title: Lovebites (band)

text: Lovebites released their debut EP, "The Lovebites EP", in May 2017 via Victor Entertainment. Miho explained that it was more of a demo to get the band signed, but the label liked it so much they had it properly mastered and released. It was mixed by Mikko Karmila and mastered by Mika Jussila, who have worked with acts like Nightwish, Children of Bodom, and Stratovarius, at Finnvox Studios in Helsinki, Finland. The EP was released in the United Kingdom on August 25 by JPU Records and in North America by Sliptrick Records on August 31.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Support member Miyako became a full member of the band in August 2017. Their first full-length album "Awakening from Abyss" was released in Japan and North America on October 25, and in the UK two days later. It was again mixed and mastered by Karmila and Jussila and includes re-recordings of the four tracks from their debut EP. The album was supported by the sold out three-date Awakening from Abyss Tour 2017 from November 17 to December 7. In between, the group played their first gigs outside Japan: two nights at Hyper Japan Christmas and one show at Camden Underworld, both in London at the end of November 2017.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: On February 23, 2018, Lovebites played a concert titled Re-Awakening from Abyss at Duo Music Exchange. They then performed on the Japanese leg of Warped Tour on April 1 and released their second EP "Battle Against Damnation" on June 6. Days later, they won the 2018 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Award for Best New Band. They performed at Wacken Open Air on August 4, becoming the first Japanese all-female metal band to appear at the German festival. They also performed on the main stage at Bloodstock Open Air on August 10, 2018. In November, Lovebites held their first European tour that saw them visit the Netherlands, Germany, France and the UK. The band released their second album "Clockwork Immortality" on December 5 in Japan. Limited editions of the album include a DVD or Blu-ray of the concert video "Battle in the East", which was recorded on June 28, 2018, at Tsutaya O-East. It was released in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand two days later by Arising Empire, and in the UK by JPU Records on January 18, 2019.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Lovebites was the opening act for Arch Enemy at two shows in Shanghai and Beijing, China on March 23 and 24, 2019. In June, they performed at the Download Festival in both Donington, UK and Madrid, Spain and at the Graspop Metal Meeting in Dessel, Belgium. Their set at Donington was cited by its organizers and Metal Hammer as one of the festival's highlight performances, including when Asami joined Halestorm on stage to sing her band's namesake song, which she had also done earlier at Download Festival Japan on March 21.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: On July 10, Lovebites released their first standalone concert video and live album, "Daughters of the Dawn – Live in Tokyo", recorded on January 27, 2019, at Mynavi Blitz Akasaka. The three-date Daughters of the Dawn Tour took place between July 12 and August 9. They were a support act on DragonForce's UK tour throughout the first half of November, and opened for Halestorm in Tokyo on December 2. The band's third studio album, "Electric Pentagram", was released on January 29, 2020. It was set to be supported by a seven-date Japanese tour from February 14 to April 12, but the last three concerts were postponed until June due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. On July 22, Lovebites released their second standalone concert video and live album, "Five of a Kind – Live in Tokyo 2020", recorded on February 21, 2020, at Zepp DiverCity. To celebrate the third anniversary of "Awakening from Abyss", the band streamed a live studio performance titled Awake Again, where they played the album in its entirety on October 25.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Lovebites wrote the song "Winds of Transylvania" to be used as the opening theme of the anime series "Vlad Love" and were named an official ambassador for the series. Its director, Mamoru Oshii, commented that "I could immediately see parallels between the five members and the main character of "Vlad Love". They are like a heretic of heavy metal, wearing bright white outfits while playing intense music, they are the perfect choice to take charge of a theme song to an anime not bound by convention or common sense. And above all, their name couldn't be more fitting!" The band members appear in the anime's opening credits, which also features "Vlad Love"s fictional characters performing the song in a sequence that the animators based on the band's. A CD including "Winds of Transylvania" and the three other themes of the anime was released at Ichigo Animation's CulZone stores on January 9, 2021.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Lovebites released their third EP "Glory, Glory, to the World", which they recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic, on March 10, 2021. The sold out national Ride for Vengeance Tour was originally set to take place between January 24 and March 5, but was rescheduled to between March 12 and April 6 following the Japanese government's declaration of a second state of emergency due to the pandemic and its extension. The March 26 performance at Tokyo Dome City Hall was filmed and recorded for release as the "Heavy Metal Never Dies – Live in Tokyo 2021" concert video and live album on September 29, 2021.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: On August 17, 2021, bassist Miho announced her departure from the band. The other members and their staff had held "countless meetings to find a way for her to stay," but ultimately decided to respect her decision. As a result, Lovebites temporarily suspended all activities, but assured fans that they would return. Between September 10–26, the band accepted votes via social media to help decide the tracklist of their first "best of" album. "In the Beginning – The Best of 2017–2021" was released on December 22, 2021. The two-disc compilation features remastered versions of 21 songs, an additional disc containing all of their music videos, and the new track "Nameless Warrior", which was the last song recorded before Miho left the band.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Between April 2 and May 24, 2022, Lovebites accepted auditions for a new bass player. Applicants had to create their own bassline to a track the band created for the occasion and submit a video of them performing it. On October 21, Lovebites revealed 20-year-old Fami as their new bassist via a full-band performance video on YouTube. An active musician since high school, Fami has produced her own solo album and has nearly 650,000 subscribers on her own YouTube channel. Lovebites will release their fourth studio album, "Judgement Day", on February 22, 2023. The limited editions of the album will include footage of the bassist audition process, including the three songs Fami played with the band during the final selection. Their first concerts with the new lineup will be held at Ex Theater Roppongi on March 11 and 12.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Although hailing from Tokyo, Lovebites' music is heavily influenced by the new wave of British heavy metal which led their music to be compared to Iron Maiden and Rage. Miho said she always wanted to play a combination of power metal and "a little bit of old school [heavy metal]." She also noted that their decision to wear all-white clothing, as opposed to the genre's stereotypical black, was made to contrast with their old school sound and have them stand out. Their lyrics are written in English even though the musicians do not speak the language fluently. An exception is the Haruna-penned song "Bravehearted" on their debut EP, which was written in Japanese and intended for Destrose.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: The group frequently collaborates with former Light Bringer keyboardist Mao on composing and arranging songs. All of their releases have been mixed and mastered by Finnish audio engineers Mikko Karmila and Mika Jussila, and all of their album cover illustrations since "Awakening from Abyss" have been created by Spanish artists David López Gómez and Carlos Vincente León. These album covers all feature a wolf to symbolize that, by playing the non-mainstream genre of heavy metal, Lovebites are a "lone wolf" in the music scene. The wolf is a mascot to represent the band, like Eddie for Iron Maiden or Vic Rattlehead for Megadeth.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Miho has been strongly into hard rock and heavy metal since junior high, and started playing bass in high school. Her favorite bands are Iron Maiden, Pantera, Mötley Crüe and Anthrax. She referred to her playing as more showmanship than technical, and cited Steve Harris as a particular influence alongside the style of Nikki Sixx.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Haruna has played drums since she was thirteen years old, and began writing songs on a keyboard at fourteen. From elementary school up to high school her favorite band was B'z, but she became interested in heavy metal after hearing Helloween's "Master of the Rings". As a result, she stated her basic drumming style is that of Uli Kusch.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Midori started to learn piano at around two years of age and electric organ at eight, but gave up both upon entering university and started to learn guitar at 20. She is a graduate of Musicians Institute Japan in Osaka, and listed Kiko Loureiro, Nuno Bettencourt and Yngwie Malmsteen as her biggest guitar influences. Generally speaking, Midori said that she plays the "flashy and aggressive" guitar solos in the band, while Miyako plays the "slower, more melodic" ones.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Miyako has played classical piano since she was three and guitar since high school. Having grown up listening to classic rock bands like Deep Purple and Rainbow with her mother, Miyako ended up being very influenced by Ritchie Blackmore. But she has also been influenced by more modern guitarists, such as Timothy Henson and Scott LePage from Polyphia. It was Disarmonia Mundi's Ettore Rigotti who inspired Miyako to start composing and arranging songs.


title: Lovebites (band)

text: Asami comes from a R&B and soul music background and likes artists such as Alicia Keys and Aretha Franklin. Starting at the age of two, she performed classical ballet for about 16 years before moving to America after high school to study jazz and hip-hop dance.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: The Three Pure Ones (), also translated as the Three Pure Pellucid Ones, the Three Pristine Ones, the Three Divine Teachers, the Three Clarities, or the Three Purities, are the three highest gods in the Taoist pantheon. They are regarded as pure manifestation of the Tao and the origin of all sentient beings.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: From the Taoist classic "Tao Te Ching", it was held that "The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things." It is generally agreed by Taoist scholars that Tao produced One means Wuji produced Taiji, and One produced Two means Taiji produced Yin and Yang [or Liangyi () in scholastic term]. However, the subject of how Two produced Three has remained a popular debate among Taoist Scholars. Most scholars believe that it refers to the Interaction between Yin and Yang, with the presence of Chi, or life force.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: In religious Taoism, the theory of how Tao produces One, Two, and Three is also explained. In Tao produces One—Wuji produces Taiji, it represents the Great Tao, embodied by Hundun (, "Heavenly King of the Chaotic Never-ending Primordial Beginning") at a time of pre-Creation when the Universe was still null and the cosmos was in disorder; manifesting into the first of the Taoist Trinity, Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn. Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn oversees the earliest phase of Creation of the Universe, and is henceforth known as Dàobǎo () "Treasure of the Tao". In One produces Two—Taiji produces Yin Yang, Yuanshi Tianzun manifests into Lingbao Tianzun who separated the Yang from the Yin, the clear from the murky, and classified the elements into their rightful groups. Therefore, he is also known as Jīngbǎo () "Treasure of the Law/Scripture". While Jīng in popular understanding means "scriptures", in this context it also mean "passing through" [the phase of Creation] and the Laws of Nature of how things are meant to be. In the final phase of Creation, Daode Tianzun is manifested from Língbăo Tiānzūn to bring civilization and preach the Law to all living beings. Therefore, He is also known as Shībǎo () "Treasure of the Master".


