title: Leana Wen

text: Wen's tenure at PPFA saw many major events with implications for reproductive healthcare, starting with the confirmation hearings and appointment to the Supreme Court of Brett Kavanaugh, and ending with the implementation of the nationwide Title X gag rule under the Trump-Pence administration. This legislation prevented medical providers who received funding from Title X from referring patients for abortion services and also prohibited the performance of abortions in the same facility as providers who received Title X funding (the rule was later overturned in 2021 by the Biden-Harris administration). The period also saw a marked increase in the number of laws passed at the state level that restricted access to abortions.


title: Leana Wen

text: Wen resigned from her position in July 2019, after only 8 months. In public statements, she cited "philosophical differences" between her own views and those of board members. In a subsequent op-ed, Wen attributed her sudden departure more specifically to disagreements over the centrality of abortion in the mission of Planned Parenthood. Echoing her earlier statements, she described her goal to focus on the more holistic elements of the organization, while the board instead wanted to focus on the political debate surrounding abortion rights. Other sources alluded to Wen's incompatibilities with the organization on an interpersonal level, citing organization members' difficulty adapting to her leadership style.


title: Leana Wen

text: Wen started writing for "The Washington Post" as a contributing op-ed writer in 2019. Her role as a columnist became formalized in 2020, and she began anchoring a weekly newsletter on public health and healthcare called "The Checkup with Dr. Wen". Her commentaries for the "Post" started with a heavy focus on COVID-19 and have touched on a range of other issues, including the nursing shortage, the opioid epidemic, reemergence of polio, cancer, mental health, obesity, marijuana, and other public health and policy topics.


title: Leana Wen

text: In 2021, she was named one of Modern Healthcare's 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare. She was also inducted as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and received the YWCA Excellence in Public Health Award. In 2022, she was awarded the Walter C. Alvarez award for excellence in communicating healthcare developments and concepts to the public by the American Medical Writers Association.


title: Leana Wen

text: Wen married South Africa native Sebastian Neil Walker in Boston in February 2012, after a blessing ceremony in Cape Town in November 2011. They have two children: a son born in 2017 and a daughter born in 2020.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Kay Toinette Oslin (May 15, 1942 – December 21, 2020) was an American country music singer-songwriter. She had several years of major commercial success in the late 1980s after signing a record deal at age 45. Oslin had four number one hits and placed additional singles on the "Billboard" country chart during that timespan; in addition, she won three Grammy Awards and is an inductee of the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin moved to Alabama after the death of her father, then to Texas. She developed an appreciation for folk music while studying theater in college and later started a folk trio. In 1966, she returned to theater after being cast in the touring production of "Hello, Dolly!" She then moved to New York City, where she continued acting in Broadway musicals and television commercials. At the same time, she began songwriting as a hobby. After a demo recording was made of her music, Oslin briefly signed to Elektra Records in 1981 without much success. She later signed to RCA Records in 1986 and had her first major hit the following year with "80's Ladies." Her 1987 debut album of the same name would sell over one million copies and produce three additional hits, including the number one single "Do Ya."


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin released "This Woman" (1988) and "Love in a Small Town" (1990), which reached the top ten of the "Billboard" charts. The albums spawned hit singles including "Hold Me," "Hey Bobby" and "Come Next Monday." In the early 1990s, she left her recording contract and went into a hiatus following several personal setbacks. In 1996, she returned with the studio album ""My Roots Are Showing..."" and then in 2001 with "Live Close By, Visit Often." Oslin released her final album in 2015 titled "Simply."


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin was born in Crossett, Arkansas in 1942 to Larry and Kathleen Oslin. When Oslin was 5, her father died from leukemia, leaving her mother widowed. His death resulted in her becoming shy and withdrawn. The family moved to Mobile, Alabama, following her father's death, which is where Oslin spent her childhood. When she was a teenager, her mother moved her family to Houston, Texas, where she would eventually graduate from high school. She became fond of music during her formative years in music inspired from her mother. Oslin's mother had once performed Swing music on local radio and also was offered a job singing in the Les Brown orchestra. She studied drama at Lon Morris College in Texas, where she also drew a deep appreciation for folk music.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: While in college, Oslin formed a folk trio with David Jones and singer-songwriter Guy Clark. Together, they performed in local cubs, restaurants and other venues in Texas. The trio eventually recorded a song for a 1963 folk compilation titled "Look, It's Us!" On lead vocals, Oslin performed the tune "Brave Young Soldier." She would later form a folk duo with Frank Davis. In Hollywood, California, the pair recorded an album under the name "Frankie and Johnny," which was not released. Oslin returned to Houston following the stint. In 1966, a touring production of the Broadway musical "Hello, Dolly!" came to the Houston area in search of "chorus girls" for their ensemble cast. Oslin auditioned, got the part and began touring the same year.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: In 1966, "Hello, Dolly!"s national tour ended and Oslin moved to New York City to pursue acting. She remained in the city for 20 years where she got several small stage role parts. Oslin appeared as part of the ensemble in the Broadway shows "Promises, Promises" and "West Side Story." She also found work singing commercial jingles. She was often cast in hygiene-product commercials. In an interview with the "Chicago Tribune," Oslin recalled being cast in a hemorrhoid commercial: "Hemorrhoids! Lord! I had a hemorrhoid commercial that had people I knew from the 3d grade calling me up saying, 'Is that you?'" Oslin also developed an interest in songwriting after being given a piano. She taught herself chord patterns and wrote music that went along with it. Her interest in country music also developed after New York started their first country radio station. She found the music to be more sophisticated than what it previously had been and began writing country songs after that. While performing as part of a synthesizer troupe, Oslin was inspired to write her first country song from writing she saw on a bathroom wall. Written on the wall were the words, "I ain't gonna love nobody but Cornell Crawford." Oslin wrote the song with friend Joe Miller and she would later record it in 1990.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin eventually made a demonstration tape of her compositions and brought them to the attention of the performance rights group SESAC. From there, it was brought to the attention of their Nashville executive, Dianne Petty. Petty encouraged Oslin's musical talent and helped bring her music to the attention of Nashville record executives. At the same time, Oslin also found work singing with Guy Clark on his 1978 self-titled album. Through Petty's assistance, Oslin acquired a "singles-only" recording contract with Elektra Records. Only two singles were issued on the label, "Younger Men" and "Clean Your Own Tables," the latter of which became a minor hit on the country chart. "My first record, 'Clean Your Own Tables,' managed to get on the charts for about 15 minutes," she recalled in 1987. Elektra ultimately dropped her from their label in 1982. She returned to New York where she went into a depressive period and gained 40 pounds. She continued commercial work, but found it unsatisfying. Yet Petty continued advocating for Oslin and her original compositions were recorded by Judy Rodman, Dottie West, Gail Davies and The Judds.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: In 1986, Oslin decided to make a final effort to regain a recording contract. She borrowed seven thousand dollars from her aunt, lost 40 pounds, rented a Nashville nightclub and invited record executives to a one-time music showcase. "The next morning, I sat waiting for the phone to ring. It did not," she recounted. Yet, through her connections, Oslin contacted Nashville producer Harold Shedd, who had recently been successful recording Alabama. Shedd convinced Oslin to record three of her original tunes and he eventually became her full-time production collaborator. She also met RCA Records executive Joe Galante in 1986. Galante believed Oslin had potential and signed her to RCA in 1986 when Oslin was 45 years old.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: In December 1986, RCA released Oslin's first label single, titled "Wall of Tears." Despite breaking into the top 40, the song failed to become a major hit. In 1987, the label issued the self-penned "80's Ladies," which became her first major hit. Oslin had written the tune several years prior in small chunks over time. "I thought it was one of those show pieces. I never dreamed or thought it would be a single," she stated in 2011. The single peaked at number seven on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart in July and went to number four on the "RPM" Country Singles chart in Canada. It would later win the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and Song of the Year at the Country Music Association Awards. Oslin became the CMA's first female artist to win the Song of the Year accolade. "80's Ladies" also received a positive response from critics. Steve Huey of Allmusic called the track "anthemic," while Mary Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann called it "the anthem of a generation." Bill Friskics-Warren of "The New York Times" compared its piano sound to that of Jackson Browne. In July 1987, Oslin's debut studio album of the same name was released on RCA. It became the highest-charting album by a female country artist in 20 years, topping the "Billboard" Top Country Albums chart in February 1988. It was also her highest-charting release on the Billboard 200 reaching a peak of 68 in March 1988. It would later certify platinum in the United States for selling over one million copies. Both of the follow-up singles to "80's Ladies" ("Do Ya" and "I'll Always Come Back") reached number one on the country chart.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin's musical success allowed her to become more financially stable. By 1988, she purchased her first house, but was rarely home due to a demanding tour schedule. That year, she toured with Alabama and George Strait, and recorded her second album for RCA. In August 1988, "This Woman" was released. Oslin wrote (or co-wrote) all ten of the album's tracks. According to Oslin, "This Woman" reflected the modern thinking of middle-aged women of the eighties. The project received critical acclaim from various publications. Alex Henderson of Allmusic gave it a three-star rating, calling it "a generally appealing release that successfully balances commercial and artistic considerations." "Rolling Stone" named it one of their "12 Classic Albums" in 2018 and found it to define female independence. Rock critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "B" rating, praising the album's defiance of gender roles in the Nashville establishment. It produced the number one hit, "Hold Me," which would also win her a second Grammy award. It was followed by the top five hits, "Hey Bobby" and its title track.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin had continued success into the 1990s. That year, she performed at Carnegie Hall alongside new singer Clint Black, who also served as the opening act of her newly established headlining tour. However, her constant road schedule was negatively affecting her mental health. She took several months off from appearances to refocus and readjust her mental health. "It took me months to become a human," she told the "Chicago Tribune" in 1990. Oslin also took time to write and record her third studio album. In late 1990, "Love in a Small Town" was released on RCA Records. The project peaked at number five on the "Billboard" country albums chart and spent 71 weeks there. Despite the album's first single becoming only a minor hit, the second single, "Come Next Monday," would be her fourth number one single on the country chart. It was followed by the top 40 hit, "Mary and Willie," and the charting singles "You Call Everybody Darling" and "Cornell Crawford".


