title: Julia Bradbury

text: From 2008 to 2011, Bradbury presented four series of "Kill It, Cook It, Eat It" on BBC Three. The first series concentrated on commercially farmed animals such as chickens, pigs, sheep and cattle. The second series featured hunted wild game such as ducks, rabbits, deer and grouse. The third series focused on fast food; a group of six people went through the process of killing, cooking and eating animals. The fourth series focused on how animal products from the first series are used outside of the meat trade. Bradbury was joined by young consumers to uncover the animal origins of many of western society's favourite things as body parts were transformed from abattoir to shop display.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: From 2 March 2009, Bradbury temporarily stepped down from BBC One's "Watchdog" following allegations in the press concerning irregularities in her Virgin Atlantic frequent flyer account. Anita Rani stepped in to co-present the show with Nicky Campbell. On 15 April 2009, Bradbury was cleared of any wrongdoing in the investigation, and it was confirmed that she would return to present "Watchdog", which she did on 20 April 2009.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: It was incorrectly reported in several newspapers at the time that Bradbury had to repay £20,000 worth of Air Miles – in fact her account (and several others) had been tampered with by an employee who was later arrested and charged. In April 2009 it was announced that Bradbury would present the relaunched primetime "Countryfile" with Matt Baker. Anne Robinson returned to "Watchdog" after an eight-year absence.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In August 2007, Bradbury presented "Ultimate Britain – Climbing" on BBC One, with rock climber Tim Emmett. Bradbury's lifetime ambition to be a "real" rock climber was achieved when the pair successfully ascended Cornwall's Commando Ridge, Crackstone Rib in the Llanberis Pass, and the Old Man of Stoer.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: That year, Bradbury also presented "Wainwright Walks" on BBC Four, in which she followed the mountain routes of the renowned fell walker and guidebook author Alfred Wainwright. The series was later repeated on BBC Two and ran for two series. Her appearance in this and the "Railway Walks" series earned her the title of "Walking Man's Totty". On 20 July 2009 her series "Coast to Coast" started on BBC Two.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In 2010, Bradbury went to South Africa and embarked on a series of "South Africa Walks" as part of "South Africa season" for the BBC during the 2010 World Cup.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In December 2010, she presented another walking-themed series, "Julia Bradbury's German Wanderlust" on BBC Four in which she explored Germany and its Romantic movement through a series of walks across the country. The series was repeated on BBC Two in January and February 2011. In May 2011, she presented "Canal Walks with Julia Bradbury".


title: Julia Bradbury

text: Another walking programme, "Julia Bradbury's Icelandic Walk", aired on 11 May 2011 on BBC Four. Her challenge was to walk the 60 kilometres of Iceland's most famous hiking route, which includes the newest hills on Earth. This route ends at Eyjafjallajökull, the volcano whose copious eruptions of volcanic ash brought air traffic across Europe to a standstill in April 2010. She also presented a new series in May 2011, following the routes of some of the UK's canals.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: From November to December 2011, Bradbury presented a series called "That's Britain!" with Nick Knowles, focusing on the good, the bad and the ugly in Britain. She presented with Hugh Dennis a four-part BBC One documentary series "The Great British Countryside", which began in February 2012. She has co-presented (with Richard Hammond) a programme about the wildlife of different countries called "Planet Earth Live" in 2012, which has aired on BBC One.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In 2013, Bradbury co-presented the BBC One show "Fightback Britain" with Adrian Simpson and the BBC One show "Keeping Britain Safe 24/7" with Matt Allwright.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: On 3 March 2014, it was announced that Bradbury would be leaving "Countryfile" and the BBC completely later in the year before joining ITV full-time after doing odd jobs for them in the past. In 2016, she took part in the third series of Sport Relief's "Famous, Rich and Homeless" programme.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In 2013, Bradbury co-presented the two-part ITV series "Mystery Map" with Ben Shephard. In the same year, she presented teatime quiz show "Take On the Twisters", a summer replacement for "The Chase".


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In 2016, Bradbury began presenting her own eight-part ITV series "Best Walks with a View with Julia Bradbury". A book, "Unforgettable Walks", was published alongside the series.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: Beginning in January 2017, Bradbury presented "Britain's Best Walks" for ITV. In 2018, she co-presented a one-off programme called "Britain's Favourite Walks: Top 100", as voted for by the public. Ore Oduba co-presented.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In 2019 she presented "Australia with Julia Bradbury" and "My £10K Holiday Home", a new primetime ITV series.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: On 10 January 2020, she presented the first of a new ITV series entitled "The Greek Islands with Julia Bradbury".


title: Julia Bradbury

text: From 1997, she anchored "Exclusive!" for Five (now Channel 5). With Tim Vine, she presented the launch of Channel 5 in 1997.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: Bradbury has also presented on radio for BBC London 94.9, and Radio 5 Live. She crossed NUJ picket lines to present Radio 5 Live's breakfast programme on 15 July 2011. She presented the programme with Ian Payne who also broke the strike.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: Her long time partner Gerard Cunningham, works in property and is father to her children, twin girls Zena and Xanthe and son Zeph. In summer 2006, Bradbury was treated for endometriosis.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In February 2011, Bradbury and Cunningham announced they were expecting their first child, despite Bradbury's problems with endometriosis. On 4 August 2011, Bradbury gave birth to her first child, a son named Zephyrus Cunningham.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: On 26 September 2014, it was announced that Bradbury and Cunningham were expecting again, this time with twins which were conceived via IVF. On 12 March 2015, Bradbury gave birth to twin girls Xanthe and Zena.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: On 19 September 2021, Bradbury announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer, and that she would require a mastectomy later in the year.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: Bradbury is an ambassador to several charities including the Pink Ribbon Foundation, The Outdoor Guide Foundation, Bowel & Prostate Cancer and Keep Britain Tidy.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In 2009, she competed in the Macmillan 4x4 UK Challenge with her sister, Gina Fox, raising £7,000 towards the £105,000 raised for Macmillan Cancer Support. Later that year, she travelled from Kazakhstan to Mongolia with "Countryfile" co-star Matt Baker in BBC's "Around the World in 80 Days" in aid of "Children in Need".


title: Julia Bradbury

text: Bradbury was president of the Friends of the Peak District from 2008 until 2016 (remaining now as a Vice-President) and she is Vice-President of the CPRE in South Yorkshire. In April 2010 she became president of the Ramblers.


title: Julia Bradbury

text: In October 2013, she became president of the Camping and Caravanning Club, whose previous presidents included Dr David Bellamy, Lord Baden-Powell and Scott of the Antarctic. This made her the first woman to hold the post.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: Annie Dookhan (born 1977) is an American convicted felon who formerly worked as a chemist at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health Drug Abuse lab and admitted to falsifying evidence affecting up to 34,000 cases.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: Annie Dookhan was born Annie Sadiyya Khan into an Indo-Trinidadian family in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago in 1977. She moved to the United States when she was a child and eventually became a citizen.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: Dookhan attended Regis College for two years before earning a Bachelor of Science degree in biochemistry from the University of Massachusetts Boston in 2001. In 2010, a coworker found that Dookhan was claiming on her resume that she had earned a master's degree from the University of Massachusetts. During her time working at the Hinton State Laboratory Institute, Dookhan also claimed to be attending night classes as part of a PhD program at Harvard University.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: In 2003, Dookhan was hired as a chemist at the Hinton State Laboratory Institute in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: In June 2011, an evidence officer at the lab discovered that Dookhan had tested 95 samples without properly signing them out. Further investigation revealed that she had forged the initials of an evidence officer in her log book, and she was suspended from lab duties. However, she was still allowed to continue testifying in court until February 2012, when district attorneys throughout the Boston area were notified of the breach in protocol and Dookhan was placed on administrative leave. She resigned in March 2012.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: During Dookhan's time at the Hinton lab, it had been run by the Massachusetts Department of Health's Office of Human Services. However, in a cost-cutting move, the Massachusetts General Court transferred control of the lab to the Massachusetts State Police forensics unit in 2011. The state police mounted a probe into the Dookhan case. The probe revealed that Dookhan's superiors had ignored red flags surrounding her before 2011. For instance, she reportedly tested over 500 samples per month—five times the normal average—even though her supervisors and colleagues claimed to have never seen her in front of a microscope, and that she frequently misidentified samples. Additionally, Dookhan's productivity remained steady after the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in "Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts" that chemists who perform drug tests in criminal cases can be subpoenaed to testify in person. According to an independent data analysis by WBUR, Dookhan's turnaround time for tests actually dropped from 2009 to 2011. The problem was severe enough that Governor Deval Patrick ordered the lab shut down.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: In August, police interviewed Dookhan at her home in Franklin, where she admitted to altering and faking test results in order to cover up her frequent "dry labbing", or visually identifying samples without actually testing them. She even went as far as to add cocaine to samples in which no cocaine was present. She said she had been dry-labbing for as long as three years. At one point, she broke down, saying, "I messed up, I messed up bad. I don't want the lab to get in trouble."


title: Annie Dookhan

text: On September 28, 2012, Dookhan was arrested and charged with obstruction of justice and falsification of academic records. The latter charge came because she had claimed both on her resume and in sworn testimony to have had a master's degree in chemistry from the University of Massachusetts Boston. However, school officials revealed that Dookhan had no such degree, and had never taken master's level classes there.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: On December 17, Dookhan was formally arraigned on 27 charges—17 counts of obstruction of justice, eight counts of tampering with evidence and one count each of perjury and falsification of records. Prosecutors alleged that whenever a second test failed to confirm the initial results, Dookhan would tamper with the vials to make them consistent with the inaccurate results obtained by her dry labbing. She was also charged with falsely certifying results that she knew to be compromised; these certifications were admitted as evidence in court.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: On November 22, 2013, Dookhan was sentenced to three to five years of imprisonment and two years of probation by Judge Carol S. Ball in Suffolk Superior Court, after pleading guilty to crimes relating to falsifying drug tests. This was greater than the one-year sentence her defense requested, but less than the five to seven-year sentence requested by the prosecution. However, Ball said that upward departure was merited due to the ramifications of Dookhan's misconduct. Ball wrote, "Innocent persons were incarcerated, guilty persons have been released to further endanger the public, millions and millions of public dollars are being expended to deal with the chaos Ms. Dookhan created, and the integrity of the criminal justice system has been shaken to the core."


