title: Walter Reuther

text: Sunday's spectacle of tear gas and night sticks, whips, and electric cattle prods used against defenseless citizens demonstrating to secure their constitutional right to register and vote as American citizens was an outrage against all decency. This shameful brutality by law enforcing agents makes a mockery of Americans’ concepts of justice and provides effective ammunition to Communist propaganda and our enemies around the world who would weaken and destroy us. Following the death of Unitarian Universalist minister James Reeb, a memorial service was held at the Brown's Chapel AME Church on March 15. Among those who addressed the packed congregation were Reuther, King, and some clergymen. A picture of King, Reuther, Greek Orthodox Archbishop Iakovos and others in Selma for Reeb's memorial service appeared on the cover of Life magazine on March 26, 1965. After the memorial service, upon getting permission from the courts, the leaders and attendees marched from the church to the Dallas County Courthouse in Selma.


title: Walter Reuther

text: In December 1965, Reuther visited Cesar Chavez and the striking grape growers in Delano, California. Two months earlier, Reuther's brother and colleague, Roy, had visited the striking farmworkers. Upon returning from his visit, Roy urged Walter to support Chavez. At that time, Chavez's struggle for workers' rights was little known to the American public, but Reuther's visit garnered national media attention, making it difficult for the growers to ignore the striking grape pickers. During the trip, Reuther marched with Chavez and his fellow strikers, carrying picket signs reading "Huelga." Reuther also spoke to packed union hall, declaring, "This is not your strike, this is our strike!" He pledged that the UAW would provide $7,500 per month to the United Farm Workers' strike fund for the duration of the strike.


title: Walter Reuther

text: Upon returning to Detroit, Reuther contacted Senator Robert F. Kennedy, who was on the Senate Labor Committee, requesting that Kennedy visit Chavez in Delano to learn about and support the farmworkers. Kennedy obliged, ultimately becoming the most visible supporter of the farmworkers' movement. Reuther visited Chavez many times, including once during Chavez's hunger strike. During that visit, Reuther made a $50,000 donation to Chavez's struggle to which Chavez said, "Walter, you have given me great confidence." Reuther replied, "You will prevail for your cause is just." In honor of the Reuther brothers' early and sustained support, the United Farm Workers named a building at their Delano headquarters the "Roy Reuther Administration Building."


title: Walter Reuther

text: Following the shooting of civil rights activist James Meredith, the first African-American to attend the segregated University of Mississippi, Reuther and his wife May traveled from Chicago to Jackson, Mississippi to march with King and his wife Coretta, among other civil rights activists. Reuther brought 10 buses full of union supporters.


title: Walter Reuther

text: On April 8, four days after King's assassination, Reuther marched with Coretta Scott King and others in Memphis, Tennessee, in support of a peaceful resolution of the city's sanitation strike. In addition, Reuther donated $50,000 from the UAW to the striking sanitation workers, which was the largest financial contribution by any outside source.


title: Walter Reuther

text: Reuther never broke with President Johnson. As anti-Vietnam sentiment grew in the Democratic Party he continued to support the president's war policies.


title: Walter Reuther

text: Reuther sought to build an environmental movement made up of all classes of society to address social, ecological, aesthetic, and resource-conservation issues. In 1965, the UAW organized a "United Action for Clean Water Conference" in Detroit, where Reuther called for the "beginning of a massive mobilization of citizens . . . of a popular crusade not only for clean water, but also for cleaning up the atmosphere, the highways, the junkyards and the slums and for creating a total living environment worthy of free men." In 1967, three years before the first Earth Day, Reuther established the Department of Conservation and Resource Development, later headed by Olga Madar, to combat pollution, including automobile emissions. In 1968, speaking at the annual conference of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Reuther stated: "If we continue to destroy our living environment by polluting our streams and poisoning our air . . . We may be the first civilization in the history of man that will have suffocated and been strangled in the waste of its material affluence—compounded by social indifference and social neglect." At the annual UAW convention in 1970 in Atlantic City, Reuther said: "Because industry has for so long polluted the environment of the plants in which we work and has now created an environmental crisis of catastrophic proportions in the communities in which we live, the UAW will insist on discussing the implications of this crisis at the bargaining table."


