title: Schamberg disease

text: Schamberg's disease is caused by leaky blood vessels near the surface of the skin, capillaries, which allow red blood cells to slip through into the skin. The red blood cells in the skin then fall apart and release their iron, which is released from hemoglobin. The iron causes a rust color and this accounts for the orange tint of the rash. Although the underlying cause for the leaky blood vessels is almost always unknown, researchers suggest some potential triggers. These include the body's inflammatory reaction to some agent, such as a viral infection or a prescription or over the counter medication or supplement, such as thiamine and aspirin. Even though there is no correlation with genetics, there have been a few cases where few people in a family had this condition.


title: Schamberg disease

text: Although a definite cause for capillary inflammation is almost always unknown, certain preventive measures can be taken. Doctors may prescribe medications that enhance the circulation of blood, which can keep blood vessels strong and healthy.


title: Schamberg disease

text: Schamberg's disease is a skin disorder that causes a discoloration of the lower extremities. It usually occurs in the lower extremities and rarely elsewhere. This condition is caused by leaky blood vessels near the surface of the skin. The cause of the leaky capillaries is usually not known. When the red blood cells escape the blood vessels, they end up close under the skin surface, where they break apart, releasing hemoglobin, which in turn breaks apart, releasing Iron. (Iron is the part of hemoglobin that enables it to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.) The iron released into the skin gets bound up into a complex called hemosiderin, which causes the discoloration of the skin.


title: Schamberg disease

text: With a complete history, the results from visual examination, and the aid of appropriate laboratory testing, a dermatologist can usually determine whether the skin lesions are in fact due Schamberg's disease.


title: Schamberg disease

text: Schamberg's disease can only be properly diagnosed by a healthcare provider. For a trained skin specialist such as a dermatologist, the condition is often readily diagnosed, because the visual appearance of the lesions on the skin itself usually suggests the possibility that the cause may be Schamberg's disease. While reviewing medical history is important to diagnose this condition, it is essential that the skin be physically examined.


title: Schamberg disease

text: To ensure that the skin lesions are not caused by other skin conditions or infections, a doctor will often order a complete blood count (CBC) and other blood tests. Blood test results are usually normal. They are performed primarily to rule out other bleeding disorders that cause purpura. Since Schamberg's disease is usually asymptomatic beyond the visible lesions themselves, few other tests are usually indicated.


title: Schamberg disease

text: Additional testing may aid diagnosis. A skin biopsy may be taken to determine capillaritis of dermal vessels. Capillaritis or pigmented purpura is skin condition that has brown-reddish patches on the skin, which is caused by leaky capillaries. Such skin biopsies are sent to a laboratory for a pathological examination, where each biopsy is observed under a microscope. A dermatologist may also perform a dermatoscopy.


title: Schamberg disease

text: There is no cure for Schamberg's disease, however, this condition is not life-threatening or a major health concern. The most usual problems that patients will encounter is discoloration of the skin and, occasionally, itching. Itching may be improved by applying a cortisone cream. Rarely, in very severe or concerning cases, Colchicine treatment has been used to prevent recurrence. Some recommend that patients take a vitamin C supplement to promote collagen production, but this is not proven to be helpful. In cases where there is a known trigger, people should avoid re-exposure to that trigger, e.g., people suspected to be sensitive to food with artificial colors or preservatives should avoid foods containing those items. This is because some people have been observed to be sensitive to these agents, and the body initiates an inflammatory reaction if exposed to them again, which causes further capillary inflammation and red blood cell leakage. Several research studies have indicated that Schamberg's disease can be controlled and the number of lesions can be reduced with the use of a drug called aminaphtone. This drug helps reduce capillary fragility and red blood cell leakage.


title: Schamberg disease

text: A study published in 2014 on the "Journal of the German Society of Dermatology" (Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft) concludes that oral rutoside and ascorbic acid may be an efficient and well tolerated treatment for PPPD, with a recommendation for early treatment for best clinical outcome.


title: Schamberg disease

text: Many topical and systemic therapies for Schamberg disease have been tried without consistent results. A case series published in 2012 describes the treatment of five patients with Schamberg's disease of the lower extremities using Advanced Fluorescence Technology (AFT) pulsed light with favorable results.


title: Schamberg disease

text: A patient with Schamberg's disease can live a normal and healthy life. Since there is no proven cure for this condition, the patient will have to endure the lesions on his or her skin. With appropriate treatments, the condition may get better. Although the skin lesions are not life-threatening, it may cause a cosmetic concern for some individuals. Skin lesions may cause psychological discomfort, where patients may require reassurance to help with stress and anxiety. There are a few rare cases of T-cell lymphoma that have developed from Schamberg's disease. This is not a cause for concern, since the risk factors associated with Schamberg's disease are relatively low.


title: Schamberg disease

text: A few very small non-blinded studies of treatment with narrow-band ultraviolet light have been reported as promising.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925), popularly called Deshbandhu (Friend of the Nation), was an Indian freedom fighter, political activist and lawyer during the Indian independence movement and founder-leader of the Swaraj Party in undivided Bengal during the period of British colonial rule in India. His name is abbreviated as C. R. Das.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: He was closely associated with a number of literary societies and wrote poems, apart from numerous articles and essays.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: Chittaranjan Das was born in Bikrampur in a well known Baidya"Das"family in the village named "Telirbagh" which is situated in present-day Tongibari upozila of Munshiganj (Bikrampur) district of Bangladesh on 5 November 1870


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: Das family were members of Brahmo Samaj. Chittaranjan was the son of Bhuban Mohan Das, and nephew of the Brahmo social reformer Durga Mohan Das. His father was a solicitor and a journalist who edited the English church weekly, "The Brahmo Public Opinion". Some of his cousins were Atul Prasad Sen, Satya Ranjan Das, Satish Ranjan Das, Sudhi Ranjan Das, Sarala Roy and Lady Abala Bose. His eldest grandson was Siddhartha Shankar Ray and his grand daughter is Justice Manjula Bose.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: He married Basanti Devi (1880–1974) and had three children, Aparna Devi (1898–1972), Chiraranjan Das (1899–1928) and Kalyani Devi (1902–1983).


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: The Das family of Durga Mohan was a family of lawyers. Durga Mohan's eldest son Satya Ranjan matriculated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and was at Middle Temple during 1883–1886, followed by Chitta Ranjan Das, Durga Mohan's brother's son, during 1890–1894. Satish Ranjan Das (1891–1894), Jyotish Ranjan Das and Atul Prasad Sen (1892–1895) followed suit.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: In London Das befriended with Sri Aurobindo Ghosh, Atul Prasad Sen and Sarojini Naidu among others, and together they promoted Dadabhai Naoroji in the British Parliament.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: In 1894 Das gave up his law practice, and went into politics during the non-cooperation movement against the British colonial government. He again took up the brief, and successfully defended Aurobindo Ghosh on charges of involvement in the Alipore bomb case, in 1909. In his Uttarpara speech, Sri Aurobindo acknowledged that Das broke his health to save him.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: In the Alipore bomb case in 1908, Chittaranjan Das as defence counsel for Sri Aurobindo Ghosh, made this closing statement:


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: Chittaranjan Das was actively involved in the activities of Anushilan Samiti. When Pramatha Mitter organised the Samiti as its president to produce hundreds of young firebrands who were ready to sacrifice their lives for the cause of the Nation, Chittaranjan became his associate. Anushilan Samiti was maintained by P. Mitter with the assistance of Chittaranjan Das (1894), Haridas Bose (1895), Suren Haldar (1900) and Manabendra Nath Roy (1901).


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: He was a leading figure in Bengal during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1919–1922, and initiated the ban on British-made clothes, setting an example by burning his own European clothes and wearing Khadi clothes. At one time, his clothes were tailored and washed in Paris and he maintained a permanent laundry in Paris to ship his clothes to Calcutta. He sacrificed all this luxury when he became attached to the Freedom Movement.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: He brought out a newspaper called "Forward" and later changed its name to "Liberty" as part of his support for various anti-British movements in India. When the Calcutta Municipal Corporation was formed, he became its first mayor.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: He was a believer in non-violence and constitutional methods for the realisation of national independence, and advocated Hindu-Muslim unity, cooperation and communal harmony and championed the cause of national education. He resigned his presidency of the Indian National Congress at the Gaya session after losing a motion on "No Council Entry" to Gandhi's faction. He then founded the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party, with Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and veteran Motilal Nehru. Other prominent leaders included Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Subhas Chandra Bose of Bengal, Vithalbhai Patel and other Congress leaders who were becoming dissatisfied with the Congress.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: Chittaranjan Das emerged as a distinguished Bengali poet, when, during the troubled days of National movement, he published the first two volumes of his collection of poems titled ""Malancha"" and ""Mala"". In 1913 he published ""Sagar Sangeet"" (The Songs of the Sea). Sri Aurobindo was in Pondichery and when he was in dire need of financial support. Chittaranjan offered him one thousand rupees as a token of his support for an English translation of the poem, a few verses of which are given below:


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: Chittaranjan started a monthly journal named Narayana, and many eminent writers such as Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Bipin Chandra Pal and Hariprasad Shastri contributed their writings in the journal.


title: Chittaranjan Das

text: In 1925 Chittaranjan's health began to fail due to overwork. Chittaranjan went to Darjeeling to recuperate his health staying at Sir N. N. Sircar's house "Step Aside" in May 1925. Mahatma Gandhi visited him and stayed with him for some days. Gandhiji wrote,


title: POUM

text: The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (; ) was a Spanish communist political party formed during the Second Republic and mainly active around the Spanish Civil War. It was formed by the fusion of the Trotskyist Communist Left of Spain () and the Workers and Peasants' Bloc (BOC, affiliated with the Right Opposition) against the will of Leon Trotsky, with whom the former broke.


title: POUM

text: The writer George Orwell served with the party's militia and witnessed the Stalinist repression of the movement, which would help form his anti-authoritarian ideas in later life, and motivated him to cooperate with the British Foreign Office in anti-communist propaganda activities.


