title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: According to Swedish economist Anders Åslund, Ryzhkov differed little from Gorbachev when it came to price reform. There were, however, subtle differences between the two men's views, with Ryzhkov supporting an administratively controlled price increase while Gorbachev, as a radical economist who supported market reform, opposed such measures. As Hough noted, Ryzhkov supported "the need for greater fiscal responsibility", while Gorbachev advocated the need for more rational prices which, according to Hough, would have brought inflation under control. Ryzhkov proposed price reform measures to Gorbachev several times but was turned down on each occasions, even though Gorbachev had argued strongly on the need for price reform in his speeches. Gorbachev strengthened his public image by accusing the Soviet leadership's conservative faction together with Ryzhkov, of delaying implementation of the necessary price reform. Ryzhkov had the backing of several high-standing institutions, such as the Ministry of Finance and the State Committee on Prices, chaired by the future Soviet Premier Valentin Pavlov. In contrast to Gorbachev, Ryzhkov actually had, according to Hough, a plan for a transition to a market economy. Gorbachev on the other hand was never able to turn words into deeds.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: By 1988 Ryzhkov increasingly sided with Leonid Abalkin, one of the few economists who advocated fiscal responsibility. At the 19th Conference of the Central Committee, Abalkin was severely criticised by Gorbachev, and accused of "economic determinism". Several conference delegates agreed with Gorbachev, but Ryzhkov's support remained solid. Abalkin was ordered to deliver a report to the Presidium of the Council of Ministers by December, which as things turned out, put financial stability at the top of its agenda. Gorbachev disliked Abalkin's report and rejected Ryzhkov's requests that he support it. Ryzhkov was then forced to create an even more conservative reform plan for 1989 in which price reform was to be postponed until 1991. When the Abalkin report was proposed at the Central Committee plenum, the majority of delegates indirectly attacked Gorbachev for his indecisiveness when it came to the implementation of price reform. In April 1990, after submitting a draft to the Presidential Council and the Federation Council, Ryzhkov's price reform was initiated. However, a short while later it was once more put on hold following severe criticism from Boris Yeltsin and several pro-Gorbachev intellectuals. The economic turmoil which hit the Soviet Union in 1990 was blamed on Ryzhkov, even though it was Gorbachev who had delayed Ryzhkov's proposed reform.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: In his memoirs, Gorbachev vaguely asserts that a single price increase would be better than several. Things did not improve for Ryzhkov when, at the 28th Party Congress, Gorbachev claimed it would be "absurd" to begin serious economic reform with price increases.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: In August 1990 several leading officials tried to persuade Gorbachev to force Ryzhkov to resign from his post. Gorbachev did not bow to this pressure, fearing that Ryzhkov's removal would lead to increased activity by many of his pro-republican first secretaries and Politburo members. Ryzhkov's numerous supporters were not concerned about policy issues; they backed him simply because he opposed some of Gorbachev's economic and political reforms. In July 1990, as the Politburo underwent restructuring at the 28th Party Congress, all government officials except Gorbachev and Vladimir Ivashko, the Deputy General Secretary, were excluded with Ryzhkov losing his Politburo seat by default. Nevertheless, Ryzhkov, along with many others, was elected a member of the Presidential Council. On 19 October 1990 the Russian Supreme Soviet, by a vote of 164 to 1 with 16 abstentions, forced the resignation of Ryzhkov and his cabinet and the implementation of the 500 Days Programme. In stark contrast, Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union support for Ryzhkov's economic reform plan increased. Ryzhkov's economic reform plan was passed by an overwhelming majority, with 1,532 deputies in favour, 419 against and 44 deputies abstaining. The parliamentary Interregional Group's vote of no confidence in Ryzhkov's government also failed, with 199 members in favour of Ryzhkov and his cabinet's resignation, 1,685 against and 99 abstaining. As the result of a propaganda war launched against Ryzhkov by Gorbachev supporters, several leading members of the Council of Ministers and its Presidium urged Ryzhkov to resign so that the Soviet Government could reach a compromise with the Russian Government. To make matters worse, the Russian Government which was headed by Ivan Silayev, stopped following Ryzhkov's orders, and Silayev refused to visit the Moscow Kremlin.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Ryzhkov's Plan and The 500 Days Programme were broadly similar, with both supporting price liberalisation, decentralisation and privatisation. The main difference between the two was Ryzhkov's desire to retain much of the social security system, free education for all and the continuance of a strong central government apparatus. The 500 Days Programme did not mention political union with the other Soviet republics, but instead weakened the authority of the central government by establishing a market economy. In other words, they left the question of continuing or dissolving the Soviet Union open. On 17 September in a meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev openly supported the 500 Days Programme, claiming it would not lead to the reestablishment of capitalism, but instead to a mixed economy where private enterprise played an important role.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: In December 1990 Ryzhkov suffered a heart attack. During his recovery, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union dissolved the Council of Ministers and replaced it with the Cabinet of Ministers headed by Valentin Pavlov, Ryzhkov's former Minister of Finance. The law enacting the change was passed on 26 December 1990, but the new structure was not implemented until 14 January 1991 when Pavlov took over as Prime Minister of the Soviet Union. Between Ryzhkov's hospitalisation and Pavlov's election as Prime Minister, Lev Voronin acted as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The reorganisation of the government made it subordinate to the Presidency, weakening the head of government's hold on economic policy. In contrast to Hough's view that Gorbachev had little reason to remove Ryzhkov, Gordon M. Hahn argues that there were good reasons to replace him given that with Ryzhkov's Politburo support much reduced, the reformist opposition saw him as a conservative.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: After recovering from his heart attack, in early 1991 Ryzhkov stood as the Communist candidate in the first election of the President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Ryzhkov's vice presidential candidate was Boris Gromov, a Soviet war veteran who led the Soviet military during the final stages of the war in Afghanistan. Running as the Communist Party nominee, Ryzhkov placed second in the election. He received a total of 13,395,335 votes, equal to 16.9% of the total vote. He placed more than forty points behind Boris Yeltsin, who won the election.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: During the 1995 legislative campaign, Ryzhkov defended his own tenure as Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, claiming that Russians were far worse off under capitalism than Soviet communism. Russian TV channel NTV broadcast a debate featuring only Ryzhkov and Grigory Yavlinsky, a liberal politician who strongly supported economic reforms. At the election, he was elected to the State Duma Federal Assembly as an independent candidate. Once elected, he headed the Power to the People! bloc, a communist faction with nationalist tendencies. The Power to the People bloc came about through the merger of Ryzhkov's supporters and the All-People's Union headed by Sergey Baburin. Its policies were left-wing and included revival of the Soviet Union, the introduction of a planned economy, more state involvement in the economy and the promotion of nationalism and patriotism. In the Second State Duma "Power to the People!" sided with another national-patriotic forces in Narodovlastie faction, also led by Ryzhkov. During the 1996 presidential election Ryzhkov endorsed Gennady Zyuganov, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) candidate, for the presidency.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: In 1996, Ryzhkov was one of the founders of the CPRF-led alliance of leftists and nationalists known as the People's Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR) and was elected chairman of its Duma faction. The NPSR's formal leaders were Ryzhkov and Zyuganov, who was an unofficial leader. In September 2003, Ryzhkov entered the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as the representative for Belgorod Oblast, subsequently resigning his seat in the State Duma. He currently serves as Chairman of the Federation Council Commission on Natural Monopolies, as a member of the Committee on Local Self-Governance and as co-chairman of the Russian–Armenian commission on inter-parliamentary cooperation.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: In March 2014, following the Crimean status referendum, the U.S. Treasury put Ryzhkov on the Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN), a list of individuals sanctioned as "members of the Russian leadership's inner circle." The sanctions freeze any assets he holds in the US and ban him from entering the United States. On March 17, 2014, Ryzhkov was added to the European Union sanctions list due to his role in the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. He is barred from entering the EU countries, and his assets in the EU have been frozen.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Ryzhkov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour twice, in 1966 and 1985, the Order of the October Revolution in 1971, the Order of Lenin in 1976 and 1979 and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class (27 September 2004 - for outstanding contribution to the strengthening of the Russian state and many years of diligent work). A monument in recognition of his significant personal contribution to the reconstruction in Armenia after the 1988 Spitak earthquake was erected by the Armenian Government. In 2008, the Armenian Government awarded Ryzhkov their highest state decoration, the National Hero of Armenia. The Ukrainian Government awarded him the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 5th class, "for his outstanding contribution to the development of Russian–Ukrainian cooperation and on the occasion of his 75th birthday" on 24 September 2004. The Russian President awarded Ryzhkov the Diploma of the President on 3 October 2009.


title: Fair

text: A fair (archaic: faire or fayre) is a gathering of people for a variety of entertainment or commercial activities. Fairs are typically temporary with scheduled times lasting from an afternoon to several weeks.


title: Fair

text: The Roman fairs were holidays on which work and business such as law courts were suspended. In the Roman provinces of Judea and Syria Palaestina, Jewish rabbis prohibited Jews from participating in fairs in certain towns because the religious nature of the fairs contravened the prescribed practice of Judaism.


title: Fair

text: In the Middle Ages, many fairs developed as temporary markets and were especially important for long-distance and international trade, as wholesale traders travelled, sometimes for many days, to fairs where they could be sure to meet those they needed to buy from or sell to. The most famous were the Champagne fairs in northern France, which were spread over six towns for a total period of about six weeks, drawing goods and customers from much of Europe. The Frankfurt Book Fair in Germany, still the largest trade fair for the publishing industry, began in the 12th century as a fair for manuscript books.


title: Fair

text: Fairs were usually tied to special Christian feast days, such as the Saint's day of the local church. Stagshaw in England, is documented to have held annual fairs as early as 1293 consisting of the sales of animals. Along with the main fair held on 4 July, the city also hosted smaller fairs throughout the year where specific types of animals were sold, such as one for horses, one for lambs, and one for ewes.


title: Fair

text: The Kumbh Mela, held every twelve years, at Allahabad, Haridwar, Nashik, and Ujjain is one of the largest fairs in India, where more than 60 million people gathered in January 2001, making it the largest gathering anywhere in the world. "Kumbha" means a pitcher and "Mela" means "fair" in Sanskrit.