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin spent more time away from music as the decade progressed. Her last album project for RCA would be the 1993 compilation, "." The compilation peaked at number 28 on the Top Country Albums list and number 126 on the Billboard 200. Along with eight of her major hits, "Greatest Hits" also included three new songs. Notably included was a re-recording of "New Way Home." It was later released as single and spent three weeks on the "Billboard" country chart. Jack Hurst of "The Chicago Tribune" found its new tracks to be "pop sounding" but also found it to blend effectively with her previous hits. Allmusic's Rick Anderson rated it four out of five stars, yet also observed it to have pop inflections. However, he found the quality of the writing and sound to be quite high: "This is great pop music, no matter what bin you find it in."


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin began turning her career towards acting by 1994. This began with a guest appearance on the television western, "Paradise." Oslin portrayed a mother living in rural America and performed the song, "Down in the Valley." She would also appear on a television special with Carol Burnett where she performed a duet version of her song, "New Way Home." In 1993, Oslin made her first appearance in a film called "The Thing Called Love." She starred alongside Hollywood actors Sandra Bullock and River Phoenix. Directed by Peter Bogdanovich, the film's plot focused on Nashville and the main character's dream of becoming a country music songwriter. Oslin portrayed Lucy, a fictional owner of the Bluebird Café. Reviewers, including "The Austin Chronicle," disliked the movie, but praised Oslin's performance. "She's so country and so good in her role, she reveals the rest of the movie to be as artificial as it is," Louis Black wrote in 1993. Also in 1993, Oslin appeared in the television movie, "." In 1994, she guest-starred in the Arkansas-themed series "Evening Shade." Oslin portrayed one of three sisters headed to audition for the Grand Ole Opry.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin would also take several years away from music during the mid 1990s. She faced several personal setbacks including a severe depression, side effects from menopause and quadruple bypass surgery. Following her recovery, Oslin was coaxed back into recording from former label-head chief, Joe Galante. Teaming up with sound engineer, Rick Will, she produced and recorded 1996's ""My Roots Are Showing..."," which was released on BNA Records. The album contained cover versions of lesser-known country and pop recordings. It was received unfavorably by Allmusic, who only rated it 2.5 stars. Carpented commented that "The only issue is that this was marketed as a country album when the Nashville element isn't terribly conspicuous." However, Robert K. Oermann of "Music Row" commented that the album showcased how Oslin was an example of the "emerging Americana music movement." ""My Roots Are Showing..."" reached number 45 on the "Billboard" country albums chart and spawned the charting single, "Silver Tongue and Gold Plated Lies."


title: K. T. Oslin

text: After another hiatus, Oslin released her fifth studio album titled, "Live Close By, Visit Often," in 2001. She co-produced the album with The Mavericks' lead vocalist Raul Malo. The album included a range of musical styles, such as country, electronic dance and Latin. "Live Close By, Visit Often" received mixed reviews. Allmusic's Maria Konicki Dinoia commented that the project was "too eclectic to call country [and] too divergent to call pop." Alanna Nash found the album to be "schizophrenic" in its musical diversity, but did praise Oslin's vocal performance throughout. "Live Close By, Visit Often" spent 11 weeks on the "Billboard" country albums list and peaked at number 35, becoming her final charting album. Its title track was released as the first single and reached a minor chart position on the country songs list. Its second single, a cover of Rosemary Clooney's "Come on-a My House" would make the "Billboard" dance music chart.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin went into a third career hiatus after 2001. Speaking to "Country Music Television" in 2011, she explained that the decision to stop performing was conscious. "I asked my people, 'Do I have enough money to quit right now?' and they said, 'Yeah.' I said, 'Well, then, I quit!'" She spent frequent time at home and enjoying hobbies, such as painting. In 2008, she performed a one-woman show, which included a music and words. In 2013, she returned to the stage to perform at the Franklin Theater for the twenty fifth anniversary of her studio album, "80's Ladies." In 2014, Oslin performed a live cabaret show, which would inspire the recording of her final studio album. In 2015, "Simply" was released on Red River Entertainment. The album contained re-recordings of her previous material and one new track titled, "Do You Think About Me." "Simply" contained a session band that consisted of only four players. According to a 2015 interview, Oslin stated she decided to make the album so that fans could buy new music at her shows. Oslin went into her final retirement following the record's release.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: In a 1988 interview, Oslin described her own musical style as stemming from country, southern blues and R&B: "It's a mishmash of stuff. I'm surprised people like it. They should be asking: 'What is this stuff?' I ask that myself all the time." Oslin's musical style is rooted in country, but also incorporates elements of country pop, pop rock and adult contemporary. Examples of pop and "anthemic rock" can be found in her first two RCA albums, as noted by Steve Huey of Allmusic. When reviewing 1988's "This Woman," Allmusic's Alex Henderson also drew similar comparisons, calling her sound "far from a honky tonker." Oslin incorporated more dance, traditional pop, Latin and Americana into her musical style after leaving RCA.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Her musical style can also be identified with her songwriting. As a musical artist, Oslin wrote most of her material. Many of her compositions centered on characters going through the trials and tribulations of middle age. According to Oslin, she developed songwriting inspiration from her friends who were going through martial difficulties. "I learn from watching people and try to put it in terms that music fans would find interesting," she explained in 1988. Bill Friskics-Warren of "The New York Times" wrote that Oslin "gave voice to the desires and trials of female baby boomers on the cusp of middle age." In "Finding Her Voice: The History of Women in Country Music," Oslin "became the beacon of inspiration for every middle-aged woman who felt vibrant yet overlooked." Dennis Hunt of "The Los Angeles Times" called her writing "penetrating, vivid tales of women in turmoil."


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin was largely influenced as a child by traditional pop and country performers, notably Patsy Cline and Kay Starr. As she started performing folk music in the 1960s, Oslin's musical inspiration drew away from country and pop. Yet, once writing her own music, Oslin began finding connections back into country music despite not necessarily looking for it: "I was writing songs--country songs for some weird reason--even though I didn't want to be a songwriter," she commented.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin's success helped give identity to strong, female women in their middle-aged years, according to several publications. Sarah Trahern, CEO of the Country Music Association remarked on her legacy in 2020: "K.T. Oslin had one of the most soulful voices in country music and was a strong influence for women with her hit '80's Ladies'...She truly had one of the best voices in the history of our format." Lorrie Morgan made a similar comment in 2020: "She was a big inspiration to me and her writing about the strength of women." Her artistry helped influence other female country singer–songwriters that followed such as Brandy Clark and Chely Wright. Mary Bufwack and Robert K. Oermann commented on her musical legacy in 2003: "K. T. was part of a 1980s invasion of female songwriting talent into Nashville. Today, virtually every major song publisher in [Music City] has female staff writers."


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin was part of a group of country artist who helped shift its musical sound in the late 1980s. Writers and critics have cited her as innovator of Nashville's musical shift, along with Steve Earle, k. d. lang and Lyle Lovett. Bill Friskics-Warren of "The New York Times" commented that Oslin was "among a distinguished circle of thoughtful, independent female songwriting contemporaries that included Pam Tillis, Gretchen Peters and Matraca Berg." Oslin also received several honors for her legacy. In 2014, she was inducted into the Texas Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2018, she was inducted Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: Oslin never married. However, she did have several long-term relationships through middle age. This included a several-year relationship in the 1970s with Alan Rubin, a musician and former member of The Blues Brothers. The couple lived for two years in upstate New York in a rural community. The relationship dissolved after two years and Oslin moved back to New York City. It was Rubin who gave Oslin her first piano following their separation. Oslin would dive into songwriting following her breakup: "That pulling back period is when I started to write." Oslin later dated record producer Steve Buckingham and drummer Owen Hale. However, these relationships eventually ended. "I'm alone, but I like my own company," she told "People" magazine in 1993.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: In the early 1990s, Oslin revealed a battle with menopausal depression. This caused her to lose interest in creating music, including songwriting and performing. According to Oslin, she returned to normalcy after she stopped taking hormones prescribed by her doctor. Oslin's mother died around the same period, which caused further depressive episodes. In 1995, she began suffering from chest pain after spending a summer mowing her lawn. It was discovered that she needed to have quadruple bypass surgery after going to several exams. Although making a full recovery, she had a permanent triangular scar that she refused to remove from promotional photographs.


title: K. T. Oslin

text: In June 2015, Oslin was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and subsequently moved into an assisted-living facility the following year. She died on December 21, 2020, in Nashville a week after being diagnosed with COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee. She was 78 years old. She was interred at Woodlawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Nashville adjacent to fellow country music star Tammy Wynette.


