title: The Bridge over the River Kwai

text: The incidents portrayed in the book are mostly fictional, and though it depicts bad conditions and suffering caused by the building of the Burma Railway and its bridges, the reality was appalling. Historically the conditions were much worse. The real senior Allied officer at the bridge was British Lieutenant Colonel Philip Toosey. On a BBC "Timewatch" programme, a former prisoner at the camp states that it is unlikely that a man like the fictional Nicholson could have risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel; and if he had, he would have been "quietly eliminated" by the other prisoners. Julie Summers, in her book "The Colonel of Tamarkan", writes that Pierre Boulle, who had been a prisoner of war in Thailand, created the fictional Nicholson character as an amalgam of his memories of collaborating French officers. Boulle outlined the psychological reasoning which led him to conceive the character of Nicholson in an interview which forms part of the 1969 BBC2 documentary "Return to the River Kwai" made by former POW John Coast. A transcript of the interview and the documentary as a whole can be found in the new edition of John Coast's book "Railroad of Death".


title: The Bridge over the River Kwai

text: Unlike the fictional Nicholson, Toosey was not a collaborator with the Japanese. Toosey, in fact, delayed building the bridge by obstruction. Whereas Nicholson disapproves of acts of sabotage and other deliberate attempts to delay progress, Toosey encouraged this: termites were collected in large numbers to eat the wooden structures, and the concrete was badly mixed.


title: The Bridge over the River Kwai

text: The novel was made into the 1957 film "The Bridge on the River Kwai", directed by David Lean, which won the 1957 Academy Award for Best Picture. This film was shot in Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon), and a bridge was erected for the purpose of shooting the film over Kelani River at Kitulgala, Sri Lanka.


title: The Bridge over the River Kwai

text: The film was relatively faithful to the novel, with two major exceptions. Shears, who is a British commando officer like Warden in the novel, became an American sailor who escapes from the POW camp. Also, in the novel, the bridge is not destroyed: the train plummets into the river from a secondary charge placed by Warden, but Nicholson (never realising "what have I done?") does not fall onto the plunger, and the bridge suffers only minor damage. Boulle nonetheless enjoyed the film version though he disagreed with its climax.


title: The Bridge over the River Kwai

text: After the film was released, the Thais faced a problem as thousands of tourists came to see the 'bridge over the River Kwai', but no such bridge existed due to Boulle's aforementioned misassumption. As the film and book meant to 'portray' the bridge over the Mae Klong, the Thai authorities officially renamed the river. The Mae Klong is now called the Kwae Yai ('Big Kwae') for several miles north of the confluence with the Kwae Noi ('Little Kwae'), including the section under the bridge.


title: The Bridge over the River Kwai

text: In 1962 Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers, with Peter Cook and Jonathan Miller, released the record "The Bridge on the River Wye", a spoof of the film version of "Kwai" based around the 1957 "Goon Show" "An African Incident". It was intended to have the same name as the film, but shortly before its release, the film company threatened legal action if the name was used. Producer George Martin edited out the "K" every time the word "Kwai" was spoken.


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: "Love Is in the Air" is a 1977 disco song by Australian singer John Paul Young. It was written by George Young (no relation) and Harry Vanda, and released as the lead single from Young's fourth studio album, "Love Is in the Air" (1978). The song became a worldwide hit in 1978, peaking at No. 3 on the Australian charts and No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, it peaked at No. 7 on the pop chart and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, his only US top 40 hit. The song plays at 122 beats per minute, a typical 1970s disco rhythm. At the Australian 1978 King of Pop Awards, the song won Most Popular Australian Single. In 1992, a remix of the song was released and featured on the soundtrack to the Golden Globe-nominated film "Strictly Ballroom". A new music video was also produced.


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: In 2017, the song was selected for preservation in the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia collection.


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: John Paul Young said of the recording, "We actually did 'Love Is in the Air' because we needed something for the German market. 'Standing in the Rain' became a hit in the clubs over there and then on the charts, so we needed a follow-up. I'd been to Germany and heard the music. It was electronic mania, all clicks and electronic buzzes. So George and Harry gave it the treatment."


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: "Love Is in the Air" was the theme song to Baz Luhrmann's 1992 debut feature film "Strictly Ballroom".


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: The song was played at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Torino, Italy during the opening ceremony's parade of athletes.


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: In Canada, Young's recording of "Love Is in the Air" performed significantly more poorly on the charts than in most other countries, due to the existence of a contemporaneous version of the song by Canadian singer Martin Stevens. Stevens had received Young's demo recording, and recorded a version of the song for his 1978 album, before Young's song was released.


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: Stevens' version debuted on the Canadian charts in July 1978, and had already reached #21 by September 9, the week Young's version debuted. The two versions appear to have cut into each other's chart momentum thereafter, with Stevens' version peaking at #19 a few weeks later before declining on the charts, while Young's peaked at #26 two weeks later. In the year-end "RPM" charts for 1978, Stevens' version ranked #137 and Young's ranked #195. Stevens' version of the song was a Juno Award nominee for Best Selling Single at the Juno Awards of 1979.


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: "Love Is in the Air (Ballroom mix)" was released in August 1992 as the lead single from the Golden Globe-nominated film "Strictly Ballroom" soundtrack (1992). It peaked at number nine in Denmark and number 49 in the UK. Outside Europe, it reached number two in New Zealand and number three in Australia. A new music video was shot to accompany the song featuring footage from the movie.


title: Love Is in the Air (song)

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" stated that Young "updates his '70s classic for the soundtrack to ""Strictly Ballroom"" with a festive '90s-minded dance beat." British magazine "Music Week" gave the 1992 remix three out of five in their review of the song.


title: Casuistry

text: In ethics, casuistry ( ) is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending theoretical rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also commonly used as a pejorative to criticize the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions (as in sophistry). It is the "[s]tudy of cases of conscience and a method of solving conflicts of obligations by applying general principles of ethics, religion, and moral theology to particular and concrete cases of human conduct. This frequently demands an extensive knowledge of natural law and equity, civil law, ecclesiastical precepts, and an exceptional skill in interpreting these various norms of conduct." It remains a common tool for applied ethics.


title: Casuistry

text: According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the term and its agent noun "casuist", appearing from about 1600, derive from the Latin noun , meaning "case", especially as referring to a "case of conscience". The same source says that "[e]ven in the earliest printed uses the sense was pejorative".


title: Casuistry

text: Casuistry dates from Aristotle (384–322 BC), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance (or "confession"). The term became pejorative following Blaise Pascal's attack on the misuse of the method in his "Provincial Letters" (1656–57). The French mathematician, religious philosopher and Jansenist sympathiser attacked priests who used casuistic reasoning in confession to placate wealthy church donors. Pascal charged that aristocratic penitents could confess a sin one day, re-commit it the next, then generously donate to the church and return to re-confess their sin in confidence of being assigned only a nominal penance. These criticisms darkened casuistry's reputation in following centuries. For example, the "Oxford English Dictionary" quotes a 1738 essay by Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke to the effect that casuistry "destroys, by distinctions and exceptions, all morality, and effaces the essential difference between right and wrong, good and evil"


title: Casuistry

text: The 20th century saw a revival of interest in casuistry. In their book "The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning" (1988), Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin argue that it is not casuistry but the abuse of casuistry that has been a problem; that, properly used, casuistry is powerful reasoning. Jonsen and Toulmin offer casuistry as a method for dissolving the contradictory tenets of moral absolutism and moral relativism. In addition, the ethical philosophies of utilitarianism (especially preference utilitarianism) and pragmatism have been identified as employing casuistic reasoning.


title: Casuistry

text: The casuistic method was popular among Catholic thinkers in the early modern period. Casuistic authors include Antonio Escobar y Mendoza, whose "Summula casuum conscientiae" (1627) enjoyed a great success, Thomas Sanchez, Vincenzo Filliucci (Jesuit and penitentiary at St Peter's), Antonino Diana, Paul Laymann ("Theologia Moralis", 1625), John Azor ("Institutiones Morales", 1600), Etienne Bauny, Louis Cellot, Valerius Reginaldus, and Hermann Busembaum (d. 1668). One of the main theses of casuists was the need to adapt the rigorous morals of the Early Fathers of Christianity to modern conditions and concerns. This led in some extreme cases to justification of usury, homicide, regicide, lying through "mental reservation", adultery and loss of virginity before marriage—all cases registered by Pascal in his "Provincial Letters".


title: Casuistry

text: The progress of casuistry was interrupted toward the middle of the 17th century by the controversy which arose concerning the doctrine of probabilism, which stipulated that one could choose to follow a "probable opinion", that is, supported by a theologian or another, even if it contradicted a more probable opinion or a quotation from one of the Fathers of the Church. The controversy divided Catholic theologians into two camps, Rigorists and Laxists.


title: Casuistry

text:
Certain kinds of casuistry were criticized by early Protestant theologians, because it was used in order to justify many of the abuses that they sought to reform. It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity. By the mid-18th century, "casuistry" had become a synonym for specious moral reasoning.
 However, Puritans were known for their own development of casuistry.


title: Casuistry

text: In 1679 Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five of the more radical propositions ("stricti mentalis"), taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists as "propositiones laxorum moralistarum" and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. Despite this papal condemnation, both Catholicism and Protestantism permit the use of ambiguous and equivocal statements in specific circumstances.


