title: Washington Sundar

text: Sundar was initially only picked for the India's 2020-21 Australia tour as a net bowler; however, numerous injuries to fellow bowlers, and the inability for India to fly in replacements at short notice due to quarantine restrictions in effect during the COVID-19 pandemic, saw him win an unexpected first Test cap on 15 January, in the final Test match of the series at The Gabba. His first Test wicket was Steve Smith, while he scored 62 in his first Test innings in a crucial seventh wicket partnership of 123 with Shardul Thakur which kept India from facing a huge first innings deficit and contributed greatly to India's eventual victory in the test. With his maiden Test fifty, Sundar became only the third Indian to score a half-century on Test debut in Australia.


title: Raptor

text: The word "raptor" refers to several groups of bird-like dinosaurs which primarily capture and subdue/kill prey with their talons.


title: Recuva

text: Recuva () is an undeletion program for Windows, developed by Piriform Software. It is able to undelete files that have been marked as deleted; the operating system marks the areas of the disk in which they were stored as free space. Recuva can recover files deleted from internal and external hard disk drives, USB flash drives, memory cards, portable media players or all random-access storage mediums with a supported file system. Preview thumbnails of intact photos can be displayed in grid view mode and in the side bar.


title: Recuva

text: Recuva was described by vnunet.com as an "effective tool for undeleting or salvaging files we sent for recycling and deleted, in the past". The program works on FAT, exFAT and NTFS file systems of Windows. It is able to recover lost directory structure and automatically renames files when trying to recover two files of the same name. As of version 1.5.3 it can also recover files from Ext2, Ext3 and Ext4 file systems of Linux.


title: Recuva

text: As with other file recovery programs Recuva works by looking for unreferenced data, but if the operating system has written new data over a deleted file then recovery will often not be possible.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta () is a port city in northern Chile, about north of Santiago. It is the capital of Antofagasta Province and Antofagasta Region. According to the 2015 census, the city has a population of 402,669.


title: Antofagasta

text: After the Spanish American wars of independence, Bolivia claimed Antofagasta as part of its territory. Despite having an overwhelmingly ethnic Chilean population, Chile recognised Bolivian sovereignty of Antofagasta in 1866, but in 1879 Chile recanted its recognition of Bolivian sovereignty citing a Bolivian breach of the latest boundary treaty. Antofagasta was captured by Chile in February 14 1879 triggering the War of the Pacific (1879–83). Chilean sovereignty was officially recognised by Bolivia under the terms of the 1904 Treaty of Peace and Friendship.


title: Antofagasta

text: The city of Antofagasta is closely linked to mining activity, being a port and the chief service hub for one of Chile's major mining areas. While silver and saltpeter mining have been historically important for Antofagasta, since the mid-19th century copper mining is by far the most important mining activity for Antofagasta fueling a steady growth in the areas of construction, retail, hotel accommodations, population growth, and a remarkable skyline development until the end of the 2000s commodities boom in 2013. Since the 2010s Antofagasta is also a service hub for lithium mining.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta has the highest GDP per capita of Chile, US$37,000 and the 3rd place for Human Development Index just after Metropolitana de Santiago Region and Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region.


title: Antofagasta

text: Currently there are several theories to explain the origin of the name Antofagasta. A clear consensus regarding the true origin of the word has not yet been determined.


title: Antofagasta

text: It is probably a compound word that comes from the southern Cacan (or , which means "big"), (or , which means "dry lake") and (meaning "pueblo"), being a toponymy meaning "Town of the great salt lake".


title: Antofagasta

text: According to other theories, it may be a compound word from the Quechua word (meaning "copper") and (meaning "hidden"), being a toponymy meaning "Copper Cache"; it could also be related to the Chango language, (meaning "Sun Gate"), what the changos called the current natural monument "La Portada". However, it is said the name Antofagasta is due to a decision by Manuel Mariano Melgarejo, who renamed the city in honor of an that he had in Antofagasta de la Sierra, in 1870.


title: Antofagasta

text: In Chile, Antofagasta is known as ("The Pearl of the North"), for its historical and economic importance.


title: Antofagasta

text: The territory of Antofagasta was included in maps of the Captaincy General of Chile in the 18th century, depending from the city of Copiapó.


title: Antofagasta

text: Bolivia created the "Departamento del Litoral", during the government of Andrés de Santa Cruz, in 1837, which was divided into two provinces: "La Mar" (with capital Cobija) and "Atacama" (with its capital in San Pedro de Atacama) and 1868, Antofagasta would be the capital of the province of Mejillones.


title: Antofagasta

text: The territory was disputed between Chile and Bolivia until the signing of the Boundary Treaty of 1866.


title: Antofagasta

text: On 18 September 1866, José Santos Ossa and Francisco Puelma achieved the award of the concession of nitrate lands, following a request taken to the Bolivian government. The exploring of the Chilean miners found rich deposits of saltpeter (nitratine) in the field of Salar del Carmen, to the east of the present Antofagasta. Agreed to form the ""Sociedad Exploradora del Desierto de Atacama"" (Explorer Society of Atacama Desert). After the formation of the company, began to fill with what was called ""La Chimba"". On 19 March 1868, the "Melbourne Clark Company" was established, after the integration of Chilean and British capital.


title: Antofagasta

text: After the tsunami in Iquique and the 1868 Arica earthquake, it was necessary to give legal recognition to the "Chimba" as a mining town. On 27 August 1868, Bolivia's President Mariano Melgarejo instructed the Prefect of the Department of Litoral, the official founding of "La Chimba", in the area bounded by the commissioners and Jose Santos Hilario Ruiz Prada. On 22 October 1868, the population was officially established and the port under the name "La Chimba", as stated in the foundation charter. Later the city was renamed "Antofagasta". The first official map of the population and the port of Antofagasta was designed by Jose Santos Prada on 14 September 1869. This document set out the grounds of the Melbourne Clark Company, plus 17 blocks and the Main Square.


title: Antofagasta

text: On 8 May 1872, Antofagasta was designated by the Bolivian Government as "Puerto Mayor", opening trade worldwide. Next year, on 25 January 1872, following a session led by the prefect of the Provincial Department of Mejillones, Manuel Buitrago founded the Municipality of Antofagasta under Bolivian Law of Municipalities, which formed the body of "Municipal Agents", composed of two Germans, one Englishman and six Chileans.


title: Antofagasta

text: On 27 November 1873, the "Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta" (CSFA), a Chilean mining company, signed a contract with the government of Bolivia, in which taxes were removed from mineral exploitation for 15 years. This contract was not ratified by the Congress of Bolivia, which was then analyzed negotiations with Chile.


title: Antofagasta

text: In 1873 Bolivia signed a secret treaty of defensive alliance with Peru. This would be used as an argument 5 years later in Chile, when it unleashed the War of the Pacific. The secret alliance forbade Bolivia from signing a border treaty with Chile, without consulting with Peru. However, in 1874 Chile and Bolivia signed a border treaty, which replaced the previous treaty of 1866. One of its points was not to impose new taxes on individuals, industries and Chilean capital for 25 years.


title: Antofagasta

text: For Bolivia, the contract of 1873 between the government and CSFA was not yet in force, because, according to the Bolivian constitution, all contracts with the Bolivian government had to be approved by the congress.


title: Antofagasta

text: According to the Bolivian version of events, the contract with the saltpeter company was incomplete so the congress, to approve the contract, decided to enforce a tax of 10 cents, which did not violate the treaty of 1874, since the contract was not yet in force at that date. Bolivia suspended the tax in deference to the government of Chile, but following a note from the Chilean foreign minister, it reactivated the tax law, then cancelled and closed the "Compañía de Salitres". Faced with a looming conflict with Chile, Bolivia decided to claim support under the agreement signed with Peru, and the treaty became effective with the Chilean occupation of Antofagasta, on 14 February 1879.


title: Antofagasta

text: According to the Chilean version of events, the tax of 10 cents violated the treaty of 1874 since according to this, new taxes should not have been imposed on Chilean companies operating in Bolivia. At the breaking of the boundary treaty by Bolivia, and the cancellation of the contract of the CSFA, Chile seized Antofagasta, then in Bolivian territory, whose sovereignty had been ratified before 1866. After the war, a pact of truce was signed between Bolivia and Chile in 1884, which stated that the territory between the Loa River and parallel 23 would be under the administration of Chile, while Bolivia would be allowed access to the ports of Arica and Antofagasta. However, both treaties left outstanding issues to be clarified in two subsequent treaties, the "Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Bolivia" in 1904 and the 1929 "Treaty of Lima" in Peru.


title: Antofagasta

text: The "Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Bolivia", signed on 20 October 1904, and promulgated on 21 March 1905, established in perpetuity border between Chile and Bolivia. The territory of Antofagasta was definitely within Chile's borders but in return Chile agreed to build a railroad that would link the cities of Arica and La Paz, Bolivia was granted free movement of commerce through Chilean territory.


title: Antofagasta

text: In 1905, the city of Antofagasta began construction of sewers, because of existing outbreaks of bubonic plague and smallpox. The same year was ordered, so unsatisfactory, the closure of public places, in order to prevent the spread of disease.


title: Antofagasta

text: On 1 February 1906, the railway workers union of the "Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia" called for a readjustment of working hours, which was rejected. For this reason, on 6 February, from more than 3,000 workers went on strike, marching in protest to the Plaza Colon (main square). The army opened fire on protesters, killing 58 people. The event is known as the "Massacre of Plaza Colon".


title: Antofagasta

text: In 1912, the British community ("La Colonia Britanica") erected a clock tower, replicating Big Ben, in Plaza Colón to celebrate the republic's centenary.


title: Antofagasta

text: In 1937, the Municipality of Antofagasta made a national call for the composition of Antofagasta's anthem. Antonio Rendic, famous physician and poet of the city, and Juan Bautista Quagliotto, musician, claimed the right to compose the lyrics and music, respectively. On 2 February 1948, the Mayor Juan de Dios Carmona proposed in an open session in the hall of the Municipality, the establishment of "14 February" as the day of the celebration of Antofagasta, despite not being the real founding date. Later, after the popular approval, the council approved the date.


