title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to her support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of saving the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Senate was at risk. Her old age was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, and her mother, Adele Montalcini, was a painter. The family's Jewish roots extend back to the Roman Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to tend to the children and house.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: Levi-Montalcini had an older brother Gino, who died after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and a professor at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, and Paola, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: In 2003, she filed a libel suit for defamation against Beppe Grillo. During a show, Grillo called the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: Levi-Montalcini never married and had no children. In a 2006 interview she said, "I never had any hesitation or regrets in this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely." She died in her home in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: Upon her death, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised her as someone who represented "civic conscience, culture and the spirit of research of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to be admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong endeavor to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" example for Italy and the world.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: According to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy, she was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: In 1968, she became the tenth woman elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine, as well as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste, Italy. On that occasion, she expressed her desire to formulate a Carta of Human Duties as necessary counterpart of the too much neglected Declaration of Human Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, in her native city.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: In 2011, at the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill University, Canada.


title: Rita Levi-Montalcini

text: She was a founding member of Città della Scienza. and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Elijah Samuel Burke (born May 24, 1981) is an American professional wrestler also known under the ring names "The Pope" D'Angelo Dinero and Da Pope. He currently wrestles for National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) as "Da Pope" Elijah Burke, where he is a former World Television Champion. He started his wrestling career in 2003, working for World Wrestling Entertainment, first in their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling, and later on their main roster from 2006 to 2008. While in WWE he would occasionally do commentary during events, but was primarily used as a wrestler, especially as part of The New Breed stable.


title: Elijah Burke

text: From 2009 to 2013, and again from 2015 to 2017, Burke worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling/Impact Wrestling, with his first stint as a wrestler, and the second stint as one of their main television commentators. Burke has won the OVW Heavyweight Championship, OVW Television Championship, and OVW Southern Tag Team Championship, and was voted the 2010 Most Improved Wrestler of the Year by the readers of Pro Wrestling Illustrated.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Prior to his wrestling career, Burke worked as a law enforcement officer in Jacksonville, Florida, being duel certified, and later gaining a degree in criminal justice. He also trained as an amateur boxer, a background that influenced his in-ring style.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Burke is a former officer for the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office in Florida who started in corrections before crossing over to the street. He would become an amateur boxer during this time as well as a toughman competitor in Jacksonville's "Club 5" and "Club Plush", where he would amass a 98–1 win–loss record in the span of 3 years. According to his WWE.com profile, Burke has a record of 103–1 with 102 knockouts in his amateur career. According to WWE, the only loss he sustained was a disqualification, after he knocked his opponent out and refused to back down to his corner. Before each of his matches he writes the phrase "4-Up" on his wrist tape, and in an interview with "WWE Magazine", Burke stated that this came from the phrase "I'm going to give you five upside your head," used by comedians such as Redd Foxx. However, when you punch somebody, it's more accurately four upside the head. On the "Right After Wrestling" program on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 98, Burke told hosts Arda Ocal and Jimmy Korderas that early in his professional wrestling career, he never threw worked punches due to having difficulty pulling his punches.


title: Elijah Burke

text: After signing with WWE, he was sent to their developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). There, he won the Heavyweight Championship on December 8, 2004, by defeating Chad Toland. On April 14 Burke lost the championship to Matt Morgan. While in OVW, Burke was offered a spot in the Spirit Squad by WWE's creative team, but turned it down, which forced him to stay in OVW on a longer stint before moving to SmackDown! with Sylvester Terkay.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Burke would be brought up to the main roster of SmackDown! on July 28, 2006 working a mixed martial arts cornerman gimmick with the also debuting former MMA fighter Sylvester Terkay. His first WWE match saw him defeating Scott Wright and he would also break Vito's four month winning streak while on "SmackDown!", albeit with Terkay's assistance.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On November 7, 2006, Burke and Terkay debuted on the ECW brand by cutting a backstage promo. The following week, Burke replaced Tazz, who had knee surgery, as color commentator alongside play-by-play announcer Joey Styles. Two weeks later, Burke returned to the ring; he and Terkay lost to The Hardys. At the ECW brand's December to Dismember pay-per-view, Burke and Terkay defeated The Full Blooded Italians. The pair were later dubbed The Knock-Out/Tap-Out Connection, in reference to Burke's amateur boxing career and Terkay's mixed martial arts background. On January 18, 2007, Terkay was released from WWE.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Following this, Burke usually wrestled in singles matches, and appeared in a segment where WWE owner Vince McMahon showed disdain for members of the original ECW and called Burke to the ring, naming him "The Future of ECW". Burke was then attacked by Tommy Dreamer, Rob Van Dam, Sabu, and The Sandman, who would later form the ECW Originals stable. Burke then became the official leader of The New Breed, a group of new ECW stars including Matt Striker, Marcus Cor Von and Kevin Thorn, who proceeded to feud with the ECW Originals. At WrestleMania 23, The New Breed faced off against the ECW Originals but were ultimately defeated.


title: Elijah Burke

text: After several weeks of trying to recruit fellow roster mate and new ECW superstar CM Punk, Burke and the New Breed were successful on April 10. Just two weeks later, however, CM Punk betrayed the New Breed, attacking Burke after a match. The next week, Kevin Thorn quit the New Breed due to lack of interference in his match with CM Punk. The same night, Matt Striker and Marcus Cor Von were defeated by the debuting Major Brothers. After being pinned, Burke screamed at Striker creating tension between the two. The New Breed would then feud with the ECW Originals, CM Punk and the Major Brothers at the same time. At Judgment Day, Burke was defeated by CM Punk. Then, at One Night Stand, Burke, Marcus Cor Von and Matt Striker were defeated by Tommy Dreamer, The Sandman and CM Punk in a tables match, ending the New Breed stable.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On June 19, 2007, Burke lost to Chris Benoit (which would be Benoit's last match before his death) in a match that would decide who would face either CM Punk or Marcus Cor Von for the vacant ECW World Championship at . Burke then lost to Punk in a two out of three falls match, which would see the winner becoming the number-one contender to Johnny Nitro's ECW World Championship. On July 10, Burke rebounded with a decisive victory over Balls Mahoney. He was then named the number one contender for the ECW Championship and went on to face CM Punk at the Unforgiven pay-per-view where he was beaten after Punk cleanly pinned him.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Two days later on "ECW", an elimination chase was set up by ECW General Manager Armando Estrada. This challenge was to determine the number one contender to CM Punk's ECW Championship in order to compete for the title at No Mercy. Estrada pitted four ECW wrestlers (Burke, Kevin Thorn, Tommy Dreamer and Stevie Richards) against each other in a fatal four-way that night, which Burke won, removing the loser of the match, Richards, from contention. The following week Thorn was eliminated and in the final match of the elimination chase, Burke was eliminated by Dreamer.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Towards the end of 2007, Burke had a short feud with then-World Heavyweight Champion Batista after Batista claimed his upcoming match with Burke was the last thing on his mind, thus disrespecting him and leading to two singles matches against Batista with Burke on the losing end of both. On the November 20 episode of "ECW", Burke introduced and formed an alliance with the newest member of the ECW roster, Shelton Benjamin, who moved over from the Raw brand. Burke was then taken off television for several months but he later reappeared by participating in the 2008 Royal Rumble, entering as the 28th entrant but was eliminated by Triple H after having Mick Foley pushed into him, after which both Foley and Burke were eliminated.


title: Elijah Burke

text: He later participated in a 24-man battle royal at WrestleMania XXIV to determine who would face ECW Champion Chavo Guerrero Jr. Burke was eliminated early in the match (shortly after he himself eliminated Stevie Richards) by Kane. Burke then reappeared again in a tag team match on "SmackDown" where he and Shelton Benjamin faced Kofi Kingston and then-United States Champion Matt Hardy in a losing effort. Burke faced Hardy the following week in what would be his final televised match, but was unsuccessful. Burke later resurfaced once again in 2008 with a new "Black Pope" gimmick defeating Stevie Richards, Kung Fu Naki and Jamie Noble in dark matches.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On November 10, 2008, Burke was released from his WWE contract after being absent from television since May 2008.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On November 16, 2008, One Pro Wrestling based in England announced that Burke would be appearing on their Friday the 13th show in February 2009, but was canceled. Burke appeared at the World Wrestling Council WWC) show LockOut on December 13, losing a hardcore three-way dance match, also involving Steve Corino, to Sabu. Later in January on an event named Euphoria he teamed with Armando Alejandro Estrada to unsuccessfully challenge Thunder and Lightning for the WWC World Tag Team Championship. Burke appeared at the Blue Collar Wrestling Alliance (BCWA) show "Superslam 7" in Detroit, Michigan on April 12, 2009, winning in a singles match against local indy wrestler "The Reason" Black Velvet.