title: Fair

text: In the United States, fairs draw in as many as 150 million people each summer. Children's competitions at an American fair range from breeding small animals to robotics, whilst the organization 4-H has become a traditional association.


title: Fair

text: The Sirsi Marikamba Devi Fair of the deity is held every alternate year in the month of March and taken through the city Sirsi, Karnataka. It is attended by a very large number of devotees. It is also most famous and biggest fair (Jaatre) of the India. Devotees from all around the state participate in this enormous event indulging themselves in the procession. Amusements for children, circuses, variety of shops, dramas and plays and many such things are set up for the people. It depicts the story of the goddess killing Mahishasura.


title: Fair

text: Fairs attracted great numbers of people and they often resulted in public order issues and sometimes riots. The holding of fairs was, therefore, granted by royal charter. Initially they were only allowed in towns and places where order could be maintained due to the presence of a bishop, sheriff or governor. Later various benefits were granted to specific fairs, such as the granting of a holiday status to a fair or protections against arrest for specific laws for the duration of the fair. Officials were authorised to mete out justice to those who attended their fair; this led to even the smallest fair having a court to adjudicate on offences and disputes arising within the fairground. These courts were called a "pye powder" court (from Old French "pieds pouldres", literally "dusty feet", meaning an itinerant trader, from Medieval Latin "pedes pulverosi").


title: Fair

text: The chaotic nature of the Stagshaw Bank Fair with masses of people and animals and stalls inspired the Newcastle colloquialism "like a Stagey Bank Fair" to describe a general mess.


title: Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum

text: Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum (; born 12 February 1962) is the senior wife and consort of Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai. They were married on 26 April 1979. She is the mother of 12 of her husband's thirty children, including his heir apparent, Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum, the Crown Prince of Dubai.


title: Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum

text: Sheikha Hind is the paternal granddaughter of Sheikh Juma bin Maktoum Al Maktoum, brother of Emir Saeed II of Dubai, grandfather of the current Sheikh. She is also the niece of Sheikh Ahmad Bin Juma Al Maktoum, who died in 2009.


title: Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum

text: Her mother, Sheikha Shaikha bint Saeed bin Maktoum Al Maktoum (who died on 28 January 2017), was the daughter of Emir Saeed II of Dubai, making Sheikha Hind a first cousin of her husband through her mother as well as second cousin of her husband through her father.


title: Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum

text: In 1979, Hind bint Maktoum married her cousin, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid. Their wedding was Dubai's first major public event. Elaborate arrangements were made to celebrate the event. A 20,000 seater stadium was built to host the wedding, which featured displays of horse and camel riding, and an aerobatics display by the Dubai Air Force. The total cost of the wedding celebrations was estimated to be around $100 million. Her photograph has never been shown publicly.


title: Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum

text: Being the Sheikh's senior wife and consort, Sheikha Hind is the ruling family's chief matriarch and resides with her family in the Zabeel Palace (Ruler's Palace) in Dubai. He is divorced from the rest of the wives. Sheikha Hind oversees the upbringing of her children and the orphans she has adopted.


title: Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum

text: The tournament was launched on 17 December 2012, at the Dubai World Trade Centre, and was organized by the Women's Sport Committee of the Dubai Sports Council, under the patronage of Sheikha Hind, and the guidance of her son, Sheikh Hamdan, the Crown Prince of Dubai and Chairman of Dubai Sports Council (DSC). The sports tournament is meant to encourage women to come out and actively participate in fitness and sports activities.


title: Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum

text: In January 2013, Sheikha Hind donated three planes to airlift the United Arab Emirates national football team’s fans from Manama in Bahrain to Dubai following UAE's 1-0 victory over Kuwait in the semi-final of the 21st Arabian Gulf Cup.


title: Hind bint Maktoum Al Maktoum

text: In June 2013, The Mohammed bin Rashid Charity and Humanitarian Establishment distributed 4100 smart cards of Ramadan Ration by donation of Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum in its charitable programmes for the Holy Month of Ramadan, aiming at distributing basic foodstuff to the needy and poor families in the emirate of Dubai and northern areas. Ibrahim Boumelha, Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation, expressed his gratitude and thanks to Sheikha Hind for her moral and material support for various charitable projects, undertaken by the Foundation for the benefit of the citizens and residents expatriates, particularly during Ramadan.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: Jamal Ben Saddik (; born October 3, 1990) is a Moroccan-Belgian professional kickboxer who currently competes in the heavyweight division of GLORY. He is a two-time Glory Heavyweight Championship challenger and 2018 Glory Heavyweight Grand Prix tournament winner.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: As of August 20, 2022, he is No. 2 in the official Glory heavyweight rankings. Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight between September 2015 and July 2021, peaking at No. 3.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: Ben Saddik was born and raised in Antwerp. His parents emigrated to Belgium from the village of Ait Hadifa in northern Morocco. He was taken to a kickboxing gym at the age of 9 by his father, who feared life in the streets would have a negative impact on his son. As a teen, Jamal was shot and grazed with a bullet after a street fight. In 2012, he was diagnosed with thyroid cancer, which would emerge again around a year later. Ben Saddik has since been cancer-free. He was a student of Cor Hemmers until 2021.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: He made his debut in the It's Showtime promotion on March 6, 2011, at "" and beat Rico Verhoeven. He was then scheduled to fight Anderson Silva at "" on May 21, 2011, but the bout was scrapped when Silva was instead moved to the "It's Showtime 2011 Lyon" card to fight Daniel Ghiță.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: He TKO'd Vitaly Oparin in round one at "United Glory 15" on March 23, 2012, and followed this up with a fourth-round KO of Nikolaj Falin on June 2, 2012.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: But, despite this setback, he was invited to compete at "", the biggest heavyweight tournament in kickboxing history, on December 31, 2012. He upset world #4 Errol Zimmerman at the opening stage, taking a decision. In the quarter-finals, he beat Remy Bonjasky on points, but lost via a quick body kick from Daniel Ghiță in the semis. Despite coming back from the tournament empty-handed, Ben Saddik's stock rose greatly by beating two much higher-rated fighters.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: Ben Saddik fought Peter Aerts at "" on May 3, 2013, in Tokyo. He started well and floored Aerts in round one, but the Dutchman rallied back and dropped him three times in the second, forcing a referee stoppage.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: He was knocked out late in round three by Ben Edwards in a slugfest at "" in New York City on November 23, 2013.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: He was expected to fight Benjamin Adegbuyi at "" in Zagreb, Croatia on March 8, 2014. However he broke his hand while training so he was replaced with Dmytro Bezus.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: He lost via disqualification when he attacked a downed Hesdy Gerges just seconds into their bout at "Qabala Fight Series #1" in Qabala, Azerbaijan on June 29, 2014. Following this incident, Glory suspended him for six months. Ben Saddik would later issue a public apology to both Gerges and fans of the sport.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: Ben Saddik rebounded from his DQ loss to Gerges with a first-round knockout win over Mamoudou Keta, during Glory 22. Ben Saddik won his next outing with Glory as well, defeating Anderson Silva by a third-round TKO.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: His next two fights were outside of Glory in the regional circuits. He was first scheduled to fight Brian Douwes during A1 WCC 20. Douwes won the fight by decision. His next fight was against Andre Schmeling during A1 WCC 21.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: He was given a chance to fight Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight title. Jamal lost to Rico Verhoeven by TKO for the Glory World Championship 49 after his won fight in 2011. He was seen spitting in the face of Rico Verhoeven in a prefight press conference for which he was fined after the incident.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: On December 8, 2018, he won the Glory 62 Heavyweight Contender tournament by knocking out Benjamin Adegbuyi in the first round of the final, after winning his fights against Junior Tafa and Guto Inocente in the quarter and semi-final respectively.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: In October 2020, Glory announced Ben Saddik would fight a rubber match with Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight title, although they didn't announce a date for the fight. The fight was later scheduled for . He withdrew from the bout, 11 days before the event, due to a back injury.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: Ben Saddik was scheduled to face Benjamin Adegbuyi at on October 23, 2021. The two of the previously fought at , in the finals of the 2018 Glory Heavyweight Contender tournament, with Ben Saddik winning by a first-round knockout. Ben Saddik was later rescheduled to face Rico Verhoeven at the same event, as a late replacement for Alistair Overeem, who was forced to withdraw due to an injury. Ben Saddik lost by fourth-round TKO.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: Ben Saddik was booked to face the former Enfusion Heavyweight Champion and 2020 Glory 76 Heavyweight Tournament winner Levi Rigters at Glory 80 on March 19, 2022. The bout was cancelled minutes before starting, due to riots breaking out in the crowd.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: Ben Saddik faced Benjamin Adegbuyi, in an eliminator for the interim Glory heavyweight championship, at on August 20, 2022. He made quick work of his opponent, as he won the fight by a first-round knockout. Ben Saddik knocked Adegubuyi down once prior to the stoppage.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: On March 10, 2021, he was arrested in Antwerp, Belgium in a major operation targeting organised crime in Belgium and the Netherlands. Ben S. was referred to as the seller ('reseller') of the secured crypto devices. His lawyer emphasized though that the arrest of Jamal Ben Saddik has nothing to do with the trade in or possession of prohibited substances such as cocaine (Operation Sky). On March 12, 2021, the Mechelen Council Chamber ordered Ben Saddik to be jailed for 30 days. His attorney immediately filed an appeal. The appeal will be decided in 14 days by the Antwerp Court of Appeal.


title: Jamal Ben Saddik

text: On August 7, 2015, it was announced that Ben Saddik failed a drug test prior to . He was suspended and fined $6,650 by Nevada State Athletic Commission until 8 August 2016. Ben Saddik must also submit clean drugs tests for steroids and diuretics at 30, 10 and 3 days before next fight in Nevada. As a result, his TKO win against Anderson Silva was changed to a no contest.


title: Join the Club

text: "Join the Club" is the 67th episode overall and the second episode of of the HBO television drama series "The Sopranos". Written by series creator/executive producer David Chase and directed by David Nutter, it premiered on March 19, 2006 in the United States.