title: POUM

text: In 1935, POUM was formed as a communist opposition to the Stalinist form of Communism promoted by the Soviet Union, by the revolutionaries Andreu Nin and Joaquín Maurín. Nin was heavily influenced by the thinking of Leon Trotsky, particularly his "Permanent Revolution" thesis. It resulted from the merging of the Communist Party's Left Opposition (the Trotskyist Communist Left of Spain) and the Right Opposition (the Workers and Peasants' Bloc). This alliance was against the wishes of Trotsky, with whom the Communist Left of Spain broke.


title: POUM

text: The party grew larger than the official Communist Party of Spain (PCE) both nationally and in the communist hotbeds of Catalonia and the Valencian Country, where the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) represented the PCE. The POUM was highly critical of the "Popular Front" strategy advocated by Joseph Stalin and the Comintern; nevertheless, it participated in the Spanish Popular Front initiated by Manuel Azaña, leader of Acción Republicana. The POUM attempted to implement some of its radical policies as part of the Popular Front government, but they were resisted by the more centrist factions.


title: POUM

text: George Orwell, who fought alongside the POUM in the civil war, reports that its membership was roughly 10,000 in July 1936, 70,000 in December 1936, and 40,000 in June 1937, although he notes that the numbers are from POUM sources and are probably exaggerated.


title: POUM

text: The POUM's independent communist position, including opposition to Stalin, caused huge ruptures with the PCE, which remained fiercely loyal to the Comintern. Moreover, these divisions, which included accusations of Trotskyism (and even Fascism) by the Communists, resulted in actual fighting between their supporters; most notably, in 1937, a primarily Communist coalition of government forces attacked the POUM during the Barcelona May Days. While the larger Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour, CNT) supported the POUM at first, the moderate leadership of the CNT dropped its support after it joined the government. Radical elements within the anarchist movement however fought side by side in the streets of Barcelona during the May Days and were isolated as well, like the Friends of Durruti. The POUM, along with the purely Trotskyist Seccion Bolshevik-Leninista, became isolated, and both organizations were driven underground. Nin was detained and presumably tortured to death by NKVD agents in Alcalá de Henares, Nin and his party were consistently labeled as "provocateurs" in Stalinist propaganda.


title: POUM

text: The POUM was a member of the "London Bureau" of socialist and centrist Marxist parties that rejected both the reformism of the Second International and the pro-Moscow orientation of the Third International. Other members included the Independent Labour Party in Britain, the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party (PSOP) in France, and Poale Zion. Its youth wing was affiliated to the International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations, through which it recruited the ILP Contingent in the Civil War. Foreign supporters of POUM during the Civil War included Lois Orr.


title: POUM

text: During the Spanish transition to democracy, the POUM was legalized in 1977. This led to a split in the party, with one faction opposing formal legalization, calling for a boycott of the 1977 general election and demanding the immediate restoration of the republic. The legalized party participated in the election as part of the Front for Workers' Unity (FUT), a coalition of parties and organisations to the left of the PCE which won 0.22% of the nationwide vote. The election result led to a crisis for the POUM as well as for most parties to the left of the PCE, from which it was not able to recover.


title: POUM

text: The POUM continued to exist as a small party with an office in Barcelona and a monthly newspaper, "La Batalla", calling for cooperation among the various far-left parties, but an attempted merger with Communist Action and the Collective for Marxist Unification failed during a "Unification Congress" in 1978. After this setback, the POUM decided not to participate in the 1979 elections. POUM branches in several cities became part of local coalitions and unification attempts with various far-left groups. In 1980, the POUM made its last electoral efforts, supporting Herri Batasuna in the Basque country and participating in the Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN - Unitat Popular) coalition in the Catalan parliamentary election, but the party was disintegrating. "La Batalla" ceased publication in May 1980, marking the end of the POUM as an organized party, though it was never officially dissolved. As a last remnant, the Valencia branch remained active until 1981.


title: POUM

text: Former members of the POUM formed the Fundación Andreu Nin (Andreu Nin Foundation) to preserve the heritage of their party and ideological current.


title: POUM

text: British author George Orwell fought alongside members of the Independent Labour Party as part of POUM militias; he recounted the experience in his book "Homage to Catalonia." Likewise, the film "Land and Freedom", directed by Ken Loach, tells of a group of POUM soldiers fighting in the war from the perspective of a British member of the British Communist Party. In particular, the film deals with his disillusionment with the Soviet Union's policies in the war.


title: POUM

text: The POUM is briefly mentioned in Joe Haldeman's science fiction novel The Forever War as a militia where "(y)ou obeyed an order only after it had been explained in detail; you could refuse if it didn't make sense."


title: POUM

text: Ian Fleming's "From Russia with Love" (Signet edition, p. 50) states that Rosa Klebb infiltrated the POUM and may have murdered Andrés Nin Pérez.


title: POUM

text: In Margaret Atwood's prize winning novel, The Blind Assassin, there's a fictional newspaper account detailing the actual battles between the POUM and the Stalin-backed Communists in Barcelona; the title of the newspaper article is "Red Vendetta in Barcelona" and mentions the purges against the POUM by Stalinist Communists "well armed by Russia".


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Sr. (October 20, 1877 – May 7, 1915) was a wealthy American businessman, and a member of the Vanderbilt family. A sportsman, he participated in and pioneered a number of related endeavors. He died in the sinking of the RMS "Lusitania".


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: Vanderbilt was born in New York City, the third son of Cornelius Vanderbilt II (1843–1899) and Alice Claypoole Gwynne (1845–1934). His siblings were Alice Gwynne Vanderbilt (1869-1874), William Henry Vanderbilt II (1870–1892), Cornelius "Neily" Vanderbilt III (1873–1942), Gertrude Vanderbilt (1875–1942), Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt (1880–1925) and Gladys Moore Vanderbilt (1886–1965).


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: Alfred Vanderbilt attended the St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, and Yale University (Class of 1899), where he was a member of Skull and Bones. Soon after graduation, Vanderbilt, with a party of friends, started on a tour of the world which was to have lasted two years. When the group reached Japan on September 12, 1899, he received news of his father's sudden death and hastened home as speedily as possible to find himself, by his father's will, the head of his branch of the family.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: His eldest brother, William, had died in 1892 at age 22, and their father had disinherited Alfred's second oldest brother Neily due to his marriage to Grace Wilson, a young debutante of whom the elder Vanderbilts strongly disapproved for a variety of reasons. Alfred received the largest share of his father's estate, though it was also divided among his sisters and his younger brother, Reginald.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: Soon after his return to New York, Vanderbilt began working as a clerk in the offices of the New York Central Railroad, as preparation for entering into the councils of the company as one of its principal owners. Subsequently, he was chosen a director in other companies as well, among them the Fulton Chain Railway Company, Fulton Navigation Company, Raquette Lake Railway Company, Raquette Lake Transportation Company, and the Plaza Bank of New York.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: Vanderbilt was a good judge of real estate values and projected several important enterprises. On the site of the former residence of the Vanderbilt family and on several adjacent plots, he built the Vanderbilt Hotel at Park Avenue and 34th Street, New York, which he made his city home.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: Among Vanderbilt's many holdings were positions in the New York Central Railroad, Beech Creek Railroad, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, Michigan Central Railroad and Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad as well as the Pullman Company.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: On January 11, 1901, Vanderbilt married Ellen ("Elsie") Tuck French, in Newport, Rhode Island. She was the daughter of Francis Ormond French (1837–1893) and his wife Ellen Tuck (1838–1915), and was close friends with Vanderbilt's sister, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, who was married to Harry Payne Whitney. Later that same year, on November 24, 1901, Elsie gave birth to their only child: William Henry Vanderbilt III (1901–1981), later governor of Rhode Island.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: In March 1908, Elsie moved to the home of her brother, Amos Tuck French, in Tuxedo Park, New York. Shortly thereafter, a scandal erupted in April 1908 after Elsie filed for divorce, alleging adultery with Agnes O'Brien Ruíz, the wife of the Cuban attaché in Washington, D. C. The publicity, which caused splits over whom to support, ultimately led Agnes Ruíz to commit suicide in 1909. Elsie, who remarried, died in Newport on February 27, 1948.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: Vanderbilt spent considerable time in London after the divorce, and remarried there, on December 17, 1911, to the wealthy American divorcée Margaret Mary Emerson (1886–1960). She was the daughter of Captain Isaac Edward Emerson (1859–1931) and Emily Askew Dunn (1854–1921), and was heiress to the Bromo-Seltzer fortune. Margaret had been married from 1902-1910 to Dr. Smith Hollins McKim (d. 1932), a wealthy physician of Baltimore. Together, Alfred and Margaret had two children: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt Jr. (1912–1999), businessman and racehorse breeder, and George Washington Vanderbilt III (1914–1961), yachtsman and a scientific explorer.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: After Alfred's death aboard the "Lusitania" in 1915, Margaret bought a 316-acre estate in Lenox, Massachusetts, with a 47-room mansion. She remarried twice, first on June 12, 1918, in Lenox Raymond T. Baker (1875–1935), a politician with whom she had a daughter, Gloria Baker (1920–1975). The claim for his estate was put forward by Margaret, who by that point was already remarried. The net value of the estate, after the payment of all debts and funeral and administration expenses, was $15,594,836.32.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: By the terms of his will, Margaret and his three sons would inherit $1,180,098.18. In addition, for their maintenance and for the support and comfort of his widow and children, he expended and contributed approximately $300,000 annually.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: Vanderbilt was a sportsman, and he particularly enjoyed fox hunting and coaching. In the late 19th century, he and a number of other millionaires, such as James Hazen Hyde practiced the old English coaching techniques of the early 19th century. Meeting near Holland House in London, the coaching group would take their vehicle for a one-day, two-day, or longer trip along chosen routes through several counties, going to prearranged inns and hotels along the routes. Vanderbilt would frequently drive the coach, in perfectly appareled suit, a coachman or groom. He is recorded as a regular guest at the Burford Bridge Hotel near Box Hill in Surrey where, when driving from London to Brighton, he would stop to take lunch and to collect telegrams. He loved the outdoor experience.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: In 1902, he bought Great Camp Sagamore, on Sagamore Lake in the Adirondacks, from William West Durant. He expanded and improved the property to include flush toilets, a sewer system, and hot and cold running water. He later added a hydroelectric plant and an outdoor bowling alley with an ingenious system for retrieving the balls. Other amenities included a tennis court, a croquet lawn, a 100,000 gallon reservoir, and a working farm.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: In 1908, he donated $100,000 to build the Mary Street YMCA (today the Vanderbilt Hotel) in Newport, Rhode Island, in memory of his father Cornelius Vanderbilt II (1843 – 1899). Ground breaking was on August 31, 1908, with the cornerstone laid on November 19, 1908 by Vanderbilt. The dedication was on January 1, 1910.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: On May 1, 1915, Vanderbilt boarded the bound for Liverpool as a first class passenger. It was a business trip, and he traveled with only his valet, Ronald Denyer, leaving his family at home in New York.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: On May 7, off the coast of County Cork, Ireland, German U-boat, torpedoed the ship, triggering a secondary explosion that sank the giant ocean liner within 18 minutes. Vanderbilt and Denyer helped others into lifeboats, and then Vanderbilt gave his lifejacket to save a female passenger. Vanderbilt had promised the young mother of a small baby that he would locate an extra lifevest for her. Failing to do so, he offered her his own life vest, which he proceeded to tie on to her himself, since she was holding her infant child in her arms at the time. Many considered his actions especially noble since he could not swim and he knew there were no other lifevests or lifeboats available. Because of his fame, several people on the "Lusitania" who survived the tragedy were observing him while events unfolded at the time, and so they took note of his actions. He and Denyer were among the 1,198 passengers who did not survive the incident. His body was never recovered.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: There has been some historical confusion as to which member of the Vanderbilt family was booked on the "Titanic" and recent studies have determined that his uncle George Washington Vanderbilt II was actually booked to travel on the "Titanic" along with his wife Edith and daughter Cornelia, not Alfred Vanderbilt.