title: Walter Reuther

text: Reuther made the first donation to support the first Earth Day in 1970 in the amount of $2,000. Under his leadership, the UAW also funded telephone capabilities for organizers to communicate and coordinate with each other from across the United States. The UAW also financed, printed, and mailed all of the literature and other materials for the first Earth Day and mobilized its membership to participate in the public demonstrations across the country. According to Denis Hayes, the chief national coordinator of the first Earth Day, “The UAW was by far the largest contributor to the first Earth Day" and "Without the UAW, the first Earth Day would have likely flopped!” Hayes further said, “Walter’s presence at our first press conference utterly changed the dynamics of the coverage—we had instant credibility.” Following Reuther's death less than one month after the first Earth Day, the organizers of Environmental Action, the key group that organized the first Earth Day, dedicated a book containing a collection of speeches from Earth Day to Reuther, saying “We would like to pay tribute to Walter Reuther, a friend and ally in the movement for peace, justice, and a livable environment. We admired his courage and his foresight, and we are deeply grateful for the help he gave us.”


title: Walter Reuther

text: In 1957, during a speech before the annual convention of the NAACP, Reuther coined the United States Senate "the graveyard of civil rights legislation," and called for the abolishment of the body's filibuster.


title: Walter Reuther

text: In April 1938, two masked gunmen attempted to abduct Reuther at a party he was hosting. However, one guest managed to flee and alert the authorities, leading to their arrest. At the trial, the defense argued that the Reuther staged the entire event as a publicity stunt. Links between the gunmen and Harry Bennett (a union-busting enemy of the UAW) were not disclosed to the jury.


title: Walter Reuther

text: On April 20, 1948, Reuther barely survived a double-barrel shotgun blast that ripped through his kitchen window as he was preparing a late evening snack. As the gunshot went off at 9:48 pm, EST, Reuther happened to turn toward his wife, and was hit in his right arm instead of the chest and heart. Four slugs of the type used to kill large game had shattered his right arm into 150 pieces of bone. Another slug pierced his back and exited out his stomach. The assailant “fled in a bright red four-door Ford sedan, police said.” Reuther, who did not lose consciousness, cursed his attacker as he was initially being treated by his next-door-neighbor, a doctor, as he lay on the kitchen floor. “‘Those dirty sons of bitches!’ Reuther cried. ‘They have to shoot a man in the back. They won’t come out in the open and fight.’” As doctors fought to save his life, he became infected with malaria and hepatitis from blood transfusions. Through months of therapy, he regained partial use of his right arm, but for the rest of his life had to train himself to write and shake with his left hand. When Attorney General Tom Clark requested J. Edgar Hoover to get the FBI to investigate the shooting, Hoover refused, stating, "I'm not going to send in the FBI every time some nigger woman gets raped." The shooting was never solved.


title: Walter Reuther

text: Thirteen months after the attack, Reuther's brother Victor was almost killed by a similar shooting from a double-barrel shotgun. The blast traveled through his living room window and hit him in the face, throat, and chest. Victor's right eye had been shot out and had to be removed. Victor said, "The attack on me was a way of serving notice to Walter. 'We didn't get you yet, but we're still around.'" The shooting of Victor was also never solved.


title: Walter Reuther

text: In the wake of both shootings, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote: "It seems unthinkable that the police have never been able to discover who shot Walter Reuther and because of that, in all probability, the same person perhaps has felt he could get away with shooting another brother. … [W]e have a right to protect men who are working in the interests of their fellow men."


title: Walter Reuther

text: On May 9, 1970, Walter Reuther, his wife May, architect Oscar Stonorov, Reuther's bodyguard William Wolfman, pilot George O. Evans and co-pilot Joseph U. Karaffa were killed when their chartered Learjet 23 crashed in flames at 9:33 p.m. Eastern Time. The plane, arriving from Detroit in rain and fog, was on final approach to Pellston Regional Airport in Pellston, Michigan, near the UAW's recreational and educational facility at Black Lake, Michigan. The National Transportation Safety Board discovered that the plane's altimeter was missing parts, some incorrect parts were installed, and one of its parts had been installed upside down, leading some to speculate that Reuther may have been murdered. Reuther had been subjected earlier to two attempted assassinations and a similar near-crash in a small plane in 1969.


title: Walter Reuther

text: Journalist Michael Parenti wrote, "Reuther's demise appears as part of a truncation of liberal and radical leadership that included the deaths of four national figures: President John Kennedy, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, and Senator Robert Kennedy."


title: Walter Reuther

text: Reuther's funeral was held on May 15, 1970, at Ford Auditorium in Detroit, Michigan. An estimated 3,400 people were in attendance. Among others, Coretta Scott King eulogized:


title: Walter Reuther

text: Walter Reuther was to black people, the most widely known and respected white labor leader in the nation. He was there when the storm clouds were thick. We remember him in Montgomery. He was in Birmingham. He marched with us in Selma, and Jackson, Mississippi and in Washington. ... Only yesterday, there he was again in Charleston, South Carolina, the leader of a million and a half workers giving personal support to a strike of only 400 black women. ... He was a big man, so of course he had enemies and detractors. He had the courage to be with the minority when it was right. He was a simple man in his personal life, a rare quality in these flamboyant times ... but if his ways were simple, his ideas were grand. He aroused the imagination of millions. ... He was fighting the fight of the whole world.


