain's "Christmas Special" episode of "No Reservations", first aired in the U.S. on December 12, 2011, Samantha Brown appeared in a segment that satirized both her persona and the supposed conflict between the "perky" Brown and the "edgy" Bourdain. In the same month, more in keeping with her wholesome "girl next door" image, Brown hosted a video tour of the new Disney resort in Hawaii, which was produced and released by Disney to promote the Disney Vacation Club.In the summer of 2013, Samantha shot a new pilot for the Travel Channel in the Yellowstone area but Brown tweeted at the time that she could not talk about it for fear of jinxing the project. The project later proved to be two sample episodes of "Samantha Brown's Cash Attack", a travel-related game show.


title: Samantha Brown

text: Brown ambushed tourists in popular travel destinations and gave them an opportunity to win cash by answering questions related to the area and/or performing travel challenges. The two episodes aired on November 26, 2013.


title: Samantha Brown

text: Brown served as a co-host of "The Trip: 2014", a sweepstakes event that took viewers on a trip through Spain and Morocco.


title: Samantha Brown

text: Brown was also a co-host for "The Trip: 2015" in Hawaii, which originally aired in February 2015. She was seen in the Travel Channel series "50/50" with co-host Chris Grundy in 2015 and "Track Down Samantha Brown".


title: Samantha Brown

text: In the summer of 2017, Brown left the Travel Channel and later started filming a new series for PBS, "Samantha Brown's Places to Love". According to PBS, the series, first airing on January 6, 2018, features Brown seeking out "the little known spots and haunts where innovators and disrupters are creating a brand new travel experience. Whether it's food and drink, art and design, culture or adventure, at the end of each episode viewers will have a well curated list of experiences that focus on not just how to visit a destination but how to belong to it." In March 2019, "Samantha Brown's Places to Love" received three Daytime Emmy nominations, for Outstanding Travel/Adventure Program, Outstanding Directing in a Lifestyle Program, and Outstanding Host in a Lifestyle Program. On May 3, 2019, "Samantha Brown's Places to Love" won the Emmy for Outstanding Travel/Adventure Program and Brown won the Emmy for Outstanding Host. On February 11, 2020, Brown announced on Facebook that "Samantha Brown's Places to Love" was beginning production on Season 4.