title: Casuistry

text: G. E. Moore dealt with casuistry in chapter 1.4 of his "Principia Ethica", in which he claims that "the defects of casuistry are not defects of principle; no objection can be taken to its aim and object. It has failed only because it is far too difficult a subject to be treated adequately in our present state of knowledge". Furthermore, he asserted that "casuistry is the goal of ethical investigation. It cannot be safely attempted at the beginning of our studies, but only at the end".


title: Casuistry

text: Since the 1960s, applied ethics has revived the ideas of casuistry in applying ethical reasoning to particular cases in law, bioethics, and business ethics, so the reputation of casuistry is somewhat rehabilitated.


title: Casuistry

text: Pope Francis, a Jesuit, has criticized casuistry as "the practice of setting general laws on the basis of exceptional cases" in instances where a more holistic approach would be preferred.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Dallin Harris Oaks (born August 12, 1932) is an American religious leader and former jurist and academic who since 2018 has been the first counselor in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called as a member of the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1984. Currently, he is the second most senior apostle by years of service and is the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Oaks was born and raised in Provo, Utah. He studied accounting at Brigham Young University (BYU), then went to law school at the University of Chicago, where he was editor-in-chief of the "University of Chicago Law Review" and graduated in 1957 with a J.D. "cum laude". Oaks was a law clerk for Chief Justice Earl Warren of the U.S. Supreme Court, then spent three years in private practice at Kirkland & Ellis before returning to the University of Chicago as a professor of law in 1961. He taught at Chicago until 1971, when he was chosen to succeed Ernest L. Wilkinson as the president of BYU. Oaks was BYU's president from 1971 until 1980 and was then appointed to the Utah Supreme Court, on which he served until his selection to the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1984.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: During his professional career, Oaks was twice considered by the U.S. president for nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court: first in 1975 by Gerald Ford, who ultimately nominated John Paul Stevens, and again in 1981 by Ronald Reagan, who ultimately nominated Sandra Day O'Connor.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Dallin Oaks was born on August 12, 1932, in Provo, Utah, to Stella ("née" Harris) and Lloyd E. Oaks. Through his mother, he is a 2nd great-grand-nephew of one of the three witnesses to the Book of Mormon, Martin Harris. He was given the name Dallin in honor of Utah artist Cyrus Dallin. His mother was the artist's model for "The Pioneer Mother", a public statue in Springville, Utah. She was present for the unveiling of the statue less than three weeks before Dallin Oaks was born.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Oaks was injured in a car accident that threw him from the car when he was nine months old, which was reported in both the Provo and Vernal newspapers. When Oaks was two years old, his father moved the family from Provo to Twin Falls, Idaho, where they would live until Oaks was eight. Oaks began his schooling at Washington School in Twin Falls. His father served as a member of the Twin Falls Stake's high council. Oaks was hospitalized twice with pneumonia while living in Twin Falls. In October 1939, when Oaks was 7 and his father was 37, Lloyd Oaks was hospitalized in Twin Falls with what was initially diagnosed as cancer. After 16 days he was transferred to a hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah, where he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Lloyd Oaks was then transferred to the Bethesda Tuberculosis Sanitorium in Denver, Colorado, where he remained for about seven months until he died.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: After the death of her husband, Stella Oaks suffered an episode of mental illness and was unable to attend school and work for a time. During this time, Oaks and his two younger siblings resided with their maternal grandparents in Payson, Utah. The loss of his father and the temporary loss of his mother caused him to have difficulties concentrating in school. When he was about nine or ten years old, he resumed living with his mother, who had taken a position as a teacher in Vernal, Utah.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Both of his parents were graduates of BYU. After his father died, his mother pursued a graduate degree at Columbia University and later served as head of adult education for the Provo School District. In 1956, she became the first woman to sit on the Provo City Council, where she served for two terms. In 1958, she also briefly served as Provo's assistant mayor.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: From about age 10 to 16 Oaks and his younger brother and sister spent the school year in Vernal, Utah, and the summer in Payson, Utah, with his maternal grandparents while his mother pursued her graduate degree at Columbia. During these years his mother was a high school teacher in Vernal. Oaks obtained his first job at the age of twelve at a radio repair shop in Vernal sweeping the floors. He later worked as an engineer and announcer for stations in both Vernal (KJAM) and Provo (KCSU). He had obtained his first-class radio operator license in the spring of 1948.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: During his first two years of high school Oaks attended Uintah High School in Vernal, where he was on the football team, involved in debate, and played the oboe in the school band. At the start of his 11th-grade year, the Oaks family moved to Provo, where he chose to attend Brigham Young High School (B Y High) because it was smaller than Provo High School. At B Y High, he was again involved in football, track, playing the oboe in the band, and dramatic productions. Oaks graduated from B Y High in 1950.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: After high school, Oaks attended BYU, where he occasionally served as a radio announcer at high school basketball games. At one of these basketball games during his freshman year at BYU, he met June Dixon, a senior at the high school, whom he married during his junior year at BYU. Due to his membership in the Utah National Guard and the threat of being called up to serve in the Korean War, Oaks was unable to serve as an LDS Church missionary. In 1952, Oaks married Dixon in the Salt Lake Temple. He graduated from BYU in accounting with high honors in 1954.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Oaks attended the University of Chicago Law School on a full-tuition National Honor Scholarship, where he served as editor-in-chief of the "University of Chicago Law Review" during his third year. Oaks graduated with a Juris Doctor "cum laude" in 1957.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: After graduating from law school in 1957, Oaks spent a year as a law clerk to chief justice Earl Warren of the U.S. Supreme Court. After his clerkship, he entered private practice at the law firm Kirkland & Ellis, where he specialized in corporate litigation. Oaks had worked with this firm twice before, first during a summer in law school and then for a few months before he began his clerkship with Justice Warren. When Oaks began work at Kirkland & Ellis he worked under Robert Bork but he was quickly appointed as one of the principal lawyers. He mainly worked on cases for clients Standard Oil of Indiana, B. F. Goodrich and Chemetron Corporation, but also assisted with cases with several other companies. Initially they lived fairly far west in the suburbs of Chicago, but in 1960 the Oaks bought a house in Elmhurst, Illinois. According to historian Lavina Fielding Anderson, Oaks was the first lawyer from Kirkland & Ellis to represent an indigent party before the Illinois Supreme Court. This case was also the first time Oaks argued a case before an appellate court.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In 1961, Oaks left Kirkland & Ellis and became a professor at the University of Chicago Law School. During part of his time on the faculty of the Law School, Oaks served as interim dean. During this time, Rex E. Lee was among the students he sought to get placed in Supreme Court clerkships. As a faculty member, Oaks taught primarily in the fields of trust and estate law, as well as gift taxation law. He worked with George Bogert on a new edition of a casebook on trusts. In 1963, Oaks edited a book entitled "The Wall Between Church and State" covering discussions on views on the relationship of the government and religion in the law and the aptness of that metaphor. He also wrote an article on the school prayer cases aimed at a lay audience that was published in the LDS Church's "Improvement Era" in December 1963. He also wrote on issues of evidence exclusion and the Fourth Amendment. He was opposed to the exclusionary rule and favored prosection in "victim-less crimes". In the summer of 1964, he served as assistant state's attorney for Cook County, Illinois. In the fall of 1964, Oaks was appointed a full professor at the University of Chicago law school. While at the University of Chicago, Oaks was the faculty advisor to the legal aid clinic at that institution. He also worked to find ways to address the root issues facing the poor. He felt the federal anti-poverty programs of the time focused too much on symptoms and not enough on causes. Oaks served as a visiting professor at the University of Michigan Law School during the summer of 1968.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In 1968, he became a founding member of the editorial board of ""; he resigned from the journal in early 1970. In 1969, Oaks served as chairman of the University of Chicago disciplinary committee. In conducting hearings against the 160 students who had been involved in a sit-in at the administration building, Oaks was physically attacked twice. Over 100 students were eventually either suspended or expelled. During the first half of 1970, Oaks took a leave of absence from the University of Chicago while serving as legal counsel to the Bill of Rights Committee of the Illinois Constitutional Convention, which caused him to work closely with the committee chair, Elmer Gertz. From 1970 to 1971, Oaks served as the executive director of the American Bar Foundation. Oaks left the University of Chicago Law School when he was appointed the president of BYU in 1971. In 1975, Oaks was one of eleven considered to be nominated for the vacancy in the United States Supreme Court.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Oaks also served five years as chairman of the board of directors of the Public Broadcasting Service (1979–84) and eight years as chairman of the board of directors of the Polynesian Cultural Center. Additionally, over the course of his career, Oaks served as a director of the Union Pacific Corporation and Union Pacific Railroad.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: After the resignation of Ernest L. Wilkinson as BYU's 7th president, Neal A. Maxwell, who was the Commissioner of the Church Educational System, created a search committee for a new president, without any good leads on candidates. Both Wilkinson and University of Utah Vice President Jerry R. Anderson recommended to Maxwell that Oaks be interviewed. He was offered the position and assumed his duties on August 1, 1971. From 1971 to 1980, Oaks served as BYU's 8th president. Oaks oversaw the start of the J. Reuben Clark Law School and the Graduate Business School. Bruce C. Hafen was the main assistant and point man to Oaks in the process of setting up the law school.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Although university enrollment continued to grow and new buildings were added, neither was done at the pace of the previous administration. Unlike his predecessor, Oaks took a hands-off approach to the discipline of the university students specifically in relation to the Church Educational System Honor Code. He believed that should be delegated to the dean of students. Oaks was well-liked and became a popular president, contrasting the austerity of the Wilkinson administration. Oaks created a Faculty Advisory Council where faculty members could be elected to the committee. He also instituted a three-tiered system of general education examinations for undergraduates.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: When Oaks took office as BYU president, he retained Robert K. Thomas as academic vice president and Ben E. Lewis as executive vice president, the same positions they had held under Wilkinson. Early in his administration, Oaks sought to delegate more authority to deans and department chairs. He also worked to create standardized lines of authority within the university.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Other major changes under Oaks included implementing a three-semester plan with full fall and winter semesters, and a split spring and summer term. This also shifted the end of the fall term to before Christmas. Oaks also oversaw a large-scale celebration of the BYU centennial. During his tenure at BYU, enrollment grew twenty percent; the average class size was maintained at thirty-four students. Library holdings increased to 2 million and the number of faculty members with doctorate degrees increased to 22 percent. The number of buildings constructed per year decreased to eight per year, compared to eleven per year during Wilkinson's administration. Church appropriations increased from $19.5 million to $76 million, making up approximately one-third of the university's income. Spending increased from $60 million to $240 million. Under the realization that faculty salaries were considerably low compared to other colleges in the western United States, BYU periodically increased the salary of employees, particularly female employees. Even with the raising of salaries, BYU faculty salaries were still about $1,000 less than other universities and colleges in the region. University income was bolstered by donations and fund-raising. In the mid-1960s, the university decided to name buildings after people who donated more than $500,000 to the university. The first building constructed entirely from private donations was the N. Eldon Tanner Building.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: During his administration, Oaks worked to focus on the equal treatment of women in the workplace. BYU instituted affirmative action policies to hire more women and worked to equalize salaries of men and women employees. Despite affirmative actions policies, the number of female full professors was almost unchanged after his presidency and BYU was behind other universities in the United States in the number of female employees by five percent. Oaks established an ad hoc committee over women's affairs to investigate gender discrimination at BYU. In 1975, BYU instituted policies prohibiting unfair distribution of church-sponsored scholarships based on gender. While at BYU, Oaks led an effort to fight the application of Title IX to non-educational programs at schools that did not accept direct government aid. BYU was one of two initial schools to voice opposition to these policies. This issue ultimately ended in an agreement between the U.S. Department of Education and BYU that allowed BYU to retain requirements that all unmarried students live in gender-specific housing whether they lived on or off campus. Oaks was a proponent for a lack of federal government intrusion in the private education sector and served as president of the American Association of Presidents of Independent Colleges and Universities for three years.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: His administration dealt with multiple attempts by the federal government to exert control over BYU. In 1975, what was then the U.S. Department of Housing, Education and Welfare, tried an unsuccessful attempt to state that BYU's honor code was in some way discriminatory based on sex. The next year, the Justice Department tried to exert power against small landlords to no longer uphold BYU's sex-separated housing standard, but BYU also prevail in this matter. In 1979, the Internal Revenue Service tried to force BYU to disclose names of its donors on the contention that they were over-valuing the worth of their donation to BYU. This case went to federal court where it was ruled that the demand was unjustified.