title: Bliss (The Powerpuff Girls)

text: As a response to a rival's creation of the perfect little boy, Professor Utonium created Bliss out of sugar, spice, and everything nice; however, he accidentally used Chemical W (as opposed to the other Powerpuff Girls who were created with Chemical X) which gave Bliss unique psionic powers (telekinesis, short-range teleportation, and energy) that neither her sisters nor their original counterparts possess. Her unique abilities are difficult for her to control and she sometimes loses control of them when she feels any form of emotion.


title: Bliss (The Powerpuff Girls)

text: The character's initial announcement was met with negative reactions from some fans who expressed that the new character's marketing as "The fourth Powerpuff Girl" was inaccurate and ignored the previously introduced character of Bunny from the 1998 series, but when rumors began to spread that the character would be black, many fans began to express a more optimistic tone. The rumors began to emerge when it was announced that South African singer Toya Delazy would be providing the voice for the character. Louise Mccreesh of "Digital Spy" expressed that she believed that the character was a great step forward in terms of racial diversity. Gabriela Herstik of "HelloGiggles" stated that she saw that most fans were both equally excited and nervous at the announcement of the character, she also wrote that she personally felt that the character was a good addition.


title: Bliss (The Powerpuff Girls)

text: Charles Pulliam-Moore of "io9" stated that the character is different from the other temporary additions to the Powerpuff trio such as Princess Morbucks, Bunny, and Bullet the Squirrel, all who existed to teach the original girls moral lessons before they left the group to pursue their own destinies. While Bliss does not appear to him in that way, he expressed that he felt that the story of "The Power of Four" made him question whether the new reboot was a good idea in the first place. Moore stated that he felt that while he watched the movie that Bliss was meant to be a person of color, he stated: "The more you see Bliss go through the process of losing control of herself and then becoming a physical threat, the more glaringly apparent it becomes that, unlike her sisters, Bliss is coded as a person of color. Everything about Bliss is designed to set her apart from the three original Powerpuff Girls. One imagines it’s to signal that she’s a new kind of Powerpuff meant to be more reflective of the show’s diverse audience. She’s taller, has skin a shade of brown that’s deeper than a tan, purple eyes, and electric blue hair. Bliss reads as distinctly non-white and decidedly multi-ethnic." In Moore's opinion so was the creation of Bliss a means for the creators of the show to wink at the non-white audience that has watched the show for years and express their recognition of them as watchers. Despite this, he felt that he was disappointed in the fact that the first non-white Powerpuff girl had been introduced as an emotionally unstable time-bomb who isn't capable of putting her feelings together properly to act as a regular superhero like the others. He stated that the portrayal of black and Latina women as hot-headed is a stereotype he is all too used to seeing in media. He finished his article with; "In a lot of ways, Bliss feels like a collection of well-intentioned afterthoughts that would have worked better earlier on in the series." Toya Delazy acknowledged the criticism of the character, and stated that she believed the negative reception had not been as major as the positive she had received, as well as that she did not think of the character as meaning to imply or enforce any harmful ideas about black women and that her own feelings on it simply was that it was a cartoon that didn't need to necessarily be analyzed to that depth.


title: Bliss (The Powerpuff Girls)

text: Kayla Sutton, a social media curator and the major contributor for the digital publication "Black Girl Nerds", cried when the character was unveiled. Via email to "The Daily Dot" she said: “We don’t get many black cartoon characters and when we do, we’re just the comic relief”. Danielle Ransom, herself of "The Daily Dot" stated that she originally experienced excitement at the introduction of a Powerpuff girl with remarkably darker skin than the others, but when she viewed the film she thought that the creators should have taken time to make a character that was more than what she felt was a caricature of an angry black girl, something which she reported had nonplussed many other fans. Paula Poindexter who teaches media representation of African Americans at the University of Texas, who saw it as a positive that there is a person of color in the series, did express some concern about Bliss's characterization as an emotional teenager who can't control herself to "The Daily Dot" as well. Poindexter stated that everything positive about the character got turned into a negative in the film and said that the character is little more than a token. Ransom concluded that Bliss seemed more like an attempt by the creators to hop on the diversity trend as opposed to a part of the black empowerment movement.


title: Casspir

text: The Casspir is a Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle that has been in use in South Africa since the 1980s. It is a four-wheeled, four-wheel drive vehicle, used for transport of troops. It can hold a crew of two, plus 12 additional soldiers and associated equipment. The Casspir was unique in design when launched, providing for passive mine defence. The main armoured steel body of the vehicle is raised high above the ground, so when a mine is detonated, the explosion is less likely to damage the crew compartment and kill the occupants. The cross-section of the hull is V-shaped (V-hull), directing the force of the explosion outwards, further protecting the occupants. The vehicle also offers crew protection from small arms fire. The capabilities of the Casspir were the basis of the outline capabilities required by the U.S. Marines' for their Mine Resistant Ambush Protected or MRAP vehicle project.


title: Casspir

text: The name 'Casspir' is an anagram of the abbreviations of the customer, the South African Police, and the design authority, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR – Applied Chemistry Unit that later became MECHEM). Although the Casspir was deployed in townships during the apartheid era, it was initially designed specifically for conditions encountered in the South African Border War. It was at first extensively used by the infamous "Koevoet" police counterinsurgency unit in northern Namibia during the apartheid era and later also by the South-West Africa Territorial Force's 101 Battalion and the SA Army's 5 Reconnaissance Regiment. The chief criteria for the design was good off-road mobility, armour protection against small arms fire and anti-personnel mines, and ease and speed of repair by a light workshop crew in the field after detonating an anti-tank mine. These requirements led to the distinctive V-shaped hull (for mine protection) and a wheeled chassis.


title: Casspir

text: The Casspir was designed by the Defence Research Unit (DRU) of CSIR specifically to protect vehicle occupants against landmines. It is certified to protect its occupants against a triple TM-57 mine blast (equivalent to 21 kg of TNT) under a wheel, or a double blast (14 kg of TNT) under the hull. The Casspir has a V-bottomed armoured monocoque hull, designed to deflect the force of an explosion outwards, to which a leaf-spring suspension is attached.


title: Casspir

text: After two years of field testing, the South African Police were eventually satisfied they had a good vehicle and in March 1980 placed an order for an initial 140 Casspirs. Some 190 Mk1 Casspirs were manufactured by Henred Fruehauf. In 1981 production was taken over by TFM, which improved the design to the Mk 2. TFM was subsequently taken over by Reumech OMC. Reumech in turn was taken over by Vickers Defence Systems of the UK and renamed Vickers OMC. When Alvis purchased Vickers Defence Systems to become Alvis Vickers, Vickers OMC became Alvis OMC. In 2004 BAE Systems acquired Alvis Vickers and Alvis OMC was renamed Land Systems OMC. Land Systems OMC was 75 per cent acquired by Denel in 2015. An estimated 2800 Casspirs of all types have been built. In 2018 the ADE 352 engines, gearboxes, shock absorbers, differentials and other parts are still being supplied by ADE (Atlantis Diesel Engineering) in South Africa as well as the later model Casspir NG2000.


title: Casspir

text: The South African Police Service sold some of their surplus Casspirs to the public at a 2008 auction. A new Casspir known as "Casspir NG 2000" is being manufactured by Denel Mechem. The vehicle was launched in April 2013.


title: Casspir

text: The Casspir has entered South African popular culture as an icon of apartheid-era state repression and is controversial for its continued deployment in South Africa for policing tasks. A beadwork Casspir, with Ndebele designs, outside the Iziko South African National Gallery was installed as a representation of this iconography of the vehicle. Created by interdisciplinary contemporary artist Ralph Ziman, the artwork is titled "The Casspir Project".


title: Casspir

text: A Casspir also forms part of the South Africa Apartheid Museum's exhibit on repression in the townships in the 1980s.


title: Casspir

text: Casspirs were extensively used by the human characters to enter into the alien settlement zone in the 2009 movie "District 9".


title: Henry Padovani

text: Henry (or Henri) Padovani (born 13 October 1952) is a French musician (from the Mediterranean French isle of Corsica), noted for being the original guitarist of English rock band The Police. He was a member of the band from January 1977 to August 1977 and was replaced by Andy Summers, who had originally been part of the band as a second guitarist. Following his departure from the band, Padovani was handed the rhythm guitar spot with Wayne County & the Electric Chairs, before forming his own band, The Flying Padovanis.


title: Henry Padovani

text: Henri Padovani grew up between Algeria and Corsica from Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco. While studying Economics at Aix-en-Provence, he began listening to Jimi Hendrix and was inspired to form his own band, Lupus, made up of various school friends. He moved to London in December 1976, where a friend took him to one of Curved Air's last gigs. Though unimpressed by the performance, afterward he ended up talking with American expatriate drummer Stewart Copeland, who showed him some songs he had been writing and introduced him to the rising punk scene. After a show at the Roxy Club, Padovani decided he wanted to join a punk band and shaved off his waist-length hair and beard. He then auditioned for the band London and was offered the job.


title: Henry Padovani

text: However, when he told Copeland of his plans, Copeland petitioned him to join his own band, the Police. Copeland was already under the impression that he had convinced singer and bassist Sting to join, but despite heavy use of word-of-mouth and advertisements in musical publications, Padovani was the only guitarist he could find who was interested in punk and had actual playing ability. Copeland later recalled of Henry Padovani:


title: Henry Padovani

text: He couldn't speak much English but he'd picked up some musicians' slang and he used to say 'Where can I put my homp (amplifier)? or 'where do I put my rope (lead)?'. He knew a few chords and he was really enthusiastic and when he'd had his hair cut and stuff he really looked the part. I mean, he could play guitar better than I could and I could play guitar better than Joe Strummer... well, in those days. So I reckoned he'd be OK but I didn't figure Sting would see it that way...