title: Samantha Brown

text: On 17 January 2013, she and husband Kevin O'Leary welcomed twins, a son, Ellis James, and a daughter, Elizabeth Mae, in Brooklyn, N.Y.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Stig Folke Wilhelm Engström (26 February 1934 – 26 June 2000) was a Swedish graphic designer. Long treated by police as an eyewitness to the assassination of Prime Minister Olof Palme, Engström was separately proposed as Palme's assassin by the Swedish writers Lars Larsson and Thomas Pettersson.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Krister Petersson, prosecutor in charge of the investigation, announced the closing of the case at a press conference on 10 June 2020 and stated twenty years after Engström's death, he was the prime suspect in the murder, but that the evidence against him would have been too weak for a trial.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: In line with Swedish media reporting practices of not disclosing the names of suspects, Engström was dubbed the Skandia Man (), since he had arrived at the crime scene from the nearby head office of the Skandia Insurance Company, where he worked. Since Petersson's announcement in 2020, Swedish media have referred to Engström by name.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Stig Engström was born in Bombay, Bombay Presidency, British India, on 26 February 1934 to affluent Swedish parents from Småland. His mother, Ruth Engström, was originally from Nybro. His father, Folke Engström, worked for the industrialist Ivar Kreuger. In 1926, his father received the opportunity from his employer to move to India to start up production there. His younger brother was born in Calcutta in 1940.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Engström returned to Sweden when he was twelve years old and lived with relatives of the family until his parents also returned a few years later. He attended the same elite school as Olof Palme though not at the same time. While Engström showed artistic and athletic talent, he did not excel academically and never graduated or went to university. Engström did his mandatory military service before he started his studies to become a graphic designer. For some time, he worked for the Swedish military procurement establishment in designing and illustrating field manuals. In the late 1960s, he was hired by Sveriges Radio and later by Skandia Insurance Company to do design work in Stockholm, a position which he held until his retirement.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Besides his work as a graphic designer, Engström was briefly associated with the Moderate Party in Täby, where he lived, which involved design, print work and advertising. He eventually left the Moderates because of a disagreement over a school closure with his local party association.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Engström married in 1964 but later divorced. His second marriage lasted from 1968 to 1999. In June 2000, Engström died in his home at the age of 66.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Engström was one of 20 people present at the scene when Swedish Prime Minister Palme was fatally shot with a .357 magnum revolver in central Stockholm on the evening of 28 February 1986. Witness testimony was vague and contradictory and described a man of medium height, wearing a dark coat or, according to a small minority of witnesses, a blue jacket, who may or may not have worn some form of headgear (witness testimony varied between no headgear, a rolled-up knitted cap, a hat or a cap that possibly had ear-flaps). The killer escaped on foot, and was likely spotted a couple hundred metres from the crime scene by a pair that described a man of uncertain appearance, in a dark coat and dark clothing, who was fidgeting with a small bag.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Engström had clocked out of work and chatted with security guards at the main entrance to the Skandia Insurance Company no more than one or two minutes before the shooting. On leaving the building, he was wearing a dark coat, a cap that possibly had ear flaps, a colorful scarf, glasses and carried a small bag. Some twenty minutes later, he returned to the building to tell the guards that Palme had been shot just forty metres from the lobby entrance. He is then believed to have gone home.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Police had failed to hold and question several key witnesses on the night of the murder, and some of them reported to authorities only after national television and radio had broadcast a police request for information on the killing. Engström said he had not been interviewed by the police at the scene although he approached an officer to give his story. The day after Palme's murder, Engström called a police hotline and stated that he had walked out of the Skandia gate around the time of the shooting and come upon Palme's dead body moments later, as one of the first few witnesses on the scene.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Over four police interrogations, the last of which was recorded, with the recording being released by court decision in January 2022,