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: During his presidency, he co-authored "" with BYU professor of history Marvin S. Hill. The book received the Mormon History Association Best Book prize in 1976.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: During his presidency at BYU, Oaks was known for his moderate personal views which largely contrasted with the ultra-conservative views of his predecessor, Wilkinson. Oaks struggled during his presidency to distance BYU and the LDS Church from the partisan political atmosphere that had become typical under Wilkinson. Oaks established a policy to prevent BYU administrators from participating in partisan politics. Oaks continued to attempt to separate politics from BYU in his dealings with W. Cleon Skousen. Skousen, a known anti-communist, was hired as a BYU religion professor by Wilkinson. Other professors in the religion department were very critical of his hiring, believing he was unqualified for the position and was only hired because of his conservative viewpoints. During the Oaks administration, Skousen claimed to have been authorized to teach a new course about "Priesthood and Righteous Government", which would be published clandestinely under the name "Gospel Principles and Practices". This course was intended to be for ultra-conservative students to inform them of what to do about communist infiltration. Upon learning of Skousen's intentions, Oaks informed the First Presidency that he would not be permitted to teach that course. Skousen was told to stop mixing church doctrine and politics and to stop activities associated with his educational politics-based organization called the "Freeman Institute", now known as the National Center for Constitutional Studies. However, he largely ignored this instruction, and continued teaching his version of politically-infused doctrine until his retirement from BYU in 1978. By the mid-1970s, the relationship between Oaks and some of the more conservative members of the Board of Trustees became strained, particularly with Ezra Taft Benson. During Oaks's tenure, Benson condemned the undergraduate economics textbooks used as supporting "Keynesian" economics and he expressed concern as to whether faculty was teaching socialist economics. Oaks was displeased upon learning that the College of Social Sciences invited the leader of Utah's Communist party to speak to political science classes, believing that it could have set an undesired precedent. Not long afterward, Oaks became upset when he learned that Benson had invited activist Phyllis Schlafy to address students despite having been rejected by the Speakers Committee previously due to her "extreme" views. Most prominently, Oaks fought against the hiring of conservative Richard Vetterli despite the promise Wilkinson had made in hiring him before his resignation. Wilkinson lobbied Benson in appointing Vetterli after he left BYU and Benson and the Board of Trustees approved his appointment despite claims from Oaks that Vetterli was not qualified. Soon afterward, Oaks was released as BYU president and Jeffrey R. Holland took his place. The press cited the stand-off between Benson and Oaks in regards to Vetterli as a contributing factor to Oaks's release. Oaks on the other hand fully stated his leaving BYU was caused by his being worn out from having run the institution for nine years.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: When Oaks had been in office for six years, he wrote to the First Presidency believing that he had become close-minded in his position and suggested that BYU establish a six- or seven-year term limit for its presidents. His proposal was tabled for more than two years before he was unexpectedly notified of his release by the news media. After serving for nine years, he stepped down in August 1980. Oaks was appointed to the Utah Supreme Court three months later.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Upon leaving BYU, Oaks was appointed as a justice of the Utah Supreme Court on January 1, 1981, by Utah governor Scott M. Matheson. He served in this capacity from 1980 to 1984, when he resigned after being appointed by the LDS Church as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In 1975, Oaks was listed by U.S. attorney general Edward H. Levi among potential Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates. In 1981, he was closely considered by the Ronald Reagan administration as a Supreme Court nominee.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: As a law professor, Oaks focused his scholarly research on the writ of habeas corpus and the exclusionary rule. In "California v. Minjares", Justice William H. Rehnquist, in a dissenting opinion, wrote "[t]he most comprehensive study on the exclusionary rule is probably that done by Dallin Oaks for the American Bar Foundation in 1970. According to this article, it is an open question whether the exclusionary rule deters the police from violating Fourth Amendment protections of individuals.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Oaks also undertook a legal analysis of the Nauvoo, city council's actions against the "Nauvoo Expositor". He opined that while the destruction of the "Expositors printing press was legally questionable, under the law of the time the newspaper certainly could have been declared libelous and therefore a public nuisance by the Nauvoo City Council. As a result, Oaks concludes that while under contemporaneous law it would have been legally permissible for city officials to destroy, or "abate", the actual printed newspapers, the destruction of the printing press itself was probably outside of the council's legal authority, and its owners could have sued for damages.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: As a Utah Supreme Court justice from 1980 to 1984, Oaks authored opinions on a variety of topics. In "In Re J. P.", a proceeding was instituted on a petition of the Division of Family Services to terminate parental rights of child J.P.'s natural mother. Oaks wrote that a parent has a fundamental right protected by the Constitution to sustain their relationship with their child but that a parent can nevertheless be deprived of parental rights upon a showing of unfitness, abandonment, and substantial neglect.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In "KUTV, Inc. v. Conder", media representatives sought review by appeal and by a writ of prohibition of an order barring the media from using the words "Sugarhouse rapist" or disseminating any information on past convictions of the defendant during the pendency of a criminal trial. Oaks, in the opinion delivered by the court, held that the order barring the media from using the words "Sugarhouse rapist" or disseminating any information on past convictions of defendant during the pendency of the criminal trial was invalid on the ground that it was not accompanied by the procedural formalities required for the issuance of such an order.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In "Wells v. Children's Aid Soc. of Utah", an unwed minor father brought action through a guardian ad litem seeking custody of a newborn child that had been released to the state adoption agency and subsequently to adoptive parents after the father had failed to make timely filing of his acknowledgment of paternity as required by statute. Oaks, writing the opinion for the court, held that the statute specifying the procedure for terminating parental rights of unwed fathers was constitutional under due process clause of the United States Constitution.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Among works edited by Oaks is a collection of essays entitled "The Wall Between Church and State." Since becoming an apostle, Oaks has consistently spoken in favor of religious freedom and warned that it is under threat. He testified as an official representative of the LDS Church on behalf of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act during congressional hearings in 1991, and then in 1998 in favor of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. This was one of few occasions on which the church has sent a representative to testify on behalf of a bill before the U.S. Congress.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: While a law student, Oaks served as an elders quorum leader in his ward in Chicago. After he returned to the Chicago Metro Area after being a clerk to Justice Warren, Oaks was a counselor in the ward Sunday School presidency starting in 1959. He also was a counselor in the presidency of the Chicago Stake genealogical organization. He was then called as a stake missionary and counselor in the stake mission presidency, a set of positions at the time that required him to spend about 40 hours a month proselytizing.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In 1962, Oaks served as the stake mission president in the church's Chicago Illinois Stake. He was set apart to this position by Boyd K. Packer, who was then an Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In 1963, he served as second counselor in the presidency of the newly created Chicago Illinois South Stake. He was set apart to this office by Howard W. Hunter. He later served briefly as the first counselor in the same stake in 1970, but was released when he was appointed as BYU's president and moved to Utah.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: During part of his time as BYU president, Oaks served as a regional representative, assigned to oversee some of the stakes in the Salt Lake Valley. After leaving BYU, Oaks conducted research and other assignments for the church's special affairs committee, headed by Gordon B. Hinckley, and overseeing public relations, government relations, and related matters. In the years prior to his call as an apostle, Oaks served as a teacher in his ward Sunday School organization, first in a class for the 16-year-olds and later in the class for adults.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: On April 7, 1984, during the Saturday morning session of the LDS Church's general conference, Oaks was sustained an apostle and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. In addition to advisory and operational duties, as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Oaks is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Although sustained on April 7, Oaks was not ordained an apostle until May 3, 1984. He was given this time between sustaining and ordination to complete his judicial commitments. Of the shift from judge to apostolic witness, Oaks commented, "Many years ago, Thomas Jefferson coined the metaphor, 'the wall between church and state.' I have heard the summons from the other side of the wall. I'm busy making the transition from one side of the wall to the other." At age 51, he was the youngest apostle in the quorum at the time and the youngest man to be called to the quorum since Boyd K. Packer, who was called in 1970 at age 45.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: From 1985 to 2000, and again from 2005 to 2010, Oaks served as one of the advisors to the church's history department, where he served with Russell M. Nelson in this assignment during the latter time period. For several years Oaks was also closely involved with the church's public relations operations.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Oaks has spoken on behalf of the LDS Church on political issues, primarily those affecting religious liberty. In 1992, he testified before committees in the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives on the proposed Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), arguing that it would be a step in the right direction in maintaining protection of religious liberty after the precedent set by "Employment Division v. Smith" (1990). Oaks spoke again after the law had passed in 1993 and had subsequently been ruled unconstitutional a few years later.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: From 2002 to 2004, Oaks presided over the church's Philippines Area. Responsibility for presiding over such areas is generally delegated to members of the Quorums of the Seventy. The assignment of Oaks, along with Jeffrey R. Holland, who served in Chile at the same time, was aimed at addressing challenges in developing areas of the church, including rapid growth in membership, focus on retention of new converts, and training local leadership. During his first year as president, Oaks and his counselors, Angel Abrea and Richard J. Maynes, focused on three main goals: teaching doctrine and building faith, shifting efforts more towards retention, and establishing programs of activity for youth. In his second year there, Abrea was replaced by Rex E. Garrett and increasing both temple attendance and the number of Filipinos serving missions were added to their focus.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: On February 26, 2010, Oaks addressed students at the annual Mormonism 101 Series convened at Harvard Law School.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In April 2015, included as part of an assignment to tour Argentina, Oaks gave a speech on religious freedom to the Argentine Council for International Relations.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Among other assignments, Oaks has served as the senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on the Church Board of Education and Boards of Trustees (CES Board), including as chairman of its Executive Committee.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In January 2018, Russell M. Nelson became the church's new president. As the apostle second in seniority to Nelson, Oaks became President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. However, since Oaks was appointed as Nelson's first counselor in the First Presidency, M. Russell Ballard was appointed as the quorum's acting president. As first counselor in the First Presidency, Oaks serves as first vice chairman of the CES Board.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: On June 1, 2018, Oaks gave the opening address at the First Presidency-sponsored "Be One" event, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males, regardless of race. Oaks spoke of seeing the hurt that the restriction had caused, moreso while he was a resident of Washington, D.C., and Chicago than he had seen in Utah. He also spoke of how the announcement had been a very emotional time for him. He noted that, prior to the 1978 announcement, having studied many explanations for the priesthood restriction, he concluded that he was not satisfied that any offered explanation for the restriction was inspired. Oaks called on people to not dwell too deeply on past policies but to look forward to a brighter future. He also denounced any prejudices, be they racial, ethnic, economic, or others and called on anyone who held such beliefs to repent.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: In October 2020, Oaks gave a talk at general conference in which he encouraged civility and denounced racism. On October 27, 2020, he gave a BYU devotional address in which he again touched on this topic, explicitly endorsing the message "Black lives matter" while also discouraging its use to advance controversial propositions. In May 2022, Oaks delivered a eulogy at the funeral service of former Senator Orrin Hatch.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Oaks earned the rank of Eagle Scout in 1947, and he was honored with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 1984. He was named "Judge of the Year" by the Utah State Bar in 1984, and he was bestowed the Lee Lieberman Otis Award for Distinguished Service by the Federalist Society in 2012. He received the Canterbury Medal from the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty in 2013, and he received the Pillar of the Valley Award by Utah Valley Chamber of Commerce in 2014. In 2021, he was honored by America's Freedom Festival for his lifetime of work promoting the values of God, family, freedom, and country. Oaks was named an honorary board member of the World Congress of Families.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Students at the University of Chicago Law School created the Dallin H. Oaks Society to "increase awareness within the Law School community of the presence, beliefs, and concerns of law students who are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints".