title: Henry Padovani

text: With Sting on lead vocals and bass guitar, Padovani on lead guitar and Copeland doubling on rhythm guitar as well as drums, the Police recorded in February 1977 their first single "Fall Out" b/w "Nothing Achieving" which the band released on 1 May 1977. However, Sting was dissatisfied with Padovani's technical abilities, paving the way for Andy Summers, whom they met after a brief tour as part of Mike Howlett's band Strontium 90. For a brief period in July and August 1977, the Police performed as a four-piece with Padovani and Summers sharing guitar duties. Having insisted from the start that he wanted to be the sole guitarist for the band, Summers was unhappy with the situation. Padovani himself felt that the disparity in technical ability between the two of them made this an awkward lineup. The night after an aborted studio session with former Velvet Underground multi-instrumentalist John Cale in the producer's chair, Copeland called Padovani and asked him to leave the band.


title: Henry Padovani

text: Being cast out of the Police did not slow Padovani's musical career. After taking a two-month vacation in Corsica, he returned to London and was immediately handed the rhythm guitar spot with Wayne County & the Electric Chairs, who at the time were far better known than the Police. The Police were actually their support act in 1977. The band's first album with Padovani, "Storm the Gates of Heaven", was also his debut as a songwriter. Besides a pair of group compositions, he wrote the music for the song "Cry of Angels". After one more album, "Things Your Mother Never Told You", Wayne County & the Electric Chairs split in two. Padovani remained with bassist Val Haller and drummer J.J. Johnson, and the trio recorded a final single, "So Many Ways", as simply The Electric Chairs, before management problems forced them to disband completely. During this period, Padovani and Haller took turns on lead vocals.


title: Henry Padovani

text: The collaboration among Padovani, Haller, and Johnson did not end with the breakup of the Electric Chairs. In 1980, they put together a band called The Mystere Five's, which consisted of the three of them as well as Chris Reeves, who played guitar. Marc "Frenchie" Gloder, who had no performance role in the band but wrote all the lyrics, designed the sleeves to their records, and owned the record label. All the members except Gloder did lead vocals. The group used a deliberately anonymous image, never crediting individual members. Except for a cover of "Shake Some Action" by Flamin' Groovies, all their songs were credited as being written and produced by the group as a whole.


title: Henry Padovani

text: The Mystere Five's recorded two indie singles that were released in 1980, "Shake Some Action" b/w "No Message" and "Never Say Thank You" b/w "Heart Rules the Head". Both were successful, receiving good reviews ("New Musical Express" called the first single "A perfect record" and later reviewed the second single as being "actually better"), high placings in the indie charts, and a good deal of radio play.


title: Henry Padovani

text: However, by the time the singles were released, the band members had moved to other projects, with Padovani having formed The Flying Padovanis. This new band released the double A-sided single "Western Pasta" b/w "Vas plus haut" (1981). The Flying Padovanis recorded an EP, "Font L'Enfer", and an album, ""They Call Them Crazy", before disbanding at the end of 1987.


title: Henry Padovani

text: In 1988, Henri took part in the recording of Johnny Thunders and Patti Palladin's "Copy Cats" album which also featured Jayne County on backing vocals.


title: Henry Padovani

text: In 1988, Miles Copeland III, The Police's manager, and elder brother of Stewart Copeland, appointed Padovani as Vice President of IRS Records, a role he performed until 1994 while also managing the Italian musician Zucchero.


title: Henry Padovani

text: After a five-year sabbatical, Padovani returned to guitar playing. In 1998 he contributed to a Johnny Thunders tribute album by performing "Cosa Nostra". He recorded a solo album, "À croire que c'était pour la vie", in 2007 with record producer Yves Aouizerate. The album was sung in French, and both Stewart Copeland and Sting played on the track "Welcome Home", representing the first time that the original members of The Police had recorded together since "Fall Out". Manu Katché, Steve Hunter, Glen Matlock and Chris Musto (of the Flying Padovanis) also appeared on the album.


title: Henry Padovani

text: Padovani also wrote the score for the films "La Vie comme elle va" (2005) and "Ici Najac, à vous la Terre" (2006 Cannes Film Festival official selection). In 2006 he published his autobiography "Secret Police Man", recounting episodes of his lifestyle in the late 1970s and the early days of The Police.


title: Henry Padovani

text: Padovani was a judge for the spring 2011 season of "X Factor" in France, on the television channel M6.


title: Henry Padovani

text: In 2017 he produced and starred in the rockumentary "Rock'n'roll... Of Corse!". It features contributions by Sting, Stewart Copeland, Andy Summers, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Glen Matlock and Kim Wilde among others. The film was directed by Lionel Guedj and Stephane Bebert.


title: Henry Padovani

text: The Flying Padovanis reformed in 2007 for an album made of old and new material, "Three for Trouble" released in May that year, followed by a tour which included an appearance at the Fuji rock festival in Japan. The band now plays regular dates in London and France.


title: Henry Padovani

text: During the 2007 The Police Reunion Tour, Padovani joined the band on stage for the final encore of their show in Paris on 29 September. The Police as a four-piece played "Next to You" from the band's first album "Outlandos d'Amour".


title: Henry Padovani

text: In 2017 Padovani performed a solo gig on acoustic guitar and vocals for the Festa in Lisula in Corse. A recording of the event was later issued under the title "Live in Fericy".


title: Eurasian Plate

text: The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate that includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia), with the notable exceptions of the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent and the area east of the Chersky Range in eastern Siberia. It also includes oceanic crust extending westward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and northward to the Gakkel Ridge.


title: Eurasian Plate

text: The eastern edge is a boundary with the North American Plate to the north and a boundary with the Philippine Sea Plate to the south and possibly with the Okhotsk Plate and the Amurian Plate. The southern edge is a boundary with the African Plate to the west, the Arabian Plate in the middle and the Indo-Australian Plate to the east. The western edge is a divergent boundary with the North American Plate forming the northernmost part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is straddled by Iceland. All volcanic eruptions in Iceland, such as the 1973 eruption of Eldfell, the 1783 eruption of Laki and the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, are caused by the North American and the Eurasian Plates moving apart, which is a result of divergent plate boundary forces. The Himalayan mountain range and Tibetan plateau have formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, which began 50 million years ago and continues today.


title: Eurasian Plate

text: The geodynamics of Central Asia is dominated by the interaction between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate. In this area, many subplates or crust blocks have been recognized, which form the Central Asian and the East Asian transit zones.


title: Tyvek

text: Tyvek () is a brand of synthetic flashspun high-density polyethylene fibers. The name "Tyvek" is a registered trademark of the American multinational chemical company DuPont, which discovered and commercialized Tyvek in the late 1950s and early 1960s.


title: Tyvek

text: Tyvek's properties - such as being difficult to tear but easily cut, and waterproof against liquids whilst allowing water vapor to penetrate - have led to it being used in a variety of applications. Tyvek is often used as housewrap, a synthetic material used to protect buildings during construction, or as personal protective equipment (PPE).


title: Tyvek

text: Tyvek is a nonwoven product consisting of spun bond olefin fiber. It was first discovered in 1955 by a researcher for the DuPont textile company working in an experimental lab, who noticed a type of white fluff coming out of a pipe. That fluff was a form of polyethylene, which DuPont requested a patent for within a year of the discovery. After technologies improved during the next few years, in 1959 DuPont discovered that when the fluff was spun at high speeds it produced a durable fabric that could be cut with a blade. While the product Tyvek was used since 1959, DuPont did not trademark the actual brand until 1965, making it available for commercial purposes in April 1967. As of 1970, Tyvek had reached the mainstream construction industry on both a national and global scale, and is often used for the construction of houses due to its ability to keep out liquid, while allowing vapor through. In 1972, DuPont released Tyvek packaging for sterile instruments that were to be used by surgeons and doctors in the medical field.


title: Tyvek

text: In 2017, the DuPont company merged with another chemical company, The Dow Chemical Company to form DowDuPont. DowDuPont currently manufactures Tyvek at the Spruance plant in Richmond, Virginia, and in Sandweiler-Contern, Luxembourg. In 2018, DowDuPont announced plans to expand the Tyvek production capacity of the Sandweiler-Contern factory.


title: Tyvek

text: To bond Tyvek to both itself and a variety of substrates, DuPont recommends starch, dextrin, casein, and animal-based adhesives over most synthetic-based adhesives, emphasizing the effectiveness of water-based and quick-drying glues. DuPont also claims that the following adhesives are highly effective:


title: Tyvek

text: Heat sealing can be used to melt Tyvek and cause it to bond to itself, but this form of bonding tends to create puckers in the otherwise flat material. Dielectric bonding can be effective in some circumstances, as is ultrasonic welding.


title: Tyvek

text: Though Tyvek superficially resembles paper (for example, it can be written and printed on), it is plastic, and it cannot be recycled with paper. Some Tyvek products are marked with the #2 resin-code for HDPE, and can be collected with plastic bottles as part of some municipal curbside recycling programs. DuPont runs a program in the United States where disposable clothing, coveralls, lab coats, medical packaging and other non-hazardous Tyvek disposable garments can be recycled, as well as providing a mail-in recycling program for envelopes.


title: Tyvek

text: As plastic bag recycling has become more prevalent in the United States, the American Chemistry Council has recommended that plastic film drop-off recycling locations should be able to accept Tyvek.