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: A memorial was erected on the A24 London to Worthing Road in Holmwood, just south of Dorking. The inscription reads, "In Memory of Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, a gallant gentleman and a fine sportsman who perished in the Lusitania May 7th 1915. This stone is erected on his favorite road by a few of his British coaching friends and admirers".


title: Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt

text: A memorial fountain to Vanderbilt is in Vanderbilt Park on Broadway in Newport, Rhode Island, where many members of the Vanderbilt family spent their summers. The memorial reads: "To the Memory of Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, who perished on the S.S. Lusitania in the Thirty-eighth year of his age May 7, 1915. Erected by fifty of his friends."


title: Brubaker

text: Brubaker is a 1980 American prison drama film directed by Stuart Rosenberg. It stars Robert Redford as a newly arrived prison warden, Henry Brubaker, who attempts to clean up a corrupt and violent penal system. The screenplay by W. D. Richter is a fictionalized version of the 1969 book, "Accomplices to the Crime: The Arkansas Prison Scandal" by Tom Murton and Joe Hyams, detailing Murton's uncovering of the 1967 prison scandal.


title: Brubaker

text: The film features a large supporting cast, including Yaphet Kotto, Jane Alexander, Murray Hamilton, David Keith, Tim McIntire, Matt Clark, M. Emmet Walsh, Everett McGill, and an early appearance by Morgan Freeman. It was nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the 1981 Academy Awards.


title: Brubaker

text: In 1969, Henry Brubaker arrives at Wakefield State Prison in Arkansas disguised as an inmate. He immediately witnesses rampant abuse and corruption, including open and endemic sexual assault, torture, worm-ridden diseased food, fraud, and rampant graft. During a dramatic standoff involving Walter, a deranged prisoner who was being held in solitary confinement, Brubaker reveals himself to be the new prison warden, to the amazement of both prisoners and officials alike.


title: Brubaker

text: Brubaker attempts to reform the prison, with an eye towards prisoner rehabilitation and human rights, clashing frequently with corrupt officials on the state prison board who have profited from graft for decades. He recruits several longtime prisoners, including trustys Larry Lee Bullen, Richard "Dickie" Coombes, and former warden's clerk Purcell (who secretly remains loyal to the unscrupulous trustys) to assist him with the reform. Lillian Gray, a public relations specialist for the governor's office, also attempts to influence Brubaker to reform the prison in a way that will cast the governor in a positive light.


title: Brubaker

text: To improve the prison, Brubaker fires his crooked bookkeeper, who built up a stash of illicit food ostensibly for inmates but actually sold to generate profit, tosses the former prison doctor out of the facility when he learns inmates were being charged for medical treatment, and burns down an illicit pleasure shack on prison grounds where influential trusty Huey Rauch and his girlfriend Carol lived. After a faulty roof cave-in in the prison barracks, Brubaker meets with C.P. Woodward, a lumber salesman and longtime participant in the prison graft scheme. Accusing Woodward of using prisoners as slave labor and purposely pocketing contract money while intentionally building a shoddy, uninsured roof, Brubaker terminates Woodward's contract. He also oversees the formation of an inmate council, allowing the inmates to govern themselves. During the first meeting of the inmate council, Abraham Cook, an elderly black inmate still imprisoned three years after the end of his sentence, pulls Brubaker aside and confesses that he was instructed to construct coffins for murdered prisoners. Eddie Caldwell, a sadistic trustee, takes notice, and he, Purcell, and Rauch lure Abraham to the medical ward, where he is tortured with a Tucker Telephone. Brubaker attends the prison board meeting, where he discovers that many of the members are enraged at the disruption of their graft schemes via his reforms and are uninterested at investing any money to improve the prison. Brubaker accuses prison board head John Deach of defrauding the prison through insurance policies on nonexistent farm equipment (while leaving the prison buildings uninsured) before storming out of the meeting.


title: Brubaker

text: The morning after the prison board meeting, Brubaker awakes and discovers Abraham's body suspended from the warden's residence flagpole. While excavating the area Abraham disclosed to him, Brubaker discovers multiple unmarked graves which contain bodies of prisoners who died violently. Word reaches the governor's office, and Gray, alongside Edwards, a liberal member of the prison board, and corrupt State Senator Hite, attempt to convince Brubaker to stop excavating graves with the promise of funding for the prison, trying to convince him he has instead discovered an old pauper's graveyard. Brubaker refuses, and continues the excavations. Rauch rudely laments Abraham's confession, and Coombes, knowing Rauch's involvement in Abraham's death, threatens Rauch, who then escapes the prison and hides out at a local restaurant. Brubaker and several trustys pursue him, and in the resulting gunfight, Bullen and Rauch are killed. Due to the spillage of violence outside the prison walls, the board fires Brubaker and holds a hearing about the exhumed bodies where the board continues to lie about their origin. Brubaker walks in and makes a comment about saving taxpayer money by shooting prisoners rather than sending them to Wakefield, which enrages Deach. Brubaker leaves and Gray follows him, imploring him to compromise, but he refuses to compromise over murder.


title: Brubaker

text: Brubaker exits the prison as the new warden, hardline disciplinarian Rory Poke, addresses the prisoners. Coombes approaches Brubaker and tells him simply, "You were right." Coombes begins clapping, and the convicts ignore Poke and approach the fence, clapping a farewell to a teary Brubaker.


title: Brubaker

text: In addition, Wilford Brimley, Nathan George and William Newman appeared as Prison Board Members, John McMartin as State Senator, and Nicolas Cage appeared in an uncredited background role as a prisoner, one year before his first credited role.


title: Brubaker

text: The film is based on the real-life experiences of warden Thomas Murton, co-author with Joe Hyams of the 1969 book, "Accomplices to the Crime: The Arkansas Prison Scandal". In 1967, he was hired by Governor Winthrop Rockefeller to reform Arkansas' Tucker State and Cummins State Prison Farms, but Murton was dismissed less than a year into the job because his work was creating too much bad publicity for the state's penal system—in particular, the discovery of numerous graves belonging to prisoners who had been killed in these prisons. Much of the squalid conditions, violence and corruption depicted in the film was the subject of a 1970 federal court case, "Holt v. Sarver", in which the federal court ruled that Arkansas' prison system violated inmates' constitutional rights, and ordered reform.


title: Brubaker

text: The film was originally based on the Louisiana State Prison (Angola) but the State of Louisiana successfully sued to block publication of both the novel and the screenplay if it made references to conditions at Angola. Due to the successful legal outcome, violence and slavery-era treatment of inmates at Angola continued unabated throughout the 1980s and 1990s until two lawsuits were filed in 2013 regarding medical care and inhumane treatment, and excessive high temperatures at the facility. Angola's solitary confinement block, which had no air conditioning and had the highest suicide rates in the United States, was closed in 2018 after a 2013 lawsuit.


title: Brubaker

text: Rosenberg replaced Bob Rafelson, who was removed as director early in production. This would become Rosenberg's second prison film after directing "Cool Hand Luke" in 1967. Rafelson filed a breach-of-contract and slander lawsuit in May 1979 asking for damages of $10 million, claiming that Fox had assured him that he would have complete autonomy and creative control and had made statements that implied that he was incompetent, emotionally unstable, and not qualified to direct a major motion picture.


title: Brubaker

text: Most exteriors were filmed at the then-recently closed Junction City Prison in Junction City, southeast of Columbus in central Ohio. Additional locations included Bremen, New Lexington, and the Fairfield County Fairgrounds in Lancaster. The opening scenes of the prison bus departure show the skyline and a view up South Front Street in Columbus.