title: Annie Dookhan

text: Dookhan, Massachusetts Department of Correction inmate F81328, served her sentence at Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Framingham. By April 2016, she had been granted parole and was subsequently released from prison.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: In January 2015, Benjamin Keehn, a prominent defense attorney with the Committee for Public Counsel Services, said that as many as 40,000 people could have been falsely convicted as a result of Dookhan's actions.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: In May 2015, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that defendants whose convictions on drug charges were based on evidence potentially tainted by Dookhan could pursue retrials without having to face more charges or tougher sentences. However, they would need a retrial to be released.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: On April 18, 2017, Massachusetts dropped more than 21,000 low-level drug criminal charges involving Dookhan. Out of the 15,570 cases in which she was involved, only 117 were to be pursued, according to Daniel Conley, the district attorney in Suffolk County, which includes Boston. Other counties followed suit, taking direction from the state Supreme Court to select a small fraction of cases for re-prosecution.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: Dookhan's story was the subject of a Netflix series, "How to Fix a Drug Scandal" created by Erin Lee Carr that was released April 1, 2020. The four-part documentary focuses on Dookhan and an independent case of fraud in the drug lab by Sonja Farak. "How to Fix a Drug Scandal" depicts the role of former Attorney General of Massachusetts Martha Coakley, who was accused of political cover up.


title: Annie Dookhan

text: Dookhan married Surrendranath Dookhan, a software engineer, in 2004. They have one son, Branden Dookhan.


title: The Dudesons

text: The Dudesons () are a Finnish entertainment group. They are best known for their TV shows and live performances, which are a combination of stunts and comedy. Their early TV shows were similar to "Jackass". Starting their television career in the early 2000s, they gained international fame and had a show on the American television channel MTV in 2010. After "The Dudesons in America", the group started to shift from the stunts to more multidimensional careers.


title: The Dudesons

text: The Dudesons consists of Jukka Hildén (b. 1980), Jarppi Leppälä (b. 1979), Jarno Laasala (b. 1979) and Hannu-Pekka "HP" Parviainen (b. 1981). All were from the town of Seinäjoki, where Hildén, Leppälä, and Laasala became close friends while attending elementary school together, where they later met Parviainen.


title: The Dudesons

text: As teenagers, the four became quite interested in snowboarding, skateboarding and downhill mountain biking. In the early 1990s, when Laasala got his first video camera, the group began filming their activities which eventually led to further pranks and extreme stunts. They created and sold VHS tapes which were filmed and edited by Laasala and subsequently their reputation began to grow in Seinäjoki.


title: The Dudesons

text: In January 2000, Jarno Laasala obtained a job as an editor for a small Finnish cable TV channel called MoonTV. Similar to the American show "Jackass", he saw a possibility to make his own show out of all the stunts the Dudesons had filmed. After finishing high school, the Dudesons set up their own production company called Rabbit Films. The group immediately began shooting a self-financed pilot episode of their own show.


title: The Dudesons

text: This pilot was finished in August 2000 and the channel immediately green lit the first season, titled as "Maailmankiertue" (Worldtour). The episodes began airing in January 2001, and the series became the most popular show on MoonTV. In September 2001, the Dudesons moved from MoonTV to a nationwide TV channel Nelonen. The 2nd season, called "Extreme Duudsonit, Maailmankiertue 2", was first screened in 2002, and the same year the Dudesons were also elected as The Media Persons of the Year by the readers of Finland's most popular youth magazine "Suosikki". The 3rd (Maailmankiertue 3) and 4th seasons (Duudsoni Elämää) of Extreme Duudsonit ran respectively in 2003 and 2004.


title: The Dudesons

text: Recurring stunts and segments on the English-language version of the Dudesons includes: the "Human Dartboard," playing pranks on "Mr. Hitler" and a vast array of other stunts with ""absolute disregard for [their] own safety.""


title: The Dudesons

text: In 2003, the Dudesons made a decision to start making English-language material in order to find international distribution. Their following series, Duudsoni Elämää, was shot both in Finnish and English. The material was then edited both into Finnish-language series, and English language series. The Finnish series ran in 2004, while the English series had its international debut at Australian Channel V in February 2006. The American debut was on SpikeTV on 6 July 2006.


title: The Dudesons

text: Jarppi, Jukka, and Jarno can be seen on Bam Margera's "Viva La Bam". Jarppi and Jukka can also be seen on "Bam Margera Presents: Where the ♯$&% Is Santa?" (2008) and "" (2009).


title: The Dudesons

text: Jukka appeared on "Tom Green Live!" on 10 October 2006 as a special guest with Steve-O from "Jackass".


title: The Dudesons

text: By September 2007, the Dudesons Season 1 had been shown in 22 countries around the world, making it the most widespread Finnish TV-series of all time. The second season began in Australia on 20 May 2008 on Channel V.


title: The Dudesons

text: The Dudesons are also featured in the hit 2010 movie "Jackass 3D", alongside Johnny Knoxville. All four Dudesons were seen on the red carpet at the "Jackass 3D" premiere. The Dudesons are also in the 2011 movie "Jackass 3.5".


title: The Dudesons

text: Jukka, along with Steve-O from "Jackass", both participated in the web series titled "Ultimate Expedition" in 2018. Jukka served as an executive producer for this series.


title: The Dudesons

text: After a multimillion-dollar deal with MTV, a new show called "The Dudesons in America" was green lit. With a budget of six million dollars, it would consist of the same line-up of all four Dudesons, and was set to be produced by both Johnny Knoxville and Jeff Tremaine. The Dudesons' own production company, Rabbit Films, decided to do the show with the co-operation of Dickhouse. "The Dudesons have balls where there should be brains and I am honored to be doing a show with them," Knoxville says on the Dudesons's official website. However, after the episode Cowboys & Findians, MTV changed the time the episode would air due to unknown reasons. The Dudesons stated on their official Facebook page that the show would continue on 16 July 2010 and has since ended.


title: The Dudesons

text: The first episode was shown on MTV 6 May 2010. "The Dudesons in America" was first aired on 1 August 2010 in the UK, on MTV Bang.


title: The Dudesons

text: The international launch of the Dudesons TV-series was supported by the full-length feature film "The Dudesons Movie", which was released theatrically in Finland on 31 March 2005, and straight to DVD in a dozen other countries. It was released in the US on 11 July 2006 by Warner Rhino. Despite mixed reviews from Finnish mainstream critics, the film won the "Audience's Favorite Movie" at Jussi Awards, the Finnish equivalent of Oscars, with about 47% of votes. It features guest appearances from Steve-O, Bam Margera, Ryan Dunn, Raab Himself, Phil Margera, April Margera, and Don Vito.


title: The Dudesons

text: Filming the show "The Dudesons in America" was an exhausting experience for the Dudesons and they wanted to take the group to a new direction after it. They created the show "Duudsonit tuli taloon", in which they helped families with their problems.


title: The Dudesons

text: In 2013, the Dudesons filmed and launched their own three-part series when taking part in the Gumball 3000 event. The show aired exclusively on Extreme Sports Channel, and followed the Finns as they travelled from Copenhagen to Monaco. This year they had a Cadillac SUV which had the look of a blue elephant. During the race through Europe they had their "Wheel of Fortune", which was used for different types of pranks.


title: The Dudesons

text: In 2019 The Dudesons hosted the television show "Duudsonit: Päällikkö", in which a group of contestants competed in challenges.


title: Atlantic–Congo languages

text: The Atlantic–Congo languages are the largest demonstrated family of languages in Africa. They have characteristic noun class systems and form the core of the Niger–Congo family hypothesis. They comprise all of Niger–Congo apart from Mande, Dogon, Ijoid, Siamou, Kru, the Katla and Rashad languages (previously classified as Kordofanian), and perhaps some or all of the Ubangian languages. Mukarovsky's West-Nigritic corresponded roughly to modern Atlantic–Congo.


title: Atlantic–Congo languages

text: In the infobox, the languages which appear to be the most divergent are placed at the top. The Atlantic branch is defined in the narrow sense, while the former Atlantic branches Mel and the isolates Sua, Gola and Limba, are split out as primary branches; they are mentioned next to each other because there is no published evidence to move them; Volta–Congo is intact apart from Senufo and Kru.


title: Atlantic–Congo languages

text: There are a few poorly attested languages, such as Bayot and Bung, which may prove to be additional branches.


title: Reduplication

text: In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.


title: Reduplication

text: The classic observation on the semantics of reduplication is Edward Sapir's: "generally employed, with self-evident symbolism, to indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase of size, added intensity, continuance." Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively, iconic in meaning. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of linguistic productivity varies. Reduplication is found in a wide variety of languages, as exemplified below. Examples of it can be found at least as far back as Sumerian, where it was used in forming some color terms, e.g. "babbar" "white", "kukku" "black".


title: Reduplication

text: "Reduplication" is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature. Other terms that are occasionally used include "cloning", "doubling", "duplication", "repetition", and "tautonym" when it is used in biological taxonomies, such as "Bison bison".