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: Oaks married June Dixon on June 24, 1952. She died from cancer on July 21, 1998. They had six children, including Dallin D. Oaks, a linguistics professor at BYU, and Jenny Oaks Baker, a violinist. The last child the Oaks had was born 13 years after their fifth child.


title: Dallin H. Oaks

text: On August 25, 2000, Oaks married Kristen Meredith McMain in the Salt Lake Temple. McMain was in her early 50s, and it was her first marriage; she had previously served a mission for the LDS Church in the Japan Sendai Mission. McMain has bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Utah and a doctorate in curriculum and instruction from BYU.


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: Birds of a feather flock together is an English proverb. The meaning is that beings (typically humans) of similar type, interest, personality, character, or other distinctive attribute tend to mutually associate.


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: The idiom is sometimes spoken or written as an anapodoton, where only the first part ("Birds of a feather") is given and the second part ("...flock together") is implied, as, for example "The whole lot of them are thick as thieves; well, birds of a feather, you know" (this requires the reader or listener to be familiar with the idiom).


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: In nature, birds of the same species in flight often form homogeneous groups for various reasons, such as to defend against predators. This behavior of birds has been observed by people since time immemorial, and is the source of the idiom ("of a feather" means "of the same plumage," that is, of the same species).


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: The first known written instance of metaphorical use of the flocking behavior of birds is found in the second century BC, where Ben Sira uses it in his apocryphal Biblical "Book of Ecclesiasticus", written about 180–175 BC. This was translated into Greek sometime after 117 BC (probably), and it is this Greek version that has commonly been used, even in the Septuagint used by diaspora Jews.


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: Other renderings give "Birds roost with their own kind, so honesty comes home to those who practice it" (New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition, 1989), "Birds nest with their own kind, and honesty comes to those who work at it" (New American Bible Revised Edition, 2011), and so forth.


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: The first known use of the idiom in original English writing is 1545, when William Turner used a version of it in his anti-Catholic satire "The Rescuing of the Papist Fox":


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: John Minsheu's "The Dictionarie in Spanish and English" (1599) has "Birdes of a feather will flocke togither". Philemon Holland's 1600 translation of Livy's "Ab Urbe Condita Libri" has "As commonly birds of a feather will flye together", while Dryden's 1697 translation "The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Aeneis" ascribes flocking behavior to humans: "What place the gods for our repose assigned / Friends daily flock..."


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: Benjamin Jowett's translation Plato's 360 BC "Republic", published in 1856 and in use since, has "Men of my age flock together; we are birds of a feather, as the old proverb says".


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: However, Jowett here is taking a liberty in rendering Plato's phrase into idiomatic English of his time; the Greek original has nothing about birds, and it is not known what "old proverb" is referred to. Other translations dispense with the bird reference, hewing more closely to the original text: Allan Bloom's 1968 translation of the passage has "By Zeus, I shall tell you just how it looks to me, Socrates, he said. Some of us who are about the same age often meet together and keep up the old proverb."


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: The idiom appears occasionally in the literary canon, both in English and translations from other languages.


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: Swift's poem "A Conference, Between Sir Harry Pierce's Chariot, And Mrs. D. Stopford's Chair" (c. 1710) has "And since we're so near, like birds of a feather / Let's e'en, as they say, set our horses together", while Anthony Trollope in "The Prime Minister" (1876) has "'They're birds of a feather,' said Lopez. 'Birds of a feather do fall out sometimes'...", and James Joyce in "Ulysses" (1922) has "I have more than once observed that birds of a feather laugh together." Tolstoy's "War and Peace" (1869, first translated into English in 1899) has "...so that birds of a feather may fight together" (that is, on the same side). (A Russian proverb with similar meaning is одного поля ягоды ("bones from the same field")


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: In Chinese, a form similar to anapodoton, called xiehouyu ("a saying with the latter part suspended"), is a folk tradition. One xiehouyu of similar meaning to "birds of a feather...", and which may be idiomatically translated as that, is 物以類聚, "Similar things collect...", where the second part (人以群分, "...similar people also") is left unsaid and implied.


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: A similar proverb in Japanese is 目の寄る所へ玉が寄る, literally "where the eyes go, the eyeballs follow" but with an understood idiomatic meaning of "like draws like", which can be translated into idiomatic English as "birds of a feather flock together", as may the Japanese saying 類は友を呼ぶ, "similar calls a friend."


title: Birds of a feather flock together

text: In Swedish "lika barn leka bäst" ("children that are alike play the best [together]") is also sometimes translated into idiomatic English as "birds of a feather flock together."