title: Elijah Burke

text: In 2012, he returned to WWC, defeating Ricky Banderas. He wrestled Carlito for the promotion in 2013. Burke made his return to the independent circuit on April 4, 2013, at Pro Wrestling Syndicate "Super Card" where he was defeated by John Morrison. Burke wrestled Jason Steel in WWC in December 2014. On January 1, 2015, he defeated Chicano. Burke made his return to Puerto Rico, but now in different promotion International Wrestling Association (IWA), defeating Gilbert.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On May 27, 2009, Burke defeated Shawn Spears in a tryout dark match for TNA at their "TNA Impact!" television tapings. On July 29, the Wrestling Observer Newsletter reported that Burke had signed a contract with TNA. On the August 6 episode of "Impact!" a vignette was aired that announced that Burke would be debuting under the ring name D'Angelo Dinero at Hard Justice. Burke made his debut as a heel on August 16 in the Steel Asylum match, which was won by Daniels. On August 20, 2009, he made his "Impact!" debut and defeated Consequences Creed before he was attacked by Suicide, who had lost the Steel Asylum match because of Dinero's interference. On the September 17 episode of "Impact!", Dinero defeated Suicide. At No Surrender, Dinero defeated Suicide once again, this time in a "falls count anywhere" match. The following week on "Impact!" Suicide finally defeated Dinero, by pinning him in a street fight.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Burke was slated to take part in the Ultimate X match at Bound for Glory, but ended up missing the event due to a "family emergency". Dinero returned on the November 12 episode of "Impact!", aligning himself with Matt Morgan and Hernandez against Team 3D and Rhino, which turned him face as a result. Three days later, on November 15, 2009, Dixie Carter announced on her Twitter account that Burke had signed a new long-term deal with the company. At Turning Point Rhino and Team 3D defeated Dinero, Morgan and Hernandez. On the following "Impact!" Rhino and Team 3D won the rematch as well, when Jesse Neal turned heel and joined them. On the December 3 episode "Impact!" Suicide accepted Dinero's offer for peace and joined him, Morgan and Hernandez in their war with Rhino, Team 3D and Neal. At Final Resolution Morgan, Hernandez, Dinero and Suicide defeated Neal, Team 3D and Rhino in an eight-man elimination tag team match.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On the January 4, 2010, special live three-hour Monday night episode of "Impact!", Dinero defeated Desmond Wolfe. Two weeks later at Genesis, however, Wolfe avenged his loss and defeated Dinero in a rematch. On the February 4 episode of "Impact!", Dinero scored a non-title victory over the World Heavyweight Champion, A.J. Styles. At Against All Odds Dinero defeated Desmond Wolfe, Matt Morgan and Mr. Anderson, despite being attacked by Scott Hall and Sean Waltman prior to the match, to win the 8 Card Stud Tournament and earn himself a shot at Styles' World Heavyweight Championship at Lockdown. Two months later, at Lockdown, Dinero failed in his attempt to win the World Heavyweight Championship from Styles. During the match Burke suffered ligament damage in his shoulder, which would sideline him for over two months. In storyline, Dinero's absence was attributed to Mr. Anderson attacking him backstage on the May 3 episode of "Impact!". Dinero returned on the July 1 episode of "Impact!" and was immediately challenged to a match by Kurt Angle, who had vowed to go through TNA's top ten wrestlers in the Championship Committee's rankings and had now arrived to the man ranked number eight. At Victory Road Dinero was defeated by Angle in his return match. Afterwards, Dinero started a storyline with Mr. Anderson, who had recently turned face and wanted to prove his change to the man he had injured two months earlier by saving him from Matt Morgan. On the August 19 episode of "Impact!" the TNA World Heavyweight Championship was vacated and Dinero was entered into an eight-man tournament for it. In his first-round match he defeated Morgan to set up a semifinal match against Anderson. At No Surrender Anderson defeated Dinero to eliminate him from the tournament.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On the September 16 episode of "Impact!", and the "Reaction" following it, Dinero seemingly turned heel by aligning himself with Kevin Nash and Sting, who had been feuding with Hulk Hogan, Eric Bischoff and Jeff Jarrett for months over the way TNA was run, claiming to know that they were up to something. Dinero later claimed to have gotten inside information from Bischoff's secretary Miss Tessmacher, that would suggest that Sting and Nash were right. At Bound for Glory Dinero, Sting and Nash faced Jeff Jarrett and Samoa Joe in a handicap match, after Hulk Hogan, who was scheduled to team with Jarrett and Joe, was forced to pull out due to a back surgery. At the end of the match Jarrett abandoned Joe and left him to be pinned by Nash. At the end of the event it was revealed that Sting and Nash had been right about Hogan and Bischoff all along, as they turned heel with Jarrett, Abyss and Jeff Hardy, and in the process turned Dinero, Sting and Nash back to being faces.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On the following episode of "Impact!" Sting and Nash refused to join Hogan's and Bischoff's new Immortal stable and instead walked out on TNA and Dixie Carter, noting that they had tried to warn her, but she had not listened. Dinero, now left alone, then became a target of the Immortal/Fortune alliance, with Fortune members A.J. Styles, Douglas Williams, Kazarian, James Storm and Robert Roode defeating him in a 5–on–1 handicap match. The following week Dinero received a shot at Styles' Television Championship in a street fight, but was defeated after an interference from Abyss. Afterwards, Dinero tried to form an alliance with Samoa Joe to fight Immortal and Fortune, but was turned down. At Turning Point Abyss defeated Dinero in a Lumberjack match, after Dinero's lumberjacks, including his own brother, turned on him, after being bought out by Eric Bischoff. The following month at Final Resolution Dinero was defeated by Abyss in a casket match.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On the following episode of "Impact!" Dinero started collecting donations in order to help those in need, however, after a vignette, filmed secretly by Samoa Joe's associate Okato, where Dinero visited a strip club, his true motivations were questioned by Joe on the January 6, 2011, episode of "Impact!". On the January 27 episode of "Impact!", Dinero completed his heel turn, talking down to the crowd at the Impact! Zone and confessing his dislike of Samoa Joe. On February 13 at Against All Odds Dinero was defeated by Joe in a singles match. After the match Dinero attacked Joe and bloodied him. On the following episode of "Impact!", Joe got his revenge on Dinero by giving him a muscle buster through a table, after Okato prevented him from escaping the ring. On the March 10 episode of "Impact!", Dinero defeated Joe in a rematch between the two, after hitting him with a chain. On April 17 at Lockdown, Joe defeated Dinero in a steel cage match.


title: Elijah Burke

text: In June, Dinero helped Brother Devon in his feud with Mexican America, even though Devon tried to decline his help, claiming that he was a bad influence on his two sons Terrence and Terrell. Later that month, Dinero and Devon were both entered into the Bound for Glory Series to determine the number one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, during the course of which Dinero handed Devon a win in a tag team match, but Devon did not return the favor and save Dinero from a post-match assault at the hands of Samoa Joe. On August 7 at Hardcore Justice, Dinero defeated Devon in a Bound for Glory Series match. At the start of the match, Dinero offered to lay down for Devon, but the offer was refused.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Devon finally changed his attitude towards Dinero by saving him from Samoa Joe on the August 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling". The attack however forced Dinero to pull out of the Bound for Glory Series with a storyline injury. On the September 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Dinero and Devon defeated The British Invasion (Douglas Williams and Magnus) to become the number one contenders to the World Tag Team Championship. On September 11 at No Surrender, Dinero and Devon failed in their attempt to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship from Anarquia and Hernandez of Mexican America. On the December 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Dinero and Devon defeated Ink Inc. (Jesse Neal and Shannon Moore) and Mexican America to become the number one contenders to the World Tag Team Championship, now held by the team of Crimson and Matt Morgan. On December 11 at Final Resolution, Dinero and Devon failed to capture the World Tag Team Championship. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Dinero, along with Terrence and Terrell, turned on Devon. On January 8, 2012, at Genesis, Terrence and Terrell turned on Dinero and helped their father defeat him in a singles match.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Dinero returned to TNA on the June 14 episode of "Impact Wrestling", when he entered the 2012 Bound for Glory Series, taking part in the opening gauntlet match, from which he was eliminated by James Storm. After only one win and eight losses, Dinero suffered a legitimate shoulder injury and was sidelined from the tournament during its final weeks in mid-August. In storyline Dinero was sidelined as a result of being attacked by Aces & Eights at Hardcore Justice.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On January 8, 2013, Burke announced on Twitter that his TNA contract had expired on January 1, and he would not be re-signing with the company.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On September 11, 2013, Burke returned to Ohio Valley Wrestling and defeated Flash Flanagan to win the Television Championship. After defeating Flanagan to retain the OVW Television Championship in a rematch the following week, Burke successfully defended his title twice against Raul LaMotta and Rockstar Spud before losing the title to Shiloh Jonze on October 5 at the "OVW Saturday Night Special".<ref name="OVW Saturday Night Special 10/5"></ref> On October 9, 2013, Burke teamed with Eddie Diamond to defeat The Marauders (Joe Coleman & Shiloh Jonze), then made a challenged to Jonze for a title rematch. On October 16, Burke faced Shiloh Jonze in a Steel Cage match for the Television Championship but was unsuccessful.<ref name="OVW TV Results 10/16"></ref>


title: Elijah Burke

text: On September 16, 2015, Burke made his return under the ring name General Pope, teaming with Private Anthony defeating Adam Revolver and Reverend Stuart Miles in a number one contenders match for an opportunity at the Southern Tag Team Championship. On December 5, The Band of Brothaz (General Pope and Private Anthony) defeated The Van Zandt Family Circus (Dapper Dan Van Zandt and The Ringmaster) to win the Southern Tag Team Championship. With this victory, Burke became the sixteenth triple crown champion in OVW history.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Burke returned to TNA on the June 3, 2015 episode of "Impact Wrestling" alongside Josh Mathews on commentary under the ring name Da Pope. On October 4, 2015, at Bound For Glory, Pope entered in a twelve-man Bound For Gold Gauntlet match which was won by Tyrus.


title: Elijah Burke

text: On the March 15 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Pope saved Josh Mathews from an attack by Lashley only to be attacked himself. The following week, Pope cost Lashley a shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship when he interfered in a gauntlet match he was competing in and then fighting him to the backstage area. On the April 5 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Pope was defeated by Lashley in a street fight. He was acting as a face commentator.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Since leaving TNA, he has primarily wrestled for Fighting Evolution Wrestling, a Florida-based promotion.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Burke debuted in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) on the December 23, 2019, episode of "NWA Powerrr", using his "Pope" moniker. On October 20, 2020, on "UWN Primetime Live", Burke defeated Zicky Dice to win the NWA World Television Championship.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Burke was a guest on Sci-Fi Channel's "Ghost Hunters", on the October 31, 2007 Halloween live special episode. He would become the second WWE wrestler to appear on "Ghost Hunters", with the first being CM Punk. He also had a journal on WWE.com called "The Elijah Experience", where he discussed the happenings on "ECW on Sci-Fi".


title: Elijah Burke

text: Burke is a playable character in the video games "WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2008" and "WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2009".


title: Elijah Burke

text: In May 2011, it was announced on his official website that Burke had graduated and received his degree with high honors in criminal justice.


title: Elijah Burke

text: Although Burke hasn't been in WWE for over ten years, Burke is close friends with Xavier Woods and the rest of The New Day, and appeared on an episode of Woods' YouTube channel "UpUpDownDown" in January 2019 playing "Madden 19".


title: Solar eclipse of October 25, 2022

text: The solar eclipse of October 25, 2022, was a partial solar eclipse visible from Europe, the Urals and Western Siberia, Central Asia, Western Asia, South Asia and from the north-east of Africa. The maximal phase of the partial eclipse occurred on the West Siberian Plain in Russia near Nizhnevartovsk, where more than 82% of the Sun was eclipsed by the Moon. In India, the Sun was eclipsed during sunset ranging from 58% in the north and around 2% in the south. From Western Europe it appeared to be around 15-30% eclipsed. It was visible between 08:58 UTC, the greatest point of eclipse occurred at 11:00 UTC and it ended at 13:02 UTC.


title: Solar eclipse of October 25, 2022

text: A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.


