title: Nyingma

text: Special terma lineages were established throughout Tibet. Out of this activity developed, especially within the Nyingma tradition, two ways of dharma transmission: the so-called "long" oral transmission from teacher to student in unbroken lineages and the "short" transmission of "hidden treasures". The foremost revealers of these termas were the five terton kings and the eight Lingpas.


title: Nyingma

text: The terma tradition had antecedents in India; Nagarjuna, for example, rediscovered the last part of the "Prajnaparamita-Sutra in one hundred thousand verses" in the realm of the Nāgas, where it had been kept since the time of Buddha Shakyamuni.


title: Nyingma

text: According to Nyingma tradition, tertons are often mindstream emanations of the 25 main disciples of Padmasambhava. A vast system of transmission lineages developed through the ages. Nyingma scriptures were updated when the time was appropriate. Terma teachings guided many Buddhist practitioners to realisation and enlightenment.


title: Nyingma

text: The rediscovering of terma began with the first terton, Sangye Lama (1000–1080). Tertons of outstanding importance were Nyangral Nyima Oser (1124–1192), Guru Chowang (1212–1270), Rigdzin Godem (1307–1408), Pema Lingpa (1450–1521), Migyur Dorje (1645–1667), Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820–1892) and Orgyen Chokyur Lingpa (1829–1870). In the nineteenth century some of the most famous were the Khen Kong Chok Sum referring to Jamyang Khyentse, Jamgon Kongtrul and Chokgyur Lingpa.


title: Nyingma

text: Some of the largest international Nyingma organizations are Namkhai Norbu's Dzogchen community and Sogyal Rinpoche's Rigpa organization.


title: Nyingma

text: Besides the major monasteries in Tibet, there are also now various Nyingma institutions of the Tibetan exile community in India including Thekchok Namdrol Shedrub Dargye Ling, in Bylakuppe, Karnataka State; Ngedon Gatsal Ling, in Clementown, Dehradun; Palyul Chokhor Ling, E-Vam Gyurmed Ling, Nechung Drayang Ling, and Thubten E-vam Dorjey Drag in Himachal Pradesh.


title: Nyingma

text: Of great importance to the Nyingma lineage is Samye monastery, (787), the first Tibetan and Nyingma monastery, which was founded by Śāntarakṣita. In addition, the Nyingma tradition has held that there were also "Six Mother Monasteries" out of which developed a large number of branch monasteries throughout Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal. Of these six, Katok Monastery is credited with being the original monastery, after which the five grew.


title: Nyingma

text: The Nyingma's Six Mother Monasteries are located across Tibet while institutions have been centered in Kham. Many monasteries were destroyed before and after the Cultural Revolution, and most recently demolished at Larung Gar and Yarchen Gar while nuns and monks face arrests and re-education camps. Nyingma monasteries have been rebuilt in Nepal and throughout India, while the Tibetan diaspora has also spread Nyingma Vajrayana masters to the west and in Europe and the Americas. It has also been associated with the Rimé movement.


title: Nyingma

text: There have been slightly different formulations of the six. At one time they included Dorje Drak Monastery, (14th century, relocated 1632), and Mindrolling Monastery, (1676), and Palri Monastery (1571; formal name Chonggye Pelri Thekchen Ling) in Upper Tibet; and Katok Monastery, (1159), and Palyul Monastery, (1665), and Dzogchen Monastery, (1684), in Lower Tibet.


title: Nyingma

text: After the decline of Palri and the flourishing of Shechen Monastery, (1695), the Six Mother Monasteries were Dorje Drak and Mindrolling in the upper region, Shechen and Dzogchen in the center, and Kathok and Palyul in the lower part of Tibet. The last four monasteries were all located in Kham while Shechen Monastery was rebuilt in Nepal in 1985, after the Chinese destroyed the monastery in Tibet during the 1950s.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: Breaking Bad is a neo-Western crime drama franchise created by American filmmaker Vince Gilligan, primarily based on the 2008–2013 television series "Breaking Bad", its 2015–2022 prequel/sequel series "Better Call Saul", the former's 2019 sequel film "", and the latter's 2022 prequel animated series "Slippin' Jimmy". The fictional universe is sometimes informally referred to as the "Gilliverse".


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: "Breaking Bad" revolves around chemistry teacher turned-methamphetamine drug lord Walter White (Bryan Cranston) and his former student and fellow cook/dealer Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul). "Better Call Saul" follows criminal lawyer Jimmy McGill / Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk) whom Walter and Jesse eventually hire. "El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie" focuses on Jesse after the events of the series. Gilligan believes "Breaking Bad", "Better Call Saul", and "El Camino" can be seen independently from one another, but exist in the same framework and need to be viewed together to receive the full experience.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: The two television series and the film are set in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and give a modernized twist to Westerns set in the region. They were produced at Albuquerque Studios and emboldened success for the media in Albuquerque and film in New Mexico. The franchise is owned by Sony Pictures Television and has garnered numerous awards for "Breaking Bad", for "Better Call Saul", and . The two series originally aired on AMC, while the film premiered on Netflix, on which both television series air internationally (outside of United States).


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: The franchise has since expanded across several different mediums and multimedia platforms, with contributions from its recurring cast and crew.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: "Breaking Bad" tells the story of Walter White (Bryan Cranston), an underpaid, overqualified, and dispirited high-school chemistry teacher in Alburquerque, New Mexico. After being diagnosed with stage-three lung cancer, he enlists the help of his former chemistry student, Jesse Pinkman, to produce and distribute crystal meth to secure his family's financial future. He tries to leave the drug-making business but continues to be drawn into the criminal underworld, and soon becomes a major drug kingpin under the name "Heisenberg" which he continues to hide from his family and friends.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: Among the show's co-stars are Anna Gunn and RJ Mitte as Walter's wife Skyler and son Walter Jr., and Betsy Brandt and Dean Norris as Skyler's sister Marie Schrader and her husband Hank, a DEA agent. Others include Bob Odenkirk as Walter's and Jesse's lawyer Saul Goodman, Jonathan Banks as private investigator and fixer Mike Ehrmantraut, and Giancarlo Esposito as drug kingpin Gus Fring. The final season introduces Jesse Plemons as the criminally ambitious Todd Alquist, and Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte-Quayle, a cunning business executive secretly managing Walter's global meth sales for her company.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: The show aired on AMC from January 20, 2008, to September 29, 2013, consisting of five seasons for a total of 62 episodes.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: "Better Call Saul" focuses on Saul Goodman's life six years before he became Walter's lawyer as Jimmy McGill, a more earnest lawyer trying to turn away from his troublesome con-man days. In addition to Odenkirk, Banks and Esposito star and reprise their roles as Mike and Gus, respectively, while several other "Breaking Bad" cast members have guest-starred on the show. Newcomers to the starring cast of "Better Call Saul" include Rhea Seehorn, Patrick Fabian, Michael Mando, Michael McKean, and Tony Dalton.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: Bob Odenkirk's character of Saul Goodman was originally to appear in "Breaking Bad" in three episodes within the show's second season, but became a main character through the rest of the show's run in part due to the strength of Odenkirk's acting abilities. Goodman became one of the show's more popular characters, and Odenkirk, Gilligan, and Peter Gould, who wrote the episode "Better Call Saul" in which the character was introduced, started discussions near the end of "Breaking Bad" of a possible series expanding on the character, eventually settling on the idea of a prequel to show the origins of Saul about six years prior to the events of "Breaking Bad". In April 2013, AMC and Sony Pictures Television expressed interest in Gilligan and Gould's spin-off series concept, and they officially ordered "Better Call Saul" in September 2013.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: The show premiered on February 8, 2015, with a sixth and final season aired in 2022 to complete a 63-episode run. "Better Call Saul" has received similar critical praise as "Breaking Bad", and is considered as a prime example of how to produce a spinoff work that defies the usual expectations of such forms.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: "Variety" reported in March 2021 that AMC was developing a spin-off animated series, "Slippin' Jimmy". The series, a prequel based on younger Jimmy and Chuck's time in Cicero, Illinois, was developed by Ariel Levine and Kathleen Williams-Foshee, who previously worked on the associated live-action web series "Better Call Saul Employee Training" (2017–2022). Voice actors include Chi McBride, Laraine Newman, and Sean Giambrone as Jimmy.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: "Slippin' Jimmy" was later revealed as a short-form series; a six-part animated series to be released online during the sixth season of "Better Call Saul". Told in the style of classic 1970s-era cartoons, each episode is an ode to a specific movie genre — from Spaghetti Westerns and Buster Keaton to "The Exorcist". The series was produced by "Rick and Morty" animators Starburns and written by Levine and Williams-Foshee. Six episodes, each around 8–9 minutes in length, were released on AMC+ on May 23, 2022.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: Near the end of "Better Call Saul" broadcast run in August 2022, Vince Gilligan said that he does not plan to create any more works in the "Breaking Bad" franchise, as he cannot expect any further installments to be critically successful. He said "I think I'm starting to sense you’ve got to know when to leave the party, you don't want to be the guy with a lampshade on your head." Peter Gould later acknowledged that by the premiere of "Breaking Bad"s finale, he and Gilligan were already working on the spin-off, but when "Better Call Saul"s finale aired the two were working separately on new projects.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: Despite this, Giancarlo Esposito, who portrays Gus Fring, stated that "Gustavo Fring isn’t done," expressing interest in a "show that would reflect Gustavo’s past [and] to play the vision in my mind that inspired and informed the Gus you see but don’t know. I would like you to know that Gus. It's intriguing to know where he came from," although admitting it would be up to Gilligan and his team and partners, with whom he had discussed the concept of such a series in the past. As of September 2022 Esposito has continued to express interest in the project, tentatively entitled ""The Rise of Gus"'", describing it as a "yearning inside" him.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: While writing "Breaking Bad"s series finale "Felina", Vince Gilligan asked himself what happened to Jesse Pinkman after the events of the series. Near the tenth anniversary of "Breaking Bad"s premiere, Gilligan started sharing the idea of creating a sequel film based on this concept. Aaron Paul, who portrayed Jesse on the series and who still felt attachment to the character, expressed eagerness to be involved with any idea for a "Breaking Bad" continuation. When Gilligan made his initial film pitch to Sony Pictures Television, the executives in the room quickly agreed to come on board. After completing the script, Gilligan selectively shopped the film to a few potential distributors, settling on Netflix and AMC due to their history with the show.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: A sequel film was formally announced in February 2019, and was later revealed to be titled "". Written and directed by Gilligan, and starring Paul, "El Camino" follows the events of "Felina" as Jesse searches for his freedom. It was released exclusively on Netflix on October 11, 2019, and was broadcast on AMC on February 16, 2020. Critics praised Gilligan's direction and Paul's performance, but gave a mixed consensus regarding the film's necessity to "Breaking Bad"s chronology.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: "Breaking Bad: Original Minisodes" is a web series based on the television series "Breaking Bad". A total of 17 "minisodes", which are more comedy-oriented than most full episodes, were released over the course of three years.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: From 2017 to 2022, AMC released four separate short series that feature a mix of live action and animated segments in conjunction with the last four seasons of "Better Call Saul". Season three featured "Los Pollos Hermanos Employee Training" with Esposito portraying Gus, season four featured "Madrigal Electromotive Security Training with Mike Ehrmantraut" with Banks as Mike, season five featured "Ethics Training with Kim Wexler" with Seehorn as Kim and side-voiceovers from Odenkirk as Jimmy and Patrick Fabian as Howard, and season six featured "Filmmaker Training" with the film crew that helped Jimmy make his advertisements. These were released over the course of each season on YouTube and through AMC's social media. The first three series consisted of ten episodes, while the last consisted of six.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: Both "Los Pollos Hermanos Employee Training" and "Ethics Training with Kim Wexler" received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series, and while "Madrigal Electromotive Security Training with Mike Ehrmantraut" had been initially nominated, the Academy had to pull the nomination after discovering the show was too short (less than two minutes), though stated the pull was "in no way a diminishment of the quality of "Better Call Saul Employee Training" or Mr. Banks's performance in it".