title: Three Pure Ones

text: Each of the Three Pure Ones represents both a deity and a heaven. Yuanshi Tianzun rules the first heaven, Yu-Qing, which is found in the Jade Mountain. The entrance to this heaven is named the Golden Door. "He is the source of all truth, as the sun is the source of all light". Lingbao Tianzun rules over the heaven of Shang-Qing. Daode Tianzun rules over the heaven of Tai-Qing. The Three Pure Ones are often depicted as throned elders.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: Schools of Taoist thought developed around each of these deities. Taoist Alchemy was a large part of these schools, as each of the Three Pure Ones represented one of the three essential fields of the body: jing, qi and shen. The congregation of all three Pure Ones resulted in the return to Tao.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: The first Pure One is universal or heavenly chi. The second Pure One is human plane chi, and the third Pure One is earth chi. Heavenly chi includes the chi or energy of all the planets, stars and constellations as well as the energy of God (the force of creation and universal love). Human plane chi is the energy that exists on the surface of our planet and sustains human life, and the earth force includes all of the forces inside the planet as well as the five elemental forces.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: As the Three Pure Ones are manifestations of Primordial Celestial Energy, they are formless. But to illustrate their role in Creation, they are often portrayed as elderly deities robed in the three basic colours from which all colours originated: Red, Blue and Yellow (or Green) depending on personal interpretation of colour origins by additive or subtractive means. Each of them holds onto a divine object associated with their task. Yuánshǐ Tiānzūn is usually depicted holding the Pearl of Creation, signifying his role in creating the Universe from void and chaos. The Ruyi held by Lingbao Tianzun represents authority: the second phase of Creation where the Yang was separated from the Yin and the Law of Things was ordered in place. Lingbao Tianzun then took his seat on the left of Yuanshi Tianzun. Later, when all was complete, Daode Tianzun took his place on the right, with the fan symbolizing the completion of Creation, and the act of fanning representing the spreading of Tao to all Mankind.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: Yuanshi Tianzun (, "Lord of Primordial Beginning") is also known as the "Jade Pure One" () or "Honoured Lord of the Origin".


title: Three Pure Ones

text: Lingbao Tianzun (, "Lord of the Numinous Treasure") is also known as the "Supreme Pure One" () or "The Universally Honoured One of Divinities and Treasures".


title: Three Pure Ones

text: In terms of worldview, the emergence of the Shàngqīng revelations signifies a major expansion of Taoism. Where the celestial masters had added the pure gods of the Tao to the popular pantheon, Shàngqīng enlarged this to include an entirely new layer of existence between the original, creative force of the Tao, represented by the deity "yuan shi tian wang" (heavenly king of primordial beginning), and created world as we know it. This celestial layer consisted of several different regions, located both in the far reaches of the world and in the stars, and imagined along the lines of the ancient paradises Penglai and Kunlun. It was populated by various divine figures: pure gods of the Tao who were emanations of original cosmic qi; immortals who had attained celestial status through effort and the proper elixir...


title: Three Pure Ones

text: Lingbao Tianzun is associated with yin and yang and was responsible as the custodian of the sacred book. Lingbao Tianzun also calculates time and divides it into different epochs.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: Daode Tianzun (, "Lord of the Way and its Virtue" or "Honoured Lord of the Tao and the Virtue"), also known as the "Grand Pure One" () or the "Highest Elder Lord" (, Taishang Laojun).


title: Three Pure Ones

text: It is believed that Daode Tianzun manifested himself in the form of Laozi. Daode Tianzun is also the treasurer of spirits, known as the Lord of Man who is the founder of Taoism. He is the most eminent, aged ruler, which is why he is the only Pure One depicted with pure white hair and beard.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: There seem to have been a number of stages in the process of Laozi's eventual deification. First, the legendary figure began as a teacher and writer whose image eventually blended with that of the Yellow Emperor when Laozi came to be identified as a confidant of royalty. Traditional accounts, such as the life-story summarized earlier, transformed him into a cultural hero whose mother conceived him virginally. By the mid-second century C.E., Laozi had become the deity who delivered to Zhang Daoling the revelation of a new religious faith, giving rise to the Celestial Master's school. His image was still not complete. Next, perhaps also around the second or third century CE, Laozi seems to have been identified as a creator god who also enters the world to rescue humanity from tribulation. Laozi was now capable of incarnating himself, almost like Buddhist bodhisattvas. Not long thereafter he joined the triad of the Three Pure Ones, and finally Laozi emerged as the chief divine person. We have here one of the more interesting examples of apotheosis, or deification, in the history of religion.


title: Three Pure Ones

text: According to Daozang, Daode Tianzun had manifested many various incarnations to teach living beings, and Laozi is one of his incarnations.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: "Alone" is a song composed by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly, who recorded it under the name i-Ten on their 1983 album "Taking a Cold Look".


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: It was later recorded by actress Valerie Stevenson and actor John Stamos on the original soundtrack of the CBS sitcom "Dreams" in 1984. American rock band Heart covered it on their 1987 album "Bad Animals," and this version reached number one in the US and Canada. In 2007 Celine Dion recorded it for her album "Taking Chances". In 2010 Alyssa Reid used the music and lyrics for the chorus of her song "Alone Again."


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: "Alone" is a rock ballad composed by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly, who recorded it under the name i-Ten on their 1983 album "Taking a Cold Look". It was included on the album as the third track on side one and was not recorded as the title track of the album. It debuted inauspiciously and I-Ten did not record any other albums prior to disbanding.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: In late 1984, actress Valerie Stevenson and actor John Stamos covered the song for the CBS Sitcom "Dreams" under their roles as Lisa Copley and Gino Minelli.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: It appeared on the episode of the same name where the band perform the song for Frank and Louise's anniversary party. It is the earliest cover of the song. In that episode, Frank and Gino write a poem and turn it into a song. The episode aired on November 7, 1984. The song was released as a single that same day, but did not chart.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: Heart released the song as the first single from their ninth studio album, "Bad Animals," in May 1987. Their version is a power ballad that begins with a piano line and a subdued vocal from Ann Wilson, leading to a synth-led hard-rock chorus. Tom Kelly, the song's coauthor and himself an experienced session singer, provided the high harmony parts on the record.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: "Cash Box" said that it's "a potent, emotion-drenched rock ballad that features Ann Wilson’s signature billowing, riveting vocal performance."


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: "Alone" spent three weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 in July 1987. It ranked No. 2 on the "Billboard" Year-End Top Pop Singles of 1987. It is also Heart's most successful single in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart in June. It is the band's only song to peak inside the UK Top 5.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: The song was also a global hit, reaching No. 1 in Canada, the top five in Ireland, Norway, and Switzerland, the top ten in Australia, Belgium and the Netherlands as well as the top twenty in West Germany. An "unplugged" version of the song later appeared on Heart's 1995 album "The Road Home." An extended version of "Alone" (5:30 long) was included on the Japanese 3" mini-CD of Heart's third single from "Bad Animals," "There's the Girl".


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: The video for the song was directed by Marty Callner, and was released in June 1987. It starts with Ann at the top of a balcony singing to Nancy, who is at the bottom (similar to the famous "Romeo & Juliet" scene). Ann is then seen in all black, including a funeral veil and gown. The two sisters are then seen performing the refrain to an audience on stage, when Nancy's piano collapses at the first bang of the chorus. During the second verse, a broken-down and dilapidated set is seen, with Nancy playing the piano within it. Nancy is then seen riding atop a black horse and jumping out on stage with her guitar as the instrumental section kicks in. It then shows Ann, in the all-black outfit within the broken set and thereby resembling a witch, before cutting directly back to the stage performance as the song reaches its climax. As the song fades out, a shot of Ann and Nancy together is shown, with each one looking directly into each other's eyes, before finally finishing with a quick shot of Ann's face as the screen goes black.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: Celine Dion covered "Alone" for her tenth English-language studio album, "Taking Chances" (2007). It was released as the second single in Europe and North America, and third in the United Kingdom in 2008. Produced by Ben Moody, ex-member of Evanescence, the song divided music critics. While some picked it as one of the best tracks on "Taking Chances", others thought that the cover was too similar with the original.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: Dion covered "Alone" in 2007 for her tenth English studio album, "Taking Chances," released that year. The version was produced by Ben Moody, former member of rock band Evanescence. Dion's version features tinkling pianos and enveloping strings. It was released as the second single in Europe and North America, and third in the United Kingdom. The digital single release in the UK on May 5, 2008 was coincided with the British leg of the Taking Chances World Tour. In October 2008, "Alone" was included on the European version of "." A live version was included in the "" CD/DVD.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: Music critics were divided on "Alone". Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic picked the song as one of the best tracks on "Taking Chances," and wrote that "Celine attempts to snatch Heart's 'Alone' from Carrie Underwood and cribs from Kelly Clarkson's operatic rock, two blatant thieveries that, when combined with the quartet of explicit changeups, gives "Taking Chances" a vaguely desperate vibe, as if Celine needs to prove that she still reigns supreme among all divas". Sarah Rodman wrote for "The Boston Globe" that "Enlisting former Evanescence guitarist Ben Moody adds little; in fact, the carbon-copy arrangement doesn't pack as much windswept melodramatic punch as Dion's own 'It's All Coming Back to Me Now.' Great vocal, terrific melody, a fine rendition, but 'Alone' is already indelibly stamped by Heart's Ann Wilson".


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: "Toronto Star" editor Ashante Infantry called this song "sentimental, cringe-worthy diva track". Chuck Taylor of "Billboard" called it "a rowdy cover". Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" gave the song a negative review, writing: "That's nothing compared to Dion shrieking the ten millionth version of Heart's 'Alone' (mad pitchy, dog!), produced by ex-Evanescence guitarist Ben Moody – Amy Lee, meet the fugliest bullet you ever dodged".