title: Antofagasta

text: In 1956 the Universidad del Norte (now the Catholic University of the North) was founded, due to support from the Catholic University of Valparaíso. On 9 October, of the same year began the negotiations for the creation of the "Centro Universitario Zona Norte" (University Center North Zone), part of the University of Chile. In 1968 the Antofagasta center of the University of Chile was inaugurated, after a university reform agreement which meant the autonomy of the "University Center North Zone". Finally in 1981, merging the offices of the University of Chile and "Technical State University", giving rise to the University of Antofagasta.


title: Antofagasta

text: On 18 June 1991, a mudslide devastated much of the city, undermining land, damaged 2,464 houses and destroyed 493 buildings. Material damage was estimated at approximately $70,000,000. The disaster left 92 dead, 16 missing and about 20,000 homeless. On 30 July 1995, the city was hit by an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter Scale, with an intensity VII to VIII on the Mercalli Scale. Although it took a toll of three deaths and a hundred injuries, structural damage was minor for the magnitude of the event.


title: Antofagasta

text: The construction industry has had remarkable growth as seen in the many recently constructed tall buildings, the extension of the urban area to the north of the city, and different urban projects as the renovation of the entire Costanera Avenue, and walkways of the city center. In economic development, settled many retail chains and supermarkets as well as various high-quality hotel chains, which promoted business tourism to attract capital and trading partners in mining and port activity. Similarly, the city was awarded the installation of the "Casino Enjoy Antofagasta".


title: Antofagasta

text: In the municipal elections of 2008, the first female mayor of the city, Dra. Marcela Hernando, was elected, who retired from her political party to run as an independent. This allowed her to have diverse support from all sectors of the population of Antofagasta.


title: Antofagasta

text: The urban area of Antofagasta begins abruptly, breaking the monotony of the desert and is located in the coastal plains, south of Mejillones Peninsula and north of ""Cerro Coloso"". The Tropic of Capricorn passes in the north of the city, outside the urban area, which is located the Cerro Moreno International Airport. The Tropic of Capricorn Monument was opened on 21 December 2000 in celebration of this. Designed by the architect Eleonora Roman, it was created to point the Tropic of Capricorn and to work as a Solar Calendar.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta was declared a partial common in the border area 20 July 1999, by Supreme Decree No. 1166 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.


title: Antofagasta

text: The city has little vegetation because it is situated in the Atacama Desert, which is the world's driest desert.


title: Antofagasta

text: The town of Antofagasta has a cold desert climate (Köppen "BWk") with abundant sunshine and strong maritime influence.


title: Antofagasta

text: The marked aridity and water scarcity are regulated by the Humboldt Current, addition to the high humidity and morning fog known as "Camanchaca". Furthermore, the Pacific anticyclone generates winds from the south and southwest.


title: Antofagasta

text: The average annual temperature is . The average daily low temperature in the warmest month, January, is while the average daily high temperature is . The coldest month, July, sees an average low temperature of and an average high temperature of . The highest temperature recorded is in January 1998 and the lowest recorded is in September 1978.


title: Antofagasta

text: The Atacama Desert coast is subject to a climate of extreme aridity, and therefore generates a low average annual rainfall of (1970–2000), and the Town of Antofagasta itself receives an annual average of less than of rainfall per year, earning it the record as the world's driest town. However, the sporadic occurrence of heavy rainfall, together with the geomorphologic situation of the city, make it susceptible to be affected by mud flows and landslides. Between 1916 and 1999, the city was affected by floods or landslides on seven occasions: 1925, 1930, twice in 1940, 1982, 1987 and 1991, of which the most important episodes in 1940 and 1991.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta is grounded on rocky ground, hard and tough. Over this layer is a dense soil with sand and medium-sized rock fragments where there are remains of abundant minerals. According to the general classification of soils, Antofagasta is founded on clay loam soils of the type I and II.


title: Antofagasta

text: The city has an irregular geomorphology by the presence of steep hills (400–500 m) that are part of Chilean Coast Range, in its eastern edge, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The formation of the rock mass, it makes the shoreline slope is very steep (Coloso, south of Antofagasta). The coastal edge of the city has volcanic sediments, in contrast to the formation of hills of sand. Stresses in the sea a rock formation called La Portada.


title: Antofagasta

text: Among the most important mountains of the geography of the town of Antofagasta is the "Cerro El Ancla" (1.007 m), el "Cerro Chato" (485 m), "Cerro Moño" (4.830 m), "Cerro Coloso" (938 m), "Cerro Bolfín" (961 m), "Cerro Jarón" (988 m), "Cerro Alcalde Poblete" (979 m), "Cerro Gordo" (668 m), "Cerro Fortuna" (963 m) and "Cerro Moreno" (1.290 m).


title: Antofagasta

text: In the coastal area, the commune has two portions island called "Isla Guamán" (located in front of "Caleta La Chimba", 23°33'00"S latitude and 70°25'00"W longitude) and "Isla Santa María" (located in front of "Caleta Constitución", 23°26'00"S latitude and 70°37'00"W longitude).


title: Antofagasta

text: There are about fifteen streams that have watersheds with accumulation of sand and gravel. Within the broader watershed ("hoya") are the "Hoya La Chimba", "Hoya Caracoles", "Hoya La Cadena", "Hoya La Negra" and "Hoya El Way". These watersheds and their streams ("Quebrada"), such as "Quebrada sin nombre", "Quebrada Baquedano", "Quebrada El Toro", "Quebrada El Carrizo" and "Quebrada Jardines del Sur", which helped cause the flood of 1991.


title: Antofagasta

text: The coastal edge of Antofagasta is rocky and steep, so there are no natural beaches, the majority being artificial. Just north of the city, natural beaches extend to the areas of "La Portada", "Las Losetas" and "La Rinconada".


title: Antofagasta

text: Within the water resources of the commune, there are different dry lakes (salar), among which include the Salar de Pajonales, Salar Mar Muerto, Salar Punta Negra and the Salar de Navidad.


title: Antofagasta

text: As a commune, Antofagasta is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. As of 2021, the mayor is Jonathan Velásquez.


title: Antofagasta

text: Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Antofagasta is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Marcela Hernando (PRSD) and Paulina Nuñez (RN) as part of the 4th electoral district, together with Mejillones, Sierra Gorda and Taltal. The commune is represented in the Senate by Pedro Araya (Progressive Convergence, 2014–2022) and Alejandro Guillier (Progressive Convergence, 2014–2022) as part of the 2nd senatorial constituency (Antofagasta Region).


title: Antofagasta

text: The township has three local police courts. In addition, the Municipality of Antofagasta has a number of municipal headquarters, which are entities created to meet and control certain community needs a more specific way.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta's economic development is mainly based on copper mining and nonmetallic minerals such as nitrate and iodine. It is also important port activity, although in recent years has lost the lead port in the region, due to the installation of the megaport of Mejillones.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta owns two major industrial areas; one is located outside the urban area known as "Ciudad Empresarial La Negr"a, a complex of approximately 2,400 hectares. There are refinery furnace copper industries in addition to cement, lime and other products. The second industrial area is located in the north of the city, where they have installed multiple operating centers of different companies, mainly along the "Pedro Aguirre Cerda Avenue."


title: Antofagasta

text: Trade is concentrated mainly in the center of Antofagasta, around the "Plaza Colón", where there are installed within the last 2 decades several national retail chains. Moreover, in different parts of the city have set up large supermarket chains like "Líder", "Tottus", "Unimarc", "Santa Isabel" and "Jumbo".


title: Antofagasta

text: Recently in 2006, were also installed, the national chain " Mall Plaza" in the coastal area and the "Casino Enjoy Antofagasta" in the south of the city.


title: Antofagasta

text: Because of the important administrative position of Antofagasta in the region, the historical relationship with the mining sector, and the production of the 54% of copper at the national level.


title: Antofagasta

text: Events are held annually with the assistance of several mining countries of the world, and one of the most important is "EXPONOR" organized by the ""Asociación de Industriales Antofagasta"", guild formed by the major copper producers in the region. Exponor is a show that promotes the gestation of chains, new business and exchanging knowledge and experiences among entrepreneurs from different countries of the world. This important trade fair generated a portfolio of U.S. $41,291 million (63.48% world total), for the period 2007–2015.


title: Antofagasta

text: According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Antofagasta had 296,905 inhabitants spread over an area of , of which 143,685 are women and 153,220 were men. In the commune, 295,792 (99.6%) lived in urban areas and 1,113 (0.4%) in rural areas. The population grew by 30.0% (68,497 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. A 2009 population projection by the "National Institute of Statistics of Chile" says the city has an estimated population of 360,473 inhabitants. Experts have estimated that in the next 10 years the city will reach 500,000 inhabitants.


title: Antofagasta

text: The city has several public and private educational universities. Two major traditional universities, one that is public, University of Antofagasta, and other private, Catholic University of the North. Several private autonomous universities have been open since 2002. Previously, the now-defunct "University José Santos Ossa" was the only private autonomous university in Antofagasta.


title: Antofagasta

text: Although the public schools are distributed almost uniformly throughout the city, the private schools operate mainly in the central and southern part of the city, where the wealthiest inhabitants reside. Only three private schools in the city are ranked among the top 100 schools in the country with the highest scores in the University Selection Test, which are "The Antofagasta British School", "Hrvatska Skola San Esteban" and "Antofagasta International School".