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: In June 2020, AMC announced "The Broken and the Bad", a six-part true crime short-form docuseries inspired by "Breaking Bad" and "Better Call Saul". The miniseries explored real-world stories and situations that mirrored the fictional worlds of both shows. Episode subjects included the psychology of con artists and hit men, the economics of massive drug operations, as well as a town in the United States that catered to those who suffered from electromagnetic hypersensitivity, a condition that "Better Call Saul" character Chuck McGill believed afflicted him. The miniseries was hosted by Giancarlo Esposito and premiered on the AMC app and AMC.com on July 9, 2020.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: In 2013, an eight-minute bonus scene titled "Chicks 'N' Guns" was included with "Breaking Bad"s fifth season DVD and Blu-ray sets. Written by Jenn Carroll and Gordon Smith and directed by Michelle MacLaren, the scene offers a backstory on how Jesse Pinkman obtained the gun seen in the episode "Gliding Over All". Sony Pictures released a behind-the-scenes featurette discussing the scene on its YouTube channel.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: On June 19, 2017, the night of "Better Call Saul"s third season finale, fans were able to access the three-minute short film "No Picnic", which feature the characters Betsy and Craig Kettleman, who were not seen since the first season. The short, directed by "Saul" associate producer Jenn Carroll and written by the show's writers' assistant Ariel Levine, shows the Kettleman family organizing a picnic close to family patriarch Craig, who is seen picking up roadside litter with his fellow inmates as part of his prison sentence.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: In conjunction with the television premiere of "El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie" on AMC, the network released a three-minute short film "Snow Globe: A Breaking Bad Short" on its official YouTube account on February 17, 2020.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: In April 2022, a few weeks before "Better Call Saul"s sixth season premiere, the CNBC Prime YouTube account uploaded "". Written by Peter Gould's assistant Valerie Chu, the ten-minute short was a mockumentary done in the style of the documentary series "American Greed". It featured interviews of several recurring "Better Call Saul" characters recounting their memories of Jimmy McGill and Kim Wexler.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: Prior to the start of production of the fifth season, Jeffrey Katzenberg had approached the series' creators and offered them to produce three additional episodes at a piece compared to the normal cost of each episode, as to create material for his future streaming platform, Quibi. The episodes would have been broken up into 5 to 10 minute chapters as to fit Quibi's micro-format. The "Breaking Bad" team turned down this offer, chiefly as there was not much material they could continue into these episodes.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: On March 13, 2013, after several days of speculation fueled by Univision, Sony confirmed that it would be making a Spanish-language remake of "Breaking Bad" titled "Metástasis" starring Diego Trujillo as Walter Blanco (Walter White) and Roberto Urbina as José Miguel Rosas (Jesse Pinkman), alongside Sandra Reyes and Julián Arango in unnamed roles. On October 2, 2013, the cast list was revealed to include Reyes as Cielo Blanco (Skyler White) and Arango as Henry Navarro (Hank Schrader), and that the show would be set in Colombia. The equivalent of Saul Goodman is named Saúl Bueno.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: The "Breaking Bad Insider Podcast" is a pre-recorded series where series creator Vince Gilligan and editor Kelley Dixon host a weekly conversation with the cast and crew of "Breaking Bad" to discuss the newest episode. The podcast began during the first episode of the second season.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: From August 11, 2013, to September 29, 2013, eight episodes of the live talk show, "Talking Bad", aired on AMC, following "Breaking Bad". The host, Chris Hardwick, and guests—who included celebrity fans, cast members, and "Breaking Bad" crew members—discussed episodes that aired immediately preceding the talk show. "Talking Bad" was inspired by the success of "Talking Dead" (also hosted by Hardwick), which airs immediately following new episodes of "The Walking Dead", and the talk shows share a similar logo and theme music.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: The "Better Call Saul Insider Podcast" is a pre-recorded series which the creators gather to discuss the episode recently broadcast. Originally started as part of the "Breaking Bad" series, the podcast discusses the production of the show and features actors discussing their decisions and process of the characters they play. The crew also details their methods in deciding how an episode was shot. The show routinely includes the major cast, director and camera crew of the respective episodes.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: From February 15, 2016, to August 8, 2022, six episodes of the live talk show, "Talking Saul", aired on AMC, following "Better Call Saul". The host, Chris Hardwick, and guests—who included celebrity fans, cast members, and "Better Call Saul" crew members—discussed episodes that aired immediately preceding the talk show. Talking Saul was inspired by the success of "Talking Dead" and "Talking Bad" (both of which were also hosted by Hardwick).


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: AMC released the digital comic book "Breaking Bad: All Bad Things" in August 2013. The comic "recaps the first four-and-a-half seasons of Walter White's descent from mild-mannered chemistry teacher to drug kingpin".


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: In February 2015, in advance of the series premiere, AMC released its first digital comic book for "Better Call Saul". Titled "Better Call Saul: Client Development", it details the history of Saul Goodman and Mike Ehrmantraut alongside how they find out Mr. Mayhew is Walter White. This would later be retconned by the "Better Call Saul" episode "Breaking Bad".


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: In February 2016, in advance of the second-season premiere, AMC released "Better Call Saul: Saul Goodman and the Justice Consortium in the Clutches of the Judgernaut!"


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: Gilligan has stated interest in production of video games based on the "Breaking Bad" franchise, though he does not want the result to be a bad game such as the infamous "E.T. the Extra-terrestrial". One idea he had was to have a game similar to the "Grand Theft Auto" series.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: On June 6, 2019, FTX Games released "", a strategy-mobile video game for both iOS and Android. The game contains many elements of the original show and focuses mainly on the player building their own drug empire from nothing, similar to how Walt did in the show. The game closed in September 2020.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: In October 2013, New York composer Sung Jin Hong announced his intentions to create an opera inspired by the "Breaking Bad" episode "Ozymandias". The mini-opera, titled "Breaking Bad – Ozymandias", premiered on January 26, 2014. The opera incorporates themes from both the Percy Bysshe Shelley's sonnet "Ozymandias" as well as the episode that shares the same name.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: In 2017, French editors Lucas Stoll and Gaylor Morestin created a fan edit, simply titled "Breaking Bad: The Movie", condensing the entire series into a two-hour feature film and uploaded it onto Vimeo. They had worked on the film for around two years prior to its release. However the film was soon taken down for copyright violation. Critic Alan Sepinwall remarked that the movie "doesn't in any way work as a standalone entity." In order to achieve feature film length, notable side characters like Tuco Salamanca and the Salamanca Cousins were cut entirely, and the conclusion to the Gustavo Fring story occurred off-screen.


title: Breaking Bad (franchise)

text: "Say My Name" is a 2019 parody musical with music, lyrics and book by Rob Gathercole based on AMC's "Breaking Bad" created by Vince Gilligan. The musical condenses the entire plot of "Breaking Bad" down to a one-act play that was under two hours with a heightened sense of camp and satire. A physical release of the cast recording was available for sale at the official Breaking Bad Store in Albuquerque, New Mexico.


title: Green brothers

text: The Green brothers, John (born 1977) and Hank (born 1980), are two American entrepreneurs, social activists, authors, and YouTube vloggers. The two extensively work together, having started their collaborative popularity with a daily vlog project in 2007 titled "Brotherhood 2.0", in which they only communicated in vlogs posted to YouTube for a year. The Greens' portfolio of online work now includes their main Vlogbrothers channel, "Crash Course", "SciShow", their podcast "Dear Hank & John", and several other projects spanning several forms of media.


title: Green brothers

text: Both brothers have become known for their individual projects as well. John has written several books which have received widespread acclaim and popularity, including "The Fault in Our Stars". The novel was made into a 2014 film adaptation, which was number one at the box office during its opening weekend and grossed over $307 million worldwide. Hank has founded several companies, starting when he created "EcoGeek", a blog dedicated to environmentally beneficial advancements in technology. The blog was originally a class project of Hank's, while he studied at the University of Montana, but eventually progressed into becoming a major environmental publication, which would grab the attention of "Time". The company has since evolved into Complexly, the parent company for most of the Green brothers' projects. Hank co-founded the record label and e-commerce merchandise company DFTBA Records with Alan Lastufka and his debut novel, "An Absolutely Remarkable Thing" and its sequel "A Beautifully Foolish Endeavor" debuted as "New York Times" best sellers.