title: Join the Club

text: Two days after being shot by Junior, Tony remains in an induced coma. Doctors encourage Carmela and others to talk to him and play him music in hope of recovery. However, they also warn that he could die or be left with brain damage. Carmela, Christopher, Meadow and Barbara keep a vigil over Tony, while Janice sobs uncontrollably whenever she sees him. Meanwhile, a confused Junior is held in custody and denies that he shot his nephew. Silvio assumes Tony's responsibilities as acting boss, and it is decided to cut Junior off from the Soprano family, making Tony the official boss. Chris, Paulie, and Vito vie for small opportunities to assist Tony's family during the crisis, such as sending presents to his room and bickering over giving a ride home to A.J.


title: Join the Club

text: Alone with Tony, Carmela passionately expresses her love for him. Meadow reads him a translation of the poem "Pater Noster" by Jacques Prévert. Meanwhile, A.J. becomes increasingly withdrawn and avoids Tony's hospital room, claiming to have a stomach flu. He admits to Meadow that he is embarrassed and angered by the actions of his family. A.J. finally gathers enough courage to talk to his comatose father when they are alone, and vows to kill Junior. Afterward, he admits to Carmela that he flunked junior college. She looks at him in stunned disbelief but holds in her anger and sends him away.


title: Join the Club

text: At Satriale's, Chris encounters FBI Agents Harris and Goddard, who ask him to pass along any information he might hear about terrorist activities. At the Bada Bing, he talks briefly with two Arab men who are now regulars there.


title: Join the Club

text: Tony briefly awakens from his coma and rips out his breathing tube. The dream resumes when he is placed in another coma.


title: Join the Club

text: Since its premiere, "Join the Club" has frequently been singled out by critics as one of the best episodes of the series. Edie Falco's performance was highly praised.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: Swimming has been a sport at every modern Summer Olympics. It has been open to women since 1912. Swimming has the second-highest number of Olympic medal contested events after athletics.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: The International Olympic Committee recognize the best performances in all 35 current swimming events at the Games as Olympic records.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: Times have consistently dropped over the years due to better training techniques and new developments within the sport.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: In the first four Olympics, competitions were not held in pools, but rather in open water (1896, the Mediterranean Sea; 1900, the Seine; 1904, an artificial lake; 1906, the Mediterranean). The 1904 Olympics' races were the only ones ever measured in yards, instead of the usual metres. A 100-metre pool was built for the 1908 Olympics and was located in the centre of the main stadium's track and field oval. The 1912 Olympics, held in the Stockholm harbor, marked the beginning of electrical timing.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: Male swimmers wore full body swimsuits up until the 1940s, which caused more drag in the water than their modern swim-wear counterparts. Also, over the years, pool designs have lessened the drag. Some design considerations allow for the reduction of swimming resistance making the pool faster. Namely, proper pool depth, elimination of waves, elimination of currents, increased lane width, energy absorbing racing lane lines and gutters, and the use of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic, illumination, and swimwear designs.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: The 1924 Olympics were the first to use the standard 50 metre pool with marked lanes. In the freestyle, swimmers originally dove from the pool walls, but diving blocks were incorporated starting at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The flip-turn was developed by the 1950s. Swimming goggles were first allowed in 1976.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: The butterfly stroke events were not held until 1956. Previous rules permitted the butterfly stroke in breaststroke races. After 1956, when these rules were changed, butterfly became its own stroke entirely.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: The 800m event was added to the women’s programme in 1968; whilst longer this event was not as far as the men’s 1,500m event. This discrepancy was evened out in 2020: that year, the 1,500 metres was included in the women’s programme in for the first time. The 800 metres freestyle was added to the men’s programme the same year.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: Both men and women were granted the 200 metres freestyle race in 1968, giving swimmers an intermediate distance race between 100 metres and 400 metres.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: Women's 4x200 metres freestyle relay race was added in 1996 - a men's relay race at that distance had been held since 1912. At six Games, the men had two freestyle relay races, while the women had one. Starting with 1996, both genders have two.


title: Swimming at the Summer Olympics

text: The medley relay races (4×100 metres) were not held for men or for women until 1960, but they have continued in every Games since then. The mixed 4x100 metres relay was added to the programme in 2020.


title: Chagai-I

text: Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15 hrs PKT on 28 May 1998. The tests were performed at Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai District of Balochistan Province.


title: Chagai-I

text: Chagai-I was Pakistan's first public test of nuclear weapons. Its timing was a direct response to India's second nuclear test Pokhran-II, on 11 and 13 May 1998. These tests by Pakistan and India resulted in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 and economic sanctions on both states by a number of major powers, particularly the United States and Japan. By testing nuclear devices, Pakistan became the seventh country to publicly test nuclear weapons. Pakistan's second nuclear test, Chagai-II, followed on 30 May 1998.


title: Chagai-I

text: Several historical and political events and personalities in the 1960s and early 1970s led Pakistan to gradually transition to a program of nuclear weapons development, that began in 1972. Plans for nuclear weapons testing started in 1974. Chagai-I was the result of over two decades of planning and preparation, Pakistan becoming the seventh of eight states that have publicly admitted to testing nuclear weapons.


title: Chagai-I

text: The timing of Chagai-I was a direct response to India's second nuclear tests, Pokhran-II, also called "Operation Shakti", on 11 and 13 May 1998. Chagai-I was Pakistan's first of two public tests of nuclear weapons. Pakistan's second nuclear test, Chagai-II, followed on 30 May 1998.


title: Chagai-I

text: In 2005, Benazir Bhutto testified that "Pakistan may have had an atomic device long before, and her father had told her from his prison cell that preparations for a nuclear test had been made in 1977, and he expected to have an atomic test of a nuclear device in August 1977." However, the plan was moved on to December 1977 and later it was delayed indefinitely to avoid international reaction; thus obtaining deliberate ambiguity. In an interview with Hamid Mir in "Capital Talk" which aired on Geo News in 2005, Dr. Samar Mubarakmand confirmed Bhutto's testimony and maintained that PAEC developed the design of an atomic bomb in 1978 and had successfully conducted a cold test after building the first atomic bomb in 1983.


title: Chagai-I

text: Safety and security required a remote, isolated and unpopulated mountainous area. The Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) conducted tests to select a "bone dry" mountain capable of withstanding a 20–40 kilotonne (kt) detonation from the inside. The scientists wanted dry weather, and very little wind to spread radioactive fallout.


title: Chagai-I

text: Koh Kambaran located in the Ras Koh Hills was selected in 1978. Due to widespread imprecise reporting which mentioned the Chagai Hills region prior to the actual explosion, there is sometimes geographic confusion. Both the Chagai Hills and the Ras Koh Hills are situated in the Chagai District, but the Ras Koh Hills lie to the south of Chagai Hills, and are separated from the Chagai Hills by a large valley.


title: Chagai-I

text: Throughout the 1980s, the Governor of Balochistan, General Rahimuddin Khan, led the civil engineering work.


title: Chagai-I

text: After India's Pokhran-II tests on 11–13 May 1998, statements by Indian politicians further escalated the situation. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif curtailed his state visit to Kazakhstan to meet with President Nursultan Nazarbayev and returned to Pakistan.


title: Chagai-I

text: The decision to conduct tests took place at a meeting that Sharif convened with the Chairman joint chiefs, General Jehangir Karamat, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Ishfaq Ahmad, and Munir Ahmad Khan and members of the Cabinet of Pakistan. In talks with Sharif, the President of the United States, Bill Clinton, offered a lucrative aid package in an attempt to get Pakistan to refrain from nuclear testing, and sent high level civic-military delegations led by Strobe Talbott and General Anthony Zinni to Pakistan to lobby against the tests. Popular public opinion in Pakistan was in favor of nuclear blasts. Information minister Mushahid Hussain was the first who argued for the tests in reply to the Indian nuclear tests. The Opposition leader, Benazir Bhutto, spoke emphatically in favour of Pakistani atomic tests.


title: Chagai-I

text: At the NSC's cabinet meeting, the Pakistani government, military, scientific, and civilian officials were participating in a debate, broadening, and complicating the decision-making process. Chairman joint chiefs, General Karamat and Air chief ACM (General) Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi supported the matter and left the decision on the government. Naval chief Admiral Fasih Bokhari and Finance Minister Sartaj Aziz argued against the tests on financial grounds; though Aziz later staunchly backed the decision to test calling it as "right decision." Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan argued in favor of tests and was supported by Samar Mubarakmand and Munir Ahmad Khan while Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad argued that "the decision to test or not to test was that of the Government of Pakistan despite the say of the scientific community." Concluding the final arguments, Ishfaq Ahmad said: "Mr. Prime Minister, take a decision and, "Insha'Allah", I give you the guarantee of success".


title: Chagai-I

text: With the G8 group's sanctions having very little effect on India and skepticism towards United States commitment, the Pakistani government economists built up the final consensus hardening around the idea that "there is no economic price for security". Despite being under pressure by U.S. President Bill Clinton, Prime Minister Sharif authorized the nuclear tests by ordering the PAEC in Urdu: "Dhamaka kar dein" (lit. ""Conduct the explosion!"")


title: Chagai-I

text: In May 1998, a C-130 aircraft with four escorting F-16 Falcon jets secretly flew the completely knocked down sub-assembly nuclear devices from Rawalpindi to Chagai.


title: Chagai-I

text: In 1999, in an interview given to Pakistani and Indian journalists in Islamabad, Sharif said: If India had not exploded the bomb, Pakistan would not have done so. Once New Delhi did so, We [Sharif Government] had no choice because of public pressure.


title: Chagai-I

text: The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) carried out five underground nuclear tests at the Chagai test site at 1515 hours. (PKT) on the afternoon of 28 May 1998.


title: Chagai-I

text: The observation post was established about 10 km (≈6.21 miles) from the test vicinity, with members of Mathematics Group and Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) led by Dr. Masud Ahmad and Asghar Qadir charged with calculating the nuclear weapon yield. Determination of accurate and precise blast yields and shock waves is challenging because there are different ways in which the yields can be determined. The TPG predicted the total maximum test yields with an energy equivalent to be ~40 kilotons of TNT equivalent, with the largest (boosted) device yielding 30–36 kilotons. Other scientists estimated a yield of 6–13 kilotons or, based on the seismic wave data, a yield of 12–20 kt. Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) and Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan held to their estimates. The PAEC's mathematics division placed the scientific data in the public domain and published seismic activities, mathematical graphs, and mathematical formulas used to calculate the yield; though certain scientific information remains classified.


