title: Debye model

text: The Debye model's fit to experimental data is often phenomenologically improved by allowing the Debye temperature to become temperature dependent; for example, the value for water ice increases from about 222 K to 300 K as the temperature goes from absolute zero to about 100 K.


title: Debye model

text: For other bosonic quasi-particles, e.g., for magnons (quantized spin waves) in ferromagnets instead of the phonons (quantized sound waves) one can derive analogous results. In this case at low frequencies one has different dispersion relations of momentum and energy, e.g., formula_121 in the case of magnons, instead of formula_122 for phonons (with formula_123). One also has different density of states (e.g., formula_124). As a consequence, in ferromagnets one gets a magnon contribution to the heat capacity, formula_125, which dominates at sufficiently low temperatures the phonon contribution, formula_126. In metals, in contrast, the main low-temperature contribution to the heat capacity, formula_127, comes from the electrons. It is fermionic, and is calculated by different methods going back to Sommerfeld's free electron model.


title: Debye model

text: It was long thought that phonon theory is not able to explain the heat capacity of liquids, since liquids only sustain longitudinal, but not transverse phonons, which in solids are responsible for 2/3 of the heat capacity. However, Brillouin scattering experiments with neutrons and with X-rays, confirming an intuition of Yakov Frenkel, have shown that transverse phonons do exist in liquids, albeit restricted to frequencies above a threshold called the Frenkel frequency. Since most energy is contained in these high-frequency modes, a simple modification of the Debye model is sufficient to yield a good approximation to experimental heat capacities of simple liquids.


title: Debye model

text: The Debye frequency (Symbol: formula_128 or formula_129) is a parameter in the Debye model. It refers to a cut-off angular frequency for waves of a harmonic chain of masses, used to describe the movement of ions in a crystal lattice and more specifically, to correctly predict the heat capacity in such crystals to be constant for high temperatures (Dulong–Petit law). The term was first introduced by Peter Debye in 1912.


title: Debye model

text: with formula_131 the speed of sound in the crystal; and k the wave vector, the value of the Debye frequency is as follows:


title: Debye model

text: with formula_133 the distance between two neighbouring atoms in the chain when the system is in its ground state of energy (in this case that means that none of the atoms are moving with respect to each other); formula_16 the total number of atoms in the chain; and formula_2 the size (volume) of the system (length of the chain); and formula_136 is the linear number density. Where the following relation holds: formula_137.


title: Debye model

text: where formula_133 and formula_140 are the same as before; formula_141 is the size (area) of the surface; and formula_142 the surface number density.


title: Debye model

text: where formula_133 and formula_140 are the same as before; formula_146 the size of the system; and formula_147 the volume number density.


title: Debye model

text: The speed of sound in the crystal could depend on (among others) the mass of the atoms, the strength of their interaction, the pressure on the system, and/or the polarization of the spin wave (longitudinal or transverse), but in the following we will first assume the speed of sound to be the same for any polarization (this assumption however does not render far-reaching implications).


title: Debye model

text: The assumed dispersion relation is easily proven wrong for a one-dimensional chain of masses, but in Debye's model this did not prove to be problematic.


title: Debye model

text: The Debye temperature formula_148, another parameter in Debye model, is related to the Debye frequency by the relation formula_149 where formula_150 is the reduced Planck constant and formula_151is the Boltzmann constant.


title: Debye model

text: In Debye's derivation of the heat capacity he sums over all possible modes of the system. That is: including different directions and polarizations. He assumed the total number of modes per polarization to be formula_58 (with formula_16 the amount of masses in the system), or in mathematical language


title: Debye model

text: where the formula_155 on both sides is because of the three polarizations, so the sum runs over all modes for one specific polarization. Debye made this assumption because he knew from classical mechanics that the number of modes per polarization in a chain of masses should always be equal to the amount of masses in the chain.


title: Debye model

text: The left hand side is now to be made explicit to show how it depends on the Debye frequency (here simply introduced as a cut-off frequency, that is: higher frequencies than the Debye frequency cannot exist), so that an expression for it could be found.


title: Debye model

text: First of all, by assuming formula_2 to be very large (formula_2»1, with formula_2 the size of the system in any of the three directions) the smallest wave vector in any direction could be approximated by: formula_159, with formula_160. Smaller wave vectors cannot exist because of the periodic boundary conditions. Thus the summation would become 4


title: Debye model

text: where formula_162; formula_163 is the size of the system; and the integral is (as the summation) over all possible modes, which is assumed to be a finite region (bounded by the cut-off frequency).


title: Debye model

text: The triple integral could be rewritten as a single integral over all possible values of the absolute value of formula_164 (see: Jacobian for spherical coordinates). The result is


title: Debye model

text: with formula_166 the absolute value of the wave vector corresponding with the Debye frequency, so formula_167.


title: Debye model

text: Since we know the dispersion relation to be formula_168, this can be written as an integral over all possible formula_169


title: Debye model

text: The same derivation could be done for a one dimensional chain of atoms. The number of modes remains unchanged, because there are still three polarizations. So


title: Debye model

text: In the last step the multiplication by two is because the integrand in the first integral is even and the bounds of integration are symmetric about the origin, so the integral can be rewritten as from 0 to formula_176 after scaling by a factor of 2. Applying a change a substitution of formula_177 , our bounds are now 0 to formula_178, which gives us our rightmost integral.


title: Debye model

text: The same derivation could be done for a two dimensional crystal. Again, the number of modes remains unchanged, because there are still three polarizations. The derivation is analogous to the previous two. We start with the same equation,


title: Debye model

text: As mentioned in the introduction: in general, longitudinal waves have a different wave velocity than transverse waves. For clarity they were first assumed to be equal, but now we drop that assumption.


title: Debye model

text: The dispersion relation becomes formula_186, where formula_187, which correspond to the three polarizations. The cut-off frequency (Debye frequency) however does not depend on formula_188. And we can write the total number of modes as formula_189, which is again equal to formula_171. Here the summation over the modes is (although not explicitly stated) dependent on formula_188.


title: Debye model

text: Or by assuming the two transverse polarizations to be the same (to have the same phase speed and frequency)


title: Debye model

text: One can check this relation is equivalent to the one found earlier (when polarization did not make a difference) by setting formula_196.


title: Debye model

text: The same derivation can be done for a two dimensional crystal to find (the derivation is analogous to previous derivations)


title: Debye model

text: Or by assuming the two transverse polarizations are equal (although for two dimensions it would be more logical if all polarizations would be different):


title: Debye model

text: The same derivation can be done for a three dimensional crystal to find (the derivation is analogous to previous derivations)


title: Debye model

text: Or by assuming the two transverse polarizations are equal (although for three dimensions it would be more logical when all polarizations would be the same):


title: Debye model

text: This problem could be made more insightful by making it more complex. Instead of using the dispersion relation formula_203, the correct dispersion relation is now going to be assumed. From classical mechanics it is known that for an equidistant chain of masses which interact harmonically with each other the dispersion relation reads as follows


title: Debye model

text: After plotting this relation, it is clear that Debye's estimation of the cut-off wavelength was right after all. Because for every wavenumber bigger than formula_205 (that is: formula_136 is smaller than formula_207) a wavenumber that is smaller than formula_208 could be found with the same angular frequency. This means the resulting physical manifestation for the mode with the larger wavenumber is indistinguishable from the one with the smaller wavenumber. Thereby, the study of the dispersion relation can be limited to the first brillouin zone i.e. for formula_209.This is possible because the system consists of discretized points, as is demonstrated in the animated picture. Dividing the dispersion relation by formula_210 and inserting formula_208 for formula_210, we find the speed of a wave with formula_213 to be


title: Debye model

text: However, for diatomic chains (and more complex chains) the associated cut-off frequency (and wavelength) is not very accurate, since the cut-off wavelength is twice as big and the dispersion relation consists of two branches (for a diatomic chain). It is also not certain from this whether for more dimensional systems the cut-off frequency was accurately predicted by Debye.


title: Debye model

text: For a one dimensional chain this result could also be reproduced using theory on aliasing. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem is used in the following derivation; the main difference being that in the following derivation the discretization is not in time, but in space. If we use the correct dispersion relation from last paragraph, it will be clear in another insightful way why the cut-off frequency has the value previously (twice) derived. So again,


title: Debye model

text: This derivation is completely equivalent to the previous one, that is: the same assumptions are made to retrieve the result. It is not more or less accurate, it is just a different approach.


title: Debye model

text: To determine where the cut-off frequency should be, it is useful to first determine where the cut-off of the wavelength should be. From the dispersion relation we know that for formula_219 every mode is repeated, so the cut-off wavelength would be at formula_220. From this and the periodic boundary conditions you can immediately see that the total number of modes per polarization would be formula_16. As seen in the gif of the previous paragraph this is because every wave with a wavelength shorter than formula_222 could be replaced by a wave with a wavelength longer than formula_223 to regain the same physical result.


title: Debye model

text: However, the dispersion relation from previous paragraph (the correct one) is not even necessary in reasoning as to why the cut-off should be at formula_224. Because, as is depicted, only waves with a longer wavelength than formula_223 could render the same physical result as another one. So this is another way to correctly predict the cut-off wavelength of phonons without using the correct dispersion relation (or even knowledge from classical mechanics as Debye did). However, using the wrong dispersion relation which Debye assumed, waves with a smaller wavelength would have a higher frequency, but the relative movement of the masses would be the same, so this does not render new modes.


title: Debye model

text: Also here it does not matter which dispersion relation is used (the correct one or the one Debye used), the same cut-off frequency would be found.