title: Green brothers

text: Together, the two brothers are credited with creating what some have described as a "YouTube media" or "online multimedia" empire. This empire, including projects centered on education, gaming, and activism, among others, has amassed an active fanbase known as "Nerdfighteria". Other projects founded by the brothers include the online-video conference VidCon and the annual charity event Project for Awesome.


title: Green brothers

text: On January 1, 2007, after being heavily inspired by "the show with zefrank", the Greens launched the Vlogbrothers channel. Another inspiration for the project was the video blog, "lonelygirl15". The project was originally meant to be a year-long way to deepen the bond between the brothers, creating a new outlet to communicate to each other. Prior to the video blog, Hank claims the two, "didn't ever talk, really". The project, titled "Brotherhood 2.0", quickly grew an audience, leading to the Greens' success on YouTube. On their following, Hank has stated, "We were never really shouting into the void. There were always people following us. Even if it was just a couple dozen people, they were really engaged." "The New Yorker" has described the Vlogbrothers channel as "the anchor of an online empire".


title: Green brothers

text: The topics of videos on the channel vary widely, as the Greens speak about whatever is on their minds at the time.


title: Green brothers

text: The first majorly successful Vlogbrothers video, "Accio Deathly Hallows", uploaded on July 18, 2007, was a song about "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows". The video was featured on YouTube's front page, earned over 1 million views, now has almost 2 million views, and introduced the brothers to the "Harry Potter" fandom. By the end of 2007, the channel garnered 40,000 subscribers. Another video, in which John announces his support for his friend, mathematician and politician, Daniel Biss, was covered by "The Wall Street Journal".


title: Green brothers

text: The Brotherhood 2.0 project would end on December 31, 2007, but the Greens announced on their final Brotherhood 2.0 vlog, that they would continue creating videos. The channel and its fanbase would grow past Brotherhood 2.0, and eventually in 2013, it reached the 1 million subscriber threshold. The brothers have continued to work on the channel, with Hank stating, "I'm so happy that we get to keep doing vlogbrothers and that people still care about vlogbrothers", adding, "that's still the thing I do. Everything else is just an extension of that thing."


title: Green brothers

text: The Green brothers have been constantly seeking to educate their viewers on various topics. Since late 2011 and early 2012, the two have been launching and working on several educational channels. Among these channels include "Crash Course", "SciShow" (including its "Space" and "Psych" spinoffs), "The Brain Scoop" (since spun off), "Sexplanations", "How to Adult", and "Mental Floss". In an interview with "The Washington Post", John Green stated, "I think people support Crash Course and SciShow because they want for Crash Course and SciShow to exist and they believe in our mission to make educational content for free, for everyone, for ever." The brothers have been described as, "one of the main voices in YouTube's vibrant education community". These channels are operated under the company name of Complexly.


title: Green brothers

text: "Crash Course" is an educational channel that was launched by Hank Green and John Green as an educational channel as part of YouTube's original channel program. "Crash Course" launched a preview on December 2, 2011. Initially, John presented the humanities courses, while Hank presented with the sciences, though the channel has since expanded to include other hosts such as Craig Benzine and Phil Plait. "Crash Course" was funded by YouTube's $100 million original channel initiative. The graphics of "Crash Course" videos are created by Thought Café (formerly Thought Bubble).


title: Green brothers

text: "SciShow" is a series of science-related videos on YouTube hosted by Hank and Michael Aranda, as well as other hosts. "SciShow", like "Crash Course", was launched as an original channel. Several scientific fields are covered by "SciShow". Among these are organic and thermodynamic chemistry, physics, geology, climatology, astronomy and astrophysics, evolutionary biology, psychology and several miscellaneous fields. The topics on videos uploaded onto SciShow varied; for example, one video detailed the origins of "cute". "SciShow" landed a national advertisement campaign deal with YouTube, in 2014. As a result, the channel was promoted through several platforms, including billboard ads, as well as a television commercial featured during the fifth season premiere of "The Walking Dead". A spin-off titled, "SciShow Space", launched in 2014, dedicating itself to space related news, discoveries and space related science. Hank Green also hosts the channel, although he is joined by co-hosts Reid Reimers and Caitlin Hofmeister.


title: Green brothers

text: Additionally, Hank Green helped Emily Graslie to launch "The Brain Scoop", in early 2013. The channel focuses on taxidermy, biology, and natural history. Prior to the channel's launch, Hank Green featured Graslie giving a tour of the University of Montana's Philip L. Wright Zoological Museum on one of his Vlogbrothers videos. Green's fans positively responded to video, suggesting for Graslie to host her own channel, leading Green to e-mail Graslie with an offer to assist her in the launch of this channel. Green later announced that the channel would launch in January 2013, helping the channel to spike to 20,000 subscribers prior to its first upload. The channel would upload videos from Montana, until Graslie became employed at Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History. In December 2014, the brothers sold the channel, for an undisclosed amount, to the Chicago-based museum. Regarding this transaction, Hank stated, "We helped create "The Brain Scoop" with Emily and Michael Aranda of our studio because she was just so passionate and enthusiastic about science, history, and her work. I am so proud and pleased that "The Brain Scoop" and Emily have found what is absolutely their best possible home."


title: Green brothers

text: Another educational channel, Mental Floss, based on a magazine of the same name, was launched in February 2013. John would host the channel's first series, "The List Show". Prior to becoming a published novelist, Green wrote for the magazine, and attended Indian Springs School with the magazine's first editor, Neely Harris. The channel's success has been described as "somewhat of an outlier in the magazine industry", by "The New York Times", as videos on the channel have outgained videos on other channels launched by magazine companies, such as "Wired", and "Vogue". The channel later added to its library of videos, launching "The Big Question", and "Misconceptions" hosted by Craig Benzine and Elliott Morgan, respectively. Emerson College's "Entertainment Monthly" paper listed "Mental Floss", as well as the aforementioned "Crash Course" as top five educational YouTube channels.


title: Green brothers

text: Hank Green also serves as the executive producer for "Sexplanations", a channel dedicated to open and honest conversation and information about sex-related topics hosted by clinical sexologist Lindsay Doe. It was launched in June 2013.


title: Green brothers

text: In February 2014, Hank and John Green announced a new channel, "How to Adult". The channel is "dedicated to teaching everything you need to know how to do as an adult that school never got around to." The channel is aimed at young people who have recently entered adulthood. The channel is hosted by vlogger Emma Mills (known as "Elmify" on YouTube) and Young Adult novelist T. Michael Martin. The Greens serve as the channel's Executive Producers.


title: Green brothers

text: In June 2015, the brothers started a weekly podcast titled "Dear Hank & John". Taking a mainly humorous tone, each podcast opens with John reading a poem that he selected for the week before the brothers read a series of questions submitted by listeners and offering their advice. The podcast now opens with a "dad joke" from Hank. The podcast closes with a news segment with two standard topics: Mars, presented by Hank, and AFC Wimbledon, presented by John. On a number of occasions, one of the brothers was absent from a number of episodes (for example, during the publicity tours for "Paper Towns, Turtles All The Way Down", and "An Absolutely Remarkable Thing"); various friends and family members of the brothers filled in on those occasions.


title: Green brothers

text: Aside from the aforementioned projects, the Greens also created a sub-project of Vlogbrothers called "Truth or Fail", an interactive game show on YouTube. The game is often themed, and consists of five rounds of two statements each, relating to the theme, with one statement being true, and the other being false.


title: Green brothers

text: Hank also launched a gaming channel, Hankgames. It featured Hank, his wife Katherine, John, and occasionally Charlie McDonnell and Michael Aranda playing video games such as "Minecraft", "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", and "FIFA 11". Eventually, the channel's videos were predominantly uploaded by John to a point where Hank decided to create another gaming channel, called "Games With Hank", in 2014. However, the "hankgames" channel is still being used by John, as he continues to upload commentary over his "FIFA" gameplay. John's devotion for both the video game series and English football has led to Nerdfighteria being an official sponsor of the real football club, AFC Wimbledon.


title: Green brothers

text: More successfully, the Green Brothers have helped launch modernized adaptations of classic novels. The production company behind these is Pemberley Digital, which according to Hank Green's Reddit userpage, he helped co-create.


title: Green brothers

text: The first of these adaptations was "The Lizzie Bennet Diaries" on YouTube in early 2012. "The Lizzie Bennet Diaries" was a web series adaptation of Jane Austen's novel, "Pride and Prejudice". In 2013, "The Lizzie Bennet Diaries" won an Emmy Award for Original Interactive Program. Following the conclusion of the series, "Emma Approved", a web series adaptation of "Emma", another Austen novel, was launched in October 2013. In 2014, Pemberley Digital launched "Frankenstein, MD", an adaptation of Mary Shelley's novel, "Frankenstein", in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios.


title: Green brothers

text: In 2014, "The Art Assignment" was launched by PBS Digital Studios, featuring John's wife, Sarah Urist Green. John serves as an executive producer for the series.


title: Green brothers

text: Complexly LLC is an online video and audio production company, based in Missoula, Montana, and Indianapolis, Indiana. The brothers were previously co-CEOs, though Hank is now the sole CEO and John acts as the cofounder and strategic advisor. In 2012, the Greens began producing educational video content with the YouTube channels "Crash Course" and "SciShow", and in the years since have created many other channels and podcasts which have been folded into the company. Originally named EcoGeek LLC, it was founded by Hank Green to support his blog on environmental and science issues and was renamed in 2016. Also associated with Complexly's business, but separate to its operation, are VidCon, DFTBA Records, and the Project for Awesome. The business affairs of the Greens' personal projects, such as the YouTube channel Vlogbrothers, are handled by Complexly but the company does not directly produce their content. The company's strengths in educational content has led to them being approached by institutions like PBS and the Poetry Foundation to co-produce content. In November 2018, Complexly fully launched a co-production arrangement with WNYC Studios for three regular podcasts; two had been produced independently before, one was new (but adapted from an old format). Two years later the co-production was ended, and Complexly now produces the shows on its own.