Solar eclipse of October 25, 2022


title: Pump It

text: "Pump It" is a song by American musical group the Black Eyed Peas. It was released on January 17, 2006, as the fourth and final single from The Black Eyed Peas' fourth studio album "Monkey Business". This song was also remixed for the deluxe edition of the group's fifth studio album "The E.N.D." as "Pump It Harder". "Pump It" heavily incorporates music from Dick Dale's 1962 surf version of "Misirlou" (known for being featured in the 1994 Quentin Tarantino film "Pulp Fiction").


title: Pump It

text: "I was in Brazil doing some CD," The Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am recalls. "I came across this compilation [disk] and I thought it was one thing but it turned out to be something else. The Dick Dale song "Miserlou" [sic] was on it. At first, I was angry this isn't what I wanted to buy," he laughs. "But then, really, that song is hot. I said, 'We should do a song like this.' I jump-started the computer and made some beats on the train. Then we had to fly to Tokyo and I tightened up the beat on the plane. Then I recorded vocals in this park in Tokyo, and that's how we recorded the song 'Pump It'."


title: Pump It

text: The music video for "Pump It" was filmed in November 2005 in Los Angeles, California and features The Black Eyed Peas competing and fighting with a gang of unidentified people in a parking garage. The video features a modified Honda Civic Hybrid customized with metallic paint with Black Eyed Peas graphics; the vehicle was later given away in sweepstakes during the 2006 Honda Civic Tour. Some of the vehicle actual driving in the parking lot was CGI, since actually driving in the manner portrayed in the clip was too dangerous and costly for a music video production. Further CGI was required during the soccer ball (clearly visible at 2:07 in the official video) kicking scene in the middle of the video. To enhance the fighting scenes some cord pulling stunts were required.


title: Pump It

text: Before the single was officially released, the song peaked at number 82 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in June 2005. This was mainly based on digital download strength due to exposure in the Best Buy ads. After its official airplay release, it peaked at number 18 in March 2006. The single was released to stores in the United States on February 14, 2006, and in the United Kingdom on March 13, 2006.


title: Pump It

text: This single, compared to other "Monkey Business" singles' performance on US charts, is the lowest ranking single from the album.


title: Pump It

text: The song reached higher spots on charts in other countries. In New Zealand, "Pump It" debuted at number 19 on March 13, 2006. It jumped to number 2 the following week, where it peaked. It became their 4th consecutive top 5 hit from "Monkey Business" in this country, after "Don't Phunk With My Heart" and "My Humps" reached number 1, and "Don't Lie" peaking at number 5. Also, it is their 9th consecutive top 10 hit, after all of their singles from "Elephunk" reached the top 10, (including #1's "Where Is The Love?" and "Shut Up!". and earlier single "Request + Line", which peaked at number 10. Amazingly, this expanded to 11 top 10 hits for the band with the release of the 3 consecutive top 3 singles "Boom Boom Pow" (#2), " I Gotta Feeling" (#1) and "Meet Me Halfway" (#3) from the future album "The E.N.D". The streak broke when next single "Rock That Body" only managed to peak at number 16. They then had another 3 consecutive top 10 hits with "The Time (Dirty Bit)" (another #1 hit in the country), "Just Can't Get Enough" (#4), and "Don't Stop The Party" (#9) from the 2010 album "The Beginning". In Australia, the song peaked at number 6. The song was also popular in the United Kingdom, becoming their 8th hit single there. "Pump It" peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart - only 5 sales behind the #2 song that week "It's Chico Time", matching the chart success of previous single "My Humps". It was the first song ever to make the UK Top 40 on sales of downloads alone.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Hereford Football Club is an English association football club from the city of Hereford. They were founded in 2014 as a phoenix club for Hereford United, and inherited their Edgar Street stadium. They are nicknamed 'The Whites' after their predominantly white kit, or 'The Bulls' after the Hereford cattle breed, and their motto is 'Our greatest glory lies not in never having fallen, but in rising when we fall'. The club is affiliated to the Herefordshire County Football Association.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: As of the 2022–23 season, the club plays in the National League North, at the sixth tier of the English football league system. They entered the football pyramid before the 2015–16 season and won three league titles in their first three campaigns - the Midland Football League Premier Division followed by the Southern League South & West and the Southern League Premier.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Following the winding up of Hereford United on 19 December 2014, the Hereford United Supporters Trust (HUST) vowed to start a new phoenix club. Three days later, local businessman Jon Hale, who had earlier been chairman of HUST, registered the name Hereford Football Club with the Herefordshire County Football Association, in conjunction with the trust and a group of local businessmen. A press release followed on 24 December, outlining plans to let HUST members decide on the club's kits and crest. It also addressed the issue of the ownership structure, with the Hereford United Supporters Trust being given the opportunity to become the largest single shareholder, with individuals and corporate benefactors being barred from owning more than 49% of the new club. The press release stated that HUST's stake would be 'much more' than this.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: The club's official website went live on 29 December. Hale gave an interview with Trevor Owens on BBC Hereford and Worcester on 3 January 2015, citing Hereford United's untenable debts as the reason for the business group's reluctance to engage with the former club. The appointment of Hale as Hereford F.C. chairman was released in an FAQ on 13 January. An open meeting two days later confirmed several appointments, including HUST chairman Chris Williams as vice chairman, Hugh Brooks as finance director, George Webb as commercial director and Phil Eynon as governance director (the latter three being part of the Hale-led group of local businessmen).