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta is the first city in Chile which has a municipal school operating within a military compound: ""Recovery Center for Integrative Studies in Military Training"", located within the Reinforced Regiment No. 20 "La Concepción".


title: Antofagasta

text: In Antofagasta, the most popular sport is association football. The football club Deportes Antofagasta is part of the Chilean First Division A (although it played two periods in the First División of Professional Football), and plays its home matches at Antofagasta Regional Stadium. Other football clubs of the city are the Club Deportivo Ormazábal and Club Deportivo Unión Bellavista which play in the Third Division A of Chile.


title: Antofagasta

text: Antofagasta was one of the host cities of the official 1959 Basketball World Cup, where Chile won the bronze medal.


title: Antofagasta

text: In baseball, different teams are formed and maintained in competition since the last century, and the selection of the city dispute the national classic game with the selection of Tocopilla (historically the best team of baseball in Chile).


title: Antofagasta

text: The main land route connectivity in the province is Route 5-CH, which connects the city with the rest of the country and is part of the Panamerican Highway. This route connects to the city by Route CH-26 in the north of the city, and Route CH-28 to the south. In addition, the city is connected to the north of the country by Route 1-CH, a way that also allows access to Andrés Sabella Gálvez International Airport and the natural monument La Portada.


title: Antofagasta

text: Vehicular traffic is concentrated around the main avenues of the city due to the long and narrow shape of the urban area. The only avenue that crosses the city from north to south, corresponds to the coastal route known as Avenida Costanera, which is formed by the avenues Jaime Guzmán, Ejército, República de Croacia, Grecia, José Manuel Balmaceda, Aníbal Pinto, 7º de Línea and Edmundo Pérez Zujovic; these avenues provide access to places including Mall Plaza Antofagasta, the Campus Coloso of the University of Antofagasta, the city hall of the Municipality of Antofagasta.


title: Antofagasta

text: Andrés Sabella Gálvez International Airport is the only airport in Antofagasta and is located in "Cerro Moreno", north of the city. This site, despite being classified as International Airport, operates mostly as a terminal for national flights, with one international airline, LATAM Peru, flying to Lima. In this terminal three domestic airlines also operate, LATAM Chile, Principal Airlines and Sky Airlines.


title: Antofagasta

text: The city has a port complex of seven docks, inaugurated by President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo on 14 February 1943 under the name of Puerto de Antofagasta, which consists of two terminals. Terminal 1, consists of the docks 1, 2 and 3, is multi-operator and is managed by the ""Empresa Portuaria Antofagasta"" (EPA) since 1 July 1998. Terminal No. 2, composed of docks 4, 5, 6 and 7, monooperario type, which is managed and operated by the company ""Antofagasta Terminal Internacional"" (ATI) since 1 March 2003. Overall, this tourist (member of the Association of Cruise Ports Southern Cone) and commercial port, can operate the production of 5,000,000 tons of cargo.


title: Antofagasta

text: Escondida, the biggest private mining company in Chile, has a private port located in southern city, near Cerro Coloso.


title: Antofagasta

text: The higher transportation consists of thirteen lines of minibuses, which correspond to buses with a capacity of fewer than thirty people. The public transport is within a tender and is known as TransAntofagasta. The public transport plan took effect officially on 28 November 2005, replacing the old bus service. The route of these buses finish in the Caleta Coloso (south end of the city) during the year, and during the summer come as far as Balneario Juan Lopez, which is out of town.


title: Antofagasta

text: The lower transport consists of taxis lines, corresponding to a black sedans that make their way through the urban area through fixed routes.


title: Antofagasta

text: The most important railroad is the Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia (FCAB) founded in 1888, during the economic boom of the saltpeter industry. In 1930, FCAB was acquired by Antofagasta PLC, which is part of the Quiñenco commercial group.


title: Antofagasta

text: Unlike other contemporary mining railways, FCAB survived the crash of the natural nitrate sector. It provides a variety of transportation services - most notably, the transport of mining products and consumables such as copper cathodes and sulfuric acid - via a long rail network that is connected to the Ferrocarril Andino de Bolivia, Ferronor (Chile), and Ferrocarril Belgrano in Argentina (Salta–Antofagasta railway). Its gauge is .


title: Antofagasta

text: Due to the accelerated urban and demographic growth of Antofagasta during 2000-2010, a commuter train using the current FCAB line is currently under review. The project aims to decongest vehicle traffic by linking the north and south of the city with a direct train line.


title: Cape lion

text: The Cape lion was a distinctive population of lions in South Africa's Natal and Cape Provinces that was extirpated in the mid-19th century. The type specimen originated at the Cape of Good Hope and was described in 1842.


title: Cape lion

text: Traditionally, the Cape lion was considered a distinct subspecies of lion, "Panthera leo melanochaita". However, phylogeographic analysis has shown that lion populations in Southern and East Africa are closely related. In 2017, the subspecies "Panthera leo melanochaita" was recircumscribed to included all lion populations in Southern and East Africa.


title: Cape lion

text: "Felis (Leo) melanochaita" was a black-maned lion specimen from the Cape of Good Hope that was described by Ch. H. Smith in 1842. In the 19th century, naturalists and hunters recognised it as a distinct subspecies because of this dark mane colour. In the 20th century, some authors supported this view of the Cape lion being a distinct subspecies. Vratislav Mazák hypothesized that it evolved geographically isolated from other populations by the Great Escarpment.


title: Cape lion

text: This theory was questioned in the early 21st century. Genetic exchanges between lion populations in the Cape, Kalahari and Transvaal regions, and farther east are considered having been possible through a corridor between the escarpment and the Indian Ocean. Results of phylogeographic studies support this notion of lions in Namibia, Botswana and South Africa being genetically close. Based on the analysis of 357 lion samples from 10 countries, it is thought that lions migrated from Southern to East Africa during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Analysis of 194 lion samples from 22 countries suggest that populations in Southern and East Africa are distinct from populations in West and North Africa and Asia. In 2017, lion populations in Southern and East Africa were subsumed under "P. l. melanochaita".


title: Cape lion

text: The type specimen of the Cape lion was described as very large with black-edged ears and a black mane extending beyond the shoulders and under the belly. Skulls of two lion specimen in the British Natural History Museum from the Orange River basin were described as a little shorter in the occipital regions than other lions in South Africa and with a tendency to develop the second lower premolar.


title: Cape lion

text: American zoologist Edmund Heller described the Cape lion's skull as longer than those of equatorial lions, by at least on average, despite being comparatively narrow. He considered the Cape lion to have been 'distinctly' bigger than other lions in Africa.


title: Cape lion

text: Lions approaching were shot south of the Vaal River. 19th century authors claimed that the Cape lion was bigger than the Asiatic lion.


title: Cape lion

text: Results of a long-term study indicate that the colour of lion manes is influenced by climatic variables and varies between individuals. Manes are darker and longer in cool seasons.


title: Cape lion

text: In the early 19th century, lions still occurred in the Karoo plains and in the Northern Cape. In 1844, lions were sighted south of the Riet River. The last lions south of the Orange River were sighted between 1850 and 1858. In the northern Orange Free State, lions may have survived into the 1860s.


title: Cape lion

text: In 2003, six lions from Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park were relocated to Addo Elephant National Park in the Eastern Cape Province.


title: Cape lion

text: In 2000, specimens asserted to be descendants of the Cape lion were found in captivity in Russia, and two of them were brought to South Africa. South African zoo director John Spence reportedly was long fascinated by stories of these grand lions scaling the walls of Jan van Riebeeck's Fort de Goede Hoop in the 17th century. He studied van Riebeeck's journals to discern the Cape lion's features, which included a long black mane, black in their ears, and reportedly a larger size. He believed that some Cape lions might have been taken to Europe and interbred with other lions. His 30-year search led to his discovery of black-maned lions with features of the Cape lion at the Novosibirsk Zoo in Siberia, in 2000. Besides having a black mane, the specimen that attracted Spence had a "wide face and sturdy legs." Novosibirsk Zoo's population, which had 40 cubs over a 30-year period, continues, and Spence, aided by a zoo in Vienna, was allowed to bring two cubs back to Tygerberg Zoo. Back in South Africa, Spence explained that he hoped to breed lions that at least looked like Cape lions, and to have DNA testing done to establish whether or not the cubs were descendants of the original Cape lion. However, Spence died in 2010 and the zoo closed in 2012, with the lions expected to go to Drakenstein Lion Park.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M26 is a fragmentation hand grenade developed by the United States military. It entered service around 1952 and was used in combat during the Korean War. Its distinct lemon shape led it to being nicknamed the "lemon grenade" (compare the Russian F1 grenade and American Mk 2 "pineapple" grenade, with similar nicknames).


title: M26 grenade

text: Fragmentation is enhanced by a special notched fragmentation coil that lies along the inside of the grenade's body. This coil had a circular cross-section in the M26 grenade and an improved square cross-section in the M26A1 and later designs.


title: M26 grenade

text: The grenades were stored inside two-part cylindrical fiberboard shipping tubes (Container M289) and were packed 25 or 30 to a crate.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M26 was developed as a result of studies on the Mk 2. Unlike its previous counterpart, its M204A1 fuse creates no tell-tale smoke or sparks when ignited and its powder train is almost silent while it burns down. Its Composition B filler was considered safer than the flaked or granular TNT filling used in the Mk 2.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M26 series was created after World War II to meet criticisms of the Mk 2. The original M26 replaced the Mk 2 Fragmentation Grenade as Army standard issue in Korea. Massive World War II production left the Mk 2 as limited standard issue with the US Army and US Marines throughout the 1960s and the US Navy until the 1970s. The M26A1 / M61 was the primary fragmentation grenade used by American forces in the Vietnam War.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M26 series (M26/M61/M57) was replaced by the M33 series grenade (M33/M67) at the end of the Vietnam War.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M26A1 is an M26 that has the fragmentation coil redesigned to have a square rather than circular cross-section and has deeper serrations to aid in fragmentation. It also added a small tetryl booster charge on its fuze to completely detonate the explosive filler (displaced to because of the added booster charge) and used the updated M204A2 fuze. It was adopted in American service in 1958.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M26A2 is an M26A1 modified to accept an M217 impact fuze. It is slightly fatter than the M26A1 and the safety lever is embossed with the word "IMPACT" on it. Earlier models had a red-painted lever with the word "IMPACT" painted on with black paint.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M30 is the practice version of the M26 grenade. It had a cast-iron two-piece oval body with a plastic base plug. The body was embossed with the symbols "RFX55"; it was originally the basis for an experimental hand grenade that was never put into production. It had a filler of 21 grains of black powder and used the M10A3/M10A4 or M204A1/M204A2 series of fuzes. Its body is painted light blue with a brown band across the middle. When the grenade detonated, the overpressure made the plug pop out and released a plume of black smoke caused by the burnt filler.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M61 is the M26A1 with an extra safety (called the "jungle clip") attached to the safety lever. This is to prevent the safety lever from flying off and allowing the striker to function if the safety pin gets accidentally pulled out by snagging it on jungle vegetation.