title: Walter Reuther

text: Walter and May Reuther were married on March 13, 1936, after meeting on a streetcar in Detroit only six weeks earlier. They had two daughters, Linda born in 1942 and Elisabeth in 1947.


title: Walter Reuther

text: Reuther led a simple, austere lifestyle. He neither smoked nor drank alcohol because he felt it sapped a person's vitality. For his daily lunch in his office he had the same menu: a sandwich and a cup of tea. He was an early riser. Author William Manchester wrote that Reuther's associates saw him as a “true ascetic.”


title: Walter Reuther

text: To relax he liked to hike, fish and play tennis. His favorite music was German Lieder, Classical, Spirituals and Union Songs. Although sometimes perceived as rigid with no sense of humor, Walter’s colleague and friend Irving Bluestone said: “That wasn't true at all. He was a very easy person to work with and be with. He had a good sense of humor and could laugh at himself. And occasionally, when he was excited enough, he would use profanity just like anyone else coming out of the shop.”


title: Walter Reuther

text: Reuther enjoyed being and working outdoors in nature. Whether building a fish ladder for the trout underneath their bridge or planting a Japanese Garden for May that she could view outside their bedroom window, he enjoyed and relaxed by working on outdoor projects on his Paint Creek property, located outside Rochester, Michigan. He and his daughter Lisa planted an arboretum, including over 50 types of trees, at their Paint Creek home. He was an expert woodworker and built much of the furniture for their home with his own hands. After the assassination attempt in 1948, which shattered his arm in 150 pieces, he rehabilitated his arm by squeezing a hard rubber ball and pushing out the walls to build their Paint Creek home from what had been a one-room cottage. He remarked, “I got a good house and a good hand, all for the same money.”


title: Walter Reuther

text: May was Walter's sounding board and close advisor throughout his public life. May was a teacher and involved in organizing a teachers’ union. Early on she was making $60 a week of which she gave most to help organize auto workers into the fledgling UAW. She soon gave up her teaching career to become Walter's full-time secretary, earning $15 per week. She was active in many charities and programs to uplift the community. May marched side-by-side with Walter in the civil rights struggles in Selma and elsewhere. She hosted Eleanor Roosevelt at their Paint Creek home. She also served as president of the PTA at their daughter's school. After the assassination attempt on Walter's life in 1948, May decided to spend most of her time at home trying to give their two daughters as normal a life as possible; although, the family had bodyguards and attack dogs living with them the rest of their lives.


title: Walter Reuther

text: Reuther was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1995 by President Bill Clinton, who remarked at the ceremony, "Walter Reuther was an American visionary so far ahead of his times that although he died a quarter of a century ago, our Nation has yet to catch up to his dreams." Reuther was recognized by "Time" Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Murray Kempton, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, wrote, "Walter Reuther is the only man I have ever met who could reminisce about the future." A. H. Raskin, labor editor of "The New York Times", wrote, "If the speed of a man's mind could be measured in the same way as the speed of his legs, Walter Reuther would be an Olympic champion." George Romney, Governor of Michigan, once said, "Walter Reuther is the most dangerous man in Detroit because no one is more skillful in bringing about the revolution without seeming to disrupt the existing forms of society."


title: Walter Reuther

text: In 1999, Wayne State University, in collaboration with the UAW and the Reuther family, created the Walter P. Reuther Humanitarian Award to honor individuals who embody the spirit, vision, and values of Reuther. To date, the recipients of the award include civil rights activist Rosa Parks, Congressman John Dingell, civil rights activist Joseph Lowery, UAW president Douglas Fraser, and civil rights activist and Congressman John Lewis.


title: Walter Reuther

text: The archival records of Reuther can be found mostly at the Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. Notable are the "UAW President's Office: Walter P. Reuther Records," an extensive collection that documents his time as President with the UAW. The materials include Reuther's personal correspondence, writings, photographs, official memorandum, and other various record types. Researchers are encouraged to contact the Reuther library for inquiries or access to materials. A guide to Reuther's archival materials can be found here.


title: Cezve

text: A cezve (, ; , also ibriki/briki; briki) is a small long-handled pot with a pouring lip designed specifically to make Turkish coffee. It is traditionally made of brass or copper, occasionally also silver or gold. In more recent times "cezveler" are also made from stainless steel, aluminium, or ceramics.