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On 20 and 21 January, HUST members voted in favour of the proposal from the Hale group, with 96.71% voting to accept the plans. The Hereford F.C. bid had been the only approach submitted to HUST. Two weeks later, Herefordshire Council confirmed that the club had secured a five-year lease for the city's Edgar Street stadium.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: The club opened applications for the position of club manager on 27 February and, following 42 applications, Peter Beadle was announced as the successful candidate by the board on 17 April 2015. Beadle, the final caretaker manager of the predecessor club, was joined by assistant manager Matt Bishop, who had served as a national coach developer with The Football Association.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On 14 May 2015, the FA confirmed that Hereford would compete in the Midland Football League Premier Division (9th tier) for the club's first season. As a consequence, this meant that the club were entered into the FA Vase and the Midland League Cup.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: The first game, a pre-season friendly, took place away at Malvern Town on 7 July 2015, a 3–2 victory for Hereford in which the winning goal was scored by Dale Hodge, in front of a record crowd for the hosts. Four days later, Hereford hosted their first match, a friendly against FC United of Manchester at Edgar Street, with Nathan Hughes scoring the only goal in a victory watched by around 4,250 spectators. They won 4–1 against Dunkirk in their first league match on 8 August, in front of a crowd of 4,062; this broke the league record attendance of 1,280, and was higher than four attendances that day in Football League One.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On 10 December 2015, while in first place in the league, the club announced that they had applied for promotion to the Southern Football League for the 2016–17 season.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: The league campaign had started with a shaky start, but they managed to put together a long winning run, which eventually came to an end after 27 wins in a row, in a 1–1 draw at home to Alvechurch on 23 January 2016, and the unbeaten run of 34 games came to an end on 23 February, following a 2–0 loss at home to Highgate United.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Hereford broke their attendance record again in the FA Vase semi-final first leg against Salisbury on 12 March. Hereford won 1–0 in front of a record crowd of 4,683. On 25 April, Hereford clinched the league title following a 4–0 away win at Coventry Sphinx and were subsequently promoted to the Southern League South and West Division. A week later, the club picked up their second trophy, the Herefordshire County Cup, following a 5–1 win over Westfields.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Hereford secured their third trophy of the season, the Midland Football League Cup, on 10 May, following a 3–1 win over Walsall Wood at Solihull Moors' Damson Park.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On 12 May 2016, it was confirmed that Hereford would compete in the Southern League South and West, following their promotion from the Midland Football League Premier. The season saw the club make their first appearance in both the FA Cup and the FA Trophy. It was announced on 24 May, that assistant manager Matt Bishop would be leaving the club, and he was replaced by Steve Jenkins on 30 May. The club decided to withdraw from the Southern League Cup in an attempt to focus on the league. The club went out of the FA Cup at the third qualifying round at Tonbridge Angels and exited the FA Trophy in the preliminary round at Salisbury. On 12 October, the club announced that manager Peter Beadle had signed his first contract with the club, on a rolling 12-month deal. On 19 October, it was announced that Chairman Jon Hale had stepped down and was to be replaced in the interim by Chris Williams, who was replaced by Ken Kinnersley on 3 January 2017.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On 4 March 2017, their away match against Didcot Town was abandoned due to crowd disturbances after a few Hereford fans went on to the pitch in celebration of the team taking the lead in the dying minutes of the game. Two men from Hereford were later arrested. After reviewing reports and video footage of the incidents, the FA decided to take no further action against either club, rather highlighting how sensationalised and ill-informed some of the news reporting, at the time, had been. Disciplinary action, however, was taken against three Hereford supporters, one of the Didcot players and the Didcot team coach. The Southern League also ordered the game to be replayed – which was subsequently played behind closed doors on 11 April 2017, with Hereford winning 2–1.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Following their promotion in the previous season, it was announced Hereford would play in the Southern League. It was also announced that captain Joel Edwards with Jimmy Oates taking over his role.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Hereford notably had runs in the FA Cup and FA Trophy. In the FA Cup, Hereford after beating Godalming Town, Kempston Rovers and A.F.C. Hornchurch, Hereford were drawn a game away to Eastleigh where goals from Mike McGrath and Garyn Preen (who was unable to finish the match) took Hereford into the first round for the first time in their history. In the first round, a John Mills goal progressed the Bulls past AFC Telford United and into the second round, where they were drawn against Fleetwood Town. Hereford earned themselves a replay at Edgar Street. The Bulls lost 2-0 in front of an attendance of 4,235 and the BT Sport Cameras. In the FA Trophy, Hereford beat Weymouth, Potters Bar Town and Oxford City to reach the first round. A 3-2 win over National League side Dagenham & Redbridge 3–2 set up a tie against Wealdstone. A moment of controversy marked a turning point in the Second Round match, when defender Dara O'Shea seemed to bring down a player which resulted in him getting sent off. Footage later on showed O'Shea should not have been given a red card so the FA reversed the decision. Hereford ended up losing that game 1–0.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On the domestic side, in January, Hereford came back from 2–0 down in injury time to salvage a 2–2 draw with promotion chasing Slough Town after goals from Jimmy Oates and Keyon Reffell, the latter coming 6 minutes into additional time. Hereford's away unbeaten run in the league came to an end in January 2018 due to defeat at the hands of King's Lynn. This unbeaten run stretched back to August 2015. In February 2018, Hereford fans were punished after multiple flares were thrown onto the pitch at Farnborough. Farnborough player Lewis Ferrell then retaliated and threw the flare back at Hereford fans, which resulted in him being shown a straight red card. On Tuesday 17 April, Hereford travelled to Biggleswade Town where a 1–0 away victory saw them become league champions for a third consecutive season. They lifted the Southern Football League shield following a 4–1 win against Kettering Town and finished the season with a 6–0 home win over Hereford Lads Club to win the Herefordshire County Cup for a third successive time.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On 13 September 2018, after three league titles in a row, Peter Beadle was sacked as manager of Hereford, a month into the new season with Hereford in 12th place in the National League North. Assistant manager Steve Jenkins also departed, leaving Ryan Green as interim player-manager. On 19 September 2018, Tim Harris was appointed Head of Football, with Marc Richards subsequently taking the Head Coach role on 3 October 2018. They finished the season in 17th after poor performances against teams in positions low-down in the table, including 0 wins from 6 against the three relegated sides.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Three games into the campaign, and with four points from a possible nine, Marc Richards was sacked as head coach on 12 August, with his assistant Will Morford also leaving. The club announced that Head of Football Tim Harris would take interim charge of the side while searching for a new head coach. On 29 August, Russell Slade was announced as the club's new Manager. Andy Whing joined as his assistant on 13 September.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Hereford invested in a new digital scoreboard to improve commercial advertising opportunities in September 2019. Its first game in use on 8 October 2019 coincided with the club crashing out of the FA Cup at the 3rd Qualifying Round stage in a replay against Tamworth, losing 3–1 on penalties having drawn both 90-minute games 0–0. This result was Russell Slade's first home defeat.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Tim Harris resigned as Head of Football on 27 November 2019, with the position of 'Head of Football' subsequently being dissolved.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On 14 January, Assistant Coach Andy Whing left the club with no reason being given for his departure. Just 6 days later on 20 January, Manager Russell Slade left the club after a run of just one win in 18 games. Josh Gowling was named the club's interim manager on 21 January, he appointed Steve Burr as his assistant 3 days later.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: The season was eventually abandoned with seven games still to go due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with Hereford finishing in 16th place.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of the 2020-21 season was cancelled or played behind closed doors. However, the club enjoyed a relatively successful season, finishing in 12th position in the National League North. In cup competitions, they were knocked out of the FA Cup to Stafford in only their third competitive match. In the FA Trophy however, they managed to progress all the way to the 2021 Final, beating higher tier teams Aldershot in the quarter-final, and Woking in the semi-final. They eventually lost the match at Wembley Stadium to Hornchurch, despite going ahead through Tom Owen-Evans early in the match.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: The club announced on the 8th of May 2021 that Manager Josh Gowling and assistant Steve Burr had agreed new deals with the club, lasting for 2 years. A 2-1 friendly loss to historically bitter rivals Shrewsbury Town marked the first Edgar Street match without social distancing regulations in place. Hereford started the 2021-22 season badly, finding themselves bottom of the table and winless after 6 games in all competitions. They picked up their first three points in a 1-0 win away at York City, in a match that included both a goal by Tom Owen-Evans and a penalty save from goalkeeper Brandon Hall. On 16th October, the club crashed out of the FA Cup, losing 0-1 to Solihull Moors at Edgar Street. Things were brighter for the Bulls in November, going unbeaten (excluding penalty kicks) in all competitions. A final day loss to champions Gateshead meant Hereford finished the season in 12th place, collecting 55 points across 15 wins and 10 draws.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: After 1 point from their first two games, Hereford picked up their first win of the season on the 16th of August, thanks to a late Luke Haines goal as the Bulls defeated Chester 1-0. Wins over Bromsgrove Sporting, Three Bridges and Bromley progressed the Bulls into the FA Cup First Round, where they drew League One Portsmouth at home. It was later announced that the match would be live on BBC Two, making it only the fourth televised match since the club reformed. Despite taking a 1–0 lead in the first half, Hereford went on to lose the game 3–1 and were knocked out of the FA Cup. On 19 November 2022, Hereford were knocked out in the second round of the FA Trophy by Heybridge Swifts, a team two steps below them, losing 3–0 at the Aspen Waite Arena.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Since reformation as the phoenix club, Hereford have played all their home matches at Edgar Street, the same as its predecessor. The name of the stadium directly derives from the name of the street where it is located, which is also the A49. The club agreed a lease with the council in February 2015, and won their first match at the ground 1-0 against FC United of Manchester, in front of a crowd of 4,257.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: The ground itself has changed little since the mid-1970s, largely outdated and in need of redevelopment, with the Blackfriars End failing a safety inspection in July 2009. The terraced end had fallen into a state of disrepair which steadily reduced the stadium capacity from nearly 9,000 to 7,700 by November 2007. Improvements were made in the later years of the predecessor, to ensure the ground met Football League standards, including new floodlights, dressing rooms and barriers on the terraces.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Hereford FC's record attendance for a home game at Edgar Street is 4,683, for a 1–0 win in the FA Vase semi-finals against Salisbury on 13 March 2016. It hosted televised FA Cup matches twice: a Second-Round Proper Replay against Fleetwood Town in December 2017, and a First-Round Proper match against Portsmouth in November 2022. The 2020–21 FA Trophy Semi-Final between Hereford FC and Woking was also played here, although it took place behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hereford came out 1-0 winners, although failed to beat Hornchurch in the Final.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: It was announced on 1 March 2015, that 89% of the 900+ HUST members that voted, chose a badge designed by Huw Marriott and his sons Max and Louis.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: On 5 May 2015, it was announced that the club had signed a two-year kit deal with Italian manufacturer Macron.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: A vote was cast for the away colours, with a red and black striped kit being chosen by HUST members. On 25 March 2016, Hereford announced that their deal with Macron had been extended by 2 years, with a new home kit in 2016–17 alternating seasonally with the away kit.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: During Hereford's inaugural season they averaged a league attendance of 2,836, a figure higher than six Football League Two sides.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Hereford maintain a strong rivalry with Shrewsbury Town, originating with the former Hereford United. It is known as the A49 derby, after the road separating the two towns, and was listed nineteenth in "The Daily Telegraph"'s twenty fiercest rivalries in English football. However, since Hereford's resurrection the two sides have never met in a competitive fixture.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: The Bulls also maintain a strong rivalry with Kidderminster Harriers, since Hereford's promotion to the National League North. So far, the clubs share 4 wins each in Head-to-Heads.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: Whilst climbing up the English Football Pyramid, the Bulls also developed competitive rivalries against local clubs Westfields, Alvechurch and Gloucester City.


title: Hereford F.C.