title: Debye model

text: Unfortunately, the same method could not be used (as easily) for a two- or three-dimensional crystal, because diagonal waves would have a larger cut-off wavelength, which are also difficult to predict.


title: Printer driver

text: In computers, a printer driver or a print processor is a piece of software on a computer that converts the data to be printed to a format that a printer can understand. The purpose of printer drivers is to allow applications to do printing without being aware of the technical details of each printer model.


title: Printer driver

text: Printer drivers should not be confused with print spoolers, which queue print jobs and send them successively to a printer.


title: Printer driver

text: Unix and other Unix-like systems such as Linux and OS X use CUPS (short for Common Unix Printing System), a modular printing system for Unix-like computer operating systems, which allows a computer to act as a print server. A computer running CUPS is a host that can accept print jobs from client computers, process them, and send them to the appropriate printer. Printer drivers are typically implemented as filters. They are usually named the "front end" of the printing system, while the printer spoolers constitute the "back end".


title: Printer driver

text: Backends are also used to determine the available devices. On startup, each backend is asked for a list of devices it supports, and any information that is available.


title: Printer driver

text: DOS supports predefined character devices codice_1, codice_1, codice_1 and codice_1 associated with parallel printers supported in the system. Similarly, serial printers can be used with codice_1, codice_1, codice_1, codice_1 and codice_1.


title: Printer driver

text: Users can use commands like, for example, "codice_10" to print the content of a file to a printer. The contents is transferred to the printer without any interpretation. Therefore, this method of printing is either for files already stored in the corresponding printer's language or for generic text files without more than simple line-oriented formatting.


title: Printer driver

text: DOS also provides a dynamically loadable print spooler named PRINT as well as optional support to support screen captures also in graphics mode through GRAPHICS. If the optional character device driver PRINTER.SYS is loaded, DOS provides its code page switching support also for the associated printers—different types of dot matrix and ink jet printers are supported by default.


title: Printer driver

text: Beyond this, there are no system-wide printer-specific drivers for use at application level under MS-DOS/PC DOS. Under DR-DOS, however, the SCRIPT command can be loaded to run in the background in order to intercept and convert printer output from applications into PostScript to support PS-capable printers also by applications not supporting them directly.


title: Printer driver

text: In order to support more complex printing for different models of printers, each application (e.g. a word processor) may be shipped with its own printer drivers, which were essentially descriptions of printer escape sequences. Printers, too, have been supplied with drivers for the most popular applications. In addition, it's possible for applications to include tools for editing printer description, in case there was no ready driver. In the days when DOS was widely used, many printers had emulation modes for Epson FX-80 and IBM Proprinter commands. Many more recent laser printers also have emulation modes for HP PCL (HP LaserJet) or PostScript printers which will work in DOS. It appears that these are also compatible with Windows 3.x.


title: Printer driver

text: On Microsoft Windows systems, printer drivers make use of GDI (Unidrv or PScript-based) or XPS (XPSDrv). Programs then use the same standard APIs to draw text and pictures both on screen and on paper. Printers which use GDI natively are commonly referred to as Winprinters and are considered incompatible with other operating systems, although there is software (such as PrintFil) which will make these printers work in a DOS prompt within Windows.


title: Printer driver

text: Win32 APIs also allow applications to send data directly to the spooler, bypassing the printer driver; however, few applications actually use this option.


title: Printer driver

text: The printer driver is usually located on the C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository folder on a Windows machine.


title: Printer driver

text: The original AmigaOS up to 1.3 supported printers through a standard series of drivers stored at the required path "DEVS:Printers". All printer drivers were stored in that directory, and covered the standard printers in 1985-1989 circa, included Epson FX standard driver, Xerox 4020, HP, etcetera.


title: Printer driver

text: Any Amiga printer driver had to communicate though the standard Amiga printer.device (the default standard hardware device of Amiga dealing with printers), and the standard parallel.device (which controlled parallel port) and the driver would then control the printer on its own.


title: Printer driver

text: Amiga printer drivers were an innovation for their time. They spared users from individually configuring each of their applications. They had the ability to print up to 4096 colors.


title: Printer driver

text: Through the use of the Printer Preferences program printers could be connected to the serial port as well.


title: Printer driver

text: Amiga also had support for a virtual device "PRT:" to refer to printer.device so, for example the command "COPY file TO PRT:" caused the file to be printed directly bypassing parallel.device and the default printer driver.


title: Printer driver

text: Amiga used ANSI escape codes, not the special ones defined by the various printer manufacturers. This way every application on the Amiga could use the same standard set of control sequences and wouldn't need to know which printer is actually connected. The printer driver then translated these standard sequences into the special sequences a certain printer understands.


title: Printer driver

text: Amiga internal function "PWrite" of printer.device writes 'length' bytes directly to the printer. This function is generally called on by printer drivers to send their buffer(s) to the printer. Number of buffers are decided by the persons who created the driver. Amiga lacked a standard Printer Spooler.


title: Printer driver

text: Since AmigaOS 2.0 a standard printer.device was changed to control various printers at same time. The Printer preferences were divided in three main panels: "Prefs:Printer" which selects main printer and other basic elements such as "Print Spacing" and "Paper Size". "PrinterGFX" controlled features like Dithering and Scaling. "PrinterPS" controlled Postscript Printers. The printer drivers surprisingly remained almost same of Workbench 1.3, with 4096 limits.


title: Printer driver

text: This fact led Amiga users to prefer third party Printer Systems with their own drivers, like TurboPrint and PrintStudio, which introduced not only recent drivers, but also featured a functioning Printer Spooler into Amiga, and featured 16 million colors printing. MorphOS uses a special version of TurboPrint to pilot recent printers.


title: Printer driver

text: USB printers are automatically recognized by the Poseidon USB Stack. This stack is capable of detecting any USB device by its class, but printers still require a driver to be controlled.


title: Printer driver

text: In addition to being install-able on a computer, drivers could also be present in the embedded firmware of printers and made available through a networking protocol (e.g. IPP). The embedded firmware of a printer could thus eliminate the need to install any driver on a computer, by accepting print data in a general purpose format (e.g. PDF) via a networking protocol. Despite some efforts to standardize various stages of the printing pipeline, printer interfaces are largely still very proprietary and manufacturer-specific. Hence, nature of functions performed by drivers can vary. Nonetheless, based on the function performed, drivers can be classified as follows.


title: Printer driver

text: These drivers can convert print data from one general purpose format (e.g. PDF, DVI etc) to another general purpose format (e.g. PS). Examples include Ghostscript, etc.


title: Printer driver

text: These drivers convert print data from one format (e.g. PS) to a final device-specific format that the printer hardware can process and create a print. These drivers act as the last stage in delivering a print job to the printer. These drivers are more likely to be embedded in printer firmware.


title: Printer driver

text: Install-able drivers can be packaged in various formats. PPD is a popular packaging format for drivers that accept Postscript data or PDF data as input. Due to dominance of select operating systems, the operating system–driver interface is more standardized than driver–printer interfaces. Hence there is more standardization in packaging formats of drivers than the actual functions performed by drivers.


title: Simon Case

text: Simon Case (born 27 December 1978) is a British civil servant who is the current Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service since 9 September 2020, succeeding Sir Mark Sedwill.


title: Simon Case

text: Case was Downing Street Permanent Secretary to Prime Minister Boris Johnson from May to September 2020. That role had been vacant for eight years after Sir Jeremy Heywood left in 2012. From January 2016 to May 2017, Case served under David Cameron and Theresa May as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


title: Simon Case

text: Case was born on 27 December 1978 in Bristol, England. He was educated at Bristol Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in History. While at Cambridge, he rowed and was President of Cambridge University Lightweight Rowing Club. He then undertook postgraduate research in political history and studied at Queen Mary University of London and was awarded Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree from University of London in 2007. His doctoral supervisor was Professor Peter Hennessy, and his thesis was titled "The Joint Intelligence Committee and the German Question, 1947–61".


title: Simon Case

text: Case joined the Civil Service in 2006. He worked first within the Ministry of Defence as a policy adviser. He then worked in the Northern Ireland Office and the Cabinet Office. In 2012, he served as Head of the Olympic Secretariat, a temporary team within the Cabinet Office that was set up to oversee the delivery of the 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Simon Case

text: From 2012 and July 2014, Case worked at 10 Downing Street as a Private Secretary to the Prime Minister and then as Deputy Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister. He then returned to the Cabinet Office, where he was Executive Director of the Implementation Group. In March 2015, he joined Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) as Director of Strategy.


title: Simon Case

text: On 8 January 2016, Case was announced as the next Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister in succession to Chris Martin who had died while in office. He took up the appointment on 11 January 2016.


title: Simon Case

text: In March 2017, Case was announced as the Director General for the UK–EU Partnership, being succeeded by Peter Hill as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister on 10 May 2017. He took up the post in May 2017. In this role he was "leading the UK Government's work on exiting and seeking a new partnership with the European Union within the UK Representation to the EU". On 23 June 2017, he was appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in recognition of his service as Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister.


title: Simon Case

text: In January 2018, he was appointed Director General Northern Ireland and Ireland: in this role, he acted as the lead civil servant for finding a solution to the Irish border issue post-Brexit.


title: Simon Case

text: In March 2018, it was announced that Case would be the next Private Secretary to Prince William, Duke of Cambridge; he took up the appointment in July 2018. Also in 2018, Case was appointed a Visiting Professor at King's College London, having previously been a Visiting Senior Research Fellow at the university.


title: Simon Case

text: In August 2020 Case was chosen by Prime Minister Boris Johnson as Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service, succeeding Mark Sedwill on 9 September 2020, the youngest Cabinet Secretary to date.