title: Green brothers

text: In 2010, VidCon was launched by the brothers. Since its launch, VidCon has annually increased its attendance to become the largest in-person gathering of online video creators, viewers, and representatives. On VidCon's purpose, Hank Green stated "Even when VidCon was just 1,000 people in a hotel, it was our goal for the conference to reflect the growth and culture of the online video industry", later adding, "VidCon's exponential growth over the last four years is indicative of online video's impact on the entertainment industry and on our everyday lives." One Nerdfighter has described their experience of VidCon stating, "it's just a three-day conference with just all nerdfighters and YouTubers. It's an incredible community, and the first year, which was in 2010 ... I went and it was just the most overwhelming thing I've ever experienced, and I made a bunch of friends who I'm still friends with today."


title: Green brothers

text: In 2008, Hank Green and fellow musician, Alan Lastufka, founded DFTBA Records. The distribution of merchandise is largely independent. In 2009, the record label caught the attention of YouTube, who praised the label on its official blog. DFTBA Records launched a series called "The Warehouse" on its YouTube channel, where it documents new products and announces events. DFTBA Records' merchandise extends past music, and includes merchandise such as T-shirts and posters.


title: Green brothers

text: In March 2014, several artists and creators signed under DFTBA Records were at the center of controversial sexual abuse cases. These artists were dropped from the label, and both Hank and John responded to these circumstances, and began working with a group of Nerdfighters, including "survivors of sexual abuse", to begin a "task force against abuse and assault". Additionally, Hank posted a video onto the Vlogbrothers channel, and in it, he discussed sexual abuse, sexual consent, as well as the culture surrounding sexual activities.


title: Green brothers

text: In June 2014, Lastufka announced that would be selling his entire stake in DFTBA Records, and resigning as the label's president, to pursue other projects. During an interview, Lastufka stated "Over the last few years I worked on the big ideas or product designs less and less, as my position transformed into brokering deals with brick and mortar stores and meeting with cart developers", and added "I would get a little jealous when art assignments that once went to me by default were being hired out because I just didn't have the time."


title: Green brothers

text: On July 26, 2013, Hank Green made a video announcing the introduction of Subbable, a crowdfunding system to support various web series (both entertainment- and education-oriented). Users subscribe to creators and decide how much they want to pay to receive their content on either a recurring basis or with a one-time donation. The money that users spend to support various projects goes into a "perk bank" and can be redeemed for creator-determined perks such as signed posters or shoutouts in videos. The money that users donate goes immediately and directly to each creator, minus five percent of revenue that goes to Subbable itself to pay for overhead and server costs and roughly five percent that goes to Amazon to process payments. Subbable was originally created as a crowdfunding system to continue the production of CrashCourse at the termination of the two-year Google grant that funded the project. Additionally, Subbable presents a $0 subscription option, offering the subscriber access to special emails, behind the scenes videos and live shows.


title: Green brothers

text: Hank, who has been described as "idealistic" for the idea, explained that donations to projects on Subbable are voluntary, stating in his video, "We're asking, and this is weird, for you to pay for content because you want to, not because you're forced to. This is a weird cultural shift." John emphasized the point of the crowdfunding system's voluntary nature, "If you're authentic toward your community and don't focus on the ads, your audience will support you."


title: Green brothers

text: In March 2015, Subbable was acquired by Patreon. As part of the deal with Patreon, all 24 content creators signed to Subbable switched over to Patreon, and John joined Patreon as an advisor. Prior to the deal, Hank was already on the Patreon team as an advisor.


title: Green brothers

text: In December 2007, the two launched Project for Awesome, a charitable movement driven by the YouTube community. Legally, Project for Awesome is a project of the Greens' Montana-based charitable organization, the Foundation to Decrease World Suck, Inc. The most recent event occurred in 2018. The 2014 event raised over $1 million, and may have been responsible for the IndieGoGo site-wide crash which occurred just as they broke the million-dollar threshold. The project has donated to a variety of charity organizations. During the project's first year, Hank Green stated, "There were more than 400 videos posted, but several people focused on humanitarian organizations in Darfur, UNICEF, Autism Speaks, The Humane Society, Toys for Tots, World Wildlife Fund, I'm proud to say that it's a very long list."


title: Green brothers

text: In November 2020, the brothers started the Awesome Socks Club, a monthly subscription service where members receive a pair of socks designed by independent artists. All post-tax profits are donated to the charity Partners in Health, in a business model similar to Newman's Own products. As of March 2022, the Awesome Socks Club had 45,000 members.


title: Green brothers

text: In March 2022, the brothers started the Awesome Coffee Club, with an identical business model and goal to the Awesome Socks Club. The coffee is ethically sourced from Columbia via the brothers' sourcing partner Sucafina. The beans are then roasted in St. Louis, Missouri, and distributed through DFTBA's fulfillment center in Missoula, Montana.


title: Green brothers

text: The Green brothers have discussed several educational, political, philosophical, and moral topics in their videos. Speaking about what subjects he would like to teach on the "Crash Course" channel, John stated, "I'm very interested in economics and personal finance (I sometimes post at r/personalfinance) and literature and philosophy and anthropology and the list goes on and on." Both Hank and John have been referred to as philosophers of sorts. Additionally, the Greens have been described as "charismatic, real, charmingly nerdy, and unquestionably talented", as well as "funny – an insightful, inclusive, not mean kind of funny", by "The Wire", a sister site of "The Atlantic". In their youth, the Greens' parents encouraged the brothers to discuss big issues at the dinner table, and John often argued about philosophy and ethics.


title: Green brothers

text: Both John and Hank have expressed their liking for online video as a platform and culture. Their careers are heavily invested upon online video, and in 2010, they founded the aforementioned VidCon. Hank and John founded the event, believing that somebody else would do so eventually, and that video blogging was becoming more of an industry. Hank has been documented to be active in the crowdfunding field, and would establish Subbable, allowing online content creators to have an alternative funding source aside from video advertising.


title: Green brothers

text: In a 2015 speech spoken to advertising executives at YouTube's Brandcast event, John stated, "I and the most passionate creators on YouTube ... we're not in the distraction business. We're in the community business, and number of eyeballs is a terrible metric for my business." John elaborated on his valuing of engagement and connection over raw viewing numbers stating, "I don't care how many people watch or read something I make. I care how many people love what I make."


title: Green brothers

text: The Green brothers have discussed religion in their videos. However, in one video, John states that religion is a, "topic we've been reluctant to discuss over the years, mostly because the quality of discourse about religion on the internet is atrocious."


title: Green brothers

text: On his website, John writes that he is a Christian, introducing a blog post with, "I don't talk about it very often, but I'm a religious person. In fact, before I became a writer, I wanted to be a minister. There is a certain branch of Christianity that has so effectively hijacked the word 'Christian' that I feel uncomfortable sometimes using it to describe myself. But I am a Christian." Green has also stated, in an interview, that he belongs to the Episcopal Church. At the same time, John disagrees with the notion that creationism should be brought back into schools' educational curriculums, stating, "What science has taught us does not invalidate religious faith, and to those evangelical Christians who believe otherwise, I would respectfully say that you are placing too much faith in the power of science." Green adds, "Science has given so much to the experience of being a creature on this planet. But it does not render our spiritual lives irrelevant." Additionally, John, has stated, "Ultimately, there are Muslims who I have more theologically in common with than many of my fellow Christians." Early in his YouTube career, John made jokes about Young Earth creationism, which offended some viewers. Although he stood by his pro-evolution beliefs, he also apologized for his comments, stating, "It's a privilege to have a platform to talk about things you care about, but it's an irrevocable privilege. I try to take it seriously", adding, "It's wrong to make people feel other and separate."


title: Green brothers

text: Hank, too, has been reluctant to discuss his religion. In 2011, he responded to his reluctance to answer questions regarding his religion, stating, "People are asking, because they want to inform their opinions of me with this little one word answer that says so very little about who I actually am." Later in 2016, during a podcast, Hank expressed, "I'm so jealous of religious people, man. They just know what to do."


title: Green brothers

text: The Greens have often discussed the topic of existential anxiety and an existential crisis. John, in particular, has included themes of existentialism in his novels, notably, "The Fault in Our Stars". The two main characters of the novel, Hazel and Augustus, bond over existentialism and philosophy. Another theme in Green's works, including "The Fault in Our Stars", is the complex imagination of others. Green has commented on the character of aforementioned Nerdfighter, Esther Earl, stating she, "had a wonderful gift for imagining others and for imagining them very complexly". Green incorporated this aspect of Earl's personality into the novel. Additionally, Green has stated, "while the world talks about young people's insularity and solipsism, they're creating a fascinating and complex world of deep engagement online, a world in which they are not just watching content but becoming part of it by being community members whose comments and fanfiction and artwork and passion have profound impacts on the broader culture."


title: Green brothers

text: Hank has spoken about human dreams of success. On the topic, Hank has stated, "There are problems with the institutions of dreams, [but] I am in favor of them. We need something to push us to work 16-hour days sometimes. We need something to drive us to be better, and weirder, and different, but I think if we let that one thing drive us, it's a failure of imagination, and we miss opportunities." Hank would add, "In the end, it's not about finding success, it's about building the number of things you're capable of, because then you could do more interesting things, and we need people to do interesting things in the world."


title: Green brothers

text: Both John and Hank have often discussed political and governmental topics in their videos. Hank, in particular, is a strong advocate of young Americans taking advantage of their right to vote. John has also advocated for this, and has written that for years after he turned 18, he did not participate in voting. During this period, John "found politics boring and divisive", believing that politics and voting were a waste of his time. Green adds to this, stating, "I was going to be a writer, and the great writers (I thought) transcend the minor quibbles of their historical moments. Writers focus on the big questions; politics, I thought, is about the small questions." However, as Green matured during his adult years, he has developed a belief that, "the big questions—about our environment, our responsibilities to one another, our rights as citizens—are political questions." In 2016, while speaking on the SourceFed Podcast, Hank expressed that he has become "less liberal".