text: A number of full internationals have played for Hereford during the club's history and have either been capped before, during or after their career with the club.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: Lumo is a British open-access operator owned by FirstGroup that operates passenger trains on the East Coast Main Line between and . It is headquartered in Newcastle upon Tyne.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: Lumo originated in 2015 with the submission of a bid by FirstGroup to the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) to establish a new open-access operator to use additional rail paths on East Coast Main Line. It faced competition from Alliance Rail Holdings, whose bid was rejected due to high estimated revenue abstraction from existing franchised operator London North Eastern Railway (LNER). In May 2016, the ORR granted a ten-year track access agreement to the FirstGroup subsidiary "East Coast Trains Limited", which would later be rebranded as Lumo. During March 2019, a £100million order for five Class 803 electric multiple unit high speed trains was placed to operate Lumo's services.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: Lumo's the inaugural service was conducted on 25 October 2021. Initial operations involved the running of two trains per day in each direction on most week days; this was expanded to five trains per day by early 2022. The company has promoted itself as a low cost operator, having promised that 60% of fares would be offered for no more than £30. Onboard catering is available, consisting of an at-seat trolley service, while an identical all-standard class 2-by-2 seating arrangement is present in every carriage. Lumo refers to itself as being a “digital-first” operator, practising paperless ticketing and seeking to make booking tickets as easy as possible.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: During 2015, in response to an announcement by the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) that it would be allowing open-access operators to bid for additional rail paths on the East Coast Main Line in addition to those of the existing franchised operator London North Eastern Railway (LNER), the British transport conglomerate FirstGroup submitted a proposal to operate services between London and Edinburgh. Under this plan, FirstGroup proposed to directly compete with existing road, rail and air services by offering all-standard class seating with an average ticket price of approximately £25. A competing application from Alliance Rail Holdings was also submitted, but was rejected by the ORR after the revenue abstraction from LNER had been estimated at £115 million; in comparison, FirstGroup's proposal was predicted to result in £7.9 million of abstracted revenue.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: During May 2016, the ORR granted a ten-year track access agreement to the FirstGroup subsidiary "East Coast Trains Limited", under which it would be allowed to operate up to five services in each direction from May 2021. It would be the third such open access operator on the East Coast Main Line, the prior to being Hull Trains and Grand Central. It was acknowledged at the time of the application's granting that services were not expected to commence until 2021 as to allow the new operator to acquire new-build rolling stock.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: In September 2021, the company's launch was confirmed alongside the adoption of the "Lumo" brand, which was described by the company as a combination of "luminosity" (Lu) and "motion" (mo). Two months later, Lumo established its headquarters in Newcastle upon Tyne, creating 112 jobs. During June 2022, it was announced that Martijn Gilbert had been appointed as the new managing director for both Lumo and Hull Trains, succeeding David Gibson.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: On 26 May 2021, the first trial runs of the company's Class 803 high speed multiple units on the national rail network were conducted.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: On 25 October 2021, the inaugural service commenced; initially, Lumo operated two trains per day in each direction on most week days, although Saturdays saw only one train being ran for a time. From the onset of operations, the service rate was set to be progressively increased up to running five trains each way by early 2022. According to the company, ticket sales around the launch date had exceeded expectations, and it had experienced particularly high demand for its weekend services.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: The initial timetable sees trains depart each terminus at off-peak times. Northbound trains travel non-stop between London and , with most then calling at before arriving in Edinburgh. All southbound journeys stop at Morpeth and Newcastle with some additionally calling at . The fastest of Lumo's service will complete the journey in four hours and three minutes, although the majority will take a little over four hours and 30 minutes.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: Lumo offers a single-class service, with free Wi-Fi connectivity for all passengers and a promise that 60% of fares will be offered for no more than £30. Discounts via various railcards are also applicable. In October 2021, it was reported that there was an upper cap of £69 on one-way tickets. There is no dynamic pricing structure, the company instead favouring fixed fares with no observation of peak time ticketing. Lumo promotes itself as being a “digital-first” operator, having invested in paperless ticketing and a simplified website to make browsing and booking tickets as easy as possible. It also participates in the National Rail system and accepts interoperable tickets.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: Onboard catering is available, consisting of an at-seat trolley service, while additional food and drink items from brands such as Marks & Spencer are available for pre-order by passengers for delivery mid-service. Efforts have been made to cater to as diverse a range of dietary requirements as possible, around 50 per cent of all food serviced is plant-based, while the use of meat and dairy products has been intentionally minimised.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: An identical 2-by-2 seating arrangement is fitted throughout all five carriages; a pair of table seating per carriage is also available. These ergonomically designed wingback seats are furnished with various amenities, including individual lighting and electric sockets, fold-down tables, and shaping to provide a greater sense of privacy. Priority seats are also present, along with two spaces for wheelchair users, on each train. Various forms of media content, including films and television shows, can be streamed by passengers using the company's mobile app.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: Services are operated by a fleet of Class 803 electric multiple unit trains, ordered in March 2019 at a cost of £100million, financed by the rail leasing company Beacon Rail. While based on the same Hitachi AT300 design as the Class 801 "Azuma" trains operated by London North Eastern Railway (LNER), they are not fitted with an auxiliary diesel engine, but instead feature batteries intended solely to power onboard facilities in case of overhead line equipment failure. Other changes include an all-standard class seating configuration, as well as the lack of a galley area, although catering services are provided through the use of a trolley service. The Class 803 also features air conditioning, power sockets and Wi-Fi provision.


title: Lumo (train operating company)

text: On 17 April 2022, a Newcastle upon Tyne to King's Cross train passed through a set of points at at despite a speed restriction of : several passengers sustained minor injuries. The Rail Accident Investigation Branch opened an investigation.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Heinrich "Hein" Severloh (23 June 1923 – 14 January 2006) was a soldier in the German 352nd Infantry Division stationed in Normandy in 1944. He became famous for a memoir "WN 62 – Erinnerungen an Omaha Beach Normandie, 6. Juni 1944", published in 2000. In the book, the authors claim that as a machine gunner, Severloh inflicted over 1,000 and possibly over 2,000 casualties to the American soldiers landing on Omaha Beach on D-Day. However, Severloh's claim is not viewed as credible by either US or German historians. Total US casualties (killed, wounded, and missing) from all sources along the five-mile length of Omaha Beach on D-Day are estimated at 2,400.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Severloh was born into a farming family in Metzingen in the Lüneburg Heath area of North Germany, close to the small city of Celle.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Conscripted into the Wehrmacht on 23 July 1941, at the age of 18, Severloh was assigned to the 19th Light Artillery Replacement Division in Hanover. In August, he was transferred to France to join the 3rd Battery of the 321st Artillery Regiment, where he trained as a dispatch rider. In December 1942, he was sent to the Eastern Front and assigned to the rear of his division to drive sleighs. As punishment for making dissenting remarks, he was forced to perform physical exertions that left him with permanent health problems and necessitated six-month convalescence in a hospital. After this, he went on leave to his family's farm to help gather the harvest.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: In October 1943, Severloh was sent for non-commissioned officer training in Brunswick, but was recalled after less than a month to rejoin his unit which had been reclassified as the 352nd Infantry Division and was stationed in Normandy.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Omaha Beach extends for 5 miles (8 km) from east of Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes to west of Vierville-sur-Mer. The beach defences at Omaha consisted of 8 concrete bunkers containing 75 mm or greater artillery, 35 pillboxes, 18 anti-tank guns, six mortar pits, 35 Nebelwerfer (multi-barrel rocket launchers), 85 machine gun nests, 6 tank turrets and supporting infantry.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Infantry deployments on the Beach consisted of five companies concentrated at 15 strongpoints called "Widerstandsnester" (Resistance Nests), numbered WN-60 in the east to WN-74 in the west. Severloh was part of WN-62, the largest strongpoint defending Omaha Beach.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: The American plan of attack divided Omaha Beach into ten sectors, codenamed Able, Baker, Charlie, Dog Green, Dog White, Dog Red, Easy Green, Easy Red, Fox Green, and Fox Red. WN-62 at the eastern side of Omaha Beach overlooked both Easy Red and Fox Green sectors.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: WN-62 was 332 meters long by 324 meters wide and between 12 and 50 meters above the beach, depending on the distance from the shore, with a good overview of the beach area. The foxhole Severloh fired from () was 170 meters from the sea wall and around 450 meters from the landing area of the first wave of Higgins Boats.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: On D-Day (June 6, 1944) WN-62 was manned by 27 members of the 716th Infantry Division and 13 members of Severloh's 352nd Division, whose task was to direct fire of the 10.5 cm artillery batteries located 5 kilometres inland at Houtteville.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Defences included two type H669 concrete casemates, one empty and the other with a 75mm artillery piece, a 50mm anti-tank gun, two 50mm mortars, a twin-barrelled MG 34 7.92mm machine gun on an anti-aircraft mount and two prewar Polish machine guns. Another 50 mm anti-tank gun covered the rear, and the perimeter was ringed by barbed wire and anti personnel mines.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Severloh was assigned to a Senior Lieutenant Bernhard Frerking as an orderly. While Frerking coordinated the artillery fire of the battery at Houtteville from a bunker, Severloh says he manned a MG 42 machine gun, and fired on approaching American troops with the machine gun and two Karabiner 98k rifles; while a sergeant whom he did not know, kept him supplied with ammunition from a nearby ammo bunker until 15:30. He claimed to have fired over 13,500 rounds with the machine gun and 400 with the rifles.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Interviewed in 2004, he said: ""It was definitely at least 1,000 men, most likely more than 2,000. But I do not know how many men I shot. It was awful. Thinking about it makes me want to throw up.""


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Severloh retreated to the nearby village of Colleville-sur-Mer, with Kurt Warnecke also from the 352nd and Franz Gockel from the 716th, where he surrendered the next day. His commanding officer, Lt. Frerking, and most of the other defenders of WN-62 were killed at their posts by American troops.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: Severloh was first sent as a prisoner of war to Boston, United States. In December 1946, he was transferred to Bedfordshire, England as forced labor working on road construction. Severloh was returned to Germany in March 1947 after his father wrote to the British military authorities saying he was needed to work back on the farm.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: In the 1960s, an American military chaplain, David Silva, who had been wounded by three bullets in the chest on Omaha Beach, was contacted by Severloh - who had found his name in the Cornelius Ryan book "The Longest Day". They later met several times, including at the 2005 reunion of Allied Forces in Normandy. On 5 June 2004 RTL showed a two-hour documentary in co-production with CBC Radio: "Mortal enemies of Omaha Beach – the story of an unusual friendship," by the filmmaker Alexander Czogalla.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: In 2000, Severloh's memoir, "WN 62 – Erinnerungen an Omaha Beach Normandie, 6. Juni 1944", ghostwritten by Helmut Konrad von Keusgen was published.


title: Heinrich Severloh

text: The remains of Resistance Point 62 lie just east of the American Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial and close to the viewing platform. On the top of one casemate is a monument to honor the 5th Engineer Brigade and further toward the beach is the needle honoring the 1st Infantry Division (The Big Red One).