title: Simon Case

text: In April 2021, in light of the Greensill scandal, Case ordered all civil servants to declare paid roles or outside interests that "might conflict" with Civil Service rules after it emerged that a senior official had joined a firm while still a civil servant.


title: Simon Case

text: On 15 June 2021, Case and Prime Minister Johnson jointly signed a "Declaration on Government Reform" intended to improve the way government operates in the UK.


title: Simon Case

text: In December 2021, the Prime Minister appointed Case to lead an inquiry into the Westminster Christmas parties controversy, where government departments had been alleged to have carried out social gatherings in late 2020 in contravention of COVID-19 regulations. Just over a week later, on 17 December 2021, it was announced that he was to recuse himself from the inquiry because of reports that a party had been held in his private office. The next day, on 18 December 2021, Case officially resigned from the inquiry position. His role in the inquiry was taken over by the civil servant Sue Gray.


title: Simon Case

text: In a letter to civil servants in May 2022, Case said that up to 91,000 civil servants would lose their jobs to return it to 2016 levels, which would be the biggest decrease in staff since World War Two. Case said civil service staffing had grown "substantially" since 2016, partly because of the pandemic. "We must consider how we can streamline our workforce and equip ourselves with the skills we need to be an even more effective, lean and innovative service that continues to deliver for the people we serve," he wrote.


title: Simon Case

text: Case was the highest ranking public official to be implicated in the 'partygate' scandal; however, he stated he would not resign.


title: Simon Case

text: In 2007, Case married Elizabeth Kistruck, chief finance officer for Hotels.com at Expedia Inc. They have three daughters.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: The Auspicious Incident (or Event) (Ottoman Turkish: "Vaka-i Hayriye", "Fortunate Event" in Constantinople; "Vaka-i Şerriyye", "Unfortunate Incident" in the Balkans) was the forced disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826. Most of the 135,000 Janissaries revolted against Mahmud II, and after the rebellion was suppressed, most of them were executed, exiled or imprisoned. The disbanded Janissary corps was replaced with a more modern military force.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: The Janissaries were first created by the Ottoman Sultans in the late 14th century and were employed as household troops. Janissaries began as an elite corps made up through the devşirme system of child slavery, by which young Christian boys, notably Serbs, Albanians, Bosnians, Bulgarians, Croats, Greeks, Macedonians, Slovenians and Romanians, Armenians were taken from the Balkans, forcibly circumcised and forcibly converted to Islam, and incorporated into the Ottoman army. During the 15th and 16th centuries they were recognized as one of the best-trained and most effective military units in Europe. They became known for their discipline, morale and professionalism. They were paid regularly and were expected to be ready to enter battle at any time. By the 16th century Janissaries were also recruited from ethnic Turks.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: However, by the early 17th century the Janissary corps had ceased to function as an elite military force, and had become a privileged hereditary class, and their exemption from paying taxes made them highly unfavorable in the eyes of the rest of the population. The number of Janissaries grew from 20,000 in 1575 to 135,000 in 1826, about 250 years later. Many were not soldiers but still collected pay from the empire, as dictated by the corps since it held an effective veto over the state and contributed to the steady decline of the Ottoman Empire. Any sultan who tried to diminish its status or power was immediately either killed or deposed.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: As opportunities and power continued to rise within the Janissary corps, it began to undermine the empire. Over time it became clear that for the empire to restore its position as a major power of Europe, it needed to replace the Janissary corps with a modern army.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: When Mahmud II began forming a new army and hiring European gunners, the Janissaries mutinied as usual and fought on the streets of the Ottoman capital, but the militarily superior Sipahis charged and forced them back into their barracks. Turkish historians claim that the counter-Janissary force, which was great in numbers, included the local residents who had hated the Janissaries for years.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: Historians suggest that Mahmud II purposely incited the revolt and have described it as the sultan's "coup against the Janissaries". The sultan informed them that he was forming a new army, the "Sekban-ı Cedit", organized and trained along modern European lines (and that the new army would be Turkish-dominated). The Janissaries saw their institution as crucial to the well-being of the Ottoman Empire, especially to Rumelia, and had previously decided they would never allow its dissolution. Thus, as predicted, they mutinied, advancing on the sultan's palace. Mahmud II then brought out the Holy Banner of the Prophet Muhammad from inside the Sacred Trust, intending all true believers to gather beneath it and thus bolster opposition to the Janissaries. In the ensuing fight the Janissary barracks were set ablaze by artillery fire, resulting in 4,000 Janissary deaths; more were killed in the heavy fighting on the streets of Constantinople (the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the center of the Janissary order). The survivors either fled or were imprisoned, their possessions confiscated by the Sultan. By the end of 1826 the captured Janissaries, constituting the remainder of the force, were put to death by decapitation in the Thessaloniki fort that soon came to be called the "Blood Tower" (but which has been known since 1912 as the White Tower). Roughly 100 other Janissaries fled to the Cistern of Philoxenos where many drowned.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: The Janissary leaders were executed and their possessions confiscated by the Sultan. The younger Janissaries were either exiled or imprisoned. Thousands of Janissaries had been killed, and thus the elite order came to its end. The Sufi Order of the Bektaşi Brotherhood, a core Janissary institution, was outlawed, and its followers executed or exiled. A new modern corps, "Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye" ("The Victorious Soldiers of Muhammad") was established by Mahmud II to guard the Sultan and replace the Janissaries. Many ordinary Janissaries, especially in the provinces, began rogue revolts and demanded autonomy. Christians in the Balkans became very hostile to their Muslim neighbors and began to rally against the new Turkish armies sent from Constantinople. Some Janissaries survived by keeping a low profile and taking ordinary jobs.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: Immediately after the Janissaries had been disbanded, Mahmud II ordered the court chronicler, Mehmet Esad Efendi, to record the official version of events. This account, "Üss-i Zafer" ("Foundation of Victory"), was printed in Istanbul in 1828 and served as the main source for every other Ottoman account of this period. The incident had a negative impact on the Muslim communities in the Balkans, who lost their privileges, as rebellions broke out across Rumelia, especially in Bosnia and Albania.


title: Auspicious Incident

text: Taking advantage of the temporary weakness in the military position of the Ottoman Empire following the Auspicious Incident, the Russian Empire forced the Ottomans to accept the Akkerman Convention on 7 October 1826.


title: U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports

text: There are 13 U.S. metropolitan areas with sports teams competing in the four major leagues: Major League Baseball, National Hockey League, National Football League and National Basketball Association. The New York and the Los Angeles metropolitan areas, the two largest cities in the country, are the only two regions with at least two teams in each major sports league, with the New York metropolitan area being home to three NHL teams.


text: "Italicized" teams play outside the city limits of the metropolitan area's core city or cities; the specific location is given in parentheses. The core city or cities of a metropolitan area are identified in this reference.


text: The only metropolitan areas with a team in each sport that plays within the limits of its principal city are Chicago, Denver, Detroit, and Philadelphia. Chicago, with its two MLB teams, is the only one of these with five teams playing within city limits. In the Twin Cities area, three of the teams play in Minneapolis and one plays in St. Paul, although all four teams are named for the state of Minnesota, not their cities. All other areas have at least one sport represented solely by a team (or teams) that plays in a city's suburbs.


text: Los Angeles had teams from all four major sports play within its city limits from 2016, when the NFL's Rams moved to the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, until 2020, when they moved into a new stadium in Inglewood along with the Chargers (who returned to the Los Angeles metropolitan area the following year, and temporarily played their games in Carson). Los Angeles now has four major sports teams playing within city limits (two NBA, one NHL and one MLB team) and seven of its metropolitan area's eight teams named after it (all except the NHL's Anaheim Ducks).


text: New York City and Chicago both have five major sports teams playing within its city limits, the most of any city in the U.S. Both NFL teams representing New York play in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In total, the New York metropolitan area has nine major sports teams (three NHL and two from each of the other leagues), the most in the country, of which seven are named for New York (one NBA and two from each of the other leagues), tied with Los Angeles for most in the U.S. The only other team with a different geographical name is the NHL's New Jersey Devils, who play in Newark. All five of the Chicago-area teams play within the city limits and are named after the city.


text: Based on divisions of the United States established by the United States Census Bureau, of the metropolitan area with at least one team in each of the four major sports, three are located in the Northeastern United States (New York, Boston, and Philadelphia), three are located in the Midwestern United States (Chicago, Detroit, and Minneapolis-St. Paul), three are located in the Southern United States (Washington, D.C., Dallas, and Miami), and four are located in the Western United States (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, and Phoenix).


text: The least-populous metropolitan area with at least one team in each of the four major sports is Denver, whose estimated population is 2,853,077. However, Denver is the hub of an urban corridor of about 4.8 million people. It is the largest metropolitan area within a radius of about and commands a relatively large media market.


text: Minnesota is the least populous state to have a team in each major sport. It has almost three million fewer people than Virginia, the most populous state with no major sports teams.


text: The largest television market area with no teams in the four major leagues is the Hartford & New Haven (Connecticut) area. Hartford was formerly home to the NHL's Hartford Whalers, who moved to Raleigh in 1997 and are now the Carolina Hurricanes.


text: The largest television market areas that have never had a team in the four major leagues are Austin, Texas, who will gain an MLS team in 2021 (Austin FC), and the West Palm Beach-Ft. Pierce (Florida) area, though that is usually considered part of the territory of Miami-area teams.


text: Using the Primary Statistical Areas defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, the most-populous metropolitan area without a team in any of the four major leagues (as of the 2010 U.S. Census) is the Hartford–Springfield area, although several minor league professional teams play in the area and it is located between the larger metro areas of New York and Boston. The Hampton Roads metro area is the second-largest metro area without a major sports team and has never had one. Before the addition of the Vegas Golden Knights in 2017, the Las Vegas Valley had been the largest metro area without a team.