title: Green brothers

text: John has stated that he is an independent voter who has voted for both Republican and Democratic politicians. Additionally, the Greens once created a YouTube channel, registered under the username, "obamasidiots". Although, as John stated, "the project went nowhere", the channel was created to raise money for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.


title: Green brothers

text: In 2015, Hank, along with fellow online media personalities, GloZell and Bethany Mota, conducted personal interviews with United States President Barack Obama, following the 2015 State of the Union Address. Though the approach was somewhat different from previous years, having the three conduct interviews continued the White House's efforts to "speak directly to the American people online". Some of the questions Green and his fellow online personalities asked were collected from social media input. CNN's Senior White House correspondent, Jim Acosta was critical of the decision to have Obama be interviewed by the media personalities. Acosta stated, "None of them are professional journalists. They're people who post videos on YouTube", sarcastically adding, "I'm just curious: Was 'Charlie Bit My Finger' or 'David After Dentist' not available?" In response to Acosta, Hank tweeted, "I think sometimes we need to think about how to involve people who are not reached by legacy media in the conversation. That's all." Acosta subsequently replied, "No sense of humor @hankgreen? Totally agree. Good luck." John then defended Hank via a Tumblr post. Coincidentally, John had previously participated in a Fireside Hangout on Google+ with Obama, with the President even reciting the commonly used phrase by Nerdfighters, "Don't forget to be awesome", to conclude one of his answers to John's questions.


title: Green brothers

text: Hank and John Green are supporters of LGBT rights. Arguing against those who say homosexuality is unnatural, Hank Green states that, "the most natural thing in the world is complexity, and gender, and sexual orientation are proven over and over again to not be firm lines." Hank adds, "To me, there's only one argument that matters for gay marriage: That all people in our country should be seen as equals in the eyes of the law." After receiving high ratings on his vlog centered on same-sex marriage, Hank stated, "It's stuff like that where I feel like we're making the world a better place, and resonating with how people feel about new cultural ideas, and really being a part of the cultural evolution toward a better way of understanding each other and the world."


title: Green brothers

text: In 2009, John posted a video, expressing his frustrations with the usage of the word "gay" as an insult. The word was being used to describe John, despite the fact that, at the time, it was already known that he was married to a woman. In the video, John stated, "Ultimately, gay will never work as an insult, because it's not bad."


title: Green brothers

text: When asked by a Reddit user whether he identifies as a feminist, John Green replying with an anecdote from his childhood, "Yes, I do. My hardcore badass feminist mom told both my brother and me that we were feminists from the time we were like two years old, so if she ever heard me saying I wasn't a feminist she'd fly to my house and smack me upside the head."


title: Green brothers

text: The Green brothers' projects have had varying effects on the YouTube community, nerd culture, young-adult fiction, and other fields. One such effect is that of the Green brothers' fanbase, Nerdfighteria, which has been utilized to accomplish charitable actions. Aside from charity, however, several Nerdfighter clubs have been launched as an extracurricular activity at universities such as the University of Maryland and Auburn University. Nerdfighters use the collaborative nature of Nerdfighteria to schedule offline meetups, which on occasion, include the Greens themselves. "The New Yorker" has described the community as "strikingly civil and constructive for an Internet subculture".


title: Green brothers

text: The Greens have also influenced online videos, prompting individuals to create their own vlogs. Additionally, Hank has stated "We really believed in the importance of online video as a cultural form."


title: Green brothers

text: Another influence is that of John's novels, which are of the young adult fiction genre. In 2013, A. J. Jacobs of "The New York Times" reviewed "Winger" by Andrew Smith. In the review, Jacobs coined the term "GreenLit", a play on John's surname, "Green" and the word "literature", to describe "realistic stories told by a funny, self-aware teenage narrator", that include, "sharp dialogue, defective authority figures, occasional boozing, unrequited crushes and one or more heartbreaking twists". "The Wall Street Journal" also noted "The John Green bump", an effect which includes "a blurb or Twitter endorsement from Mr. Green", that, "can ricochet around the Internet and boost sales". The term has been criticized by Green himself, as he disagrees with the concept that he is singlehandedly responsible for launching any one individual's career, or propelling an individual to success.


title: Green brothers

text: Nonetheless, Green's novels have been successful, leading him to be included on "Time" 2014 "100 Most Influential People" list. Shailene Woodley, who portrayed the main character of "The Fault in Our Stars", Hazel Grace Lancaster, in the novel's film adaptation, wrote the piece on "Time" list for Green, describing him as a "teen whisperer" and saying, "He acknowledges the intelligence and vulnerability that stem from those beautiful years when we are, for the first time, discovering the world and ourselves outside of our familial stories. But he doesn't just listen to young adults. He treats every human he meets as their own planet, rather than simply one of his moons."


title: Green brothers

text: The Green brothers' videos have been able to connect with their viewers, which are individually referred to as "Nerdfighters", and collectively referred to as "Nerdfighteria". Activities, events, and community symbols and terminology have been noted by various media outlets. Nerdfighters have adopted the initialism "DFTBA", standing for "Don't forget to be awesome", as their slogan. The community has also developed a hand sign, which is similar to the Vulcan salute seen in "Star Trek". Hank describes the community as "people who are pro-nerd: They fight for nerd culture, to celebrate intellectualism, to find and build spaces on the Internet that are devoted to engagement and meaningful conversation instead of distraction and echo-chambery conversations."


title: Green brothers

text: The Greens and Nerdfighters collaborate on various charitable endeavors, which the fanbase refers to as "decreasing" or "fighting world suck". Charitable events conducted by Nerdfighters include the aforementioned Project for Awesome, as well as loaning funds through Kiva.org, to entrepreneurs in developing nations. Additionally, a charity foundation, This Star Won't Go Out (TSWGO), was founded by Wayne and Lori Earl, the parents of Esther Earl.


title: Green brothers

text: Esther was an active member of Nerdfighteria, as well as an associated group, the Harry Potter Alliance (HPA), who died of thyroid cancer in 2010. Earl is an influential Nerdfighter, having started the Esther Day celebration, which has been described by HPA founder Andrew Slack, as "the first baggage-free holiday about love and gratitude". Another member of the community, Rosianna Halse Rojas, whom "The New Yorker" describes as a "pioneering nerdfighter", has the position of being John's personal assistant. However, John describes her as more than a PA, citing that, "she does many things—from project management to helping shape the strategic direction of our educational and charity projects." Daniel Biss, who serves as a member of the Illinois Senate's 9th district, has been referred to by John as, "Brotherhood 2.0's Resident Mathematician", and is also a member of the community. Additionally, Biss designed the mathematics formulas for John's novel, "An Abundance of Katherines". Celebrities, including British actor Benedict Cumberbatch, and American rapper Lupe Fiasco, who has compared "Crash Course" to crack, have also been documented as Nerdfighters.


title: Clelin Ferrell

text: Clelin Ferrell (born May 17, 1997) is an American football defensive end for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson, and was drafted by the Raiders in the first round of the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Clelin Ferrell

text: Son to Cleavester and Faye Ferrell, both in the military. Ferrell has four brothers and four sisters, all at least 10 years older than him. His parents enrolled Clelin at Benedictine College Preparatory, a private military academy in Richmond, Virginia, because they believed that he needed some more structure. Clelin’s father, Cleavester, died from cancer in March 2012, when Clelin was a freshman in high school. The entire Benedictine junior varsity team attended the funeral to show their support. Clelin committed to play college football at Clemson nearly three months before he would tear his ACL, which caused him to miss his senior football season. Ferrell was still ranked as the fifth best prospect in the state, the seventh best weak-side defensive end, and the No. 101 prospect in the country by 247 Sports.


title: Clelin Ferrell

text: At Clemson, Ferrell suffered a hand injury that forced him to redshirt the 2015 season. Ferrell stood out as a freshman the following fall, sharing the team's defensive rookie of the year award with Dexter Lawrence after posting 50 tackles, 12.5 for loss, and six sacks in 15 starts. He made an impact in the ACC Championship Game (sack) and national semifinal (Fiesta Bowl Defensive MVP with three tackles for loss, sack) for the eventual title-winners. His sophomore season was even more impressive. Ferrell was named first-team All-American by the Associated Press, first-team All-ACC by league coaches and a finalist for the Ted Hendricks Award as the nation's top defensive end (63 tackles, 18 for loss, 9.5 sacks, two forced fumbles in 14 starts). Clemson coaches named him co-defensive player of the game (two tackles, sack) in the team's loss to Alabama in the Sugar Bowl. The Tigers took care of business in 2018, beating Alabama in that year's national championship thanks in part to Ferrell's All-American play. The first-team All-ACC selection and winner of the Ted Hendricks Award racked up 53 stops, 19.5 for loss, 11.5 sacks, four pass breakups, and three forced fumbles in 15 starts.


title: Clelin Ferrell

text: On January 13, 2018, Ferrell announced that he would return to Clemson for his junior season. On January 11, 2019, Ferrell announced that he would forgo his final year of eligibility and declare for the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Clelin Ferrell

text: Ferrell was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the first round with the fourth overall pick in the 2019 NFL Draft. This selection was met with great criticism as Ferrell was widely regarded as a late first round pick, while several other defensive linemen more highly-rated than Ferrell like Josh Allen and Ed Oliver were available. On June 18, 2019, Ferrell signed his four-year rookie contract, worth a fully guaranteed $31.2 million, including a $20.8 million signing bonus.


title: Clelin Ferrell

text: Ferrell made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Denver Broncos on "Monday Night Football". In the game, Ferrell made three tackles and recorded his first sack on Joe Flacco in the 24–16 win. In Week 10 against the Los Angeles Chargers on "Thursday Night Football", Ferrell recorded 8 tackles and sacked Philip Rivers 2.5 times in the 26–24 win.