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Sarah Jo Pender (born May 29, 1979) is an American woman convicted along with her former boyfriend, Richard Edward Hull, of murdering their roommates, Andrew Cataldi and Tricia Nordman, on October 24, 2000, in Indiana. She has claimed ever since that she is victim of a wrongful conviction. She came to national attention in August 2008 after she escaped from the Rockville Correctional Facility and was featured on "America's Most Wanted". She was recaptured by police in December at a house in Chicago.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In 1997, Sarah Jo Pender graduated from Lawrence Central High School. She went on to attend Purdue University, but dropped out. She worked as a secretary at Carl E. Most and Sons. Richard Hull, her boyfriend, worked as a bouncer at a bar. He had a criminal history that included six misdemeanors and two felony convictions for auto theft and residential entry. Andrew Cataldi, 24, and Tricia Nordman, 25, were both fugitives from a Nevada Correctional Facility where Nordman was serving time for forgery and Cataldi for possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine. According to the police, Hull and Cataldi reportedly sold drugs from their place, a fact confirmed by Hull himself.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: According to neighbor Jana Frederick, tensions had been growing for three weeks between the couples, as Hull and Cataldi had frequent arguments. At some point prior to the murders, Hull, who could not legally purchase firearms due to his criminal record, sought to purchase a weapon from the son of Frederick's boyfriend. He was unsuccessful in this attempt, but later persuaded Pender to purchase a weapon for him. On the morning of October 24, 2000, Hull drove Pender to a local Walmart to purchase a 12-gauge shotgun, a soda, and condoms. The clerk who handled the sale of the weapon later reported seeing Hull select the ammunition and bring it to the counter, where Pender then paid for it. The couple then went for an outing with Pender's parents and returned home around 11 p.m. Shortly after returning, Pender left the building to take a walk.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Hull reported that while Pender was away, an argument broke out between Hull and Cataldi regarding money that Hull's sister, Tabitha, owed to Cataldi. Hull said that Cataldi, who knew about the recently purchased shotgun, went into Hull's room to attempt to retrieve the weapon. Hull later told detectives that Cataldi "said he was going to kill my f---ing family". Hull said he attempted to prevent Cataldi's actions, which resulted in a physical struggle between the two men that ended with Hull shooting Cataldi in the chest and also shooting Nordman in the head as well as the chest.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: When Pender returned, both victims were dead and Hull had already placed one of their bodies in the back of a truck owned by his friend Ronnie Herron. Hull had borrowed the truck on October 23 to remove items from the basement of the building as part of a plan he had with Cataldi to create a methamphetamine lab in collaboration with a chemist from Las Vegas. Hull and Pender then drove a few blocks away and placed the bodies in a dumpster, where they were later found by Steve Stultz.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: On October 25, Pender went to work while Hull borrowed equipment from neighbor Jana Frederick to clean up the blood in the house. On October 26, the couple went to Noblesville to return the truck to Herron. Hull then burned several blood-stained items at Herron's home. On the same day, detectives — who by now had identified the victims — searched Hull and Pender's home. They found traces of blood, and observed that attempts had been made to conceal the murders. Hull was arrested in Noblesville on October 27, and confessed to both murders. On October 28, Pender gave police a pair of blood-stained pants belonging to Hull. DNA tests confirmed that the blood was that of Nordman and Cataldi. No DNA evidence was found that linked Pender to the murders for which both she and her boyfriend were charged. Pender stated later that "after he committed these murders, I did not call the police, but instead stayed with him out of love, fear, loyalty and sheer stupidity." Pender was 21 years old at the time of the murder.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Sarah Pender's trial was held at Marion Superior Court in July 2002, with James Nave as the defending attorney, Larry Sells as the prosecuting attorney, and presiding judge Jane Magnus-Stinson. Sells was known for his recently failed campaign to become prosecutor of Hamilton County, in which he had highlighted his success with convicting murderers and violent offenders.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Citing the fact that Pender had bought the murder weapon on the morning of the murders and that she later helped Hull dispose of the bodies, Sells told the jury that she had planned the murders and had manipulated Hull into committing them. According to "Indianapolis Star" journalist Vic Ryckaert, Sells "likened her influence over Hull to the control Manson had over his followers, who committed a string of murders in 1969." The "female Charles Manson" tag has stuck to Pender ever since.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: To prove Pender's guilt, Sells relied chiefly on a letter allegedly sent to Hull by Pender in May 2001 and on the testimony of inmate Floyd Pennington. In the letter, Pender took responsibility for the murder. "I wish I could go back and change the events of that night," said the letter. "Drew was so mean that night. I just snapped. I didn't mean to kill them. It must have been the acid. […] When you said you would try to take the blame, I knew then that you loved me deeply. At first I thought you would tell, but you stuck to your promise." The letter ended with a postscript: "Destroy this." Forensic Document Examiner Lee Ann Harmless testified the letter had been written by Pender. Defense attorney James Nave contended the letter was a fake. He said that Sarah Pender was no "clever criminal mastermind" and that the murder "was not a cleverly planned criminal act. It was an act of the moment." He argued that Richard Hull had shot Cataldi and Nordman because they were about to cut him out of a big drug deal.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Another piece of evidence presented to the jury was the testimony of fellow inmate Floyd Pennington, who had a pen relationship with Sarah Pender for several months. He testified that Pender had admitted her responsibility in the double homicide to him during a meeting they had arranged on September 22, 2001, at Wishard Hospital.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: On August 22, 2002, Sarah Pender was found guilty and sentenced to 110 years in prison. Richard Hull pleaded guilty to avoid trial. His defense was that he had been influenced by Sarah Pender at the time of the murder, which was considered at the time by the court as a mitigating factor. He received two 45-year sentences.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: The only hard piece of evidence presented at Pender's trial as proof of her guilt was a letter that she allegedly wrote on May 16, 2001 and sent to Hull. Hull gave this letter to his attorney, who passed it on to Indianapolis detective Kenneth Martinez between September and October 2001. Pender, her lawyers and her supporters have always said that Hull had manufactured the evidence to shift the responsibility of the murder on her. Several elements support this claim:


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: At the beginning of September 2001, Floyd Pennington was a habitual offender and violent felon awaiting sentencing on a robbery conviction. He also had a previous record for child molestation, a crime for which he had received a five-year sentence in 1989. On September 20, 2001, he met with Detective Martinez, saying he could arrange a meeting and have Pender admit to him her responsibility for the murders. He had been involved in a correspondence with Pender, which at the time totaled 75 letters. This evolved into a long-distance relationship. After his meeting with Martinez, he wrote to Pender to arrange the date on which she would fake being sick so as to be sent to Wishard Hospital. On September 22, he faked having a kidney problem and both met as planned at the hospital. On September 28, 2001, Pennington gave a statement that he had been able to talk with Pender for three to four hours. He said that when they were left alone for half an hour, Pender admitted to him that she had planned the murders, coerced Hull to kill both Cataldi and Nordman, and that she was present in the house during the murders.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Eleven days after agreeing to testify against Sarah Pender, Pennington was sentenced for his robbery conviction. In 2008, he was released and within months he committed rape. In 2006, Detective Martinez moved to Idaho where he worked for the Ketchum Police Department. In 2008, he had to hand over his resignation following an evidence mishandling scandal.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In 2009, while helping journalist Steve Miller with research on the Sarah Pender case, former prosecutor Larry Sells became aware of the existence of a "snitch list" written by Floyd Pennington and given to Detective Ken Martinez. On that list, Pennington, who was waiting for sentencing, offered to provide information against 17 different persons besides Pender. He wrote "I will help to make buys, wear wire, talk on phone taps or whatever I have to do to make busts on all these crimes." The list indicates that Pennington was willing to testify against any number of people in order to get a deal, and it seriously undermined his credibility. The list also undermined the prosecution's theory about Pender's guilt. However, that list was given to neither the defense nor the prosecution at the time of Pender's trial. This discovery led Larry Sells to believe that Sarah Pender did not receive a fair trial. In an interview with the Indianapolis Star he explained, "If I'd have seen that I never would have put Floyd Pennington on the witness stand." In May 2012 he contacted Bonnie Prosser, Pender's mother, and promised to help her set things right.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: According to Joel Schumm, a criminal law professor at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law, "If Pennington's testimony was important in convicting her and this list seriously undermined his credibility, a judge may well order a new trial because the verdict would no longer be worthy of confidence."


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Pender escaped from Rockville Correctional Center, a maximum-security prison west of Indianapolis, on August 4, 2008, with the aid of prison guard Scott Spitler Sr., and former cellmate Jamie Long.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: At the time of Pender's evasion, Scott Spitler had been a corrections officer at Rockville Correctional Facility for five years. The previous month, he had been placed in a pre-trial diversion program for a misdemeanor charge of battery. Although he was married with children, he was also engaged in an ongoing sexual relationship with Pender behind bars.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Jamie Long was an older married woman. She had a criminal history of two felonies and 12 to 15 other convictions. Pender and Long met in 2007 while inmates at the Marion County Jail. They formed an intimate relationship, and Long referred to Pender as her ""wife"" while they served time at the Indiana Women's Prison in Indianapolis. After being released, Long frequently visited Pender.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In April 2007, Pender submitted a petition for writ of "habeas corpus". On September 5, 2008, in a closing judgment, her petition was dismissed. She later wrote: "Once my appeals were exhausted, I had no hope left and I chose to create my own justice. I served the equivalent of 21 years of my sentence and I felt that was enough. I escaped because I felt justified in doing so."