text: After the St. Louis Rams moved back to Los Angeles, Houston, which lacks an NHL team, became the largest metropolitan area that does not have a franchise in all four major professional sports. Los Angeles had been the largest area without all four leagues from 1995 to 2016.


text: The sport that most commonly has two teams in one metropolitan area is baseball, with multiple teams in Chicago, New York, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Boston, St. Louis and Philadelphia also had two baseball franchises (New York had three during this time), but one team from each city moved in the 1950s. Only Chicago has had the same two baseball teams since the American League was established in 1901. In 2006, Philadelphia was the largest television market without two baseball teams, with Dallas being the next-largest.


text: New York and Los Angeles are the only two metropolitan areas with two or more teams in all four major sports (New York has MLB's Yankees and Mets, the NBA's Knicks and Nets, the NFL's Giants and Jets, and the NHL's Rangers, Islanders, and Devils. While Los Angeles has MLB's Dodgers and Angels, the NBA's Lakers and Clippers, the NFL's Rams and Chargers, and the NHL's Kings and Ducks.) The San Francisco Bay Area has MLB's San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics.


text: The Washington, D.C. combined statistical area (although not its media market nor its metropolitan area) also includes the city of Baltimore as part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. Using this definition, the region also has two MLB teams (the Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles) as well as two NFL teams (the Washington Commanders and Baltimore Ravens).


text: The only areas with at least two franchises in all four sports are New York and Los Angeles, which are the largest and second-largest cities and the two largest metropolitan areas in the United States. In New York, four of the metro area's nine major sports franchises play outside the city limits and three outside the state of New York: the NFL's Jets and Giants, and the NHL's Devils all play in New Jersey. The NHL's Islanders play in UBS Arena in Elmont, New York, on Long Island. However, all teams have "New York" in their name except the Devils, who identify with New Jersey, and the Brooklyn Nets, who are named for the borough where they play.


text: In Los Angeles, four of the area's eight teams play in other cities (the Ducks and Angels play in Anaheim, while the Chargers and Rams play in Inglewood). During the construction of SoFi Stadium, the Rams played in the LA city limits while the Chargers played in Carson. The Clippers currently play in downtown Los Angeles, sharing Crypto.com Arena with the Lakers, but plan to move to the Intuit Dome by the 2024–25 NBA season.


text: Since the formation of the NBA in 1946, New York is the only city to consistently host at least one team in each of the four leagues every year.


text: The most recent city to be added to this list is Los Angeles, which regained the football Rams in 2016 after they had played the prior 21 seasons in St. Louis. (In 2017, the Chargers also moved to the city from San Diego, becoming the Los Angeles Chargers.)


text: Among those states that have no metropolitan areas with all four sports, only Ohio has teams in all four major sports: the NFL's Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns; MLB's Cincinnati Reds and Cleveland Guardians; the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers; and the NHL's Columbus Blue Jackets, the only team outside Cleveland and Cincinnati.


text: Additionally, while the metropolitan area of New York City has both of its football teams play in New Jersey, the state of New York still has all four major sports leagues represented with the NFL's Buffalo Bills.


text: After the NHL's Atlanta Thrashers moved to Winnipeg and became the Jets in 2011, Georgia became the most populous state without teams in all four sports. Metro Atlanta became the third-largest metro area (at the time) not to have teams in all four sports (after Los Angeles and Houston). With the return of the Los Angeles Rams in 2016, Atlanta became the second largest metro area without all four leagues behind Houston. Georgia is now home to the NFL's Atlanta Falcons, MLB's Atlanta Braves, and the NBA's Atlanta Hawks. The Falcons and Hawks currently play within the city limits of Atlanta; the Braves moved just outside the city in 2017 to the Vinings/Smyrna area in Cobb County. The Braves' new stadium is within a small slice of Cobb County that has always had an Atlanta mailing address.


text: Previously, North Carolina had been the most populous state without teams in all four sports, having edged out New Jersey when the southern state's population surpassed the northern one's. Both lack a Major League Baseball team, though three teams (the New York Yankees, New York Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies) play in metropolitan areas that include parts of New Jersey. North Carolina is home to the NFL's Carolina Panthers and NBA's Charlotte Hornets, who both play in Charlotte, as well as the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes, who play in Raleigh. New Jersey is home to the NFL's New York Giants and New York Jets, who play in the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, as well as the NHL's New Jersey Devils, who play in Newark.


text: Virginia remains the most populous state without a single big-league team in any sport, although residents of Northern Virginia have access to teams in Washington, D.C., and, at a stretch, Baltimore; and southern Virginia residents have access to the Carolina Hurricanes, the only major-league team in the Raleigh-Durham area. Additionally, two of the four D.C.-area teams, the Washington Capitals and Washington Commanders, have their operational headquarters and training facilities in Northern Virginia.


text: Alabama is the most populous state that has neither a major-league team nor a connection to a media market area with a major-league team. However this distinction changes depending on if the Atlanta media market is defined to extend into Alabama. If it is, then Iowa is the most populous state with neither a team nor a connection to a media market with a team.


text: Three of the four major leagues (MLB, the NBA and the NHL), have at least one team in Canada. Thus, although it is not a U.S. city, Toronto is notable because it has MLB (Blue Jays), NBA (Raptors), NHL (Maple Leafs) and MLS (Toronto FC) teams, plus a professional Canadian football team, the Toronto Argonauts. The Argonauts play in the Canadian Football League, which is currently an all-Canadian circuit, although the CFL had teams in the United States from 1993 until 1995. While its lack of a U.S.-based team leaves it with a much smaller revenue base than the NFL, the CFL uses substantially different rules compared to the NFL and for this reason does not always seek to sign players with the exact same set of skills required to succeed in the NFL, thus as the highest level of play of Canadian football in its own country, the CFL meets the definition of a major league.


text: There has often been speculation of an NFL team in Toronto, which is larger than many NFL cities and the second-largest city in North America (behind Mexico City) without an NFL team, but the NFL insists it has no plans for expansion. The NFL allowed the Buffalo Bills to play one regular-season game a year at Toronto's Rogers Centre for several years in the early 21st century, as the Bills' profits depend on a considerable Southern Ontario fan base. The first two games in the Toronto series did not directly conflict with the CFL, as they were scheduled for December, after the end of the CFL season. The series was put on hiatus after the 2013 season; current Bills owner Terry Pegula, who bought the team after the 2014 death of founding owner Ralph Wilson, formally ended the Toronto experiment.


text: Of the other eight current CFL cities, two have no other major sports franchises and the other six have an NHL franchise. Of these cities, two formerly had two major league teams plus a CFL franchise. Montreal, the second-most populous Canadian city, had the Montreal Expos MLB team, which moved to Washington, D.C. It still hosts the NHL's Canadiens and the CFL's Alouettes. Montreal also once had an NFL farm team, the WLAF Montreal Machine, before the WLAF became exclusively European. Additionally, Montreal is home to Canada's third MLS team, the Montreal Impact since 2012. Vancouver, the third-most populous Canadian metropolitan area, had the Vancouver Grizzlies NBA team, which moved to Memphis. It still hosts the NHL's Vancouver Canucks, CFL's BC Lions and MLS's Vancouver Whitecaps FC.


text: Cleveland, Kansas City, St. Louis, and Atlanta formerly hosted teams in all four major sports leagues. Of these four cities, the two Missouri cities currently have two teams each, and the other two cities have three.


text: Cities that have lost, then regained four-sport status are Boston, Detroit, Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis–St. Paul, and the San Francisco Bay Area. Atlanta is the only city to have gained, lost, regained, and re-lost four-sport status.


text: If the American Basketball Association (1967–1976) is considered to have been a major professional sports league, additional cities formerly made the list. In addition to the MLB Pirates, the NFL Steelers and the NHL Penguins; Pittsburgh also hosted the ABA's Pittsburgh Condors, originally called the Pipers, in 1967 and from 1969 until the team's demise in 1972. Similarly, if the ABA is counted, St. Louis would have regained four-sport status between 1974 and 1976, when the city was home to the Spirits of St. Louis. Also, Minneapolis–St. Paul was a four-sport city from 1967 to 1969, having hosted the ABA's Minnesota Muskies in 1967–68 and the Minnesota Pipers in 1968–69.


text: If the World Hockey Association (1972–1979) were considered to have been a major league, Houston would have made the list; the Houston Aeros operated from 1972 to 1978, but were ultimately left out of the NHL-WHA merger negotiations and folded before the merger. Under the same assumption, Cleveland would have joined the four-sports club in 1972 with the arrival of the WHA Cleveland Crusaders, which were displaced in 1976 by the NHL's Barons.


text: If the ABA and WHA are "both" considered to have been major leagues, then San Diego would have made the list from fall 1974 through fall 1975. Alongside the MLB Padres (since 1969) and the AFL/NFL Chargers (1961 to 2016), there were the ABA Conquistadors/Sails (1972–1975) and the WHA Mariners (1974–1977).


text: Major League Soccer in the United States was founded in 1993, and has been active since 1996. Of the 13 metro areas with Big Four teams, 11 also host MLS franchises as well. Detroit and Phoenix currently do not have Major League Soccer teams.


text: Both Miami and the San Francisco Bay Area lost five-sport status for a period of time when the Miami Fusion folded in 2002 and the San Jose Earthquakes moved to Houston to become the Dynamo in 2006. The Bay Area regained it with the reactivated Earthquakes in 2008 and Miami resumed being a five-sport city with Inter Miami CF in 2020.