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: The song debuted on November 24, 2007 at No. 85 on the UK Singles Chart. It spent two weeks on the chart. After selling 12,535 copies, it entered the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles at No. 24 and Canadian Hot 100 at No. 57. It entered the Swedish Singles Chart, due to strong digital sales, and peaked at No. 52.


title: Alone (i-Ten song)

text: The music video was taken from Dion's CBS TV special "That's Just the Woman in Me" and released on March 8, 2008. Dion promoted "Alone" at that time in France, performing it on "Star Academy". On November 23, 2007, she went to the American talkshow "The View" to perform "Taking Chances" as well as "Alone". Dion performed the song during most dates of her "Taking Chances World Tour;" the performance was included in the "" CD/DVD.


title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: The 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup was an international women's cricket tournament that took place in England from 24 June to 23 July 2017. It was the eleventh edition of the Women's Cricket World Cup, and the third to be held in England (after the 1973 and 1993 tournaments). The 2017 World Cup was the first in which all participating players were fully professional. Eight teams qualified to participate in the tournament. England won the final against India at Lord's on 23 July by 9 runs.


title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: The 2014–16 ICC Women's Championship, featuring the top eight ranked teams in women's cricket, was the first phase of qualifying for the World Cup, with the top four teams qualifying automatically. The remaining four places were decided at the 2017 World Cup Qualifier, a ten-team event that was held in Sri Lanka in February 2017. This featured the bottom four teams from the ICC Women's Championship and six other teams.


title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: On 8 February 2016, the International Cricket Council (ICC) announced the five venues for the 2017 Women's World Cup. Lord's hosted the final, and other matches were played at the home grounds of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Somerset and Gloucestershire.


title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: The ICC announced a panel of thirteen umpires and three match referees to officiate the tournament, including four female umpires, the highest number yet for an ICC global event. The four female umpires were drawn from the ICC's International Umpires Development Panel and their male colleagues from the International Umpires Panel. Richie Richardson is a member of the Elite Match Referees Panel while Steve Bernard and David Jukes are on the Regional Match Referees Panel. Sue Redfern became the first woman to have played in a Women's Cricket World Cup and then stand in a tournament as an umpire.


title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: The International Cricket Council declared a total prize money pool of US$2 million for the tournament, a tenfold increase from the 2013 World Cup. The prize money was allocated according to the performance of the team as follows:


title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: On 8 February 2016, it was announced that in the Group Stage, eight sides will participate in a single-league format with each side playing the other once. This format was last used in the 2005 tournament. The top four sides following the conclusion of the league matches progressed to the semi-finals with the winners meeting at Lord's on 23 July. Therefore, a total of 31 matches were played during the 28-day tournament. The full fixtures for the tournament were announced by the ICC on 8 March 2017, to coincide with International Women's Day. Ahead of the group stage fixtures there were eight practice matches, played between 19 and 22 June 2017.


title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: Teams tied on equal points in the group stage of the tournament were decided by number of wins, followed by net run rate. If both of those were still the same, then the head-to-head match between the two sides was used to determine who progresses to the semi-finals.


title: 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: In May 2017, the ICC announced that 10 games would be shown live on television, while the remaining 21 matches would be streamed live via the ICC website. The 10 televised matches featured the Decision Review System (DRS) for the first time in women's cricket.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Matthew Adams (born 26 September 1988) is an Australian professional wrestler currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name Buddy Matthews as a member of the stable House of Black. He is best known for his time with WWE where he performed under the ring names Buddy Murphy and Murphy.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Prior to joining WWE, Adams wrestled primarily in his native Australia under the ring name Matt Silva, appearing with promotions such as Professional Championship Wrestling (PCW) and Melbourne City Wrestling (MCW). In 2013, he relocated to the United States to work for WWE, starting out in its developmental territory NXT. During his time in NXT, he formed a tag team with Wesley Blake that won the NXT Tag Team Championship on one occasion, making him the first Australian national to win a championship in WWE. In 2018, Adams was moved to WWE's main roster, appearing on "205 Live"; he won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship later that year. He was moved to "SmackDown" in April 2019 and then to "Raw" in October 2019, where he aligned himself with Seth Rollins, leading to the duo winning the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship. Murphy left WWE in June 2021, subsequently wrestling for New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Major League Wrestling as "Buddy Matthews". Adams made his debut for All Elite Wrestling on the 23 February 2022 episode of "AEW Dynamite".


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Matthew Adams was born on 26 September 1988 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He attended Berwick Secondary College, where he graduated in 2005.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Adams was trained by Carlo Cannon. He made his debut on 8 September 2007 as "Matt Silva", at Professional Championship Wrestling (PCW), where he teamed with Jacko Lantern to defeat Adam Brooks and Diaz. He won the PCW State Championship by defeating Danny Psycho on 3 December 2010. He was also a mainstay in Melbourne City Wrestling (MCW), where he won the MCW Heavyweight Championship by defeating Slex on 28 January 2012. He held the championship for 293 days.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: On 17 March 2013, Adams signed a developmental contract with WWE and was assigned to their developmental territory NXT. On 23 November, he debuted as Buddy Murphy at an NXT house show, teaming with Sawyer Fulton and Troy McClain against Angelo Dawkins, Colin Cassady, and Wesley Blake. On 15 May 2014 episode of "NXT", he teamed with Elias Samson in a losing effort against The Ascension.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: In August 2014, Murphy formed a tag team with Wesley Blake. On 14 August episode of "NXT", they were defeated in the first round of a number one contender tag team tournament by The Lucha Dragons (Kalisto and Sin Cara). For the rest of 2014, they lost multiple matches to The Lucha Dragons and The Vaudevillains (Aiden English and Simon Gotch). Also in October 2014, they lost a number one contender tag team battle royal, being eliminated by The Ascension.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: On 21 January 2015 episode of "NXT", Blake and Murphy defeated The Vaudevillains and quickly challenged The Lucha Dragons to a title match. On 28 January episode of "NXT", Blake and Murphy defeated the champions to win the NXT Tag Team Championship, making Murphy the first Australian to hold a championship in WWE. At , Blake and Murphy, now billed simply by their surnames, defeated the Lucha Dragons in a rematch for the title. Following that in March, Blake and Murphy began a feud with Enzo Amore and Colin Cassady, who were intent on capturing the tag titles. Blake and Murphy attempted to woo Carmella on several occasions. On 13 May episode of "NXT", Blake and Murphy distracted Carmella during her match with Alexa Bliss, causing her to lose. At , during Amore and Cassady's NXT Tag Team Championship match against Blake and Murphy, Alexa Bliss came out mid-match and attacked Carmella and Amore, ensuring the win for Blake and Murphy. After making several successful title defences, Blake and Murphy lost the championships to the Vaudevillians at , ending their reign at 219 days.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: On 18 May 2016 episode of "NXT", after losing to Austin Aries and Shinsuke Nakamura, Bliss and then Blake walked away from Murphy, teasing a split for the team. On 1 June episode of "NXT", his ring name was reverted to Buddy Murphy, where he was defeated by Tye Dillinger. On 15 June episode of "NXT", Blake and Murphy reunited, but after a miscommunication between the two, they were defeated by TM-61 (Nick Miller and Shane Thorne). The following week, Murphy announced himself as a singles competitor by interrupting Shinsuke Nakamura, leading to a match with Nakamura, which Murphy lost. On 4 January 2017 episode of "NXT", Murphy teamed with Tye Dillinger to defeat Bobby Roode and Elias Samson, and this turned out to be Murphy's last televised appearance in NXT, before being called up to main roster.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: In early 2018, Murphy lost about 25 pounds and asked to compete on the 205 Live brand. On 20 February episode of "205 Live", he made his debut as a participant in the Cruiserweight Championship tournament, defeating Ariya Daivari in the first round but lost to Mustafa Ali in the quarterfinals. On 27 March episode of "205 Live", Murphy defeated TJP, Akira Tozawa, Kalisto in a fatal four-way match for a future shot at the Cruiserweight Championship. On 10 April episode of "205 Live", Murphy attacked new WWE Cruiserweight Champion Cedric Alexander from behind, starting a feud between the two. However, Murphy failed his mandatory weigh-in and was removed from the match and the "205 Live" roster until he met the weight requirement. On 8 May episode of "205 Live", Murphy defeated Ali in a rematch from their Cruiserweight Championship tournament quarterfinal match.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: He started a storyline where he had to lose weight, challenging Alexander for the title on 29 May episode of "205 Live", where he failed to win the title. The following week, he had a match with Mustafa Ali that ended in a no-contest after both men were attacked by Hideo Itami, who won a triple threat match against both men the following week. On 3 July episode of "205 Live", he lost to Ali in a No Disqualification match. He then went on to form a tag team with Tony Nese and they subsequently feuded with Lucha House Party (Gran Metalik, Lince Dorado and Kalisto). On 6 October at Super Show-Down in his hometown of Melbourne, Murphy defeated Alexander to win the Cruiserweight Championship, his first singles title in WWE, the first Australian man to accomplish this feat.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Murphy subsequently retained the title against Mustafa Ali at Survivor Series and Alexander at , respectively. On 27 January 2019, Murphy successfully defended his title in a fatal four-way match against Akira Tozawa, Kalisto and Hideo Itami at the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show after pinning Itami. On 17 February, Murphy retained his title against Tozawa at Elimination Chamber. At the WrestleMania 35 Kickoff Show, he lost his title to former partner Tony Nese, ending his reign at 183 days. Prior to this loss, Murphy had been undefeated in televised singles matches dating back to July 2018. On 9 April episode of "205 Live", Murphy was again defeated by Nese in a rematch for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: On 16 April, Murphy was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. He participated in the 51-Man Battle Royal at Super ShowDown, but was unsuccessful. On 30 July episode of "SmackDown", a stack of scaffolding fell onto Roman Reigns backstage. Murphy was shown in the background of the event. The following week, Reigns confronted Murphy about his involvement in the event. After being physically intimidated by Reigns, Murphy revealed that Rowan was Reigns' mystery attacker. At SummerSlam, Murphy defeated Apollo Crews by disqualification, after Rowan attacked him mid-match. On 19 August, Murphy was announced as one of sixteen competitors in the King of the Ring tournament. Murphy faced Mustafa Ali in the first round on 27 August episode of "SmackDown Live", where he was eliminated.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: On 14 October, Murphy was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the 2019 draft. Over the following weeks, Murphy developed a winning streak, defeating the likes of R-Truth, Cedric Alexander, Akira Tozawa, Matt Hardy, and Zack Ryder. He entered in a 20-man battle royal at Crown Jewel on 31 October to determine who would face AJ Styles for the United States Championship later in the night, but he failed to win. Murphy engaged in a feud with Aleister Black towards the end of 2019. However, he lost to Black at , the 30 December episode of "Raw" and the 13 January 2020 episode of "Raw".