title: Cezve

text: The cezve is also known as an "ibrik", a Turkish word from Arabic (""), from Aramaic ܐܖܪܝܩܐ (ʾaḇrēqā), from early Modern Persian *ābrēž (cf. Modern Persian ), from Middle Persian *āb-rēǰ, ultimately from Old Persian *āp- 'water' + *raiča- 'pour' (cf. Modern Persian & Middle Persian ["rêxtan"]).


title: Cezve

text: In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia, the cezve is a long-necked coffee pot. In Turkish an "ibrik" is not a coffee-pot, but simply a pitcher or ewer.


title: CMake

text: In software development, CMake is cross-platform free and open-source software for build automation, testing, packaging and installation of software by using a compiler-independent method. CMake is not a build system itself; it generates another system's build files. It supports directory hierarchies and applications that depend on multiple libraries. It is used in conjunction with native build environments such as Make, Qt Creator, Ninja, Android Studio, Apple's Xcode, and Microsoft Visual Studio. It has minimal dependencies, requiring only a C++ compiler on its own build system.


title: CMake

text: CMake development began in 1999 in response to the need for a cross-platform build environment for the Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit. The project is funded by the United States National Library of Medicine as part of the Visible Human Project. It was partially inspired by pcmaker, which was made by Ken Martin and other developers to support the Visualization Toolkit (VTK). At Kitware, Bill Hoffman blended components of pcmaker with his own ideas, striving to mimic the functionality of Unix configure scripts. CMake was first implemented in 2000 and further developed in 2001.


title: CMake

text: Continued development and improvements were fueled by the incorporation of CMake into developers’ own systems, including the VXL Project, the CABLE features added by Brad King, and GE Corporate R&D for support of DART. Additional features were created when VTK transitioned to CMake for its build environment and for supporting ParaView.


title: CMake

text: Version 3.0 was released in June 2014. It has been described as the beginning of "Modern CMake". Experts now advise to avoid variables in favor of "targets" and "properties". The commands , , , that were at the core of CMake 2 should now be replaced by target-specific commands.


title: CMake

text: A key feature is the ability to place compiler outputs (such as object files) outside of the source tree. This enables multiple builds from the same source tree and cross-compilation. Placing the compiler outputs outside of the source tree keeps the tree separate from the build files, ensuring that removing a build directory will not remove the source files. However, the users aren't protected in any way from removing the original source code folder.


title: CMake

text: CMake can locate system-wide and user-specified executables, files, and libraries. These locations are stored in a cache, which can then be tailored before generating the target build files. The cache can be edited with a graphical editor, which is shipped with CMake.


title: CMake

text: Complicated directory hierarchies and applications that rely on several libraries are well supported by CMake. For instance, CMake is able to accommodate a project that has multiple toolkits, or libraries that each have multiple directories. In addition, CMake can work with projects that require executables to be created before generating code to be compiled for the final application. Its open-source, extensible design allows CMake to be adapted as necessary for specific projects.


title: CMake

text: CMake can generate project files for several popular IDEs, such as Microsoft Visual Studio, Xcode, and Eclipse CDT. It can also produce build scripts for MSBuild or NMake on Windows; Unix Make on Unix-like platforms such as Linux, macOS, and Cygwin; and Ninja on both Windows and Unix-like platforms.


title: CMake

text: CMake allows specification of features that the compiler is required to support in order to get the target program or library compiled.


title: CMake

text: CMake supports an extensive list of compilers, including: Apple Clang, Clang, GNU GCC, MSVC, Oracle Developer Studio, and Intel C++ Compiler.


title: CMake

text: Even though CMake is not a package manager, it provides basic modules (see CPack) functions for installing binaries and package information declared by the script to be used by consumer CMake projects. The package may also be packed into an archive file for package manager or installer supported by a target platform. Third-party packages may also be imported via configured CMake files which are either provided by the same third-party or created manually.


title: CMake

text: Cmake is shipped with built-in ncurses program that can be used to configure projects via command-line interface.


title: CMake

text: The build of a program or library with CMake is a two-stage process. First, standard build files (usually scripts) are created (generated) from configuration files (CMakeLists.txt) which are written in CMake language. Then the platform's native build tools (native toolchain) are used for actual building of programs. The generated by CMake scripts are further used to produce actual binary files or else.


title: CMake

text: The build files are configured depending on the used generator (e.g. "Unix Makefiles" for make) and associated toolchain files. Advanced users can also create and incorporate additional makefile generators to support their specific compiler and OS needs. Generated files are typically placed (by using 's flag) into a folder outside of the source's one (out of source build), e.g., .