text: Of cities that formerly held four-sport status, only Atlanta, Kansas City, and St. Louis have current MLS franchises.


text: No Ohio city can claim five-sport (or four-sport) status, but the state itself can via Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus sports teams with Columbus Crew SC and FC Cincinnati.


text: The debut of MLS's Toronto FC in 2007 gave Toronto five major professional sports teams, although its football team plays in the Canadian Football League.


title: Baba Bhaskar

text: He was born and brought up in Chennai. Due to his interest in dance, he started learning dance through Paulraj, and later he started working as an assistant for Shiva Shankar Master for several years. And later, he worked as a dance assistant under well-known choreographer Raju Sundaram Master for 5 years.


title: Baba Bhaskar

text: Shiva Shankar Master and Raju Sundaram Master taught him about cinema choreography and how a song should be choreographed says Baba Bhaskar master in an interview. He started his film career as a background dancer and he has been seen in many Tamil and Telugu films. His long-time wish is to become a successful choreographer in the film industry. And it happened through a Telugu film Kotha Bangaru Lokam which was released way back in 2008. His choreography in the movie got attention and later he turns into a choreographer in the Tamil film industry too.


title: Baba Bhaskar

text: He started as choreographer in Tamil film through the movie Kedi which offered him great recognition. Through Kedi movie, he gets a chance to choreograph with the leading actors in the Tamil film industry like Rajinikanth, Vijay, Ajith Kumar, Suriya, Dhanush, Siddharth, Karthi, Vijay Sethupathi, Prabhu Deva, Vishal and in Telugu Film industry he worked with many leading actors like Nagarjuna , Mahesh Babu , Ram Charan , Varun Sandesh and more. After working as a choreographer for several films including "Singam" (2010), Bhaskar made his directorial debut with "Kuppathu Raja", which released in 2019 after beginning production in 2017. In 2019, he participated as a contestant in "Bigg Boss Telugu 3" and became 2nd Runner up.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: Ilan Rubin (born July 7, 1988) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter. He is known primarily for playing drums with bands such as Nine Inch Nails, Paramore, and Angels & Airwaves. In 2008 he formed The New Regime, in which he sings and plays all instruments in the studio and plays guitar with a band for live performances. In 2021 Ilan released music for the first time under his name. His debut single "Talk Talk Talk" was remixed by Phantogram.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: As a member of Nine Inch Nails, in 2020 Rubin was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as the youngest living inductee in its history. He is also the first Rock Hall inductee to be born in the 1980s.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: Rubin was raised in San Diego, California. He began playing drums at the age of eight, when he discovered his father's 1968 Silver Sparkle Ludwig drum kit set up in the garage. After three months of "toying" with the kit, he had taught himself to play and was jamming with his older brothers. By age nine, he was ready to play for F.o.N., a band that eventually would do three stints on the Vans Warped Tour, where Rubin would also fill in on drums for bands such as NOFX. In 1999, F.o.N. opened Woodstock '99 on the Emerging Artist Stage; as a result, 11-year-old Rubin gained entry into the "Guinness Book of World Records" as the youngest musician to ever play on a Woodstock stage.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: Shortly thereafter, Rubin submitted a video to "Modern Drummer Magazine" of him doing a solo during an F.o.N. performance, which was picked by the magazine as the winning entry in its "Best Undiscovered Drummer Under the Age of 18" contest. The winner of the 18-and-over category came from Argentina, and both drummers were invited to perform at the 2000 Modern Drummer Festival, by which time Rubin had turned 12. He has taken lessons from Blink-182's drummer Travis Barker and The Hooters' drummer David Uosikkinen.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: Immediately prior to working with Lostprophets, Rubin was the drummer for the band Denver Harbor, which included his older brother, Aaron, as bassist, who had played guitar in F.o.N., as well as 2 ex-members of the punk band Fenix TX. Denver Harbor was dropped from their label one year after their only full-length album, "Scenic", was released in 2004 but not before the band did a few round-trip tours of the United States and one week in Japan with a re-united Fenix TX.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: Rubin was the drummer for the Welsh band Lostprophets. He replaced Mike Chiplin, founding member and original drummer, who left the band in 2005 to pursue other musical opportunities. Before finding Rubin, Lostprophets hired session drummer Josh Freese to record the tracks on "Liberation Transmission". Then, after Rubin joined, he played the remaining two tracks on "Liberation Transmission": "For All These Times Son, For All These Times" and "Everybody's Screaming!!!". The drummer on the demos for this period are unclear with all tracks, depending on the time the demos were made, potentially being recorded by either former drummer Mike Chiplin, frontman Ian Watkins (who occasionally played drums in demos) or Rubin. Either Rubin or Freese may have recorded the B-Side, "Every Song", which comes from the album sessions. Rubin, however, toured from 2006 to 2008 with the band and appeared in the videos for "Rooftops (A Liberation Broadcast)", "A Town Called Hypocrisy", "Can't Catch Tomorrow (Good Shoes Won't Save You This Time)" and "". He left the band in late 2008 but not before he tracked all of the drums and helped pen some of the music on the band's fourth studio release "The Betrayed".


title: Ilan Rubin

text: Rubin's first solo album, under the pseudonym 'The New Regime', called Coup, was recorded throughout 2007 and 2008 and released in November 2008. While touring with Nine Inch Nails and following the conclusion of the Wave Goodbye Tour Rubin worked on his second album, "Speak Through The White Noise", which was released in April 2011. Prior to this, Ilan released a free single titled 'Remission Of Guilt' through his website. It has been confirmed that this track will not be on the new album. in 2011 he went on Tour with Taking Back Sunday as an opening act. In 2013 and 2015, he released the two halves of his next project, titled Exhibit A and Exhibit B. On March 6, 2020, The New Regime released its fifth studio album, Heart Mind Body & Soul, featuring the singles "Turning a Blind Eye" and "Heart Mind Body & Soul." Over a five-month period prior to its release, Rubin released three EPs (Heart, Mind, and Body), each with four songs from the upcoming album that fit the themes of the titles. The New Regime was on tour with Silversun Pickups in March 2020


title: Ilan Rubin

text: On November 15, 2008, Trent Reznor announced via the Nine Inch Nails website that Rubin would be joining industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails as their drummer after the departure of Josh Freese in late 2008. Upon learning of his skills as a multi-instrumentalist, Reznor decided to scale the latest live incarnation of Nine Inch Nails down to a four-piece, where Rubin contributed keyboards and percussion. The new lineup played the final Nine Inch Nails tour dubbed the "Wave Goodbye" tour, starting in Australia and New Zealand, then North America, continuing to Europe and Asia before returning to the U.S. for a final set of dates in smaller venues. During the last show at the Wiltern theatre, Reznor discussed the band's future, including new recordings featuring the current live band.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: In February 2013, Reznor announced the return of Nine Inch Nails and revealed tour details. He also revealed that the new lineup of the band included Rubin, Eric Avery of Jane's Addiction, Adrian Belew of King Crimson, and Josh Eustis of Telefon Tel Aviv, as well as returning member Alessandro Cortini.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: In 2011, Rubin joined Angels & Airwaves, replacing drummer Atom Willard. From 2014 to 2018, Rubin was the only other songwriter for the band besides frontman Tom DeLonge, while the status of the other members was left unknown. During that time, he recorded the band's 2014 album, The Dream Walker, and the EPs "...Of Nightmares" in 2015 and "Chasing Shadows" in 2016, respectively. Beyond drumming, Rubin has taken on playing multiple instruments on for the band while recording, and continued to do so on the band's 2021 album, "Lifeforms". During this time, DeLonge would go on to credit Rubin as a major contributor to the band's songwriting process.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: On June 28, 2012 Paramore confirmed Rubin would drum on their fourth album, via Twitter, Tumblr and Facebook, though he didn't join as an official member of the band. Rubin recorded all the drums on their self-titled album and joined them for its subsequent tour.


title: Ilan Rubin

text: Rubin is a co-owner of Q Drum Co; from whom he plays a signature custom kit, generally made of metal. He usually plays a simple setup consisting of a 26 inch bass drum, one 13-14 inch rack tom, 16 and 18 inch floor toms, and a 14 inch metal snare drum. His toms are fitted with clear Remo Controlled Sound Dots. His snare normally has a Remo X14, and his kick is fitted with the coated PowerStroke3. He uses clear Ambassadors on the resonant sides of all of his drums. He uses Vater Nude 1A drumsticks, Zildjian cymbals and DW 5000 series pedals and 9000 series stands. In addition to all of this, he will also sometimes incorporate several electronic accessories into his kit. These would include 2 pairs of Roland electronic pads (1 pair on each side of his kit), triggers on his snare and kick which are used to blend electronic samples with acoustic drum sounds, and a Roland KD-7, which is essentially a kick trigger that mounts to a traditional kick pedal. He also frequently records with his father's 1968 Ludwig Sparkle Drumset with a Supraphonic snare drum. His cymbal setup follows:


title: Ilan Rubin

text: With the New Regime, his solo project, his 1980 prototype Gibson Les Paul is featured prominently. He has also used the Fender Jaguar thinline, Martin D-16GT and Fender Jaguar Bass, among other guitars. He also uses an assortment of Keyboards, Synthesizers and effects pedals. In the past, he was featured in a promotional video for the Akai Pro Advance 61 keyboard.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Aaron Roderick Gillespie (born July 18, 1983) is an American musician, best known for being the original and current drummer and clean vocalist for the metalcore band Underoath and the lead singer and rhythm guitarist for the alternative rock band the Almost. He has also contributed his drumming skills to the band The Dangerous Summer. Gillespie also maintains his own solo project and released his debut full-length album, "Anthem Song", in 2011. From 2013 to 2016, he was the touring drummer for Paramore.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Aaron Roderick Gillespie was born on July 18, 1983, in Clearwater, Florida. Ever since he was born, he has been nearly blind in his left eye. He grew up in a devout Christian family, attended private schools, and went to church regularly. Gillespie's parents divorced when he was 18.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: At age 14, Gillespie worked at the church and vacuumed for $60 a week. He enjoyed playing the drums at church, but was told that he did not play well and that he played too loud. However, one of the leaders in the church came up to him and said that he believed Gillespie would "travel the whole world playing drums". At this time he received a call from Underoath asking him to play drums for them.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: In 2008 he achieved the "HM" magazine's Readers Award for "favorite drummer", along with his bandmate Timothy McTague who received "favorite guitarist" of 2008. He was one of the preaching pastors at unveiledchurch.com based in the Tampa Bay area of Florida.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Gillespie did guest vocals on the song "All About Us" by indie pop band He Is We, which was released on the album "My Forever" on November 23, 2010.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Gillespie has discussed his issues with hypochondria and generalized anxiety disorder, stating that they played into his departure from Underoath.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Gillespie had performed on every Underoath release before "Ø (Disambiguation)" and first began to add clean vocals on Underoath's third album "The Changing of Times", which shifted Underoath's original extreme metal music style into a more straightforward metalcore sound and was released in 2002. After lead vocalist Dallas Taylor parted with the band, Spencer Chamberlain joined and the band began to change its style of music even more.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Most of the lyrics on the album "They're Only Chasing Safety" are written by Gillespie and are about him ending a four-year relationship. He stated to Alternative Press "I think I would've died if we didn't write those songs. I thought I had ruined someone's life. It's hard to explain, but you can't just pretend that things are great and go on and get married". The follow-up to "They're Only Chasing Safety", "Define the Great Line" was released on June 20, 2006, it debuted at No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200 selling over 98,000 copies in its first week, the record was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 11, 2006, representing 500,000 shipped units of the album.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: On April 5, 2010, Underoath announced that the band and Gillespie had agreed to mutually part ways pending the end of their European tour. On the same day, Gillespie posted a message on his personal blog. On August 17, 2015, in an interview article for "Alternative Press", Chamberlain and Gillespie confirmed that the band was reuniting.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Gillespie performed lead vocals for the alternative rock band the Almost. The band's debut album "Southern Weather" was released on April 3, 2007, along with their first single, "Say This Sooner". The single reached a peak of No. 7 on the "Billboard"'s US Modern Rock Charts. Gillespie recorded every instrument on the "Southern Weather" album except for bass on a couple of tracks, with which Kenny Vasoli from The Starting Line helped.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: On October 6, 2009, they released another EP, "Monster EP". On November 3, 2009, they released their second album, "Monster Monster", in which the rest of the bandmates were more incorporated in the writing and recording processes.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: In an interview released on February 8, 2015, on Emery's BadChristian podcast, Gillespie stated that he had placed lower priority on the band, citing his "busy schedule" (as Paramore's touring drummer, a solo artist and producer) and the "busy schedules" of the other band members.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: On September 24, 2019, they announced a fourth full-length album, "Fear Caller", to be released on October 18, 2019, then released, "Chokehold", with an accompanying music video as part of the announcement.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Shortly after leaving Underoath, Gillespie announced that he was working on a worship-based solo project. He went to The Compound recording studio in Seattle on June 28, 2010, to record the album that would eventually be released in March 2011. On his Twitter account on July 24, he posted "Finished my record. So great to be a part of it. Goodnight." Gillespie's solo album "Anthem Song" was released on March 8, 2011. It debuted at number 90 on the Billboard 200.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: "Anthem Song" was Gillespie's revisit to his musical beginning, which began in worship. In an interview with CBN.com, Gillespie recounted the experience and how a trip to Africa helped shape "Anthem Song". He stated "I saw people worshiping God because He exists, because that's what we were created to do. I believe everybody worships something, whether it be your job or your family or a relationship or whatever. We were all made to worship just one, and that's Jesus. And it really, really messed me up, seeing these African people who have nothing worshiping God, just because He exists. It gave me the fuel to go and do this record and also convicted me to leave Underoath and to pursue this ministry area in my life."


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: On February 3, 2015, he released his second worship album, "Grace Through the Wandering". The record was made on the road while touring with Paramore and was produced by Paramore's touring key player, John.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: In 2016 Gillespie released the self-produced "Out of the Badlands". Gillespie and his studio partner, Andrew Goldring, made the record at Gillespie's Salt Lake City studio, Soundcave. Goldring engineered, mixed and performed on the record. The album is a departure from his former worship record and instead focuses on his personal grieving and honesty.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: On August 26, 2013, Gillespie was officially announced as the new touring drummer for Paramore, after their previous touring drummer, Miles McPherson, suffered from an injury. He was to remain only for their duration of The Self-Titled Tour's European dates, but later remained for the duration of their North American fall tour of that year, as well as the Australian and New Zealand legs of the tour. Gillespie has stayed in the Paramore touring line-up for the next few years, playing drums on the Monumentour (Paramore's co-headlining tour with the band Fall Out Boy in 2014) and the Writing the Future Tour (in 2015), along with two of the band's "Parahoy!" Cruises — the first one (in March 2014) and the second one (in March 2016). However, in February 2016, Gillespie clarified that his role in Paramore doesn't extend beyond live performances and that he isn't involved in the songwriting/recording process with the band. With the reinstatement of Paramore's original drummer and with the reunion of Underoath, Gillespie is now back with Underoath full-time.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Aaron Gillespie operated as a producer out of Soundcave Studios from 2015 to 2017. Alongside of singer-songwriter, producer and engineer Andrew Goldring, Gillespie and Goldring worked on productions, most notably, Aaron Gillespie's solo record, "Out of the Badlands". Goldring also engineered, mixed and performed various instruments on the record.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Other examples of Gillespie's producer credits include Collington's, "We Swim in Seas that Never Rest". Gillespie produced the record, played drums and did other various session work with Goldring and Collington. The album was debuted by "Relevant Magazine" on their series "The Drop". Gillespie and Collington crossed paths when Collington was opening for Aaron Gillespie in Boston, Massachusetts. Taking a liking to Collington's music, Gillespie invited Collington to Salt Lake City to create a record. Collington originally laughed at the offer thinking it was a joke.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: Gillespie worked and toured with the Billy Graham Association's FM419; an event that helps train students to share their faith. The event is a prelude to a much larger event, held a few months later where students can practice what they learned by leading others to Christ. Gillespie performed each day at the beginning and end of the conference.


title: Aaron Gillespie

text: While on tour with Underoath in 2007 in Las Vegas, Nevada, Gillespie underwent emergency surgery due to an infected thumb. Instead of canceling shows, Underoath recruited Kenny Bozich, former drummer of The Almost, to fill in on drums. Spencer Chamberlain and Timothy McTague shared duties in singing his vocal parts.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In the United States, states have primary jurisdiction in matters of public morality. The topfreedom movement has claimed success in a few instances in persuading some state and federal courts to overturn some state laws on the basis of sex discrimination or equal protection, arguing that a woman should be free to expose her chest (i.e., be topless) in any context in which a man can expose his. Other successful cases have been on the basis of freedom of expression in protest, or simply that exposure of breasts is not indecent (or similar terminology).


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Laws and ordinances barring female toplessness are being challenged in federal courts around the nation. Each lawsuit, if it prevails at the appellate level, will legalize topfreedom in the following U.S. circuits of appeal (from west to east): 9 (California), 8 (Missouri) and 4 (Maryland). A federal lawsuit in the 7th Circuit (Illinois), was lost at the appellate level and the petition for review by the U.S. Supreme Court was denied. A preliminary injunction in a federal lawsuit in the 10th Circuit (Colorado), was won at the appellate level. In September 2019, after spending over $300,000, Fort Collins decided to stop defending their ordinance and repeal it. That effectively gave females of all ages the right to go topless wherever males can in the jurisdiction of the 10th Circuit (Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas and Oklahoma states as well as all counties and cities therein).


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: San Francisco allows public female toplessness, although public nudity is banned as of February 2013. Women cannot be topless in San Francisco parks without advance permission from the city. A popular spot for female toplessness in San Francisco is Baker Beach, a nude beach located in the Presidio neighborhood.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In Berkeley it is a misdemeanor or infraction for a woman to expose "any portion of the breast at or below the areola".


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Oakland's dress law says that women cannot wear "any type of clothing so that any portion of such part of the breast may be observed".