title: Buddy Matthews

text: On 13 January episode of "Raw", after losing to Aleister Black three times in a row, Murphy sat at ring side in distress throughout the remainder of the show. During the main event, Murphy aligned with "Monday Night Messiah" Seth Rollins and AOP, allowing them to defeat Big Show, Samoa Joe and Kevin Owens and joining in their stable as a disciple. The following week on "Raw", Murphy and Rollins defeated The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar) to win the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship. On 7 February, his ring name was shortened back to simply "Murphy" after he requested when WWE producer Michael Hayes told him the name Buddy sounds too friendly. Murphy and Rollins successfully defended their titles against The Street Profits at Super ShowDown on 27 February, but eventually lost the titles to them in a rematch on 2 March episode of "Raw". Their reign ended at 42 days. Murphy and Rollins failed to reclaim the championship from the team at Elimination Chamber six days later. On 20 April episode of "Raw", Murphy lost to Rey Mysterio in a Money in the Bank ladder match qualifier.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: In May, Murphy and Rollins started a feud with Rey Mysterio and his family, as well as Aleister Black. At Payback, Murphy and Rollins lost to Mysterio and his son Dominik Mysterio, after Murphy accidentally kicked Rollins, costing them the match. On 15 September episode of "Raw", Rollins attacked Murphy after Murphy cost Rollins in a steel cage match against Dominik, leading to Murphy getting closer with Rey Mysterio's daughter, Aalyah. As part of the 2020 Draft in October, Murphy was drafted to the SmackDown brand. The storyline continued when after Aalyah kissed Murphy. On 13 November episode of "SmackDown", Murphy turned on Rollins, thus turning him face. Murphy defeated Rollins the following week on "SmackDown" to end the feud. The love storyline between Murphy and Aalyah was dropped shortly after, and Murphy was taken off television. Murphy returned on 5 March 2021 episode of "SmackDown", trying to reunite with Seth Rollins against Cesaro to which Rollins rebuffed. Murphy then lost a match against Cesaro. Murphy's last WWE appearance took place on 9 April 2021, WrestleMania Edition of SmackDown in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal having been eliminated by King Corbin. On 2 June 2021, Murphy was released from his WWE contract.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: On 16 October 2021, a video aired during "NJPW Strong" announcing that Murphy, now going by "Buddy Matthews", would make his New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) debut at the Battle in the Valley event on 13 November. At the event, he lost to Kazuchika Okada. On 21 January 2022, Matthews wrestled for Major League Wrestling (MLW) at their Blood & Thunder event, losing to TJP.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Matthews made his debut for All Elite Wrestling on 23 February 2022 episode of "Dynamite" aligning himself with Malakai Black and Brody King of The House of Black. After his debut, AEW president Tony Khan made the official announcement of Matthews's signing with the company. At Revolution's buy-in show, the stable won a trios match against Death Triangle (Pac and Penta Oscuro) and Erick Redbeard.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Adams as Buddy Murphy made his video game debut as a playable character in "WWE 2K16" (as a downloadable character) and also appears in "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K20" and "WWE 2K22". He appeared on an episode of the reality show "Total Divas" in January 2018.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Adams was engaged to fellow professional wrestler Alexis Kaufman, better known by the ring name Alexa Bliss. It was reported that the two ended their engagement in September 2018, but still remain friends.


title: Buddy Matthews

text: Adams has a background in extreme sports, particularly bungee jumping, rock climbing, and swimming with great whales.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: John Richard Rooney (born 17 December 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Oldham Athletic.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: He is the younger brother of D.C United manager and former England forward Wayne Rooney. Although born in England, Rooney has expressed a desire to represent the Republic of Ireland at international level.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: John Rooney was born in Liverpool, Merseyside to Jeanette Maria Rooney (née Morrey) and Thomas Wayne Rooney. He is of Irish descent and was brought up in Croxteth with older brothers Graeme and Wayne; all three attended Our Lady and St. Swithin's primary school and the De La Salle Humanities College.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: After being released by Everton, Rooney moved to Macclesfield Town in 2002, where he signed professional terms on 14 July 2008, 4 months after his professional debut against Barnet on 24 March 2008. His first ever career goal came against Dagenham & Redbridge in a 2–1 loss on 28 March 2009. Rooney's Macclesfield contract expired at the end of the 2009–10 season (after refusing to sign a new contract).


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: After trials with Derby County and Huddersfield Town were unsuccessful Rooney went to Seattle Sounders FC and Portland Timbers on trial to enter the next Major League Soccer Draft. Rooney signed with Major League Soccer on 28 December 2010 and played at the 2011 MLS Combine in Florida.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: On 13 January 2011, Rooney was selected in the second round of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft by New York Red Bulls. He made his debut for the club on 16 April as an 89th-minute substitute in a 3–0 victory over San Jose Earthquakes at Red Bull Arena. On 28 June in his first start for New York, Rooney scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 victory over FC New York in the US Open Cup.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: Rooney was waived by New York on 23 November 2011 and he signed with USL Pro club Orlando City on 27 January 2012.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: On 25 February 2013, in his debut, Rooney scored his first goal with the club against Toronto FC in the Walt Disney World Pro Soccer Classic in a 2–2 draw. On 15 April, Rooney scored two goals and assisted a goal in a 4–1 win against the Wilmington Hammerheads. On 22 May, Rooney again scored two goals in the second round of the US Open Cup in a 7–0 trashing of KC Athletics.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: On 27 July, Orlando City won the 2012 Regular season title after they defeated the Charleston Battery 4–0 (with 3 games remaining in the season), as a result, John Rooney won his first championship in his career. Rooney finished the season with 13 appearances and 5 goals as Orlando were eliminated in the Semi-final of the Playoffs to the Wilmington Hammerheads.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: After leaving Orlando City, Rooney was offered a contract by English club Barnsley in October 2012. He signed a contract with the club on 25 October 2012. He was released at the end of the season.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: He was loaned to Conference Premier side Chester until January 2014. He made four appearances and scored once. In January 2014, the transfer was permanent as he signed a contract keeping him until the end of 2014–15 season.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: On 7 June 2016, Rooney signed a one-year deal with Wrexham. He made his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, in a 0–0 draw with Dover Athletic, scoring his first goal for the club in their following match, converting a penalty during a 3–2 victory over Guiseley.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: In February 2017, Rooney joined Guiseley on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 season after being unable to agree terms over a contract dispute. Following his return to Wrexham at the end of the season, Rooney was one of several players who were not offered new deals.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: In July 2018 he joined Barrow on a one-year contract. He helped them win the Vanarama National League title in the 2019-20 season, scoring 19 league goals from midfield in that curtailed season, becoming the club's second top scorer after Scott Quigley, winning several club awards and the Mark Harrop National League Player of the Season. .


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: On 30 January 2022, Rooney returned to League Two side Barrow for an undisclosed fee on a two-and-a-half year deal.


title: John Rooney (footballer)

text: On 27 September 2022, Rooney signed for National League club Oldham Athletic on a two-year deal with the option for a third following the mutual termination of his Barrow contract earlier that day.


title: Nastradamus

text: Nastradamus is the fourth studio album by American rapper Nas, released on November 23, 1999 by Ill Will and Columbia Records. Originally scheduled to be released on October 26, 1999 as a follow-up composed of material from sessions for his previous album "I Am...", also released in 1999. Due to bootlegging of the material, Nas recorded separate songs for "Nastradamus" to meet its November release date.


title: Nastradamus

text: The album debuted at number 7 on the US "Billboard" 200, selling over 232,000 copies in its first week. It received generally mixed reviews from critics, and has been regarded by some as Nas's weakest effort. However, it achieved considerable commercial success and spawned two charting singles. On December 22, 1999, the album was certified Platinum in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Nastradamus

text: In retrospect, Nas said: “On that album, there’s a couple of songs that have a certain sound to it that doesn’t sound like anything else I’ve done. And it was a gray area in my life and that album represents that gray area. It was personal stuff that I’d rather not elaborate on. But I have nothing against that album.”


title: Hak Ja Han

text: Hak Ja Han (Korean: 한학자, Hanja: 韓鶴子) (born January 6, 1943, lunar calendar which is February 10, 1943, Gregorian) is a Korean religious leader. Her late husband Sun Myung Moon was the founder of the Unification movement, also known as the Unification Church (UC). Han and Moon were married in April 1960 and have 10 living children and over 30 grandchildren. In 1992, she established the Women's Federation for World Peace, and traveled the world speaking on its behalf. She is the leader of the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification, in which she is called "True Mother" and "Mother of Peace".