title: Chagai-I

text: From scientific data received by PAEC, it appears that Pakistan did not test a thermonuclear device, as opposed to India. According to Ishfaq Ahmad, PAEC had no plans to develop a hydrogen device for economic reasons, even though back in 1974, Riazuddin proposed such a plan to Abdus Salam, Director of Theoretical Physics Group that time. From the outset, PAEC concentrated on developing smaller tactical nuclear weapons easily installed on Pakistan Air Force (PAF) aircraft, Pakistan Navy combatant vessels, and missiles.


title: Chagai-I

text: Shortly after the tests, former chairman and technical director Munir Ahmad Khan famously quoted: "These boosted devices are like a half way stage towards a thermonuclear bomb. They use elements of the thermonuclear process, and are effectively stronger atom bombs... Pakistan has had a nuclear capability since 1984 and all the Pakistani devices were made with enriched uranium."


title: Chagai-I

text: On the other hand, Abdul Qadeer Khan further provided technical details on fission devices while addressing the local media as he puts it: "All boosted fission devices using Uranium 235 on 28 May. None of these explosions were thermonuclear, we are doing research and can do a fusion test if asked. But it depends on the circumstances, political situation and the decision of the government. As opposed to India's thermonuclear approach, Dr. N. M. Butt, senior scientist, stated that "PAEC built a sufficient number of neutron bombs— a battlefield weapon that is essentially a low yield device".


title: Chagai-I

text: In Pakistan, the news of the nuclear detonations was met by street celebrations. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif addressed the nation via the Pakistani government's state owned channel Pakistan Television (PTV), congratulated the public and days of celebration followed throughout Pakistan. The Directorate of Technical Development of PAEC which carried out the Chagai tests issued the following statement soon after the tests:


title: Chagai-I

text: Pakistan's President Rafiq Tarar declared a state of emergency, which introduced measures to protect Pakistan's finances and currency.


title: Chagai-I

text: After the test, the national media in Pakistan posted biographies of the involved scientists. Senior scientists and engineers were invited by academic institutes and universities to deliver lectures on mathematical, theoretical, nuclear and particle physics. The institutes bestowed hundreds of silver medals, gold medallions and honorary doctorates to the scientists and engineers in 1998.


title: Chagai-I

text: The Chagai-I tests were condemned by the European Union, the United States, Japan, Iraq, and by many non-Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries. The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1172, condemning the tests by both India and Pakistan. From 1998 to 1999, the U.S. held a series of talks with Pakistan to persuade them to become party to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), with Pakistan refusing amid a fear of lack of security commitment by the U.S. and the growing ties between India and the United States.


title: Chagai-I

text: The U.S., Japan, Australia, Sweden, Canada, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed economic sanctions on Pakistan. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Iran congratulated Pakistan where major celebrations took place. All new U.S. economic assistance to Pakistan was suspended in May 1998 though humanitarian aid continued. The composition of assistance to Pakistan shifted from monetary grants towards loans repayable in foreign exchange. In the long term, the sanctions were eventually permanently lifted by the U.S. after Pakistan became a front-line ally in the war against terror in 2001. Having improved its finances, the Pakistani government ended its IMF program in 2004.


title: Chagai-I

text: The three main development teams were the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (including Ishfaq Ahmad, who was Chairman of the PAEC; Samar Mubarakmand; Irfan Burney, Anwar Ali; Hafeez Qureshi and Masud Ahmad), the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) (including Abdul Qadeer Khan, who was Director General of KRL; and Tasneem M. Shah), and the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers (PACE) (including Lieutenant-General Zulfikar Ali Khan).


title: Chagai-I

text: Signed into law by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, 28 May is officially declared as Youm-e-Takbir (lit. "Day of Greatness"), as well as National Science Day, to commemorate the date of the first five tests and honour the scientific efforts to develop the program. Awards, such as Chagai-Medal, are given to various individuals and industries in the field of science. The Pakistani government established the "Chagai-I Medal", first awarded in 1998 to the scientists who witnessed the tests. The granite mountains are visibly shown in the gold medallion and equal ribbon stripes of yellow, red and white.


title: Chagai-I

text: Abdus Salam (1926–1996) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for the discovery of electroweak interaction. In 1998, the Government of Pakistan issued a commemorative stamp in his honour. In 1999, the government established a museum at the National Center for Physics, where Salam's contribution to scientific programs and efforts were recorded and televised.


title: Holofernes

text: In the deuterocanonical Book of Judith, Holofernes (; ) was an invading Assyrian general known for having been beheaded by Judith, a Hebrew widow who entered his camp and beheaded him while he was drunk.


title: Holofernes

text: Holofernes had been dispatched by Nebuchadnezzar to take vengeance on Israel, which had withheld assistance in his most recent war. Having occupied every country along the coastline, Holofernes destroyed all worship of gods other than Nebuchadnezzar. Holofernes was warned against attacking the Jewish people by Achior, the leader of the Ammonites; however, despite the advice he laid siege to the city of Bethulia, commonly believed to be Meselieh. The city almost fell to the invading army; Holofernes' advance stopped the water supply to Bethulia, leading to its people encouraging their rulers to give in to Holofernes' demands. The leaders vowed to surrender if no help arrived within five days. Bethulia was saved by Judith, a Hebrew widow, who entered the camp of Holofernes, seduced him, and got him drunk before beheading him. Judith returned to Bethulia with the severed head of Holofernes, having defeated the army.


title: Holofernes

text: Hebrew versions of the tale in the Megillat Antiochus and the Chronicles of Jerahmeel identify "Holofernes" as Nicanor; the Greek version used "Holofernes" as deliberately cryptic substitute, similarly using "Nebuchadnezzar" for Antiochus.


title: Holofernes

text: Holofernes is depicted in Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Monk's Tale" in "The Canterbury Tales", and in Dante's "Purgatorio" (where Holofernes is to be found on the Terrace of Pride as an example of "pride cast down", XII.58–60). As a painter's subject he offers the chance to contrast the flesh and jewels of a beautiful, festively attired woman with the grisly head of the victim, a deuterocanonical parallel to the Yael sequence in the Hebrew Bible, as well as the New Testament vignette of Salome with the head of John the Baptist.


title: Leyla Milani

text: Leyla Milani Khoshbin (born April 2, 1982) is a Canadian-American model, TV host, and retired actress. Milani was born in Toronto to Iranian parents, and she is married to Iranian entrepreneur, real estate investor, and author, Manuchehr (Manny) Khoshbin.


title: Leyla Milani

text: Leyla has appeared in the 2005 "WWE Diva Search", "Deal or No Deal", "Sleeper Cell", "Las Vegas", "Rules of Engagement", "Attack of the Show!", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "Entourage", "Stacked", "Desire", "Wanted", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Extra", and the 2006 "Lingerie Bowl". She has also appeared in the films "Wrestlemaniac", "Dr. Chopper". "Maxim" magazine features Milani and her fellow "Deal or No Deal" briefcase models in their online Girls of Maxim gallery.


title: Leyla Milani

text: Milani was a contestant in the 2005 WWE Diva Search, finishing second out of 8,000 contestants worldwide. Following that, she made an appearance at Pro Wrestling Guerrilla After School Special. After appearing in the WWE Diva Search, she began using the stage name Leyla Milani.


title: Leyla Milani

text: She later appeared on one of the USA Network's WWE Raw Fan Nation commercials, which are a series of commercials advertising WWE Raw, featuring people ranging from a stockbroker to Snoop Dogg.


title: Leyla Milani

text: Milani is the former co-host of Jimmy Hart's all-women wrestling show, "Wrestlicious TakeDown" which debuted March 1, 2010. She was replaced by Brooke Lynn on the March 31, 2010, episode, because of scheduling conflicts.


title: Leyla Milani

text: Milani was a model on NBC's prime-time game show "Deal or No Deal" from 2005 to 2009. She was best known for her "lioness-like" mane, and held case #13 since the beginning of the show. Although 13 is usually considered the unluckiest of numbers, she was often referred to on the show as "Lucky Leyla" or "Lucky 13," as many times her case contained 6 digit amounts and in eight instances contained the $1,000,000 top prize. Nonetheless, NBC once opened the show noting that by holding all the large amounts and not being picked at the beginning, case #13 was very unlucky during most of the first season. On at least one occasion during the second season, case #13 contained a seven-figure prize.


title: Leyla Milani

text: Milani and her fellow "Deal or No Deal" models won a Game Show Network Award for "Favorite TV Models." On June 6, 2009, Milani and 4 other models accepted this award on GSN. "Deal or No Deal" also won The People's Choice Award two years in a row for Favorite Game Show.


title: Leyla Milani

text: She was one of a handful of models chosen to make a special appearance on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Oprah picked Leyla's case (number 8 for this show). Oprah later chanted Leyla's name as her dog's name is also Leyla.


title: Leyla Milani

text: Milani made an appearance on the Style Network's show, "Split Ends", and on a celebrity episode of GSN's game show "Catch 21", alongside fellow "DOND" models Patricia Kara and Marisa Petroro. She announced on this show the launch of her own hair extension line, Milani Hair, which launched in early 2010.


title: Leyla Milani

text: Milani has made multiple appearances on the Fox News' conservative satire show "The Half Hour News Hour", and "Redeye" as a celebrity looking for a charity to support. She hosted FOX Sport Net's Celebrity Golf tournament as well as Fuel TV'S motorsport show, "M80". Milani made a cameo appearance on LOGO channel series "Noah's Arc" as a woman applying for a job. She has also appeared on MTV's "True Life: I'm A TV Star", and "My Fair Brady".


title: Leyla Milani

text: Milani appeared in an online comedy web series for Experian Credit alongside comedian Pauly Shore; she played a bride-to-be with bad credit. Other stars who appeared on this web series included Vivica A. Fox, Michael Madsen and Danny Glover.