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: and in several media interviews, Engström maintained that he had participated in the rescue attempt in some fashion by helping to turn or reposition Palme's body. He said he had spoken a few words with Palme's wife, Lisbeth, and had pointed out the killer's escape route when police arrived. Engström had then dashed after police to hand them information he had learned from Palme's wife but aborted the run after realizing that they had moved away too far. He also said he had tried to report himself as a witness to police at the scene but had been brushed off.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: However, no other witnesses clearly recalled Engström being at the crime scene, and his description of himself as an active or even leading figure in the events following the shooting was hard to reconcile with the testimony presented by other witnesses. A handful of the witnesses were questioned about whether they had seen Engström. Two responded that they had not, but two others said they had but only after initial hesitation and, in one case, after details were offered that also seemed to match another witness. Complicating matters, the fact that Engström had sought media attention after the event reduced the evidentiary value of witness recollections of his appearance because his face had become publicly known.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: After briefly treating him as a person of interest, the police dismissed Engström as an unreliable witness and a publicity-seeker who was making a nuisance of himself. He no longer figured in the official investigation, which instead began to pursue a later-discredited lead about involvement by the Kurdistan Workers' Party.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Engström had long been known to friends, colleagues, and family as an attention-seeking person with a taste for drama, and he had appeared a few times in the Swedish media before the assassination. In 1982, he was interviewed by "Svenska Dagbladet" about gender after a questionnaire-based survey had identified him as highly "androgynous". He stressed that he was a heterosexual and said that he considered himself to have both male and female personality traits.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: After the assassination, Engström embarked on a quest for publicity by calling reporters and offering to tell his story already the day after the murder. He would appear in several Swedish media outlets to criticise the murder investigation and the Swedish police's lack of interest in his testimony. When investigators failed to invite Engström to the police reconstruction of the crime in April 1986, he contacted a television journalist and offered to dress up in the clothes that he had worn on the night of the murder and stage his own reconstruction. It was broadcast on Sveriges Television.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Engström's final interview about the case was in 1992 for the magazine "Skydd & Säkerhet". Once again, Engström had contacted a friend who worked as a journalist for the magazine.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: The failure to solve Palme's assassination and repeated revelations of police misconduct made alternative theories about the murder begin to proliferate in the late 1980s and the 1990s. Private enthusiasts, journalists, and authors began to propose a variety of possible suspects, scenarios and conspiracy theories, ranging from the CIA, the KGB, or Apartheid South Africa being involved to a variety of lone gunmen theories, police conspiracies, connections to the Bofors arms scandal and other plots, some more credible than others. In the media emerged a cottage industry of so-called ""privatspanare"", a somewhat derogatory term for self-appointed investigators. Engström was initially of as little interest to the "privatspanare" or to the police, because of the random nature of Palme's movement on the night of the murder seemed to preclude that Engström had timed his exit from the Skandia building to intercept Palme.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: In the early 1990s, Olle Minell, a journalist for the communist magazine "Proletären", depicted Engström as connected to a right-wing deep state intrigue against Palme. However, Minell argued that Engström might have been a part of the murder plot but did not believe that he was the actual shooter.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: The theory that Engström was Palme's lone assassin was first brought up in Lars Larsson's book "Nationens Fiende" ("Enemy of the Nation") in 2016. The allegation later reappeared in an article by the journalist Thomas Pettersson in the magazine "Filter" in 2018, and in his book "Den osannolika mördaren" ("The Unlikely Murderer"), which was published the same year. Pettersson's book also broached theories that Palme had been shot by Swedish intelligence or on orders of the CIA, but it ended up agreeing with Larsson's depiction of Engström as having randomly met and shot Palme outside his office building.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: According to Larsson and Pettersson's theories, which were developed separately but largely overlap, Engström had in fact arrived at the scene earlier than he admitted (which, according to Skandia's employee time clock, was quite possible) and spotted Palme only as he exited the building. Since for reasons unknown, Engström happened to be carrying a loaded gun, according to the theories, he decided to murder Palme. According to the Larsson-Pettersson argument, Engström then fled the area but counterintuitively almost immediately returned to the crime scene (Larsson) or straight to the Skandia building (Pettersson). By reporting himself to the police as a witness and approaching mass media with invented accounts based on elements gleaned from newspaper reporting, he aimed to muddle witness recollections and to confuse the police about his actual role. Both Larsson and Pettersson stressed that Engström had worn clothes that matched some of the witness descriptions of the murderer and pointed especially to the small bag noted by a witness who saw the escaping assassin.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Neither author presented any new testimony connecting Engström to the crime, but Pettersson interviewed Palme's son, Mårten Palme, who was cited as saying that his observation of a man who appeared to take an interest in his parents shortly before the shooting bore a resemblance to Engström. Critics of the Engström theory retorted that Mårten had previously identified Christer Pettersson as that man, and Pettersson and Engström bore little resemblance to each other. In a separate 2018 interview, another witness, Lars J, who saw the murderer escape, said that it was quite possible that Engström was the man he saw running from the scene of the crime; however, he had not seen the man's face.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Larsson's book drew little attention at the time of its publication, but Pettersson's made a major splash and drew some acclaim. However, the theory also met with opposition. Skeptics argued that the idea of Engström as a murderer was far-fetched in comparison with what they viewed as the more obvious alternative. Engström was simply a confused witness with a penchant for exaggerating his own importance, and Palme's murderer remained unknown.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: In particular, family and friends of Engström almost universally rejected the idea that he could have been a murderer by arguing that he had no reason to kill Palme, had never owned a gun, had no known criminal or extremist connections and had no record of violence. Queried by investigators and by the press about the seeming discrepancies in Engström's witness testimony, they pointed to a history of attention-seeking, a taste for "drama", and a record of embellishing his own exploits to draw praise. "He was not a mythomaniac, but it was along those lines", a childhood friend told "Expressen".