title: Morning View

text: Morning View is the fourth studio album by American rock band Incubus, released October 23, 2001, through Epic Records. A companion DVD, "The Morning View Sessions", was released on May 29, 2002. Continuing the move away from nu metal, the album ranges widely from soft to hard rock sounds in the style of alternative rock. "Morning View" was the last Incubus album to feature bassist Alex Katunich.


title: Morning View

text: With the album producing the popular singles "Wish You Were Here" and "Nice to Know You," "Morning View" generally achieved critical praise and went double-platinum, making it the band's highest selling album.


title: Morning View

text: To record the album, the band lived in Malibu, California, on a street called "Morning View Drive". Former bassist Alex Katunich (aka "Dirk Lance") noted that the band had previously "tried to do that for at least the writing portion of "Make Yourself", but we didn't have enough clout at the time. When we were getting ready to write this one, we knew that we needed to get into a more creative place. The idea was to not feel as if you were driving [somewhere] to work on a record. You could just get up and it was a natural extension of your day."


title: Morning View

text: Vocalist Brandon Boyd stated that the band "needed quick access to the beach because we're kinda spoiled brats sometimes. We need that outlet. At least I do. It's nice to write music all day and be like, 'I'm going to take a break, see you guys in two hours.'"


title: Morning View

text: Out of the 30 songs the band sketched out for the album, 13 ended up on the final release. One of the unreleased songs called "Anything" was later released on the compilation album "Monuments and Melodies". Other songs also added to Monuments and Melodies were "Wish You Were Here", "Nice to Know You", "Warning", "Are You In?", and "Mexico".


title: Morning View

text: Former bassist Alex Katunich (aka "Dirk Lance") stated that the album's title comes from "the name of the street the house was on where we recorded the album." Boyd notes that "every time we'd pull into the street we had the view of the ocean and Pacific Coast Highway. I got a big creative boner every time I'd show up to the house. Every time we'd pull up, DJ Kilmore would be like, 'Ah, Morning View. It's time to rock!'"


title: Morning View

text: "Morning View" features a variety of styles: ambience, aggression, and groove. It has an overall softer sound than previous albums, especially apparent on songs like "Echo" and "Are You In?"; however, Incubus's heavier side is still evident on tracks like "Have You Ever" and "Under My Umbrella." Regarding the album's sound, guitarist Mike Einziger notes that it: "would've been really easy for us to try to replicate certain songs that did well on our last record, which we didn't do. We didn't do anything even remotely close to that. We put pressure on ourselves to make a good record because if none of us were happy with it, we'll all be miserable for the next two years while we're on tour."


title: Morning View

text: The final song, "Aqueous Transmission", employs the use of Chinese instruments such as the pipa and is accompanied by a Japanese orchestra. The pipa used on the recording was given to Mike Einziger from Steve Vai. "Aqueous Transmission" is 7 minutes and 46 seconds long, with the last minute consisting of frogs croaking outside the studio in Malibu. Boyd joked that the song was intended to make "the listener pee in his/her pants" from relaxation.


title: Morning View

text: "Morning View" boasted a total of five singles beginning with "Wish You Were Here" released on August 14, 2001. Despite the filming of an alternative music video, as the banned original version closely mirrored the September 11 attacks, "Wish You Were Here" gained significant rotation and charted well.


title: Morning View

text: Its follow up, "Nice to Know You," and third single, "Warning," both gained substantial airplay as well. "Are You In?" had a video exclusive to Europe due to its sensual nature and gained little attention compared to its predecessors, as did the final single, "Circles." Five years after the album's release, an official video for latter was released on December 3, 2006, on Sony BMG Musicbox.


title: Morning View

text: Once they finished recording their new album, Incubus began touring with Hundred Reasons in Europe from June until the first week of July. They were also invited to play Moby's Area:One Festival alongside the likes of Outkast, The Roots, Paul Oakenfold, Carl Cox, and Nelly Furtado. In August, the band performed their first shows in Australia and Japan before returning to the US for their long-awaited headlining tour; joining their long-time friends from California, Hoobastank and Phantom Planet, Incubus embarked on the Honda Civic Tour which kept ticket prices low through sponsorship and saw the band give away cars to fans. Amidst touring, Incubus was still experiencing commercial milestones for their previous album. They continued to headline throughout the remainder of the year, and were one of the first bands to play in New York City following the September 11 attacks, with the event not affecting the band's touring schedule. DJ Chris Kilmore told "Billboard" in November 2001, "we’re taking the stand that we’re not going to let some idiot who just wants to kill everybody affect our lives. We’re just going to keep doing what we do, and hopefully, everything will be alright."


title: Morning View

text: In January 2002, the band toured Europe with 311 and Hoobastank. Incubus played on the "Late Show with David Letterman" on February 14, 2002. For the remainder of February and March, the group performed throughout Japan and Australia–where they also shot the video for "Warning"–before returning to the US. Incubus embarked on a headlining tour on August 31 with their last concert for "Morning View" taking place on November 2. This would also be their last show with bassist Alex Katunich who left the band for personal reasons.


title: Morning View

text: Topping all previous Incubus records, "Morning View" debuted on the "Billboard" 200 at No. 2 with 266,000 copies sold in its first week. By December 2001, the album was certified platinum and still ranked No. 38 on the Top 200. Many of its singles would remain on the charts throughout the following year. After heavy touring and single rotation, "Morning View" would be the 40th best selling album of 2002.


title: Morning View

text: The album received generally positive reviews, with a Metacritic score of 62, based on 10 reviews. "Q" stated that "even at their most acerbic or delicately downplayed extremes, Incubus are compelling", while CDNow noted that Incubus "has begun to grow up a bit."


title: Morning View

text: "Rolling Stone" wrote in their review, "for a new-metal band competing in a field of alpha males with pierced, sloping brows, the supple, even delicate Incubus have an awful lot of yin in their yang. Unlike Staind, who require a suspension of disbelief that they are, essentially, macho crybabies, and Crazy Town, who probably tinge their mook-hop with Orientalism so they can score with Asian strippers, the coolest thing about Incubus is the way they come front-and-center with their inner little girl. They’ve got the tender lyrics, the nonlinear arrangements, melodies you can soak in and neckbreaker riffs alternating with swaying metallic grooves that somehow say, 'Love me, OK?'."


title: Morning View

text: Sean Adams of Drowned in Sound gave it a 9 out of 10, writing on November 21, 2001 that, "the really special bit, is the typical hearth-throb frontman, Brandon Boyd. He's got it made. His vocals are something special." Adams further writes, "lyrically there is that little extra you don’t and won't get from many, if any, of their peers. It may sound like self-empowered, dope smoking, hippy rubbish to some, but it's gotta be better for the kidz than some homophobic diatribes, surely?." AllMusic's Deren Svendsen awarded it a similarly high score of four-and-a-half out of five stars, noting, "the ratio of softer and mellower numbers have increased dramatically, to the point where hardcore fans of earlier material may be bewildered. For the most part, the transition works." He adds, "while it may not appeal to fans of the harder material, music lovers who like their rock a little less aggressive and a little more ambitious and, well, sensitive should give "Morning View" a spin."


title: Morning View

text: "Daily Nexus" writer Jessica Jardine had a more negative view of the band's soft direction, remarking in November 2001, "the release of the mushy-gushy single 'Wish You Were Here' became an ominous harbinger of the kinder, fuzzier Incubus to come. Without skipping a beat, that’s just what "Morning View" delivers – into the waiting palms of pre-teen girls everywhere. Slow, acoustic ballads like '11 am' and 'Mexico' are soothing to the ears, but leave me yearning for the Incubus I once knew, loved and head-banged to. The semi-charged 'Have You Ever' and 'Under My Umbrella' remind me of "S.C.I.E.N.C.E." but lack the diaphragm-thrusting belts and off-beat experimentalism that once wooed me." She concluded her review by stating, "yes, Brandon, you are a towering heartthrob amid booty-obsessed playa-pimps, but do we really need this saccharin-coated love goo?." "NME"s October 2001 review states, ""Morning View"'s insurmountable flaw is that Incubus sell themselves as an intelligent and sensitive rock band, without actually appearing especially intelligent or sensitive. They're hippies, basically."


title: Morning View

text: Dylan P. Gadino of CMJ New Music Monthly compared the album to Faith No More and Linkin Park in November 2001, still considering it to have the same metallic undertone of previous releases. He writes, "on "Morning View", the group's third major label album, Boyd and company continue their journey into the metal mystic, guided by familiar cascading chord progressions and ethereal-to-plump dynamic sensibilities. There are aggressive rockers like 'Under My Umbrella' here, but lush yet-harsh metal tunes like 'Blood on the Ground' are more indicative of the album's sound." However, he did note a higher number of acoustic songs in the style of "Drive", observing that, ""Morning View" shows a softer Incubus, yet it also affirms the group as being visionary among today's hard rockers."


title: Morning View

text: On March 1, 2003, Einziger, along with Scott Litt, Dave Holdredge, and Rick Will, were nominated for a Grammy in the "Best Engineered Album (Non Classical)" category, for their work on "Morning View."


title: Morning View

text: In 2005, "Morning View" was ranked number 374 in "Rock Hard" magazine's book "The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time". In 2021, "Kerrang!" ranked it as the 17th best album of 2001, remarking "as really, really, ridiculously good-looking as they were, Brandon Boyd and his Calabasas compatriots were more than just pretty faces." The publication also placed "Morning View" first when ranking Incubus's studio albums in 2020.