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In Los Angeles, UCSD graduate student Anni Ma, a "Free the Nipple" protester, was arrested for indecent exposure at a Bernie Sanders rally on March 23, 2016, when she removed masking tape covering her nipples. She has filed a federal lawsuit against the Los Angeles Police Department. Her attorney claims she was never "nude" and that California's indecent exposure law applies only to genitals, not breasts. She is also suing for constitutional violations, gender discrimination and violations of federal civil rights laws. She was topless at a Bernie Sanders campaign rally, Saturday, March 19, 2016 in Phoenix, and she was led to the back of the venue without incident.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: The Venice Beach neighborhood of Los Angeles, in 1974, was home to a naturist resort that scandalized the community, attracted cameras and spurred LA to ban nudity. Venice Neighborhood Council, in 2015, moved to make the area exempt from the city's ban on topless sunbathing.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In La Jolla, a community of San Diego, female toplessness is allowed in a nude beach called Black's Beach.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: On February 22, 2017, U.S. District Judge R. Brooke Jackson granted a preliminary injunction against a Fort Collins ordinance banning female toplessness saying it likely violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment due to gender-based discrimination. Britt Hoagland, Samantha Six and Free the Nipple – Fort Collins brought the case in May 2016. The judge wrote: "the naked female breast is seen as disorderly or dangerous because society, from Renaissance paintings to Victoria's Secret commercials, has conflated female breasts with genitalia and stereotyped them as such. The irony is that by forcing women to cover up their bodies, society has made naked women's breasts something to see." As of September 2019, topfreedom is legal throughout the state due to a win in the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: A Florida statute about indecent exposure prohibits the vulgar or indecent exposure of sexual organs but does not specify if female breasts are included as sexual organs. The right to breastfeed in public is expressly protected, and one Florida court inferred that this exception indicates that female breasts are sexual organs and the Supreme Court of Florida held that a separate statute about disorderly conduct can be used to prosecute female toplessness. Courts have rejected equal protection arguments.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: The right of a woman to "protest" topless has been held to be a freedom of expression and not an equal protection issue. For example, in 2007, a Florida court acquitted a woman of indecent exposure for being topless on Daytona Beach because of the political nature of her stand, under the First Amendment right of free speech. Although there are only a few known public places throughout the state where female toplessness is officially allowed (a nude beach located at Haulover Park, in Bal Harbour), topless bathing is tolerated on South Beach, along with a number of hotel pools in Miami Beach.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Nothing in Idaho state law prohibits female topfreedom. Specifically, the Idaho statute regarding indecent exposure, I.C. § 18-4116, prohibits only the exposure of "genitals." Breasts are not genitals, so the state statute does not criminalize topfreedom. Absent a local ordinace, then, female topfreedom is legal in Idaho.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Although state law does not prohibit women from being topfree, certain municipalities within the state do prohibit it. For example, chapter 6 of title 5 of the Boise City Code presently criminalizes exposure of the female nipple outside of the context of breastfeeding. Such exposure is a misdemeanor. Twin Falls and Moscow also criminalize female topfreedom. Many Idaho municipalities, however, do not prohibit female topfreedom in non-commercial contexts. For example, female topfreedom is legal in these locales: Garden City; Eagle; Meridian; Coeur d'Alene; McCall; Sun Valley; and Ketchum. According to news reports, several women went topfree, apparently without incident, at a Coeur d'Alene beach over the Memorial Day holiday in 2021.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Sonoko Tagami, a GoTopless activist, was ticketed for toplessness and fined $100 plus $40 in fees. filed a federal lawsuit challenging the ordinance, but the trial judge dismissed the case without a trial. She then appealed the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. The appeal was heard by a three-judge panel on November 1, 2016. On November 8, 2017, a divided three-judge panel upheld Illinois' ban on female topfreedom two to one. On March 12, 2018, Tagami petitioned to appeal her loss before the United States Supreme Court. On April 16, 2018, her petition was denied.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: As of September 2019, topfreedom is legal throughout the state due to a win in the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals. The City of Manhattan amended its city code to allow female toplessness. But topless women can still run afoul of the state's lewd and lascivious behavior law.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: On May 20, 2017, Captain Butch Arbin, head of the Ocean City Beach Patrol instructed workers to document complaints of toplessness, but not approach topless women, even if the complainants requested it. Arbin changed the beach patrol's policy since the Maryland Attorney General has not released an opinion about female public toplessness in response to a formal request last year by a female resident and a topfree advocate who uses the pseudonym "Chelsea Covington." In response, on June 10, 2017, the town held an emergency meeting and passed Emergency Ordinance 2017–10, which made it unlawful for all females of all ages to be bare-chested in public, for purposes other than breastfeeding, in the same locations where it is lawful for males to be bare-chested. Violations of the ordinance will result in a $1,000 fine.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: On January 16, 2018, Chelsea C. Eline, and four other women filed a federal lawsuit against Ocean City seeking preliminary and permanent injunctive relief. On December 20, 2018, U.S. District Judge James K. Bredar denied the preliminary injunction request.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: On April 7, 2020, Judge Bredar ruled on a motion for summary judgment that the city's ban on female toplessness was constitutional, noting “[t]he Court finds that protecting the public sensibilities from the public display of areas of the body traditionally viewed as erogenous zones — including female, but not male, breasts — is an important government objective.” “Whether or not society "should" differentiate between male and female breasts is a separate inquiry from whether it is constitutional to do so” (emphasis in original). Bredar said his decision is consistent with past rulings from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, which reviews appeals from Maryland. The Supreme Court, he noted, has also maintained that physical differences between men and women — as opposed to stereotypes about men and women — can provide a valid basis for laws that treat men and women differently. But Bredar also said “[t]his Court questions whether laws which distinguish between men and women based on ‘public sensibilities’ can survive indefinitely. Such amorphous concepts are vulnerable to prejudice and stereotypes grounded more in fear than in reality.”


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In December 2007, 50 residents of Pittsfield, Massachusetts petitioned the City Council requesting a segregated beach for topless sunbathing by both men and women. The petition was rejected by the council, with the Mayor calling it "unacceptable and unnecessary". Proponents of topless sunbathing vowed to continue their fight. In 2010, 200 residents of Pittsfield placed a question on the ballot asking whether State laws should be clarified to allow topless sunbathing equally for both men and women. The proposal was defeated 2,934 to 6,855. On May 3, 2022, the government of Nantucket decided to approve an amendment which allows the practice of female toplessness in all public and private beaches of the town (based on the principle of gender equality). The proposal was approved by Attorney General Maura Healey on December 6, 2022.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In 2020, the city of East Lansing, Michigan amended its disorderly conduct laws to remove a clause specifically prohibiting women from exposing their breasts.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: It is legal for anyone in Minnesota to be topless. However, the law is ambiguous because lewd exposure is considered illegal. On November 18, 2020, the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board voted to allow anyone to go topless in the city’s parks without being ticketed.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: On October 26, 2015, the ACLU of Missouri, on behalf of Jessica Lawson and Amber Hutchison representing "Free the Nipple—Springfield Residents Promoting Equality", filed suit against the City of Springfield over its anti-topless ordinance in the District Court for the Western District of Missouri of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. On January 22, 2016, the court granted a preliminary injunction barring the enforcement of the ordinance. On October 5, 2017, a federal judge upheld Springfield's ordinance that requires a woman, but not a man, to completely cover their areola with an opaque material. On May 6, 2019 the Eighth Circuit court of appeals affirmed the district court's decision.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In February 2016, a judge dismissed a case against two female "Free the Nipple" activists, Heidi Lilley and Barbara MacKinnon, who were cited for being topless at Gilford beach. Because the judge decided "the town lacked authority for a prosecution because there is no state law that prohibits the exposure of female breasts in public," and the town "lacked authority for a criminal prosecution that's neither prohibited by the criminal code nor by statute," a bill to ban women from exposing their nipples in public was introduced. The bill would make it a misdemeanor for women to show their breasts or nipples in public with "reckless disregard" for whether it would offend someone. The New Hampshire chapter of the ACLU opposed the bill. On March 9, 2016, the proposed ban legislation was defeated. On February 8, 2019, the New Hampshire supreme court, in a 3 to 2 decision, ruled that the city of Laconia's ordinance does not discriminate on the basis of gender or violate the women's right to free speech. The women appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but their appeal was denied.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In 2008, Phoenix Feeley (aka Jill Coccaro) was charged with violating an ordinance prohibiting public nudity in Spring Lake, New Jersey. She appealed the conviction to the state appeals court, and the two-judge panel—one man, one woman—ruled against her. "Restrictions on the exposure of the female breast are supported by the important governmental interest in safeguarding the public's moral sensibilities." The court cited "State of New Jersey v. Arlene Vogt" (2001) as precedent. In that case, Vogt was fined after she appeared on Higbee Beach in Cape May County, New Jersey without a shirt.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In the five years since Phoenix Feeley was found guilty and fined, she appealed the case to the New Jersey state appellate court, who ruled against her. The New Jersey Supreme Court refused to hear her appeal. Legally representing herself, she then appealed to the United States Supreme Court, but it too refused to hear her appeal.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Phoenix Feeley would not pay the $816 fine, telling Judge George Pappas, "I refuse to pay the fines for an act that is legal for a man, but not legal for a woman." The judge sentenced her to 16 days but she was released after only eight for good behavior. Ron Taft, a Manhattan attorney, offered to pay her fine but Feeley refused, desiring to make a point. She went on a hunger strike. The GoTopless group organized a protest outside the jail where Feeley was held, but only two individuals attended. Taft commented, "The point is, there are guys with larger breasts than women, and sometimes they take their top off."


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: As of September 2019, topfreedom is legal throughout the state due to a win in the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In 1986, seven women who picnicked topless were charged in Rochester, New York with baring "that portion of the breast which is below the top of the areola". That law had originally been enacted to discourage 'topless' waitresses. The women were initially convicted, but on appeal two of the women's charges were reversed by the New York State Court of Appeals in 1992 on equal protection grounds in "Santorelli's" case.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Phoenix Feeley of New York City, was arrested in 2005 in New York City for walking along a street without wearing a shirt. She sued the city for violating a New York State Supreme Court ruling in "Santorelli's" case which had declared that women can go topless in public. The city finally paid $29,000 to settle her lawsuit. The Outdoor Co-ed Topless Pulp Fiction Appreciation Society has since 2011 organized regular gatherings around New York City of women who read books in public while topless. The objective of the group, besides enjoying the sun and book reading, is to create awareness that New York law allows toplessness in public and to change social attitudes to the exposure of breasts. Although participation has been very small, there has been no harassment of the participants either by the police or the public. The Topless New York series, created by an anonymous New York City photographer in 2007, is another effort to raise awareness of women's topless rights in New York State, and normalize the exercise of those rights, by publishing photographs of women topless in public all over New York City and other areas of New York State.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Holly Van Voast, a Bronx photographer and performance artist, was detained, arrested or issued summonses 10 times during 2011 and 2012. Among other places, she went topless on the Staten Island Ferry, at the Oyster Bar in Grand Central Terminal, in front of an elementary school, on a train, and outside a Hooters restaurant. After her arrest in front of the Hooters, police officers took her to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation. On October 11, 2011, she appeared in the Midtown Community Court and promptly removed her top, baring her breasts, in front of the judge. All the charges were dismissed. Van Voast filed a federal lawsuit on May 15 against the city and the police department.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In February 2013, the New York City Police Department issued a command to all its officers through their daily roll call. It reminded officers that they are not to cite or arrest a woman for public lewdness, indecent exposure or any other section of the Penal Law for "simply exposing their breasts in public."