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication is often described phonologically in one of two ways: either (1) as reduplicated "segments" (sequences of consonants/vowels) or (2) as reduplicated "prosodic units" (syllables or moras). In addition to phonological description, reduplication often needs to be described morphologically as a reduplication of linguistic constituents (i.e. words, stems, roots). As a result, reduplication is interesting theoretically as it involves the interface between phonology and morphology.


title: Reduplication

text: The "base" is the word (or part of the word) that is to be copied. The reduplicated element is called the reduplicant, often abbreviated as "" or sometimes just "R".


title: Reduplication

text: In reduplication, the reduplicant is most often repeated only once. However, in some languages, reduplication can occur more than once, resulting in a tripled form, and not a "duple" as in most reduplication. Triplication is the term for this phenomenon of copying two times. Pingelapese has both forms:


title: Reduplication

text: Sometimes gemination (i.e. the doubling of consonants or vowels) is considered to be a form of reduplication. The term "dupleme" has been used (after "morpheme") to refer to different types of reduplication that have the same meaning.


title: Reduplication

text: "Full reduplication" involves a reduplication of the entire word. For example, Kham derives reciprocal forms from reflexive forms by total reduplication:


title: Reduplication

text: "Partial reduplication" involves a reduplication of only part of the word. For example, Marshallese forms words meaning 'to wear X' by reduplicating the last "consonant-vowel-consonant" ("CVC") sequence of a base, i.e. "base"+"CVC":


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication may be "initial" (i.e. prefixal), "final" (i.e. suffixal), or "internal" (i.e. infixal), e.g.


title: Reduplication

text: A reduplicant can copy from either the left edge of a word ("left-to-right" copying) or from the right edge ("right-to-left" copying). There is a tendency for prefixing reduplicants to copy left-to-right and for suffixing reduplicants to copy right-to-left:


title: Reduplication

text: Internal reduplication can also involve copying the beginning or end of the base. In Quileute, the first consonant of the base is copied and inserted after the first vowel of the base.


title: Reduplication

text: In Temiar, the last consonant of the root is copied and inserted before the medial consonant of the root.


title: Reduplication

text: A rare type of reduplication is found in Semai (an Austroasiatic language of Malaysia). "Expressive minor reduplication" is formed with an initial reduplicant that copies the first and last segment of the base:


title: Reduplication

text: All of the examples above consist of only reduplication. However, reduplication often occurs with other phonological and morphological process, such as vowel alternation, deletion, affixation of non-reduplicating material, etc.


title: Reduplication

text: For instance, in Tz'utujil a new '-ish' adjective form is derived from other words by suffixing the reduplicated first consonant of the base followed by the segment . This can be written succinctly as "". Below are some examples:


title: Reduplication

text: Somali has a similar suffix that is used in forming the plural of some nouns: "-aC" (where "C" is the last consonant of the base):


title: Reduplication

text: This combination of reduplication and affixation is commonly referred to as "fixed-segment reduplication".


title: Reduplication

text: In Tohono O'odham initial reduplication also involves gemination of the first consonant in the distributive plural and in repetitive verbs:


title: Reduplication

text: In pre-1972 Indonesian and Malaysian orthography, "2" was shorthand for the reduplication that forms plurals: "orang" "person", "orang-orang" or "orang2" "people". This orthography has resurfaced widely in text messaging and other forms of electronic communication.


title: Reduplication

text: The Nama language uses reduplication to increase the force of a verb: "go", "look;", "go-go" "examine with attention".


title: Reduplication

text: Chinese also uses reduplication: "rén" for "person", "rénrén" for "everybody". Japanese does it too: "toki" "time", "tokidoki" "sometimes, from time to time". Both languages can use a special written iteration mark to indicate reduplication, although in Chinese the iteration mark is no longer used in standard writing and is often found only in calligraphy.


title: Reduplication

text: Indo-European languages formerly used reduplication to form a number of verb forms, especially in the preterite or perfect. In the older Indo-European languages, many such verbs survive:


title: Reduplication

text: Those forms do not survive in Modern English but existed in its parent Germanic languages. Many verbs in the Indo-European languages exhibit reduplication in the present stem, rather than the perfect stem, often with a different vowel from that used for the perfect: Latin "gigno, genui" ("I beget, I begat") and Greek τίθημι, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα (I place, I placed, I have placed). Other Indo-European verbs used reduplication as a derivational process: compare Latin "sto" ("I stand") and "sisto" ("I remain"). All of those Indo-European inherited reduplicating forms are subject to reduction by other phonological laws.


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication can be used to refer to the most prototypical instance of a word's meaning. In such a case, it is called contrastive focus reduplication. Finnish colloquial speech uses the process; nouns can be reduplicated to indicate genuinity, completeness, originality and being uncomplicated, as opposed to being fake, incomplete, complicated or fussy. It can be thought as compound word formation. For example, "Söin jäätelöä ja karkkia, sekä tietysti ruokaruokaa." "I ate ice cream and candy, and of course food-food". Here, "food-food" is contrasted to "junk-food". One may say, "En ollut eilen koulussa, koska olin kipeä. Siis kipeäkipeä" ("I wasn't at school yesterday because I was sick. Sick-sick, that is"); that means that one was actually suffering from an illness instead of making up excuses, as usual.


title: Reduplication

text: Words can be reduplicated with their case morphemes, as in "lomalla lomalla", where the adessive morpheme (-"-lla") appears twice. While reduplication is intelligible to most Finns, its usage is confined mostly to subgroups of young women and children (and possibly fathers of young children when they talk to their children). However, most young women and children do not use reduplication. Reduplication has a somewhat childish connotation and may be perceived as annoying.


title: Reduplication

text: In Swiss German, the verbs "gah" or "goh" "go", "cho" "come", "la" or "lo" "let" and "aafa" or "aafo" "begin" reduplicate when they are combined with other verbs.


title: Reduplication

text: In some Salishan languages, reduplication can mark both diminution and plurality, with one process being applied to each end of the word, as in the following example from Shuswap. Note that the transcription is not comparable to the IPA, but the reduplication of both initial and final portions of the root is clear: "ṣōk!Emē'’n" 'knife' reduplicated as "ṣuk!ṣuk!Emen'’me’n" 'plural small knives' (Haeberlin 1918:159). Reduplication has been found to be a major part of Salish languages.


title: Reduplication

text: At 25–50 weeks after birth, typically developing infants go through a stage of reduplicated or canonical babbling (Stark 198, Oller, 1980). Canonical babbling is characterized by repetition of identical or nearly identical consonant-vowel combinations, such as "nanana" or "idididi". It appears as a progression of language development as infants experiment with their vocal apparatus and home in on the sounds used in their native language. Canonical/reduplicated babbling also appears at a time when general rhythmic behavior, such as rhythmic hand movements and rhythmic kicking, appear. Canonical babbling is distinguished from earlier syllabic and vocal play, which has less structure.


title: Reduplication

text: The Proto-Indo-European language used partial reduplication of a consonant and "e" in many stative aspect verb forms. The perfect or preterite (past) tense of some Ancient Greek, Gothic, Latin, Sanskrit, Old Irish, and Old Norse verbs preserve this reduplication:


title: Reduplication

text: Proto-Indo-European also used reduplication for the imperfective aspect. Ancient Greek preserves this reduplication in the present tense of some verbs. Usually, but not always, this is reduplication of a consonant and "i", and contrasts with e-reduplication in the perfect:


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication in nouns was rare, the best example being Proto-Indo-European "" 'wheel' (cf. Lithuanian "kãklas" 'neck', Sanskrit "cakrá" 'wheel', Greek "κύκλος" (kýklos) 'circle'), which doubled *"kʷel-o-" (cf. Old Prussian "kelan" 'wheel', Welsh "pêl" 'ball'), itself likely a deverbative of *"kʷelh₁-" 'to turn'.


title: Reduplication

text: English has several types of reduplication, ranging from informal expressive vocabulary (the first four forms below) to grammatically meaningful forms (the last two below). See also the alliteration section of the irreversible binomial article for cases like "flip-flop", "dribs and drabs", "etc."


title: Reduplication

text: Of the above types, only shm-reduplication is productive, meaning that examples of the first three are fixed forms and new forms are not easily accepted.


title: Reduplication

text: The double copula is in some cases a type of reduplication, which may be regarded as non-standard or incorrect.


title: Reduplication

text: While not common in Dutch, reduplication does exist. Most, but not all (e.g., "pipi", "blauwblauw" (laten), "taaitaai" (gingerbread)) reduplications in Dutch are loanwords (e.g., "koeskoes", "bonbon", (ik hoorde het) "via via") or imitative (e.g., "tamtam", "tomtom"). Another example is a former safe sex campaign slogan in Flanders: "Eerst bla-bla, dan boem-boem" ("First talk, then have sex"; lit. "First blah-blah, then boom-boom"). In Dutch the verb "gaan" ("to go") can be used as an auxiliary verb, which can lead to a triplication: "we gaan (eens) gaan gaan" (we are going to get going). The use of "gaan" as an auxiliary verb with itself is considered incorrect, but is commonly used in Flanders. Numerous examples of reduplication in Dutch (and other languages) are discussed by Daniëls (2000).


title: Reduplication

text: Afrikaans makes use of reduplication to emphasize the meaning of the word repeated and to denote a plural or event happening in more than one place. For example, "krap" means "to scratch one's self," while "krap-krap-krap" means "to scratch one's self vigorously", whereas "dit het plek-plek gereën" means "it rained here and there". Reduplication in Afrikaans has been described extensively in the literature – see for example , and . Further examples of this include: "koes" (to dodge) being reduplicated in the sentence "Piet hardloop koes-koes weg" (Piet is running away while constantly dodging / cringing); "sukkel" (to struggle) becoming "sukkel-sukkel" (making slow progress; struggling on); and "kierang" (to cheat) becoming "kierang-kierang" to indicate being cheated on repeatedly.


title: Reduplication

text: In Italian reduplication was used both to create new words or word associations ("tran-tran", "via via", "leccalecca") and to intensify the meaning ("piano piano" "very softly").


title: Reduplication

text: ""Spagnoli venir...boum boum...andar; Inglis venir...boum boum bezef...andar; Francés venir...tru tru tru...chapar."" ("The Spaniards came, cannonaded, and left. The English came, cannonaded heavily, and left. The French came, trumpeted on bugles, and captured it.")


title: Reduplication

text: Common uses for reduplication in French are the creation of hypocoristics for names, whereby "Louise" becomes "Loulou", and Zinedine Zidane becomes "Zizou"; and in many nursery words, like "dada" 'horsie' (vs. "cheval" 'horse'), "tati" 'auntie' (vs. "tante" 'aunt'), or "tonton" 'unkie' (vs. "oncle" 'uncle').


title: Reduplication

text: In Romanian and Catalan, reduplication is not uncommon and it has been used for both the creation of new words (including many from onomatopoeia) and expressions, for example,


title: Reduplication

text: In colloquial Mexican Spanish it is common to use reduplicated adverbs such as "luego luego" (then then) meaning "immediately", or "casi casi" (almost almost) which intensifies the meaning of 'almost'.


title: Reduplication

text: The reduplication in the Russian language serves for various kinds of intensifying of the meaning and exists in several forms: a hyphenated or repeated word (either exact or inflected reduplication), and forms similar to shm-reduplication.