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate (EV), sold for use by mouth under the brand name Progynova and Primiwal E4 and for use by injection under the brand names Delestrogen and Progynon Depot among others, is an estrogen medication. It is used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels, hormone therapy for transgender people, and in hormonal birth control. It is also used in the treatment of prostate cancer. The medication is taken by mouth or by injection into muscle or fat once every 1 to 4 weeks.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Side effects of estradiol valerate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. Estradiol valerate is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body. Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate was first described in 1940 and was introduced for medical use in 1954. Along with estradiol cypionate, it is one of the most widely used esters of estradiol. Estradiol valerate is used in the United States, Canada, Europe, and throughout much of the rest of the world. It is available as a generic medication.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: The medical uses of estradiol valerate are the same as those of estradiol and other estrogens. Examples of indications for the medication include hormone therapy and hormonal contraception. In regard to the latter, estradiol valerate is available in combination with a progestin as a combined estradiol-containing oral contraceptive (with dienogest) and as a combined injectable contraceptive. Along with estradiol cypionate, estradiol undecylate, and estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate is used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It is also used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. Low-dose oral estradiol valerate (2–6 mg/day) has been used in the treatment of breast cancer in women who were previously treated with and benefited from but acquired resistance to aromatase inhibitors as well. Injectable estradiol valerate has been used to suppress sex drive in sex offenders.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: In the United States, the approved indications of estradiol valerate injections include the treatment of moderate to severe hot flashes and vaginal atrophy associated with menopause in women, the treatment of hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure in women, and the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer in men. Elsewhere in the world, oral estradiol valerate is similarly approved for the treatment of symptoms associated with menopause or hypoestrogenism due to castration in women. Such symptoms may include hot flashes, outbreaks of sweat, sleep disturbances, depressive moods, irritability, headaches, and dizziness.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate by intramuscular injection is usually used at a dosage of 10 to 20 mg every 4 weeks in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure in women. In the past, it was used at even higher doses of 10 to 40 every 1 to 4 weeks for estrogen replacement. Estradiol valerate is usually used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer in men at a dosage of 30 mg or more every 1 to 2 weeks by intramuscular injection. In transgender women, estradiol valerate given by intramuscular injection is usually used at a dosage of 5 to 20 mg, but up to 30 to 40 mg, once every 2 weeks. Estradiol valerate has also been used at a dose of 10 to 40 mg by intramuscular injection to limit bleeding in women with hemorrhage due to dysfunctional uterine bleeding.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate is and has been available in the form of vials and ampoules of oil solution for intramuscular injection in concentrations of 4, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL and in the form of oral tablets at doses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg per tablet. In the United States, it is specifically available in formulations of 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL in oil solution (as Delestrogen, as well as generics). Aside from estradiol valerate, the only other injectable estrogen formulations that remain available in the United States are estradiol cypionate (5 mg/mL in oil solution) and conjugated estrogens (25 mg/vial in solution). Some or all oral estradiol valerate tablets are micronized, similarly to oral estradiol tablets.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: In addition to single-drug formulations, oral estradiol valerate is available in combination with the progestin dienogest as a combined oral contraceptive and intramuscular estradiol valerate is marketed at a concentration of 5 mg/mL in combination with the progestin hydroxyprogesterone caproate and with the progestin norethisterone enantate as combined injectable contraceptives. Intramuscular estradiol valerate is also marketed at a concentration of 4 mg/mL in combination with the weak androgen and neurosteroid prasterone enanthate ( enanthate) and with the androgen testosterone enantate for use in menopausal hormone therapy, but the latter formulation has been discontinued. The availability of estradiol valerate-containing products varies throughout the world.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Contraindications of estrogens include coagulation problems, cardiovascular diseases, liver disease, and certain hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer and endometrial cancer, among others.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: The side effects of estradiol valerate are the same as those of estradiol. Examples of such side effects include breast tenderness and enlargement, nausea, bloating, edema, headache, and melasma. High-dose estrogen therapy with estradiol valerate injections may also cause an increased risk of thromboembolism, changes in blood lipid profile, increased insulin resistance, and increased levels of prolactin.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate has been used at very high doses of 40 to 100 mg once per week in women and men, without overt signs of acute toxicity observed. Symptoms of estrogen overdosage may include nausea, vomiting, bloating, increased weight, water retention, breast tenderness, vaginal discharge, heavy legs, and leg cramps. These side effects can be diminished by reducing the estrogen dosage.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P450 may influence the metabolism of estradiol and by extension circulating estradiol levels.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate is an estradiol ester, or a prodrug of estradiol. As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors. The affinity of estradiol valerate for the estrogen receptor is approximately 50 times lower than that of estradiol. In addition, estradiol valerate is rapidly cleaved into estradiol and is unable to reach target tissues in concentrations of significance, if at all. As such, estradiol valerate is essentially inactive in terms of estrogenic effect itself, acting solely as a prodrug to estradiol. The molecular weight of estradiol valerate is about 131% of that of estradiol due to the presence of its C17β valerate ester, and hence estradiol valerate contains about 76% of the amount of estradiol of an equal dose of estradiol. Aside from dose adjustment to account for the difference in molecular weight, oral estradiol valerate is considered to be equivalent to oral estradiol. Because estradiol valerate is a prodrug of estradiol, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: The influence of 2 mg/day oral estradiol valerate on coagulation factors is less than that of 10 μg/day oral ethinylestradiol. Oral ethinylestradiol at 10 μg/day has been found to have about 1.5- to 2.5-fold the impact of 2 mg/day oral estradiol valerate on HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. The influence of 20 or 50 μg/day oral ethinylestradiol on coagulation factors and HDL cholesterol is markedly greater than that of 2 mg/day oral estradiol valerate.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol-containing birth control pills, which contain 1 to 3 mg/day estradiol or estradiol valerate, have been found to increase sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels by 1.5-fold. Oral estradiol valerate at 6 mg/day has been found to increase SHBG levels by 2.5- to 3-fold in transgender women. For comparison, combined birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a progestin with minimal androgenic or antiandrogenic activity have been found to increase SHBG levels by about 3- to 4-fold.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Regardless of the route of administration, estradiol valerate behaves as a prodrug of estradiol via cleavage by esterases into estradiol and the natural fatty acid valeric acid. This cleavage occurs not only in the liver, but also in the blood and in tissues, and the hydrolysis of estradiol valerate into estradiol and valeric acid is complete regardless of whether the medication is administered orally or parenterally. High levels of circulating estradiol are found after an intravenous injection of estradiol valerate, and this indicates very rapid cleavage of the medication upon entering circulation.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Esterification of the C17β position of estradiol as in estradiol valerate reduces the metabolism of estradiol valerate by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). As approximately 80% of estradiol is metabolized into estrone (and estrone sulfate) by 17β-HSD during first-pass metabolism, this improves the metabolic stability and hence bioavailability of estradiol valerate. However, estradiol valerate is hydrolyzed into estradiol and valeric acid in the intestines, and hence, is still subject to extensive first-pass metabolism. As such, the oral bioavailability of estradiol valerate is only around 3 to 5%, and is similar to that of oral estradiol. All oral tablets in the cases of both estradiol and estradiol valerate seem to be micronized. Due to its nature as a rapidly converted prodrug of estradiol, the pharmacokinetics of oral estradiol valerate are similar to those of oral estradiol. Moreover, the pharmacodynamics and potency (after differences in molecular weight are taken into account) of oral estradiol valerate are considered to be equivalent to those of oral estradiol. This is also notably true for effects on hepatic protein synthesis (e.g., of ), again after differences in molecular weight between the two compounds are considered.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: A dosage of 1 mg/day oral estradiol valerate has been found to produce approximate circulating concentrations of 50 pg/mL estradiol and 160 pg/mL estrone, while a dosage of 2 mg/day results in circulating levels of 60 pg/mL estradiol and 300 pg/mL estrone. These concentrations of estradiol and estrone are comparable to those observed with 1 and 2 mg/day oral estradiol. A review of selected studies reported a range of mean peak estradiol levels of 24 to 140 pg/mL occurring 1 to 12 hours after administration of 2 mg oral estradiol valerate. A study found that, in accordance with their differences in molecular weights, oral estradiol produced higher levels of estradiol than oral estradiol valerate. Likewise, other studies found that levels of estradiol and estrone are very similar after oral administration of roughly equimolar doses of estradiol (1.5 mg) and estradiol valerate (2 mg). A study of high-dose oral estradiol valerate found levels of estradiol of about 250 pg/mL after a single 10-mg dose in three women.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate has been studied by sublingual administration in premenopausal women for the purpose of cycle control and ovulation suppression in egg donation and surrogacy. It has been investigated for this indication, along with vaginal and transdermal estradiol, because oral estradiol valerate is sometimes unable to achieve adequate estradiol levels and hence proper cycle control in this situation. Sublingual administration of estradiol valerate bypasses the first pass that occurs with the oral route and results in higher levels of estradiol and improved cycle control. Sublingual estradiol valerate is also used in hormone therapy for transgender women.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: The administration of 2 mg oral micronized estradiol valerate tablets (Progynova, Schering) sublingually 3 or 4 times per day has been found to result in circulating estradiol levels of about 290 pg/mL to 460 pg/mL in premenopausal women (time of measurements not given). Steady-state levels of estradiol were achieved within about 2 or 3 days. Levels of progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were all considerably suppressed, and ovulation, as well as the associated mid-cycle hormonal surges, were prevented. Similarly to oral administration of estradiol, but in contrast to the vaginal and transdermal routes, the ratio of estradiol to estrone is decreased with sublingual administration of either estradiol valerate or estradiol.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: In contrast to oral administration, the bioavailability of estradiol valerate is complete (i.e., 100%) via intramuscular injection. Due to the far greater bioavailability of intramuscular estradiol valerate relative to oral, the former is substantially stronger (in terms of potency) than the latter. As an example, a single 4 mg intramuscular injection is said to be approximately equivalent to 2 mg/day of the medication administered orally over the course of 3 weeks. Estradiol valerate, when given intramuscularly in oil, has a relatively long duration due to the formation of an intramuscular depot from which the medication is slowly released and absorbed. Upon intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate in an oil solution, the solvent (i.e., oil) is absorbed, and a primary microcrystalline depot is formed within the muscle at the site of injection. In addition, a secondary depot may also be formed in adipose tissue. The slow release of estradiol valerate is caused by the increased lipophilicity of the medication, which in turn is due to its long fatty acid valeric acid ester moiety. The elimination half-life of estradiol valerate in oil by intramuscular injection (brand names Estradiol-Depot 10 mg, Progynon Depot-10) is about 3.5 days, with a range of 1.2 days to 7.2 days in different individuals. Α couple of older studies from the 1980s with sample sizes of only 2 or 3 individuals reported an elimination half-life of 4 to 5 days.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: A single intramuscular injection of 4 mg estradiol valerate has been found to result in maximal circulating levels of estradiol of about 390 pg/mL within 3 days of administration, with levels declining to 100 pg/mL (baseline, in the study) by 12 to 13 days. Studies in general have found that a single intramuscular injection of 4 mg estradiol valerate results in peak levels of estradiol of 240 to 540 pg/mL after 1 to 5 days following administration. A study found that a single intramuscular injection of 5 mg estradiol valerate resulted in peak circulating levels of 667 pg/mL estradiol and 324 pg/mL estrone within approximately 2 and 3 days, respectively. The duration of estradiol valerate at this dose and in this study was considered to be 7 to 8 days. Other studies have found that larger doses of intramuscular estradiol valerate exceeding 20 mg have a duration of more than 15 days. A third study, in contrast to the preceding study, found that a single 10 mg intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate resulted in maximal estradiol levels of 506 to 544 pg/mL and maximal estrone levels of 205 to 219 pg/mL in postmenopausal women.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: With intramuscular injections of estradiol valerate, it has been reported that a dose of 5 mg has a duration of 7 to 8 days, 10 mg a duration of 10 to 14 days, 40 mg a duration of 2 to 3 weeks (14 to 21 days), and 100 mg a duration of 3 to 4 weeks (21 to 28 days).