title: Tyvek

text: According to DuPont's website, Tyvek fibers are (compared to for a human hair). The nondirectional fibers (plexifilaments) are first spun and then bonded by heat and pressure, without binders.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: Ponmagal Vandhal () is a 2020 Indian Tamil-language legal drama film written and directed by J. J. Fredrick in his directorial debut, and produced by Suriya under his banner 2D Entertainment. The film stars Jyothika leading an ensemble cast including R. Parthiban, K. Bhagyaraj, Thiyagarajan, Pratap K. Pothan and Pandiarajan. The film featured music composed by Govind Vasantha, cinematography handled by Ramji and editing done by Ruben. It revolves around a rookie lawyer who leads to the reopening of a notorious 15-year-old case of a dead killer, alleged to have kidnapped and murdered young girls.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: "Ponmagal Vandhal" was initially scheduled for theatrical release on 27 March 2020; however was postponed indefinitely, following the Tamil Nadu government's orders to closure of cinema theatres, as a safety precautional measure due to COVID-19 pandemic. The producers later planned for a digital release through the streaming service Amazon Prime Video. Being Amazon's first Indian digital film and the maiden Tamil film to be released on a streaming platform following pandemic restrictions, the film was premiered digitally on 29 May 2020 and received mixed reviews from critics, praising Jyothika's performance, story and the social message conveyed in the film, but criticised the lack of depth in the narration, slow-paced and clichéd screenplay. However, it became one of the most watched films in digital streaming services of the year.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: In 2004, a North Indian woman named 'Psycho' Jothi is convicted for the murder of 2 young men, Rohit and Diwakar, and the kidnapping and serial killing of numerous young girls, and is revealed to have been killed in an encounter when she attempted to escape. 15 years later, A resident in Ooty named 'Petition' Pethuraj reopens the case, citing that Jothi is innocent and he wishes to pose a defence for her. Venba, Pethuraj's daughter and an amateur lawyer, seeks to revive the case amidst oppositions. After proving that the main eye witness, Ramar, who had testified against Jothi, was in Chennai at the time of the murder, and that he was merely a character fabricated by the investigating officer DSP R. Alexander, Venba is successful in getting a second hearing. This leads to the public prosecutor being replaced with Rajarathinam, a renowned criminal lawyer appointed by a businessman Varadharajan, Rohit's father.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: Rajarathinam is successful in proving that Venba's claims that Ramar was an illegitimate witness is false by nullifying the alibi Venba had discovered. During the next hearing, Venba reveals that Jothi was not a North Indian immigrant, but was in fact a Tamilian woman whose name was Sakthijothi. Sakthijothi had eloped with a man from a different caste and moved to Jaipur in the early 1990s, and as a result, her husband was murdered by her father and relatives in the name of honour killing. Venba asks Pethuraj to take the stand, who then testifies that a pregnant Sakthijothi had come to Ooty seeking refuge, and began to stay with Pethuraj and his wife Philomina. One day several years later, Pethuraj heard Sakthijothi's daughter's screams from the road outside the house, and witnessed Sakthijothi chasing after a car in which her daughter was being taken away, which is shown to have been Rohit and Diwakar's. Venba then shows another video footage of Jothi running with a young girl, saying that Jothi did not try to kidnap her, as the girl was Jothi's daughter, revealing that she is in fact Sakthijothi's daughter, Venba Sakthijothi. Upon confronting Varadharajan for hiding various details about the case, Rajarathinam is made to meet Alexander, who reveals several facts about the case that were never bought into light. It is revealed that Jothi had discovered the whereabouts of a dilapidated bungalow in Lovedale, which is said to have been a hide-out for Rohit and Diwakar, who used to kidnap and rape young girls there. The corpse of a young girl was found buried outside the bungalow, who was later identified as Angel, a girl who had gone missing during a school convention.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: Venba claims that Alexander had committed perjury when he testified that he had arrested Jothi in Tiruppur, revealing that the arrest was made by sub-inspector Suresh Pandian. However, when she requests to summon Suresh Pandian to testify in the next hearing, Rajarathinam reveals that Suresh Pandian had committed suicide the previous night owing to work-pressure. Venba and Pethuraj are at a loss as Suresh Pandian was the ace up their sleeve. After going through an emotional setback, Venba reveals in the next hearing that she was brutally raped by Rohit and Diwakar, going on to reveal that the conviction of Jothi and the death of Suresh Pandian was all a conspiracy by Varadharajan to save his son's and his own reputation, and that DSP Alexander and the entire investigation team were in on the plot, but says she cannot prove this. However, she receives immense support from the public after this, majority of who believe in Jothi's innocence. On the day of judgement, the judge has a change of heart and summons Varadharajan to be present at the next hearing to testify. However, the judge goes on to take a bribe from Varadharajan, promising a favourable verdict, an action which is looked down upon by the former's friend, Karpooram, who reprimands him.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: At the next hearing, Varadharajan takes the stand, and Venba openly accuses him of being a cutthroat criminal who has been building his reputation by silencing all those of who have raised their voice against him. The judge disallows Varadharajan to leave the courtroom until Venba's interrogation is complete, implying that he has reformed. Venba then introduces a witness who she says can confirm Varadharajan's presence at the tea factory where Jothi was shot dead, and disrespectfully asks Varadharajan why he was present there. Varadharajan then mocks the judicial system in anger, saying that they cannot convict him of anything. Venba then paints a picture of the entire crime that took place in 2004. After chasing the car in which Venba was kidnapped, a distraught Sakthijothi ran across the hamlet looking for her daughter, eventually discovering the bungalow outside which she finds Venba's clothes. She goes inside to find Venba struggling for life, and finds the corpse of another girl, who is revealed to have been Angel, who she then buries outside the bungalow. While attempting to make her way back home, she is intercepted by Rohit and Diwakar, and manages to get hold of Rohit's pistol, using which she shoots both of them dead. Despite Pethuraj's reservations, Sakthijothi hands Venba over to the couple, asking them to take care of her, and surrenders herself to Suresh Pandian. Upon Alexander's orders, an oblivious Suresh Pandian brings Sakthijothi to the tea factory, where she is shot dead by Varadharajan himself. Rajarathinam does not make a rebuttal, and Varadharajan is convicted.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: At a memorial service for Sakthijothi, Rajarathinam reveals to Venba that he is aware that she is not Sakthijothi's daughter, but the young girl Angel. It is revealed that upon arriving at the bungalow, Sakthijothi had found not Angel, but Venba to be dead. After burying her daughter's corpse, Sakthijothi had saved the distraught Angel and killed the 2 young men. Upon Rajarathinam questioning why she did so much for a woman she did not even know, Angel reveals that the pain that she and Sakthijothi suffered were the same and that she will continue to live on as Sakthijothi's daughter Venba.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: In July 2019, actor Suriya announced his next production under his production company 2D Entertainment is titled "Ponmagal Vandhal", which was derived from a song in "Sorgam" (1970). The film would star Suriya's wife Jyothika and be directed by J. J. Frederick in his directorial debut. Frederick, who was an alumnus in Loyola College, Chennai; directed two short films within a year, which opened to critical acclaim and he worked as an assistant to director I. Ahmed in the proposed project "Idhayam Murali", which did not happen. He pitched four of his stories to Suriya, and the latter liked one of his stories which eventually became "Ponmagal Vandhal". Frederick revealed that the film talks about the sexual assault and violence against children which is considered to be a sensitive topic and that had a great impact on the society. Though he did not approach any non-governmental organisation, he happened to approach many people who were affected by this issue. While writing the script for the film, Frederick consulted legal advisors including Rajasekhar Pandian, a co-producer of the film, and visited court proceedings as a part of his research.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: Once Frederick completed the script, he approached Jyothika and eventually she accepted playing the role. Though he was nervous about approaching a top actor to play the lead, he was also confident about this as he observed other young filmmakers had chance to work with top actors, for instance, Pa. Ranjith worked with Rajinikanth twice in "Kabali" and "Kaala", and Lokesh Kanagaraj directed Vijay in "Master". The other supporting cast had an ensemble of veteran filmmakers and screenwriters: Parthiban, Bhagyaraj, Pandiarajan, Pratap K. Pothan and Thiyagarajan. The technical crew consists of Govind Vasantha as the music director; Ramji handled the cinematography for the film and Ruben was in charge of the film's editing.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: Principal photography began in July 2019, following the film's announcement. During the film's shooting in Ooty, the team faced difficulties to continue production as Ooty received the highest rainfall in close to 80 years, which was considered a "challenging task" according to Frederick. Jyothika was diagnosed with high fever, as a result of film shooting in the climate, but continued to shoot her portions. Most of the film's portions were shot in a small court room set designed at Adityaram Studios in Chennai. Following the completion of major schedules in Ooty and Kodaikanal, the team headed to Chennai for the last filming schedule, where the scenes in court room set were filmed. Though shooting was completed within November 2019, the team had to film patchwork scenes extending the schedule. Production was completed in January 2020.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: The soundtrack was composed by Govind Vasantha, with lyrics written by Vivek and Uma Devi. A single from the film titled "Vaa Chellam" sung by Jyothika's sister-in-law Brindha Sivakumar, was released on 6 March 2020. The second single titled "Vaan Thooralgal", sung by Chinmayi, was released on 17 April 2020. The soundtrack album, featuring five tracks, was released by Sony Music India on 18 May 2020.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: The album opened to positive reviews from critics. "Behindwoods" gave the album 3 out of 5 sayung "Govind Vasantha plunges straight into your heart just with the alluringly touching tunes". "Indiaglitz" wrote in its review: "Govind's breezy composition make the album instantly likable" and gave 2.75 out of 5 stars.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: "Ponmagal Vandhal" was originally scheduled for a theatrical release on 27 March 2020. But the Tamil Nadu government led by Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami had ordered for a closure of theatres in order to curb COVID-19 pandemic spread, resulting the film to be postponed indefinitely. In April 2020, the filmmakers started negotiating with digital streaming service Amazon Prime Video to release the film online, thus becoming the first time in Tamil cinema, that a film released on a streaming service, rather than a traditional theatrical release.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: The members of Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Association was upset with the developments of the film's digital release, citing that a films made for cinemas should primarily have a theatrical release first and then release on other digital platforms. The association had also called for a boycott of Suriya's films and films produced by his banner 2D Entertainment, citing potential financial losses for theatres. However, other Tamil film producers welcomed the move as they have all rights to sell their film to any platforms to recover the loss and other industries had started this move. Following a public meeting with distributors, exhibitors and film producers, the members later announced that producers of small and medium-budget films can have options to sell the film rights to streaming platforms, while no big-budget films can be released directly; although Suriya sold his big-budget film "Soorarai Pottru" to the same streaming service for a digital release.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: "Ponmagal Vandhal" was Amazon's first Indian film and the mainstream Tamil film to have a digital release. On 15 May 2020, Amazon Prime Video officially confirmed the release of seven Indian films distributed by the platform, including another Tamil film "Penguin". The official trailer of this film was released on 21 May 2020; To have a wide reach among the audiences across South India, the film's trailer was simultaneously telecasted across 31 television channels in Tamil Nadu, and received over 20 million views through YouTube and televisions. The film began streaming on Amazon Prime Video on the midnight of 28 May 2020, ahead of the scheduled premiere.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. M. Suganth of "The Times of India" rated it 2 stars out of 5, saying, "For, both in its writing and making, there is a strong made-for-TV feel about this project [...] As far as courtroom dramas go, "Ponmagal Vandhal" is decidedly lacklustre. Instead of fiery dialogues and charged arguments between the opposing lawyers what we get are emotional statements being passed off as explosive proof." Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion South" wrote in its review saying ""Ponmagal Vandhal" is about something everyone should know, worry about, want to do something about. It's about the burden of trauma, a life lived with the memory of childhood abuse that doesn't stop with the event itself but seeps into your cells as you grow up, forever altering your identity, your perception of self. But the director doesn't trust his material. He doesn't trust the audience enough to feel that this "issue" is enough, and doesn't need to be cheaply sensationalised ". Pradeep Kumar of "The Hindu" commended the film's delivery of a "powerful line of messaging" but also noted that the movie "falls prey to the Tamil cinema formula", not affording enough time for the viewers to process the emotions.