title: Hak Ja Han

text: Han, whose mother later became a follower of Sun Myung Moon, was born on January 6, 1943 (lunar calendar). Han attended an all-girls high school in Korea but did not go on to college. She speaks Japanese and English as well as Korean. In April 1960, at the age of 17, Han, by then a member of the Unification movement (which was officially founded in 1954), married Moon who was then 40 years old.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: Han has 14 children, 10 of whom are still living, and as of 1993 had 20 grandchildren and 38 as of 2011. The children are:


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In Korean culture, as well as other East Asian cultures, a married woman keeps her original family name, with the children taking their father's.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: On July 19, 2008, Han along with her husband and 14 others, including several of their children and grandchildren, were slightly injured when a Sikorsky S-92 helicopter owned by the movement crashed during an emergency landing and burst into flames in Gapyeong. Han and all 15 others were treated at the nearby movement-affiliated Cheongshim Hospital.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: Unification members believe that Han and Moon's wedding established a "holy marriage" which Jesus was not able to establish, and also consider it to be a holy day, called 'True Parents Day," as well as what members refer to as the "True Family." It is believed by them to be the beginning of a new Completed Testament Age and to have fulfilled the prophesied Marriage of the Lamb in the Revelation of John.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: Han and Moon are together believed to be the new messiahs by Unification members. The Moons are regarded by members to be the "True Parents" of humanity and are addressed by its followers as the True Father and True Mother. Members have also referred to Han as "the Bride of Christ" and the perfect woman. She is seen within the movement as the Mother of humankind, the final chosen of God. Han and Moon are also seen as the exemplars of the God-centered existence by members. In Unification services, members bow down in respect for Moon and Han, when they are present, and to representative pictures of them when they are not.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 1962, Moon and Han founded the Little Angels Children’s Folk Ballet of Korea, a girls Korean folk ballet company meant to promote a positive perception of South Korea. In 1984, Han spoke at a Unification movement sponsored academic conference in Washington, D.C. to a crowd of 240 which included professors from Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, University of Michigan and the Sorbonne in Paris.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 1993, U.S. Senator Trent Lott supported the bill True Parents Day in the U.S. Senate and in 1995 U.S. President Bill Clinton signed a bill into law called Parents Day; children are to honor their parents on this day. This showed the relationship of the Unification movement to the Republican and Democrat Parties of the United States, according to news media. In 1993, U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch introduced Han to a crowd at Capitol Hill; she stated at the event that she and Moon are the first True Parents. Moon was in the audience watching her speech, along with members of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: Han and Moon together presided over the mass wedding ceremonies for which the Unification movement is noted. ("See:" Blessing ceremony of the Unification Church.) In 1997, they donned crowns and gold-trimmed robes to lead a mass wedding and marriage rededication ceremony in Washington, D.C. for 20,000 couples, 2,500 of them Unification members whose marriages had been arranged by Moon. Ministers of other religions acted as "co-officiators." In 1997, Han presided with her husband over a marriage affirmation ceremony for 28,000 couples, some married and some newly engaged, in New York City. During the ceremony Han and Moon sprinkled holy water on the couples.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 1992, Han established the Women's Federation for World Peace (WFWP) with the support of many Unification members, and traveled the world speaking at conventions on its behalf. The WFWP's purpose is to encourage women to work more actively in promoting peace in their communities and greater society, and it includes 143 member countries. Han organized a conference in Tokyo in 1993, which was the first anniversary of the WFWP. The keynote speaker was former Vice President of the United States Dan Quayle's wife Marilyn Tucker Quayle, and in a speech at the event Han spoke positively of Mrs. Quayle's humanitarian work.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 1993, Han traveled to 20 cities in the United States promoting WFWP, as well as to 12 countries. At a stop in Salt Lake City, Utah she told attendants: "If a family is not centered on God's ideal of love, there will be conflict among the members of that family. Without God's love as an absolute center, such a family will ultimately break down. A nation of such families will also decline." Her 1993 speeches in the United States focused on increasing violence in the U.S., and the degradation of the family unit.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 1995, Han spoke at a WFWP event in Japan with former United States president George H. W. Bush. Han spoke after Bush's speech and praised Moon, crediting him for the decline of communism and saying that he must save America from "the destruction of the family and moral decay."


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 1996, Han went on a world tour, speaking on behalf of the Family Federation for World Peace. Her speeches were given in cities across the United States, as well as countries including Korea, Japan, Italy, and 16 other countries in South America and Central America. In July 1996 she spoke at the Family Federation for World Peace's Inaugural World Convention at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. Han's closing address, called the "Founder's Address", was the climax of the proceedings.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: On March 23, 2004, Moon and Han were honored at an Ambassadors for Peace awards banquet held by the Interreligious and International Federation for World Peace (which is sponsored by the Unification movement) in a United States federal office building in Washington, D.C. It was called a "Crown of Peace" ceremony. At the event Moon stated that he was the Messiah. Over 12 United States lawmakers were in attendance. The event was criticized by some as a possible violation of the principle of separation of church and state in the United States.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 2006, Han spoke in New Zealand on behalf of the Universal Peace Federation and called for traditional families, religious and cross-cultural tolerance, and a "peace tunnel" across the Bering Strait (Bering Strait crossing) connecting Russia and the United States. In 2019 she spoke at a rally in Japan and called for greater understanding and cooperation between the Pacific Rim nations. In 2020 Han spoke at a UPF sponsored in-person and virtual rally for Korean unification which drew about one million attendees.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 1992, Moon increased Han's position of authority within the Unification movement and announced "True Mother was elevated to True Father's level horizontally." Hak Ja Han has been Moon's successor, designated as leader of the movement since 1993. Massimo Introvigne of the Center for Studies on New Religions writes in "The Unification Church" (2000):


title: Hak Ja Han

text: The issue of succession is now of fundamental importance. The Reverend Moon will be eighty years old (by Korean age calculations, he turned eighty in 1999) in 2000. Mrs. Moon is fifty-seven years old. Since 1992 she has taken a more visible role, particularly in three world speaking tours in 1992, 1993, and 1999. Mrs. Moon has also spoken on Capitol Hill, at the United Nations, and in other parliaments around the world. Her relative youth and the respect with which she is held by the membership may be a point of stability for the Unification movement.


title: Hak Ja Han

text: George D. Chryssides writes in "Exploring New Religions" (2001) that Han's importance with the movement continues to grow. Chryssides predicted that she would lead it and preside over blessing ceremonies after Moon's death, since she would then be "the remaining True Parent."


title: Hak Ja Han

text: In 2003, over 8,000 Unification members attended a ceremony in South Korea in which Han and Moon were remarried. This was said to be the fulfillment of the Marriage Supper of the Lamb written about in the Apocalypse of John. In 2010 National Public Radio reported that Unification Church services in the United States invoked the name of Han along with Moon in their opening greetings to congregants. In that same year, "Forbes" reported that Han was living in South Korea with her husband while their children took more responsibility for the day-to-day leadership of the Unification Movement and its affiliated organizations. After Sun Myung Moon's death in 2012 Han became the leader of the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification, although she has faced some criticism from within the church community.


title: Campaign hat

text: A campaign hat, sometimes called campaign cover, is a broad-brimmed felt or straw hat, with a high crown, pinched symmetrically at the four corners. The campaign hat is occasionally referred to as a Stetson, derived from its origin in the company's Boss of the Plains model in the late 19th century.


title: Campaign hat

text: The hat is most commonly worn as part of a uniform, by such organizations as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the New Zealand Army, United States Park Rangers, and Scouts. It should not be confused with the Stetson style cowboy hat, which has a different brim and crease, nor a slouch hat.


title: Campaign hat

text: The origins of the hat can be traced to the 1840s when U.S. Army mounted troops posted to the far-west sometimes wore wide-brimmed civilian hats, which were more practical than the regulation shakos and forage caps then issued. The crease was influenced by the designs of the sombreros worn by the Mexican Vaqueros. The name started to be used after the 1872–1876 regulations, which introduced a black felt hat—which could be drab after 1883—for fatigue use derived from the types popularized during the American Civil War. Some were worn with campaign cords, mainly as a form of decoration.


title: Campaign hat

text: At least as early as 1893, hats of the Stetson Boss of the Plains type were being creased into pointed tops by British South Africa Company (BSAC) scouts in Africa. When designing the iconic uniform for Boy Scouts, Robert Baden-Powell drew on the hat worn by Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout, during his service as Chief of Scouts in the BSAC and the British Army in the 1890s. The 1,200 Canadian troops serving under Baden-Powell were the first to wear the campaign hat as a part of their official uniform, and this very likely influenced Baden-Powell's decision to order 10,000 of the hats for the British troops.


title: Campaign hat

text: A version of the hat, with a crease along the top of the crown, was worn by some US Army troops during the Spanish–American War. The army officially adopted the "Montana peaked" design as a service hat on 8 September 1911.


title: Campaign hat

text: Through the World War I era, the campaign hat worn by American soldiers was fairly soft. Those worn by the United States Army's general officers had a golden cord around it, whereas other commissioned officers had a golden-and-black campaign cord around their hat. Field clerks, as well as their post-war successors the warrant officers, had a silver-and-black cord, while other ranks had cords in their branch-of-service colors. The United States Marine Corps had the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor badge in black at the front of their campaign hats; its officers had an additional golden-and-scarlet cord around their hat, whereas its other ranks had none.


title: Campaign hat

text: By the 1930s the felt was made very stiff with a permanently flat brim. Due to the frequent wearing of helmets in France in World War I, most troops received a copy of the French that became known as the overseas cap. From 1940 onwards, the campaign hat was replaced by the much cheaper American fiber helmet. In 1942 the campaign hat ceased to be issued generally, but it was still commonly found in the Pacific theatre for much of the war, and was the trademark of General Joseph Stilwell.


title: Campaign hat

text: In Canada the campaign hat was the official dress hat of the North-West Mounted Police (later Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who retain it as part of the full dress uniform) as well as Canadian cavalry units in the Boer War and First World War. In the Boer War (South Africa 1899 to 1902) all Canadian military units with the exception of the Royal Canadian Regiment wore campaign hats. The campaign hat was also the hat of the Canadian Scouts and the South African Constabulary, which was led by a Canadian Colonel Sam Steele (formerly North-West Mounted Police), both of these units having many Canadians enlisted.