title: Brubaker

text: A paperback screenplay novelization by the celebrated and award-winning American novelist and short story writer William Harrison was issued shortly in advance of the film's release (as was the custom of the era) by Ballantine Books.


title: Brubaker

text: "Brubaker" was a critical and commercial success. Produced on a budget of $9 million, the film grossed $37,121,708 in North America, earning $19.3 million in theatrical rentals, making it the 19th highest-grossing film of 1980. The movie was also well received by critics, holding a 75% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 24 reviews.


title: Brubaker

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote:The movie (refuses) to permit its characters more human dimensions. We want to know these people better, but the screenplay throws up a wall; they act according to the ideological positions assigned to them in the screenplay, and that's that. ... Half of Redford's speeches could have come out of newspaper editorials, but we never find out much about him, What's his background? Was he ever married? Is this his first prison job? What's his relationship with the Jane Alexander character, who seems to have gotten him this job? (Alexander has one almost subliminal moment when she fans her neck and looks at Redford and, seems to be thinking unpolitical thoughts, but the movie hurries on.) "Brubaker" is a well-crafted film that does a harrowingly effective job of portraying the details of its prison, but then it populates it with positions rather than people."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld, in a 5–4 ruling, the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults, in this case with respect to homosexual sodomy, though the law did not differentiate between homosexual sodomy and heterosexual sodomy. The case was overturned in 2003 in "Lawrence v. Texas", though the statute had already been struck down by the Georgia Supreme Court in 1998. "Bowers" is today considered to be among the worst rulings ever penned by the Supreme Court, particularly for its perceived poor legal reasoning and vitriolic rhetoric against the LGBT community. The "Encyclopædia Britannica" states "that scholarly commentary on the decision [has] overwhelmingly regarded the dissenters in Bowers as having made the better legal arguments." Several justices, including Lewis F. Powell, later expressed regrets joining the majority but stated that they considered the decision of little importance at the time.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: The majority opinion, by Justice Byron White, reasoned that the U.S. Constitution did not confer "a fundamental right to engage in homosexual sodomy". A concurring opinion by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger cited the "ancient roots" of prohibitions against homosexual sex, quoting William Blackstone's description of homosexual sex as an "infamous crime against nature", worse than rape, and "a crime not fit to be named". Burger concluded: "To hold that the act of homosexual sodomy is somehow protected as a fundamental right would be to cast aside millennia of moral teaching."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: The senior dissent, by Justice Harry Blackmun, framed the issue as revolving around the right to privacy. Blackmun's dissent accused the Court of an "almost obsessive focus on homosexual activity" and an "overall refusal to consider the broad principles that have informed our treatment of privacy in specific cases." In response to invocations of religious taboos against homosexuality, Blackmun wrote: "That certain, but by no means all, religious groups condemn the behavior at issue gives the State no license to impose their judgments on the entire citizenry. The legitimacy of secular legislation depends, instead, on whether the State can advance some justification for its law beyond its conformity to religious doctrine."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Seventeen years after "Bowers v. Hardwick", the Supreme Court directly overruled its decision in "Lawrence v. Texas", holding that anti-sodomy laws are unconstitutional. In "Lawrence", the Supreme Court subsequently based its decision on the American tradition of non-interference with private sexual decisions between consenting adults and on the notions of personal autonomy to define one's own relationships.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In early July 1982, Atlanta Police Department officer Keith Torick issued Michael Hardwick a citation for public drinking after witnessing Hardwick throw a beer bottle into a trash can outside the gay bar where he worked, allegedly observing him violating the city's ordinance that prohibits drinking in public. Due to a clerical error on the citation issued by Torick, Hardwick missed his court date and Torick obtained a warrant for Hardwick's arrest. Hardwick then settled the matter by paying a $50 fine at a court office, but Torick showed up at Hardwick's house three weeks later, on August 3, to serve the now-invalid warrant. At the time, an unrelated guest of Hardwick was sleeping on the couch in Hardwick's living room; at around 8:30 am, Officer Torick entered the house (the front door may have been ajar) and awoke the guest, then proceeded down a hallway towards Hardwick's bedroom. The officer opened the bedroom door, and Torick observed Hardwick and a companion engaged in mutual, consensual oral sex.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Hardwick was angry at the intrusion and threatened to have Torick fired for entering his home. Torick later stated that he "would never have made the case if [Hardwick] hadn't had an attitude problem." Torick then arrested both men for sodomy, a felony under Georgia law that carried a sentence of one to twenty years' imprisonment. District Attorney Lewis Slaton chose not to prosecute the sodomy charge, considering that the warrant had expired, and his own belief that the sodomy law should not be used to prosecute consensual sexual activity.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Hardwick then sued Michael Bowers, the attorney general of Georgia, in federal court for a declaratory judgment that the state's sodomy law was invalid. He charged that as a non-celibate gay man, he was liable to eventually be prosecuted for his activities. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) had been searching for a "perfect test case" to challenge anti-sodomy laws, and Hardwick's cause presented the one they were looking for. They approached Hardwick, who agreed to be represented by ACLU attorneys.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In the lower federal courts, Hardwick was represented by attorney Kathleen Wilde. The case was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, where it was dismissed, with the Court ruling in favor of Bowers. Hardwick appealed, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit reversed the lower court, finding that the Georgia sodomy statute was an infringement upon Hardwick's constitutional rights. The State of Georgia then appealed, and the Supreme Court of the United States granted "certiorari" on November 4, 1985, to review the case.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Hardwick was represented before the Supreme Court by Harvard Law School Professor Laurence Tribe. Michael Hobbs, assistant attorney general, argued the case for the state. The legality of the officer's entry into Hardwick's home was not contested; only the constitutionality of the sodomy statute was challenged.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: A heterosexual married couple was initially named in the suit as plaintiffs John and Mary Doe, alleging that they wished to engage in sodomy but were prevented from doing so by the Georgia anti-sodomy law. They failed to obtain standing and were dropped from the suit.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: The Court issued a 5–4 ruling upholding the sodomy laws. Justice Byron White wrote the majority opinion and was joined by Justices William Rehnquist, Sandra Day O'Connor, Warren E. Burger, and Lewis F. Powell. Justice Harry Blackmun wrote a dissent joined by William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, and John Paul Stevens. Stevens also wrote a dissent joined by Brennan and Marshall.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: The issue in "Bowers" involved the right of privacy. Since 1965's "Griswold v. Connecticut", the Court had held that a right to privacy was implicit in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In "Bowers", the Court held that this right did not extend to private, consensual sexual conduct, at least insofar as it involved homosexual sex. The majority opinion in "Bowers", written by Justice Byron White, framed the legal question as to whether the Constitution confers "a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in sodomy." The opinion answered this question in the negative, stating that "to claim that a right to engage in such conduct is 'deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition' or 'implicit in the concept of ordered liberty is, at best, facetious."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Justice White added a slippery slope warning about undesirable potential implications for other sex laws:


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: The short concurring opinion by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger emphasized historical negative attitudes toward homosexual sex, quoting Sir William Blackstone's characterization of sodomy as "a crime not fit to be named" and an offense of "deeper malignity" than rape. Burger concluded, "To hold that the act of homosexual sodomy is somehow protected as a fundamental right would be to cast aside millennia of moral teaching."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In a concurring opinion, Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. joined the majority opinion in upholding the law against a substantive due process attack. He voiced doubts about the compatibility of Georgia's law with the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, noting that even consensual sodomy could be punished with up to twenty years in prison, the same sentence as an aggravated battery or first-degree arson. Since Hardwick had not been tried or sentenced, the question of the statute's constitutionality under the Eighth Amendment did not come up in the case.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Powell was considered the deciding vote during the case. He had initially voted to strike down the law but changed his mind after conservative clerk Michael W. Mosman advised him to uphold the ban. It has been claimed that Powell's decision to uphold the law was influenced by his belief that he had never known any homosexuals, even though one of his own law clerks was gay. That clerk said Powell had met his boyfriend and asked him about the mechanisms of homosexual sex when deciding the case. He felt that Powell had made the remark in order to avoid revealing that one of his clerks was gay at a time when such a revelation could have destroyed that clerk's future legal career. Journalists have since found that Powell hired more gay law clerks than any of the other justices.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: A sharply worded dissenting opinion by Justice Harry Blackmun attacked the majority opinion as having an "almost obsessive focus on homosexual activity". Blackmun wrote, "Only the most willful blindness could obscure the fact that sexual intimacy is 'a sensitive, key relationship of human existence, central to family life, community welfare, and the development of human personality, quoting from Burger's opinion in "Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton", which held that obscene films are not constitutionally protected. The dissent compared the majority opinion to that in "Minersville School District v. Gobitis", which was reversed by the Court after only three years. At the conclusion of his opinion, Blackmun wrote simply "I dissent", rather than the customary "I respectfully dissent."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Blackmun revealed in a 1995 oral history with Harold Koh that his dissent in "Bowers v. Hardwick" was written primarily by Blackmun's openly gay clerk Pamela S. Karlan. Blackmun said of the dissent, "Karlan did a lot of very effective writing, and I owe a lot to her and her ability in getting that dissent out. She felt very strongly about it, and I think is correct in her approach to it. I think the dissent is correct."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a separate dissent that focused on the selective enforcement of the law against homosexuals. The Georgia statute could not be applied to married heterosexuals, as consensual sexual activity within the bounds of marriage was protected under "Griswold v. Connecticut", the law could not be applied to unmarried heterosexuals, as "Eisenstadt v. Baird" had extended "Griswold" to unmarried people. Since heterosexuals could never be prosecuted for sodomy, Georgia should have the burden of proving that selective enforcement against homosexuals was constitutional.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: According to Daniel Richman, former law clerk for Justice Thurgood Marshall, Marshall's friendship with civil rights leader Bayard Rustin and Rustin's openness about his homosexuality played a significant role in Marshall's decision to join both dissents. Richman also recalled that Marshall thought that the case was a "no-brainer", and told Richman, who wrote a bench memo for Marshall on the case, that "this [case] is controlled by "Stanley"".