title: Morning View

text: All lyrics written by Brandon Boyd and all music written by Mike Einziger, Alex Katunich, Chris Kilmore, and José Pasillas.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: Marvel's New Warriors is an unaired American television pilot created and written by Kevin Biegel for Freeform, based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. It was intended to be set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledge the continuity of the franchise's films and other television series. The pilot was produced by ABC Signature Studios and Marvel Television.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: The pilot stars Milana Vayntrub as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mr. Immortal, who make up the New Warriors along with Jeremy Tardy, Calum Worthy, Matthew Moy, and Kate Comer. The young group learn to cope with their new abilities in a terrifying world. By August 2016, Marvel Television had developed a series centered on the New Warriors and began offering it to cable networks and streaming outlets. In April 2017, "New Warriors" received a series order of 10 episodes from Freeform, with Biegel joining as showrunner and writing the first script. The pilot had been produced by November 2017.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: "New Warriors" was planned to premiere in 2018 on Freeform, and had the potential to launch multiple spinoff series based on each of the New Warriors characters. However, by November 2017 the network no longer had room in its schedule to begin airing the series in 2018, and returned it to Marvel Television so the studio could shop the series to other Disney-owned networks. These efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, and the series was officially considered dead by the end of September 2019.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: Six superpowered young people with offbeat powers different from the Avengers want to make a positive impact in the world, even if they are not quite ready to be heroes.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: By the end of August 2016, Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half-hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl, with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets. In April 2017, Freeform ordered "Marvel's New Warriors" straight-to-series for 10 episodes, marking Marvel's first foray into single-camera live-action comedy, and their first half-hour series. Kevin Biegel was nearing a deal to write a script and serve as showrunner for the series, after Marvel had attached him to the project before Freeform's involvement. Jeph Loeb, the head of Marvel Television, and Jim Chory were set to executive produce the series alongside Biegel.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: Karey Burke, Executive Vice President of Programming and Development at Freeform, said the network had interest in a Squirrel Girl series before Marvel was moving forward with the project, and before Freeform ordered their other Marvel series, "Marvel's Cloak & Dagger". Burke also felt Freeform was the best network for "New Warriors", believing that Marvel had "started to see our strength with young adults" following the success of "Cloak & Dagger", and both companies wanted to "find the right characters that felt like they would speak directly to Freeform's audience. The Avengers wouldn't work here but the about-to-be-Avengers works here." On whether the network would consider spinoff series for each of the characters on the New Warriors team, in a similar fashion to Marvel's Netflix television series, Burke felt they "absolutely" could given the characters Marvel chose "are all really singular and could each carry the show that they're on. They're bound together ... for as long as we choose with this show but it's conceptually tailor-made for spinoffs." Biegel was confirmed as showrunner in July 2017, and production on the pilot episode had taken place by that November. Demi Adejuyigbe was part of the series' writing team. The Great Lakes Avengers inspired various elements of the planned series.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: Casting was expected to begin "shortly" after the series was announced in April 2017. Burke noted that actresses Anna Kendrick and Shannon Purser, who had both publicly expressed interest in portraying Squirrel Girl, had been discussed for that role. She added that the network had historically "made a lot of stars", but noted that the character put them in a unique position, saying "The character is such a calling card. I'm interested to see if name actresses feel right for it." Kendrick later admitted that she thought she had given "one of those answers that just goes away" and had no real interest in the role. By July 2017, Purser and Mae Whitman, who had also publicly expressed interest in the role, were among those that had been seriously considered for the part, with the character having been written with Whitman in mind. Discussions of Whitman were cut short due to her commitments to the series "Good Girls". In early July, the series cast was announced, with Milana Vayntrub as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl, and Derek Theler as the series' co-lead Craig Hollis / Mr. Immortal. Also announced were Jeremy Tardy as Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher, Calum Worthy as Robbie Baldwin / Speedball, Matthew Moy as Zach Smith / Microbe, and Kate Comer as Deborah Fields / Debrii. YouTuber and voice actor SungWon Cho was also in contention for Microbe. In late July 2017, Keith David was cast in the recurring role of Ernest Vigman for the series. In June 2020, Biegel revealed he had a "seasons-long plan" for David to become the character M.O.D.O.K.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: Discussing the potential for "New Warriors" to connect to "Cloak & Dagger" in April 2017, Burke said that the two properties were "not particularly connected" given "their tones are so wildly different", adding, "There are many degrees of separation with where they fall in the Marvel universe. But anything is possible with Marvel." That July, Loeb said there were no plans to crossover the two series, nor to crossover them across networks with the similarly youth-oriented "Marvel's Runaways" on Hulu. He added that Marvel wanted "New Warriors" to find its footing before further connecting with other elements of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying, "You'll see things that comment on each other; we try to touch base wherever we can... It's being aware of it and trying to find a way for it to be able to discuss in a way that makes sense."


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: In November 2017, "New Warriors" was no longer set to air on Freeform. The completed pilot was said to have "tested through the roof", with high-level executives at Disney taking interest in the project. Marvel wanted the series to air in 2018, but Freeform found that it did not have room in its schedule for the series, and agreed to give the project back to Marvel; the studio would shop the series to new partners who could release the series in 2018, potentially only looking at companies that are Disney-owned, and hoping to secure a two-season pick-up from the new network. The series was still considered to be likely to produce multiple spinoffs in a similar model to Marvel's Netflix shows. Production on the remainder of "New Warriors" was scheduled to resume in January 2018, pending the series being picked up by a new network.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: Loeb stated in June 2018 that Marvel Television was still looking for a network to air the series. The studio discussed moving the series to Disney's streaming services Disney+ and Hulu, but neither broadcaster was interested in picking-up the series. By the end of September 2019, "New Warriors" was officially considered to be dead.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: In September 2021, Biegel shared a number of behind the scenes images from the pilot, including Vayntrub in costume and various sets such as a bedroom with a number of Iron Man posters and a restaurant named "Fabian's" after Marvel comic writer Fabian Nicieza. He also shared footage from filming, including of the animatronic used to depict Green's pet squirrel Tippy-Toe. He stated that the pilot had strong LGBTQ themes and believed an executive had prevented it from being made due to it being "too gay". A Marvel spokesman addressed Biegel's claims by saying that Marvel had been "fully supportive of the show" and it was only canceled after various distributors had passed on the series.


title: New Warriors (TV pilot)

text: The character of Mr. Immortal would eventually make his debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in Marvel Studios' Disney+ series "", portrayed by David Pasquesi.


title: Area code 904

text: Area code 904 is the telephone area code in use for most of the First Coast (northeast) region of the state of Florida, including all of the metropolitan area of Jacksonville. It includes all of Duval County, St. Johns County, Nassau County, and Baker County, and almost all of Clay County.


title: Area code 904

text: The entire state of Florida was originally assigned 305 in 1947. Due to population growth, the southwest portion was split off from 305 in 1953 to form area code 813, and then all of the northern half of Florida, including Jacksonville, was assigned area code 904 in 1965.


title: Area code 904

text: This lasted through 1988, when the east coast of Florida from Palm Beach County north through Brevard County, as well as the Orlando metropolitan area was assigned to Area code 407.


title: Area code 904

text: In 1995, the area of central Florida surrounding [Ocala] and Gainesville was removed from Area code 904 by the creation of Area code 352. Later in 1995, the Florida Public Service Commission planned a three-way split to relieve the overcrowded 904 Area code. In this plan, the Jacksonville area would move into the proposed Area code 234 while the Daytona Beach LATA would be assigned to Area code 386. The Pensacola, Panama City, and Tallahassee areas would have kept area code 904. As for 234, it was assigned as an overlay to Akron, OH.


title: Area code 904

text: Complaints from the public and businesses in the Jacksonville region, as well as opposition from NANPA and the Federal Communications Commission, compelled the Florida PSC to change course and adopt a different plan. The panhandle was assigned to Area code 850, with Jacksonville, Daytona Beach, and the surrounding areas keeping area code 904.


title: Area code 904

text: With the advent of cellular telephones, facsimile machines, pocket pagers, and other telephone devices, Area code 904 was projected to use up its available telephone exchanges within four years. Rapid population growth around Jacksonville, Daytona Beach, and the rural areas between Tallahassee and Jacksonville required separate area codes for each. However, when plans were being drawn up for this division, it was discovered that the northwestern portion of the old 904 territory was growing too quickly to stay in 904, even though it was not growing as fast as were the areas closer to Jacksonville. Although this northwestern portion of 904 was not nearly large enough for its own area code, the two nearest area codes, 850 and 352, were growing too quickly to absorb this portion of 904.


title: Area code 904

text: This left only three viable solutions - to split the Jacksonville metropolitan area into two area codes, to overlay 904 with a second code (mandating ten-digit dialing, which was a new concept at the time), or make two noncontiguous sections of a new area code. The Florida Public Service Commission, which oversees area code assignments in Florida, opted for the third solution, and these two noncontiguous sections became area code 386 in July 2001.


title: Area code 904

text: Currently, 904 is one of the few urban area codes without an overlay, making Jacksonville one of the most-populous U.S. cities where seven-digit dialing is still possible. It is also one of the last area codes to be assigned before the NANP's stable period between 1966 and 1982. Since 904 is projected to exhaust in 2024, relief planning is underway with an overlay of the region recommended. An alternative option being considered is a boundary elimination overlay with 386 (erasing the 2001 split and its non-contiguous area) but that would result in a relatively short period of relief.