title: Estradiol valerate

text: A study of pseudopregnancy with intramuscular injections of 40 mg/week estradiol valerate and 250 mg/week hydroxyprogesterone caproate in women with estrogen deficiency observed estradiol levels of about 3,100 pg/mL at 3 months of therapy and 2,500 pg/mL at 6 months of therapy.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol esters like estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate can be given by subcutaneous injection instead of intramuscular injection.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: The administration of estradiol valerate by intravenous injection has been studied. It has been found to be very rapidly cleaved into estradiol. The bioavailability and metabolism of estradiol valerate does not differ with intravenous versus intramuscular injection. Conversely, intravenous injection of estradiol valerate has a very short duration, whereas intramuscular injection has a long duration and elimination half-life.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate is a synthetic estrane steroid and the C17β valerate (pentanoate) fatty acid ester of estradiol. It is also known as estradiol 17β-valerate or as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 17β-pentanoate. Other common esters of estradiol in use include estradiol cypionate, estradiol enantate, and estradiol acetate, the former two of which are C17β esters of estradiol similarly to estradiol valerate and the latter of which is the C3 acetate ester of estradiol.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate was patented by Ciba in 1940 and 1941, with a priority date of 1936. It was synthesized and studied, along with a variety of other estradiol esters, by Karl Junkmann of Schering AG in 1953. The medication was first introduced for medical use via intramuscular injection in 1954 by Schering in Europe under the brand name Progynon Depot and by Squibb in the United States under the brand name Delestrogen. In 1966, oral estradiol valerate was introduced by Schering for medical use in Europe under the brand name Progynova. A report of its metabolism was published in 1967. Esterification of estradiol, as in estradiol valerate, has been claimed to improve its metabolic stability with oral administration. In 1968, micronized preparations of oral estradiol valerate were first introduced under the brand names Progynova 21 and Progynova 21 mite. Along with estradiol benzoate (1933) and estradiol cypionate (1952), estradiol valerate is one of the most widely used esters of estradiol.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: "Estradiol valerate" is the generic name of the drug and its , , , and , while "oestradiol valerate" was formerly its .


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Estradiol valerate has been marketed under the brand names Altadiol, Androtardyl-Oestradiol, Ardefem, Climaval, Cyclabil, Cyclocur, Deladiol, Delahormone Unimatic, Delestrogen, Delestrogen 4X, Depogen, Diol-20, Dioval, Ditate, Dura-Estate, Dura-Estradiol, Duratrad, Duragen, Estate, Estra-L, Estradiol Depot, Estraval, Estraval Depot, Estraval PA, Estravel, Femogen, Femogex, Gynogen L.A., Gynokadin, Lastrogen, Menaval, Merimono, Neofollin, Nuvelle, Oestrogynal, Ostrin Depo, Pelanin, Pharlon, Postoval, Primogyna, Primogyn, Primogyn Depot, Progynon, Progynon Depot, Progynova, Repestrogen, Repo-Estra, Reposo-E, Retestrin, Ronfase, Span-Est, Testaval, and Valergen, among others. Neofollin is an oil solution of estradiol valerate.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: Oral estradiol valerate is used primarily in Europe, under the brand name Progynova. Although oral estradiol valerate was previously available in the United States, it is no longer available in this country except in combination with dienogest as a combined oral contraceptive (under the brand name Natazia). Estradiol valerate by intramuscular injection is available under the brand name Delestrogen in the United States and Canada and under the brand name Progynon Depot in Europe and elsewhere in the world.


title: Estradiol valerate

text: SH-834 was a combination of 90 mg estradiol valerate and 300 mg gestonorone caproate for weekly intramuscular injection that was developed by Schering in the 1970s. It was investigated clinically as a treatment for breast cancer and was found to be effective, but was never marketed.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: Oleg Germanovich Artemyev (; born December 28, 1970) is a Russian Cosmonaut for the Russian Federal Space Agency. He was selected as part of the RKKE-15 Cosmonaut group in 2003. He was a flight engineer of Expedition 39 and 40 to the International Space Station, in 2018 he returned to space as the Commander of Soyuz MS-08, and in 2022 he returned to space as the Commander of Soyuz MS-21.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: Artemyev was born in Riga, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, present-day Latvia, on December 28, 1970, and grew up in Leninsk (now Baikonur), Kazakhstan.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: He graduated from the Tallinn Polytechnical School in 1990. In 1998, he graduated from Bauman Moscow State Technical University with a degree in Low Temperature Technology and Physics. Artemyev graduated from the Russian Academy of State Service under the President of the Russian Federation in 2009, specializing in Personnel Management.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: After his graduation, Artemyev served in the Soviet Army in Vilnius, Lithuania, until 1991. He has worked at RKKE since 1998. At RKKE he was involving in developing testing procedures for Extra-vehicular Activity (EVA) equipment in neutral buoyancy at the hydrodynamics laboratory, Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. Artemyev was a member of the pre-launch processing team of the Zvezda Service Module working on the EVA and teleoperation control system. In 2000, he received medical clearance to begin special training related to space flight operation.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: Artemyev was selected as part of the RKKE-15 Cosmonaut group on May 29, 2003. In the following years, he entered Soyuz and ISS specific training. In 2006, together with American astronauts Michael Barrat and Sandra Magnus, Artemyev completed survival training as part of Soyuz training procedures. Again in June 2006, Artemyev, Yuri Lonchakov and Oleg Skripochka completed emergency water training in Sevastopol followed by another session of survival training with Sergei Revin and space tourist Charles Simony in January 2007. In 2008, he was part of a testing campaign of the Orlan-MK space suit.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: As part of the Soyuz Processing Team, Artemyev worked at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2010 and 2011. He was the descent module operator for the Soyuz TMA-01M mission. He also processed the Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft that launched in 2011.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: Artemyev was a crew member in the 15-day and 105-day precursor studies of the MARS-500 program between 2007 and 2009.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: Artemyev was a member of the Expedition 39/Expedition 40 long-duration International Space Station crew. The mission launched on a Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, on March 25, 2014, and returned to Earth on September 11, 2014.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: Artemyev launched on March 21, 2018 as part of Expedition 55/56. He was the Commander of Soyuz MS-08. He returned to Earth on October 5, 2018.