title: Leyla Milani

text: She is in the independent horror film "Wrestlemaniac", where she plays "Dallas", and the docu-comedy "Boys & Girls Guide to Getting Down" where she plays "Brittany", the "Westside Persian".


title: Leyla Milani

text: In 2009, Milani founded Leyla Milani Hair, a luxury haircare company specializing in "premium, 100% human hair clip-in or (clip-on)extensions," citing Milani's own hair woes as the company's inspiration. Based in Irvine, California, the company is part of Kosh Milani Enterprises LLC. As of 2009, the company was known to have 5 employees.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey is an oil painting by Paul Delaroche, completed in 1833, which is now in the National Gallery in London. It was enormously popular in the decades after it was painted, but in the 20th century realist historical paintings fell from critical favour and it was kept in storage for many decades, for much of which it was thought lost. Restored and displayed again since 1975, it immediately became a highly popular work once again, especially with younger visitors.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: The painting portrays, erroneously in some regards, the moments preceding the death of Lady Jane Grey, who on 10 July 1553 was proclaimed Queen of England, only to be deposed nine days later and executed in 1554. Jane is sometimes referred to as the "Nine Days' Queen" due to the brevity of her reign.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: Lady Jane Grey was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England and first cousin once removed to his grandson, the short-lived Edward VI. After Edward's death she was proclaimed queen, being given precedence over Henry VIII's daughters, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth. Two weeks after the death of her brother, Mary, who had the support of the English people, claimed the throne, which Jane relinquished, having reigned for only nine days. Jane, her husband Lord Guilford Dudley, and her father, were imprisoned in the Tower of London on charges of high treason. Jane's trial was conducted in November, but the death penalty handed to her was temporarily suspended. In February 1554, Jane's father, who had been released, was one of the rebel leaders in Wyatt's rebellion. On Friday 12 February, Mary had Jane, then aged 17, and her husband beheaded. Her father followed eleven days later.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: In 1833 Delaroche painted the subject of Lady Jane's execution, nearly 300 years after the event, drawing upon contemporary historical sources to help him portray it accurately. Delaroche had built his reputation in the Paris salon with large, realistic portrayals of famous events from the previous few centuries. Despite the artist's familiarity with the painting of historical narratives, there are aspects of the painting which are inaccurate.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: The painting depicts the moment that Jane, blindfolded, is being assisted to lay her head upon the block for the executioner. Her outstretched hand reaches uncertainly down to find the block. She is being assisted by a man who is identified as John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos. Chandos was a Lieutenant of the Tower at the time of Jane's execution. While imprisoned in the Tower, Jane was attended by ladies in waiting, one of whom was the nursemaid of her infancy. Two ladies in waiting are depicted in the painting, showing their grief at the event which is about to take place.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: The execution actually was conducted in the open air, in a part of the grounds of the Tower of London that is known as Tower Green, and where Henry VIII's wives Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard had been executed. The painting indicates either that Delaroche was not familiar with this aspect of the event and has constructed the location according to his historical knowledge of other such events, or that he chose to take a great deal of artistic license.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: In the picture, the execution is taking place upon a raised wooden platform similar to those on which executions of royalty and nobility had taken place in the French Revolution. The edge of this platform can be seen, draped with a black cloth, across the foreground of the picture. At the rear of the pictorial space the handrail of stairs descends, and the tops of two weapons indicate the presence of guards. Delaroche was presumably aware that the Tower of London was founded by William of Normandy. In the painting, two stout Norman columns with cushion capitals, a blind arcade, and a large chevroned arch create a backdrop indicative of the antiquity of the site. However, the buildings within the Tower of London span the reigns of many monarchs. In fact, the execution took place outside the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula, which was constructed not at the time of William the Conqueror but by order of Henry VIII, and therefore in a style postdating that of the architecture in the painting by nearly 500 years.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: It is difficult to ascertain by the setting and the lighting whether it was the artist's intention to create the impression that the scene was taking place outside a building or in an interior. The architectural features shown can occur on both interiors and exteriors of Norman buildings. The darkness of the upper part of the painting is suggestive of an interior, while the light that bathes the central figure is daylight. Ghislaine Kenyon, head of education at the National Gallery, commented on the sense of foreboding that the darkness was intended to create.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: The intensely dark areas that occupy a large proportion of the painting's surface play a big part in the drama. Not only is the shadow of the upper section of the painting black, so also are the cloth that covers the platform, the dress of one of the ladies, the cloak of Baron Chandos and the sleeves of the executioner. Three garments form accents of warm colour, the brown dress of one of the ladies, the orange fur of the Lieutenant's collar and the blood-red hose of the executioner. The colour of Lady Jane's red-gold hair is picked up in the straw beneath the block. Against the darkness, Lady Jane, with her pallid flesh, her white bodice and satin petticoat, makes a splash of light. The artist seizes the eye of the viewer by placing the most intense patches of white on Jane's blindfold and the area of her skirt just between her outstretched hand and the sharply defined edge of the block.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: Delaroche has used many small details in telling the story and increasing the dramatic and emotive quality of the painting. The figures play their parts like actors through the expressions and gestures of grief and despair of the two women, the almost fatherly tenderness with which the Lieutenant of the Tower assists the blindfolded girl to take up the required position and the displeasure in the face of the executioner at the task that confronts him. Other narrative details include the rings on the block with the ropes which lash it steady to the floor, and the well-honed but well-worn edge to the axe. Kenyon points out that the clean straw, commonly placed near the site of an execution to soak up blood, and the white dress were devices used by the artist to make the observer suppose what would happen to them next.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: The painting was made after the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles X of France, the last of the French Bourbon monarchs. Charles X's brother was Louis XVI of France whose throne was usurped and who was executed during the French Revolution. It is also redolent of the execution of Marie-Antoinette. Unsurprisingly, the emotive painting caused something of a sensation. The painting was highly popular in the Paris salon when it was first exhibited there in 1834.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: It was originally bought by Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato as part of the Demidov collection. From there it passed in 1870 to Henry Eaton, 1st Baron Cheylesmore after whose death in 1891 it realised £1,575 (lot 78) at his sale at Christie's the next year, less than a quarter of the price of the star of the sale, "The Monarch of the Glen" (lot 42, £7,245) by Sir Edwin Landseer, one of the most popular paintings of the age. It was bought by his son, William Eaton, 2nd Baron Cheylesmore, who bequeathed it to the National Gallery, London in 1902, with four other paintings, including two other Landseers from his father's collection.


title: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

text: The painting was thought to have been destroyed in the disastrous flooding of the Tate Gallery during the 1928 Thames flood, and was only rediscovered in 1973 by Tate Gallery curator Christopher Johnstone. He was writing a book on the British painter John Martin and examining the damaged canvases remaining from the flood in search of a missing painting by the artist. He found Martin's "The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum", albeit in very poor condition, rolled inside the Delaroche painting. It was in perfect condition and was transferred to the National Gallery, where it should have gone when the national art collections were rationalised following the establishment of the Tate.


title: Luisa Ranieri

text: Luisa Ranieri (born 16 December 1973) is an Italian actress. She has been seen in a number of miniseries on RAI and has appeared in numerous films, including 2004's "Eros" and 2021's "The Hand of God".


title: Luisa Ranieri

text: Ms. Ranieri is best known for her television movie portrayal of the opera diva Maria Callas in the 2005 Italian television film "Callas e Onassis", which began her acting career. Though a number of fiction and nonfiction movies as well as documentaries have been done on the late shipping magnate billionaire Aristotle Onassis, and separately Maria Callas, the TV movie "Callas e Onassis" is the only television or movie depiction ever made which is exclusively devoted to the public and private deep emotional relationship and close friendship between Onassis and Callas.


title: Luisa Ranieri

text: Ranieri had a noteworthy acting performance in the 2010 drama film "Letters to Juliet" as one of the Juliet's secretaries, the closest of Sophie, played by Amanda Seyfried. She also played the role of Assunta Goretti (the mother of Maria Goretti) in the 2003 film "Maria Goretti", an Italian television movie based on real life events of Catholic virgin-martyr and Saint, Maria Goretti. In 2014, Ranieri hosted the opening and closing nights of the 71st Venice International Film Festival in Venice, Italy.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: Propaganda are a German synth-pop band formed in Düsseldorf in 1982. They signed a recording contract with ZTT Records as early as 1983 and released their first single "Dr Mabuse" in 1984. Followed by their debut studio album, the critically acclaimed "A Secret Wish", in 1985. Two of the album's singles, "Dr. Mabuse" and "Duel", were UK Top 30 hits. A second studio album, "1234" (1990), was recorded with a markedly different line-up and released by Virgin Records to less success. There have been several partial reformations of the group in the 21st century, with the original vocalists currently active as xPropaganda.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: Propaganda was formed in Düsseldorf, West Germany, in 1982, by Ralf Dörper (a member of the pioneering German industrial band Die Krupps). As a trio, with artist Andreas Thein and vocalist Susanne Freytag, the group made initial recordings in Germany which were destined for future release in the UK, where Ralf Dörper's early experimental recordings had received critical acclaim by radio DJ John Peel and journalist Chris Bohn (aka Biba Kopf). With the inclusion of classically trained musician and composer, Michael Mertens and singer Claudia Brücken (who had been in an all female band, The Topolinos, with Freytag), music journalist Paul Morley signed the band to Trevor Horn's newly formed ZTT Records label in 1983.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: The group relocated to the United Kingdom and released the single "Dr. Mabuse", named after the fictional character made famous by filmmaker Fritz Lang. The single reached the Top 30 in the UK Singles Chart, and the Top 10 in Germany. The group appeared on various TV shows in the UK, including Channel 4's "The Tube". Here, as well as performing "Dr. Mabuse", the group also gave one of its few performances of a cover version of Throbbing Gristle's song "Discipline".