title: Area code 904

text: In May 2022, a new 324 area code was approved to serve the same geographic boundaries as the 904 area code beginning on February 26, 2024.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: The Advance-Design is a light and medium duty truck series by Chevrolet, their first major redesign after WWII. Its GMC counterpart was the GMC New Design. It was billed as a larger, stronger, and sleeker design in comparison to the earlier AK Series. First available on Saturday, June 28, 1947, these trucks were sold with various minor changes over the years until March 25, 1955, when the Task Force Series trucks replaced the Advance-Design model.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: The same basic design family was used for all of its trucks including the Suburban, panel trucks, canopy express, and cab overs. The cab overs used the same basic cab configuration and similar grille but used a shorter and taller hood and different fenders. The unique cab over fenders and hood required a custom cowl area which makes the cab over engine cabs and normal truck cabs incompatible with one another while all truck cabs of all weights interchange.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: From 1947 until 1955, Chevrolet trucks were number one in sales in the United States, with rebranded versions sold at GMC locations.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: While General Motors used this front end sheet metal, and to a slightly lesser extent the cab, on all of its trucks except for the cab overs, there are three main sizes of this truck: the half-, three-quarter-, and full-ton capacities in short and long wheelbase.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: 1947 - Gasoline tank filler neck on passenger side of bed. No vent windows in doors. Hood side emblems read "Chevrolet" with "Thriftmaster" or "Loadmaster" underneath. Serial numbers: EP ton, ER ton, & ES 1 ton. Radios were first available in Chevrolet trucks as an "in dash" option on the "Advance-Design" body style.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: 1948 - Manual transmission shifter now mounted on column instead of floor. Serial numbers codes: FP ton, FR ton, & FS 1 ton.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: Early 1949 - Gasoline tank now mounted upright behind seat in cab; filler neck aft of passenger door handle. New serial number codes: GP ton, GR ton, & GS 1 ton.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: Late 1949 - Hood side emblems no longer read "Thriftmaster" or "Loadmaster", but are now numbers that designate cargo capacity: 3100 on ton, 3600 on ton, 3800 on 1 ton. Serial number codes remain the same as on early 1949.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: 1950 - Telescopic shock absorbers replace lever-action type. Last year for driver's side cowl vent, its handle is now flat steel, not maroon knob as in previous years. New serial number codes: HP ton, HR ton, & HS 1 ton.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: 1951 - Doors now have vent windows. Mid-year change from 9-board bed to 8 boards per bed. Last year for 80 MPH speedometer, chrome window handle knobs, and chrome wiper knob. New serial number codes: JP ton, JR ton, & JS 1 ton.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: 1952 - Outer door handles are now push button type as opposed to the previous turn down style. Speedometer now reads to 90 mph and dashboard trim is painted instead of chrome. Mid-year, Chevrolet stops using the 3100-6400 designation on the hood and changes to maroon window and wiper knobs. New serial number codes: KP ton, KR ton, & KS 1 ton.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: 1953 - Last year for the 216 in inline-six. Hood side emblems now only read 3100, 3600, 3800, 4400, or 6400 in large print. Door post ID plate now blue with silver letters (previous models used black with silver letters). Last year to use wooden blocks as bed supports. New serial number codes: H ton, J ton, & L 1 ton.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: 1954 - Only year for significant design changes. Windshield now curved one-piece glass without center vertical dividing strip. Revised steering wheel. Revised dashboard. Cargo bed rails, previously angled, now horizontal. Tail lights round instead of rectangular. Grille changed from five horizontal slats to crossbar design commonly referred to as a "bull nose" grille, similar to modern Dodge truck grille. Engine now 235 in straight-6. Serial number codes unchanged from 1953. Hydramatic automatic transmission is available for the first time as a paid for option.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: 1955 First Series - Similar to the 1954 model year, except redesigned hood-side emblems and modern open driveshaft in place of enclosed torque tube. Serial number codes unchanged from 1953 and 1954.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: The GMC HC-Series is a medium/heavy-duty version of the Chevrolet Advance Design truck. The truck was mostly used as a semi-truck although smaller versions were also made and were available. The truck had a narrower hood and fenders compared to its lighter counterparts.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: Air brakes were a feature included in this truck. The truck could carry GVW or GCW depending on the version of the truck. A cab-over version based on the HC-Series was also produced, under the "HF-Series" name, although it was popularly nicknamed the "Cannonball", after a TV series featuring it. It continued until 1958, when it was replaced by the GMC F/D "Crackerbox".


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: With the truck proving to be very popular in the United States, the same "Advanced-Design" styling was used on other trucks, made overseas by General Motors's divisions such as Opel and Vauxhall. The re-designed 1952 Opel Blitz was similar in appearance while Bedford Vehicles imported a Chevrolet Advance Design truck to study its design and use it as the basis for their upcoming Bedford A-Type truck.


title: Chevrolet Advance Design

text: During the retro-craze of the 2000s, the style of the Advance Design was used for the Chevrolet SSR and later for the Chevrolet HHR crossover SUV which lasted in production until 2012; finally ending the legacy of the Chevrolet Advance Design trucks.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: In logic, the law of non-contradiction (LNC) (also known as the law of contradiction, principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction) states that contradictory propositions cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time, e. g. the two propositions ""p is the case"" and ""p is not the case"" are mutually exclusive. Formally this is expressed as the tautology ¬(p ∧ ¬p). The law is not to be confused with the law of excluded middle which states that at least one, "p is the case" or "p is not the case" holds.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: One reason to have this law is the principle of explosion, which states that anything follows from a contradiction. The law is employed in a "reductio ad absurdum" proof.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: To express the fact that the law is tenseless and to avoid equivocation, sometimes the law is amended to say "contradictory propositions cannot both be true 'at the same time and in the same sense'".


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: It is one of the so called three laws of thought, along with its complement, the law of excluded middle, and the law of identity. However, no system of logic is built on just these laws, and none of these laws provide inference rules, such as "modus ponens" or De Morgan's laws.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: The law of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle create a dichotomy in "logical space", wherein the two parts are "mutually exclusive" and "jointly exhaustive". The law of non-contradiction is merely an expression of the mutually exclusive aspect of that dichotomy, and the law of excluded middle, an expression of its jointly exhaustive aspect.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: One difficulty in applying the law of non-contradiction is ambiguity in the propositions. For instance, if it is not explicitly specified as part of the propositions A and B, then "A" may be "B" at one time, and not at another. A and B may in some cases be made to sound mutually exclusive linguistically even though "A" may be partly "B" and partly not "B" at the same time. However, it is impossible to predicate of the same thing, at the same time, and in the same sense, the absence and the presence of the same fixed quality.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: According to both Plato and Aristotle, Heraclitus was "said" to have denied the law of non-contradiction. This is quite likely if, as Plato pointed out, the law of non-contradiction does not hold for changing things in the world. If a philosophy of Becoming is not possible without change, then (the potential of) what is to become must already exist in the present object. In ""We step and do not step into the same rivers; we are and we are not"", both Heraclitus's and Plato's object simultaneously must, in some sense, be both what it now is and have the potential (dynamic) of what it might become.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: so little remains of Heraclitus' aphorisms that not much about his philosophy can be said with certainty. He seems to have held that strife of opposites is universal both within and without, therefore "both" opposite existents or qualities must simultaneously exist, although in some instances in different respects. "The "road up and down are one and the same"" implies either the road leads both ways, or there can be no road at all. This is the logical complement of the law of non-contradiction. According to Heraclitus, change, and the constant conflict of opposites is the universal logos of nature.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Personal subjective perceptions or judgments can only be said to be true at the same time in the same respect, in which case, the law of non-contradiction must be applicable to personal judgments.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: The most famous saying of Protagoras is: ""Man is the measure of all things: of things which are, that they are, and of things which are not, that they are not"". However, Protagoras was referring to things that are used by or in some way related to humans. This makes a great difference in the meaning of his aphorism. Properties, social entities, ideas, feelings, judgments, etc. originate in the human mind. However, Protagoras has never suggested that man must be the measure of stars or the motion of the stars.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Parmenides employed an ontological version of the law of non-contradiction to prove that being is and to deny the void, change, and motion. He also similarly disproved contrary propositions. In his poem On Nature, he said,


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: The nature of the ‘is’ or what-is in Parmenides is a highly contentious subject. Some have taken it to be whatever exists, some to be whatever is or can be the object of scientific inquiry.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: In Plato's early dialogues, Socrates uses the elenctic method to investigate the nature or definition of ethical concepts such as justice or virtue. Elenctic refutation depends on a dichotomous thesis, one that may be divided into exactly two mutually exclusive parts, only one of which may be true. Then Socrates goes on to demonstrate the contrary of the commonly accepted part using the law of non-contradiction. According to Gregory Vlastos, the method has the following steps:


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Plato's version of the law of non-contradiction states that ""The same thing clearly cannot act or be acted upon in the same part or in relation to the same thing at the same time, in contrary ways"" (The "Republic" (436b)). In this, Plato carefully phrases three axiomatic restrictions on "action" or reaction: in the same part, in the same relation, at the same time. The effect is to momentarily create a frozen, timeless state, somewhat like figures frozen in action on the frieze of the Parthenon.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: This way, he accomplishes two essential goals for his philosophy. First, he logically separates the Platonic world of constant change from the formally knowable world of momentarily fixed physical objects. Second, he provides the conditions for the dialectic method to be used in finding definitions, as for example in the "Sophist". So Plato's law of non-contradiction is the empirically derived necessary starting point for all else he has to say.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: In contrast, Aristotle reverses Plato's order of derivation. Rather than starting with "experience", Aristotle begins "a priori" with the law of non-contradiction as the fundamental axiom of an analytic philosophical system. This axiom then necessitates the fixed, realist model. Now, he starts with much stronger logical foundations than Plato's non-contrariety of action in reaction to conflicting demands from the three parts of the soul.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: The traditional source of the law of non-contradiction is Aristotle's "Metaphysics" where he gives three different versions.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Aristotle attempts several proofs of this law. He first argues that every expression has a single meaning (otherwise we could not communicate with one another). This rules out the possibility that by "to be a man", "not to be a man" is meant. But "man" means "two-footed animal" (for example), and so if anything is a man, it is necessary (by virtue of the meaning of "man") that it must be a two-footed animal, and so it is impossible at the same time for it "not" to be a two-footed animal. Thus "it is not possible to say truly at the same time that the same thing is and is not a man" ("Metaphysics" 1006b 35). Another argument is that anyone who believes something cannot believe its contradiction (1008b).