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Warren Burger’s views on homosexuality have come under scrutiny. He attempted to convince Byron White to include overtly homophobic language in the majority, which White refused to do. Burger lobbied Powell to change his mind, and sent him a note comparing homosexuals to Jack the Ripper.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Hardwick died in 1991 of complications from AIDS. According to his lawyer Kathleen Wilde, he died very bitter about the outcome of the case.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: "Bowers" was decided at a time when the court's privacy jurisprudence, and in particular the right to abortion recognized in "Roe v. Wade" had come under heavy criticism. "Bowers" signaled a reluctance by the Court to recognize a general constitutional right to privacy or to extend such a right further than they already had.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: The Georgia law upheld in "Bowers" criminalized oral sex and anal sex whether engaged in by people of the same sex or different sexes, but White's decision was restricted to homosexual sex. "The only claim properly before the Court, therefore, is Hardwick's challenge to the Georgia statute as applied to consensual homosexual sodomy. We express no opinion on the constitutionality of the Georgia statute as applied to other acts of sodomy." State sodomy laws were seldom enforced against private, consensual conduct in the decades following the decision, though many courts and state governments interpreted it to justify a wide variety of bans and limitations on the lives of gay people.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: "Bowers" was used to deny suspect class qualification to gays and lesbians, thus restricting the standard of review to rational basis. Although "Bowers" was later overruled, decisions based on it, such as "High Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office", are sometimes still cited as precedent in gay rights cases.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In 1990, three years after retiring from the Court, Powell told a group of New York University law students that he considered his opinion in "Bowers" an error, saying, "I do think it was inconsistent in a general way with "Roe". When I had the opportunity to reread the opinions a few months later I thought the dissent had the better of the arguments." Powell believed the case was one of little importance, and in 1990 said he had not devoted thirty minutes to think about it since the ruling.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In the years after "Bowers" was decided, several state legislatures repealed their sodomy laws. In addition, a number of state courts invalidated sodomy laws under privacy or other provisions of their state constitutions. In 1998, the same sodomy law that was upheld in "Bowers" was struck down by the Georgia Supreme Court in the case of "Powell v. State".


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In 2003, the remaining sodomy laws in 13 states were invalidated, insofar as they applied to private consensual conduct among adults, by the Supreme Court decision in "Lawrence v. Texas", which explicitly overturned "Bowers". In "Lawrence", the Supreme Court subsequently based its decision on the American tradition of non-interference with private sexual decisions between consenting adults and on the notions of personal autonomy to define one's own relationships. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote the majority opinion in "Lawrence", ruling that Texas's state sodomy law was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause (adult consensual sexual intimacy in one's home is a vital interest in liberty and privacy protected by the Due Process Clause). Kennedy wrote: ""Bowers" was not correct when it was decided, and it is not correct today. It ought not to remain binding precedent. "Bowers v. Hardwick" should be and now is overruled."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: "Encyclopædia Britannica" states "that scholarly commentary on the decision [has] overwhelmingly regarded the dissenters in Bowers as having made the better legal arguments."


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: Bill Moyers discussed the decision at length in an interview with Blackmun on the episode "Mr. Justice Blackmun" of the 1987 Constitutional bicentennial documentary miniseries "In Search of the Constitution".


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In 2009 a play based on the life of Michael Hardwick and the judicial proceedings, "Sodomy Rules: The Bowers v. Hardwick Trial", was written and performed by Bill Crouch in New York City.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In 2019, an updated revision of "Sodomy Rules! (The Bowers v. Hardwick Trial)", a solo documentary play based on the life of Michael Hardwick, was written and performed by Bill Crouch in New York City at The New Work Series presented by Emerging Artists on October 7, 2019.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: The last name of the satirical character Betty Bowers, played by Deven Green, is taken from this case.


title: Bowers v. Hardwick

text: In the movie "The Pelican Brief", there is a scene of a classroom in Tulane University in which the instructor and students discuss this case, with Julia Roberts' character, Darby Shaw, saying that the Court's decision was wrong.


title: Euhemerism

text: Euhemerism () is an approach to the interpretation of mythology in which mythological accounts are presumed to have originated from real historical events or personages. Euhemerism supposes that historical accounts become myths as they are exaggerated in the retelling, accumulating elaborations and alterations that reflect cultural mores. It was named for the Greek mythographer Euhemerus, who lived in the late 4th century BC. In the more recent literature of myth, such as "Bulfinch's Mythology", euhemerism is termed the "historical theory" of mythology.


title: Euhemerism

text: Euhemerus was not the first to attempt to rationalize mythology in historical terms: euhemeristic views are found in earlier writings including those of Sanchuniathon, Xenophanes, Herodotus, Hecataeus of Abdera and Ephorus. However, the enduring influence of Euhemerus upon later thinkers such as the classical poet Ennius (b. 239 BC) and modern author Antoine Banier (b. 1673 AD) identified him as the traditional founder of this school of thought.


title: Euhemerism

text: In a scene described in Plato's "Phaedrus", Socrates offers a euhemeristic interpretation of a myth concerning Boreas and Orithyia:


title: Euhemerism

text: Socrates illustrates a euhemeristic approach to the myth of Boreas abducting Orithyia. He shows how the story of Boreas, the northern wind, can be rationalised: Orithyia is pushed off the rock cliffs through the equation of Boreas with a natural gust of wind, which accepts Orithyia as a historical personage. But here he also implies that this is equivalent to rejecting the myth. Socrates, despite holding some euhemeristic views, mocked the concept that all myths could be rationalized, noting that the mythical creatures of "absurd forms" such as Centaurs and the Chimera could not easily be explained.


title: Euhemerism

text: In the ancient skeptic philosophical tradition of Theodorus of Cyrene and the Cyrenaics, Euhemerus forged a new method of interpretation for the contemporary religious beliefs. Though his work is lost, the reputation of Euhemerus was that he believed that much of Greek mythology could be interpreted as natural or historical events subsequently given supernatural characteristics through retelling. Subsequently, Euhemerus was considered to be an atheist by his opponents, most notably Callimachus.


title: Euhemerism

text: Euhemerus' views were rooted in the deification of men, usually kings, into gods through apotheosis. In numerous cultures, kings were exalted or venerated into the status of divine beings and worshipped after their death, or sometimes even while they ruled. Dion, the tyrant ruler of Syracuse, was deified while he was alive and modern scholars consider his apotheosis to have influenced Euhemerus' views on the origin of all gods. Euhemerus was also living during the contemporaneous deification of the Seleucids and "pharaoization" of the Ptolemies in a fusion of Hellenic and Egyptian traditions.


title: Euhemerism

text: Euhemerus argued that Zeus was a mortal king who died on Crete, and that his tomb could still be found there with the inscription bearing his name. This claim however did not originate with Euhemerus, as the general sentiment of Crete during the time of Epimenides of Knossos (c. 600 BC) was that Zeus was buried somewhere in Crete. For this reason, the Cretans were often considered atheists, and Epimenides called them all liars (see Epimenides paradox). Callimachus, an opponent of Euhemerus' views on mythology, argued that Zeus' Cretan tomb was fabricated, and that he was eternal:


title: Euhemerism

text: A later Latin scholium on the "Hymns" of Callimachus attempted to account for the tomb of Zeus. According to the scholium, the original tomb inscription read: "The tomb of Minos, the son of Jupiter" but over time the words "Minos, the son" wore away leaving only "the tomb of Jupiter". This had misled the Cretans into thinking that Zeus had died and was buried there.


title: Euhemerism

text: Influenced by Euhemerus, Porphyry in the 3rd century AD claimed that Pythagoras had discovered the tomb of Zeus on Crete and written on the tomb's surface an inscription reading: "Here died and was buried Zan, whom they call Zeus". Varro also wrote about the tomb of Zeus.


title: Euhemerism

text: Hostile to paganism, the early Christians, such as the Church Fathers, embraced euhemerism in attempt to undermine the validity of pagan gods. The usefulness of euhemerist views to early Christian apologists may be summed up in Clement of Alexandria's triumphant cry in "Cohortatio ad gentes": "Those to whom you bow were once men like yourselves."


title: Euhemerism

text: The "Wisdom of Solomon", a deuterocanonical book, has a passage, , giving a euhemerist explanation of the origin of idols.


title: Euhemerism

text: The early Christian apologists deployed the euhemerist argument to support their position that pagan mythology was merely an aggregate of fables of human invention. Cyprian, a North African convert to Christianity, wrote a short essay "De idolorum vanitate" ("On the Vanity of Idols") in AD 247 that assumes the euhemeristic rationale as though it needed no demonstration. Cyprian begins:


title: Euhemerism

text: Cyprian proceeds directly to examples, the apotheosis of Melicertes and Leucothea; "The Castors [i.e. Castor and Pollux] die by turns, that they may live," a reference to the daily sharing back and forth of their immortality by the Heavenly Twins. "The cave of Jupiter is to be seen in Crete, and his sepulchre is shown," Cyprian says, confounding Zeus and Dionysus but showing that the Minoan cave cult was still alive in Crete in the third century AD. In his exposition, it is to Cyprian's argument to marginalize the syncretism of pagan belief, in order to emphasize the individual variety of local deities:


title: Euhemerism

text: Eusebius in his "Chronicle" employed euhemerism to argue the Babylonian God Baʿal was a deified ruler and that the god Belus was the first Assyrian king.