title: Oleg Artemyev

text: Artemyev launched for the third time on March 18, 2022 on board Soyuz MS-21. He joined the International Space Station Expedition 66 and is planned to become part of the Expedition 67 crew. Later in Expedition 67, he assumed the command of the International Space Station from Thomas Marshburn on 5 May 2022. He spent 195 days in space before returning back to earth on 29 September 2022 at 10:57 UTC.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Banaz Mahmod (, 16 December 1985 – 24 January 2006) was a 20-year-old Iraqi Kurdish woman who lived in Mitcham, South London, England. She was murdered on the orders of her family in a so-called honour killing because she ended a violent and abusive forced marriage and started a relationship with someone of her own choosing. Her father, uncle and three cousins were later convicted of her murder.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: The Mahmods were a strictly traditional Kurdish family from the rural Mirawdale tribal area of Qaladiza in Iraqi Kurdistan. Mahmod Babakir Mahmod and his wife Behya had a son and five daughters.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: The family sought asylum in the United Kingdom in 1995 when Banaz was ten years old. Mahmod was the eldest of four brothers living in the south London area; although he was the eldest, the role of head of the family was taken by his younger brother, Ari Agha Mahmod.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Banaz's eldest sister had an arranged marriage as did her younger sister Payman (also known as Payzee), who was married at the age of 16 to a man fifteen years her senior. Bekhal, two years older than Banaz, fled the family home in 2002 and spent time in foster care. The eldest four daughters, including Banaz, were subject to female genital mutilation. Bekhal reported that she had been subjected to physical abuse and threats because she mixed with people her family did not approve of and experimented with Western clothing and hairstyles. She reported that an attempt was made to kill her and that her father threatened to kill her mother, sisters and himself if she did not return to the family home. Instead of returning home, Bekhal lived in hiding, constantly moving and never leaving the house without wearing a full veil. Mahmod Babakir Mahmod's failure to control Bekhal was viewed as weakness within the Kurdish community, and he was subjected to a degree of ostracism as a result.<ref name="Abbas/Tahir"></ref>


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: At age 16/17, Banaz was forced into an arranged marriage with a man from the family hometown of Qaladiza. By her account he was 10 years her senior, illiterate and old-fashioned; she described his mindset as something from "fifty years prior". She came into contact with police throughout her marriage, reporting that she had been raped and beaten on multiple occasions. Her family were aware of the violence inflicted upon her, but told her that leaving her husband would bring shame on them. Despite this, and with the abuse continuing, she eventually left after two years of marriage; she returned to the family home in July 2005 and started a relationship with someone of her own choosing by the name of Rahmat Sulemani.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Both Banaz's uncle, Ari Agha Mahmod, and father Mahmod disapproved of her actions and had been informed that Banaz and Rahmat had remained in a relationship despite their claims to the contrary. On 2 December 2005, a meeting was held at the home of Ari Agha Mahmod where it was agreed that both should be killed for bringing shame onto the family and the community.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Fearing for her safety, Banaz went to the police to report that her uncle had threatened to kill both her and her boyfriend, apparently learning of the plot after overhearing a phone call between her uncle and mother on 2 December. On 12 December, she delivered a letter to Wimbledon Police Station naming those she claimed were ready to kill her.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: On New Year's Eve, the police were called to a café in Wimbledon where Banaz had arrived in a distressed state saying that her father had tried to kill her. She was under the influence of alcohol, which her father had made her drink, and had injuries to her hands, having smashed a window during her escape. While witnesses described Banaz as distraught and terrified by café and hospital staff, the policewoman who interviewed her, PC Angela Cornes, did not believe her. She referred to her as "manipulative" and "melodramatic", and wanted to charge her with criminal damage for breaking the window. Whilst in hospital Banaz gave an account of events to her boyfriend, which he recorded on his phone and later handed to the police.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: On 22 January, an attempt was made to kidnap Rahmat Sulemani. Three of the men involved were among those whom Banaz had already named to the police; both she and Rahmat separately reported the incident, and Banaz was scheduled to return to the police station on 24 January, but she never arrived.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: On the morning of 24 January 2006, Banaz's parents left the family home to take their youngest daughter to school and go shopping, leaving Banaz asleep in the lounge. Mohamad Marid Hama, Mohammed Saleh Ali and Omar Hussain arrived at the property shortly thereafter; according to covert recordings made of Hama speaking with a visitor while he was on remand, the trio subjected Banaz to more than two hours of rape and torture before she was strangled with a ligature.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Banaz's body was put in a suitcase, transported to a house in Handsworth, Birmingham and buried in the garden.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: On 25 January 2006, Banaz was reported missing by Sulemani, who had become concerned for her welfare after being unable to contact her. The police did not initially take the report seriously. Her parents portrayed themselves as an easy-going, tolerant family, claiming that Banaz often stayed out overnight, and insistent that she was not a missing person. Rahmat persisted, however, "harassing" the police into taking action.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Consequently, her parents and uncle were interviewed and their homes searched. The interviews exposed inconsistencies in the account originally given by her parents and analysis of Sulemani's phone records indicated that Banaz's father was not the indulgent parent he claimed to be. Cross-checking against the numerous contacts Banaz had already had with the police enabled them to compile a list of persons of interest.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: The investigation was taken over by the Metropolitan Police Homicide and Serious Crime Command and was led by Detective Chief Inspector Caroline Goode. Initially working on the assumption that Banaz was alive and being held against her will, a search and arrest operation was conducted. Simultaneous raids were carried out at properties across the country, but there was no sign of Banaz. Her phone had not been active since late on 23 January and her bank account remained untouched.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Banaz's father and uncle, along with other potential suspects, were arrested. All were uncooperative within the interviews and the detectives were met with attempts by members of the wider Kurdish community to thwart the investigation and protect those who were implicated.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Despite the community obstruction, on 4 February 2006, Mohamad Marid Hama was charged with murder. Instrumental to this decision was Sulemani's positive identification of Hama as one of those who had earlier tried to kidnap him and who had threatened to kill both him and Banaz. While in custody, Hama was covertly recorded bragging about his role, and the role of others, in the murder of Banaz and the disposal of her body. He directly implicated her uncle, Ari Agha Mahmod, and her cousins, Mohammed Saleh Ali, Omar Hussain and Dana Amin. The recordings, coupled with phone and vehicle tracking data, enabled Banaz's remains to be located. Her body was found on 28 April 2006.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: On 1 May 2006, Banaz's uncle Ari Agha Mahmod was charged with murder; a few months later, in August, Banaz's father Mahmod Babakir Mahmod was also charged with murder.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: After initially claiming that Banaz's service would take place at Regent's Park Mosque, the family made their way to a mosque in Tooting. DCI Caroline Goode stated: "They had deliberately lied to us to prevent us being present [...] when we arrived [at Tooting] it was obvious that plans had not been made for a funeral [...] the family had pitched up there with no warning [...]. They went in for prayers, leaving their daughter's body [...] in a side road. There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that it was only our presence that forced the family to hold a funeral".


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Banaz was laid to rest at Merton and Sutton Joint Cemetery, Morden; her family left her grave unmarked.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: On 26 June 2007, a memorial service was held for Banaz at Morden Assembly Hall, following which a granite memorial headstone was placed at her gravesite. Her family did not attend either service. The purchase of the gravestone was arranged by the Iranian and Kurdish Women's Rights Organisation (IKWRO); police officers and lead prosecutor, Nazir Afzal, were among those who contributed.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: In October 2007, Scotland Yard were notified that Ali was in custody in Sulaimaniya where he had killed a teenage boy in a hit-and-run incident. He was extradited in June 2009, in what was the first ever extradition from Iraq to the United Kingdom, a move described by DCI Goode as making "legal history".


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Hussain had been hiding out in a remote area of Iraq shielded by his brothers, one of whom was Peshmerga and the other a member of the Asayish security services. During a dispute with one of his brothers in December 2009, he was shot in the leg and was duly arrested when he presented himself at the hospital. Hussain insisted that he was not in the United Kingdom at the time Banaz was murdered and that it was a case of mistaken identity, but UK welfare benefit records as well as photographic evidence from a previous arrest proved otherwise, and he was extradited back to England in March 2010.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: The first of three trials relating to the murder of Banaz commenced on 5 March 2007 at the Central Criminal Court and lasted for 14 weeks.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Sulemani, and Banaz's sister Bekhal, testified for the prosecution; in the lead up to the trial both were subjected to threats and intimidation from within the Kurdish community and placed under police protection. To further protect her identity, Bekhal appeared in court dressed in an abaya and a niqāb, only removing it for the jury when giving her evidence from behind a screen.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: In June 2007, Banaz's father and uncle were unanimously found guilty of murder and sentenced to life in prison, with a minimum term of 20 and 23 years respectively; Mohammad Hama pleaded guilty to murder shortly after the start of the trial and was sentenced to life, with a minimum term of 17 years.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: In November 2010, Mohammed Saleh Ali and Omar Hussain were found guilty of murder and sentenced to serve at least 22 and 21 years respectively.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: In December 2013, Dana Amin was found guilty and jailed for eight years for helping to dispose of Banaz's body. Amin challenged both his conviction and sentence; the appeal was dismissed in September 2014.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: The Metropolitan Police team responsible for finding Banaz's body and for building a case against those involved in her murder won the Detective Investigation Award for their work; Detective Chief Inspector Caroline Goode was awarded the Queen's Police Medal for her work leading the investigation.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: The handling of Banaz's case by the Metropolitan Police and West Midlands Police leading up to her murder was investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission. It found that she had been "let down" and that death threats she had reported were not taken seriously. IPCC Commissioner Nicola Williams said: "Banaz Mahmod was a young woman who lost her life in terrible circumstances [...] It is clear that the police response was at best mixed [...] There were delays in investigations, poor supervision, a lack of understanding and insensitivity".