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Avicenna's commentary on the "Metaphysics" illustrates the common view that the law of non-contradiction "and their like are among the things that do not require our elaboration." Avicenna’s words for "the obdurate" are quite facetious: "he must be subjected to the conflagration of fire, since 'fire' and 'not fire' are one. Pain must be inflicted on him through beating, since 'pain' and 'no pain' are one. And he must be denied food and drink, since eating and drinking and the abstention from both are one [and the same]."


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: The law of non-contradiction is found in ancient Indian logic as a meta-rule in the "Shrauta Sutras", the grammar of Pāṇini, and the "Brahma Sutras" attributed to Vyasa. It was later elaborated on by medieval commentators such as Madhvacharya.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Leibniz and Kant both used the law of non contradiction to define the difference between analytic and synthetic propositions. For Leibniz, analytic statements follow from the law of non contradiction, and synthetic ones from the principle of sufficient reason.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: The principle was stated as a theorem of propositional logic by Russell and Whitehead in "Principia Mathematica" as:


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Graham Priest advocates the view that "under some conditions", some statements can be both true and false simultaneously, or may be true and false at different times. Dialetheism arises from formal logical paradoxes, such as the Liar's paradox and Russell's paradox.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: The law of non-contradiction is alleged to be neither verifiable nor falsifiable, on the grounds that any proof or disproof must use the law itself prior to reaching the conclusion. In other words, in order to verify or falsify the laws of logic one must resort to logic as a weapon, an act which is argued to be self-defeating. Since the early 20th century, certain logicians have proposed logics that deny the validity of the law.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Logics known as "paraconsistent" are inconsistency-tolerant logics in that there, from P together with ¬P, it doesn't imply that any proposition follows. Nevertheless, not all paraconsistent logics deny the law of non-contradiction and some such logics even prove it.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: Some, such as David Lewis, have objected to paraconsistent logic on the ground that it is simply impossible for a statement and its negation to be jointly true. A related objection is that "negation" in paraconsistent logic is not really "negation"; it is merely a subcontrary-forming operator.


title: Law of noncontradiction

text: The "Fargo" episode "The Law of Non-Contradiction", which takes its name from the law, was noted for its several elements relating to the law of non-contradiction, as the episode's main character faces several paradoxes. For example, she is still the acting chief of police while having been demoted from the position, and tries to investigate a man that both was and was not named Ennis Stussy, and who both was and was not her stepfather. It also features the story of a robot who, after having spent millions of years unable to help humanity, is told that he greatly helped mankind all along by observing history.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Michael Edward Duggan (born July 15, 1958) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician serving as the 75th mayor of Detroit, Michigan since 2014. A member of the Democratic Party, Duggan previously served as the Wayne County Prosecutor from 2001 to 2004, and as the deputy county executive of Wayne County from 1987 to 2001.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan received national attention following his election in 2013, in part for being the first White mayor of the majority-Black city since Roman Gribbs in the early 1970s, when Detroit's population still had a White majority. Duggan was reelected mayor in 2017 and 2021. He has received an approval rating of over 68%, the highest rating of any mayor of Detroit.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan was born in Detroit on July 15, 1958, to Patrick J. Duggan and Joan Colosimo. His paternal grandfather was from County Kilkenny, Ireland moving to Detroit at the age of 18, and his paternal grandmother was the child of Irish and German immigrants. Duggan spent his first six years at a home on Stansbury Street on the city's west side before moving to nearby Livonia in 1963. He graduated from Detroit Catholic Central High School, and then received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Michigan in 1980, followed by a Juris Doctor degree from its law school in 1983.


title: Mike Duggan

text: As a Democrat, Duggan has served as an appointed and an elected official in Wayne County, Michigan, beginning in 1986 as Wayne County's assistant corporation counsel. He was deputy County Executive from 1987 to 2001 under Edward H. McNamara, and was elected prosecutor in 2000.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Beginning in 2004, Duggan was president and CEO of the Detroit Medical Center. He was in this position when the formerly nonprofit DMC was sold to publicly traded Vanguard Health Systems in 2010.


title: Mike Duggan

text: In 2012, Duggan resigned his position at the DMC and moved from the suburb of Livonia to the city of Detroit, intending to run for the office of mayor the following year. However, he failed to qualify for the ballot because he filed less than a year after establishing residency in the city; if he had waited two more weeks to file—which still would have met the filing deadline—he would have qualified.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Instead, he mounted a write-in campaign, and received 52% of the vote in the August primary election. Under Detroit's two-round system, the two highest vote-getters run against one another in the general election, which meant that Duggan ran against second-place finisher Benny Napoleon, who had won 29% of the vote. Duggan ran with the campaign slogan, "Every neighborhood has a future", on a platform of financial turnaround, crime reduction, and economic development. He received 55% of the vote in the general election in November, becoming the first white mayor of the now-majority-black city since Roman Gribbs, who served from 1970 to 1974.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan focused, during his first term, on improvements to emergency services response times and bus services. He also saw a demolition program that was ambitious, but controversial.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan also focused on relighting the city's streetlights, a task in which he saw significant success and built upon efforts initiated by his mayor predecessor Dave Bing.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan had pledged to create a municipally-owned insurance company, dubbed "D Insurance". He advocated hard in 2015 for a bill that would create such a program, but it failed to pass in the Michigan Legislature.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan drastically increased the number of parks that receive regular maintenance, which increased from 25 parks in 2013 to 275 by 2017 per reporting by the mayor's office.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Towards the end of his first term, Duggan established Detroit's first office of sustainability which focuses on creating green, sustainable spaces in Detroit and preparing against climate change affects. The office of sustainability then established Detroit's first Sustainability Action Agenda in June 2019. Joel Howrani Heeres was named as the first Director and remained in the position until August, 2022.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Detroit's unemployment rate by 2017 shrunk down to 7.5%, the lowest it had been since 2000. Duggan worked to create Detroit at Work, an online portal launched in 2017 which connects job seekers with employers and with job training. Duggan also created the "Grow Detroit’s Young Talent" program, a youth summer employment program that employed thousands of youth.


title: Mike Duggan

text: In 2017, the city began issuing Detroit ID, a municipal identification card, which helps enable residents without a social security number to access city services and some banks.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Despite his pledge to quickly reverse the trend, Detroit had continued to see overall depopulation. During his first term, Duggan developed a reputation as a capable technocrat. During his first term, the municipal government's authority was limited by state oversight, with emergency manager Kevyn Orr overseeing the city's bankruptcy and finances.


title: Mike Duggan

text: In the 2017 Detroit mayoral election, Duggan was re-elected in a landslide, taking 72% of the vote to challenger Coleman Young II's 27%.


title: Mike Duggan

text: In the spring of 2018, the city of Detroit was released from state oversight, giving its municipal government full control over its operations for the first time in four decades.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan encountered a controversy after, in December 2019, the Detroit Office of the Inspector found that three top municipal officials, including his chief of staff Alexis Wiley, had ordered public employees to erase emails having to do with to the nonprofit organization Make Your Date. Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel launched an investigation into this. In September 2020, Investigative Reporters and Editors awarded Duggan and the city the dubious honor of the "Golden Padlock Award", recognizing them as the most secretive United States agency or individual.


title: Mike Duggan

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Duggan was credited with having implemented efforts such as mass testing. In March 2021, Duggan declined to order 6,000 doses of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine, saying that he believed the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were better options. After backlash, Duggan declared he would no longer decline the vaccine.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan spent much of the last days of his second term managing the city’s rollout of the Covid-19 vaccine. Throughout the early months of 2021, access to the vaccine was expanded in the city. He also addressed concerns about the vaccine from the majority black population of the city.


title: Mike Duggan

text: Duggan, when questioned about the issues with the vaccine rollout, blamed the failures largely on the federal government. In February 2021, Duggan went to Washington D.C. to meet with other state and local leaders and President Joe Biden to discuss the responses to the pandemic.


title: Mike Duggan

text: In December 2021, Duggan led efforts to demolish the abandoned former American Motors Headquarters building. After being demolished, the land is intended to be used for a redevelopment project to boost the local economy.