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication is a common feature of Irish and includes the examples "rírá", "ruaille buaille" both meaning 'commotion' and "fite fuaite" meaning 'intertwined'.


title: Reduplication

text: Typically all Indo-Aryan languages, like Hindi, Punjabi, Gujarati and Bengali use partial or echoic reduplication in some form or the other. It is usually used to sound casual, or in a suggestive manner. It is often used to mean "etcetera". For example, in Hindi, chai-shai ("chai" means tea, while this phrase means tea or any other supplementary drink or tea along with snacks). Quite common in casual conversations are a few more examples like shopping-wopping, khana-wana.


title: Reduplication

text: South Asian Indo Aryan languages are also rich in other forms of reduplication: morphological (expressives), lexical (distributives), and phrasal (aspectual).


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication also occurs in the 3rd "gaṇa" (verb class) of the Sanskrit language: "bibheti" "he fears", "bibharti" "he bears", "juhoti" "he offers", "dadāti", "he gives". Even though the general idea is to reduplicate the verb root as a prefix, several sandhi rules change the outcome.


title: Reduplication

text: There are a number of constructions in Hindi and Urdu that are constructed by reduplication. Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, all have possibility of reduplications.


title: Reduplication

text: In Armenian, reduplication follows the same classification as in Turkish (see below), namely emphatic reduplication, echo reduplication, and doubling. Many appear as lexical entries in Armenian lexicographical sources.


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication is a common phenomenon in Bantu languages and is usually used to form a frequentive verb or for emphasis.


title: Reduplication

text: Semitic languages frequently reduplicate consonants, though often not the vowels that appear next to the consonants in some verb form. This can take the shape of reduplicating the antepenultimate consonant (usually the second of three), the last of two consonants, or the last two consonants.


title: Reduplication

text: In Amharic, verb roots can be reduplicated three different ways. These can result in verbs, nouns, or adjectives (which are often derived from verbs).


title: Reduplication

text: From the root "sbr" 'break', antepenultimate reduplication produces "täsäbabbärä" 'it was shattered' and biconsonantal reduplication produces "täsbäräbbärä" 'it was shattered repeatedly' and "səbərbari" 'a shard, a shattered piece'.


title: Reduplication

text: From the root "kHb" 'pile stones into a wall', since the second radical is not fully specified, what some call "hollow", the antepenultimate reduplication process reduplicates the "k" inserting the vowel "a" along with the consonant as a place holder for the hollow consonant, which is by some criteria antepenultimate, and produces "akakabä" 'pile stones repeatedly'.


title: Reduplication

text: A small number of native Japanese nouns have collective forms produced by reduplication (possibly with rendaku), such as 人々 "hitobito" "people" ("h" → "b" is rendaku) – these are written with the iteration mark "々" to indicate duplication. This formation is not productive and is limited to a small set of nouns. Similarly to Standard Chinese, the meaning is not that of a true plural, but collectives that refer to a large, given set of the same object; for example, the formal English equivalent of 人々 would be "people" (collective), rather than "persons" (plural individuals).


title: Reduplication

text: Japanese also contains a large number of mimetic words formed by reduplication of a syllable. These words include not only onomatopoeia, but also words intended to invoke non-auditory senses or psychological states, such as きらきら "kirakira" (sparkling or shining). By one count, approximately 43% of Japanese mimetic words are formed by full reduplication, and many others are formed by partial reduplication, as in がささ〜 "ga-sa-sa-" (rustling) – compare English ""a"-ha-ha-ha".


title: Reduplication

text: In the Malay language, reduplication is a very productive process. It is used for expression of various grammatical functions (such as verbal aspect) and it is part in a number of complex morphological models. Simple reduplication of nouns and pronouns can express at least three meanings:


title: Reduplication

text: Notice that in the first case, the nasalisation of the initial consonant (whereby /p/ becomes /m/) is repeated, while in the second case, it only applies in the repeated word.


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication can convey a simple plural meaning, for instance "wahine" "woman", "waahine" "women", "tangata" "person", "taangata" "people". Biggs calls this "infixed reduplication". It occurs in a small subset of "people" words in most Polynesian languages.


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication can convey emphasis or repetition, for example "mate" "die", "matemate" "die in numbers"; and de-emphasis, for example "wera" "hot" and "werawera" "warm".


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication can also extend the meaning of a word; for instance "paki" "pat" becomes "papaki" "slap or clap once" and "pakipaki" "applaud"; "kimo" "blink" becomes "kikimo" "close eyes firmly"


title: Reduplication

text: The Mortlockese language is a Micronesian language spoken primarily on the Mortlock Islands. In the Mortlockese language, reduplication is used to show a habitual or imperfective aspect. For example, /jææjæ/ means "to use something" while the word /jæjjææjæ/ means "to use something habitually or repeatedly". Reduplication is also used in the Mortlockese Language to show extremity or extreme measures. One example of this can be seen in /ŋiimw alɛɛtɛj/ which means "hate him, her, or it". To mean "really hate him, her, or it," the phrase changes to /ŋii~mw al~mw alɛɛtɛj/.


title: Reduplication

text: Pingelapese is a Micronesian language spoken on the Pingelap atoll and on two of the eastern Caroline Islands, called the high island of Pohnpei. Pingelapese utilizes both duplication and triplication of a verb or part of a verb to express that something is happening for certain duration of time. No reduplication means that something happens. A reduplicated verb means that something IS happening, and a triplication means that something is STILL happening. For example, "saeng" means 'to cry' in Pingelapese. When reduplicated and triplicated, the duration of this verb is changed:


title: Reduplication

text: Few languages employ triplication in their language. In Micronesia, Pingelapese is one of only two languages that uses triplication, the other being Mokilese. Reduplication and triplication are not to be confused with tense however. In order to make a phrase past, present, or future tense, a temporal phrase must be used.


title: Reduplication

text: Rapa is the French Polynesian language of the island of Rapa Iti. In terms of reduplication, the indigenous language known as Old Rapa uses reduplication consistent to other Polynesian languages. Reduplication of Old Rapa occurs in four ways: full, rightward, leftward, and medial. Full and rightward are generally more frequently used as opposed to the leftward and medial. Leftward and medial only occur as CV reduplication and partial leftward and medial usually denote emphasis.


title: Reduplication

text: For the Rapa Language the implementation of reduplication has specific implications. The most evident of these are known as iterative, intensification, specification, diminutive, metaphorical, nominalizing, and adjectival.


title: Reduplication

text: Philippine languages are characterized as having the most productive use of reduplication, especially in Tagalog (the basis of the Filipino language). Reduplication in Tagalog is complex. It can be roughly divided into six types:


title: Reduplication

text: They can further be divided into "non-significant" (where its significance is not apparent) and "significant" reduplication. 1, 2, and 3 are always non-significant; while 5 and 6 are always significant. 4 can be non-significant when used for nouns (e.g. "lalaki", "man").


title: Reduplication

text: Full or partial reduplication among nouns and pronouns can indicate emphasis, intensity, plurality, or causation; as well as a diminutive, superlative, iterative, restrictive, or distributive force.


title: Reduplication

text: Adjectives and adverbs employ morphological reduplication for many different reasons such as number agreement when the adjective modifies a plural noun, intensification of the adjective or adverb, and sometimes because the prefix forces the adjective to have a reduplicated stem".


title: Reduplication

text: Number agreement for adjectives is entirely optional in Tagalog (e.g., a plural noun does not have to have a plural article marking it):


title: Reduplication

text: In verbs, reduplication of the root, prefix or infix is employed to convey different grammatical aspects. In "Mag- verbs" reduplication of the root after the prefix "mag-" or "nag-" changes the verb from the infinitive form, or perfective aspect, respectively, to the contemplated or imperfective aspect. Thus:


title: Reduplication

text: For Ergative verbs (frequently referred to as "object focus" verbs) reduplication of part the infix and the stem occur:


title: Reduplication

text: The complete superlative prefix pagka- demands reduplication of the first syllable of the adjective's stem:


title: Reduplication

text: Reduplication is not a productive noun derivation process in Wuvulu-Aua as it is in other Austronesian languages. Some nouns exhibit reduplication, though they are considered to be fossilized.


title: Reduplication

text: Verb roots can undergo whole or partial reduplication to mark aspect. Actions that are continuous are indicated by a reduplicated initial syllable. A whole reduplication can also be used to indicate imperfective aspect.


title: Reduplication

text: The onomatopoeia in Wuvulu language also uses reduplication to describe the sound. These onomatopoeic words can be used as alienable nouns.


title: Reduplication

text: As in many Tibeto-Burman languages, in Burmese, reduplication is used in verbs and adjectives to form adverbs. Many Burmese words, especially adjectives such as ('beautiful' ), which consist of two syllables (when reduplicated, each syllable is reduplicated separately), when reduplicated ( → 'beautifully' ) become adverbs. This is also true of many Burmese verbs, which become adverbs when reduplicated.


title: Reduplication

text: Some nouns are also reduplicated to indicate plurality. For instance, , means "country," but when reduplicated to , it means "many countries" (as in , "international"). Another example is , which means "kinds," but the reduplicated form means "multiple kinds."


title: Matthew Libatique

text: Matthew Libatique (born July 19, 1968) is an American cinematographer. He is best known for his work with director Darren Aronofsky on the films "Pi" (1998), "Requiem for a Dream" (2000), "The Fountain" (2006), "Black Swan" (2010), "Noah" (2014), and "Mother!" (2017). For his work on "Black Swan" and Bradley Cooper's directorial debut film, "A Star Is Born" (2018), Libatique was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography.