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: "Rediff.com"'s Divya Nair rated 1 out of 5 stars, stating "It is unfair that good actors like Jyotika and Parthiban are wasted in what could have been a spectacular courtroom drama, backed by facts and evidence rather than tears and words." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" rated 2 out of 5 stars stating "Jyotika carries the film with her performance. But the film fails its own subject by its insensitivity: training the camera on battered and bleeding little girls this way is more prurient than anything else. Wanting to make films about important issues is important, but the execution is even more important." Gauthaman Bhaskaran of "News18" rated 1.5 out of 5 stars stating "There is very little novelty in Ponmagal Vandhal, except for the fact that Jyotika's Venba uses tears and emotions to convince the judge with very little hard evidence to prove her point!" Writing for "The New Indian Express", Sudhir Srinivasan stated "For a film about a buried crime that gets unravelled after an old case is reopened, the court proceedings feel frustratingly spurious."


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: In a positive review, Ranjani Krishnakumar of "Firstpost" rated 3.5 out of 5 stars stating ""Ponmagal Vandhal" fits perfectly into Jyotika's pursuit. Every film is a milestone in her single-minded journey of women's empowerment. This milestone is one of empathy. Ponmagal Vandhal is the story of Venba who put herself in the shoes of another woman. But it is also a clarion call for all of us to believe women's stories." and further went on to say "To appreciate Jyotika's filmography, one must buy into her pursuit. During promotions for the film, she has been repeatedly saying that the 'message' in the film is what attracted her to it. And that she wants to make films that her children are proud of. Naturally, her films come with a lot of editorialising. "Ponmagal Vandhal" is no different." Janani K of "India Today" gave 3 out of 5 stars saying "Ponmagal Vandhal starring Jyotika delivers a strong message about the judicial system, sexual abuse and the trauma that survivors go through. Apart from a few flaws in the screenplay, the film touches upon a sensitive topic that the country doesn't quite pay heed to."


title: Ponmagal Vandhal

text: "Hindustan Times"-based critic Haricharan Pudipeddi wrote "Jyotika's films, unlike most women-centric Tamil films, aren't run-of-the-mill and always serve a purpose. Ponmagal Vandhal, too, has a purpose and it's a laudable attempt by first-time filmmaker JJ Fredrick, who gives us a legal drama that asks quite a few uncomfortable questions about the safety of young girls. The court-room scenes get slightly dramatic, but the message never gets preachy". "Behindwoods" rated 2.75 out of 5 stars stating "Jyothika's "Ponmagal Vandhal" is a valuable film, that must be watched by everyone for the hard hitting message it drives home". Sowmya Rajendran of "The News Minute" gave 3 out of 5 stars and said, ""Ponmagal Vandhal" is ambitious in what it wants to do and Fredrick has good instincts as a filmmaker. He only needs to trust his material and medium more."


title: WWE Music Group

text: WWE Music Publishing, Inc.; trade name WWE Music Group, LLC., is an American record label funded and operated by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was manufactured and co-marketed by Columbia Records and was distributed by Sony Music. The label specializes in compilation album of the WWE wrestlers' entrance themes, often by contributing performing artists, but also releases titles that have been actually performed by the wrestlers themselves, including the various-artists album "WWE Originals" and John Cena's "You Can't See Me".


title: WWE Music Group

text: Historically, most WWE entrance themes have been created by Jim Johnston since the 1980s, while in recent times, themes have been written or performed by John Alicastro and Mike Lauri, known collectively as CFO$ from 2014 to 2020.


title: WWE Music Group

text: The series of WWE (WWF) produced albums began in 1985 with "The Wrestling Album". The album contained the song "Land of a Thousand Dances", recorded by a majority of the WWF roster at the time (including Roddy Piper, Jesse Ventura, and Randy Savage). The locker room would later reconvene for the song's music video.


title: WWE Music Group

text: Later in 1993, "" was released, but it failed to chart on the "Billboard" 200. By 2002, however, it had sold a total of 91,000 copies.


title: WWE Music Group

text: The format of the wrestling albums changed in 1996, as the focus went from the wrestlers themselves singing to a compilation of various wrestlers' entrance themes. "" was the first album released with the new focus, and included the Monday Night Raw theme "Thorn in Your Eye" by Slam Jam, a supergroup composed of members of metal bands Anthrax, Savatage, Pro-Pain, and Overkill. In October, the album reached No. 184 on the "Billboard" 200 and by 2002, had sold 173,000 copies. This new format proved to be a success. The follow-up album, "WWF The Music, Vol. 2", which was released two years later, spent sixteen weeks on the chart and sold over 480,000 copies.


title: WWE Music Group

text: "WWF The Music, Vol. 3" and "WWF The Music, Vol. 4", released in December 1998 and November 1999 respectively, each sold over one million copies. In particular, "Vol. 3" reached No. 10 on the Billboard 200, spent thirty weeks on the chart, and sold over 1.21 million copies. The album reached position No. 4 in its début week, stayed on the charts for twenty weeks, and sold over 1.13 million copies.


title: WWE Music Group

text: On March 21, 2000, the company worked with Priority Records to release a hip hop music album titled "WWF Aggression", which involved rappers such as Snoop Dogg, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Method Man, and Kool Keith, all of whom recorded versions of various wrestlers' entrance themes. This album differed from previous albums, which were more along the lines of rock music. Despite the change, the album still sold approximately 640,000 copies.


title: WWE Music Group

text: In October 2000, WWE announced the launch of the record label under the name "SmackDown! Records", with Ron McCarrell as the president.


title: WWE Music Group

text: In February 2001, "WWF The Music, Vol. 5" débuted on the Billboard 200 at position No. 2, spending two weeks in the top twenty and selling 176,000 copies. as well as reaching No. 2 in the UK Albums Chart and No. 5 in the Canadian Albums Chart. The album included an original song by Dwayne Johnson. By 2002, "Vol. 5" had sold 640,000 copies. In September 2001, the "WWF Tough Enough" album sold 138,000 copies.


title: WWE Music Group

text: In May 2001, WWE signed their first act, the heavy metal band Neurotica, and released their third album in June 2002, the only non-wrestling related album released on the label so far, before they disbanded.


title: WWE Music Group

text: In 2002, "WWF Forceable Entry" sold 145,000 copies in its first week to enter the Billboard 200 at position No. 3. It was the fourth consecutive WWE album to début in the top ten of the Billboard 200. "Forceable Entry" also débuted on the Billboard Hard Rock Albums Chart. The album included music from Creed, Our Lady Peace, Limp Bizkit, Marilyn Manson, Kid Rock, Drowning Pool, Rob Zombie, Sevendust, and Saliva. Later in the year, "WWE Anthology" was certified platinum after just 10 days of release.


title: WWE Music Group

text: As of March 2006, WWE officially announced the launching of the "WWE Music Group" under the management of Neil Lawi, who not only maintains the label but selects songs to be used on television and pay-per-view events, and regularly scouts new talent to showcase via WWE. Within two months of operation, the newly restructured label had an album reach the top 10 of the Billboard 200 when "WWE Wreckless Intent", with songs by artists such as Motörhead, Three 6 Mafia, P.O.D., and Killswitch Engage, reached No. 8. In 2007, the label released "¡Quiero Vivir!", the début album of WWE ring announcer Lilian Garcia, in conjunction with Universal Music Latin Entertainment.


title: WWE Music Group

text: In 2007, WWE released "WWE The Music, Volume 7", the company's first digital-only album, on iTunes, and starting in 2012, WWE began making old albums available through online stores, starting with the first five "Volume" albums released from 1995 to 2001.


title: WWE Music Group

text: On April 20, 2013, the entrance theme of wrestler Fandango reached No. 44 in the UK Singles Chart, after briefly being close to the Top 10 in the mid-week charts. Following the NXT Arrival show on February 27, 2014, WWE released singles of eight NXT wrestlers created by CFO$, and it was followed in May by the music video and single of Tyler Breeze.


title: WWE Music Group

text: On November 30, 2017, it was reported that Jim Johnston's contract with the WWE had expired and that the company had released him after more than thirty-two years of employment.


title: WWE Music Group

text: Composer James D. Papa filed a lawsuit against the WWE Music Group, Michael Hayes, and Jim Johnston in July 2012 over the use of the music from World Championship Wrestling, citing redirected royalty payments to several wrestling related songs he either wrote or co-wrote by securing the rights to music unlawfully. Along with the defendants of the case were long with VE Newco LLC, the parent company of Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment (distribution of WWE DVD and Blu-rays), Yuke's (WWE video games), and Take-Two Interactive (who owns the WWE video game license after THQ filed for bankruptcy in January 2013) were added in September 2013.


title: WWE Music Group

text: The filing noted that the two sides resolved their issues following an alternative dispute resolution conference because there are a number of WWE Network versions of list of NWA/WCW closed-circuit events and pay-per-view events using all 11 songs from the "Slam Jam" CD that were placed on the Network, replacing versions of the PPV that had edited out the original music. A similar lawsuit brought against the company by Harry Slash & The Slashtones and Roderick Kohn over the rights to original music used by Extreme Championship Wrestling that WWE had been using during the Invasion was resolved with a settlement that saw WWE purchase the catalogue outright in January 2005 along with the assets in 2003 in bankruptcy court.