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Pender reportedly planned her escape with a cell phone provided to her by prison guard Spitler. Pender and Spitler had agreed that he would be paid $15,000 to help her escape. On August 4, 2008, Pender went to the facility's gymnasium, where she changed clothes, hiding her prison uniform above the ceiling tiles, and putting on civilian clothes Spitler had given to her. She then walked toward the fueling area where they had agreed to meet. Spitler told her to get in the van and hide under the seat. He then drove to the prison's gate where he knew from experience that the guard would not search his vehicle. Spitler dropped off Pender at one of the facility's parking lots, where Jamie Long picked her up, gave her $140 and drove her to Indianapolis. An inmate count revealed that Pender was missing, and the prison was immediately put on maximum security lock down.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: After viewing video surveillance tapes and consulting the guard shack log, investigators identified Spitler as Pender's accomplice. He was arrested on August 5, 2008, and charged with assisting a criminal, official misconduct, sexual misconduct, and trafficking with an inmate. In February 2009, he was sentenced to eight years in prison. Jamie Long was arrested on August 7, 2008, after Spitler told investigators that she was the person who had picked up Pender. She was charged with aiding an escape, a class C felony, and sentenced to seven years in prison.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In September 2008, TV show "America's Most Wanted" ran a feature on Pender. In October 2008, Pender was added to the U.S. Marshals 15 most wanted fugitives list. She was the only woman on the list at the time.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In the meantime, Pender had settled in a North Side Chicago neighborhood where she went under the name Ashley Thompson. She found a job as an estimator for a contractor.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: On December 22, 2008, two hours after a rerun of the "America's Most Wanted" episode, her neighbor identified her and called the Chicago police, who arrested her at her apartment. Although she denied being Sarah Pender, she did not resist arrest.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Pender was held in solitary confinement at the Indiana Women's Prison in Indianapolis from December 2008 to January 30, 2014, for a total of 1,870 days (slightly over five years). She will be eligible for parole on April 4, 2054, at age 75. On January 25, 2018, Pender was transferred back to Rockville Correctional Facility.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: During the summer of 2016, Cara Wieneke, Pender's lawyer, filed a motion with the Marion County prosecutors office, requesting a deal that would free Sarah Pender. If granted, Pender would plead guilty to a class C felony of assisting a criminal, which carries a maximum prison sentence of 8 years. The request was based on the new evidence that had surfaced, such as Floyd Pennington's "snitch list." However, Marion County Prosecutor Terry Curry refused to sign off on a reduced sentence. Citing the new evidence, he explained that "If she believes this information justifies a new trial, then their remedy is to file a new post-conviction relief petition."


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In October 2013, Cara Wieneke filed a request for a new trial on Pender's behalf. The request was based on Pennington's snitch list, as well as a newly discovered second snitch list by Pennington, and the testimony from a forensic linguist. On February 17, 2014, the Indiana Court of Appeals denied the request explaining that the "petitioner has failed to establish a reasonable possibility that he is entitled to post-conviction relief." Controversy arose when information surfaced that a judge sitting on the reviewing panel was Cale J. Bradford. Bradford had been judge during both of Richard Hull's 2000 and 2005 appeals, raising questions about the court's impartiality in reviewing Pender's request.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In 2002, during her trial, Marion County Deputy Prosecutor Larry Sells likened Pender to a "Female Charles Manson" to describe her alleged influence over Hull. This comparison was relayed by the media on several occasions, and it has regularly resurfaced since in the online media. Supporters of Pender claim the comparison is inappropriate because Pender did not plan, commit, or pressure Hull into murdering Nordman and Cataldi. They claim that even if Pender had been involved in planning the murders, the comparison would still be grossly exaggerated; Charles Manson was a guru with a juvenile offender record and a psychiatric history, who led several members of his sect to commit several murders on several occasions over a period of several months.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In 2009 and during his trial, Spitler explained that he had been manipulated by Pender. At the time of the escape, Indiana Department of Correction Commissioner Edwin Buss told the media that Pender had """manipulated him to the point where [he had planned his day] to get a vehicle inside the facility and take her outside the facility." Detectives said that she had first seduced, and then coerced, Spitler into helping her to escape. Interviewed by "America's Most Wanted", Sells said (concerning Pender) that "Lurking within is a dark evil demon […] she has the ability to seduce people into committing atrocious acts […] she has a Charles Manson-like ability to manipulate people." The America's Most Wanted website made a particularly dramatic depiction of Pender, labeling her a "cunning and dangerous fugitive" and asking viewers to call "before she has the opportunity to kill again." It said that "Pender used her body to get what she desired most -- Freedom." The show also talked about "her manipulative ways." In a controversial book about Pender, journalist Steve Miller also compared her to an evil, supernatural being and wrote, "Vampires, as the lore has it, exist on the essence of others. Sarah Pender was a vampire in the emotional and mental sense."


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Pender has written that "the media, including 'America's Most Wanted,' has selectively used facts in order to manipulate the viewers to believe I am a degenerate, dangerous criminal in return for sensational story and higher ratings under the guise of bringing justice." Supporters of Pender claim that Spitler was aware of the media's depiction of Pender and used it to minimize his responsibility. They point out that Spitler did not act out of a misguided love for a "femme fatale" when he helped Pender to escape Rockville Correctional Facility; rather, he was expecting a $15,000 payment for his services, a fact that the media did not report, neither during Pender's escape, nor before, during or after Spitler's trial. Pender's supporters further point out that the relationship between Pender and Spitler was not an exception at Rockville. Two months after her escape, in October 2008, Roger Heitzman, another correctional officer at Rockville, was arrested by the state police for trafficking and engaging in sex acts with at least one female inmate. Because the case was not high profile, no one claimed that Heitzman was a victim who was manipulated by the inmate involved. Supporters of Pender also claim that the Department of Corrections had an interest in exaggerating Pender's abilities in order to minimize the media damage and their own responsibilities. The Rockville Correctional Facility's hiring policy had already received bad media publicity in February 2008, when it was revealed that mass murderer Steven Kazmierczak had been hired there in 2007 to work as a correctional officer. The fact that the guard posted at the gate did not search Spitler's vehicle on the day of the escape as he should have, Spitler's behaviour, Heitzman's arrest, and the hiring of Kazmierczak are elements that clearly point out problems within the institution, which have little to do with Pender's personality. Supporters of Sarah Pender point out that she committed no violence of any kind in planning or executing her escape.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: A book on her escape, "Girl, Wanted: The Chase for Sarah Pender" was released June 7, 2011. The book, written by Steve Miller, has been criticized as inaccurate and deliberately quoting key documents in a misleading way. Steve Miller's investigation, however, brought to light Floyd Pennington's "snitch list." According to former prosecutor Larry Sells, reading the book led him to reconsider his position on the fairness of Sarah Jo Pender's 2002 trial.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: In April 2011, a Mail-Art Project, ""Send us YOUR Hand"" was launched by Pender, her family and her friends under the organization "Art for Humanity" to raise support and help Pender, who had been in solitary confinement since 2008, so she could remain connected to the outside world.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: On April 1, 2012, her case was profiled on an episode of the Oxygen TV Series, "Snapped". The TV show features interviews of Pender and her relatives, as well as those of many persons involved in the case.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: Lifetime produced a movie based on the Pender case titled, ""She Made Them Do It"" starring Jenna Dewan Tatum. The movie sparked interest for the Pender case; the Wikipedia page about Sarah Jo Pender was visited 100,000 times within three days following the movie's December 29, 2012 premiere on the Lifetime Network.


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: On September 26, 2013, Pender was interviewed on the British documentary, "Women Behind Bars with Trevor McDonald".


title: Sarah Jo Pender

text: On April 15, 2016, her case was on Investigation Discovery's show, "A Stranger in My Home". Her episode is titled "Master Manipulators."


title: Bones (season 1)

text: The first season of the American television series "Bones" premiered on September 13, 2005, and concluded on May 17, 2006, on Fox. The show aired on Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET before moving to Wednesdays at 8:00 pm ET in 2006. The season consisted of 22 episodes and averaged 8.9 million viewers.


title: Bones (season 1)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 67% with an average score of 7.1 out of 10 based on 15 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite the reliable presence of Emily Deschanel and David Boreanaz, "Bones" is a so-so police procedural that does little to capitalize on its novel premise."


title: Bones (season 1)

text: The first season of "Bones" was released on DVD in region 1 on November 28, 2006, in region 2 on October 30, 2006 and in region 4 on January 11, 2007. The set includes all 22 episodes of season one on a 4-dual side disc set in region 1 and a 6-disc set in regions 2 and 4, presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include two audio commentaries—"Pilot" by executive producer Barry Josephson and series creator Hart Hanson and "Two Bodies in the Lab" by actors David Boreanaz and Emily Deschanel. Featurettes include ""Bones" – Inspired By the Life of Forensic Anthropologist Kathy Reichs", "Squints", "The Real Definition", and "Character Profiles". A featurette titled "Will the Real Kathy Reichs Please Step Forward" is exclusive to the region 2 release.


title: Open sandwich

text: An open sandwich, also known as an open-face/open-faced sandwich, bread baser, bread platter or tartine, consists of a slice of bread or toast with one or more food items on top.


title: Open sandwich

text: During the start of the middle ages, thin slabs of coarse bread called "trenches" (late 15th century English) or, in its French derivative, "trenchers", were used as plates. At the end of the meal, the food-soaked trencher was eaten by the diner (from which we get the expression "trencherman"), or perhaps fed to a dog or saved for beggars. Trenchers were as much the harbingers of open-face sandwiches as they were of disposable crockery.


title: Open sandwich

text: A direct precursor to the English sandwich may be found in the Netherlands of the 17th century, where the naturalist John Ray observed that in the taverns beef hung from the rafters "which they cut into thin slices and eat with bread and butter laying the slices upon the butter". These explanatory specifications reveal the Dutch "belegd broodje", open-faced sandwich, was as yet unfamiliar in England.