title: Campaign hat

text: The hat was phased out of military use by the service dress cap following the First World War. It was also used by members of the Ontario Provincial Police, but it was phased out in 2009 due to problems wearing them in police cruisers. Though similar to the U.S. campaign hat, the indentations of the Canadian style hat are somewhat deeper and appear above the face of the wearer whilst the American hats have the indentations to the side so a regimental badge can be worn in the middle of the hat. The OPP hat featured the force's badge in the middle.


title: Campaign hat

text: The New Zealand Army, whose uniforms have historically followed the British pattern, retain the felt campaign hat as their most visible national distinction. This headdress is distinguished by a high crown and deep indentations on all four sides. It was adopted by the Wellington Regiment about 1912 (as proposed by William Malone) and became general issue for all New Zealand units during the latter stages of World War I. In addition to badge insignia, the different branches of service were differentiated by coloured puggarees or wide bands around the base of the crown (blue and red for artillery, khaki and green for mounted rifles, khaki and red for infantry, blue for engineers, yellow for Pay Corps, khaki and white for Army Service Corps, cherry-red for the Medical Corps and maroon for the Veterinary Corps.).


title: Campaign hat

text: The hat was worn to a certain extent during World War II, although often replaced by more convenient forage caps or berets. After being in abeyance since 1960, the hat was reintroduced in 1977 for ceremonial dress, where it was usually worn with a version of the khaki "no 2" service dress of the British Army. Officer cadets and the New Zealand Army Band wear this headdress with a scarlet and blue full dress uniform.


title: Campaign hat

text: In 2012 it was announced that this form of campaign hat was to be replaced for general wear by the "Mounted Rifles Hat"; a headdress resembling that of the Australian Army but without the turned-up side rim. The historic "Lemon Squeezer" has however been retained for use by honour guards and other limited categories on special formal occasions.


title: Campaign hat

text: The hat worn by male United States Army drill sergeants is olive drab in color with a golden Great Seal of the United States on a disc centered on the front (infantry drill sergeants have a blue disc behind the seal); this is the same insignia as traditionally worn on the Service Cap and the Dress Cap. Female drill sergeants in the Army do not wear a campaign hat but instead wear a hat resembling an Australian slouch hat. Originally beige in color, in 1983 the color was changed to green with the style remaining unchanged. The 133rd Field Artillery Regiment of the Texas Army National Guard wears the Fort Sill style Artillery Campaign Hat during formal functions, such as the annual Saint Barbara's Day Ball.


title: Campaign hat

text: Male and female United States Marine Corps drill instructors and Primary Marksmanship Instructors wear similar campaign hats with a matte black Eagle, Globe, and Anchor centered on the front; the same insignia is worn on their olive drab combination hats. While US Marine Corps officers wear a scarlet and gold cord around the hats and generals wear a solid gold cord, enlisted Marines no longer wear cords around the hats. The US Marine Corps campaign hats were introduced on 20 July 1956.


title: Campaign hat

text: Male United States Air Force military training instructors (MTIs) wear dark blue hats with the Great Seal of the United States within a ring, in silver color, again centered on the front; this is the same insignia as worn on their service cap. Female MTIs wear an Australian style dark blue slouch hat. Air Force MTIs in the top ten percent of their career field wear a light blue cord and are more likely to be referred to as "Blue Ropes" than MTIs.


title: Campaign hat

text: US Coast Guard recruit training company commanders (USCG-USN counterpart to drill instructors) wear a navy blue version with a black cord; the insignia worn is the same as worn with the combination cover.


title: Campaign hat

text: The United States Navy is the only US armed force not to use the campaign hat. Their recruit division commanders wear normal prescribed hats for their uniforms, with a red aiguillette on their shoulder to show their status.


title: Campaign hat

text: Campaign hats are worn by US park rangers of the National Park Service. The federal troops sent to protect the resources of the first national parks were cavalry troopers, whose campaign hat was adopted by the Park Service as a symbol of authority.


title: Campaign hat

text: The evolution of the campaign hat can be seen in a 1905 photo of Buffalo Soldiers in Yosemite. Although the hat would not become Army standard until six years later, some in the photo have re-creased their hats into the Montana Peak, probably during their service in Cuba or the Philippines during the 1898 Spanish–American War.


title: Campaign hat

text: Following the national park ranger style, many states' fish and game wardens and state park police wear campaign hats. Rangers of many local parks departments also wear the campaign hat, such as the New York City Urban Park Rangers.


title: Campaign hat

text: The animal logo-mascot of the US Forest Service, Smokey Bear, wears the campaign hat. Smokey's debut poster was released on August 9, 1944, which is considered his birthday. Overseen by the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Campaign, the first poster was illustrated by Albert Staehle. In it, Smokey was depicted wearing jeans and a "forest ranger's hat" (a campaign hat), pouring a bucket of water on a campfire. The message underneath reads, "Smokey says – Care will prevent 9 out of 10 forest fires!"


title: Campaign hat

text: Several US state police services and federal agencies wear campaign hats, notably, the Massachusetts State Police. So common is use of the campaign hat among state police that they are sometimes referred to as "smokey bears" or "smokeys," after Smokey Bear, the US Forest Service mascot.


title: Campaign hat

text: Campaign hats are also worn by the US Border Patrol. Many other police agencies, including numerous county sheriffs' services, and tribal police departments use campaign hats. Some local police use it for particular duties or divisions; for example, officers of the Chicago Police Department's mounted unit employ the hat, as do deputy sheriffs assigned as cadre of the Cook County Sheriff's Boot Camp.


title: Campaign hat

text: The campaign hat was worn by and associated with Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the Scout Movement, and is still available for wear by Scout organizations in several countries. Because this style of hat is also so traditionally associated with Scouting, campaign hats are often used as presentation items by troops and local councils for adult Scouters and community and business leaders being honored for their service to the Scouting movement.


title: Campaign hat

text: Baden-Powell was British, but picked up the habit of wearing a Stetson campaign hat and neckerchief for the first time in 1896 in Africa during the Second Matabele War. It was during this time that Baden-Powell, already a cavalryman, was befriended by the celebrated American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who favored the campaign hat. In the African hills it was Burnham who first introduced Baden-Powell to the ways and methods of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, and taught him "woodcraft" (better known today as Scoutcraft). After Baden-Powell became famous as the victor of the Siege of Mafeking in 1899, his hat became something of a trademark. In 1900, Baden-Powell was appointed to raise and command the South African Constabulary and he included the campaign hat as part of their uniform. He may have been influenced by the fact that the trade name of the hats, "Boss of the Plains", was sometimes abbreviated to B-P, Baden-Powell's own initials.


title: Campaign hat

text: When Baden-Powell re-wrote his Army handbook "Aids to Scouting" into "Scouting For Boys" in 1908, he included sketches of Boy Scouts wearing the campaign hat. He prescribed a campaign hat as part of the Scout uniform, which he stated was "very like the uniform worn by my men when I commanded the South African Constabulary". He continued; "...The broad brimmed khaki hat is a good protection from sun and rain." "Scouting for Boys" and the Scout Movement itself quickly spread through the British Empire and then to other countries, such as the United States and Russia where in both cases, Scouting started in 1909. Baden-Powell's uniform was widely imitated by Scout associations in many countries, but eventually began to be discarded in favor of cheaper and more practical headgear; the British Scout Association introduced the uniform beret as an alternative to the hat after World War II and finally abolished its use altogether in 1967. The campaign hat remains an option for members of the Boy Scouts of America.


title: Campaign hat

text: In Traditional Scouting organizations such as the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association, Scouts unitaires de France and British Boy Scouts and British Girl Scouts Association in the United Kingdom, Baden-Powell Service Association in Canada and the Baden-Powell Service Association in the United States, campaign hats are worn by both male and female Scouts and leaders.


title: IP address blocking

text: IP address blocking, or IP banning, is a configuration of a network service that blocks requests from hosts with certain IP addresses. IP address blocking is commonly used to protect against brute force attacks and to prevent access by a disruptive address. IP address blocking can be used to restrict access to or from a particular geographic area, for example, the syndication of content to a specific region through the use of Internet geolocation and blocking.


title: IP address blocking

text: IP address blocking is possible on many systems using a hosts file. Unix-like operating systems commonly implement IP address blocking using a TCP wrapper.


title: IP address blocking

text: Proxy servers and other methods can be used to bypass the blocking of traffic from IP addresses. However, anti-proxy strategies are available, such as DHCP lease renewal.


title: IP address blocking

text: Every device connected to the Internet is assigned a unique IP address, which is needed to enable devices to communicate with each other. With appropriate software on the host website, the IP address of visitors to the site can be logged and can also be used to determine the visitor's geographical location.


title: IP address blocking

text: Logging the IP address can, for example, monitor if a person has visited the site before, for example to vote more than once, as well as to monitor their viewing pattern, how long since they performed any activity on the site (and set a time out limit), besides other things.


title: IP address blocking

text: Knowing the visitor's geo-location indicates, besides other things, the visitor's country. In some cases requests from or responses to a certain country would be blocked entirely. Geo-blocking has been used, for example, to block shows in certain countries. Such as censorship of shows deemed inappropriate especially frequent in places such as China.


title: IP address blocking

text: Internet users may circumvent geo-blocking and censorship and protect personal identity and location to stay anonymous on the internet using a VPN connection.