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Ohio law forbids public exposure "private parts". But state courts have ruled that "breasts" are not private parts. Plus, the Supreme Court of Ohio in "City of Bowling Green v. Bourne" (2007) said: "The Court of Appeals merely noted that 'The female breast has traditionally been viewed as an erogenous zone.' Citing tradition is not good enough, particularly when used to perpetuate the social inferiority of women by removing their option to choose what any man is allowed to choose."


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Despite the 10 Circuit's ruling that women must be treated equally to men, the Oklahoma Attorney General Mike Hunter claims it does not automatically apply to his state and State Representative Jim Olsen said only after a case works its way up Oklahoma state courts and their supreme court comes to the same conclusion will Oklahoma be topfree.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Oregon's indecent exposure law criminalizes only nudity that is intended to sexually arouse the public. The cities of Portland, Eugene, Ashland and Happy Valley all have local ordinances against exposing genitalia, but not against exposing female breasts.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: Pennsylvania laws do not directly address the issue, are ambiguous and have been used to prosecute female toplessness under open lewdness, indecent exposure or disorderly conduct.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In 1972, the Texas Equal Rights Amendment was passed into law, which communities in Lewisville, TX and Fort Worth, TX have used to strike down gendered ordinances, including toplessness. However, women in Texas appearing topless in public can be charged under public nuisance laws, with the exception of Austin, the state capital, where some women sunbathe topless in Zilker Park, Barton Springs at various festivals, and at Hippie Hollow. In 2013, Lewisville, TX's nudity laws were updated to indicate that food staff must wear "decent covering".


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: In 2020, a Utah woman was charged with lewdness when, inside her home, her stepchildren saw her topless. At the extreme she could be punished by being forced to register in the sex offender registry. Rather than go to trial and face a chance of having to register as a sex offender for 10 years, Mrs. Buchanan pled guilty to one charge of lewdness (being topless in the presence of another adult, to wit, her husband), which will be dropped if she does not commit any new crimes for a year.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: The Washington state laws assert public nudity by itself is not illegal (in a nonsexual context), but naturists (and topless women) can be charged with indecent exposure if they are accused of performing an act considered obscene in public while being nude (or topless) and they have the explicit intention to harm other people through this act. Breastfeeding is not considered an act of indecent exposure according to the laws.


title: Topfreedom in the United States

text: The city of Seattle does not have any municipal laws regarding public nudity, and its policy in relation to nudity is considered more relaxed in comparison to the other cities in Washington. Nevertheless, the Washington state laws relating to nudity are enforced in Seattle, because in most cases state (or federal) laws are applied when municipal (or state, or both) laws about a determined subject do not exist. However, there are some public nudity events observed in the city throughout the year, such as the World Naked Gardening Day, as well as a few clothing-optional bike ride events, such as the World Naked Bike Ride and the Solstice Cyclists. Moreover, both female toplessness and naturism (the latter in a smaller scale) are commonly practised (and tolerated) in the city parks (especially Magnuson Park, Washington Park Arboretum, Discovery Park and Denny-Blaine Park).


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: Nuclear propulsion includes a wide variety of propulsion methods that use some form of nuclear reaction as their primary power source. The idea of using nuclear material for propulsion dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. In 1903 it was hypothesized that radioactive material, radium, might be a suitable fuel for engines to propel cars, planes, and boats. H. G. Wells picked up this idea in his 1914 fiction work "The World Set Free".


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: Nuclear-powered vessels are mainly military submarines, and aircraft carriers. Russia is the only country that currently has nuclear-powered civilian surface ships, mainly icebreakers. The US Navy currently (as of 2022) has 11 aircraft carriers and 70 submarines in service, that are all powered by nuclear reactors. For more detailed articles see:


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: Russia's Channel One Television news broadcast a picture and details of a nuclear-powered torpedo called "Status-6" on about 12 November 2015. The torpedo was stated as having a range of up to 10,000 km, a cruising speed of 100 knots, and operational depth of up to 1000 metres below the surface. The torpedo carried a 100-megaton nuclear warhead.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: One of the suggestions emerging in the summer of 1958 from the first meeting of the scientific advisory group that became JASON was for "a nuclear-powered torpedo that could roam the seas almost indefinitely".


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: Research into nuclear-powered aircraft was pursued during the Cold War by the United States and the Soviet Union as they would presumably allow a country to keep nuclear bombers in the air for extremely long periods of time, a useful tactic for nuclear deterrence. Neither country created any operational nuclear aircraft. One design problem, never adequately solved, was the need for heavy shielding to protect the crew from radiation sickness. Since the advent of ICBMs in the 1960s the tactical advantage of such aircraft was greatly diminished and respective projects were cancelled. Because the technology was inherently dangerous it was not considered in non-military contexts. Nuclear-powered missiles were also researched and discounted during the same period.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: Many types of nuclear propulsion have been proposed, and some of them (e.g. NERVA) tested for spacecraft applications.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: Anatolij Perminov, head of the Russian Federal Space Agency, announced that it is going to develop a nuclear-powered spacecraft for deep space travel. Preliminary design was done by 2013, and 9 more years are planned for development (in space assembly). The price is set at 17 billion rubles (600 million dollars).


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: The nuclear propulsion would have mega-watt class, provided necessary funding, Roscosmos Head stated.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: This system would consist of a space nuclear power and a matrix of ion engines. "...Hot inert gas temperature of 1500 °C from the reactor turns turbines. The turbine turns the generator and compressor, which circulates the working fluid in a closed circuit. The working fluid is cooled in the radiator. The generator produces electricity for the same ion (plasma) engine..."


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: According to him, the propulsion will be able to support human mission to Mars, with cosmonauts staying on the Red planet for 30 days. This journey to Mars with nuclear propulsion and a steady acceleration would take six weeks, instead of eight months by using chemical propulsion – assuming thrust of 300 times higher than that of chemical propulsion.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: The idea of making cars that used radioactive material, radium, for fuel dates back to at least 1903. Analysis of the concept in 1937 indicated that the driver of such a vehicle might need a 50-ton lead barrier to shield them from radiation.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: In 1941 Dr R M Langer, a Caltech physicist, espoused the idea of a car powered by uranium-235 in the January edition of "Popular Mechanics". He was followed by William Bushnell Stout, designer of the Stout Scarab and former Society of Engineers president, on 7 August 1945 in "The New York Times". The problem of shielding the reactor continued to render the idea impractical. In December 1945, a John Wilson of London, announced he had created an atomic car. This created considerable interest. The Minister of Fuel and Power along with a large press contingent turned out to view it. The car did not show and Wilson claimed that it had been sabotaged. A later court case found that he was a fraud and there was no nuclear-powered car.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: Despite the shielding problem, through the late 1940s and early 1950s debate continued around the possibility of nuclear-powered cars. The development of nuclear-powered submarines and ships, and experiments to develop a nuclear-powered aircraft at that time kept the idea alive. Russian papers in the mid-1950s reported the development of a nuclear-powered car by Professor V P Romadin, but again shielding proved to be a problem. It was claimed that its laboratories had overcome the shielding problem with a new alloy that absorbed the rays.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: In 1958 at the height of the 1950s American automobile culture there were at least four theoretical nuclear-powered concept cars proposed, the American Ford Nucleon and Studebaker Packard Astral, as well as the French Simca Fulgur designed by Robert Opron and the Arbel Symétric. Apart from these concept models, none were built and no automotive nuclear power plants ever made. Chrysler engineer C R Lewis had discounted the idea in 1957 because of estimates that an engine would be required by a car. His view was that an efficient means of storing energy was required for nuclear power to be practical. Despite this, Chrysler's stylists in 1958 drew up some possible designs.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: In 1959 it was reported that Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company had developed a new rubber compound that was light and absorbed radiation, obviating the need for heavy shielding. A reporter at the time considered it might make nuclear-powered cars and aircraft a possibility.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: Ford made another potentially nuclear-powered model in 1962 for the Seattle World's Fair, the Ford Seattle-ite XXI. This also never went beyond the initial concept.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: In 2009, for the hundredth anniversary of General Motors' acquisition of Cadillac, Loren Kulesus created concept art depicting a car powered by thorium.


title: Nuclear propulsion

text: The Chrysler TV-8 was an experimental concept tank designed by Chrysler in the 1950s. The tank was intended to be a nuclear-powered medium tank capable of land and amphibious warfare. The design was never mass-produced. The Mars rover "Curiosity" is powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), like the successful Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars landers in 1976.


title: Seven (2019 Indian film)

text: Seven is a 2019 Indian mystery thriller film directed and filmed by Nizar Shafi, and produced by Ramesh Varma. Shot simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil languages, the film features Havish, Rahman, Nandita Swetha and Regina Cassandra in lead roles.