title: Clelin Ferrell

text: Ferrell was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Raiders on November 17, 2020, and activated on November 26. In Week 13 against the New York Jets, he recorded two strip sacks on Sam Darnold that were recovered by the Raiders during the 31–28 win. On December 30, 2020, Ferrell was placed on injured reserve. He finished the season with 27 tackles, two sacks, and two forced fumbles through 11 games.


title: Clelin Ferrell

text: On April 29, 2022, the Raiders announced that they would not pick up the fifth-year option on Ferrell's contract, making him a free agent in the 2023 offseason.


title: The BMJ

text: The BMJ is a weekly peer-reviewed medical trade journal, published by the trade union the British Medical Association (BMA). "The BMJ" has editorial freedom from the BMA. It is one of the world's oldest general medical journals. Originally called the British Medical Journal, the title was officially shortened to "BMJ" in 1988, and then changed to "The BMJ" in 2014. The journal is published by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, a subsidiary of the British Medical Association (BMA). The editor-in-chief of "The BMJ" is Kamran Abbasi, who was appointed in January 2022.


title: The BMJ

text: The journal began publishing on 3 October 1840 as the "Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal" and quickly attracted the attention of physicians around the world through its publication of high-impact original research articles and unique case reports. The "BMJ"s first editors were P. Hennis Green, lecturer on the diseases of children at the Hunterian School of Medicine, who also was its founder and Robert Streeten of Worcester, a member of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association council.


title: The BMJ

text: The first issue of the "Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal" ("PMSJ") was 16 pages long and contained three simple woodcut illustrations. The longest items were the editors' introductory editorial and a report of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association's Eastern Branch. Other pages included a condensed version of Henry Warburton's medical reform bill, book reviews, clinical papers, and case notes. There were columns of advertisements. Inclusive of stamp duty it cost 7d, a price which remained until 1844. In their main article, Green and Streeten noted that they had "received as many advertisements (in proportion to the quantity of letter press) for our first number, as the most popular Medical Journal, ("The Lancet") after seventeen years of existence."


title: The BMJ

text: In their introductory editorial and later statements, Green and Streeten defined "the main objects of promotion of which the "Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal" is established". Summarised, there were two clear main objectives: the advancement of the profession, especially in the provinces and the dissemination of medical knowledge. Green and Streeten also expressed interest in promoting public well-being as well as maintaining 'medical practitioners, as a class in that rank of society which, by their intellectual acquirements, by their general moral character, and by the importance of the duties entrusted to them, they are justly entitled to hold'.


title: The BMJ

text: In April 1842 the journal was retitled the "Provincial Medical Journal and Retrospect of the Medical Sciences", but two years later reverted to the "PMSJ" under the sole editorship of Streeten. It was then in 1857 that the "BMJ" first appeared when the "PMSJ" was merged with the "Associated Medical Journal" (Vols. 1 to 4; 1853 to 1856), which had itself evolved from the "London Medical Journal" (Vols. 1 to 4; 1849 to 1852) under the editorship of John Rose Cormack.


title: The BMJ

text: "The BMJ" published the first centrally randomised controlled trial. The journal also carried the seminal papers on the causal effects of smoking on health and lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking.


title: The BMJ

text: For a long time, the journal's sole competitor was "The Lancet", also based in the UK, but with increasing globalisation, "The BMJ" has faced tough competition from other medical journals, particularly "The New England Journal of Medicine" and the "Journal of the American Medical Association".


title: The BMJ

text: "The BMJ" is an advocate of evidence-based medicine. It publishes research as well as clinical reviews, recent medical advances, editorial perspectives, among others.


title: The BMJ

text: A special "Christmas Edition" is published annually on the Friday before Christmas. This edition is known for research articles which apply a serious academic approach to investigating less serious medical questions. The results are often humorous and widely reported by the mainstream media.


title: The BMJ

text: "The BMJ" has an open peer review system, wherein authors are told who reviewed their manuscript. About half the original articles are rejected after review in-house. Manuscripts chosen for peer review are first reviewed by external experts, who comment on the importance and suitability for publication, before the final decision on a manuscript is made by the editorial ("hanging") committee. The acceptance rate is less than 7% for original research articles.


title: The BMJ

text: At the beginning of February 2021 the BMJ introduced a charge of £299 for publishing obituaries. This was widely criticised on social media, including by the British Medical Association, due to the large number of medical staff being killed by COVID-19. The decision was explained, but reversed, by the end of the month.


title: The BMJ

text: In response to the many problems with traditional medical guidelines, the journal introduced "BMJ Rapid Recommendations", a series of trustworthy guidelines focused on the most pressing medical issues.


title: The BMJ

text: "The BMJ" publishes most e-letters to the journal on its Web site under the heading Rapid Responses, organised as a fully moderated Internet forum. Comments are screened for unacceptable content such as libel or obscenity, and contributors may not remove or edit contributions once published. As of January 2013, 88,500 rapid responses had been posted on the BMJ website.


title: The BMJ

text: "The BMJ" is included in the major indexes PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, and the Science Citation Index. The journal has long criticised the misuse of the impact factor to award grants and recruit researchers by academic institutions.


title: The BMJ

text: The five journals that cited "The BMJ" most often in 2008 were (in order of descending citation frequency) "The BMJ", "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "The Lancet", "BMC Public Health", and "BMC Health Services Research". In the same year the five journals most frequently cited by articles published in "The BMJ" were "The BMJ", "The Lancet", "The New England Journal of Medicine", "Journal of the American Medical Association" and "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews".


title: The BMJ

text: In the 2021 "Journal Citation Reports", published in 2022, "The BMJ's" impact factor was 96.216. ranking it fourth among general medical journals. However, "The BMJ" in 2013 reported that it had become a signatory to the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (commonly known as the Dora Agreement), which deprecates the inappropriate use of journal impact factors and urges journal publishers to "greatly reduce the emphasis on the journal impact factor as a promotional tool, ideally by ceasing to promote the impact factor or by presenting it in the context of a variety of journal-based metrics."


title: The BMJ

text: In 1974, Dr. Elaine Murphy submitted a brief case report under her husband's name John which suggested a condition known as "cello scrotum," a fictional condition which supposedly affected male cellists. It was originally submitted as a joke in response to 'guitar nipple', a condition similar to jogger's nipple in which some forms of guitar playing causes irritation to the nipple, which Murphy and her husband believed was also a joke. The case report was published in "The BMJ" and although not widely cited, it was cited on some occasions with those doing so expressing scepticism. The truth of the case was reported on back in 1991.


title: The BMJ

text: In 2009, 35 years after the original case report was published, Murphy wrote a letter to "The BMJ" revealing that the condition was a hoax.


title: The BMJ

text: "The BMJ" went fully online in 1995 and archived all its issues on the World Wide Web. In addition to the print content, the site contains supporting material for original research articles, additional news stories, and electronic letters to the editors.


title: The BMJ

text: From 1999, all content of "The BMJ" was freely available online; however, in 2006 this changed to a subscription model. Original research articles continue to be available freely, but from January 2006 all other 'added value' contents, including clinical reviews and editorials, require a subscription. "The BMJ" allows complete free access for visitors from economically disadvantaged countries as part of the HINARI initiative.


title: The BMJ

text: In October 2008 "The BMJ" announced that it would become an open access journal for research articles. A subscription continued to be required for access to other articles.


title: The BMJ

text: "The BMJ" is principally an online journal, and only the website carries the full text content of every article. However, a number of print editions are produced targeting different groups of readers with selections of content, some of it abridged, and different advertising. The print editions are:


title: The BMJ

text: In addition, "The BMJ" also publishes a number of overseas/ foreign language editions: Argentine (in Spanish), Greek, Romanian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern (in English). There is also "Student BMJ", an online resource for medical students and junior doctors which publishes an annual print edition each September.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett (also released as "Agent Scarlett") is a fictional character from the "" toyline, comic books and animated series. She is one of the original members of the G.I. Joe Team, and debuted in 1982. The character is also featured in both the "" animated series and comic books. Scarlett was portrayed by actress Rachel Nichols in the 2009 film "" and Samara Weaving in the 2021 film "Snake Eyes".


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Her real name is Shana M. O'Hara, and she was born in Atlanta, Georgia. Her primary specialty for the team is counter intelligence. Scarlett is additionally skilled in martial arts and acrobatics. She started training at age 9 with her father and three brothers, who were all instructors, and she earned her first black belt at age 15. Scarlett also graduated summa cum laude, and passed her Bar Exams to practice law before joining the military. She graduated from Advanced Infantry Training and Ranger School and received special education in Covert Ops School, Marine Sniper School, Special Air Service School, and Marine Tae Kwon Do Symposium. Although she is as adept with standard weapons as any of her comrades, her weapon of choice is the XK-1 power crossbow, which fires various bolts with specialized functions. Scarlett is also a qualified expert with the M-14, M-16, M1911A1 Auto Pistol, M79 grenade launcher, M-3A1, M-700 Remington sniper rifle, MAC-10, throwing stars, garotte and KA-BAR (Combat Knife).


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett served as a prominent member of the G.I. Joe Team until it disbanded in 1994. When the team was reinstated, Scarlett was offered a position as a field commander, along with Stalker and Gung-Ho.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: She has long red hair, which she tends to put up into a ponytail. In some appearances, she speaks with a southern drawl or localized Georgian accent. Her personal motto is, "Beauty may only be skin deep, but lethal is to the bone".