title: M26 grenade

text: The most common method of carrying grenades was by straps on the ammo pouches. Soldiers, inspired by characters in movies and TV shows, also commonly hung grenades on their persons using the safety levers, although it is said that "official policy forbade the practice as unsafe."


title: M26 grenade

text: The M62 is the practice version of the M26A1 / M61, but with a larger fuze well. It has a filler of of black powder and uses the M228 fuze. Its body and lever are painted blue to identify it as a practice grenade and it has a "jungle clip" like the M61.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M50 was a "live fire" conversion of the M30 Practice grenade for use on training ranges. It sealed the base plug, used the M204A1 fuze, and replaced the low-explosive black powder filler with high-explosive Composition B. It allowed the training of recruits with greater safety because it lacked the fragmentation coil of the M26 and had a smaller blast radius. This also used up obsolete ordnance by utilizing worn M30 bodies as its base.


title: M26 grenade

text: The M56 is the M26A1 with a larger 5/8-inch fuze well. It uses the M215 detonating fuse (with a delay of 4–5 seconds) and has a "jungle clip" like the M61. The M215 is similar to the M213 fuse used in the M33-series grenades except it has a curved lever rather than the bent straight lever of the M213.


title: M26 grenade

text:
The L2 series (with a green shell) is the British version of the M26; it has a 4.4 second fuze. The L2 was like the early M26 (except it used the L25 series fuze), the L2A1 was like the product-improved M26A1, and the L2A2 was a variant of the L2A1 with a redesigned fuze well for ease of mass production.
The L3 series (with a light blue shell and a black powder filler) is the Practice grenade variant.
The L4 series (with a dark blue shell, non-functional fuze, and no filler) is the inert Drill grenade variant.


title: M26 grenade

text: The DM41 or DM41A1 is a West German copy of the M26A1 hand grenade, manufactured by Diehl Defence of Nuremberg. Production ended around 1975 when the DM51 explosive fragmentation hand grenade was adopted by the Bundeswehr.


title: Edurne

text: Edurne García Almagro (; born 22 December 1985) is a Spanish singer, actress, and television presenter. She rose to fame in late 2005 when she took part in the Spanish casting show "Operación Triunfo" on TVE and finished in sixth place in 2006. She represented Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Amanecer" where she finished in 21st place.


title: Edurne

text: Edurne was born on 22 December 1985 in the capital of Madrid, Spain. She started attending auditions as a child. At the age of 9, she became a member of the children's music group "Trastos". She also had as a child minor roles in Spanish TV series like "Hospital Central" (2002) or "Ana y los 7" (2003). In late 2005, Edurne auditioned for the fourth series of "Operación Triunfo", where she was selected by the show's jury. She was eliminated in the 12th live show, finishing in sixth place in early 2006.


title: Edurne

text: Edurne embarked on a music career with Sony BMG Spain and released her first studio album, called "Edurne" in 2006, which spawns the single "Despierta" that debuted on the fifth position on the Spanish Singles Charts, "Amores Dormidos", and "Te Falta Veneno", which were the soundtrack for the Spanish telenovela "Yo Soy Bea" and both reached the top-twenty in Edurne's native country. 2007 saw the release of Edurne's second studio album, called "Ilusión", which produced two singles. "Ven Por Mí" reached, as the album's lead single, the top-twenty in the Spanish Dance iTunes Chart. Edurne released her third album "Première" on 4 June 2008, with the lead single being "Un Poco de Amor" (Spanish version of Queen's "Somebody to Love)". "Sigo Enamorada de Ti" (Spanish version of "Hopelessly Devoted To You") and "Tú serás para mí" (Spanish version of "You're The One That I Want") were the following singles. Both are songs from "Grease", because of Edurne's role as "Sandy" in the stage production "Grease, El musical de tu vida" from 2007 to 2013.


title: Edurne

text: Edurne's fourth studio album "Nueva Piel" was released in 2010. It produced the two singles "Soy Como Soy" and "Oigo Mi Corazón"; both achieved moderate success on the Spanish charts. Edurne joined the cast of "¡Más Que Baile!", the Spanish version of "Strictly Come Dancing", where she took the second place in the final.


title: Edurne

text: Edurne released her fifth studio album "Climax" on 24 September 2013, with the lead single "Pretty Boy", which went straight to number thirty-three on Del 40 al 1 chart, hit list on the most important Spanish music radio Los 40 Principales. "Pankiller" was selected to be the second single and the music video became popular very fast in the social networks because of the comparisons with US popstars Rihanna, Lady Gaga and Madonna. In 2013, Edurne joined the cast of the third season of "Tu Cara Me Suena", a Spanish show where celebrities impersonate singers for charity, where she also was proclaimed winner with the 60% of popular votes with her Christina Aguilera impersonation and her song "Hurt" in the show's finale. From June to December 2014, Edurne presented the comedy show "", along with Xavi Rodríguez, on Cuatro.


title: Edurne

text: On 14 January 2015, TVE announced the internal selection of Edurne to represent Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Amanecer". In the final of the contest, which took place in Vienna on 23 May 2015, the song finished 21st overall out of 27, scoring 15 points. "Amanecer" is included in Edurne's sixth studio album "Adrenalina", which was released on 16 June 2015. "Adrenalina" debuted at number six on the Spanish Albums Chart, her most successful entry since her debut album.


title: Edurne

text: On 5 August 2015, it was announced Edurne would be joining "Got Talent España" (Spanish version of "Got Talent") as one of the four judges.


title: Edurne

text: In September 2016, Edurne recorded and released a video of the song "Taste the Feeling", a Coca-Cola campaign for the Spanish-speaking world.


title: Edurne

text: On 31 October 2018, it was announced Edurne would be joining the cast of daytime soap opera "Servir y proteger".


title: Edurne

text: On 24 April 2019, Edurne released her first single in four years, titled "Demasiado Tarde", which features Carlos Baute and precedes her seventh studio album.


title: Edurne

text: In September 2019, it was announced Edurne would be joining the talent show "Idol Kids" (part of the "Idols" franchise) as one of the three judges.


title: April Pearson

text: April Janet Pearson (born 23 January 1989) is an English actress. Born and brought up in Bristol, Pearson was drawn to acting from a young age and appeared in local theatre productions as a child. She made her acting debut in 1998 at the age of nine on the British medical drama series "Casualty", and earned wider recognition in her breakthrough role as impressionable teenager Michelle Richardson in the E4 teen drama series "Skins" (2007–2008), for which she was nominated for the Golden Nymph Award for an Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series at the Monte-Carlo Television Festival.


title: April Pearson

text: She later made her film debut when cast in Jon Wright's comedy horror slasher film "Tormented" (2009). Pearson followed this with her Bristol Old Vic debut as Jemma in Catherine Johnson's "Suspension" (2009); the production centering around the Clifton Suspension Bridge and the nearby Avon Gorge Hotel, and as Callie in Rachel Sternberg and Jemma Wayne's Negative Space (2009), in which she received praise for both performances.


title: April Pearson

text: Her transition to horror and independent films began with the 2016 horror film "Fractured", then followed by "Caught" (2017), for which she garnered critical acclaim for playing Mrs. Blair, one half of the antagonistic couple. Her role of Amy in "Dark Beacon" (2017) earned her two Best Actress awards at American Horror and Upstate NY Horror film festivals. She followed this by her portrayal of Isla Crane in Edgar Wallace's "The Case of the Frightened Lady" at the Theatre Royal, Windsor, in which she received praise for her performance.


title: April Pearson

text: Pearson was born and raised in Bristol. She attended Colston's Girls' School in the Montpelier area of Bristol, where in 2007 she was appointed head girl, and was a member of the Bristol Old Vic Young Company. Both of her parents had previously worked in the television industry, with her father still being involved in the British medical drama series "Casualty".


title: April Pearson

text: Pearson joined a theatre group, located in Bristol, becoming one of its founding members at three years of age. Throughout her youth, she starred in various plays with both her drama group and whilst at school. At the age of 9, Pearson made her television debut with a minor role in the British medical drama series "Casualty" in 1998. Pearson was a student at Colston's Girls' School in 2006 when she was cast in the television teenage-drama "Skins". Casting director Jane Ripley and Adam Smith travelled to Colston's Girls' School to hold auditions, wherein Ripley asked Pearson whether she wished to audition after watching her drama class. The programme was a success and ran for seven series, only two of which Pearson appeared in. Her performance was well received; the character was popular, and Pearson garnered widespread attention. She stated that the amusing nature of simply playing someone who's very different from her in person was what drew her to playing Richardson in "Skins". After the release of the first season, Pearson stated that being recognised was rather strange, though remarked that, "I try to be nice to everyone and hope they keep watching the show." "Skins" won the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Philip Audience Award, and Pearson was nominated for the Golden Nymph Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series. Of her time on "Skins", Pearson spoke of how she learnt to cope on a set and how to act in the working world, to which she added: "I owe the position I am in now to "Skins" and I'm so happy and proud that it has done so well."


title: April Pearson

text: Pearson briefly appeared as Karen Shevlin an episode of the British medical drama series "Casualty". She later made her feature film debut as sadistic schoolgirl Natasha Cummings, in Jon Wright's comedy horror slasher film "Tormented" (2009). She reunited with her "Skins" co-star Larissa Wilson, and starred opposite Alex Pettyfer, Tuppence Middleton and Georgia King.