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: On 10 June 2020, Engström was announced as the prime suspect in Palme's murder at a press conference by the Swedish Prosecuting Authority's investigator, Krister Petersson. The prosecutor explicitly denied having relied on the books by Lars Larsson and Thomas Pettersson but presented a strikingly similar description of the case.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: The investigators' case rested on the fact that Engström was known to have been on or near the scene of the crime but had not been reliably identified as present after the shooting by any other witness, his own account of events was deemed unreliable and his clothing bore a resemblance to that of the murderer. Petersson offered no motive for the killing, did not explain how or why Engström had acquired a gun or why he would have carried it when he left his office that night, and presented no witness identifying Engström as the perpetrator.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Although the prosecutor had claimed to have secured forensic evidence, he presented no such evidence at the press conference. It emerged that investigators had tracked down and test-fired a gun that had been owned by an acquaintance of Engström (a fact first revealed by author Thomas Pettersson), but the results were inconclusive. On the question of the weapon, Petersson simply stated that "considering what later transpires during the evening in question [i.e., that per Petersson's theory, Engström shot Palme], we state he must have had a gun". The only other forensic element of Petersson's investigation was the DNA testing of a series of mysterious letters that had claimed responsibility for the murder; however, test results had shown that they had likely not been written by Engström.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Petersson noted that the evidence against Engström would have been too circumstantial for a trial but said it would have been evidence enough to detain and question him if he had been alive. As Engström was dead, the Swedish police could not start a prosecution and so the investigation was closed 34 years after the murder.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: The prosecutor's announcement met with widespread criticism in Swedish media and from legal experts. Most critics focused on the absence of forensic evidence by charging that Petersson's case has been made up of speculation and circumstantial evidence. Some also questioned the legality or propriety of publicly naming Engström when even the prosecutor did not believe he had found evidence sufficient to convict him. "Aftonbladet" referred to the investigation's conclusion as "a total fiasco". Leif G. W. Persson, a long-time watcher of the Palme investigation and an influential pundit on criminal justice issues, ridiculed Petersson's investigation as a "colossal disappointment" and said the case was so poorly constructed that it might legally constitute defamation of Engström. Engström's family and friends were similarly critical.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Legal professionals, including the Swedish Bar Association, stated that a commission should be established to investigate Petersson's accusations since Engström, being dead, could not mount his own defense.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: According to a public opinion poll commissioned by "Svenska Dagbladet", 19% of the Swedes believed that Engström murdered Palme, but 62% stated that they were hesitant or did not know.


title: Stig Engström (suspected murderer)

text: Petersson responded to his critics in "Expressen": "We have done our best, and, according to us, the investigation that we're presenting is rather strong".


Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport is a public international airport in Warwick, Rhode Island, United States, south of the state's capital and largest city of Providence. Opened in 1931, the airport was named for former Rhode Island governor and longtime senator Theodore Francis Green. Rebuilt in 1996, the renovated main terminal was named for former Rhode Island governor Bruce Sundlun. It was the first state-owned airport in the United States.


title: Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport

text: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a small hub primary commercial service facility.


text: T. F. Green Airport is a regional airport serving the FAA's New England Region in the FAA System Plan. The airport is the largest and most active airport among the six operated by the Rhode Island Airport Corporation (RIAC).


text: T. F. Green Airport was dedicated on September 27, 1931, as Hillsgrove State Airport, drawing what was at that time the largest crowd that had attended a public function in the country. In 1933, the Rhode Island State Airport Terminal was built on Airport Road, then called Occupasstuxet Road. In 1938, the airport was renamed in honor of Green, who had just been elected to the Senate two years earlier. At the time it had three concrete runways. The Army Air Force took control from 1942 to 1945, using it for flight training. The Sept 1946 diagram shows runways 5, 10 and 16 all long; in April 1951 runway 5 was and 5R was under construction. A few years later 5R was , which it remained until extended to around 1967.