title: Open sandwich

text: In countries like Denmark, where smørrebrød is common, smørrebrød is not considered a form of sandwich; rather, a sandwich is considered a form of smørrebrød with an extra piece of bread on top. In a US context, open sandwiches are sandwiches that are made with only a single slice of bread. It has given rise to some controversy in the philosophy of language study of meaning underdetermination after a judge had to consider whether a burrito was a sandwich for the purposes of enforcing an exclusive use clause in an American legal case. The judge followed the definition of "Merriam Webster's Dictionary": "two thin pieces of bread, usually buttered, with a thin layer (as of meat, cheese or savory mixture) spread between them." Because the burrito was "typically made with a single tortilla," the judge said it was not a sandwich.


title: Open sandwich

text: This decision led Amanda Hess to question whether an open-faced sandwich was a sandwich at all. She questioned whether pizza, bruschetta, buttered toast or hot dogs could be considered sandwiches. She found that the United States Department of Agriculture defined a sandwich as "at least 35% cooked meat and no more than 50% bread." Further the USDA regulations only apply to open-faced sandwiches. Sandwiches made with two slices of bread are covered by the Food and Drug Administration.


title: Open sandwich

text: Responding to the controversy Dan Pashman declared that "a burrito is not a sandwich." He stated that a sandwich must be composed of a filling between two discrete items of food, and that one must be able to eat it without utensils.


title: Open sandwich

text: Open sandwiches allow for an arrangement of different types of sandwiches to be served with afternoon teas or as an accompaniment to salads. They can be cut into fancy shapes of triangles, stars, rounds and crescents, and arranged in an attractive platter for presentation. Common ingredients for open sandwiches are jam, stuffed olives, chopped herbs, cream cheese, hard-boiled eggs and pimiento. Any ingredients can be used to add flavor and color to enhance the presentation of the sandwich platter.


title: Open sandwich

text: An open sandwich is a slice of fresh bread, with different spreads, butter, liver pâté, cheese spreads, cold cuts such as roast beef, turkey, ham, bacon, salami, beef tongue, mortadella, head cheese or sausages like beerwurst or kabanos, and vegetables like bell peppers, tomatoes, radish, scallion and cucumber.


title: Open sandwich

text: Open sandwiches like this are consumed in France, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland and Bulgaria as well as other parts of Europe, and North America as a regular breakfast and supper food item. The American tongue toast is offered as an entrée for breakfast, lunch, and supper and as an hors d'œuvre for formal parties.


title: Open sandwich

text: In former Czechoslovakia, a popular type of open sandwich is called "obložené chlebíčky" (pl., sg. "obložený chlebíček") - slantways cut slice of "veka" (long narrow white bread) spread with butter and/or with various combinations of mayonnaise salads and hard boiled egg, cheese, ham, salami, smoked fish (salmon or sprats or pickled herring), tomato, pickled cucumber, lettuce, raw onion or other vegetable, etc.


title: Open sandwich

text: The open sandwich is the common, traditional sandwich type in the Nordic countries, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Belarus, Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan where it is typically eaten at breakfast, lunch, supper, or as a snack. In Finland the sandwich is called "voileipä", and in Estonia similarly "võileib", which also means "butter bread".


title: Open sandwich

text: The Scandinavian open sandwich (, , or "macka") consists of one piece of buttered bread, often whole-grain rye bread (, , ), topped with, for instance, cheese, cold steak, ham, turkey, shrimps, smoked salmon, caviar, hard boiled eggs, bacon, herring, fish fillets, liver pâté (, , ), and/or small meatballs. This is typically complemented by some herbs and vegetables such as parsley, cold salad, thinly sliced cucumber, tomato wedges and/or pickled beets etc. on the same slice of bread.


title: Open sandwich

text: An old traditional replacement for butter on a piece of bread with herring is pig fat. There are many variations associated with the smørrebrød/smørbrød/smörgås and there are even special stores, cafés and restaurants (especially in Denmark) that specialize in them.


title: Open sandwich

text: The Dutch and Flemish "Uitsmijter" consists of one or more slices of bread topped with fried eggs (one per slice of bread), and can be accompanied by slices of cheese and/or meat (roast beef or ham). The dish is often served as a hearty breakfast. Sweet toppings are commonly used for breakfast in the Netherlands and Belgium: e.g. sprinkles, vlokken, or muisjes, next to the more widespread peanut butter, honey, jam, and chocolate spread.


title: Open sandwich

text: In Great Britain, open sandwiches are rare outside of Scandinavian delicatessens. The open sandwiches found in Great Britain are the Welsh rarebit and other "on toast" dishes (e.g., cheese on toast), and the Scotch woodcock, an open sandwich served historically at the colleges of the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford and in the refreshment rooms of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as late as 1949.


title: Open sandwich

text: In North America, an "open faced sandwich" may also refer to a slice of bread topped with warm slices of roasted meat and gravy. Examples include a beef Manhattan, a hot chicken sandwich in Canada, or Welsh rarebit. This is also done in Scandinavian countries, where they also eat open faced sandwiches with fried meat and fried fish.


title: Naked Weapon

text: Naked Weapon (赤裸特工) is a 2002 Hong Kong action-thriller film directed by action choreographer Tony Ching, starring Maggie Q, Anya Wu and Daniel Wu.


title: Naked Weapon

text: Written by film producer Wong Jing, "Naked Weapon" is similar in theme though unrelated to his earlier work "Naked Killer" (1992). The film revolves around three assassins who get close to their targets, primarily through seduction, before they kill them.


title: Naked Weapon

text: The film grossed HK$72,828 in the first week of release in Hong Kong but quickly dropped in the subsequent month.


title: Naked Weapon

text: The movie opens with the assassination of a man of unknown identity. A team of three CIA officers, including rookie Jack Chen (Daniel Wu), watch through surveillance as an assassin named Fiona Birch (Marit Thoresen) enters the man's heavily guarded apartment suite and, after having sex with him, kills him by breaking his spine with her bare hands during a massage.


title: Naked Weapon

text: As she makes her escape, Fiona's car is hit by a rocket. As the CIA officers rush over to extricate her from the wreckage, they are shot and killed by a woman in a limousine, leaving Jack as the only survivor.


title: Naked Weapon

text: The woman in the limousine is revealed to be Madam M (Almen Wong), the leader of a mysterious assassin organization. After the incident, young girls across the globe start disappearing one after another. The only relationship among them is that they are all trained in martial arts or sports. As Jack correctly theorizes, these girls have been abducted by Madam M and transported to an island to be trained to become professional assassins. After six years of gruesome training, only Charlene Ching (Maggie Q), Katt (Anya Wu) and Jing (Jewel Lee) survive and "graduate." The last test in order for them to graduate was a fight to the death test. Katt and Charlene, being friends, could not kill each other, and so each is accepted as a survivor. To celebrate, Madam M gives them all wines that have drugs in them. As the drugs take effect, Madam M calls her guards to rape the girls, thus (in Madam M's words) making them ready for what was to come.


title: Naked Weapon

text: The three girls are then sent on several missions around the world. During one of her missions in Hong Kong, Charlene runs into her long-lost mother, Faye Ching (Cheng Pei-pei). Jack tracks Charlene down, but Charlene manages to knock him out and escape. Believing she would return to see her mother, Jack waits outside Faye's house. However, Jing arrives before Charlene and stabs Faye. Jack tries to fend her off but fails. Charlene shows up and kills Jing after a fierce fight. She and Jack then escort the wounded Faye to the hospital.


title: Naked Weapon

text: To regain their freedom, Charlene and Katt accept a final mission from Madam M. A yakuza boss, Ryuichi (Andrew Lin), has contracted Madam M to eliminate a traitor in his gang. The mission turns out to be Ryuichi's trap to avenge his partner, who was assassinated previously by one of Madam M's girls (Charlene). Ryuichi kills Madam M and captures Katt, though Charlene escapes.


title: Naked Weapon

text: While Jack is at the hospital, Charlene calls him to meet her at the beach. They have sex, and the next morning, she leaves a note in his shoe saying that if they are destined, they will meet again. When Charlene returns the next day to rescue Katt, she watches helplessly through a bullet-proof glass as Katt, after being tortured, is killed. The enraged Charlene battles Ryuichi in an intense fight and finally manages to kill him.


title: Naked Weapon

text: Jack and Faye are at a Chinese temple offering prayers. Faye jokingly says that the prayers must be nonsense in Jack's point of view. Jack tells her that although he never had a religion, he feels peace every time he is in the temple. Faye commends his behavior and says he should visit the temple more often. Meanwhile, Charlene is in a different temple praying for Katt's soul to rest in peace, and she tells the deity that she wishes to be with the one she truly loves, Jack.


title: Naked Weapon

text: Jack claims at the end of the movie that there are times when he is sure that Charlene is beside him; the last scene of the movie is Charlene watching him rush through the crowd looking for her.


title: Team Alpha Male

text: Team Alpha Male is a martial arts gym based in Sacramento, California, United States. It is one of the pioneering schools of mixed martial arts (MMA) among the lower weight classes. It has produced three UFC Champions, T.J. Dillashaw, Cody Garbrandt and Deiveson Figueiredo.


title: Team Alpha Male

text: Urijah Faber founded Team Alpha Male in 2004. The team trains primarily out of Ultimate Fitness located in Sacramento, California.


title: Team Alpha Male

text: From December 2012 to May 2014 the head coach of Team Alpha Male was the 2013 MMA Coach of the Year UFC veteran Duane Ludwig.


title: Team Alpha Male

text: In 2018, Team Alpha Male won a team grappling tournament at Quintet where they defeated Team Polaris in the finals.


title: Krishna filmography

text: Krishna is an Indian actor, film director & producer who worked predominantly in Telugu cinema. He has appeared in over 350 feature films in a career spanning 5 decades. Krishna made his debut in 1965 with Adurthi Subba Rao "Thene Manasulu." His third film "Gudachari 116" gave him much needed recognition and he went on to appear in successful films such as "Mosagallaku Mosagadu", "Pandanti Kapuram", "Devudu Chesina Manushulu", "Alluri Seetarama Raju", "Manchi Kutumbam", "Ram Robert Rahim", "Mundadugu", and "Simhasanam" among others.