title: April Pearson

text: In an interview with "The Evening Standard"s Andy Barker, she stated, "I don't want to pigeon-hole myself this early on. I enjoy every genre."


title: April Pearson

text: Later in 2009, Pearson returned to theatre starring in Catherine Johnson's "Suspension" (2009) at the Bristol Old Vic. Michael Billington wrote, in his review for "The Guardian", "You sense a bond of buried affection between James Lailey's guilt-ridden Gerry and [Pearson] as the bridling bride-to-be. In fact, all the performances from director Heather Williams's largely Bristol-based cast are good." "Metro" described it as "a fantastic success – for Johnson, the cast and crew, for Bristol Old Vic and for Bristol, the star of the show." Paul Callan of "The Daily Express" wrote: "Down in the hotel Jemma panics with her pre-wedding nerves and the (very pretty) [Pearson] gives us all too recognisable Big Day nerves. She has a fine sense of comic timing and is a perfect foil for the overpowering Anita, her Sherman Tank of a mother." Additionally, in the autumn, she portrayed kidnapped teenager called Callie in Rachel Sternberg and Jemma Wayne's "Negative Space" (2009). "The Evening Standard" spoke highly of Pearson's performance, in which they wrote: "The star, emphatically, is [Pearson], gamine and effulgent as Callie. Pearson is 20, but proves unsettlingly convincing as a girl not much more than half her age." In 2011, Pearson returned to "Casualty" to star as Grace Fitch, whilst starring in David Allain's short film "Will You Marry Me?" (2011). In 2012, Pearson co-starred in Jen Moss' dark comedy-drama short film "My Brother's Keeper (Or How Not To Survive The Apocalypse)", playing the role of Jess, who is looking after her well-meaning but dim-witted brother during a zombie apocalypse. Moss would later be awarded the Best Writer and Director Awards at the Viscera Film Festival. Of Pearson's performance as Jess, "Bloody Disgusting" remarked that the dynamic between Alex Esmail and Pearson is both "touching and funny".


title: April Pearson

text: She later reunited with Skins co-creator Bryan Elsley in 2013, in which she briefly appeared as Liz in "Dates". She also appeared in television programmes "Casualty", and "Comedy Feeds", before appearing in a minor role in the Giles Foster's television film "Unknown Heart" (2014). Pearson also appeared as Gen in "Circle of Truth", a short film shot by David Allain which explored some of the challenges that people with multiple sclerosis face when deciding whether or not to disclose their diagnosis to their colleagues. The film's inception came about when "Shift.ms", a charity and social network for people with Multiple Sclerosis, contacted producer Jess Gormley. Alongside Pearson, "Circle of Truth" featured Ashley Thomas, Nathan McMullen, Lauren Socha, Simon Day, Justin Edwards, and Nicholas Burns. In April 2014, Pearson co-starred opposite Ben Peel in Greg Zinger's romantic comedy short film "The Engagement" (2014), which focused on the difficulty of making marital commitment. In her second feature-film, Pearson portrayed Beth Prince, a young woman in search of her happy ever after, in Jamie Patterson's romantic comedy "Home for Christmas" (2014). The film was based on Cally Taylor's novel of the same name, and co-starred Lucy Griffiths, Karl Davies, Derren Nesbitt, and Shirley Jaffe. Later that year, Pearson reunited with David Allain to reprise her role of Gen in short film "Working It Out", in which her character interviews other people with multiple sclerosis about their experiences of employment. The soundtrack was provided by The Maccabees, and Pearson co-stars alongside Gabriel Bisset-Smith and Preeya Kalidas.


title: April Pearson

text: In January 2015, she starred in the music video for The Wombats' single, "Greek Tragedy", in which Pearson plays an obsessed Wombats fan. In the first half of 2015, Pearson played Lexi in Neil Jones's critically panned action film "Age of Kill" (2015). In the same year, Pearson starred in Nick Gillespie's psychological horror film "Tank 432" (2015). Although the film was critically panned, praise was given to its cast. Emilie Black of "Cinema Crazed" praised Pearson's Annabella, whilst writing "It must be noted that it was nice to see a female character not in need of saving, who is just one of the guys, in a film involving a military-style team and tough guys." Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" acknowledged that "Several talented performers are wasted in the morass." Ben Robins of "The National Student" wrote: "Even the cast, a who’s who of largely forgotten-about (but still entirely reliable) British talent, from Rupert Evans to Michael Smiley and Skins’ [Pearson], seemed like a stab in the right direction." Chuck Wilson wrote, in his review for "The Village Voice", "Trapping his cast in a tight space is daring, but Gillespie hasn't given his six good actors, among them Evans and Gordon Kennedy, much to say beyond shouted variations on the word “fuck.”" In 2015, Pearson returned to theatre to perform on stage in "Threesome" at the Brighton Fringe, and then the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The production received favourable reviews, with particularly strong praise for Pearson and her co-stars; "Pearson, meanwhile, carries the part of the confident, daring and over-sexed third party to the limits – but successfully so. The dialogue is fast and furious, and with pacy interactions, the three actors together create a thoroughly watchable story".


title: April Pearson

text: In 2016, Pearson starred in "Fractured", about a couple whose peaceful getaway weekend goes awry, where she reunited with "Home for Christmas"s Karl Davies and director Jamie Patterson. The cast of "Fractured" also included Louisa Lytton, Jordan Metcalfe and Calvin Dean. British horror genre website "Love Horror" wrote: "Pearson and Davies are well suited to their characters, convincingly performing the loving couple that are being pursued." For her work in "Fractured", Pearson received the Best Actress Award from the British Horror Film Festival. She also starred as Gemma in Mdhamiri Á Nkemi's short film "Cuttings" (2016), in which her character returns to her family home after a recent death to discover buried family truths in an uncovered archive of home video.


title: April Pearson

text: Pearson reunited with Patterson once again for "Caught" (2018), in which she plays Mrs. Blair, alongside Cian Barry's Mr. Blair, respectively. The story follows a journalist couple who invite a man and woman, Mr & Mrs Blair, into their idyllic village home. The film also stars Mickey Sumner, Ruben Crow, Regan Elizabeth Brown, Dave Mounfield and Aaron Davis. Pearson received critical acclaim by critics for her performance as Mrs. Blair. William of "All Horror" spoke most highly of Pearson's performance as Mrs. Blair, with him writing, "[Pearson] deserves some kind of award for her nearly wordless, but not silent performance. She lets the audience know with her eyes and grunts that this skin-suit is barely containing some other life-form that is dying to tear you apart, but cannot until she gets these irritating photographs from the couple." Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" also spoke highly of such a thing, in which he stated: "[...] "Caught" delivers plenty of terrifying moments, thanks to the highly committed performances by the central quartet [...]". Noel Murray of the "Los Angeles Times" noted praise of the performances, remarking that ""Caught" hits the usual beats, but with an unusually strong cast and original characters." Jeannette Catsoulis praised the cast, in her review for "The New York Times", by stating "As played by [Barry] and [Pearson] [...], the interlopers are a weird, disgusting delight, easily dominating the movie and their ineffectual hosts." Bobby LePire of "Film Threat" Bobby LePire wrote, "What cannot be overlooked is the animalistic qualities of Mrs. Blair.", in which he later concludes that "[...] the acting serves the unnerving atmosphere perfectly [...]". Brad Miska of "Bloody Disgusting" acclaimed the performances of Barry and Pearson, with Miska stating, "There's plenty of tension, with the performances by [Barry] and [Pearson] carrying the entire film on their backs, not to mention an escalation of terror [...]". Mike Sprague of "JoBlo.com" praised Pearson's characterisation, in which he wrote, "[Pearson's] arc throughout the movie is my favorite thing about the piece, and I'm sure it will be yours as well." "Film at Lincoln Center" described both Barry and Pearson's Mr and Mrs. Blair as being "played perfectly".


title: April Pearson

text: Pearson's next appeared in Corrie Greenop's horror thriller "Dark Beacon" (2017). She played Amy Wilcock, who loves the married Beth Gadbsy with a fierce and tragic passion. The resulting performance was positively received; Sol Harris of "Starburst" concluded, "Pearson and Lynne Anne Rodgers do an admirable job working with the material that they’re given and attempting to carry the vast majority of the film on their own - not to mention child actor, Kendra Mei [...]". Jon Dickinson of "Scream" wrote that, "In a post-"Skins" appearance, April Pearson is great in the lead role as Amy. She is the voice of reason when things start to get spooky." April McIntyre of "HeyUGuys" praised Pearson by stating, "[Pearson] has emerged from a post-"Skins" hibernation with a strong and nuanced performance as Amy [...] Matched perfectly with Beth's spiralling psychosis, together they complement each other with an effective balance of wanting, sheer terror and anxiety." For her work in "Dark Beacon", Pearson received the award for Best Actress from American Horror Film Festival and the Upstate NY Horror Film Festival.


title: April Pearson

text: The following year, it was announced that Pearson would portray Isla Crane in Edgar Wallace's "The Case of the Frightened Lady". Response to Pearson's performance in "The Case of the Frightened Lady" was met with enthusiasm; Vikki Stephenson of "Young Perspective" wrote, "[Pearson] proved adept as a terrified Isla (the secretary of the house) [...] These performances result in an ultimately enjoyable and engaging show." Alison Brinkworth, writing for "Behind The Arras", described her as adding "youthful vibrancy", while Rebecca Lipkin described, in her review for "The Arbuturian", Pearson as "charismatic". Albeit praise for Pearson's performance, critics highlighted the underwritten characterisation of Pearson's Isla Crane.