text: The April 1957 OAG shows 26 weekday departures: 11 Eastern, 10 American, four United, and one National. Nonstops did not reach beyond Boston and Newark until 1959 when Eastern started a DC-7B nonstop to Washington, which was the longest until United started Cleveland in 1968 and Chicago in 1970 and Eastern started Miami in 1969 and Atlanta in 1970. The first jets were Mohawk BAC-111s in 1966.


text: President Richard Nixon made a campaign stop at the airport on the night of Friday, November 3, 1972. A crowd of 10,000 watched as Nixon, standing on the steps of Air Force One, urged voters to support Republican candidates Herbert F. DeSimone for Governor and John Chafee for U.S. Senator. (Both lost, though Chafee later won the office in 1976.) Air Force One again touched down at T. F. Green on August 30, 1975, this time carrying President Gerald Ford, en route to a fundraiser in Newport. He was greeted by a crowd of about 1,500 supporters, as well as local politicians including Governor Philip W. Noel, Senator John O. Pastore, and Providence Mayor Buddy Cianci.


text: To enhance itself as the lone airport for a metro area of over 1.6 million people, a new terminal was built on Post Road in 1964, replacing the old 1933 terminal along Airport Road. In 1996 this terminal was replaced, expanding to 18 gates, and adding a lower arrival level and an upper departure level. In 1997 four gates were added. Airlines added flights to T. F. Green Airport, including Air Canada, Southwest, SATA International (which operated flights to the Azores using an A310-300), and Spirit Airlines.


text: After the September 11 attacks in 2001, T. F. Green Airport, like most airports in the United States, faced a temporarily decrease in passengers and fewer flights from American Airlines (which once flew to Chicago O'Hare and Dallas/Fort Worth Airport), Spirit, and SATA. Until the 2015 finalization of the merger between American Airlines and US Airways, creating one single licensed carrier under the American Airlines name, the Providence metropolitan area was the largest MSA in the United States not served by American Airlines or any of its subsidiaries. The decrease in service was especially severe to Chicago O'Hare as between both United and American decreased the number of one way daily seats from nearly a combined 1,400 to today's 225 daily one way seats. Nine flights of 727, 737, 757 and MD-80 service downgraded to today's regional jet use. Since the HNTB-designed Bruce Sundlun Terminal opened in 1996, T. F. Green became more congested due to increased traffic and post-9/11 security changes. Renovations followed, including expansion of baggage rooms to accommodate a new In-Line Explosive Detection System (EDS) Baggage Handling System, expanded security screening checkpoints, more concessions and ticket counters, and expansion of RIAC offices on the second and third floors.


text: Traffic increased to a high of 5.7 million passengers in 2005, while at the same time Boston Logan was handling 25 million passengers. After 2005 airlines started consolidating service at larger airports withdrawing service and reducing frequencies at mid sized hubs and small sized hubs. Airports such as T. F. Green, Jacksonville, Bradley, etc. were affected. The recession and Boston Logan's proximity to the Providence metro area also took its toll on T. F. Green as numbers decreased to 3.5 million in 2015. In 2017 numbers have grown just shy of 4 million passenger. With the addition of Amazon Air, which includes its own Prime Jets plus DHL and Atlas Air Jets, cargo numbers have increased to nearly 44 million pounds. This will increase with a full year of service from Amazon Air. Amazon moved their cargo service from T. F. Green to Bradley International Airport as of August 1, 2018.


text: In 2017 the airport had 74,561 aircraft operations, average 204 per day: 50% scheduled commercial, 14% air taxi, 35% general aviation and <1% military. 33 aircraft were then based at this airport: 55% single-engine, 9% multi-engine, 30% jet and 6% helicopter. In 2017 T. F. Green handled about 3.937 million passengers. The mainline airline with the largest presence at T. F. Green is Southwest, which carried 45.07% of all passengers in 2017, followed by American with 13.65%. T. F. Green also handled over of cargo and mail in 2017.