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: The Z Force character Quarrel is the European Action Force equivalent of Scarlett. Quarrel was cast as a Swiss diplomat's daughter, and specialized in martial arts. She was again re-characterized in the accompanying "Battle Action Force" comic books in 1985, this time as "Scarlett". However, her character was cast as a Belgian undercover operative.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett was first released as an action figure in 1982. She was the first female action figure in the "A Real American Hero" toyline, making her one of the only figures of that year to have a completely unique mold. Her mold is also unique in that it is the only figure not to have peg holes in the feet. All of the original sixteen figures from 1982 were released with "straight arms". The same figure was re-released in 1983 with "swivel-arm battle grip", which made it easier for figures to hold their rifles and accessories.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: A new version of Scarlett was released in 1993 as part of the Ninja Force line. This figure used a synthetic hair material to make her pony tail. Also, all the Ninja Force figures were designed with a "real ninja move". Scarlett's spring-loaded right leg could be pushed back, then released, causing it to spring forward in a kicking motion.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: When new G.I. Joe action figures based on the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero line were released in 2002, Hasbro had failed to renew their trademark claim to the name "Scarlett", and could no longer release the character with that name attached. Therefore, she was released as "Agent Scarlett", and her rank returned to E-5 sergeant.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In Argentina, the 1982 mold of Scarlett was recolored blonde with a blue and white uniform, and released as "Glenda".


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In Europe, the 1982 mold of Scarlett was re-colored blonde, with a dark green and black uniform, and released as "Quarrel". This figure was part of the "Action Force" line, and came packaged with the Z-Force RAM Motorcycle (a G.I. Joe Rapid Fire Motorcycle that had been recolored green and black). In 1984, she was again re-painted and re-characterized with the second generation of Action Force, this time as "Scarlett", and released with the third generation AF range. The range was discontinued in Europe in the late 1980s. The G.I. Joe Collectors Club later released an overstock of Quarrel figures, as a promotional give away at the 1992 G.I. Joe Convention.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In 2007, Scarlett was featured in the G.I. Joe team 25th anniversary 5 pack as an intelligence officer, using a new mold heavily based on her first design. She was also released in several different comic packs. In 2008, she was released as a Counter Intelligence officer, with her uniform painted blue and silver, as a homage to Glenda.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: To coincide with the launch of the movie "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra", Hasbro released two figures in July 2009 based on the Scarlett movie character. For both releases, she is listed as Shana "Scarlett" O'Hara. The first, classified as "Desert Ambush", features her in the movie style black uniform. The second, classified as "Covert Operations", features Scarlett in a camouflage uniform.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: The "" version of Scarlett was released as part of the G.I. Joe Battle Set in 2010. The "" version of Scarlett was released as an action figure in 2011, as part of the 30th Anniversary line.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Q2 of 2020 sees the release of G.I. Joe Classified Series, a new line of highly articulated 6-inch scale action figures that includes prominent characters like Scarlett. This line features premium deco, detailing, articulation, and classic design updated to bring the classic characters into the modern era, plus accessories inspired by each character's rich history.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In a flashback, it was revealed that Scarlett was one of the original members of the Joe team, and one of her first assignments was training the new team in hand-to-hand combat. During one such exercise, Scarlett met Snake Eyes for the first time. While she bested most of the team's members, she recognized that Snake Eyes was a superior fighter, yet had allowed Scarlett to beat him. This had Scarlett intrigued, and they became close rather quickly. Later on a mission into the middle east, Snake Eyes, Scarlett, Rock 'n Roll, and Grunt were sent to save George Strawhacker from Cobra. On the way, a helicopter accident forced the Joes to bail out, but Scarlett was stuck in the burning chopper. Snake Eyes stayed behind to save her. He rescued Scarlett, but a window exploded in his face, scarring him and damaging his vocal cords. Despite his injuries, Snake Eyes convinced Hawk to let him continue with the mission.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett became a vital member of the G.I. Joe team, even commanding some missions from the very beginning. Scarlett was one of the first Joes to set foot in Springfield, a Cobra-controlled town hidden in the United States. There, a mysterious boy named Billy, who would later be revealed to be Cobra Commander's son, helped them escape. Later, Scarlett was captured by Storm Shadow and taken to Destro's castle in Trans-Carpathia. Soon afterward she was rescued by Snake Eyes, and it was discovered that Storm Shadow was Snake Eyes' friend Tommy Arashikage from Vietnam, and that they had trained in the same ninja clan.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett led a mission into the nation of Sierra Gordo, when Snake Eyes was captured there by Cobra forces. The Joes were unable to rescue Snake Eyes, and he was taken to the Cobra Consulate in New York. With Storm Shadow's help, Scarlett infiltrated the Consulate and rescued Snake Eyes. Later when Stalker, Snow Job and Quick Kick were thrown into a gulag in the Soviet country of Borovia, Snake Eyes and Scarlett defied orders to rescue Stalker and the others. They faked their own deaths, and went undercover in a circus that was traveling around eastern Europe, posing as acrobats and knife-throwers.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett is badly injured again, when a vengeful Baroness, who thought Snake Eyes had killed her brother, shot her at point-blank range in the midst of kidnapping Snake Eyes. After she lapses into a coma and doctors proclaim her brain-dead, Scarlett's sister Siobhan obtains a court-order to terminate Scarlett's life-support, but Scarlett eventually recovers from her coma and is reunited with Snake Eyes. The two would continue to serve G.I. Joe, even becoming members of the Ninja Force special team.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett's next assignment was to pretend she betrayed the Joes and joined Cobra. As part of the cover, she is forced to believe that she has caused the death of Stalker and Hawk, the only Joes who know the truth behind her motivations. While undercover, she takes part in the hunt for Destro and Baroness, and confronts them when Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow rescue the two. To keep up her cover, Snake Eyes impales Scarlett on his sword, but the Cobra ninja Slice realizes that since the wound was not instantly fatal, Snake Eyes had "pulled" his attack and Scarlett was still working for the G.I. Joe team.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett and Snake Eyes then took some much deserved time off, and stayed at Snake Eyes' cabin in the High Sierras. Unfortunately, they were soon forced back into duty to rescue Storm Shadow, after he is brainwashed by Cobra Commander. Snake Eyes and Scarlett would continue to serve G.I. Joe until its disbandment.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Writer Larry Hama says he always got a lot of positive fan mail from female readers for portraying Scarlett as "a fully competent female soldier" who was "never treated differently from any of the guys," instead of making her a damsel in distress.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: This one-shot reveals that before she joined the G.I. Joe team, she was a member of the Army. She was given training above and beyond what a female was allowed to receive at the time, as the generals putting G.I. Joe together wanted a secret weapon that enemies would not suspect. It is revealed that during her time in the CIA she is first given a mini-crossbow, which eventually becomes her weapon of choice. Also, much of her history with martial arts is revealed. Her last mission before joining the G.I. Joe team faces her off against Destro for the first time. It is because of the intelligence that she gathers, as well as her skills, that she is brought into the team.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: When the team reforms in "" volume 2, Scarlett signs on as a commander for the Greenshirts. A team led by Roadblock, Scarlett, Snake Eyes, Stalker and Gung-Ho suffers casualties in Florida, as Scarlett and Snake Eyes are taken prisoner by Destro, who is revealed to be Destro's son Alexander masquerading as his father. The Joes are infected with nano-mites, as Hawk sends Kamakura and Spirit to find Cobra Commander's son Billy, who helps them rescue Scarlett and Snake Eyes, and Alexander activates the satellite system. With reinforcements led by Lady Jaye, the Joes defeat Cobra, while Alexander and Mistress Armada are captured by the real Destro. Snake Eyes proposes to Scarlett.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Later, when Cobra Commander is captured, Destro consolidates his power within the Cobra organization, but not before the Commander shoots Hawk in the back. Hawk survives, but General Joseph Colton returns to fill in for Hawk as commander of the team. He send the Joes to New Moon, Colorado to investigate another Cobra front, but after a battle there with Cobra forces, the town is destroyed and G.I. Joe is set up to take the blame. Several Joes are arrested, and the roster is cut severely. Duke and Snake Eyes are rescued by Scarlett and Storm Shadow, as Cobra Commander is freed by the Dreadnoks, and revealed to have been Zartan in disguise.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: The Red Shadows organization finally steps forward, targeting members of both G.I. Joe and Cobra. Hawk is targeted, but is rescued from the Red Shadows by Scarlett, Snake Eyes and Kamakura. A G.I. Joe informant is also assassinated by Dela Eden, who escapes from Duke and Flint. Dela attempts to kill Flint, but is stopped by Lady Jaye, who is then stabbed by Dela Eden and dies. Dela is captured by Scarlett, who forms a plan with Flint and Hawk to investigate the Red Shadows organization, while Duke and General Rey interrogate Dela. The Red Shadows rescue Dela, and Scarlett tracks them to New York, where Flint has taken it upon himself to get revenge. Flint refuses to kill Dela, even though he has the opportunity, and the leader of the Red Shadows Wilder Vaughn escapes. G.I. Joe is then deactivated by order of the President, given that Cobra as an organization has fractured, although Cobra Commander remains at large.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett is part of a small active roster in "", when the G.I. Joe Team is reactivated to deal with a new threat. Set one year after the end of "A Real American Hero", Duke, Scarlett and Snake Eyes all conduct solo investigations, while the rest of the team follows a lead to Puerto Rico. They discover the attacks were made possible by Destro's M.A.R.S. operation and track the signal to Oregon, where they discover that a man named Vance Wingfield is behind the attacks.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Snake Eyes returns, to find that Scarlett has been captured while investigating Cesspool. Unable to authorize a rescue mission for Scarlett, General Colton puts the team on leave from active duty. They discover Scarlett on Destro's submarine in the Pacific Ocean, and succeed in rescuing her, but Destro escapes and Snake Eyes dies during the operation. The Red Ninja Clan, under the control of Sei-Tin, steals Snake Eyes' body in order to resurrect him. The Joes track the Red Ninjas to China, where they eventually defeat Sei-Tin and return Snake Eyes to normal. Snake Eyes renounces his ninja background and returns to his "commando" persona, much to Scarlett's concern. Scarlett is part of a special mission to Antarctica, which includes Snake Eyes, Stalker, and Duke, as well as reservists Snow Job, Frostbite, and Iceberg.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: During the events of "World War III", when General Colton responds to a threat from Cobra Commander by launching missions to capture all Cobra agents still at large, Snake Eyes and Scarlett capture Vypra, and later capture Firefly in Japan. The main team reunites in Priest Lake, Idaho, where the Joes find out about a plan by Cobra Commander to blow up nukes in the Amazon and Antarctica. The team splits up, and deactivate the nukes in both locations. Cobra Commander and The Plague retreat to a secret base in the Appalachian Mountains, where the first Cobra soldiers were trained. When the Joes attack the Appalachian base, the battle ends when Hawk tackles Cobra Commander, and knocks him out with a punch to the face. In the aftermath, the Joes are still active and fully funded.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Hasbro later announced that all stories published by Devil's Due Publishing are no longer considered canonical, and are now considered an alternate continuity.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: "G.I. Joe: Reloaded" has a drastically different approach to G.I. Joe's creation. Scarlett is still working with her father and brothers, when he receives a mysterious package and is killed by the poisonous contents. She later joins the new team, and eventually leads the team in its final mission to liberate Hawaii after Cobra takes it over, before the U.S. Army bombs the state. In this reality, Snake Eyes is not a member of G.I. Joe, but is seen to pine after Scarlett from afar.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: This series published by Devil's Due, is composed of four mini-series that chronicle a new origin to the G.I. Joe team, which is formed as a special missions team to defend Earth against Cobra, who has Cybertronian technology. As part of this, Scarlett is one of the few Joes who operates a giant mecha robot of her own. In the third miniseries, Scarlett is shown to have a relationship with Snake Eyes. She is briefly shown in the fourth mini-series as still being a member of the G.I. Joe team.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In 2009, IDW Publishing took over the "G.I. Joe" license and launched a new series of G.I. Joe comics.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In the IDW Publishing continuity, Scarlett was one of the first Joes, working alongside Duke on her debut mission. In the present day, she has been promoted to colonel.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett appeared in the original "" animated series, voiced by actress B. J. Ward. Scarlett first appeared in "The MASS Device" mini-series. She was portrayed as the typical tough female member of the team, intelligent and strong-willed.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett was featured in one of the series' Public Service Announcements, telling a girl not to give up on learning how to water ski.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Like many of the characters from the previous seasons, Scarlett appeared briefly in the 1987 animated film "". She is present in the battles over the Broadcast Energy Transmitter (B.E.T.). She is also seen holding a critically injured Duke when he falls into a coma.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett first made a cameo appearance in the first season of DiC's "" episode "The Mind Mangler" part of Duke's flashback memories. She was primarily featured in a variation of her 1982 outfit, in a different color scheme. In the second season DIC series, she had major roles in the following episodes: "Chunnel," "The Sword," "Long Live Rock and Roll" (two-parter), "Messenger from the Deep," and "Shadow of a Doubt", voiced by Suzanne Errett-Balcom.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett was a member of the G.I. Joe team in both direct-to-video movies, "" and "". These movies are more associated with the continuity in Sigma Six, and do not seem to have any direct ties to previous animated continuity. In "Spy Troops", Scarlett serves as a second in command to the team. She is taken hostage by Zartan when he steals a helicopter. She is later rescued by Snake Eyes and the team. In both movies, Scarlett is voiced by Lisa Ann Beley.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: The "" series departs from recent depictions of futuristic technology, adopting a more "realistic" take on the franchise. In the series, it is indicated that Scarlett has had romantic partnerships in the past with both Duke and Snake Eyes. Scarlett is voiced by Grey DeLisle.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In "", Scarlett is voiced by Natalia Cigliuti. She is a commissioned officer with the rank of Second Lieutenant rather than a Sergeant as in other continuities, and works in Army Intelligence. Her position in Army Intelligence was originally a desk-bound information processing analyst which caused her to study and practice ninjistu to prove herself capable of actual field work. Her detailed information background supports the team well. Her first field assignment results in her and her associates finding out the truth of Cobra and becoming the Renegades. Her ninja teacher Snake Eyes follows her once she is forced on the run.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In the episode "Revelations, Part 1", it was revealed that her father Patrick O'Hara was a former worker for Cobra Industries, who perished in an explosion that he caused, to keep Cobra Industries from using his MASS Device for their own purposes. Following an encounter with her father's ghost, Scarlett revisits her father's home in Atlanta, where she learns the truth about her father's demise from Snake Eyes. It is revealed that the red stone in Scarlett's locket plays a key in Cobra Industries' plot to activate the MASS Device. When the Bio-Vipers attacked the house, Scarlett is knocked out by Baroness who swipes Scarlett's locket. In "Revelations, Part 2", Scarlett learns that Snake Eyes had briefly met her father, and promised him to look after his daughter.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In an interview with writer Henry Gilroy, Gilroy stated that the relationship between Scarlett and Snake Eyes would be evolving as the series progresses.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In the series, "", Scarlett is a counter intelligence specialist, helicopter pilot, and second in command to Duke. This version of Scarlett appears younger (although that may be due to the anime-influenced art style of Sigma 6). Scarlett also appears to have a rougher edge, as she explains that she hasn't worn a dress since senior prom. She was voiced by Amy Birnbaum for the first 8 episodes, but was later voiced by Veronica Taylor.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: "Sigma 6" was also a 6 issue mini-series released by Devils Due, with direct connection to the animated TV series. Like the animated TV series, this comic line does not tie into the continuity of the original G.I. Joe universe. Scarlett appears as the main star of issue #4, where she is pitted against the Baroness.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Although she is a member of the Sigma 6 team in the animated series, Scarlett was not made as a figure for the 8 inch toyline. She was released in 2006 as a member of the 2 1/2 inch figure line with a helicopter in the "Mission: Copter Countdown" set.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Rachel Nichols portrays Scarlett in the live-action film "". In the movie, Scarlett graduated from college at age 12 and became the team's intelligence expert. She left school so early, she does not understand men's attraction to her. Her preferred weapon is a 15P laser-guided, solid alloy compound crossbow with scope.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett is part of the team that rescues Duke and Ripcord, after their convoy is ambushed by the Baroness. During Duke and Ripcord's training for G.I. Joe membership, Scarlett oversees their shooting test. Ripcord makes advances toward her, but she rebuffs them, even telling him that attractions are emotions which are not based in science and that in her mind, if something cannot be quantified or proven as existing, it does not.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: During Cobra's attack on The Pit, Scarlett fights the Baroness, who knocks her out and steals the nanomite warheads. She assists in pursuit of the Baroness and Storm Shadow in Paris. The motorcycle she drives is destroyed during the chase, but Ripcord saves her. After Cobra destroys the Eiffel Tower with a nanomite warhead, Scarlett, Ripcord, Heavy Duty and Breaker are arrested by French authorities who incorrectly believe they were responsible.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: After the Joes locate M.A.R.S Industries leader James McCullen's secret base and fly there, Scarlett infiltrates the base along with Breaker and Snake Eyes. She helps Ripcord track down and destroy the M.A.R.S warheads and returns her feelings by kissing him. Following the Joes' victory over Cobra, Scarlett confesses her feelings toward Ripcord, and joins the other Joes for their next mission.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: In "G.I. Joe: Operation H.I.S.S.", the comic sequel to the film, Scarlett is kidnapped by Cobra. Snake Eyes is concerned and goes to rescue her.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett is portrayed by Samara Weaving in 2021 film "Snake Eyes", which is set in an alternate continuity. She is a Major in the U.S. Special Forces working covert operations and is called in by Tommy Arashikage for backup when the latter learns that Cobra agent Kenta is in Japan plotting war against the Arashikage Clan. Scarlett tells Tommy that she has been spying on the Baroness, an old friend of hers, and informs him of Baroness' terrorist activities. Scarlett arrives as Kenta is attacking the clan, and fights the Baroness, before they form a brief alliance after Kenta betrays the Baroness. Kenta is eventually defeated through the combined efforts of Scarlett, the Arashikage Clan, Snake Eyes and Baroness. After the battle, Scarlett reveals to Snake Eyes that his father was G.I. Joe, and recruits him to her cause.