title: WWE Music Group

text: The case was then settled in court on May 5, 2014, before the March 23, 2015, trial date. However, WWE has again denied any wrongdoing and claimed that since Papa "consented to use" of his music in WCW and World Class Championship Wrestling broadcasts, and subsequently, WWE would have the rights to his material since they acquired the copyrights lawfully. WWE also said that the music in the World Class documentary would be "fair use" and that Papa did not have any copyright for the "clone song" that Johnston created, so any claim against that song should be thrown out.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Cha chaan teng (; "tea restaurant"), often called a Hong Kong-style cafe or diner in English, is a type of restaurant that originated in Hong Kong. Cha chaan teng are commonly found in Hong Kong, Macau, and parts of Guangdong. Due to the waves of mass migrations from Hong Kong in the 1980s, they are now established in major Chinese communities in Western countries such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Likened to a greasy spoon cafe or an American diner, "cha chaan teng"s are known for eclectic and affordable menus, which include dishes from Hong Kong cuisine and Hong Kong-style Western cuisine. They draw comparisons to Western cafés due to their casual settings, as well as menus revolving around coffee and tea.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Since the 1850s, Western cuisine in Hong Kong had only been available in full-service restaurants—a privilege limited for the upper class, and financially out of reach for most working-class locals. In the 1920s, dining in a Western restaurant could cost up to $10, while a working local earned $15 to $50 per month. After the Second World War, Hong Kong culture was influenced by British culture. Hong Kong people started to like adding milk to tea and eating cakes. Therefore, some Hongkongers set up "cha chaan tengs" that targeted a local audience. Providing different kinds of Canto-Western Cuisine and drinks with very low prices led to them being regarded as "cheap western food", or "soy sauce western food" (豉油西餐).


title: Cha chaan teng

text: In the 1950s and 60s, "cha chaan tengs" sprang up as rising lower class incomes made such "western food" affordable, causing "soy sauce western restaurants" and "bing sutt" ("ice rooms") to turn into "cha chaan teng" to satisfy the high demand of affordable and fast Hong Kong-style western food.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: In recent years, the management of "cha chaan tengs" has adapted to developments in the Hong Kong economy and society. During the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, "cha chaan teng"s became much more popular in Hong Kong as they still provided the cheapest food for the public. In April 2007, one of the Hong Kong political officers suggested that "cha chaan teng" be listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, because of its important role in Hong Kong society. In June 2014, a number of famous dishes in "cha chaan teng"—namely milk tea, "yuenyeung", pineapple bun, and egg tart were enlisted into the first Intangible Cultural Heritage Inventory of Hong Kong.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: The name, literally "tea restaurant", serves to distinguish the restaurants from Western restaurants that provide water to customers instead of tea. "Cha chaan teng" establishments provide tea (usually weak tea) called "clear tea" (清茶 cing1 caa4) to customers as soon as they are seated. (Some patrons use this hot tea to wash their utensils, a common custom in Hong Kong.) The "tea" in the name refers to this inexpensive black tea, which differs from the traditional Chinese tea served in traditional dim sum restaurants and teahouses (茶樓).


title: Cha chaan teng

text: The "tea" may also refer to tea drinks, such as the Hong Kong-style milk tea and iced lemon tea, which are served in many "cha chaan tengs". The older generations in Hong Kong refer to dining in these restaurants as "yum sai cha" (飲西茶; lit: "drinking Western tea"), in contrast with the going "yum cha".


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Some "cha chaan tengs" adopt the word "café" in their names. This is especially the case when located in English-speaking countries where they are commonly known as "Hong Kong–style cafes" and are instead best known for their serving of "yuenyeung" and Hong Kong–style (condensed milk) coffee.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Usually, tea restaurants have high customer turnover, at 10–20 minutes for a sitting. Customers typically receive their dishes after five minutes. The waiters take the order with their left hand and pass the dishes with their right hand. This is said to embody Hong Kong's hectic lifestyle. During peak periods, long queues form outside many restaurants.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Because of the limited land and expensive rent, "cha chaan teng"s are gradually being replaced by chain restaurants, such as Café de Coral, Maxim's, and Fairwood. As chain restaurants dominate the market, Hong Kong's "cha chaan teng" culture is disappearing. They are, however, increasing in popularity overseas, with many opening up in Cantonese diaspora communities as a casual alternative to more traditional Chinese Restaurants.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: To speed up the ordering process, waiters use a range of abbreviations when writing down orders (essentially a Cantonese equivalent to the phenomenon of American diner lingo).


title: Cha chaan teng

text: A "cha chaan teng" serves a wide range of food, from steak to wonton noodles to curry to sandwiches, e.g. Hong Kong-style French toast. Both fast food and à-la-carte dishes are available. A big "cha chaan teng" often consists of three cooking places: a "water bar" (水吧) which makes drinks, toast/sandwiches, and instant noodles; a "noodle stall" which prepares Chiuchow-style noodles (including wonton noodles); and a kitchen for producing rice plates and other more expensive dishes.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: The invention of drinks like "yuenyeung" (鴛鴦), iced tea with lemon (凍檸茶) and Coca-Cola with lemon (檸樂) is often credited culturally to this style of restaurant.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: A feature found in "cha chaan tengs" is set meals. There are various sets available throughout the day for breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea and dinner. The lunch and dinner sets usually include a soup and a drink. Generally, there is an additional HK$2-3 charge for cold drinks. Sometimes an additional HK$5 is charged for toasting the bread (烘底).


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Generally, the tables in "cha chaan tengs" are square for 4 people, or round for 6 to 8 people. For each table, there is a piece of glass that covers the top and some menus are placed between the table and glass. During lunch or dinner, customers are sometimes requested to ""daap toi"" (搭枱), meaning they share a table with other customers who were already seated before. This helps save space, provide waiting guests with seats faster, and give customers in a hurry a seat.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Before 2007, most "cha chaan tengs" allowed people to smoke, and some waiters would even smoke when working. Since 1 January 2007, Hong Kong Law prohibits smoking within the indoor premises of restaurants.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Much of the plastic-ware found on the table is provided by beverage companies, which is a form of advertising. This plastic-ware includes containers holding toothpicks, plastic menu holders, etc. Brands like Ovaltine, Horlicks and Ribena are the usual providers. To minimise costs, "cha chaan tengs" also rarely have utensils that bear their own brand name. As a result, the same utensils can be found in many different "cha chaan teng"s, even different chains. These utensils can be bought in supermarkets, department stores, and stores specializing in restaurant supplies.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Walls and floors in "cha chaan teng"s are often tiled because they are easier to clean (especially in the humid summer weather in a city like Hong Kong). In overseas communities, these restaurants are famous for stocking Chinese newspapers and having LCD televisions the wall, broadcasting Hong Kong news services.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: Other kinds of local restaurant related to "cha chaan teng" in Hong Kong include "chaan sutt" (餐室; lit. "meal chamber"), "bing sutt" (冰室; lit. "ice chamber"), and "bing teng" (冰廳; lit. "ice dining room"), which provide a lighter and more limited selection of food than "cha chaan teng".


title: Cha chaan teng

text: In the old days, these eateries only sold different types of "ice", sandwiches and pasta but "no" rice plates. However, some of the restaurants bearing these titles today ignore the tradition, and provide all kinds of rice plates and even wonton noodles. Original "chaan sutts", "bing sutts" and "bing tengs", which can be regarded as the prototype of "cha chaan tengs", are now scarce in Hong Kong.


title: Cha chaan teng

text: In June 2009, Hong Kong retail design store G.O.D. collaborated with Starbucks and created a store with a "Bing Sutt Corner" at their store on Duddell Street. It is a concept that fuses the retro Hong Kong teahouse style with the contemporary look of a coffeehouse.


title: Karla-Simone Spence

text: Karla-Simone Spence (born 19 July 1996) is a British actress. She is best known for her roles in the film "Blue Story" (2019) and the ITVX period drama "The Confessions of Frannie Langton" (2022). She also appeared in the BBC series "Gold Digger" (2019) and "Wannabe" (2018).


title: Karla-Simone Spence

text: Spence was born in South London. She is of Jamaican descent. She is the older sister of English footballer Djed Spence. Spence attended Haberdashers' Hatcham College in New Cross.


title: Karla-Simone Spence

text: In 2018, Spence played Amber in the BBC Three short-form sitcom "Wannabe" and Anna in the film "Nine Nights". The following year, she starred as Cali Okello in the BBC One miniseries "Gold Digger" and Leah in the Rapman film "Blue Story", the latter of which earned her nominations at the National Film Awards.


title: Karla-Simone Spence

text: In August 2021, it was announced that Spence would star as the titular role of Frannie Langton in the upcoming period drama "The Confessions of Frannie Langton", an ITV adaptation of the novel of the same name by Sara Collins. The series premiered on ITVX in December..


title: Cumberland sausage

text: Cumberland sausage is a pork sausage that originated in the ancient county of Cumberland, England, now part of Cumbria. It is traditionally very long, up to , and sold rolled in a flat, circular coil, but within western Cumbria, it is more often served in long, curved lengths.


title: Cumberland sausage

text: Seasonings are prepared from a variety of spices and herbs, though the flavour palate is commonly dominated by pepper, both black and white, in contrast to more herb-dominated varieties such as Lincolnshire sausage. Traditionally no colourings or preservatives are added. The distinctive feature is that the meat is chopped, not ground or minced, giving the sausage a chunky texture.


title: Cumberland sausage

text: In March 2011, the European Union granted "Traditional Cumberland sausage" Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status.


title: Cumberland sausage

text: The Cumberland sausage has been a local speciality in the area for around 500 years. How the Cumberland sausage came to acquire its special shape and taste is not known. Historically, the sausage was more highly seasoned than it is today, reflecting a strong influx of spices into Whitehaven during the 18th century. During this time, Cumbria was introduced to ginger, black pepper, and nutmeg, as well as other foodstuffs such as molasses, sugar, and rum. Many of these ingredients have been incorporated into some of Cumbria's local specialities, such as the spicy Cumberland sausage.