title: Matthew Libatique

text: Matthew Libatique was born in Elmhurst, Queens, New York City, to Filipino immigrant parents Georgina (née José) and Justiniáno Libatique. His father was from Dagupan City, Pangasinan and his mother is from Lucena City, Quezon province.


title: Matthew Libatique

text: Libatique studied sociology and communications at California State University, Fullerton before earning a MFA in cinematography at AFI Conservatory.


title: Matthew Libatique

text: Libatíque served as director of photography for music videos and teamed with fellow AFI alumnus Aronofsky for the short film "Protozoa". The two collaborated on the first three of Aronofsky's feature films. Other frequent collaborators are Julie Dash (music videos including Tracy Chapman's "Give Me One Reason"), Spike Lee ("She Hate Me", "Inside Man" and "Miracle at St. Anna"), Joel Schumacher ("Tigerland", "Phone Booth" and "The Number 23"), and Jon Favreau ("Iron Man", "Iron Man 2" and "Cowboys & Aliens").


title: Matthew Libatique

text: Libatíque's notable films include blockbusters such as "Iron Man" and "Iron Man 2". In 2010, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on "Black Swan", for which he won his second Independent Spirit award. He has also won best cinematography awards at the LA Film Critics Association, NY Film Critics Online, SF Film Critics, among many others.


title: Matthew Libatique

text: Libatique discussed the importance of working closely with a director on a Cinematographer Roundtable with The Hollywood Reporter, revealing: “The main thing is that you (both cinematographer and director) have the same goal and are telling the same story. Going into preparation you really need to be on the same page. Conflicts may arise when there’s a miscommunication about what’s important in a scene. So, it’s really important to listen...The director can (understandably) get pulled in a lot of different directions in prep. We, cinematographers are sort of guarding the gate of filmmaking, amongst all the other things that are happening.”


title: Matthew Libatique

text: In addition to guarding the filmmaking gate, he also says of his process: “I’d like to think each film is custom made. The director obviously dictates the approach that I have because everybody has a different working style. Some people want to talk intensely and visually about shots. Some don’t talk much at all. They concentrate more on the performances and they give you a broad idea of what they want the film to look like. So my first approach is to evaluate them, which may start in the interview process. But you also learn in preparation, as much as you can about the director. And that informs how I prepare in pre-production. If I’m lucky I can shape a visual language off some kind of inspiration. But the director definitely dictates how I do it.”


title: Matthew Libatique

text: In November 14, 2018, Libatíque was arrested on suspicion of assault for allegedly attacking paramedics and police at a hotel in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Libatíque was attending Camerimage at the time. He was released without a fine or charges. In November 2020, a trial for Libatique was set to begin in February 2021. Libatique admitted to drinking but claimed to have been unknowingly drugged, with no memory of the alleged encounter.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: Herod Archelaus (, "Hērōidēs Archelaos"; 23 BC – ) was ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, including the cities Caesarea and Jaffa, for a period of nine years (). He was the son of Herod the Great and Malthace the Samaritan, and was the brother of Herod Antipas, and the half-brother of Herod II. Archelaus (a name meaning "leading the people") came to power after the death of his father Herod the Great in 4 BC, and ruled over one-half of the territorial dominion of his father. Archelaus was removed by the Roman emperor Augustus when Judaea province was formed under direct Roman rule, at the time of the Census of Quirinius.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: Josephus writes that Herod the Great (father of Archelaus) was in Jericho at the time of his death. Just prior to his final trip to Jericho, he was deeply involved in a religious conflagration. Herod had placed a golden eagle over the Temple entrance which was perceived as blasphemous. The eagle was chopped down with axes. Two teachers and approximately 40 other youths were arrested for this act and immolated. Herod defended his works and offered an attack on his predecessors, the dynastic Hasmoneans. Herod killed all male lineal successors of the Hasmoneans. The Pharisees had long attacked the Hasmoneans as well, as having parentage from Greeks while under bondage. This racial slur was repeated by the Pharisees through the rule of Alexander Jannaeus and Queen Salome.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: With this explicit background given, Josephus began an exposition of the days of Archelaus' reign before Passover of 4 BC. Archelaus dressed in white and ascended a golden throne and appeared to be kind to the populace in Jerusalem in order to appease their desires for lower taxes and an end to the (political) imprisonment of Herod's enemies. The demeanor of the questioning appeared to turn at some point, and the crowd began to call for the punishment of those of Herod's people who ordered the death of the two teachers and the 40 youths. They also demanded the replacement of the High Priest, from the appointed High Priest of Herod's to a High Priest, "of greater piety and purity". Josephus does not tell who would be "of greater piety and purity". To this request, however, Archelaus acceded, although he was becoming angry at the presumptions of the crowds. Archelaus asked for moderation and told the crowds that all would be well if they would put aside their animosities and wait until he was confirmed king by Caesar Augustus.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: Archelaus then left to feast with his friends. It was evening and as the darkness settled, a mourning and wailing began over the city. Archelaus began to worry as people begin streaming into the temple area and those who wailed for the loss of the teachers continued their very loud mourning. The people were escalating in their threatening behavior. Henry St. John Thackeray's translation of Josephus here states it thus: "The promoters of the mourning for the doctors stood in the body of the temple, procuring recruits for their faction". Josephus does not tell us who these "promoters of the mourning", who recruit from within a body inside the Temple, could have been.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: Archelaus then sent a general, some other people, and finally a "tribune in Command of a Cohort" to reason with these "Seditionists", to stop their "innovations" and wait until Archelaus could return from Rome and Caesar. Those who came from Archelaus were stoned, with many killed. After the stoning, those who stoned the soldiers returned to their sacrifices, as if nothing had happened. Josephus does not tell who performed the sacrifices in the Temple. It was after midnight, and Archelaus suddenly ordered the entire army into the city to the temple. Josephus records the death toll at 3000. Archelaus sent heralds around the city announcing the cancellation of Passover.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: Archelaus quickly sailed to Caesar and faced a group of enemies – his own family. Antipas, the younger brother of Archelaus who was deposed from Herod's will days earlier, argued that Archelaus merely feigned grief for his father, crying during the day and involved with great "merriment" during the night. The threats carried out by Archelaus ending in the death of 3000 in the Temple were not just threats to the worshipers in Jerusalem at Passover, but also amounted to a threat to Caesar himself, since Archelaus acted in every manner a king, before such title had been given by Caesar.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: At this point, Nicolaus of Damascus argued to Caesar that Archelaus acted appropriately and that Herod's will, supposedly written a few weeks prior (yielding the kingship to Archelaus and against Antipater), should be seen as valid. The change of this will in favor of Archelaus is given as Herod's true choice and, it is argued, occurred with Herod being in his right mind since he left the final decision to Caesar. The change of the will appears as one of Herod's last acts and it is attested from Jericho by one "Ptolemy", keeper of Herod's Seal. Nicholaus of Damascus had been Herod's confidant for years. He was loyal to Rome. Ptolemy was Nicholaus of Damascus' brother.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: Archelaus, at the conclusion of the arguments, fell at Caesar's feet. Caesar raised him up and stated that Archelaus "was worthy to succeed his father". Caesar gave Archelaus the title of ethnarch and divided the kingdom. Rome would consolidate its power later.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: Thus, Archelaus received the tetrarchy of Judea through the last will of his father, though a previous will had bequeathed it to his brother Antipas. He was proclaimed king by the army, but declined to assume the title until he had submitted his claims to Caesar Augustus in Rome. In Rome he was opposed by Antipas and by many of the Jews, who feared his cruelty, based on the murder of 3000; but in 4 BC Augustus allotted to him the greater part of the kingdom (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) with the title of "ethnarch" (a ruler of an ethnic group).


title: Herod Archelaus

text: The first wife of Archelaus is given by Josephus simply as Mariamne, perhaps Mariamne III, daughter of Aristobulus IV, whom he divorced to marry Glaphyra. She was the widow of Archelaus' brother Alexander, though her second husband, Juba, king of Mauretania, was alive. This violation of the Mosaic law, along with Archelaus' continued cruelty, roused the ire of the Jews, who complained to Augustus. Archelaus fell into disrepute and was deposed in his 10th year of reign as ethnarch, being banished to Vienna (today Vienne) in Gaul. Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea became the Roman province of Judaea.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: Archelaus is mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew (chapter 2 –). An angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and told him to get up and take Mary and Jesus and flee to Egypt to avoid the Massacre of the Innocents. When Herod the Great died, Joseph was told by an angel in a dream to return to the land of Israel (presumably to Bethlehem). However, upon hearing that Archelaus had succeeded his father as ruler of Judaea he "was afraid to go there" (), and was again warned in a dream by God "and turned aside to the region of" Galilee. This is Matthew's explanation of why Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea but grew up in Nazareth.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: The beginning and conclusion of Jesus' parable of the minas in the Gospel of Luke, chapter 19, may refer to Archelaus' journey to Rome. Some interpreters conclude from this that Jesus' parables and preaching made use of events familiar to the people as examples for bringing his spiritual lessons to life. Others read the allusion as arising from later adaptations of Jesus' parables in the oral tradition, before the parables were recorded in the gospels.


title: Herod Archelaus

text: A nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom and then return ... But his citizens hated him and sent a delegation after him, saying, "We do not want this man to reign over us." ... "But as for these enemies of mine," [said the nobleman,] "who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slaughter them before me." (, , )


title: Operation Flood

text: Operation Flood, launched on 13 January 1970, was the world's largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer, surpassing the United States of America in 1998 with about 22.29 percent of global output in 2018. Within 30 years, it doubled the milk available per person in India and made dairy farming India's largest self-sustainable rural employment generator. It was launched to help farmers direct their own development and giving them control of the resources they create. All this was achieved not merely by mass production, but by production by the masses; the process has since been termed as the "White Revolution".


title: Operation Flood

text: Dr Verghese Kurien, the chairman and founder of Amul, was named the Chairman of NDDB by Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. Kurien thrust the program towards success and has since been recognized as its architect. If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of skim milk powder out of buffalo milk. The man who made this possible was Harichand Megha Dalaya.