title: IP address blocking

text: On a website, an IP address block can prevent a disruptive address from access, though a warning and/or account block may be used first. Dynamic allocation of IP addresses by ISPs can complicate incoming IP address blocking, rendering it difficult to block a specific user without blocking many IP addresses (blocks of IP address ranges), thereby creating collateral damage. For websites with low enough popularity (often intentionally, with explicitly declaring the majority of potential visitors as out of scope) the large-scale collateral damage is often tolerable: the most of website accesses, when addresses belong to the same IP range, are accesses of persons just having a dynamic IP address, but the same ISP, country, city and city districts, based on which IP ranges are assigned by ISPs. On websites with low enough total count of visitors it is improbable that all these features match for anyone but a single person, and usually Terms of Service of the majority websites reserve the right of their admins to block access at own discretion, this way granting them right to impose collateral damage.


title: IP address blocking

text: Unix-like operating systems commonly implement IP address blocking using a TCP wrapper, configured by host access control files "/etc/hosts.deny" and "/etc/hosts.allow".


title: IP address blocking

text: Both companies and schools offering remote user access use Linux programs such as DenyHosts or Fail2ban for protection from unauthorised access while allowing permitted remote access. This is also useful for allowing remote access to computers. It is also used for Internet censorship.


title: IP address blocking

text: IP address blocking is possible on many systems using a hosts file, which is a simple text file containing hostnames and IP addresses. Hosts files are used by many operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, Android, and OS X.


title: IP address blocking

text: Proxy servers and other methods can be used to bypass the blocking of traffic from IP addresses. However, anti-proxy strategies are available. Consumer-grade internet routers can sometimes obtain a new public IP address on demand from the internet service provider using DHCP lease renewal to circumvent individual IP address blocks, but this can be countered by blocking the range of IP addresses from which the internet service provider is assigning new IP addresses, which is usually a shared IP address prefix. However, this may impact legitimate users from the same internet service provider who have IP addresses in the same range, which inadvertently creates a denial-of-service attack.


title: IP address blocking

text: In a 2013 United States court ruling in the case "Craigslist v. 3Taps", US federal judge Charles R. Breyer held that circumventing an address block to access a website is a violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) for "unauthorized access", punishable by civil damages.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon () is an Indian television series that premiered on 28 May 2012 and ran through until 9 August 2014, Produced to celebrate 100 years of Indian cinema, it aired on Colors TV Monday to Friday (later Saturday) evenings.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Madhubala "Madhu" Choudhary was born on a film set and works in a parlour; her family members are junior artists in the Mumbai film industry. She fights a case of hit and run on behalf of Mukund against Bollywood superstar Rishabh Kundra "RK" who gets jailed. Mukund proposes Madhu and they get engaged. RK insinuates that Madhu is his girlfriend and humiliates Padmini and Shamsher's relationship, saying they're having a secret affair for last 20 years.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Mukund breaks off his engagement thinking Madhu has an affair with RK. She slaps RK who puts forward an offer for Shamsher's treatment as he was badly beaten up on RK's set. RK asks Madhu to marry him which she accepts. Rude and egotistical, he becomes hell-bent on ruining her life. Eventually, Madhu begins falling for him. Sikandar's wife Deepali wants her to leave RK but in vain. Shamsher shoots RK; Madhu donates her blood to save him.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: No longer rude to Madhu, RK begins loving her. She restores his relation with Radha. The two confess their love; RK helps Padmini and Shamsher in getting married. Balraj abducts all but is shot to death by Padmini. RK needs a break and says he wants to marry Madhu properly so they can take their marriage forward. But suddenly, he tells he'd never loved her; it was his plan to entangle her in his love and then destroy her life when he leaves her.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Devastated, Madhu moves on. Everyone convinces RK to bring her back but he doesn't budge on his decision. Madhu gets a job as a hairstylist at RK's film set. He is again rude to her and adamant to make her leave. Later he decides to win her back and abducts her to forcefully live with her at his home. Earlier, Madhu not relents. Enters Sultan. Madhu leaves saying she won't come back unless RK confesses his love. He finally proposes her, and they unite.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: The preparation for grand wedding begins. Sultan falls in love with Madhu, and is now vengeful on RK. Being his half-brother, he uses this to humiliate him. Sultan refers to RK as a bastard as Mohan firstly married Meera. Sultan fakes his death and RK is jailed, until Madhu learns the truth.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Sultan asks her to divorce RK and come to him to save him. Helpless, Madhu agrees. Enraged, RK uncovers Sultan's deeds and eventually kills Sultan with the police to save Madhu.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Due to some reasons, RK is banned from Bollywood and plans to produce his own film. To help him, veteran director Mehul Chopra selects Madhu as the heroine but RK refuses and is actually fascinated by idea of her being heroine.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: RK finds a heroine but is dissatisfied and vows not to pressurize Madhu to sign the film. Thinking his career is over, RK is about to commit suicide when his assistant Bittu informs him Madhu has stepped in as the heroine.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Super excited, RK appears as the lead of his film in front of media with Madhu who marks her entry into Bollywood. He confesses that he loves and thanks Madhu for becoming his heroine. After sometime during shooting, RK is injured and suffers paralysis. Madhu decides to finish the film. RK develops insecurity to her due to her rising fame and being ignored by everyone because he is handicapped. Madhu gets pregnant but RK doesn't want a baby, breaking her heart.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: The film "Ishq Ek Junoon" becomes a superhit, with RK out of his problems. Madhu miscarries and blames him who tries his best to avert her mind from getting into film industry. Later, Madhu turns a heroine like she was destined to be. RK's look-alike KRK is introduced, hired by Kulbhushan for revenge for RK. KRK agrees to take RK's place in need of money but leaves his life when he realizes of separating him from Madhu.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: KRK returns to his hometown with prize money from RK for speaking up the truth and showing decency. Kulbhushan is arrested. Pregnant once again, Madhu gives birth to a girl whom RK also names Madhubala. He prophesies that she will become a superstar like her parents. RK and Madhu die in a bomb blast planned by Pam Harshvardhan kapoor and NikhilLamba. Radha escapes with baby Madhu.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Jr. Madhubala is now grown-up and looks like Madhu. She lives with Radha and falls in love with Abhay Kapoor. They announce their marriage but he gets her married to Raja, RK's mentally challenged second lookalike.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Abhay reveals he wanted to avenge death of his father Harsh Vardhan who committed suicide after being incriminated for killing RK and Madhu. Actually KRK's son, Raja finally becomes a normal person and also kills abhay kapoor for torturing madhu and him. Due to his life of a gangster, Madhubala hates and insults him. Angry, Raja rapes her. She files a case and gets him jailed but withdraws it later.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Baiji dies. Being jailed, Raja thinks Madhubala is the reason for it and begins hating and torturing her. Pregnant with his child, she later requests him to forgive her which Raja does. They remarry. One night, a producer assumes Raja as RK and proposes to do a film with him that the producer had wanted to do with RK and Madhu.


title: Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon

text: Madhubala reads Madhu's diary, learning her last wish was to make a film on her and RK's life. She convinces Raja to sign the film; they start their career and appear as Madhu and RK, giving the first shot of their film. Raja states it's not the end but the beginning of a new life as they were always destined to live and be superstars together.


title: Modular form

text: In mathematics, a modular form is a (complex) analytic function on the upper half-plane satisfying a certain kind of functional equation with respect to the group action of the modular group, and also satisfying a growth condition. The theory of modular forms therefore belongs to complex analysis but the main importance of the theory has traditionally been in its connections with number theory. Modular forms appear in other areas, such as algebraic topology, sphere packing, and string theory.


title: Modular form

text: A modular function is a function that is invariant with respect to the modular group, but without the condition that be holomorphic in the upper half-plane (among other requirements). Instead, modular functions are meromorphic (that is, they are holomorphic on the complement of a set of isolated points, which are poles of the function).


title: Modular form

text: Modular form theory is a special case of the more general theory of automorphic forms which are functions defined on Lie groups which transform nicely with respect to the action of certain discrete subgroups, generalizing the example of the modular group formula_1.


title: Modular form

text: In general, given a subgroup formula_2 of finite index, called an arithmetic group, a modular form of level formula_3 and weight formula_4 is a holomorphic function formula_5 from the upper half-plane such that the following two conditions are satisfied:


title: Modular form

text: 2. (growth condition) For any formula_8 the function formula_9 is bounded for formula_10 where formula_11 In addition, it is called a cusp form if it satisfies the following growth condition:3. (cuspidal condition) For any formula_8 the function formula_13 as formula_10


title: Modular form

text: Modular forms can also be interpreted as sections of a specific line bundles on modular varieties. For formula_2 a modular form of level formula_3 and weight formula_4 can be defined as an element offormula_18where formula_19 is a canonical line bundle on the modular curveformula_20The dimensions of these spaces of modular forms can be computed using the Riemann–Roch theorem. The classical modular forms for formula_21 are sections of a line bundle on the moduli stack of elliptic curves.


title: Modular form

text: A modular form can equivalently be defined as a function "F" from the set of lattices in to the set of complex numbers which satisfies certain conditions:


title: Modular form

text: The key idea in proving the equivalence of the two definitions is that such a function is determined, because of the second condition, by its values on lattices of the form , where .


title: Modular form

text: The simplest examples from this point of view are the Eisenstein series. For each even integer , we define to be the sum of over all non-zero vectors of :


title: Modular form

text: The condition is needed for convergence; for odd there is cancellation between and , so that such series are identically zero.


title: Modular form

text: An even unimodular lattice in is a lattice generated by vectors forming the columns of a matrix of determinant 1 and satisfying the condition that the square of the length of each vector in is an even integer. The so-called theta function


title: Modular form

text: converges when Im(z) > 0, and as a consequence of the Poisson summation formula can be shown to be a modular form of weight . It is not so easy to construct even unimodular lattices, but here is one way: Let be an integer divisible by 8 and consider all vectors in such that has integer coordinates, either all even or all odd, and such that the sum of the coordinates of is an even integer. We call this lattice . When , this is the lattice generated by the roots in the root system called E. Because there is only one modular form of weight 8 up to scalar multiplication,


title: Modular form

text: even though the lattices and are not similar. John Milnor observed that the 16-dimensional tori obtained by dividing by these two lattices are consequently examples of compact Riemannian manifolds which are isospectral but not isometric (see Hearing the shape of a drum.)