title: Cumberland sausage

text: Cumberland sausage is typically filled with chopped or coarsely minced pork, to which is added pepper, thyme, sage, nutmeg and cayenne, and some rusk as a binder. The meat content is usually 85–98%. However, the popularity of the Cumberland sausage has become so widespread in recent years that many large food producers started to mass-produce it and sacrificed its original quality with a meat content as low as 45%, containing emulsified rather than coarse-cut meat and being sold in thin links rather than thick, continuous lengths.


title: Cumberland sausage

text: Until the 1950s, most local farms and many households kept a pig as part of their regular husbandry and means of self-sufficiency. Over time, a local variety of pig was bred that was suited to the cooler and wetter climate in Cumberland, known as the Cumberland pig. The Cumberland pig was a heavy pig with an upturned snout and ears that flopped forwards. Heavy boned, slow to mature, and extremely hardy, the creature became a symbol of the region, but was allowed to die out in the early 1960s at Bothel. As an alternative, Large Black, Gloucestershire Old Spots, and Welsh breeds can be used. The Cumberland pig breed has now been revived, although not officially recognised by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust.


title: Cumberland sausage

text: A campaign was made by some Cumbrian butchers and meat manufacturers to have Cumberland sausage placed under a Protected Geographical Status classification under European Commission rules. This would provide the same protection as is afforded to Parma ham and Feta cheese. The association suggested that the criteria for the sausages should include a high meat content of more than 80%; the sausage to be coiled, not linked; a wider diameter than conventional sausages; and a rough-cut texture. The association asserts the sausage should be prepared in Cumbria. While individual butchers have their own recipes, they are generally more highly seasoned than traditional sausages, possibly due to the historical import of spices at Whitehaven.


title: Cumberland sausage

text: However, opposition arose to the campaign in its present form, which essentially calls for the modification of the proposition to reduce the region of the proposed protection from the post-1974 'administrative' County of Cumbria – which incorporates Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire 'north of the Sands' but without abolishing the original counties – to the Traditional County of Cumberland, on native grounds, with provisions including the native right for natives to continue to manufacture the sausage elsewhere.


title: Cumberland sausage

text: In March 2011, PGI status was granted to the name "Traditional Cumberland sausage". To display the PGI mark, the sausage must be produced, processed, and prepared in Cumbria and have a meat content of at least 80%. It must include seasoning and be sold in a long coil. However, sausages not meeting these criteria are sold as Cumberland sausages (without claiming PGI).


title: Olam International

text: Olam International is a major food and agri-business company, operating in 60 countries and supplying food and industrial raw materials to over 20,900 customers worldwide. Its value chain includes farming, origination, processing and distribution operations.


title: Olam International

text: In 1989, the Kewalram Chanrai Group established Olam Nigeria Plc to set up a non-oil based export operation out of Nigeria to secure hard currency earnings to meet the foreign exchange requirements of the other Group Companies operating in Nigeria. The success of this operation resulted in Olam establishing an independent export operation and sourcing and exporting other agricultural products. The Group's agri-business was headquartered in London until 1996, and operated under the name of Chanrai International Limited. The business began with the export of cashews from Nigeria and then expanded into exports of cotton, cocoa and sheanuts from Nigeria.


title: Olam International

text: Between 1993 and 1995, the business grew from a single operation into multiple origins, first within West Africa, and then to East Africa and India. The move into multiple origin countries coincided with the deregulation of the agricultural commodity markets.


title: Olam International

text: Olam International Limited was incorporated in Singapore on 4 July 1995 as a public limited company. In 1996, at the invitation of the Singapore Trade Development Board (now Enterprise Singapore), Olam relocated their entire operations from London to Singapore. Furthermore, the Singapore Government awarded Olam the Approved International Trader status (now called the Global Trader Programme) under which Olam was granted a concessionary tax rate of 10%, which was subsequently reduced, in 2004, to 5%. On relocation to Singapore, the Group's agri-business was reorganised to be wholly owned by Olam International Limited in Singapore.


title: Olam International

text: In 2002, AIF Capital became the first external investor to take an equity stake in the company. In 2003, Singapore's state-owned Temasek Holdings, through its wholly owned subsidiary Seletar Investments, took a stake in Olam, followed by International Finance Corporation (IFC). On 11 February 2005, Olam International Limited was listed on the main board of the Singapore Exchange. Temasek made a further investment in Olam in 2009.


title: Olam International

text: As of December 2014, following a Voluntary General Offer Temasek held close to 80% of Olam. By 2020 this had reduced to 53.4%. In 2015 Mitsubishi Corporation acquired a shareholding of 20% making them the second largest shareholder.


title: Olam International

text: The management team of Olam has a shareholding in the company approximating 6.3% of the total issued share capital. Olam's free float owned by public shareholders accounts for approximately 15.9% of the total issued share capital in 2020.


title: Olam International

text: The group's food-ingredients division, OFI, had planned an IPO in late 2022, which was delayed due to the volatility caused by the war in Ukraine.


title: Olam International

text: In 2010, Olam International discussed a possible merger with one of its main competitors; Geneva-based Louis Dreyfus Company, the world's largest cotton and rice trading company. This idea was abandoned in early 2011.


title: Olam International

text: Olam announced in July 2013, that it would sell its cotton assets in Zimbabwe, with the preferred buyer being a private equity company.


title: Olam International

text: In January 2020, Olam International announced division of its portfolio of diverse products into two new operating businesses, Olam Food Ingredients (OFI) and Olam Global Agri (OGA). The decision followed from its 2019 business review, and a multi-year plan announced early in 2019 to invest US$3.5 billion into key growth areas, such as edible nuts, coffee and cocoa, while shedding other sectors. In the statement released by the firm, Olam Food Ingredients (OFI), will consist of its cocoa, coffee, edible nuts, spices and dairy businesses, Olam Global Agri (OGA) will include grains and animal feed, edible oils, rice, cotton and commodity financial services.


title: Olam International

text: In 2020, Olam Cocoa, a subsidiary of Olam International, rolled out a new initiative in partnership with the Fair Labor Association (FLA) and local cocoa farming cooperatives to digitally register its nearly 7,000 farmer suppliers in Cameroon and their households. This also include introducing rigorous tractability and reporting systems, educating local communities about child labor, as well as setting up dedicated child labor monitoring and remediation systems (CLMRS). In 2018/2019, Olam found more than 7,000 instances of inappropriate child labor in its supply chain, remediating approximately 70% of them. This is the first instance of professional application of such initiatives at such a scale in Cameroon. Forward, the company plans to expand its initiative to cover nearly 223,000 farmers in three countries across West Africa.


title: Olam International

text: Olam International currently one of the founding members of the Sustainable Rice Platform (SRP), a multi-stakeholder platform, co-convened by United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the International Rice Research Institute to promote resource efficiency and sustainable trade flows, production and consumption operations, and supply chains in the global rice sector.


title: Olam International

text: in order to improve crop yields in its network, Olam Cocoa has implemented a digital information system called Olam Farmer Information System (OFIS) to collect data from more than 160,000 cocoa farmers across 20 countries, tracking a range of farm level data points including cocoa tree age and soil type. For the 2020 growing season, Olam Cocoa has joined a program with the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) to distribute locally-sourced fertilizer to cocoa farmers in its cocoa sourcing operations in that country.


title: Olam International

text: Between 2011 and 2015, Olam's palm oil trade volume grew by approximately twenty times—from 71,000 tons to 1.53 million tons. Despite Olam's stated commitment to RSPO-certified palm oil, the company shunned transparency as it expanded its palm oil production.


title: Olam International

text: A report released by the NGO Mighty Earth and Gabon-based NGO Brainforest on December 12, 2016 revealed that Olam was operating a secretive palm oil trading operation worldwide, particularly with its third party suppliers in Asia. Olam was accused of endangering the forest habitats of gorillas, chimpanzees and forest elephants due to widespread deforestation. It was revealed that in Gabon, Olam had cut of forest for palm oil.


title: Olam International

text: The photos and videos featured in the NGO report show Olam bulldozing Gabonese rainforests for rubber and to establish what they intended to build as Africa's largest palm oil plantation. The analysis found that in Gabon, Olam cleared approximately 26,000 hectares of forest across its four palm oil concessions since 2012 and additional forests for rubber.


title: Olam International

text: The two NGOs also documented Olam's cutting down an area the size of Washington DC in what had been an intact forest landscape in Northern Gabon, for rubber in Gabon.


title: Olam International

text: On December 16, 2016, shortly after the report was released, Mighty Earth submitted a formal complaint against Olam to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) for Olam's deforestation and for violating FSC policies.


title: Olam International

text: In response to these allegations, on February 21, 2017, Olam suspended further land clearing of forests in Gabon for at least a year. As a result, Mighty Earth suspended its campaign.


title: Olam International

text: The agreement between Mighty Earth and Olam was renewed in 2018. In its inaugural Excellence Awards in 2019, the industry-led Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil recognized Olam International for its conservation leadership in developing sustainable palm oil plantations having a positive impact on forest conservation, species conservation and emission reduction in Gabon.


title: Olam International

text: On September 13, 2017 NGO Mighty Earth released a second report documenting findings that Olam purchases cocoa grown illegally in national parks and other protected forests in the Ivory Coast. The report accused Olam of endangering the forest habitats of chimpanzees, elephants and other wildlife populations by purchasing cocoa linked to deforestation. As a result of cocoa production, 7 of the 23 Ivorian protected areas have been almost entirely converted to cocoa. Olam was notified of the findings of Mighty Earth's investigation and did not deny that the company sourced its cocoa from protected areas in the Ivory Coast.


title: Olam International

text: In 2020 the FSC, Olam and Mighty Earth commissioned SmartCert Group to perform a retrospective assessment of previous deforestation for Olam's palm oil plantations in Gabon. A second investigation will focus on Olam's rubber plantations in Gabon.


title: Olam International

text: In November 2012, Carson Block of Muddy Waters Research accused Olam of "deciding to take huge leverage and invest in illiquid positions", questioning its accounting practices and accusing its board of an "abject failure of leadership". Olam called the allegations "baseless rumour-mongering" and sued Block for libel, but its shares nevertheless fell 21%.