title: Operation Flood

text: The "Anand Pattern Experiment" at "Amul", a dairy co-operative, was the engine behind the success of the program.


title: Operation Flood

text: Operation Flood is the program that led to "White Revolution." It created a national milk grid linking producers throughout India to consumers in over 700 towns and cities and reducing seasonal and regional price variations while ensuring that producers get a major share of the profit by eliminating the middlemen. At the bedrock of Operation Flood stands the village milk producers' co-operatives, which procure milk and provide inputs and services, making modern management and technology available to all the members.


title: Operation Flood

text: Phase I (1970–1980) was financed by the sale of skimmed milk powder and butter oil donated by the European Economic Community (EEC) through the World Food Program (WFP). NDDB planned the program and negotiated the details of EEC assistance. During this phase Operation Flood linked 18 of India's premier milk sheds with consumers in India's major metropolitan cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai, establishing mother dairies in the four metros. Operation Flood-I was originally meant to be completed in 1975, but it eventually lasted until the end of 1979, at a total cost of Rs.1.16 billion.


title: Operation Flood

text: At the start of Operation Flood-I, in 1970, certain aims were kept in view for the implementation of the programs:


title: Operation Flood

text: Operation Flood Phase II (1981–1985) increased the number of milk sheds from 18 to 136; urban markets also expanded the outlets for milk to 290. By the end of 1985, a self-sustaining system of 43000 village co-operatives with 4,250,000 milk producers was covered. Domestic milk powder production increased from 22,000 tons in the pre-project year to 140,000 tons by 1989, with all of this increase coming from dairies set up under Operation Flood. In this way, EEC gifts and a World Bank loan helped in promoting self-reliance. Direct marketing of milk by producers' co-operatives also increased by several million liters a day.


title: Operation Flood

text: Phase III (1985–1996) enabled dairy co-operatives to expand and strengthen the infrastructure required to procure and market increasing volumes of milk. Veterinary first-aid health care services, feed, and artificial insemination services for co-operative members were extended, along with intensified member education. Operation Flood's Phase III consolidated India's dairy co-operative movement, adding 30,000 new dairy co-operatives to the 43,000 existing co-operatives organized during Phase II. The number of milk sheds peaked at 173 in 1988–89, with the numbers of female members and female Dairy Co-operative Societies increasing significantly. Phase III also increased emphasis on research and development in animal health and nutrition. Innovations such as a vaccine for Theileriosis, bypassing protein feed and urea-molasses mineral blocks, contributed to the enhanced productivity of milk-producing animals.


title: Operation Flood

text: Critics of the project argue that the emphasis on imported breeds of cattle has resulted in the decimation of Indian breeds. Foreign breeds give higher yields, but they require more feed and are not suited to Indian conditions.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: There are various systems of Go ranks and ratings that measure the skill in the traditional board game Go. Traditionally, Go rankings have been measured using a system of dan and kyu ranks. Especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the handicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. This system is also commonly used in many East Asian martial arts, where it often corresponds with a belt color. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, rating systems have been introduced. In such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: Traditionally, the level of players has been defined using "kyu" and "dan" ranks. Kyu ranks are considered "student" ranks. Dan ranks are considered "master" ranks. Beginners who have just learned the rules of the game are usually around 30th kyu. As they progress, they advance numerically downwards through the kyu grades. The best kyu grade attainable is therefore 1st kyu. If players progress beyond 1st kyu, they will receive the rank of 1st dan, and from then on will move numerically upwards through the dan ranks. In martial arts, 1st dan is the equivalent of a black belt. The very best players may achieve a "professional dan rank".


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: Although almost all organizations use this system, there is no universal calibration. The methods of awarding each of those ranks and the corresponding levels of strength vary from country to country and among online Go servers. This means that a player who is considered to be a 2nd kyu in one country, may only be considered a 5th kyu in another.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: Differences in strength up to amateur dan level generally correspond to the level of handicap that would yield an even game between the two players. For instance, it is expected that a 3d player could give 2 handicap stones to a 1d player and win half of his or her games. In contrast, differences in professional ranks are much smaller, perhaps 1/4 to 1/3 of a handicap stone. There are some significant differences in strength between ordinary 9p players and the best players in the world because 9p is the highest rank possible, which may account for this variation.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: The first Go ranks were given in 2nd century (CE) China, when Handan Chun (Chinese: 邯郸淳) described the 9 Pin Zhi (九品制) ranking system in his book "Classic of Arts" (艺经).


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: From the early 17th century, the Japanese formalised the teaching and ranking of Go. The system was later used in martial arts schools; and is thought to be derived originally from court ranks in China. It is thought that the fact that there are 9 professional dan grades finds its base in the original 9 Chinese Pin Zhi grades.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: The difference between two amateur grades is based on the number of handicap stones that a player requires to even the odds against a stronger player. A 5th kyu player will generally need a 3-stone handicap when playing against a 2nd kyu player to give both players a fair chance of winning. Similarly, a 3rd dan player will need a 2-stone handicap against a 5th dan opponent.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: "Dan" (abbreviated online as "d") ranks are for advanced amateur players. Although many organisations let players choose their own kyu rank to a certain extent, dan ranks are often regulated. This means that players will have to show good results in tournaments or pass exams to be awarded a dan rank. Serious students of the game will often strive to attain a dan rank, much as martial arts practitioners will strive to achieve a black belt. For amateurs, dan ranks up to 7th dan are available. Above this level, a player must become a professional player to achieve further promotions. In Japan and China, some players are awarded an amateur 8th "dan" rank as an honorary title for exceptional achievement. In the United States, amateur dan ranks are often based on the AGA rating system. Under this system, some strong amateurs and former professional players have achieved up to 9th dan amateur, though generally they will register as 6th or 7th dan in international events. Similarly, some players have achieved 9th dan amateur ranks in the rating system of online Go servers.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: Although players who have achieved professional dan ranks are nominally stronger than amateur dan players, in practice some of the strongest 7th dan amateur players have a playing level on par with that of some professional players. Such players have either never tried for a professional rank, or have chosen to remain amateur players because they do not want to make a career out of playing Go.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: The professional dan ranking system is similar to that of amateurs in that it awards dan ranks that increase numerically with skill. The difference between these grades is much smaller than with amateurs however, and is not based on the number of handicap stones required. Professional dan ranks go up to 9th dan, but the strength difference between a 1st dan and a 9th dan professional is generally no more than 2–3 handicap stones.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: To distinguish between professional "dan" and amateur "dan" ranks, the former is often abbreviated to "p" (sometimes called "ping") and the latter to "d". There was no such abbreviation in the past, and this is not generally used as an abbreviation beyond the Internet, where it is common, but not universal.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: With the invention of calculators and computers, it has become easy to calculate a rating for players based on the results of their games. Commonly used rating systems include the Elo and Glicko rating systems. Rating systems generally predict the probability that one player will defeat another player and use this prediction to rank a players strength.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: The European Go Federation (EGF) implementation of the Elo rating system attempts to establish rough correspondence between ratings and kyu/dan ranks. This is done by varying some of the components of the Elo formula to achieve a close match to the adjacent table. The probability (S) that the player with the lower rating, player A, wins against a higher rated player B is given by the formula


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: "K" is varied depending on the rating of the players, because of the low confidence in (lower) amateur ratings (high fluctuation in the outcome) but high confidence in pro ratings (stable, consistent play). K is 116 at rating 100 and 10 at rating 2700


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: In the EGF system, the Elo points won by the winner almost equal the ones lost by the loser and the maximum points movement is the constant "K" (from above). However, there is a slight inflationary mechanism built into the ratings adjustment after each game to compensate for the fact that newcomers usually bring fewer ELO points into the pool than they take out with them when they cease active play. Other Elo-flavor ratings such as the AGA, IGS, and DGS systems use maximum likelihood estimation to adjust ratings, so those systems are anchored by prior distributions rather than by attempting to ensure that the gain/loss of ratings is zero sum.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: A variation of the Elo rating system called WHR ('Whole History Rating'), differs from standard Elo in that it retroactively re-rates players based on their entire history after each new result is added, rather than incrementally changing a player's rating on a game-by-game basis. This involves more intense computation than other methods, but is claimed that "in comparison to Elo, Glicko, TrueSkill, and decayed-history algorithms, WHR produces better predictions.". The website Go Ratings implements the WHR method to calculate global player rankings.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: The ratings of players are generally measured using the game results of Go competitions and tournaments. Most clubs and countries maintain their own ratings, as do Go playing servers. Go tournaments in Europe use the EGF Official ratings.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: In a small club, ranks may be decided informally and adjusted manually when players consistently win or lose. In larger clubs or country wide rating systems, a mathematical ranking system is generally easier to maintain. Players can then be promoted or demoted based on their strength as calculated from their wins and losses.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: Most Go playing servers use a mathematical rating system to keep track of the playing strength of their members. Such ratings may or may not be translated to kyu and dan ranks for the convenience of the players.


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: Player pools that do not regularly mix (such as different countries, or sub-groups on online servers) often result in divergent playing strengths compared to the same nominal rank level of other groups. Players asked to give their rank will therefore often qualify it with "in my country" or "on this Internet server".