title: Euhemerism

text: Euhemeristic views are found expressed also in Tertullian ("De idololatria"), the "Octavius" of Marcus Minucius Felix and in Origen. Arnobius' dismissal of paganism in the fifth century, on rationalizing grounds, may have depended on a reading of Cyprian, with the details enormously expanded. Isidore of Seville, compiler of the most influential early medieval encyclopedia, devoted a chapter "De diis gentium" to elucidating, with numerous examples and elaborated genealogies of gods, the principle drawn from Lactantius, "Quos pagani deos asserunt, homines olim fuisse produntur." ("Those whom pagans claim to be gods were once mere men.") Elaborating logically, he attempted to place these deified men in the six great periods of history as he divided it, and created mythological dynasties. Isidore's euhemeristic bent was codified in a rigid parallel with sacred history in Petrus Comestor's appendix to his much translated "Historia scholastica" (written ca. 1160), further condensing Isidore to provide strict parallels of figures from the pagan legend, as it was now viewed in historicised narrative, and the mighty human spirits of the patriarchs of the Old Testament. Martin of Braga, in his "De correctione rusticorum," wrote that idolatry stemmed from post-deluge survivors of Noah's family, who began to worship the Sun and stars instead of God. In his view, the Greek gods were deified descendants of Noah who were once real personages.


title: Euhemerism

text: Christian writers during the Middle Ages continued to embrace euhemerism, such as Vincent of Beauvais, Petrus Comestor, Roger Bacon and Godfrey of Viterbo.


title: Euhemerism

text: “After all, it was during this time that Christian apologists had adopted the views of the rationalist Greek philosophers. And had captured the purpose for Euhemerism, which was to explain the mundane origins of the Hellenistic divinities. Euhemerism explained simply in two ways: first in the strictest sense as a movement which reflected the known views of Euhemerus' Hiera Anagraphe regarding Panchaia and the historicity of the family of Saturn and Uranus. The principal sources of these views are the handed-down accounts of Lactantius and Diodorus; or second, in the widest sense, as a rationalist movement which sought to explain the mundane origins of all the Hellenistic gods and heroes as mortals.” Other modern theorists labeled Euhemerism as a “subject of classical paganism that was fostered in the minds of the people of the Middle Ages through the realization that while in most respects the ancient Greeks and Roman had been superior to themselves, they had been in error regarding their religious beliefs. An examination of the principal writings in Middle English with considerable reading of literature other than English, discloses the fact that the people of the Middle Ages rarely regarded the so-called gods as mere figments of the imagination but rather believed that they were or had been real beings, sometimes possessing actual power.” (John Daniel Cook)


title: Euhemerism

text: In the "Prose Edda", composed around 1220, the Christian Icelandic bard and historian Snorri Sturluson proposes that the Norse gods were originally historical leaders and kings. Odin, the father of the gods, is introduced as a historical person originally from Asia Minor, tracing his ancestry back to Priam, the king of Troy during the Trojan War.


title: Euhemerism

text: As Odin travels north to settle in the Nordic countries, he establishes the royal families ruling in Denmark, Sweden and Norway at the time:


title: Euhemerism

text: Euhemeristic interpretations of mythology continued throughout the early modern period from the 16th century, to modern times. In 1711, the French historian Antoine Banier in his "Mythologie et la fable expliqués par l'histoire" ("The Mythology and Fables of the Ancients, Explained") presented strong arguments for a euhemerist interpretation of Greek mythology. Jacob Bryant's "A New System or Analysis of Ancient Mythology" (1744) was also another key work on euhemerism of the period, but argued so from a Biblical basis. Of the early 19th century, George Stanley Faber was another Biblical euhemerist. His work "The Origin of Pagan Idolatry" (1816) proposed that all the pagan nations worshipped the same gods, who were all deified men. Outside of Biblical influenced literature, some archaeologists embraced euhemerist views since they discovered myths could verify archaeological findings. Heinrich Schliemann was a prominent archaeologist of the 19th century who argued myths had embedded historical truths. Schliemann was an advocate of the historical reality of places and characters mentioned in the works of Homer. He excavated Troy and claimed to have discovered artifacts associated with various figures from Greek mythology, including the Mask of Agamemnon and Priam's Treasure.


title: Euhemerism

text: Herbert Spencer embraced some euhemeristic arguments in attempt to explain the anthropocentric origin of religion, through ancestor worship. Rationalizing methods of interpretation that treat some myths as traditional accounts based upon historical events are a continuous feature of some modern readings of mythology.


title: Euhemerism

text: The twentieth century poet and mythographer Robert Graves offered many such "euhemerist" interpretations in his telling of "The White Goddess" (1948) and "The Greek Myths" (1955). His suggestions that such myths record and justify the political and religious overthrow of earlier cult systems have been widely criticized and are rejected by most scholars.


title: Euhemerism

text: Author Richard Carrier defines "euhemerization" as "the taking of a cosmic god and placing him at a definite point in history as an actual person who was later deified."


title: Euhemerism

text: In this framing, rather than being "presumed" to have originated from real historical events or personages, the mythological accounts are "claimed" to have had such origins, and historical accounts invented accordingly - such that, counter to the usual sense of "Euhemerism", in "euhemerization" a mythological figure is in fact transformed into a (pseudo)historical one.


title: Christopher Collins

text: Christopher Charles Collins (born Christopher Lawrence Latta; August 30, 1949 – June 12, 1994) was an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is best known as the voice of Cobra Commander in the "" animated series and Starscream in the first "Transformers" animated series. He had a few guest roles in the "Star Trek" series "" and "", he voice acted Moe Szyslak and Mr. Burns in the first season of "The Simpsons" (1989–1990), and he had many other roles in television series and films. He also had a successful stand-up comedy career.


title: Christopher Collins

text: Christopher Lawrence Latta was born in Orange, New Jersey to Robert Latta, a New York stage actor, and Jane Morin, an advertising executive. He grew up in the Morningside Heights (sometimes called "West Harlem") section of Manhattan, New York City. His legal name became Christopher Charles Collins when his stepfather adopted him. In his stand-up routine, he claimed to have grown up in Harlem and said his ultra-liberal parents had moved the family there "so he could meet some Negroes".


title: Christopher Collins

text: In the mid-1970s, he acted on the New York and Boston stage and did voice-over work for Boston radio station WBCN.


title: Christopher Collins

text: Collins's stand-up career peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when he performed in most of the major comedy venues in the United States and Canada. In 1990, he won the San Francisco International Stand-Up Comedy Competition.


title: Christopher Collins

text: At the beginning of his act, he entered in a black trench coat and ordered the audience to applaud the person who introduced him. He picked an audience member who failed to applaud and told him he had to "clap alone". He told the audience he was not a comedian, but a "psychotic who learned to market his problem". His comic persona was a loud, angry, mentally unstable man who liked to intimidate the audience. He was a frequent featured performer on "An Evening at the Improv" and "Caroline's Comedy Hour".


title: Christopher Collins

text: Collins made his animation voice acting debut as one of the English dubbers of the 1979 anime series "Space Battleship Yamato" (also called "Star Blazers"). He was most recognizable in that series as the voice of space marine Sgt. Knox during the Comet Empire installment.


title: Christopher Collins

text: When he began regular voice work, he adopted the stage name Chris Latta, as another Screen Actors Guild actor was performing as Chris Collins.


title: Christopher Collins

text: In 1983, Collins began voicing Cobra Commander for a . He continued voicing the role in a second five-part animated mini-series in 1984, a regular animated series beginning in 1985, a 1987 and a . Starting in 1984, Collins voiced the Decepticon Starscream for the "Transformers" animated series. He voiced other G.I. Joe and Transformers characters in these series as well as in toy commercials. These included the Autobot scientist Wheeljack, the Autobots' human friend Sparkplug Witwicky, the G.I. Joe Marine Gung-Ho and the Dreadnok Ripper. In "Inhumanoids", he voiced D'Compose and Tendril. In "", he voiced Darkstorm and Cravex. He provided voices in "The Real Ghostbusters", credited as Chris Collins. He played the live-action role of King Koopa in "King Koopa's Kool Kartoons" in 1989 before the role was taken over by Patrick Pinney.


title: Christopher Collins

text: In "The Simpsons", Collins originated the voice of Mr. Burns in the first-season episodes "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", "The Telltale Head", and "Homer's Odyssey", and recorded lines as Moe Szyslak for "The Telltale Head" and "Some Enchanted Evening" (but was dubbed over in the latter). Along with several other early "Simpsons" voice actors, he left during the first season. Hank Azaria took over the voice of Moe, while Harry Shearer assumed the role of Mr. Burns. In a 2018 interview with "GQ", Azaria commented on replacing Collins as Moe, saying that he did not find out until years later that he had replaced another actor. Azaria said that when he asked why he had replaced Collins, he was told by Matt Groening, "He (Collins) was great... He was just a dick. His voice was great, he was just kind of jerky to everyone." Azaria continued, "Think about how awful—that guy could have been on "The Simpsons" his whole life. Lesson to you kids: Always be nice!"


title: Christopher Collins

text: Later in the 1980s, he adopted the stage name of Christopher Collins and acted in many live-action television series and motion pictures. In "", he played Klingon Captain Kargan in the episode "A Matter of Honor" and Pakled Captain Grebnedlog in the episode "Samaritan Snare". In "", he portrayed two different Markalians: Durg in "The Passenger", and an unnamed assistant to The Albino in "". In "Married... with Children", he played Roger, one of Al Bundy's bowling buddies and a member of NO MA'AM (National Organization of Men Against Amazonian Masterhood). He portrayed a mugger on an episode of "Seinfeld" titled "The Subway". He appears as Mr. Forbes in a first-season episode of "NYPD Blue" titled "Abandando Abandoned".


title: Christopher Collins

text: His first live-action feature film appearance is a bit part as the sharing husband in the film "Road House". He appeared in "True Identity", "Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot", "Blue Desert", and "A Stranger Among Us".


title: Christopher Collins

text: On April 28, 2012, Collins was posthumously inducted into the Transformers Hall of Fame. His daughter Abigail accepted on his behalf.


title: Christopher Collins

text: Collins married twice and had three children. Early in his career, he divided his time between New York, Boston, and Los Angeles before settling in L.A. in 1983. In 1991, he moved to Ventura, California.


title: Christopher Collins

text: Comedian Marc Maron described Collins in a 2021 podcast as "just like this monster, like he was a...drugs and booze and weird and just...creepy."