title: Olam International

text: The company is involved in the production of coffee in Laos and the clearance of forests and villages to plant large plantations. Areas of land that were acquired by the company were previously inhabited and farmed by villagers who had paid their land taxes and were also farming coffee alongside other products. Compensation was only partly paid, with many evicted landholders being paid only in rice. Many landholders are now facing challenges to grow enough food to survive. This development of large industrial plantations at the sacrifice of the small holding family unit is argued by some to be counterproductive to the development of Laos; as it reduces the overall agricultural productivity; and increases poverty amongst the families, while a few officials and the company benefit.


title: Olam International

text: In 2021, Olam International was named in a class action lawsuit filed by eight former child slaves from Mali who allege that the company aided and abetted their enslavement on cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast. The suit accused Olam (along with Nestlé, Cargill, Mars, Incorporated, Barry Callebaut, The Hershey Company, and Mondelez International) of knowingly engaging in forced labor, and the plaintiffs sought damages for unjust enrichment, negligent supervision, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.


title: Willow Smith discography

text: American singer Willow Smith has released five solo studio albums, one collaborative studio album, four extended plays, 19 singles (including four as a featured artist), two promotional singles and ten music videos. In 2010, Smith released her debut single "Whip My Hair", which peaked at number 11 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and at number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song was certified platinum in the US, gold in Canada and silver in the United Kingdom. After follow-up singles "21st Century Girl" and "Fireball" failed to reach the same level of success as "Whip My Hair", Smith took a hiatus from music.


title: Willow Smith discography

text: On December 11, 2015, Willow released her debut studio album, "Ardipithecus," through Roc Nation; it peaked on the Heatseekers Albums chart at number 15. The album saw her depart from her earlier pop-oriented sound towards experimental neo soul and alternative R&B. She followed it up with the folk-influenced "The 1st" (2017), and the psychedelic-inspired "Willow" (2019). In 2020 she released the collaborative album "The Anxiety" with Tyler Cole.


title: Willow Smith discography

text: Willow experienced a commercial and critical resurgence in 2021 following her fourth studio album "Lately I Feel Everything", which saw her delve into a heavier punk rock and emo sound, received critical acclaim, and debuted at number 45 on the "Billboard" 200, her first entry on the chart. It spawned the single "Transparent Soul", which peaked at number 76 on the Hot 100, becoming her first charting song in a decade. The same year, "Meet Me at Our Spot", an album track from "The Anxiety" went viral on TikTok. Upon being released as a single the song peaked at number 21, her first top 40 hit since "Whip My Hair".


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Uniformitarianism, also known as the Doctrine of Uniformity or the Uniformitarian Principle, is the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in our present-day scientific observations have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe. It refers to invariance in the metaphysical principles underpinning science, such as the constancy of cause and effect throughout space-time, but has also been used to describe spatiotemporal invariance of physical laws. Though an unprovable postulate that cannot be verified using the scientific method, some consider that uniformitarianism should be a required first principle in scientific research. Other scientists disagree and consider that nature is not absolutely uniform, even though it does exhibit certain regularities.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: In geology, uniformitarianism has included the gradualistic concept that "the present is the key to the past" and that geological events occur at the same rate now as they have always done, though many modern geologists no longer hold to a strict gradualism. Coined by William Whewell, it was originally proposed in contrast to catastrophism by British naturalists in the late 18th century, starting with the work of the geologist James Hutton in his many books including "Theory of the Earth". Hutton's work was later refined by scientist John Playfair and popularised by geologist Charles Lyell's "Principles of Geology" in 1830. Today, Earth's history is considered to have been a slow, gradual process, punctuated by occasional natural catastrophic events.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: The earlier conceptions likely had little influence on 18th-century European geological explanations for the formation of Earth. Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817) proposed Neptunism, where strata represented deposits from shrinking seas precipitated onto primordial rocks such as granite. In 1785 James Hutton proposed an opposing, self-maintaining infinite cycle based on natural history and not on the Biblical account.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Hutton then sought evidence to support his idea that there must have been repeated cycles, each involving deposition on the seabed, uplift with tilting and erosion, and then moving undersea again for further layers to be deposited. At Glen Tilt in the Cairngorm mountains he found granite penetrating metamorphic schists, in a way which indicated to him that the presumed primordial rock had been molten after the strata had formed. He had read about angular unconformities as interpreted by Neptunists, and found an unconformity at Jedburgh where layers of greywacke in the lower layers of the cliff face have been tilted almost vertically before being eroded to form a level plane, under horizontal layers of Old Red Sandstone. In the spring of 1788 he took a boat trip along the Berwickshire coast with John Playfair and the geologist Sir James Hall, and found a dramatic unconformity showing the same sequence at Siccar Point. Playfair later recalled that "the mind seemed to grow giddy by looking so far into the abyss of time", and Hutton concluded a 1788 paper he presented at the Royal Society of Edinburgh, later rewritten as a book, with the phrase "we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end".


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Both Playfair and Hall wrote their own books on the theory, and for decades robust debate continued between Hutton's supporters and the Neptunists. Georges Cuvier's paleontological work in the 1790s, which established the reality of extinction, explained this by local catastrophes, after which other fixed species repopulated the affected areas. In Britain, geologists adapted this idea into "diluvial theory" which proposed repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: From 1830 to 1833 Charles Lyell's multi-volume "Principles of Geology" was published. The work's subtitle was "An attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation". He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he went to work on the founding geology text, and developed Hutton's idea that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time. The terms "uniformitarianism" for this idea, and "catastrophism" for the opposing viewpoint, was coined by William Whewell in a review of Lyell's book. "Principles of Geology" was the most influential geological work in the middle of the 19th century.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Geoscientists support diverse systems of Earth history, the nature of which rests on a certain mixture of views about the process, control, rate, and state which are preferred. Because geologists and geomorphologists tend to adopt opposite views over process, rate, and state in the inorganic world, there are eight different systems of beliefs in the development of the terrestrial sphere. All geoscientists stand by the principle of uniformity of law. Most, but not all, are directed by the principle of simplicity. All make definite assertions about the quality of rate and state in the inorganic realm.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: According to Reijer Hooykaas (1963), Lyell's uniformitarianism is a family of four related propositions, not a single idea:


title: Uniformitarianism

text: None of these connotations requires another, and they are not all equally inferred by uniformitarians.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Gould explained Lyell's propositions in "Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle" (1987), stating that Lyell conflated two different types of propositions: a pair of methodological assumptions with a pair of substantive hypotheses. The four together make up Lyell's uniformitarianism.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: The two methodological assumptions below are accepted to be true by the majority of scientists and geologists. Gould claims that these philosophical propositions must be assumed before you can proceed as a scientist doing science. "You cannot go to a rocky outcrop and observe either the constancy of nature's laws or the working of unknown processes. It works the other way around." You first assume these propositions and "then you go to the outcrop."


title: Uniformitarianism

text: The substantive hypotheses were controversial and, in some cases, accepted by few. These hypotheses are judged true or false on empirical grounds through scientific observation and repeated experimental data. This is in contrast with the previous two philosophical assumptions that come before one can do science and so cannot be tested or falsified by science.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Stephen Jay Gould's first scientific paper, "Is uniformitarianism necessary?" (1965), reduced these four assumptions to two. He dismissed the first principle, which asserted spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws, as no longer an issue of debate. He rejected the third (uniformity of rate) as an unjustified limitation on scientific inquiry, as it constrains past geologic rates and conditions to those of the present. So, Lyell's uniformitarianism was deemed unnecessary.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Uniformitarianism was proposed in contrast to catastrophism, which states that the distant past "consisted of epochs of paroxysmal and catastrophic action interposed between periods of comparative tranquility" Especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most geologists took this interpretation to mean that catastrophic events are not important in geologic time; one example of this is the debate of the formation of the Channeled Scablands due to the catastrophic Missoula glacial outburst floods. An important result of this debate and others was the re-clarification that, while the same principles operate in geologic time, catastrophic events that are infrequent on human time-scales can have important consequences in geologic history.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Derek Ager has noted that "geologists do not deny uniformitarianism in its true sense, that is to say, of interpreting the past by means of the processes that are seen going on at the present day, so long as we remember that the periodic catastrophe is one of those processes. Those periodic catastrophes make more showing in the stratigraphical record than we have hitherto assumed."


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Even Charles Lyell thought that ordinary geological processes would cause Niagara Falls to move upstream to Lake Erie within 10,000 years, leading to catastrophic flooding of a large part of North America.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Modern geologists do not apply uniformitarianism in the same way as Lyell. They question if rates of processes were uniform through time and only those values measured during the history of geology are to be accepted. The present may not be a long enough key to penetrating the deep lock of the past. Geologic processes may have been active at different rates in the past that humans have not observed. "By force of popularity, uniformity of rate has persisted to our present day. For more than a century, Lyell's rhetoric conflating axiom with hypotheses has descended in unmodified form. Many geologists have been stifled by the belief that proper methodology includes an a priori commitment to gradual change, and by a preference for explaining large-scale phenomena as the concatenation of innumerable tiny changes."


title: Uniformitarianism

text: The current consensus is that Earth's history is a slow, gradual process punctuated by occasional natural catastrophic events that have affected Earth and its inhabitants. In practice it is reduced from Lyell's conflation, or blending, to simply the two philosophical assumptions. This is also known as the principle of geological actualism, which states that all past geological action was like all present geological action. The principle of actualism is the cornerstone of paleoecology.


title: Uniformitarianism

text: Uniformitarianism has also been applied in historical linguistics, where it is considered a foundational principle of the field. Linguist Donald Ringe gives the following definition:


title: Shahed 171 Simorgh

text: The Shahed 171 Simorgh (sometimes S-171 and called IRN-170 by the US government) is an Iranian jet-powered flying wing Unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) produced by Shahed Aviation Industries.


title: Shahed 171 Simorgh

text: Its design is based on a reverse engineered American RQ-170 UAV captured by Iran in 2011 and modified to carry guided missiles. It is one of two Iranian flying wing UAVs based on the RQ-170, along with the Saegheh, a smaller version, with which it is often confused.


title: Shahed 171 Simorgh

text: "Simorgh" is a Persian word deriving from Middle Persian 𐭮𐭩𐭭𐭬𐭥𐭫𐭥 "sēnmurw", which was a benevolent mythical bird in Persian mythology.