title: Mike Duggan

text: In March 2022, Duggan gave his state of the city address. His speech addressed several policy topics that he planned to tackle during his term. The first few months of his term also saw Duggan reveal a new proposed city budget which was approved.


title: Mike Duggan

text: During Duggan's second term as Mayor in 2019 the Detroit Incinerator built in 1989 was shut down. The Incinerator had caused many health problems in neighboring areas and was also a source of air pollution. During the last couple of years in operation its pollution emissions where 750 times higher than the standards. On May 24, 2022 Duggan announced that the Incinerator will be demolished. Homrich will be the company to demolish the Incinerator and state in their proposal that the demolition will lead to a revenue of $1.3 million in salvaged metals and other materials for the Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Authority (GDRRA).


title: Mike Duggan

text: One of the initiatives Duggan is focusing on is affordable housing. Mayor Duggan and other city Council Members developed a $203 million plan to provide affordable housing for Detroit residents. The money got divided between seven services and programs, including homeowner assistance programs, apartment building rehabs, and a Detroit Housing Services division. The goal is to convert vacant apartment buildings into rental housing, expedite the approval process for affordable housing projects, help landlords bring properties into compliance, and more. Duggan believes this plan is "one of the most comprehensive strategies for providing affordable housing." However, the $203 million is not an annual allocation and is only for 2022.


title: Mike Duggan

text: In addition to this plan, the Detroit Housing for the Future Fund (DHFF) aims to preserve existing affordable housing. In January 2022, the fund received a $10 million donation from KeyBank. The goal is to raise $75 million, and with this contribution, the city has reached $65 million of that goal. Just recently, in October, the DHFF completed its second project in Midtown, which involved renovating a historic apartment building. Renovations included upgrading the electric plumbing and replacing the roof.


title: Mike Duggan

text: To further assist Detroit's residents, Duggan's administration has named April Faith-Slaker as the executive director of the city's Office of Eviction Defense. This office is intended to provide residents facing eviction with legal counsel and is set to open on January 3, 2023.


title: Mike Duggan

text: In May 2019, Duggan and Maher released a joint statement confirming that they planned to end their marriage after the mayor's infidelity was exposed by local controversial businessman Robert Carmack. The divorce was finalized on September 17, 2019. On June 29, 2021, Duggan announced his engagement to Dr. Sonia Hassan. Duggan and Hassan had been publicly linked prior to his divorce from Maher, and their relationship was the subject of public scrutiny and whether Duggan and the city gave preferential treatment to a program that Hassan led at Wayne State University.


title: Grove Street Games

text: War Drum Studios LLC, doing business as Grove Street Games since 2020, is an American video game developer based in Gainesville, Florida. The company was founded as War Drum Studios in October 2007 by Thomas Williamson and Michael Owen. It is known for developing mobile game ports, including several based on Rockstar Games properties.


title: Grove Street Games

text: Grove Street Games was founded as War Drum Studios by Thomas Williamson and Michael Owen. Williamson had been the technology director for Artificial Studios and Owen a programmer at Gainesville Regional Utilities. After Williamson left Artificial Studios in 2007, he and Owen established War Drum Studios in Gainesville, Florida, on October 1, 2007. They became the chief executive officer and chief technology officer, respectively. The company immediately began doing contract work, starting with porting "" from the Wii to the PlayStation 2. By August 2011, War Drum Studios had five employees. Around that time, the company was developing an original game, "Chess: Revolution", alongside a free derivative codenamed "Little Green Robots" that starred the mascot of the Android operating system as chess pieces.


title: Grove Street Games

text: In 2019, War Drum Studios named Morgan Hughes as chief operating officer. Hughes had joined the company as an intern in 2008 and had been the art director since 2010. In August 2020, War Drum Studios rebranded as Grove Street Games, adopting the name of Gainesville's Grove Street neighborhood in which the company was based. Later that year, the company became a member of the Coalition for App Fairness.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: Welch is a city located in McDowell County in the State of West Virginia, United States. The population was 3,590 at the 2020 census, however the 2021 census estimate put the population at 1,914, due to the McDowell Prison complex in the northeast splitting from the city of Welch as part of unincorporated McDowell County. Incorporated as a city in 1893, it is the county seat of McDowell County.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: Welch was incorporated in 1893 and named after Isaiah A. Welch, a former captain in the Confederate States Army who came to the region as a surveyor, and helped establish the plan for the beginning of a new town at the confluence of Tug Fork and Elkhorn Creek.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: Welch was made the county seat of McDowell County in an election by county citizens in 1892 even before Welch was incorporated as a city. The previous county seat was in Perryville (now English) on present day West Virginia Route 83 along the Dry Fork. Results of the election were contested, so to avoid violence county records were secretly moved from Perryville to Welch at night in two wagons by James A. Strother and Trigg Tabor.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: On March 2, 1921, the Welch City Council met to discuss impeachment of then Mayor J. H. Whitt. Whitt showed up at the meeting and disrupted the proceedings. The Welch City Council then asked the McDowell Co. Sheriff's Dept. to investigate Whitt. Later that same day, Mayor Whitt shot and killed McDowell County Deputy Sheriff William Johnson Tabor who was investigating the matter. Mayor Whitt was arrested and charged with murder but won acquittal at his trial (allegedly based on perjured testimony). Whitt left the area for parts unknown on September 27, 1921.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: On August 1, 1921, detectives from the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency assassinated Matewan Police Chief Sid Hatfield as well as Ed Chambers at the McDowell County Courthouse located in Welch.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: In the first half of the 20th century during the opening of railroads and coal mines throughout the region, Welch became a prosperous city: the hub of retail business for a county approaching 100,000 in population, and the location for three hospitals. After the production boom of World War II, oil began to supplant coal in many areas of domestic fuel supply. Mechanization of coal mining reduced the number of laborers needed in coal production. McDowell County's population peaked in 1950, and began a decline over decades to follow. In 1960, however, McDowell County still ranked number one in the United States in total coal production. The City of Welch proudly proclaimed itself "The Heart of the Nation's Coal Bin".


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: When presidential candidate John F. Kennedy visited Welch by automobile caravan in 1960, he saw a city whose businesses were struggling due to a growing poverty rate throughout the county. What Kennedy learned here during his campaign for the 1960 West Virginia primary was believed to be the basis of the aid brought to the Appalachian region by the Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson administrations. During a speech in Canton, Ohio on September 27, 1960, he stated "McDowell County mines more coal than it ever has in its history, probably more coal than any county in the United States and yet there are more people getting surplus food packages in McDowell County than any county in the United States. The reason is that machines are doing the jobs of men, and we have not been able to find jobs for those men."


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: The first recipients of modern era food stamps were the Chloe and Alderson Muncy family of Paynesville, McDowell County. Their household included fifteen persons. On May 29, 1961, in the City of Welch, as a crowd of reporters witnessed the proceedings, Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman delivered $95 of federal food stamps to Mr. and Mrs. Muncy. This was the first issuance of federal food stamps under the Kennedy Administration, and it was the beginning of a rapidly expanding program of federal assistance that would be legislated in the "War on Poverty".


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, McDowell County coal continued to be a major source of fuel for the steel and electric power generation industries. As United States steel production declined, however, McDowell County suffered further losses. In 1986, the closure of the US Steel mines in nearby Gary led to an immediate loss of more than 1,200 jobs. In the following year alone, personal income in McDowell County decreased dramatically by two-thirds. Real estate values also plummeted. Miners were forced to abandon their homes in search for new beginnings in other regions of the country.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: In 2006, the city received national attention when it, along with Police Chief Robert K. Bowman were the defendants in a lawsuit brought by the ACLU after Bowman allegedly prevented rescuers from providing CPR to a gay man suffering cardiac arrest. After the wrongful death claim was allowed to proceed, the lawsuit was settled for an undetermined amount.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: In recent years, Welch has attracted the construction of new state and federal prisons which are creating some sources of economic renewal. The city has begun restoration of its historic downtown area.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: Welch has been the celebrated location of an annual Veterans Day Parade which over the decades has attracted a distinguished list of speakers, including Presidents Harry S. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: The McDowell County Courthouse and Welch Commercial Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: The first public children's playground in West Virginia was built in Welch in 1913. It was constructed using private donations and after 1918 was maintained by the Young Women's Missionary Society of the Methodist Church. The playground sat across the street from the McDowell County Courthouse until 1930 when it became the site for the United States Post Office.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: Welch was the location of the first memorial building in the United States dedicated to the memory of U.S. servicemen killed in World War I, and to honor the veterans of that war. It was dedicated on May 30, 1923. The building was destroyed by fire. The historic site is now an empty lot near the county courthouse.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: In 1928, Welch resident Minnie Buckingham Harper became the first black woman legislator in the United States. Harper was appointed by the Governor to the West Virginia House of Delegates to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: Welch also built the first municipally owned parking building in the United States, which was opened September 1, 1941. It accommodated 232 cars and showed a profit its first year in operation.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: Periodic flooding of the Elkhorn and Tug Fork rivers has plagued the future prosperity of the city. Most notably, the record flooding in 2001 and 2002 nearly destroyed Welch altogether. Flood reduction projects to prevent further destruction in the future are presently in progress.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,590 people, 844 households, and 517 families residing in the city.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 2,406 people, 984 households, and 554 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 1,265 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 84.5% White, 13.3% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: There were 984 households, of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.7% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.78.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: The median age in the city was 44 years. 15.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 30.9% were from 45 to 64; and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.4% male and 46.6% female.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 2,683 people, 1,195 households, and 714 families living in the city. The population density was 821.1 people per square mile (316.8/km). There were 1,453 housing units at an average density of 444.7 per square mile (171.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 79.20% White, 19.27% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.34% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of the population.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: There were 1,195 households, out of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 37.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.76.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.0 males.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: The median income for a household in the city was $19,795, and the median income for a family was $30,833. Males had a median income of $30,104 versus $23,320 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,308. About 23.0% of families and 28.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.9% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Welch, West Virginia

text: Welch is served by "The Welch News", a local newspaper that currently runs on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.