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: The rating indirectly represents the probability of winning an even game against other rated players. This probability depends only on the difference between the two players' ratings, but its magnitude varies greatly from one implementation to another. The American Go Association adopted a uniform standard deviation of 104, i.e. slightly more than one rank, while the European Go Federation ratings have a sliding standard of deviation from 200 for beginners down to 70 for top players. The IGS has a fixed standard deviation for all levels of play, but a non-standard distribution. The following table displays some of the differences:


title: Go ranks and ratings

text: While in chess a player must take some risks to avoid a draw, in Go draws (jigo) are either impossible (with superko and non-integer komi, such as 6.5 points, as is common) or less likely in the case of integer komi. Also, an average game of Go lasts for 240 moves (120 moves in chess terms), compared to 40 in chess, so there are more opportunities for a weaker player to make sub-optimal moves. The ability to transform a small advantage into a win increases with playing strength. Due to this ability, stronger players are more consistent in their results against weaker players and will generally score a higher percentage of wins against opponents at the same rank distance.


title: Shocker (character)

text: The Shocker (Herman Schultz) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr, the character debuted in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #46 in March 1967. He is usually depicted as an enemy of the superhero Spider-Man, and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery.


title: Shocker (character)

text: In the comics, Herman Schultz was originally a self-taught engineer and renowned safe cracker who invented a pair of gauntlets capable of producing powerful vibrational shock waves. He incorporated these gauntlets into a protective battlesuit and became a mercenary for hire. As the Shocker, Schultz quickly rose in New York City's criminal underworld and has been employed by various crime lords, which has often put him into conflict with Spider-Man. One notable trait that differentiates the Shocker from most other Spider-Man villains is his pursuit of wealth and a comfortable life rather than revenge or chaos. As a result, the Shocker has sometimes put aside his differences with Spider-Man and has helped him or other heroes when it was in his best interest.


title: Shocker (character)

text: The character was ranked as Spider-Man's 23rd greatest enemy by IGN. The Shocker has been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, having been voiced by Jim Cummings in "Spider-Man: The Animated Series", Jeff Bennett in "The Spectacular Spider-Man", and David B. Mitchell in the video game "Spider-Man". Two iterations of the character were featured in the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe film "", with Herman Schultz portrayed by Bokeem Woodbine and Jackson Brice portrayed by Logan Marshall-Green.


title: Shocker (character)

text: The character first appeared in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #46 (March 1967) and was created by Stan Lee and John Romita Sr.


title: Shocker (character)

text: In an interview, Romita discussed how he designed the character, "I used a lot of very subliminal feeling. While designing the Shocker costume, for some reason, I thought 'cushion' and 'quilt.' I'm thinking, if the guy has a shocking power and vibrates buildings so they fell apart by shaking them, then there's got to be some kind of cushion effect, and so, subliminally, I did it."


title: Shocker (character)

text: He appeared as a regular character in "Thunderbolts" from issue #157 to 162, when he deserted the team. He was also one of the main characters in "The Superior Foes of Spider-Man" comic series.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Herman Schultz was born in New York City. He was a high school dropout who had brilliant talents as both an inventor and an engineer. Instead of using such talents to gain legitimate employment, he became a successful burglar and the world's best safe-cracker (according to him in later stories). After finally being caught and incarcerated for his crimes, he developed a pair of gauntlets designed to shoot air blasts, vibrating at high frequency. Schultz uses his gauntlets to escape from prison and becomes the supervillain known as "the Shocker". He defeats Spider-Man in their first confrontation (Spider-Man was at a disadvantage due to having a bad left arm sprain from an earlier battle with the Lizard) during a robbery. While robbing a bank, he was later beaten and sent back to prison after Spider-Man pinned Schultz's thumbs away from the gauntlets' triggers with his webbing and then knocked him out.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker later stole an ancient stone tablet with an inscription for a formula that could restore youth, that had been earlier stolen by the Kingpin. Likely Schultz's most ambitious solo exploit was his attempt to hold New York City for ransom by blacking out various electrical grids to spell out his name, and extort one million dollars from the city. He then made one million dollars by harassing a stock broker. Shocker later joined Egghead's Masters of Evil (with Radioactive Man, Tiger Shark, Moonstone, and Beetle) to incriminate Dr. Henry Pym, then on trial for treason. The Masters battled the Avengers in this encounter; Shocker was brainwashed and purposely abandoned by Egghead to deliver a false testimony, and subsequently cooperated with the authorities in exonerating the ex-Avenger. Shocker was later hired by the Nazi war criminal Baron Von Lundt to kill Dominic Fortune, and built the vibro-shock units into his entire uniform to do so. Shocker was hired by the Chameleon and Hammerhead to induce Electro to join their organization. Shocker later attempted to steal thousands of charity dollars at the celebrity fund raiser for the New York City Library. He's captured by Spider-Man and sent to prison. He later escapes with the help of fellow inmate Boomerang. By this time, he's developed severe confidence issues and has become terrified that the Scourge of the Underworld is going to kill him. A tipping point occurs when Spider-Man apprehends him and seems to not take him seriously. Enraged, Shocker defeats Spider-Man and is about to finish him off when a Scourge imposter intervenes, causing Shocker to flee. When he next appeared his confidence issues are gone. He aims to hunt down Scourge himself and kill him first.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker has proven to be a constant presence among Spider-Man's gallery of enemies. He often works as a member of a team (including Hobgoblin's Sinister Seven, Norman Osborn's Sinister Twelve, Doctor Octopus's most recent Sinister Six, and the Masters of Evil) or in partnership with at least one other villain. Previous alliances include Boomerang, the Beetle, Rhino, Leila Davis, Hydro-Man, and Speed Demon (all of which made up the Sinister Syndicate), and the Trapster, Constrictor and Jack O'Lantern. He also teamed up with a large group of villains during the Acts of Vengeance, when he helped them unsuccessfully attack the Fantastic Four. During one of his team-ups with Doctor Octopus, he participated in a raid on Avengers Mansion, hoping to help conquer it as the heroes were distracted by the events of the Infinity War. Shocker was forced to fight alongside the heroes called the Guardians of the Galaxy when alien doubles of both sides attacked. After the doubles stopped coming, Doctor Octopus tried to order Shocker and the others to continue fighting the heroes but instead, they turned on Doctor Octopus. They did not wish to harm the people who had helped save their lives. Shocker helped chase Doctor Octopus out of the building.


title: Shocker (character)

text: At one point in his career, Shocker became increasingly paranoid that he was on the Scourge of the Underworld's hit list, even though there was no actual proof that he was. He thus started seeking ways to become more powerful, hoping to thwart any attempt on his life by the vigilante group. Shocker somehow acquired actual superhuman vibration powers. As he becomes more powerful, he realizes that the new powers will eventually kill him. He seeks a vibrational harness to cure himself and is aided by Night Thrasher and Spider-Man. Shocker has had Spider-Man on the ropes on several occasions, with timely interventions often saving Spider-Man. Individuals thwarting Shocker's victories over Spider-Man include security guards, Dominic Fortune, and even a Scourge of the Underworld impostor. Shocker has also let Spider-Man go on a few occasions, the first being when he found Spider-Man incapacitated with a bout of vertigo on the outside of a tall building. He doesn't kill Spider-Man, thinking it an unworthy end, but doesn't help him either. Shocker found another moment of victory over Spider-Man when he teamed up with the Trapster. Sent by the Friends of Humanity to assassinate Paul Stacy, the duo managed to glue Stacy and Spider-Man together and corner them, only to be called off their assignment moments before finishing them off. Shocker would later turn on the Trapster at the behest of Osborn of having Trapster eliminated as a potential witness against his recent attempt to frame Spider-Man for murder. Preparing to kill the resigned Trapster in an alley, he was attacked and rendered unconscious at the last minute by Spider-Man (then disguised under the alias Dusk).


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker has a run-in with Iron Man on a subway car in NYC. Shocker is hired by the Golem, along with Constrictor and Jack O'Lantern, to protect a diamond delivery. He battles Hood. Shocker was terminated as a freelance agent by Hammer Industries and captured by Spider-Man while trying to rob a federal bank alongside Hydro-Man. He accidentally evaporates his water-based ally with a misplaced vibration. He allied himself with Speed Demon of the New Thunderbolts in order to break into a particularly well-guarded safe. Though the police arrived at his hide-out in quick pursuit, he was saved by Speed Demon dashing in and stealing both the loot and Shocker's weapons, removing all traces of evidence (and, unfortunately for Shocker, also keeping the money to fund the Thunderbolts' further activities).


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker plays a small role in the "Secret War" crossover event where he was among the villains used by Lucia von Bardas to attack New York.


title: Shocker (character)

text: A new version of the Sinister Six, with Shocker as a member, bands together during the "Civil War" but were stopped by Captain America and his Secret Avengers.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker was among the group of villains that the Punisher attempts to kill at the wake of the recently deceased Stilt-Man that was held at the Bar with No Name. He survives the poisoning and fire-bombing.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker was shown to have partially reformed the Sinister Syndicate alongside Hydro-Man and Boomerang. This group attempts to rob Baily's Auction House but are interrupted by Spider-Man and then Initiative members War Machine and . The latter are there to neutralize Spider-Man. The trio escapes, only to be found and attacked by government operatives called 'Scarlet Spiders'.


title: Shocker (character)

text: In his first "" appearance, he is shown to have been hired by a mobster to take out a subway train wagon full of jurors. After a brief battle with Spider-Man, he is knocked unconscious while Spider-Man uses his gauntlets to destroy rubble blocking the path. Although he seems cooperative at first, as soon as he is secured by Spider-Man, he activates a powerful shock in his gauntlets through his belt, causing the main exit to collapse and allowing him to escape. On their way to collect money from bets on superhero fights, Shocker and Boomerang discover the dead body of "the Bookie".


title: Shocker (character)

text: During the "Origin of the Species" storyline, Shocker is invited by Doctor Octopus to rejoin the reestablished Sinister Six, where he exchange for securing some specific items. He and Tombstone went after Menace's infant in the restaurant shop, until Spider-Man interfered. After he passes out from his fight, the police arrive but Shocker is carried away by Tombstone who escapes. When Spider-Man goes on a rampage against the villains after the infant was stolen by Chameleon, Shocker is attacked in his hideout and threatens Shocker to tell him everything about the villains' whereabouts. Shocker tells Spider-Man that Chameleon has the baby at the Kravinoff Mansion.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker was then seen in the Raft due to a popular online vote at Marvel.com and was selected to join the Thunderbolts's new Beta team called the Underbolts where it was revealed that MACH-V has put his name on the list of likely candidates.


title: Shocker (character)

text: During the "Spider-Island" storyline, Spider-Man and Carlie Cooper encounter a six-armed Shocker. During the fight, Shocker reveals that he wants the money so that Mad Thinker can cure him. Shocker then pulls off his mask to reveal that he's slowly mutating into a spider-like creature.