title: Modular form

text: where "q" is the square of the nome. Then the modular discriminant is a modular form of weight 12. The presence of 24 is related to the fact that the Leech lattice has 24 dimensions. A celebrated conjecture of Ramanujan asserted that when is expanded as a power series in q, the coefficient of for any prime has absolute value . This was confirmed by the work of Eichler, Shimura, Kuga, Ihara, and Pierre Deligne as a result of Deligne's proof of the Weil conjectures, which were shown to imply Ramanujan's conjecture.


title: Modular form

text: The second and third examples give some hint of the connection between modular forms and classical questions in number theory, such as representation of integers by quadratic forms and the partition function. The crucial conceptual link between modular forms and number theory is furnished by the theory of Hecke operators, which also gives the link between the theory of modular forms and representation theory.


title: Modular form

text: When the weight "k" is zero, it can be shown using Liouville's theorem that the only modular forms are constant functions. However, relaxing the requirement that "f" be holomorphic leads to the notion of "modular functions". A function "f" : H → C is called modular iff it satisfies the following properties:


title: Modular form

text: This is also referred to as the "q"-expansion of "f". The coefficients formula_40 are known as the Fourier coefficients of "f", and the number "m" is called the order of the pole of "f" at i∞. This condition is called "meromorphic at the cusp", meaning that only finitely many negative-"n" coefficients are non-zero, so the "q"-expansion is bounded below, guaranteeing that it is meromorphic at "q" = 0.


title: Modular form

text: Sometimes a weaker definition of modular functions is used – under the alternative definition, it is sufficient that "f" be meromorphic in the open upper half-plane and that "f" be invariant with respect to a sub-group of the modular group of finite index. This is not adhered to in this article.


title: Modular form

text: Another way to phrase the definition of modular functions is to use elliptic curves: every lattice Λ determines an elliptic curve C/Λ over C; two lattices determine isomorphic elliptic curves if and only if one is obtained from the other by multiplying by some non-zero complex number . Thus, a modular function can also be regarded as a meromorphic function on the set of isomorphism classes of elliptic curves. For example, the j-invariant "j"("z") of an elliptic curve, regarded as a function on the set of all elliptic curves, is a modular function. More conceptually, modular functions can be thought of as functions on the moduli space of isomorphism classes of complex elliptic curves.


title: Modular form

text: A modular form "f" that vanishes at (equivalently, , also paraphrased as ) is called a "cusp form" ("Spitzenform" in German). The smallest "n" such that is the order of the zero of "f" at .


title: Modular form

text: The functional equation, i.e., the behavior of "f" with respect to formula_41 can be relaxed by requiring it only for matrices in smaller groups.


title: Modular form

text: Let be a subgroup of that is of finite index. Such a group acts on H in the same way as . The quotient topological space "G"\H can be shown to be a Hausdorff space. Typically it is not compact, but can be compactified by adding a finite number of points called "cusps". These are points at the boundary of H, i.e. in Q∪{∞}, such that there is a parabolic element of (a matrix with trace ±2) fixing the point. This yields a compact topological space "G"\H. What is more, it can be endowed with the structure of a Riemann surface, which allows one to speak of holo- and meromorphic functions.


title: Modular form

text: For "G" = Γ("N") or , the spaces "G"\H and "G"\H are denoted "Y"("N") and "X"("N") and "Y"("N"), "X"("N"), respectively.


title: Modular form

text: The geometry of "G"\H can be understood by studying fundamental domains for "G", i.e. subsets "D" ⊂ H such that "D" intersects each orbit of the -action on H exactly once and such that the closure of "D" meets all orbits. For example, the genus of "G"\H can be computed.


title: Modular form

text: A modular form for of weight "k" is a function on H satisfying the above functional equation for all matrices in , that is holomorphic on H and at all cusps of . Again, modular forms that vanish at all cusps are called cusp forms for . The C-vector spaces of modular and cusp forms of weight "k" are denoted and , respectively. Similarly, a meromorphic function on "G"\H is called a modular function for . In case "G" = Γ("N"), they are also referred to as modular/cusp forms and functions of "level" "N". For , this gives back the afore-mentioned definitions.


title: Modular form

text: The theory of Riemann surfaces can be applied to "G"\H to obtain further information about modular forms and functions. For example, the spaces and are finite-dimensional, and their dimensions can be computed thanks to the Riemann–Roch theorem in terms of the geometry of the -action on H. For example,


title: Modular form

text: The modular functions constitute the field of functions of the Riemann surface, and hence form a field of transcendence degree one (over C). If a modular function "f" is not identically 0, then it can be shown that the number of zeroes of "f" is equal to the number of poles of "f" in the closure of the fundamental region "R".It can be shown that the field of modular function of level "N" ("N" ≥ 1) is generated by the functions "j"("z") and "j"("Nz").


title: Modular form

text: The situation can be profitably compared to that which arises in the search for functions on the projective space P("V"): in that setting, one would ideally like functions "F" on the vector space "V" which are polynomial in the coordinates of "v" ≠ 0 in "V" and satisfy the equation "F"("cv") = "F"("v") for all non-zero "c". Unfortunately, the only such functions are constants. If we allow denominators (rational functions instead of polynomials), we can let "F" be the ratio of two homogeneous polynomials of the same degree. Alternatively, we can stick with polynomials and loosen the dependence on "c", letting "F"("cv") = "c""F"("v"). The solutions are then the homogeneous polynomials of degree . On the one hand, these form a finite dimensional vector space for each "k", and on the other, if we let "k" vary, we can find the numerators and denominators for constructing all the rational functions which are really functions on the underlying projective space P("V").


title: Modular form

text: One might ask, since the homogeneous polynomials are not really functions on P("V"), what are they, geometrically speaking? The algebro-geometric answer is that they are "sections" of a sheaf (one could also say a line bundle in this case). The situation with modular forms is precisely analogous.


title: Modular form

text: Modular forms can also be profitably approached from this geometric direction, as sections of line bundles on the moduli space of elliptic curves.


title: Modular form

text: For a subgroup of the , the ring of modular forms is the graded ring generated by the modular forms of . In other words, if be the ring of modular forms of weight , then the ring of modular forms of is the graded ring formula_46.


title: Modular form

text: Rings of modular forms of congruence subgroups of are finitely generated due to a result of Pierre Deligne and Michael Rapoport. Such rings of modular forms are generated in weight at most 6 and the relations are generated in weight at most 12 when the congruence subgroup has nonzero odd weight modular forms, and the corresponding bounds are 5 and 10 when there are no nonzero odd weight modular forms.


title: Modular form

text: More generally, there are formulas for bounds on the weights of generators of the ring of modular forms and its relations for arbitrary Fuchsian groups.


title: Modular form

text: If "f" is meromorphic but not holomorphic at the cusp, it is called a non-entire modular form. For example, the j-invariant is a non-entire modular form of weight 0, and has a simple pole at i∞.


title: Modular form

text: New forms are a subspace of modular forms of a fixed weight formula_47 which cannot be constructed from modular forms of lower weights formula_48 dividing formula_47. The other forms are called old forms. These old forms can be constructed using the following observations: if formula_50 then formula_51 giving a reverse inclusion of modular forms formula_52.


title: Modular form

text: A cusp form is a modular form with a zero constant coefficient in its Fourier series. It is called a cusp form because the form vanishes at all cusps.


title: Modular form

text: There are a number of other usages of the term "modular function", apart from this classical one; for example, in the theory of Haar measures, it is a function determined by the conjugation action.


title: Modular form

text: Maass forms are real-analytic eigenfunctions of the Laplacian but need not be holomorphic. The holomorphic parts of certain weak Maass wave forms turn out to be essentially Ramanujan's mock theta functions. Groups which are not subgroups of can be considered.


title: Modular form

text: Hilbert modular forms are functions in "n" variables, each a complex number in the upper half-plane, satisfying a modular relation for 2×2 matrices with entries in a totally real number field.


title: Modular form

text: Siegel modular forms are associated to larger symplectic groups in the same way in which classical modular forms are associated to ; in other words, they are related to abelian varieties in the same sense that classical modular forms (which are sometimes called "elliptic modular forms" to emphasize the point) are related to elliptic curves.


title: Modular form

text: Jacobi forms are a mixture of modular forms and elliptic functions. Examples of such functions are very classical - the Jacobi theta functions and the Fourier coefficients of Siegel modular forms of genus two - but it is a relatively recent observation that the Jacobi forms have an arithmetic theory very analogous to the usual theory of modular forms.


title: Modular form

text: Modular integrals of weight are meromorphic functions on the upper half plane of moderate growth at infinity which "fail to be modular of weight " by a rational function.


title: Modular form

text: Automorphic factors are functions of the form formula_53 which are used to generalise the modularity relation defining modular forms, so that


title: Modular form

text: The function formula_55 is called the nebentypus of the modular form. Functions such as the Dedekind eta function, a modular form of weight 1/2, may be encompassed by the theory by allowing automorphic factors.


title: Modular form

text: The theory of modular forms was developed in four periods: first in connection with the theory of elliptic functions, in the first part of the nineteenth century; then by Felix Klein and others towards the end of the nineteenth century as the automorphic form concept became understood (for one variable); then by Erich Hecke from about 1925; and then in the 1960s, as the needs of number theory and the formulation of the modularity theorem in particular made it clear that modular forms are deeply implicated.


title: Distribution transformer

text: A distribution transformer or service transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer.


title: Distribution transformer

text: The invention of a practical efficient transformer made AC power distribution feasible; a system using distribution transformers was demonstrated as early as 1882.


title: Distribution transformer

text: If mounted on a utility pole, they are called pole-mount transformers. If the distribution lines are located at ground level or underground, distribution transformers are mounted on concrete pads and locked in steel cases, thus known as distribution tap pad-mount transformers.