title: Christopher Collins

text: Collins was diagnosed with cerebral hemorrhage in April 1992, but stated he would continue to work on "The Simpsons" for as long as he was able to. He died on June 12, 1994, at the age of 44, due to complications of the hemorrhage.


title: Xu Kaicheng

text: Xu Kaicheng (, born 8 August 1990) is a Chinese actor. He is known for his roles in the web dramas "I Cannot Hug You", "Moonshine and Valentine", "I'm a Pet At Dali Temple " and "Well-Intended Love".


title: Xu Kaicheng

text: Xu was born in Shanghai, China. He learned dance since young, and enrolled in the Shanghai Theater Academy in 2007, majoring in ballet. Xu first appeared in the variety program "Jia You Hao Nan Er".


title: Xu Kaicheng

text: In 2012, Xu signed a contract with Ming Dao's entertainment agency, and made his acting debut in the television series "The Queen of SOP 2". He continued to star in various supporting roles in television series.


title: Xu Kaicheng

text: In 2017, Xu first gained recognition with his role as a vampire in the fantasy web drama "I Cannot Hug You".


title: Xu Kaicheng

text: In 2018, Xu starred in the fantasy romance drama "Moonshine and Valentine" as the second male lead. The series was a commercial success and Xu became known to wider audiences. The same year, he played his first leading role in the historical comedy web series "I'm a Pet at The Dali Temple", which was a moderate success.


title: Xu Kaicheng

text: In 2019, Xu starred in the romantic comedy web drama "Well-Intended Love". The series was a hit and led to increased popularity and recognition for Xu. The same year, he starred in the fencing drama "Boys To Men".


title: Xu Kaicheng

text: In 2020, Xu starred in the xianxia romance comedy "Dance of the Phoenix". He was cast in the historical fantasy drama "".


title: Forced displacement

text: Forced displacement (also forced migration) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region. The UNHCR defines 'forced displacement' as follows: displaced "as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations".


title: Forced displacement

text: A forcibly displaced person may also be referred to as a "forced migrant", a "displaced person" (DP), or, if displaced within the home country, an "internally displaced person" (IDP). While some displaced persons may be considered as refugees, the latter term specifically refers to such displaced persons who are receiving legally-defined protection and are recognized as such by their country of residence and/or international organizations.


title: Forced displacement

text: Forced displacement has gained attention in international discussions and policy making since the European migrant crisis. This has since resulted in a greater consideration of the impacts of forced migration on affected regions outside Europe. Various international, regional, and local organizations are developing and implementing approaches to both prevent and mitigate the impact of forced migration in the previous home regions as well as the receiving or destination regions. Additionally, some collaboration efforts are made to gather evidence in order to seek prosecution of those involved in causing events of man-made forced migration. An estimated 100 million people around the world were forcibly displaced by the end of 2022, with the majority coming from the Global South.


title: Forced displacement

text: Governments, NGOs, other international organizations and social scientist have defined forced displacement in a variety of ways. They have generally agreed that it is the forced removal or relocation of a person from their environment and associated connections. It can involve different types of movements, such as flight (from fleeing), evacuation, and population transfer.


title: Forced displacement

text: The term displaced person (DP) was first widely used during World War II, following the subsequent refugee outflows from Eastern Europe. In this context, DP specifically referred to an individual removed from their native country as a refugee, prisoner or a slave laborer. Most war victims, political refugees, and DPs of the immediate post-Second World War period were Ukrainians, Poles, other Slavs, and citizens of the Baltic states (Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians) who refused to return to Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe.


title: Forced displacement

text: A.J. Jaffe claimed that the term was originally coined by Eugene M. Kulischer. The meaning has significantly broadened in the past half-century.


title: Forced displacement

text: Forced displacement may directly result from natural disasters and indirectly from the subsequent impact on infrastructure, food and water access, and local/regional economies. Displacement may be temporary or permanent, depending on the scope of the disaster and the area's recovery capabilities. Climate change is increasing the frequency of major natural disasters, possibly placing a greater number of populations in situations of forced displacement. Also crop failures due to blight and/or pests fall within this category by affecting people's access to food. Additionally, the term environmental refugee represents people who are forced to leave their traditional habitat because of environmental factors which negatively impact their livelihood, or even environmental disruption i.e. biological, physical or chemical change in ecosystem. Migration can also occur as a result of slow-onset climate change, such as desertification or sea-level rise, of deforestation or land degradation.


title: Forced displacement

text: Man-made displacement describes forced displacement caused by political entities, criminal organizations, conflicts, man-made environmental disasters, development, etc. Although impacts of natural disasters and blights/pests may be exacerbated by human mismanagement, man-made causes refer specifically to those initiated by humans. According to UNESCO, armed conflict stands as the most common cause behind forced displacement, reinforced by regional studies citing political and armed conflict as the largest attributing factors to migrant outflows from Latin America, Africa, and Asia.


title: Forced displacement

text: Displaced persons face adverse conditions when taking the decision to leave, traveling to a destination, and sometimes upon reaching their destination. Displaced persons are often forced to place their lives at risk, travel in inhumane conditions, and may be exposed to exploitation and abuse. These risk factors may increase through the involvement of smugglers and human traffickers, who may exploit them for illegal activities such as drug/weapons trafficking, forced labor, or sex work. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security. Displaced persons may also seek the assistance of human smugglers (such as coyotes in Latin America) throughout their journey. Given the illegal nature of smuggling, smugglers may take use dangerous methods to reach their destination without capture, exposing displaced persons to harm and sometimes resulting in deaths. Examples include abandonment, exposure to exploitation, dangerous transportation conditions, and death from exposure to harsh environments.


title: Forced displacement

text: In most instances of forced migration across borders, migrants do not possess the required documentation for legal travel. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security. As a result, displaced persons may face detainment and criminal punishment, as well as physical and psychological trauma. Various studies focusing on migrant health have specifically linked migration to increased likelihood of depression, anxiety, and other psychological troubles. For example, the United States has faced criticism for its recent policies regarding migrant detention, specifically the detention of children. Critics point to poor detention conditions, unstable contact with parents, and high potential for long-term trauma as reasons for seeking policy changes. Displaced persons risk greater poverty than before displacement, financial vulnerability, and potential social disintegration, in addition to other risks related to human rights, culture, and quality of life. Forced displacement has varying impacts, dependent on the means through which one was forcibly displaced, their geographic location, their protected status, and their ability to personally recover. Under the most common form of displacement, armed conflict, individuals often lose possession of their assets upon fleeing and possible upon arrival to a new country, where they can also face cultural, social, and economic discontinuity.


title: Forced displacement

text: Responses to situations of forced displacement vary across regional and international levels, with each type of forced displacement demonstrating unique characteristics and the need for a considerate approach. At the international level, international organizations (e.g. the UNHCR), NGOs (Doctors without Borders), and country governments (USAID) may work towards directly or indirectly ameliorating these situations. Means may include establishing internationally recognized protections, providing clinics to migrant camps, and supplying resources to populations. According to researchers such as Francis Deng, as well as international organizations such as the UN, an increase in IDPs compounds the difficulty of international responses, posing issues of incomplete information and questions regarding state sovereignty. State sovereignty especially becomes of concern when discussing protections for IDPs, who are within the borders of a sovereign state, placing reluctance in the international community's ability to respond. Multiple landmark conventions aim at providing rights and protections to the different categories of forcibly displaced persons, including the 1951 Refugee Convention, the 1967 Protocol, the Kampala Convention, and the 1998 Guiding Principles. Despite internationally cooperation, these frameworks rely on the international system, which states may disregard. finds that nations "very selectively" respond to instances of forced migration and internally displaced persons.


title: Forced displacement

text: World organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank, as well as individual countries, sometimes directly respond to the challenges faced by displaced people, providing humanitarian assistance or forcibly intervening in the country of conflict. Disputes related to these organizations' neutrality and limited resources has affected the capabilities of international humanitarian action to mitigate mass displacement mass displacement's causes. These broad forms of assistance sometimes do not fully address the multidimensional needs of displaced persons. Regardless, calls for multilateral responses echo across organizations in the face of falling international cooperation. These organizations propose more comprehensive approaches, calling for improved conflict resolution and capacity-building in order to reduce instances of forced displacement.


title: Forced displacement

text: Responses at multiple levels and across sectors is vital. A research has for instance highlighted the importance of collaboration between businesses and non-governmental organizations to tackle resettlement and employment issues.


title: Forced displacement

text: Lived in experiences of displaced persons will vary according to the state and local policies of their country of relocation. Policies reflecting national exclusion of displaced persons may be undone by inclusive urban policies. Sanctuary cities are an example of spaces that regulate their cooperation or participation with immigration law enforcement. The practice of urban membership upon residence allows displaced persons to have access to city services and benefits, regardless of their legal status. Sanctuary cities have been able to provide migrants with greater mobility and participation in activities limiting the collection of personal information, issuing identification cards to all residents, and providing access to crucial services such as health care. Access to these services can ease the hardships of displaced people by allowing them to healthily adjust to life after displacement .


title: Forced displacement

text: Forced displacement has been the subject of several trials in local and international courts. For an offense to classify as a war crime, the victim must be a "protected person" under international humanitarian law. Originally referring only categories of individuals explicitly protected under one of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, "protected person" now may define a civilian or police force not participating directly in a conflict.


title: Forced displacement

text: In Article 49, the Fourth Geneva Convention, adopted on 12 August 1949, specifically forbade forced displacementThe Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court defines forced displacement as a crime within the jurisdiction of the court:


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie is a 2020 American animated superhero television film based on the 2016 TV series "Ben 10", which serves as a reboot of the 2005 TV series of the same name created by Man of Action. Directed by Henrique Jardim and John McIntyre and written by Benjamin Lane, Chelsea McAlarney, Johnny Vu, André LaMilza, John Martinez, Josh Kim, Sarah Visel, Benjamin P. Carow and Kelly Turnbull, it stars Tara Strong, Montserrat Hernandez, David Kaye, John DiMaggio, Greg Cipes and Yuri Lowenthal. In this film, Ben travels around space to stop a new threat that can lead Earth to total destruction. It is also considered to be a near seven-part special episode movie, as episodes are regularly eleven minutes long.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: A new "Ben 10" film was officially announced by Cartoon Network in February 2020. The film's first trailer was shown on July 23, 2020, at San Diego Comic-Con at Home, a replacement to the 2020 edition, which was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It premiered on Cartoon Network on October 9–10, 2020.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: After foiling Steam Smythe's plan to destroy a telephone industry, Ben Tennyson feels like everything he does is getting repetitive and feels like there's no one left to give him a challenge. When his cousin Gwen and Grandpa Max start encouraging Ben to not let his guard down when there are new threats coming, they suddenly get an urgent call from their friend Phil, and they quickly travel to his house. After getting there and entering his secret lab in his garage, Phil shows them a meteor heading towards Earth that threatens to destroy all life on the planet. Left with no other options Ben decides to destroy the meteor with one of his aliens but before he does that, Phil tells Ben that the key which is used to unlock his “Omni-Kix” armor is actually in reverse and turning it into its proper lock could unlock the other secret upgrades of the Omnitrix. After putting the key back in its proper place in the Omnitrix, Ben turns into Jetray, then twists his Omnitrix twice, giving him a new upgrade and suit called “Omni-naut Armor". After doing a couple of test runs, Ben is ready to fly into space and destroy the meteor.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: Ben flies into outer space while Gwen, Grandpa Max, and Phil monitor Ben while also feeling worried as he tries to stop the meteor. When Ben reaches the meteor, he suddenly changes direction, and flies into a portal to another galaxy while the meteor continues heading towards Earth. As the Tennyson's and Phil moan over Bens disappearance and brace for impact, the meteor lands but is actually revealed to be Ben's arch-enemy Vilgax who has escaped from his imprisonment in the Null Void in the Season 2 finale and wants revenge against Earth and Ben Tennyson.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: Meanwhile, after exiting the portal, Ben finds himself stranded in space and when he times out, his Omnitrix gives him a spacesuit to help him survive in the depths of space while also being abducted by the Incurseans, who think he is Vilgax. Ben tries to escape using Omni-Naut Humungousaur, but he times out, the Incurseans overpower him and they bring him to the Grand Magistrate to face justice against the entire universe.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: Meanwhile, on Earth, the Tennyson's and Phil try to find Ben's energy signature in the Omnitrix, but instead they find Ben's rival, Kevin, who is hiding in a cave while his Antitrix is malfunctioning, just like Ben's Omnitrix did in the season 1 finale. After convincing Kevin they could help him repair his Antitrix, he agrees to protect the world in Ben's absence. After they leave, the police hear a report about a jaywalker in a nearby city but it is revealed to be Vilgax who is looking for something that belongs to him and destroying anything that gets in his way.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: While in space, Ben tries to convince everyone in the Galactic Court that he is not Vilgax, but they do not believe him after Tetrax arrives with false evidence claiming that Ben is Vilgax, and he is banished to the Null Void. As Ben tries to find a way out of the Null Void, he soon encounters criminal aliens that are also stuck in the Null Void who try to take Ben's Omnitrix as they heard rumors of the device and Ben told by Vilgax while he was trapped. When the aliens prepare to take the Omnitrix, they are suddenly stopped by Azmuth, a Galvin, and the creator of the Omnitrix. After the aliens leave, Ben tries to fight him, thinking that he works for Vilgax, but Azmuth takes away the Omnitrix from Ben telepathically and accidentally tells him that he knows Vilgax. Ben tries to get Azmuth to tell him everything he knows about Vilgax by continually asking him, Azmuth eventually agrees to do so in order to get Ben to stop talking.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: He tells Ben that when he was a young inventor, he didn't care about the consequences of his decisions or the inventions he made. He secretly created the Omnitrix to changes a person's genetic information and allow the wearer to feel what it's like to be in a different species shoes, and planned on using it as a symbol for peace around the Universe. He later met a young Vilgax who wanted to learn more about his work so Azmuth decided to teach him as an apprentice in the possibilities of science. But Vilgax became power-hungry and wanted to use the Omnitrix's power to control the universe, so in desperation, Azmuth used the Omnitrix's power to trap half of Vilgax's DNA to save the universe and sent himself in self-imposed exile to the Null Void out of guilt for Vilgax's crimes.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: After finishing his story, Ben tries to convince Azmuth to give him the Omnitrix back so he can save his planet, but Azmuth still refuses to do so until Ben tells him he is willing to rescue his planet even without the Omnitrix. This speech makes Azmuth slightly interested and agrees to give it back to him as long as he passes one trial first, which Ben accepts.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: Meanwhile, on Earth, Kevin has just defeated Solar and Polar at Phil's house when Vilgax arrives to take the Antitrix that he had sent the blueprints to Kevin in his dreams and used him to build the device. When Vilgax demands Kevin to give him the Antitrix he refuses and a fight bring on between the two. At first Kevin is winning, but then loses the Antitrix to Vilgax, who uses it to become a hybrid of all of Kevin's aliens known as Anti Vilgax. As the Tennysons and Phil try to escape with an unconscious Kevin, they are stopped by Vilgax and he attempts to kill them until Kevin wakes up and tries to use Glitch to stop him, but when that fails and Vilgax crushes Glitch's rustbuggy form, Glitch turns into a suit of armor for Kevin to wear and fight Vilgax, who has grown weary and used his Galvanic Mechamorph DNA to terraform the Earth into “Planet Vilgax.”


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: Meanwhile, in the Null Void, Azmuth reveals his trial to Ben, he must pass through a large pipe with traps before the timer on his Omnitrix runs out. After numerous attempts fail, Ben starts to lose hope until he asks Azmuth for a hint or advice, which Azmuth gives to Ben in order to keep things interesting. He tells Ben that all his usual tricks with the Omnitrix are keeping him from unlocking its true potential. As Ben tries to figure out what Azmuth's advice is about, two of the alien criminals attack him and try to take the Omnitrix for themselves. While they are fighting, a rift opens and it begins sucking one of the criminals in while the other one abandons his comrade.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: When Ben sees the criminal in trouble, he tries to use the Omnitrix to save him but none of his aliens can save him until he figures out how to switch out the DNA Pods in the Omnitrix and changes into a slimy alien dubbed Goop (though he is referred to as "the booger guy"). Ben uses Goop to rescue the alien but fails to finish the trial.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: Meanwhile, on Earth, Vilgax continues to terraform the Earth while Kevin tries to beat Vilgax to no avail. In the Null Void, Ben sorrows that he failed the trial, but Azmuth gives Ben more time after seeing him heroically rescue the alien criminal from the portal. With his confidence restored, Ben tries to find a way out but Azmuth already has one for him, he shows Ben a device that opens a portal out, Ben escapes after using Omni-Naut Shock Rock to charge it up bigger. Before Ben leaves, he asks Azmuth why he didn't escape the Null Void in the first place, Azmuth responds by saying that he believes he deserves to be here for what he has done, but Ben tells him that people can change and he escapes the Null Void.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: After successfully escaping, he sees the Incursions flagship getting sucked into a Null Void portal, so Ben helps get them to safety but passes out after he uses too much of his power. He awakens in the Flagship where the Incursions tells Ben that they rescued him when they find out he saved their ship, something Vilgax would never do. The Grand Magistrate thank Ben for his heroism and tries to help Ben to get back home using their flagship, but the engines were knocked off when they were trying to escape from the Null Void. But first, they try to find Tetrax who is about to escape. Ben captures him, but lets him go on the basis that Azmuth hired him.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: After returning to Earth, Ben finds Vilgax and Kevin fighting and helps Kevin fight off Vilgax with Omni-Kix Four Arms. But Vilgax's many powers make him able to take down Ben and Kevin and destroy Glitch. After incapacitating them, he steals the Omni-Kix Key and places it into the Antitrix. Kevin removes the Antitrix, but Vilgax has already charged himself up to a cosmic entity named Alien V. While Ben and Kevin attempt to defeat the super-powerful Alien V, his super-charged abilities make him too powerful for them and Kevin gets knocked many feet away. Ben starts to lose faith again until Azmuth, who has escaped the Null Void, calls him using the Omnitrix and reminds Ben of what he learned during his trial in the Null Void. With his faith restored, Ben adds a new alien into his arsenal, a giant alien dubbed Way Big. After a tense battle, Ben defeats Vilgax.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: Azmuth and the Incursions arrive as Azmuth takes his strongest and most dangerous creation away from Ben to use its DNA repair function to restore Vilgax to his normal self and repair the Earth, and then returns it to Ben, asking him to keep it safe for him and but make him regret such a decision. The Incursions take Vilgax into custody. The Tennyson family try to find Kevin, who disappeared after the fight, while Phil recovers Glitch's remains with the hopes of rebuilding him. Phil and the Tennysons head to Nebraska for another vacation.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: In February 2020, Cartoon Network officially announced that a new "Ben 10" film would be in production.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: "Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie" premiered on Cartoon Network channels around the world on October 10, 2020.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: "Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie" also released digitally on October 11, 2020, one day after the film's official premiere, and was also released on DVD on October 27, 2020, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment.


title: Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie

text: "Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie"'s soundtrack was composed by Kevin Manthei and was also released on SoundCloud.


title: Ukrainian Railways

text: Ukrainian Railways (, abbreviated as UZ) is a state-owned joint-stock company of rail transport in Ukraine, a monopoly that controls the vast majority of the railroad transportation in the country. It possesses a combined total track length of over 23,000 km, making it the 13th largest in the world. Ukrainian Railways is also the world's 6th largest rail passenger transporter and world's 7th largest freight transporter.