title: Propaganda (band)

text: Before the year was out, Thein was asked to leave the band due to musical differences. With Mertens now filling the gap left by his departure, the band forged ahead with recording its follow-up single and debut album. However both of these were to be delayed as a result of the unexpectedly huge success of ZTT's most famous signing, Frankie Goes to Hollywood. As the label was still in its infancy, ZTT was forced to spend all its limited resources on promoting and marketing Frankie Goes to Hollywood, and this also meant that Trevor Horn was not available to produce Propaganda's album. Stephen Lipson, one of Horn's established studio engineers, took his place along with Andy Richards playing keyboards, but the delay meant that Propaganda's second single, the more pop-oriented "Duel", did not surface until April 1985. Perhaps the band's most recognisable release, it was also their highest-charting single in the UK, reaching number 21. The band made its single appearance on the flagship BBC music programme "Top of the Pops" in June of that year.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: In May 1985, with Frankie Goes to Hollywood becoming tax exiles in Ireland, the band effectively headlined "The Value of Entertainment", a series of showcase gigs of ZTT signings, held at the Ambassadors Theatre in London. The shows also featured Art of Noise, Anne Pigalle, Andrew Poppy and Instinct. Propaganda were joined on stage by former Simple Minds bassist Derek Forbes and ex-Japan drummer Steve Jansen.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: The first week of July 1985 finally saw the release of the band's debut album, "A Secret Wish". which was written by Mertens and Dörper. After receiving considerable critical acclaim and some commercial success, it reached number 16 on the UK Albums Chart. The album was followed by another single, "", in August 1985, which only reached number 50 in the UK, but becoming a bigger hit in Italy, France, the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland and even being used in the hit US TV Show "Miami Vice" (1986 episode: "The Fix"). The 12-inch version of this release caused controversy (even within the group) as Paul Morley thought it was a good idea to have the sleeve feature a quote by writer J. G. Ballard, praising the activities of the German extremist group Red Army Faction. Ariola, who distributed ZTT's releases in Germany, refused to carry the 12" as a result, so the quote was changed on the German release to another by Ballard, on the aesthetic perfection of German suburbs.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: The group spent the rest of the year on their "Outside World" tour, taking in Europe and America. They were joined once again by Derek Forbes on bass, with his fellow ex-Simple Minds colleagues Brian McGee on drums, and Kevin Armstrong on guitar, with backing tapes used for most of the keyboard parts. In the meantime a remix album, "Wishful Thinking", was released in November 1985. Originally intended for the American club market, the album was also released in Europe, but against the wishes of the group themselves. The album peaked at number 82 in the UK. A remixed version of "p:Machinery" was also re-released as a single, only four months after its original release. In the UK, it too failed to make an impact and peaked at number 83, but was, again, more successful in France and Germany.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: The year 1986 started positively - the single P-Machinery gained the no 1 chart position in Spain (for one week) - but ended in disaster.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: In late 1985, its management had introduced the band to the London-based music lawyer Brian Carr of Compton Carr, who had helped to win the case between John Lydon (Sex Pistols/Public Image Ltd.) and his management. Carr explained to the group members that under their current contracts with ZTT, they could go on making records for the rest of their lives and never make any money from them. Based on this information the band asked ZTT to renegotiate the contracts, which the company declined. Soon afterwards Claudia Brücken left Propaganda to pursue a solo career, remaining signed to ZTT. After a protracted legal battle, which saw the remaining members of Propaganda under an injunction by ZTT for fourteen months, they were finally released from their contract to ZTT in a hurried out-of-court settlement in the summer of 1987. ZTT signed the duo Act of Brücken and Thomas Leer in 1988, which did not match the commercial success of Propaganda despite the production of Stephen Lipson.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: In 1988, the band (initially still including Ralf Dörper and Susanne Freytag) signed to Virgin Records, and began recording new material. Alongside Michael Mertens was the new line-up of American vocalist Betsi Miller, with bassist Derek Forbes and drummer Brian McGee (both ex-Simple Minds) who had both actually joined the band following their split with ZTT in 1986. The result was a new album, released in 1990 called "1234", produced by former Tears For Fears' associates Ian Stanley and Chris Hughes, Miller's future husband. Dörper's lyrics were used on the singles "Only One Word", "Wound in My Heart", and "Vicious Circle", the album track Freytag guested on. David Gilmour of Pink Floyd played guitar on second single, "Only One Word".


title: Propaganda (band)

text: The first single from the album, "Heaven Give Me Words", was co-written with 1980s synthpop star Howard Jones and reached the UK Top 40. Although the album was not as successful as "A Secret Wish", only peaking at number 46 in the UK, it gave Propaganda their only real number 1 hit, with "Wound in My Heart" reaching number 1 in Argentina in 1990, and becoming a big success across South America.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: In 1998, Mertens, Brücken, and Freytag reunited, signed an options deal with East West Records, and began working on new material. Several tracks were completed, including one produced by Tim Simenon and featuring Depeche Mode's Martin Gore on guitar. A video for one song, "No Return", was produced in Morocco and directed by "Keyser Soze" in December 1998. Two minute clips of it, along with photos of the shoot, were released via the band's official website in early 2000. However, no album materialized and, in January 2002, Brücken announced, "The reunion was worth a try, but did not work out.". Tracks of these recording sessions were leaked to the internet in 2002.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: However a real reunion of the four original band members took place in November 2004, when Brücken, Dörper, Freytag and Mertens - but without Thein - performed the title "Dr Mabuse" at a "Concert for The Prince`s Trust" which took place at Wembley Arena. It celebrated 25 years of successful activity of the producer and co-owner of ZTT Records: Trevor Horn.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: A few years later the band also appeared exclusively on a German TV show celebrating the best songs of the 1980s.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: In early 2005, Propaganda, now comprising Susanne Freytag and Michael Mertens, started to release new material on the German independent label Amontillado Music. The 12" vinyl release "Valley of the Machine Gods" was sold out within two weeks.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: In July 2010, a two-disc Deluxe Edition of "A Secret Wish", containing the varying tracks released on both the original vinyl album, cassette and CD versions, was released to mark the album's 25th anniversary. This edition also included unreleased 12-inch remixes and previously unheard demos. The booklet accompanying the release noted that "At the time of writing, spring 2010, Mertens, Brücken, Freytag and Dörper are back on terms and for the second time since 2000 they are considering working together."


title: Propaganda (band)

text: On 2 March 2011, Claudia Brücken performed at Scala in London and was joined by Ralf Dörper and Susanne Freytag for some of the tracks. Thomas Leer was also expected to perform but was unable to do so because of a throat operation. The gig was recorded for later DVD release and also featured Glenn Gregory and Martyn Ware of Heaven 17 and Andy Bell of Erasure. However, in an interview around the same time, Brücken said that Mertens was unwilling to work with her any longer.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: Propaganda is credited for remixing Holly Johnson's single "Dancing with no Fear" (released 2015), on which Michael Mertens and Ralf Dörper also played a synthesizer.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: The duo of Brücken and Freytag appeared on some retro festivals across Europe and did some shows performing "A Secret Wish" in Germany using the name "Duel", whereas in the UK the name "xPropaganda" was used. Here they supported Heaven 17 in late November and early December 2018 to mark the 35th anniversary of The Luxury Gap album. The duo of Brücken and Freytag were backed by the former OneTwo band. "A Secret Place" by xPropaganda was a 2018 album release of a London show.


title: Propaganda (band)

text: On 20 May 2022, the xPropaganda album titled "The Heart Is Strange" by Brücken, Freytag and Lipson was released in various formats by Universal Music on the ZTT imprint. Music journalist Daryl Easlea of "Louder" praised the album as "a compelling listen", remarking as well that its style sounded "exactly like it could have followed their old group’s debut". The album was a result of Claudia and Susanne approaching Stephen Lipson to ask him to write new songs with them that they could include in their live show. These were written and recorded during the lockdown and resulted in enough tracks to make an album. Their manager approached Universal with the album and gained a two-album deal. Michael Mertens had been approached to be involved in the song writing but declined.


title: The Midwich Cuckoos (TV series)

text: The Midwich Cuckoos is a British science fiction television series on Sky Max, created by David Farr. It is based on the 1957 book of the same name by John Wyndham. It stars Keeley Hawes and Max Beesley. It began airing on 2 June 2022, and all episodes became available on Sky On Demand. In Australia, the entire series is available on Stan.


title: The Midwich Cuckoos (TV series)

text: "The Midwich Cuckoos" is a sci-fi drama in which all of the titular town's child-bearing aged women inexplicably fall pregnant. As these women give birth, Midwich begins to realise these children are unlike any other. Each child resembles their mother (unlike the book where they all have golden eyes, dark blonde hair, and pale, silvery skin). They have their mother's DNA, but with alien additions. And some male, implying a Y chromosome. The government takes an immediate interest and imposes secrecy, paying the parents for their cooperation.


title: The Midwich Cuckoos (TV series)

text: The series received mixed reviews. Lucy Mangan of "The Guardian" gave the first episode two out of five stars, feeling it did not make the most of its adaptational changes and topicality with its emphasis on the perspective of female characters. Nick Hilton of "The Independent" also gave it two out of five stars, deeming it 'humourless' and criticizing the production. By contrast, Mark Kermode on "Kermode and Mayo's Take" praised the series' tone, use of horror and performances, saying it was a successful update of the novel. Carol Midgley of "The Times" also gave it four stars, praising the atmospheric direction and Farr's scripts.


title: Galician Jews

text: Galician Jews or Galitzianers () are members of the subgroup of Ashkenazi Jews originating in the levant having developed in the diaspora of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, from contemporary western Ukraine (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Ternopil) and from south-eastern Poland (Subcarpathian and Lesser Poland). Galicia proper, which was inhabited by Ruthenians, Poles and Jews, became a royal province within Austria-Hungary after the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. Galician Jews primarily spoke Yiddish.


title: Galician Jews

text: In the modern period, Jews were the third most numerous ethnic group in Galicia, after Poles and Ruthenians. At the time that Galicia was annexed by Austria (i.e. the Habsburg monarchy), in 1772, there were approximately 150,000 to 200,000 Jews residing there, comprising 5–6.5% of the total population; by 1857 the Jewish population had risen to 449,000, or 9.6% of the total population. In 1910, the 872,000 Jews living in Galicia comprised 10.9% of the total population, compared to approximately 45.4% Poles, 42.9% Ruthenian, and 0.8% Germans.