title: Shocker (character)

text: As part of the "Marvel NOW!", Shocker appears as a member of the latest incarnation of the Sinister Six, consisting of himself, Boomerang, Lady Beetle, Speed Demon, Overdrive, and the Living Brain.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker features as one of the main characters in "The Superior Foes of Spider-Man", which concludes with Silvermane crowning him the new don of the New York underworld after Shocker saves dozens of mobsters by singlehandedly defeating the Punisher. Shocker shares a meal with She-Hulk while they discuss a memory Jennifer cannot remember, and Herman helps her by telling what little he remembers because she treated him well and bought him lunch, whereas other heroes would just beat him up and ask questions later. It was then revealed that a villain named Nighteater created a spell that would murder hundreds of people but made everyone think he was not a villain, but was instead a hero named Nightwatch, because it was more profitable. When Shocker found out, he assisted She-Hulk in defeating Nightwatch. When asked by Nightwatch why Shocker was angry after already getting his cut, even if he had forgotten, Shocker said that it was because he wanted to be a hero too.


title: Shocker (character)

text: When New York City was covered in the Darkforce dome by the evil Captain America during the "Secret Empire" storyline, Shocker and Scorpia took advantage of this by robbing a bank but was stopped by Rogue. When the Shocker accidentally crushes the ground beneath them, they were surrounded by Darkforce creatures and had no choice but to work together. When they finally beat the biggest of the creatures, Rogue flies away. Herman Schultz is being tried for his crimes as the Shocker and Rogue volunteers herself as a character witness. Rogue said that the Shocker, from her experience when she was fighting Darkforce monsters alongside him, was smart, kind and courageous, and given the chance, could redeem himself.


title: Shocker (character)

text: During the "Sinister War" storyline, Shocker was with Boomerang, Hydro-Man, Speed Demon when they were used by Kindred to attack Spider-Man.


title: Shocker (character)

text: During the "Devil's Reign" storyline, Shocker was seen as a member of Mayor Wilson Fisk's incarnation of the Thunderbolts at the time when Mayor Fisk made superhero activities illegal. After defeating Darkhawk, Shocker tried to get Luke Cage and Jessica Jones to surrender only to be defeated by them.


title: Shocker (character)

text: The Shocker wears a pair of gauntlets he designed with vibro-shock units known as "vibro-smashers" that, when activated by a pump-action thumb trigger, can project a concentrated blast of compressed air that vibrates at an intense frequency. This creates a series of rapid-succession high-pressure air blasts that result in a series of powerful impacts. This allows Shocker to both effectively throw long range vibrational punches from a distance, creating destructive vibrations that can crumble solid concrete and cause extensive damage to the human body and its internal organs, as well as throw shock waves which vibrate the structure of something in order to weaken or destroy it. A lesser known ability of the gauntlets allows Shocker to make incredible leaps, by directing the air blasts toward the ground in front of him. Holding the thumb triggers down for an extended period of time increases the intensity, speed, and even spread of the air blasts.


title: Shocker (character)

text: The feedback from the Shocker's gauntlets is extremely intense (the initial test almost killed him). To guard himself from this, he developed a protective costume consisting largely of yellow quilt patches designed to absorb the shock. The costume is made of foam-lined synthetic fabric which absorbs all vibrations and establishes a vibrational shield which deflects normal blows and allows him to slip from any grasp. The costume's appearance has been the source of ridicule on the part of Spider-Man and other characters. How fellow villain the Looter was able to once wield one of the gauntlets without wearing a protective costume and suffering injury is unclear, though his super strength and durability were presumably a factor. Despite having no superhuman abilities, his vibrating suit and gauntlets enable him to trade blows with Spider-Man.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Around the year 2000 (real time), Herman Schultz began upgrading the abilities of his costume and weapons. His suit now contains a number of built-in shock units, which throw up a protective vibrational field when triggered by accompanying motion detectors. Besides deflecting most physical blows, this makes it difficult, if not impossible for someone to physically assault or grasp him by surprise. This power upgrade was accompanied by a much bulkier and more protective looking costume (as designed by artist John Romita, Jr.).


title: Shocker (character)

text: He also recently allowed Hammer Industries to drastically upgrade the power of his gauntlets. However, not trusting to share the whole of his secrets (and thus become what he perceives as expendable), he refused Hammer's technicians access to his actual costume, which (at least at the time) likely wasn't providing him with thorough protection from the feedback of the upgraded gauntlets (he cited nosebleeds as a risk he was willing to take).


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker has since appeared repeatedly in his original costume and minus the redesigned super-gauntlets provided to him by Hammer Industries. Whether or not this means he has found a way to retain his upgraded abilities in his old costume or whether he no longer uses them remains in question.


title: Shocker (character)

text: While most Spider-Man villains usually shift from their original goals to a vendetta against Spider-Man, the Shocker is still concerned largely with making a living and protecting his reputation. As such, the character is usually portrayed as behaving in a more professional manner than the majority of his maniacal peers.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Shocker has a notably rational personality among Spider-Man's enemies. He has often been shown to recognize his own limitations amongst a universe of super-powered individuals. He was once stricken with chronic anxiety and paranoia (in the "Deadly Foes of Spider-Man" series) stemming from his fears about being targeted by anti-heroes Scourge and the Punisher (surprisingly, he has survived encounters with both). While partnered with the Trapster, he mentions that he engages in psychotherapy.


title: Shocker (character)

text: In recent stories ("Venomous" and "Senseless Violence"), Shocker has revealed that he is extremely frustrated with his place in life, not wanting to be known as a punching bag for superheroes like Spider-Man. He unsuccessfully attempts to purchase the Venom symbiote at an auction to gain some respect. When temporarily partnered with Hydro-Man, he rebukes Morrie's suggestion that they go kill Spider-Man, being far more interested in more financially lucrative ventures and trying to rebuild a professional reputation.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Dalt Kendall was a brilliant scientist who was obsessed with electric eels. He began breeding a pair of gigantic electric eels in his secret lab, slowly exposing himself to their electricity. Over time his body developed an immunity to electricity and the ability to discharge electricity at will. Using his new powers, he began a life of crime, calling himself the Shocker. Madeline Joyce witnessed his first robbery and in her costumed identity of Miss America, attempted to apprehend the Shocker. Shocker managed to evade capture several times before Miss America finally discovered the entrance to his secret lab. Once he discovered she was in his hideout, Shocker began to divulge the source of his powers before taking the opportunity to attack the heroine. Miss America then tricked him into thinking she was unconscious and struck back at him, punching him into his pet eel aquarium. Somehow, the eel's electricity killed him while unconscious even though he had the ability to harmlessly absorb their electricity otherwise.


title: Shocker (character)

text: Randall Darby is a mutant who took the Shocker codename after being recruited by Magneto to become a member of his Brotherhood of Mutants, but after Magneto abandoned him, Darby changes his code name to Paralyzer.


title: Shocker (character)

text: During the "Secret Wars" storyline in the pages of "", Shocker appears as an enforcer of where he is seen assisting Boomerang and Rhino in beating up Demolition Man. He later appears as a member of the Sinister Six when they are tasked to hunt down Spider-Man.


title: Shocker (character)

text: In "JLA/Avengers", the Shocker is among the mind-controlled villains who attack the heroes as they assault Krona's stronghold. He is defeated by the Flash.


title: Shocker (character)

text: The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Shocker is 33-year-old petty crook Herman Schultz who raids money transports. He wears a purple trench coat and a pair of goggles to protect his eyes. He used to work at Roxxon Industries and invented his weapons there. He was fired later and then became the Shocker to "get what he deserves" for all the work he has done. He is not especially dangerous and has fought Spider-Man five times in the first 100 issues. During several, there was an unusual factor: Spider-Man wearing the black suit, or the presence of Kitty Pryde, or Wolverine putting Shocker at a disadvantage. Ultimately, he suffers five embarrassing defeats. Thus, he perpetually ends up in jail and his equipment is confiscated. However, he somehow manages to get a new set every time he escapes. It was shown in "Ultimate Marvel Team-Up" that he does make new vibration units in the machine shop of the prison. It is also implied that he isn't always charged with anything; Spider-Man simply leaves him at the crime scene. This was noted in their encounter in the second annual when Foggy Nelson advised Spider-Man to hand him over to the police rather than leave him on the ground. He is seen in the annual being dropped off at a police station while crying. He gets some measure of revenge, where he unexpectedly defeats, captures, and tortures Spider-Man, and relays his background. He studied at MIT vigorously and eventually secured a job at Roxxon Industries creating high-end weaponry before being cheated out of his work and earnings. With Spider-Man as his only outlet for rage, he proceeds to assault him before once again being arrested by the authorities led by NYPD's Captain Frank Quaid after a tip from Kitty and Mary Jane Watson.


title: Shocker (character)

text: On Earth-807128, the Shocker was one of the villains who seemingly became organized and attacked the X-Mansion as a group. Logan fought and killed all of villains before finding out that it was all an illusion cast by Mysterio and that he was actually killing his fellow X-Men.


title: Shocker (character)

text: In the pages of "Old Man Logan" which takes place on Earth-21923, Mysterio's use of the Shocker illusion remains intact In the pages of "Avengers of the Wastelands", Shocker was among the villains that attack Danielle Cage's group in Osborn County where they were killed by the insects summoned by Dwight Barrett's Ant-Man helmet.


title: Shocker (character)

text: In ""Marvel Universe Vs. The Punisher"", when a plague turned the world's population into cannibals, the Shocker was one of the many supervillans that succumbed to it. He fought alongside the Hulk's army when they confronted the escaping heroes and scientists on the Goethals Bridge, but was decapitated in the ensuing battle. Shocker is later seen among the Punisher's collection of severed heads.


title: Shocker (character)

text: During the "Secret Wars" storyline in the Battleworld domain of Deadlands (based from the remnants of Earth-2149), Shocker is one of the zombies who attacked the strike force that Crossbones had assembled to hunt down the Red Skull.