title: April Pearson

text: She reunited with "Skins" co-creator Bryan Elsley for the third time, in which she briefly appeared as Polly in "Kiss Me First". Pearson also starred as Lily in Patterson's critically acclaimed comedy-drama "Tucked " (2018), the estranged daughter of Derren Nesbitt's Jackie. In 2018, Pearson co-wrote and starred in Patterson's independent comedy-drama film "Tracked", in which a young couple try to save their failing relationship by interrailing around Europe together. The film premiered at the Raindance Film Festival, wherein Pearson and co-star Chris Willoughby's performances were praised, as well as Edouard Fousset's cinematography. In 2020, she also appeared as Katy in supernatural rom-com short film "One Year Later", with whom she co-starred alongside starring Simon Weir, Mark Wood, and Rhys-Teare Williams. She was also amongst the first to sign up for George Webster's British science fiction comedy "Star Dogs", wherein she played Cass Rio. Pearson also appeared as Abi in Matthew Leutwyler and Anton Laines' "Disconnected", which was a weekly, experimental drama series shot by the actors and produced remotely, in the United States, India, United Kingdom, and Rwanda, while under countrywide quarantine orders due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2021, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera "Doctors" as Chloe Shapley.


title: April Pearson

text: Pearson will next star as Eva in Adam Oldroyd's black comedy directorial debut "Sideshow", alongside Anthony Stewart Head, Les Dennis, and Nathan Clarke. Additionally, she will be reuniting with director Jamie Patterson in romantic crime film "God's Petting You", and in psychological thriller "The Kindred".


title: April Pearson

text: Pearson was involved in Channel 4's "Lost for Words" campaign, a season of campaigning programmes to get children reading, in which she reads aloud from "Kasper in the Glitter" by Philip Ridley. She's an admirer of Spanish cinema and the works of Pedro Almodóvar, while speaking highly of Malorie Blackman's "Noughts and Crosses" series. She's based in Brighton. In 2014, Pearson founded the Laboratory Theatre Company with film director Jamie Patterson. The Laboratory Theatre is a production company dedicated to blending theatre and film. Pearson began a relationship with Patterson, after they met on the set of the "Home for Christmas" (2014). Pearson and Patterson were married in 2017. Since 2020, Pearson has hosted a casual celebrity interview-based podcast called "Are you Michelle from Skins?"; the first episode being recorded on 6 July and broadcast on Instagram. She listed her idols as including Bernadette Peters, Nicole Kidman, Julie Walters, and Judi Dench. On December 8, 2021, Pearson announced she was pregnant with her first child.


title: Algernon Blackwood

text: Algernon Henry Blackwood, CBE (14 March 1869 – 10 December 1951) was an English broadcasting narrator, journalist, novelist and short story writer, and among the most prolific ghost story writers in the history of the genre. The literary critic S. T. Joshi stated, "His work is more consistently meritorious than any weird writer's except Dunsany's." and that his short story collection "Incredible Adventures" (1914) "may be the premier weird collection of this or any other century".


title: Algernon Blackwood

text: Blackwood was born in Shooter's Hill (now part of south-east London, then part of north-west Kent). Between 1871 and 1880, he lived at Crayford Manor House, Crayford and he was educated at Wellington College. His father, Sir Stevenson Arthur Blackwood, was a Post Office administrator; his mother, Harriet Dobbs, was the widow of the 6th Duke of Manchester. According to Peter Penzoldt, his father, "though not devoid of genuine good-heartedness, had appallingly narrow religious ideas." After he read the work of a Hindu sage left behind at his parents' house, he developed an interest in Buddhism and other eastern philosophies. Blackwood had a varied career, working as a dairy farmer in Canada, where he also operated a hotel for six months, as a newspaper reporter in New York City, bartender, model, journalist for "The New York Times", private secretary, businessman, and violin teacher. During his time in Canada, he also became one of the founding members of Toronto Theosophical Society in February of 1891.


title: Algernon Blackwood

text: Throughout his adult life, he was an occasional essayist for periodicals. In his late thirties, he moved back to England and started to write stories of the supernatural. He was successful, writing at least ten original collections of short stories and later telling them on radio and television. He also wrote 14 novels, several children's books and a number of plays, most of which were produced, but not published. He was an avid lover of nature and the outdoors, as many of his stories reflect. To satisfy his interest in the supernatural, he joined The Ghost Club. He never married; according to his friends he was a loner, but also cheerful company.


title: Algernon Blackwood

text: Jack Sullivan stated that "Blackwood's life parallels his work more neatly than perhaps that of any other ghost story writer. Like his lonely but fundamentally optimistic protagonists, he was a combination of mystic and outdoorsman; when he wasn't steeping himself in occultism, including Rosicrucianism, or Buddhism he was likely to be skiing or mountain climbing." Blackwood was a member of one of the factions of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as was his contemporary Arthur Machen. Cabalistic themes influence his novel "The Human Chord".


title: Algernon Blackwood

text: His two best-known stories are probably "The Willows" and "The Wendigo". He would also often write stories for newspapers at short notice, with the result that he was unsure exactly how many short stories he had written and there is no sure total. Though Blackwood wrote a number of horror stories, his most typical work seeks less to frighten than to induce a sense of awe. Good examples are the novels "The Centaur", which reaches a climax with a traveller's sight of a herd of the mythical creatures; and "Julius LeVallon" and its sequel "The Bright Messenger", which deal with reincarnation and the possibility of a new, mystical evolution of human consciousness. In correspondence with Peter Penzoldt, Blackwood wrote,


title: Algernon Blackwood

text: My fundamental interest, I suppose, is signs and proofs of other powers that lie hidden in us all; the extension, in other words, of human faculty. So many of my stories, therefore, deal with extension of consciousness; speculative and imaginative treatment of possibilities outside our normal range of consciousness... Also, all that happens in our universe is "natural"; under Law; but an extension of our so limited normal consciousness can reveal new, extra-ordinary powers etc., and the word "supernatural" seems the best word for treating these in fiction. I believe it possible for our consciousness to change and grow, and that with this change we may become aware of a new universe. A "change" in consciousness, in its type, I mean, is something more than a mere extension of what we already possess and know.


title: Algernon Blackwood

text: Blackwood wrote an autobiography of his early years, "Episodes Before Thirty" (1923), and there is a biography, "Starlight Man," by Mike Ashley ().


title: Algernon Blackwood

text: Blackwood died after several strokes. Officially his death on 10 December 1951 was from cerebral thrombosis, with arteriosclerosis as a contributing factor. He was cremated at Golders Green crematorium. A few weeks later his nephew took his ashes to Saanenmöser Pass in the Swiss Alps, and scattered them in the mountains that he had loved for more than forty years.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Gastonia is the largest city in and county seat of Gaston County, North Carolina, United States. It is the second-largest satellite city of the Charlotte area, behind Concord. The population was 80,411 at the 2020 census, up from 71,741 in 2010. Gastonia is the 13th most populous city in North Carolina. It is part of the Charlotte metropolitan area, officially designated the Charlotte Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The city is a historic center for textile manufacturing and was the site of the Loray Mill Strike of 1929, which became a key event in the labor movement. While manufacturing remains important to the local economy, the city also has well-developed healthcare, education, and government sectors.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The Loray Mill strike of 1929 in Gastonia was one of the most notable strikes in the labor history of the United States. The role of organizers for Communist Party-affiliated National Textile Workers Union (NTWU) alienated religious leaders in Gastonia, who denounced the organizers' ideology, undermining support for the strike. The strike collapsed after the death of Gastonia's police chief, Orville Alderholt, led to a murder trial of several militants including NTWU chief organizer Fred Beal. Beal was convicted in the killing but fled to the Soviet Union. The strike largely failed in attaining its goals of better working conditions and wages, and the American labor movement was never able to gain a foothold among textile workers in Gastonia. The strike, however, became for a while an international cause célèbre, figuring in several novels published in the 1930s.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The City Hospital-Gaston Memorial Hospital, Craig Farmstead, Downtown Gastonia Historic District, First National Bank Building, Gaston County Courthouse, Gastonia High School, David Jenkins House, Loray Mill Historic District, Robinson-Gardner Building, Third National Bank Building, and William J. Wilson House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.45%, is water. Gastonia occupies 14% of the total area of Gaston County. Gastonia is approximately west of Charlotte, east of Shelby, and south of Hickory.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 80,411 people, 27,796 households, and 18,361 families residing in the city.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: , there were 71,741 people, 27,770 households, and 18,599 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,420.6 people per square mile (548.5/km). There were 31,238 housing units at an average density of 618.6 per square mile (238.8/km). The racial composition of the city was 62.8% White, 27.5% Black or African American, 2.0% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 5.2% some other race, and 3.0% two or more races. 9.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino American of any race.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: As of the 2010 census, there were 27,770 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were headed by married couples living together, 19.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52, and the average family size was 3.05.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: In 2011 the estimated median income for a household in the city was $36,881, and the median income for a family was $44,576. Male full-time workers had a median income of $38,151 versus $29,590 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,277. 20.9% of the population and 18.3% of families were below the poverty line. 32.5% of those under the age of 18 and 6.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Many shutdowns and job losses have plagued Gastonia over the past decade. Gastonia maintains a relatively strong manufacturing workforce, but many workers are laid off and many more are facing job losses. The city had an unemployment rate of 7.9% as of 2010; 12,536 of the 71,341 residents lived and worked in the city, with a daytime population change of +10,610. The city is the international corporate headquarters for textile company Parkdale Mills, the number one manufacturer of spun yarn in the world. The company also operated two production facilities in Gastonia and several in surrounding communities. Parkdale, like many other companies, has closed plants and moved production to other countries.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Other manufacturers in Gastonia include Wix Filtration Corp., Freightliner Trucks, Stabilus, Curtiss-Wright Controls Engineered Systems and Radici Group. Other major employers include the City of Gastonia and Gaston County governments, the Gaston County Schools system, CaroMont Regional Medical Center, and retailers Walmart and Advance Auto Parts, with two and six stores (plus a distribution center) respectively.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The Schiele Museum of Natural History features a number of permanent exhibits, including the Hall of North Carolina Natural History and the Henry Hall of the American Indian. The museum is also home to the James H. Lynn Planetarium, the only planetarium in the Charlotte area.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The U.S. National Whitewater Center (on the Catawba River) is located east of the city in neighboring Mecklenburg County.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Crowders Mountain State Park is located west of the city, near Kings Mountain. The park offers a number of hiking trails, as well as campgrounds, picnic areas, rock climbing, and fishing.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Eastridge Mall, located at exit 20 on North New Hope Road, is the only indoor regional mall in the area; it is anchored by Belk and Dillard's. The mall is also home to over 80 specialty stores, a full-service food court, Red Lobster and other services.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Downtown Gastonia Historic District has undergone a revitalization with locally owned businesses including Webb Custom Kitchen, Gaston Pour House, Owl and Ivy, Java House, The Hive, Viva Tequis, Sleepy Poet Antique Mall, Fannie Cakes Bakery, Pho Feel'n Asian Cuisine among many others. This has created a unique atmosphere of local shopping experiences with events centered around the community.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: There are also a few more shopping centers across the city with other well-known national and local retailers.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The Gastonia Honey Hunters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, a partner of Major League Baseball, will begin play in 2021 at FUSE District Stadium, which is part of an overall renewal project called the Franklin Urban Sports and Entertainment (FUSE) District. Before the Honey Hunters' arrival, the Gastonia Grizzlies, a Coastal Plain League summer collegiate wood-bat team, played at Sims Legion Park.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The Gastonia Gargoyles play rugby at Gaston County's North Belmont Park. The team is part of the Carolinas Geographical Union (CGU) and plays Division IV men's social rugby. The club plays in the fall (August - November) and spring (Feb - May) seasons. The club also hosts an annual rugby 7's tournament in Clover, South Carolina, during the Clover Scottish Games on the first or second Saturday in June.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Gastonia's two roller derby teams are the G*Force (senior team) and Mini*Gs (junior team). Bouts take place at Kate's Skating Rink on Hudson Blvd.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The city is served by the Gastonia Police Department, the Gaston County Police Department, and the Gaston County Sheriff's Office.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: The Gastonia Fire Department consists of eight fire house spread throughout the communities within the City limits. The Gastonia Fire Department maintains 130 full-time firefighters working 3- to 24-hour shifts. The Life Safety division has a Fire Marshal and four inspectors, the Administration consists of the Fire Chief, Deputy Chief, Assistant Chief, Training Chief, and two Administrative assistants.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: All public K–12 schools in Gaston County, including the city of Gastonia, are part of the Gaston County Schools (GCS). GCS operates schools at the elementary, middle, and high school levels.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: There are four public high schools in Gastonia: Ashbrook High School, Forestview High School, Hunter Huss High School, and Highland School of Technology. Students from outlying parts of Gastonia also attend Stuart W. Cramer High School, North Gaston High School, and Bessemer City High School.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Private schools are also available in the city. Gaston Day School, Gaston Christian School are among various private schools offered in the Gastonia area.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Gastonia also has a charter school, Piedmont Community Charter School, that serves K–12 grade students. Currently the school has an Elementary campus along with a Secondary campus. A new High School campus is presently under construction. The new campus is set to open for the 2020–2021 school year.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Although there are no colleges or universities within the city limits of Gastonia, higher education is well represented in the greater Gastonia area. Gaston County is home to Belmont Abbey College (Belmont; four-year) and Gaston College (Dallas, Lincolnton (Lincoln County), and Belmont; two-year).