title: Shahed 171 Simorgh

text: The Simorgh is a reverse engineered RQ-170. There are multiple unknown variants, one of which is modified to play the role of a UCAV armed with 4 missiles. A author stated it was a crude mock-up mostly made out of fiberglass. It was used with munitions during the 2020 Joint Exercise Zolfaghar 99.


title: Shahed 171 Simorgh

text: According to the United States Government, a company associated with Imam Hossein University, Paravar Pars Company, was involved in the reverse engineering and research, development, and production of the Shahed 171.


title: Shahed 171 Simorgh

text: Two were under construction as of 2014. In 2014 Iran said that they would have four in service by March 2015.


title: Shahed 171 Simorgh

text: The UAV was first seen in May 2015 and was shown flying on Iranian TV in October 2016. Jane's analysis placed the UAV at Kashan Air Base.


title: Shahed 171 Simorgh

text: Some sources report that a Shahed 171 may have been shot down in the February 2018 Israel–Syria incident, but the UAV was probably the very similar Saegheh.


title: United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

text: The United States secretary of housing and urban development (or HUD secretary) is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, a member of the president's Cabinet, and thirteenth in the presidential line of succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development on September 9, 1965, by President Lyndon B. Johnson's signing of () into law. The department's mission is "to increase homeownership, support community development and increase access to affordable housing free from discrimination."


text: Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule, thus earning a salary of US$221,400, as of January 2021.


title: Stan Kirsch

text: Stanley Benjamin Kirsch, Jr. (July 15, 1968 – January 11, 2020) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, and acting coach.


title: Stan Kirsch

text: Kirsch was born in New York City, New York. He began acting as a young child. His first acting job was at the age of 4 when he appeared in some Campbell's soup television commercials. Kirsch appeared in the short-lived Saturday morning TV series "Riders in the Sky" and on the soap opera "General Hospital" in 1992. He has made guest appearances in some TV shows including "JAG", "Family Law", and "Friends".


title: Stan Kirsch

text: His most notable role began in 1992 on "" as Richie Ryan. He left the show as a regular cast member in the fifth season finale in 1997, but he made one last guest appearance in the series finale episode, "Not To Be" which aired May 17, 1998.


title: Stan Kirsch

text: Kirsch made his debut as director and producer with the film "Straight Eye: The Movie" in 2004. In 2008, he founded his own acting studio called Stan Kirsch Studios.


title: Stan Kirsch

text: On January 11, 2020, 51-year-old Kirsch was found dead in his Los Angeles home. The LA Coroner ruled Kirsch's death a suicide by hanging.


title: Port Talbot

text: Port Talbot (, ) is a town and community in the county borough of Neath Port Talbot, Wales, situated on the east side of Swansea Bay, approximately from Swansea. The Port Talbot Steelworks covers a large area of land which dominates the south east of the town and is one of the biggest steelworks in the world but has been under threat of closure since the 1980s. The population was 37,276 in 2011.


title: Port Talbot

text: Modern Port Talbot is a town formed from the merging of multiple villages, including Baglan, Margam, and Aberafan. The name 'Port Talbot' first appears in 1837 as the name of the new docks built on the south-east side of the river Afan by the Talbot family. Over time it came to be applied to the whole of the emerging conurbation.


title: Port Talbot

text: The earliest evidence of humans in the Port Talbot area has been found on the side of Mynydd Margam where Bronze Age farming ditches can be found from 4,000 BC. There were Iron Age hill forts on Mynydd Dinas, Mynydd Margam, Mynydd Emroch and other nearby hills. Mynydd Hawdef contains remains of an ancient Iron Age village. The Margam deer herd was first introduced by the Romans.


title: Port Talbot

text: Ffynnon Pedr is a holy well which flows from the hillside through a stone culvert in Margam. This may have been a water supply for Margam Abbey, to the east.


title: Port Talbot

text: The Cross of Brancuf an early Christian Sculptured Stone which stands in the church of St Catharine at Baglan. It is an intricately sculptured cross-slab with a Latin cross and an inscription recalling Brancuf. Originally it stood in the old St Baglan's church but that fell into ruin in the late 19th century and the slab was removed to St Catharine's. St Baglan (Bagelan), son of King Ithael Hoel of Brittany, was a 6th-century hermit and follower of St Illtud. He founded the first church at the town that now takes his name. In the vestry of St Catharine's church a cross-slab dating from the 8th–10th century CE. It is intricately decorated with a Celtic-style cross formed out of knotwork (cord-plait knotwork) and interlacing; the ends of each arm are probably of a Latin design. Also, there is a Latin inscription: FECIT BRANCUF or perhaps BRANCU which when translated reads 'was made by Brancuf'. However, the person known as Brancuf is unknown.


title: Port Talbot

text: The English antiquarian John Leland made an extensive journey through Wales c.1536–39 of which he recorded an itinerary. He passed through Aberafan, which he describes as a "poor village" surrounded by barren ground, though he also describes the area as heavily wooded, not much of which remains today. He mentions the use of the river mouth as a port. His portrayal of Aberafan as a small, struggling village suggests that the port was not in great use, especially as traffic to and from Margam Abbey would have ceased following its dissolution in 1536.


title: Port Talbot

text: The area of the parish of Margam lying on the west bank of the lower Afan became industrialised following the establishment of a copperworks in 1770. The Afan was diverted and a dock was opened in 1839 named for the Talbot family, local landowners who were related to the pioneer photographer, William Henry Fox Talbot. The Talbots were patrons of Margam Abbey, and also built Margam Castle. Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot (1803–1890), a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Glamorgan from 1830 until his death, saw the potential of his property as a site for an extensive ironworks, which opened in early 1831.


title: Port Talbot

text: The remains of a Chain Home Low early warning radar station are situated in Margam Country Park, dating from World War II (). Designed to guard against enemy surface craft and submarines in the Bristol Channel, the station comprises three squarish concrete buildings with flat roofs, set on the Margam ridge facing south-east and overlooking the Channel. The most north-westerly building retains the framework of a steel gantry, the base for a rectangular radar transmitter/receiver array, known as a 'bedstead array' from its wires and framework, and is believed to be a unique survivor within the British Isles.


title: Port Talbot

text: In 1970 a new deep-water harbour was opened by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh. This harbour was capable of discharging iron ore vessels of 100,000 deadweight tonnage (DWT), a tenfold improvement on the old dock. By the early 21st century, due to further modification and dredging, the harbour is capable of harbouring vessels of over 170,000 DWT.


title: Port Talbot

text: The borough of Port Talbot was created in November 1921, incorporating Margam, Cwmafan and Aberafan. It was therefore 85 years after the phrase 'Port Talbot' was first used that it became officially recognised as the town's name.


title: Port Talbot

text: Port Talbot was part of the historic county of Glamorgan. The 1974 county council re-organisation split Glamorgan into three new counties, and Port Talbot became one of the four districts of West Glamorgan.


title: Port Talbot

text: Following the demise of West Glamorgan County Council in 1996, Port Talbot borough council was merged with Neath and part of Lliw Valley Districts to create the new unitary authority of Neath Port Talbot County Borough. The Civic Centre is located in Port Talbot, and the town is represented by three of the 64 councillors that make up the county council.


title: Port Talbot

text: The town is built along the eastern rim of Swansea Bay in a narrow strip of coastal plain surrounding the River Afan estuary. Swansea is visible on the opposite side of the bay. The local beach is known as Aberafan Sands and is situated along the edge of the bay between the River Afan and the River Neath. The other beach in Port Talbot is Margam Sands, popularly known as "Morfa Beach". The north-eastern edge of the town is marked by the River Neath. A landmark in the town is the Port Talbot Steelworks.


title: Port Talbot

text: With heavy industry and an urban motorway, Port Talbot was reported as having the worst air pollution in Wales in 2005 with a PM particulate level of 30μg/m (micrograms per cubic metre). By 2018 the air quality had improved to meet the WHO's recommended limit of 10μg/m.


title: Port Talbot

text: 63% of Port Talbot population in 2000 was between the ages of 15 and 64. Male unemployment in 2000 was around 9%, with female unemployment around 6% in 2000.


title: Port Talbot

text: In 2010, 26.2% of children and young persons (under the age of 20) in Neath Port Talbot county borough were living in relative poverty, higher than the 22.2% Welsh average.


title: Port Talbot

text: According to the Office of National Statistics between April 2012 to March 2013 25,400 (7.8%) between the ages of 16–64 were economically inactive, 60,100 (70.3%) between the ages of 16–64 were economically active. The unemployment rate was 7.8% and the employment rate was 64.9%.


title: Port Talbot

text: South East of Port Talbot is dominated by Pennant sandstone which forms this high relief area including Mynydd Margam, Mynydd Dinas and the other mountains. The pennant sandstone is made up of two formations which are the Rhondda Member and Brithdir Member. The sandstone formed in Carboniferous swamps 300 million years ago. Pennant sandstone is a micacous sandstone which has a brown colouration with areas of red staining where iron from pyrite in coal has weathered creating a rust colouration.


title: Port Talbot

text: There is a variety of drift deposits in Port Talbot. Sandfields area of Port Talbot is built upon blown sand and tidal flat deposits. These were deposited by the wind via aeolian processes and the water by fluvial processes. Velindre area of Port Talbot is built upon an alluvial fan deposit. This deposit formed during the last glacial period 14,000 years ago. Baglan Road in Port Talbot is built upon glacial till from the Devensian period. Till, also known as boulder clay, is a mix of unconsolidated sediment with a range of grain sizes. This forms as the fronts of glaciers rapidly deposit material due to melting. Cwmafan in Port Talbot is built upon alluvial and glaciofluvial deposits, formed from glacial meltwater. Baglan Moors, Fairfield and Port Talbot town centre are built upon tidal flat deposits (tides were higher 12,000 years ago allowing sandy deposits to accumulate).


title: Port Talbot

text: Coal seams within the Pennant sandstone run north west-south-east and east–west. The coal seams arise from the South Wales Middle Coal Measures Formation, South Wales Upper Coal Measures Formation, South Wales Lower Coal Measures Formation, Rhondda Member and Brithdir Member. Pennant sandstone is an excellent construction rock and road stone.