title: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)

text: Scarlett is one of the featured characters in the 1985 "" computer game. She is also featured as a playable character in the 1992 "G.I. Joe" arcade game. Scarlett appears as a playable character in the video game "" and "".


JFK Revisited: Through the Looking Glass is a 2021 American-British documentary film about the assassination of John F. Kennedy directed by Oliver Stone, based on the 1992 non-fiction book "Destiny Betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison Case" by James DiEugenio and on newly declassified evidence about the case. It premiered on July 12, 2021, in the Cannes Premiere section at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival.


title: JFK Revisited: Through the Looking Glass

text: Stone described it as "an important bookend to my 1991 film. It ties up many loose threads, and hopefully repudiates much of the ignorance around the case and the movie". The film is narrated by Whoopi Goldberg and Donald Sutherland.


text: After the 1991 film "JFK", Congress enacts the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992, establishing a review board to declassify assassination-related documents. The film disputes the chain of evidence for the "single bullet" that caused wounds to Kennedy and Governor John Connally. Researcher Barry Ernest, author of the 2010 JFK book "The Girl on the Stairs", is interviewed about alleged witness statements purportedly casting doubt on the timeline of Lee Harvey Oswald's movements immediately after the assassination.


text: The film was produced by Ixtlan Productions and Pantagruel Productions with funding by Ingenious Media.


text: It was released on video on demand on November 12, 2021, and was televised on Showtime on November 22, 2021. It was theatrically released in the U.K. and Ireland by Altitude Film Distribution on November 26, 2021.


title: ISO 3166-2:IN

text: ISO 3166-2:IN is the entry for India in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.


title: ISO 3166-2:IN

text: Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for India. The second part is two letters, currently used in vehicle registration plates with some exceptions.


title: ISO 3166-2:IN

text: Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).


title: ISO 3166-2:IN

text: The following changes to the entry have been announced in newsletters by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998. ISO stopped issuing newsletters in 2013.


title: ISO 3166-2:IN

text: The following changes to the entry are listed on ISO's online catalogue, the Online Browsing Platform:


title: Rock am Ring and Rock im Park

text: The ' (German for "Rock at the Ring") and ' ("Rock in the Park") festivals are two simultaneous rock music festivals held annually. While "Rock am Ring" takes place at the Nürburgring race track, "Rock im Park" takes place at the Zeppelinfeld in Nuremberg.