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: "The Gaston Gazette" is Gastonia's main newspaper. It is published daily, and covers Gastonia city, Gaston County, and surrounding areas. "The Charlotte Observer" (North Carolina's largest newspaper) is also available, citywide.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Gastonia is served by numerous FM and AM radio stations, mainly based in nearby Charlotte. The city has one licensed AM station: WGNC 1450 AM; it has two licensed FM stations: WGNC 101.1FM and WBAV 101.9 FM.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Interstate 85 (I-85) links Gastonia directly with Charlotte, Greensboro, Durham, and Petersburg/Richmond (to the northeast) and Spartanburg, Greenville, Atlanta and Montgomery (to the southwest). Gastonia's transportation network is supplemented by one additional freeway (US 321), the freeway portion of which directly connects Gastonia with transcontinental I-40 and the city of Hickory, north of Gastonia.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Gastonia is also served by three federal highways: US 29, US 74 (US 29 and US 74 follow the same route through the city), and US 321. US 29 parallels I-85 through the Carolinas, while US 74 provides direct east–west links to Charlotte and Wilmington (east), and Asheville and Cherokee (to the west). US 321 links Gastonia to central South Carolina and the Blue Ridge Mountains in northwest North Carolina. State highways include: NC 7, NC 274, NC 275 and NC 279.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Franklin Boulevard, Garrison Boulevard, Hudson Boulevard and Ozark/Long/Airline/Gaston Avenues are major east–west city thoroughfares. New Hope Road, Chester Street/York Road, and Marietta Street/Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, are major north–south city thoroughfares.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Gastonia Transit (GT) is Gastonia's city transit provider. The bus service operates on a fixed-route system covering most of the city and stops are clearly visible around town. Buses run Monday-Saturday, and transfer downtown Gastonia at the Bradley Station. Regular fare is $1.00, transfers are free.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Charlotte Area Transit System (CATS) is Gastonia's commuter provider to Charlotte. The Gastonia Express (Route 85X) offers Monday-Friday bus service to/from uptown Charlotte, via the Bradley Station. One-way fare to/from uptown Charlotte is $4.40; transfer is free when transferring to any other CATS services.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Greyhound Lines serves the city. Alongside Gastonia Transit, Greyhound utilizes downtown's Bradley Station.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Amtrak's "Crescent" (trains 19, 20) connects Gastonia (GAS) with the cities of (to the north) New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and Charlotte, and (to the south) Atlanta, Birmingham, and New Orleans. The unmanned Amtrak station is situated at 350 Hancock Street.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Gastonia Municipal Airport (AKH) handles most of the city's private air service needs. It is located in the southeast part of the city on Gaston Day School Road, off NC 274 (Union Road).


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Charlotte/Douglas International Airport (CLT) provides the city with a major domestic/international gateway and is located east, in Charlotte. American Airlines has the airline's second largest hub operation at Charlotte.


title: Gastonia, North Carolina

text: Gotha was Gastonia's first sister city in 1994. Santiago de Surco became an official partner in March 2004. Mayor Jennie Stultz visited Gotha in 2007. In December 2007, the mayor of Santiago de Surco visited for the annual lighting of the Christmas tree in the Rotary Pavilion. He was invited to light the tree along with one of the city's councilmen.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Titusville is a city in and the county seat of Brevard County, Florida, United States. The city's population was 43,761 as of the 2010 United States Census.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Titusville is located along the Indian River, west of Merritt Island and the Kennedy Space Center, and south-southwest of the Canaveral National Seashore. It is a principal city of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Near Titusville is the Windover Archeological Site, a National Historic Landmark recognizing its important collection of human remains and artifacts of the early Archaic Period (6,000 to 5,000 BCE.)


title: Titusville, Florida

text: A secondary, "de facto" county seat was established beginning in 1989 at Viera, Florida, in the geographic center of the county, to better serve the more populous southern portion of the county.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Indigenous peoples had inhabited this area for thousands of years, as shown by discovery in 1982 of the Windover Archeological Site, dating to the early Archaic Period (6000 to 5000 BCE). It has been designated as a National Historic Landmark because of the significance of its remains.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: At the time of European encounter, this area was inhabited by the Ais Indians, who gathered palmetto, cocoplum and seagrape berries. They also fished the Indian River, called the "Rio de Ais" by Spanish explorers. By 1760, however, the tribe had disappeared due largely to infectious disease, slave raids, and the disruptive effects of rum.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1821, and the Seminole Wars delayed settlement of portions of the new territory.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: This community was originally called Sand Point, and a post office was established in 1859, although it closed a few months later. Henry T. Titus arrived in 1867, intending to build a town on land owned by his wife, Mary Hopkins Titus, daughter of a prominent planter from Darien, Georgia. He laid out roads and in 1870 erected the Titus House, a large, one-story hotel next to a saloon. He also donated land for four churches and a courthouse, the latter an effort to get the town designated as county seat.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Local history says that Titus challenged Capt. Clark Rice to a game of dominoes to decide the name of the town. Titus won the game, and Sand Point was renamed as Titusville in 1873. The city was incorporated in 1887, the year construction began on St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church, as listed in the 1972 National Register of Historic Places. At one point, Titusville was nicknamed "The City of Churches".