title: Jordan Claire Robbins

text: Jordan Claire Robbins (born January 24, 1990) is a Bermudian-Canadian actress and model. Robbins is best known for her role as Grace in "The Umbrella Academy" television series.


title: Jordan Claire Robbins

text: Robbins was born and raised in Bermuda. After graduating high school in 2008, she moved to Toronto to double major in drama and psychology at the University of Toronto.


title: Jordan Claire Robbins

text: She began modeling and soon fell into acting while in Canada. She made her acting debut guest starring in the television series "Man Seeking Woman", and thereafter had a recurring role in the series "12 Monkeys" (both 2015). She continued appearing in various television series, including "Supernatural". She had her breakthrough portraying Grace Hargreeves, a robot, in the Netflix series "The Umbrella Academy" (2019–present), which has brought her widespread recognition. Robbins has also appeared on The Wayne Ayers Podcast.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov (; ; born 28 September 1929) is a Soviet, and later Russian, politician. He served as the last Chairman of the Council of Ministers (the post was abolished and replaced by that of Prime Minister in 1991). Responsible for the cultural and economic administration of the Soviet Union during the Gorbachev Era, Ryzhkov was succeeded as premier by Valentin Pavlov in 1991. The same year, he lost his seat on the Presidential Council, going on to become Boris Yeltsin's leading opponent in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 1991 presidential election.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Ryzhkov was born in the city of Shcherbynivka, Ukrainian SSR (now Toretsk, Ukraine) in 1929. After graduating in the 1950s he started work in the 1970s and began his political career in local industry, working his way up through the hierarchy of Soviet industrial ministries. In 1979 Ryzhkov was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee. Following Nikolai Tikhonov's resignation as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ryzhkov was voted into office in his place. During his tenure, he supported Mikhail Gorbachev's 1980s reform of the Soviet economy.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Elected to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in December 1995 as an independent, Ryzhkov subsequently led the Power to the People block, later becoming the formal leader of the People's Patriotic Union of Russia alongside Gennady Zyuganov, who was an unofficial leader. On 17 September 2003, he resigned his seat in the Duma and became a member of the Federation Council. Due to the Crimean crisis, he was sanctioned by Canada, Switzerland and the United States on March 17, 2014.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Ryzhkov was born to Russian parents on 28 September 1929 in Dzerzhynsk, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. He graduated from the Ural Polytechnic Institute in 1959. A technocrat, he started work as a welder then rose through the ranks at the Sverdlovsk Uralmash Plant to become chief engineer, then between 1970–1975, Factory Director of the Uralmash Production Amalgamation. Ryzhkov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1956. He was transferred to Moscow in 1975 and appointed to the post of First Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Heavy and Transport Machine Building. Ryzhkov became First Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1979 and was elected to the CPSU Central Committee in 1981. He was one of several members of the Soviet leadership affiliated to the "Andrei Kirilenko faction".


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Yuri Andropov appointed Ryzhkov head of the Economic Department of the Central Committee where he was responsible for overseeing major planning and financial organs, excluding industry. As head of the department he reported directly to Mikhail Gorbachev and as head of the Central Committee's Economic Department he met with Andropov once a week. Ryzhkov became convinced that had Andropov lived at least another five years, the Soviet Union would have seen a reform package similar to that implemented in the People's Republic of China. During Konstantin Chernenko's short rule, both Ryzhkov and Gorbachev elaborated several reform measures, sometimes in the face of opposition from Chernenko.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: When Gorbachev came to power, Nikolai Tikhonov, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was elected Chairman of the newly established Commission on Improvements to the Management System. His title of chairman was largely honorary, with Ryzhkov the "de facto" head through his position as deputy chairman. Along with Yegor Ligachev, Ryzhkov became a full rather than a candidate member of the Politburo on 23 April 1985 during Gorbachev's tenure as General Secretary. Ryzhkov succeeded Tikhonov on 27 September 1985.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Following the Chernobyl disaster, along with Yegor Ligachev, Ryzhkov visited the crippled plant between 2–3 May 1986. On Ryzhkov's orders the government evacuated everyone within a radius of the plant. The 30 km radius was a purely random guess and it was later shown that several areas contaminated with radioactive material were left untouched by government evacuation agencies.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: In the aftermath of the 1988 earthquake in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ryzhkov promised to rebuild the city of Spitak within two years. A Politburo commission was established to provide guidance for the local ASSR Government with Ryzhkov elected its chairman. The commission then travelled to the ASSR to assess damage caused by the earthquake. During Gorbachev's subsequent visit to the ASSR, and aware of local feelings following the disaster, Ryzhkov persuaded the less sensitive Gorbachev to forgo use of his limousine in favor of public transport. When Gorbachev left the ASSR, Ryzhkov remained to coordinate the rescue operation and made several television appearances which increased his standing amongst the Soviet leadership and the people in general. With his standing thus boosted, on 19 July 1988, at the Central Committee Plenum, Ryzhkov criticised nearly every one of Gorbachev's policies, further complaining that as Party Secretary he should devote more time to the Party. In the end, Ryzhkov failed in his promise to rebuild Spitak, partly due to the Soviet Union's mounting economic problems, and partly because many of the city's Soviet era buildings had not been designed with adequate earthquake protection, making their reconstruction more difficult.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Historian Jerry F. Hough notes that Gorbachev treated Ryzhkov and his reform attempts just as badly as Leonid Brezhnev treated Alexei Kosygin, one-time Chairman of the Council of Ministers, during the Brezhnev Era. Brezhnev's most notable snub was over the 1965 Soviet economic reform.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Ryzhkov was an early supporter of the Gorbachev policy calling for an increase in the quantity and quality of goods planned for production during the period of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (1986–1990). To achieve these goals, the government pumped money into the machine-building sector but as time went by, Gorbachev increasingly diverged from his original stance. He now wanted to increase overall investment in nearly all industrial sectors; a move which Ryzhkov knew was a budgetary impossibility. However, Ryzhkov's economic policies were not much better as he continued to advocate an unreasonable increase in the production of consumer goods. Gorbachev and Ligachev's anti-alcohol campaign was opposed by Ryzhkov, who agreed with the State Planning Committee and the Ministry of Trade that such a drive would deprive from the state billions of roubles in income. Nevertheless, the campaign went ahead, losing the Soviet Government millions in revenues. Ryzhkov's opposition to the campaign was strengthened by his belief that both Gorbachev and Ligachev placed ideology before practical considerations, and he instead advocated an alternative long-term program rather than one designed to have immediate effect.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Ryzhkov and Gorbachev continued their work on economic reform and in 1987 began drafting the Law on the State Enterprise, which restricted the authority of central planners. This would later come into effect and give workers an unrealistically high level of power. Nikolai Talyzin, Chairman of the State Planning Committee, became the scapegoat for the failure of this reform and on the orders of Ryzhkov he was replaced by Yuri Maslyukov.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: While supporting the transition away from a planned economy, Ryzhkov understood that privatisation would weaken the government's power. As changes occurred, skepticism over "perestroika" and privatisation was not limited to high-level government officialdom. Several middle and low-ranking officials, who owed their rise in the hierarchy to government-owned enterprises, wanted to retain the existing system. Gorbachev also blamed Ryzhkov and the Council of Ministers for the economic difficulties which arose during "perestroika", a move which fostered resentment for both Gorbachev and "perestroika". Nevertheless, in 1986, Ryzhkov stated that he, along with the rest of the Soviet leadership, were already discussing the possibility of creating a market economy in the Soviet Union. Ryzhkov supported the creation of a "regulated market economy" where the government sector occupied the "commanding heights" of the economy as well as the creation of semi private-public companies. His second cabinet, several high-standing members of the KGB and the military establishment all supported Ryzhkov's opposition to the 500 Days Programme, which espoused a quick transition to a market economy. Matters did not improve when at the second session of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union, Ryzhkov proposed postponing the transition to a market economy until 1992, further suggesting that in the period between 1990–1992, recentralisation of government activities would ensure a period of stabilisation.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Ryzhkov's economic reform plan was a hybrid of Leonid Abalkin's and one created by himself in conjunction with the Maslyukov chaired State Planning Committee along with several other government institutions. On 5 July 1989 the State Commission of the Council of Ministers on Economic Reforms was established, which replaced Maslyukov's reform commission. The new commission was chaired by Abalkin, who had also been appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: With strong support from Ryzhkov, Gorbachev abolished the Central Committee economic department, thereby strengthening the authority of central government over economic matters. From then on, the government could not be blamed for economic policies initiated by the Party leadership. The establishment of the post of President of the Soviet Union by Gorbachev in 1990 weakened the power of the government apparatus; a move Ryzhkov and his second cabinet opposed.