title: Galician Jews

text: Most of Galician Jewry lived poorly, largely working in small workshops and enterprises, and as craftsmen—including tailors, carpenters, hat makers, jewelers and opticians. Almost 80 percent of all tailors in Galicia were Jewish. The main occupation of Jews in towns and villages was trade: wholesale, stationery and retail. However, the Jewish inclination towards education was overcoming barriers. The number of Jewish intellectual workers proportionally was much higher than that of Ruthenian or Polish ones in Galicia . Of 1,700 physicians in Galicia, 1,150 were Jewish; 41 percent of workers in culture, theaters and cinema, over 65 percent of barbers, 43 percent of dentists, 45 percent of senior nurses in Galicia were Jewish, and 2,200 Jews were lawyers. For comparison, there were only 450 Ruthenian (Ukrainian) lawyers. Galician Jewry produced four Nobel prize winners: Isidor Isaac Rabi (physics), Roald Hoffman (chemistry), Georges Charpak (physics) and S.Y. Agnon (literature). Henry Roth, who wrote "Call It Sleep", was a Galician Jew whose family emigrated to the U.S. in the first decade of the 20th century.


title: Galician Jews

text: Under Habsburg rule, Galicia's Jewish population increased sixfold, from 144,000 in 1776 to 872,000 in 1910, due to a high birth rate and a steady stream of refugees fleeing pogroms in the neighboring Russian Empire. The Jews constituted one third of the population of many cities and came to dominate parts of the local economy such as retail sales and trade. They were also successful in the government; by 1897, Jews constituted 58 percent of Galicia's civil servants and judges. During the 19th century Galicia and its main city, Lviv ("Lemberg" in Yiddish), became a center of Yiddish literature. Lviv was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the "Lemberger Togblat."


title: Galician Jews

text: Towards the end of World War I, Galicia became a battleground of the Polish-Ukrainian War, which erupted in November 1918. During the conflict, 1,200 Jews joined the Ukrainian Galician Army and formed an all-Jewish Ukrainian battalion called "Zhydivs’kyy Kurin" (UHA). In exchange, they were allotted 10% of the seats in the parliament of the West Ukrainian People's Republic which emerged in the same month and was disbanded nine months later. The West Ukrainian government respected Jewish neutrality during the Polish-Ukrainian conflict by an order of Yevhen Petrushevych forbidding to mobilize Jews against their will, or to otherwise force them to contribute to the Ukrainian military effort. Both Ukrainian and pro-Ukrainian Jewish armed units suffered significant losses as they retreated from Galicia before the army of General Edward Rydz-Śmigły. Although the Polish losses were estimated at more than 10,000 dead and wounded; the Western Ukrainian army lost in excess of 15,000 men. "Despite the official neutrality, some Jewish men had been noticed aiding the combat Ukrainian units, and this fact alone caused a great enthusiasm in the Ukrainian press." Reportedly, the Council of Ministers of the West Ukrainian People's Republic provided assistance to Jewish victims of the Polish pogrom in Lviv, wrote Alexander Prusin. Nevertheless, as noted by Robert Blobaum from West Virginia University, many more pogroms and assaults against Galician Jews were perpetrated by the Ukrainian side in rural areas and other towns. Between 22 and 26 March 1919, during massacres in Zhytomyr (Jitomir), 500–700 Jews lost their lives at the hands of the armed men from the Ukrainian republican army led by Symon Petliura. The chief organizer of the pogrom became minister of war soon thereafter. Simultaneous Ukrainian pogroms took place in Berdichev, Uma, and Cherniakhov among other places.


title: Galician Jews

text: The Polish–Soviet War ended with the Peace of Riga signed in March 1921. The borders between Poland and Soviet Russia remained in force until the invasion of Poland in September 1939, although serious abuses against the Jews, including pogroms, continued in Soviet Ukraine. The rights of minorities in the newly reborn Second Polish Republic were protected by a series of explicit clauses in the Versailles Treaty signed by President Paderewski. In 1921, Poland's March Constitution gave the Jews the same legal rights as other citizens and guaranteed them religious tolerance and freedom of religious holidays. The number of Jews immigrating to Poland from Ukraine and Soviet Russia grew rapidly. According to the Polish national census of 1921, there were 2,845,364 Jews living in the country; but, by late 1938 that number had grown by over 16% to approximately 3,310,000. Between the end of the Polish–Soviet War and late 1938, the Jewish population of the Republic had grown by over 464,000.


title: Galician Jews

text: In September 1939, most of Galicia passed to Soviet Ukraine. The majority of Galician Jews were murdered during the Holocaust. Most survivors emigrated to Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom or Australia. In 1959, the census showed 29,701 Jews were living in Lviv province. A small number have remained in Ukraine or Poland.


title: Galician Jews

text: In the popular perception, Galitzianers were considered to be more emotional and prayerful than their rivals, the Litvaks, who thought of them as irrational and uneducated. They, in turn, held the Litvaks in disdain, derogatively referring to them as "tseylem-kop" ("cross heads"), or Jews assimilated to the point of being Christian. This coincides with the fact that Hasidism was most influential in Ukraine and southern Poland but was fiercely resisted in Lithuania (and even the form of Hasidism that took root there, namely Chabad, was more intellectually inclined than the other Hasidic groups).


title: Galician Jews

text: The two groups diverged in their Yiddish accents and even in their cuisine, separated by the "Gefilte Fish Line." Galitzianers like things sweet, even to the extent of putting sugar in their fish.


title: Saint symbolism

text: Symbolism of Christian saints has been used from the very beginnings of the religion. Each saint is said to have led an exemplary life and symbols have been used to tell these stories throughout the history of the Church. A number of Christian saints are traditionally represented by a symbol or iconic motif associated with their life, termed an attribute or emblem, in order to identify them. The study of these forms part of iconography in art history. They were particularly used so that the illiterate could recognize a scene, and to give each of the Saints something of a personality in art. They are often carried in the hand by the Saint.


title: Saint symbolism

text: Attributes often vary with either time or geography, especially between Eastern Christianity and the West. Orthodox images more often contained inscriptions with the names of saints, so the Eastern repertoire of attributes is generally smaller than the Western. Many of the most prominent saints, like Saint Peter and Saint John the Evangelist can also be recognised by a distinctive facial type. Some attributes are general, such as the martyr's palm. The use of a symbol in a work of art depicting a Saint reminds people who is being shown and of their story. The following is a list of some of these attributes.


title: Saint symbolism

text: Mary is often portrayed wearing blue. Her attributes include amongst many others a mantle (often in blue or very large to cover the faithful), crown of 12 stars, serpent, sun and/or moon, heart pierced by sword, Madonna lily, roses, and rosary beads.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: Harnaam Kaur (born 29 November 1990) is a British social media personality, postpartum coach, life coach and motivational speaker.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: Kaur was born in Slough on 29 November 1990 in what she describes as "a traditional Punjabi family". At the age of 12, Kaur was diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in females. One of the symptoms of PCOS is hirsutism, or the ability to grow excessive facial and body hair. Kaur is able to grow a full beard as a result of her condition. While Kaur initially attempted to remove her facial hair due to constant bullying, she has grown to embrace her unconventional appearance and has become a spokesperson for the body positivity movement. In an interview with "Rock N Roll Bride", Kaur reflects on her decision to keep her beard: "I decided to keep my beard and step forward against society's expectations of what a woman should look like. Today I am not suicidal and I do not self-harm. Today I am happy living as a young beautiful bearded woman. I have realised that this body is mine, I own it, I do not have any other body to live in so I may as well love it unconditionally."


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: Kaur worked as a primary school teaching assistant at Khalsa Primary School before coming to media attention in 2014, when she started giving public interviews. After achieving notoriety, Kaur became a full-time public figure and freelance model and motivational speaker.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: In March 2015, photographer Mr. Elbank included a photo of Kaur in his exhibit at Somerset House in London, which featured portraits of over 80 individuals with beards. In June 2015, Kaur modeled for "Rock N Roll Bride" and was photographed by Louisa Coulthurst of Urban Bridesmaid Photography. In November 2015, Kaur joined the "Eff Your Beauty Standards" campaign founded by Tess Holliday as a spokesperson and representative.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: In March 2016, Kaur became the first woman with a beard to walk at London Fashion Week. She opened the show for designer Marianna Harutunian. She is signed to Wanted Models in Paris and continues to be featured in fashion spreads in both online and print magazines. In May 2016, the conceptual artist Annelies Hofmeyr featured Kaur in her project Trophy Wife Barbie, where Hofmeyr altered a Barbie doll to Kaur's likeness.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: In July 2016, musician Aisha Mizra featured Kaur in the music video for her song "Fuck Me or Destroy Me".


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: In September 2016, Kaur was included in the Guinness World Records as the youngest woman in the world to have a full beard. Her record citation read: "Now with a beard measuring as long as six inches [15 cm] in places, she overcame years of bullying to take ownership of her appearance and achieve this record title at the age of 24 years 282 days".


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: In March 2017, Kaur was featured in the "Teen Vogue" article "Instagrammers Challenge Body and Facial Hair Stigma".


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: In August 2017, Kaur collaborated with the grooming company Captain Fawcett to create and design a beard oil elixir. Kaur models in the advertisement campaign for the beard oil.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: In interviews and on social media, Kaur references the abuse and harassment she received as a teenager that led to her self-harm and attempted suicide. In 2017, Kaur contributed to panel discussions in the House of Parliament on topics relating to mental health, body image, cyberbullying, LGBTQIA+ and how social media, businesses, schools and the government can help with the development of positive body images.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: Kaur uses her profiles on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube to contribute to numerous body-positive campaigns. She frequently posts content to promote awareness of body shaming, cyberbullying and mental illness. Kaur also aims to challenge gender stereotypes in media. She has said, "I don't think I believe in gender. I want to know who said a vagina is for a woman and a penis is for a man, or pink is for a girl and blue is for a boy. I am sitting here with a vagina and boobs – and a big beautiful beard."