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The Atlantic Coast, St. Johns & Indian River Railroad reached Titusville in 1885, constructed from Enterprise, Florida. It was connected by a spur line to the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad at Enterprise Junction in present-day DeBary, Florida. Henry Flagler extended his Florida East Coast Railroad south from Daytona, building a station at Titusville in 1892. Many tourists arrived by railroad to enjoy the mild winter climate.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In addition, the railroad was a means to ship area produce to northern markets, and the Indian River area increasingly became an agricultural and shipping center for pineapple and citrus goods. A wooden bridge was built east to Playalinda Beach in 1922.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In October 1918, Titusville officials were the first in the county to order closed all places of assembly, including schools, churches, and movies, to avoid spreading the Spanish flu.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Beginning in the late 1950s, the growth of Cape Canaveral, and later the Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, stimulated growth in the community's economy, population and tourism. The association with the space program led to the city's two nicknames in the 1960s: Space City USA and Miracle City.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Searstown Mall opened in 1966. Miracle City Mall opened in 1968, built on . It had of covered floor space.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The jail at the county courthouse became overcrowded by the 1980s. A new jailhouse was built in Sharpes in 1986.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: "Computer Shopper" was founded in Titusville in 1979 by Glenn Patch, first as a tabloid. It was later expanded as a magazine of over 800 pages per issue. It was published in Titusville until September 1989. That year operations were to be moved to New York City in a joint venture between Patch Communications of Titusville and Ziff Davis.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The A. Max Brewer Bridge, a fixed high-level span on SR-406 connecting Titusville to Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore, opened on February 5, 2011, to replace the former swing bridge built in 1949.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In May 2012, the Brevard County School Board closed Riverview Elementary School for budgetary reasons. It closed South Lake Elementary School on May 25, 2013.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In January 2013, Miracle City Mall closed, a victim of a declining local economy after the termination of the Space Shuttle program in 2012. In addition, county population had moved to the south, and changing shopping habits had adversely affected malls across the country. Demolition of Miracle City Mall occurred February 2015. The site has been redeveloped as a mixed-use outdoor shopping complex called Titus Landing.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Because of population decline, the USPS had closed two post offices in Titusville by 2013, and discussed closing a third.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Titusville is located at (28.591210, –80.819911) in the northern half of Brevard County. According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land, and of it (14.26 percent) is water. Titusville is located on the Indian River Lagoon, part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The city is the only place in the world where the endangered Dicerandra thinicola, or "Titusville mint" grows. The fields are located along a strip between the Titusville wellfield and Mims.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 40,670 people, 17,200 households, and 11,094 families residing in the city. The population density was . The racial makeup of the city was 83.80 percent White, 12.64 percent African American, 0.39 percent Native American, 0.94 percent Asian, 0.04 percent Pacific Islander, 0.73 percent from other races, and 1.46 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.52 percent of the population.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: There were 17,200 households, out of which 26.7 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9 percent were married couples living together, 12.6 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5 percent were non-families. 29.9 percent of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.86.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.9 percent under the age of 18, 6.9 percent from 18 to 24, 26.2 percent from 25 to 44, 23.2 percent from 45 to 64, and 20.8 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. In 2010, this had risen to 43.4. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 2010, for residents 25 and older, 89.3% had completed high school, 22.6% had at least a bachelor's degree.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 2018,Titusville had an estimated population of 45,500 people with a median age of 46.2. The 5 largest racial groups in Titusville are White (Non-Hispanic) (76.7%), Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) (11.4%), White (Hispanic) (5.26%), Two+ (Non-Hispanic) (2.49%), and Asian (Non-Hispanic) (2.13%).


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Titusville is run by a council-manager government. The elected city council serves as the city's legislative branch, while the appointed city manager carries out policies defined by the council. The city is governed according to its Charter, adopted on June 3, 1963.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Titusville has the highest city tax rate in the county. In 2007, the city had a taxable real estate base of $2.34 billion.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The city has 1.8 police officers per thousand residents. This is 52% below average statewide for cities of its size.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Titusville's five city council members (one of whom is the mayor) are elected at-large to four-year, staggered terms. As the city's legislative body, the council determines all municipal policies not explicitly covered by the city charter or state legislation. It also adopts ordinances and resolutions, cote appropriations, approve budgets, determine the tax rate, and appoint citizens to serve on advisory boards and commissions.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The mayor presides over all city council meetings and votes as a council member. The mayor is the recognized head of city government for ceremonial and military law purposes, but has no regular administrative duties. The vice mayor is chosen from among the council members at their annual organizational meeting and takes the mayor's place during absence or disability.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The city manager is chosen by the city council on the basis of training, experience and ability, and serves at the pleasure of the council for an indefinite period of time. The city manager is tasked with enforcing all laws and ordinances, appointing and removing department heads and employees, supervising all departments, keeping the council advised on the city's financial situation, keeping the council and public informed of the city government's operations.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The Brevard County Courthouse is located here. A new jail was built outside town to meet current standards. A full range of county services are provided at the county seat.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 2010, private business was 24.7 percent "other"; 21.5 percent trade, transportation and utilities, 18.1 percent professional and business services; 13.7 percent educational and health services; 12 percent construction; and 10 percent leisure and hospitality. The economy shrunk after lay-offs involving the end of the space shuttle program in 2011, since many employees live in Titusville. Titusville has a high unemployment rate.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $35,607, and the median income for a family was $42,453. This had risen to $44,925 median per household in 2010; $24,374 per capita income. Males had a median income of $36,076 versus $23,998 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,901. About 9.3 percent of families and 12.4 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6 percent of those under age 18 and 6.8 percent of those age 65 or over.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 2018, Titusville, FL had a median household income of $43,765. Between 2017 and 2018 its median household income grew from $42,561 to $43,765.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Many of Titusville's major employers are aerospace companies. Knight's Armament Company in Titusville is believed to be the state's largest manufacturer of small arms. Parrish Medical Center, located in Titusville, is the city's largest employer. In October 2013, Barn Light Electric Company opened a new manufacturing plant, providing work for at least 60 former NASA workers and men who had completed drug rehabilitation.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The city has benefited from tourism associated with the space program, and the TICO Warbird Air Show each March draws about 40,000–50,000 visitors.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: While from the event, the city gets a noticeable economic effect from bikers on their way to the annual Daytona Beach Bike Week.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The unemployment rate was 3.6% in 2000 and 2005. In 2007, the average size of Titusville's labor force was 20,716. Of that group, 19,879 were employed and 837 were unemployed, for an unemployment rate of 4 percent. In December 2010, the city had the highest unemployment in the county, 13.8 percent.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 19,178 housing units at an average density of . In 2008, 55 building permits for 64 units were issued. This was down from 195 permits for 657 units in 2007. The city issued 292 permits for 360 units in 2006.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 2001 149 permits were issued for $18.6 million worth of property; 453 in 2005 for $65.7 million; 45 in 2010 for $9.5 million.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Shopping centers include Walmart Supercenter and Target. They are located in the city's shopping district at the southern end of the city, near the intersection of State Road 405 (Florida) and State Road 50 (Florida).


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The Titusville Public Library is one of seventeen branches within the Brevard County Library System, and it was one of the first of five public libraries in Brevard County, Florida. The birth of the Titusville library began in 1900 due to the efforts of the Progressive Culture Club. The goal of the club was to "promote social intercourse, and to encourage and develop good literary taste." Working with the newly formed Titusville Library Association, the club was able to acquire enough funds to open an official library in 1922 at the corner of Washington and Palmetto Streets. The library was located on the second floor, while the first floor was used for club space. The Progressive Culture Club and the Titusville Library Association later merged to form the Women's Club. In 1949, the library moved in to the Women's Club on Hopkins Avenue. The club continued to operate it until 1954 when it officially became the library for North Brevard. Eventually, this building became inadequate, and the library was briefly relocated to an abandoned canning plant. This location made the library more accessible to the public.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 1957, the Women's Club helmed a project to open a new Titusville Public Library. Designed by Frans Larson, the new library opened at Draa Road and Park Avenue in 1962. The library was renamed the Mildred Bruner Memorial Library in 1966 in honor of the longtime Titusville civic leader. The library closed in July 1972 after the North Brevard Public Library opened. The North Brevard Art League (formerly Titusville Art League) took over the building.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Another Titusville public library known as The Indian River City Public Library, was originally located in south Titusville in the lobby of a post office. Construction for a new Indian River City Library building began in September 1958 at the corner of Coquina and Magnolia and was opened by November of that year. The branch continued to operate until July 1972.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In July 1968, local residents were polled to see if there was enough support to open a large library facility that would replace the antiquated Indian River City Public Library and the Mildred Bruner Memorial Library. On November 4, 1969, residents voted for a one million tax referendum that helped finance the opening of a new public library. At one point, there were plans to open the library at the former Miracle City Shopping Center location. The developers of the center passed on the idea, and the plan was abandoned. After a series of delays, the North Brevard Public Library, opened at its South Hopkins location on July 31, 1972. The building was designed by architect Dick Lemon of Dick Lemon and Megginson Architectural firm. A total of 43,000 books were hauled to the new library from the Indian River County Library and Mildred Bruner Memorial Library. In 1979, the library expanded its space following a donation from the Jacob Hannamann family. Three rooms are named in the family's honor.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Prior to COVID-19, the library provided a variety programs, including Master Gardeners, Line Dancing, volunteer-operated food drives, and Coloring Club for adults. Youth programs included Storytime, Crafts, and Teen Game Night. Other lessons included basic cooking, chess, upcycling and sustainability topics, and yoga. The library also provides eBooks, audiobooks, music, and other digital media via Hoopla and OverDrive.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The library also houses the Nancy Sieck Memorial Genealogy Area. Although it's not the largest of Brevard County's Genealogical Collections, it holds over 2200 genealogy books, over l00 periodicals, as well as microfiche and film with over 2200 books, over 100 periodicals, microfiche and film. Volunteers are in the library on Thursdays to help with research. The Library also has a microfilm machine to aid in research.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 2015, a former patron left the Titusville Public Library a donation of about $860,000. This has been the largest donation made to the Brevard County Library System to date. Renovations started in 2017 and were completed in 2018.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: In 2012, the Titusville branch and other Brevard County Public Libraries faced scrutiny after pulling 50 Shades of Grey from their shelves citing that it did not meet their selection criteria and for its erotic content. This decision was quickly rescinded after public outcries of censorship


title: Titusville, Florida

text: The Titusville Public Library and other Brevard County Libraries have a strong social media presence on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram where they update their community on upcoming events, collaborations, collection alterations or acquisitions, and any shifts in the library industry.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: As of 2006, the city owned water utility drew about of its water supply from two wellfields tapping a surficial aquifer. A new wellfield drawing per day from the Floridan aquifer was added in 2016. The water department had 22,000 customers in 2010.


title: Titusville, Florida

text: Parrish Medical Center, originally established as North Brevard Hospital in 1958, is the hospital that serves Titusville.<ref name="History/Facts"></ref> A new 371,000-sq.ft., $80 million hospital was completed in 2002. It was the first medical center in the Southeast region designed and constructed using the 7 Principles of Evidence-Based Design to create a healing environment. It was also among the first participants of The Pebble Project, a national research initiative to demonstrate that healing environments improve overall quality of care and create life-enhancing environments for patients, families and employees.