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: As a result of its investigation, the IPCC recommended that written warnings be issued to several police officers involved in the case and that two Metropolitan Police officers should appear before a disciplinary panel as a result of the "worst failings" found.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: The disciplinary panel, scheduled to sit on 17 November 2008, related to the incident of 31 December 2005, when Banaz said that her father had tried to kill her, but was dismissed as "manipulative" and "melodramatic" by PC Angela Cornes who responded to the call. The disciplinary panel was abandoned before it could convene as the key witness, thought to be Rahmat, declined to take part.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Cornes, and her supervisory inspector, received "words of advice", the lowest disciplinary sanction; Cornes was subsequently promoted.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Following Banaz's murder, Sulemani went into witness protection. Despite his family members in Iran being threatened, he testified in both murder trials and the risks he had taken by doing so were recognised by both Judge Brian Barker and the police.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: "Without him we wouldn't have known that Banaz was even missing.[...] He risked his life to go up against his whole community and in doing so gave up everything and everyone he knew".


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: Sulemani struggled to adjust to his new life and the isolative nature of witness protection, and seemingly never recovered from Banaz's murder; he took his own life in 2016.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: In 2015 actor/rapper Riz MC released a song, entitled "Benaz", which was based on Banaz's story, in his mixtape "Englistan" released on St. George's Day.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: A ballad was created by a 13-year-old girl, narrating the story of Banaz and published in "Sisterhood".


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: ""Love Like Blood"" (2017), from the Tom Thorne crime series by author Mark Billingham was inspired by Banaz's story and is dedicated to the memory of both her and Rahmat Sulemani.


title: Murder of Banaz Mahmod

text: A two-part drama, "Honour", chronicles the investigation into the murder of Banaz. Starring Keeley Hawes as Caroline Goode, it was screened on ITV on 28 and 29 September 2020.


title: Stark Sands

text: Stark Bunker Sands (born September 30, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Tunny in the original Broadway cast of "American Idiot", and originating the role of Charlie Price in "Kinky Boots" on Broadway. He is a two-time Tony Award nominee. He is also known for the roles of Lance Sussman in "Die, Mommie, Die!" and Lt. Nathaniel Fick in "Generation Kill". He starred as Dash Parker in FOX's series "Minority Report".


title: Stark Sands

text: Sands was born in Dallas, Texas. Stark is his mother's maiden name, and Bunker was his late father's middle name, as well as his maternal great-grandmother's maiden name. He has a fraternal twin brother, Jacob, and an older sister. Sands attended Highland Park High School, and went on to gain his BFA in acting from the University of Southern California (class of 2001).


title: Stark Sands

text: In 2002, Sands played Toby, a recurring love interest to the angst-ridden teen, Claire Fisher (played by Lauren Ambrose), on the HBO television series "Six Feet Under" (2001–2005) and co-starred in "Me and Daphne" (2002), a short film directed by Rebecca Gayheart and produced by Brett Ratner. He has also co-starred in the independent film "Pack of Dogs" (2002), directed by Ian Kessner.


title: Stark Sands

text: Sands made his feature-film debut opposite Natasha Lyonne and Jason Priestley in "Die, Mommie, Die!" (2003), an adaptation of Charles Busch's play of the same name. He also appeared in the film "Shall We Dance" (2004), with Richard Gere and Jennifer Lopez.


title: Stark Sands

text: In 2007, he received a nomination for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his role in the Broadway revival of "Journey's End".


title: Stark Sands

text: From May 2 to June 8, 2008, he performed the role of Alex in "A Seagull in the Hamptons" at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey.


title: Stark Sands

text: Sands also participated in the seven-episode HBO miniseries "Generation Kill" about the 2003 Iraq invasion, airing during the summer of 2008. In the miniseries he played Marine Lt. Nathaniel Fick. Sands had previously played a U.S. Marine, Walter Gust, in "Flags of Our Fathers".


title: Stark Sands

text: Additional theater credits include the 2009 musical adaptation of "Bonnie & Clyde" at the La Jolla Playhouse, The Classic Stage Company's production of "The Tempest" which earned him the Actors' Equity Foundation's St. Clair Bayfield Award, which honors the best performance by an actor in a Shakespearean play in the New York metropolitan area. From June 25 to July 12, 2009, Sands appeared in the Shakespeare in the Park's production of "Twelfth Night", featuring Anne Hathaway, Audra McDonald and Raul Esparza.


title: Stark Sands

text: Sands played the role of Tunny in the Broadway production of "American Idiot", again playing a member of the military. He left the production on March 13, 2011; David Larsen took over the role.


title: Stark Sands

text: Sands was in the 2010 HBO pilot "The Miraculous Year", which was not picked up by HBO. He was part of the main cast of the CBS television series "Rookies". The show was picked up for mid-season, under the new name "NYC 22", but was canceled after airing 13 episodes due to inadequate ratings.


title: Stark Sands

text: Sands played one of the lead characters, Charlie Price, in the musical "Kinky Boots" which opened at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago, Illinois, for a four-week run in October 2012. He reprised his role when the show premiered on Broadway at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on April 4, 2013, with previews beginning on March 3, 2013. For his role as Charlie, Sands was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, but lost to his co-star Billy Porter. He played his final performance on January 26, 2014.


title: Stark Sands

text: In 2014, Sands was cast in the NBC pilot "Salvation". This was not picked up to series. Sands was cast in FOX's pilot, "Minority Report", as Dash, a precog. The series premiered on September 21, 2015.


title: Stark Sands

text: In 2016, Sands played the Templar in Classic Stage Company's production of "Nathan the Wise" off-Broadway.


title: Stark Sands

text: Sands and his original co-star Porter returned to the Broadway production of "Kinky Boots" for a limited 15 week run, starting on September 26, 2017. He also appeared in Steven Spielberg's 2017 drama film "The Post".


title: Stark Sands

text: In 2022, Sands was cast in the North American tryout of & Juliet as William Shakespeare, transferring from the West End. The production opened in Toronto, Canada in the Princess of Wales Theatre on June 22, 2022 and ended on August 14, 2022. & Juliet is scheduled to move to Broadway in the 2022-23 season into the Stephen Sondheim Theatre with Sands reprising his role. Previews are slated to begin on October 28, 2022 with an opening date of November 17, 2022.


title: Stark Sands

text: On July 9, 2011, Sands married British journalist Gemma Clarke at Bovey Castle, England. They met while Sands was vacationing in London. They have a son born in 2015.


title: Terra Mariana

text: Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia (, , , ). It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade, and its territories were composed of present-day Estonia and Latvia. It was established on 2 February 1207, as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, but lost this status in 1215 when Pope Innocent III proclaimed it as directly subject to the Holy See.


title: Terra Mariana

text: The papal legate William of Modena divided Terra Mariana into feudal principalities: the Duchy of Estonia (dominum directum to the king of Denmark); the Archbishopric of Riga; the Bishopric of Courland; the Bishopric of Dorpat; the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek; and territories under the military administration of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. After the 1236 Battle of Saule, the surviving members of the Brothers merged in 1237 with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as the Livonian Order. In 1346 the Livonian Order bought the Duchy of Estonia from Denmark.


title: Terra Mariana

text: Throughout the existence of medieval Livonia there was a constant struggle over supremacy, between the lands ruled by the Church, the Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval. Following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the Teutonic Order and the State of the Teutonic Order fell into decline, but the Livonian Order managed to maintain its independent existence.


title: Terra Mariana

text: In 1561, during the Livonian War, Terra Mariana ceased to exist. Its northern parts were ceded to Sweden and formed into the Duchy of Estonia, its southern territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania — and thus eventually of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth — as the Duchy of Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. The island of Saaremaa became part of Denmark. Since the beginning of the 20th century "Terra Mariana" () has been used as a poetic name or sobriquet for Estonia. In 1995 the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, a state decoration, was instituted to honor the independence of Estonia.


title: Terra Mariana

text: The lands on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea were the last part of Europe to be Christianized by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1193 Pope Celestine III called for a crusade against the pagans in Northern Europe. This crusade is often compared to the crusade of the Franks and Charlemagne. However, this crusade was not officially announced until 1197 or 1198, but the first account of this crusade is in a letter by Pope Innocent III. At the start of the 13th century, German crusaders from Gotland and the northern Holy Roman Empire conquered the Livonian and Latvian lands along the Daugava and Gauja rivers. The stronghold of Riga (capital of modern Latvia) was established in 1201, and in 1202 the Livonian Brothers of the Sword was formed. In 1218 Pope Honorius III gave Valdemar II of Denmark free rein to annex as much land as he could conquer in Estonia. Additionally Albert of Riga, leader of the crusaders fighting the Estonians from the south, paid a visit to the German King Philip of Swabia and asked permission to attack the Estonians from the North. The last to be subjugated and Christianised were Oeselians, Curonians and Semigallians.


title: Terra Mariana

text: This crusade differed from many other crusades because, in this case, the Pope allowed people intending to go on a crusade to the Holy Land to go instead to crusade in Livonia. Members of this crusade were made to wear the insignia of the cross as well, which showed that they were legally bound to the crusade.


title: Terra Mariana

text: After the success of the crusade, the German- and Danish-occupied territory was divided into feudal principalities by William of Modena.


title: Terra Mariana

text: This division of medieval Livonia was created by Papal Legate William of Modena in 1228 as a compromise between the church and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, both factions led by Germans, after the German knights had conquered and subdued the territories of several indigenous tribes: Finnic-speaking Estonians and Livs, and Baltic-speaking Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians and Curonians.