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: While Kaur has referenced her conversion to Sikhism at age 16 as one of the reasons she stopped removing her facial hair, she now describes herself as spiritual rather than religious. Traditionally, Sikhism forbids the cutting of hair. She continues to wear her turban or other head coverings, which is a custom of the Khalsa tradition of Sikhism.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: Kaur is originally from Slough, England. Her younger brother, Gurdeep Singh Cheema, created the film "Happy Ending? The Dangers of Online Grooming" to bring awareness to the issue of online child grooming by predators.


title: Harnaam Kaur

text: To promote self-love and acceptance, Kaur has stated that she has named her beard Sundri, which means beauty or beautiful, and refers to her beard as "she".


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn is a trilogy of epic fantasy novels by American writer Tad Williams, comprising "The Dragonbone Chair" (1988), "Stone of Farewell" (1990), and "To Green Angel Tower" (1993).


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: "Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn" takes place on the fictional continent of Osten Ard, comprising several united countries. Williams used several characters, both protagonist and antagonist, as point of view characters throughout the novels, presenting the reader with an assortment of disparate and subjective viewpoints.


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: A novelette set in the world of Osten Ard, "The Burning Man", was released in 1998 and later published as a graphic novel. A sequel trilogy, "The Last King of Osten Ard", began publication in 2017, following 2017's "The Heart of What Was Lost". A prequel to the entirety of Osten Ard, "Brothers of the Wind" was published in 2021.


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: "Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn" takes place on the fictional continent of Osten Ard, home to several united races, including humans, elf-like immortals known as Sithi, and dwarf-like mountain-dwellers named Qanuc. Most of these races have been living in relative unity for decades, thanks to King John the Presbyter (also known as Prester John), who is known to have slain a dragon. When the first novel opens Prester John's health in his advanced age is failing and his sons, Elias and Josua, quarrel over who will ascend to the throne. Meanwhile, a dark secret held by Prester John, and the ambitions of a priest named Pryrates, threaten the stability of the continent. Williams used several characters, both villain and protagonist, as point of view characters throughout the scope of the novels.


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: The series primarily follows Simon, a lowly kitchen scullion in Hayholt Castle, as he undergoes tutelage from Doctor Morgenes and is cared for by Rachel "the Dragon", the matriarch of the castle's kitchen and chambermaids. When King John dies, Elias takes the throne with the mysterious priest Pryrates as his advisor; Josua mysteriously disappears and the seasons begin changing, bringing bitter winters and drought-laden summers. Simon, ever the mischievous adventurer, accidentally uncovers some of Pryrates' true nature and becomes wrapped into a conspiracy that threatens not only his country of Erkynland, but Osten Ard itself.


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: "To Green Angel Tower"'s paperback edition is presented in two parts due to its sheer size, totaling nearly 1600 pages in length. Parts 1 and 2 were subtitled "Siege" and "Storm", respectively, in their United Kingdom pressings.


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: A nationwide bestseller in the United States, "Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn" was well received by book critics. Of "Stone of Farewell", "Locus" called it "an epic fantasy you can get lost in for days, not just hours". "Publishers Weekly" said that "Stone of Farewell" is a "panoramic, vigorous, often moving sequel to "The Dragonbone Chair"". Of the series, Amaranth Magazine said, "This is quite simply the best story I have read next to LORD OF THE RINGS…destined to become among the greatest Fantasy epics of all time."


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: The series was recommended by Ross Douthat during the "New York Times" podcast "The Argument" on April 4, 2019.


title: Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn

text: American author George R. R. Martin was a fan of "Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn". Martin has cited Williams' work as a key influence of his own epic high fantasy novel series, "A Song of Ice and Fire". American author Christopher Paolini, writer of "The Inheritance Cycle", also cited "Memory, Sorrow and Thorn" as an influence, calling it "one of the great fantasy epics of all time."


title: Avicii discography

text: Prior to his death in 2018, Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii (also known under the aliases Tim Berg and Tom Hangs) released two studio albums, one compilation album, one remix album, one mix album, 51 singles, one promotional single and 29 music videos. Following his death, one posthumous studio album was released. In addition, 5 posthumous singles were also released.


title: Autogas

text: Autogas or LPG is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used as a fuel in internal combustion engines in vehicles as well as in stationary applications such as generators. It is a mixture of propane and butane.


title: Autogas

text: Autogas is widely used as a "green" fuel, as its use reduces exhaust emissions by around 15% compared to petrol. One litre of petrol produces 2.3 kg of when burnt, whereas the equivalent amount of autogas (1.33 litres due to the lower density of autogas) produces only 2 kg of when burnt. CO emissions are 30% lower, compared to petrol and by 50%. It has an octane rating (MON/RON) that is between 90 and 110 and an energy content (higher heating value—HHV) that is between 25.5 megajoules per litre (for pure propane) and 28.7 megajoules per litre (for pure butane) depending upon the actual fuel composition.


title: Autogas

text: Autogas is the third most popular automotive fuel in the world, with approximately 16 million of 600 million passenger cars powered using the fuel, representing less than 3% of the total market share. Approximately half of all autogas-fueled passenger vehicles are in the five largest markets (in descending order): Turkey, South Korea, Poland, Italy, and Australia.


title: Autogas

text: In countries where petroleum spirits is called "petrol" rather than "gasoline", it is common for autogas to be simply referred to as "gas". This can be confusing for people from countries where petrol is called "gasoline", as they often use "gas" as an abbreviation of gasoline.


title: Autogas

text: In the United States, autogas is more commonly known under the name of its primary constituent, "propane". In 2010 the Propane Education and Research Council adopted the term "Propane Autogas" to refer to LPG used in on-road motor vehicles.


title: Autogas

text: In the UK the terms "LPG" and "autogas" are used interchangeably. In Australia and the Netherlands, the common term is "LPG". In Italy and France, "GPL" (an acronym for or ) is used. In Spain the term "GLP" ("gas licuado del petróleo") is used.


title: Autogas

text: In Asian countries, particularly those with historical American influences, such as the Philippines, the term "autogas" is not commonly recognised as a generic term, and the use of the terms "LPG" or "autoLPG" is more widely used by consumers, especially by taxi drivers, many of whom use converted vehicles. The converted vehicles are commonly called "LPG vehicles" or "LPG cars".


title: Autogas

text: Despite LPG being widely used as a fuel for cars, motorists in need of autogas can sometimes face difficulties, especially in remote areas and in places where supply and demand are low. Therefore, they may need to plan their journeys around access to stations where LPG can reliably be obtained. Some autogas fuel-systems handle this with parallel autogas and petrol mechanisms in vehicles – allowing either autogas or petrol to be used at any given time.


title: Autogas

text: Internal combustion engines fuelled by gases date from at least 1823 with the work of Samuel Brown in London. By 1935 Hanover had an autogas station,


title: Autogas

text: and a trial run took place with trucks travelling between Moscow and Leningrad in the same year. Initial use depended largely on the types of different/alternative fuels available and on their cost. More widespread application of autogas in transport systems came in the 1970s, especially for taxis (notably in the Netherlands, Italy, Bangkok and Istanbul)


title: Autogas

text: Petrol engined cars, trucks and buses which have not been fitted with LPG/autogas systems by the manufacturers can usually accept third party systems to enable them to use either LPG or petrol. ROUSH CleanTech manufactures designs, engineers, manufactures and installs propane autogas fuel systems for medium-duty Ford commercial vehicles and Type A and Type C Blue Bird school buses.


title: Autogas

text: Vialle manufacture OEM LPG powered scooters and LPG powered mopeds that run equally well on LPG. Ford Australia have offered an LPG-only variant of their Falcon model since 2000.


title: Autogas

text: Autogas enjoys great popularity in numerous countries and territories, including: Australia, the European Union, Hong Kong, India, the Philippines, Northern Macedonia, South Korea, Serbia, Sri Lanka and Turkey. It is also available at larger petrol stations in several countries. In Armenia, for example, the transport ministry estimates as many as 20 to 30% of vehicles use autogas, because it offers a very cheap alternative to both diesel and petrol, being less than half the price of petrol and some 40% cheaper than diesel. The recent rises in oil-derived fuel prices has significantly increased the difference.


title: Autogas

text: Since the 1980s, the Algerian government has pursued a policy to promote the use of autogas in Algeria. The two main incentives for the government to put this policy into action were to take advantage of the large LPG production and to reduce urban pollution. At the end of 2019, there were approximately 500,000 autogas-powered vehicles on the roads, supported by over 1000 refuelling stations.


title: Autogas

text: The Algerian government fixes the prices of all automotive fuels. Autogas is priced in Algeria at 61% of the price of diesel, making it an affordable option.


title: Autogas

text: LPG was popular in Australia, because it was less than half the price of petrol in urban areas (approx -0.75 per litre, as opposed to -1.35 per litre for unleaded fuel and -1.30 per litre for diesel, as of February 2010), and it is locally produced.


title: Autogas

text: The popularity of automotive LPG is declining, as more motorists purchase hybrid-electric cars, local car manufacturing that offered LPG as a factory option ceasing, and a federal government excise on LPG that commenced in 2011 making the fuel more expensive.


title: Autogas

text: The two major local manufacturers, (Ford and Holden), when they used to manufacture cars in Australia (they ceased in 2016 and 2017 respectively), used to offer factory fitted autogas in some models of their locally made large cars and commercial vehicles. Mitsubishi Australia formerly manufactured factory-fitted autogas vehicles locally but ceased manufacturing in 2008. All factory autogas vehicles, with the exception of the "E-Gas" Ford Falcon model, were "bi-fuel" vehicles, meaning they have the capability to run on either petrol, autogas, or a combination.


title: Autogas

text: Holden Special Vehicles offered a different autogas system from its parent, Holden, that injects the autogas into the engine as a liquid, making for efficiency.


title: Autogas

text: All Ford LPG vehicles that were locally made used liquid injected LPG and developed 3 kW more than the petrol equivalent.


title: Autogas

text: There are approximately 310,000 autogas-powered cars on Australia's roads. The number of LPG/Dual fuel vehicles continues to decrease, falling by 34.2% (161,191) between 2013 and 2018. Over the same period, the number of registered electric vehicles increased by 159.2% to 8,334.


title: Autogas

text: There is a corresponding reduction of the number of LPG refuelling locations – less than 2,900 today, down from 3,500 several years ago.