title: CMake

text: Each build project in turn contains its own file and directory in every project (sub-)directory of included by the command, helping to avoid or speed up regeneration when it is run repeatedly.


title: CMake

text: The generation process and the output could fine-tuned via target properties. Previously it was done via -prefixed global variables that are also used to configure CMake itself and to set up initial defaults. The older approach is discouraged now.


title: CMake

text: Depending on CMakeLists.txt configuration the build files may be either executables, libraries (e.g. , etc.), object file libraries or pseudo-targets (including aliases). CMake can produce object files that can be linked against by executable binaries/libraries, avoiding dynamic (run-time) linking and using static (compile-time) linking instead. This enables flexibility in configuration of various optimizations.


title: CMake

text: CMake has a relatively simple interpreted, imperative scripting language. It supports variables, string manipulation methods, arrays, function/macro declarations, and module inclusion (importing). CMake Language commands (or directives) are read by from a file named . This file specifies the source files and build parameters, which CMake will place in the project's build specification (such as a Makefile). Additionally, -suffixed files can contain scripts used by CMake.


title: CMake

text: To generate a project's build files, one invokes in terminal and specifies the directory that contains . This file contains one or more commands in the form of .


title: CMake

text: The arguments of the commands are whitespace-separated and can include keywords to separate groups of arguments. Commands can take keywords. For instance, in the command the keyword is . It serves as a delimiter between the list of source files and some other options.


title: CMake

text: Examples of commands that CMake offers to specify targets and their dependencies and which serve as the starting point of the CMakeLists.txt:


title: CMake

text: Since release 3.0, CMake's documentation uses reStructuredText markup. HTML pages and man pages are generated by the Sphinx documentation generator.


title: CMake

text: CMake ships with numerous modules and tools. These facilitate work such as finding dependencies (both built-in and external, e.g. modules), testing the toolchain environment and executables, packaging releases ( module and command), and managing dependencies on external projects ( module):


title: CMake

text: CPack is a packaging system for software distributions. It is tightly integrated with CMake but can function without it.


title: CMake

text: CMake has been very widely adopted among commercial, open source, and academic software projects. A few notable users include


title: CMake

text: Android NDK, Netflix, Inria, MySQL, Boost (C++ libraries), KeePassXC, KDE, KiCAD, FreeCAD, Webkit, Blender, Biicode, ReactOS, Apache QPid, the ATLAS experiment, and Second Life.


title: CMake

text: The following source code files demonstrate how to build a simple hello world program written in C++ by using CMake.


title: CMake

text: Shell commands to run CMake on a Linux system (to be entered in the directory that contains the two files above):


title: Navi Rawat

text: Navlata Rawat (born June 5, 1977) is an American television actress, known for her roles as Theresa Diaz on the drama series "The O.C." and math prodigy Amita Ramanujan on the drama series "Numb3rs".


title: Navi Rawat

text: Rawat was born in Malibu, California, to an Indian father, Rajaji Rawat, and a German mother, Claudia, née Littmann, the daughter of the President of Police ("Polizeipräsident") of Frankfurt, Gerhard Littmann. She was raised in Miami, Florida. She attended Miami Country Day School and is a graduate of New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.


title: Navi Rawat

text: In television, Rawat is best known for her roles as Theresa Diaz on the drama "The O.C." and math prodigy Amita Ramanujan on "Numb3rs". She had a guest role as Melanie in the first season of "24". Her work in film includes the science-fiction "Thoughtcrimes" (2003), the Project Greenlight film "Feast" (2005), and the independent romantic comedy "Loveless in Los Angeles" (2006). She has also had many smaller roles including playing Dana, a psychotic vampire slayer, in an episode of "Angel" and portrayed Nat Raiden on the episode "Asslane" of the short-lived action TV show, "Fastlane" on Fox. She played a recurring role in the USA Network series "Burn Notice's" fourth season. Most recently, she had a guest role on the rebooted "Magnum P.I." series.


title: Navi Rawat

text: Rawat married actor Brawley Nolte, son of Nick Nolte, in September 2012 on the island of Tahiti. They have a daughter together.


title: Ġgantija

text: Ġgantija (, "Giantess") is a megalithic temple complex from the Neolithic era (c. 3600–2500 BC), on the Mediterranean island of Gozo in Malta. The Ġgantija temples are the earliest of the Megalithic Temples of Malta and are older than the pyramids of Egypt. Their makers erected the two Ġgantija temples during the Neolithic which makes these temples more than 5500 years old and the world's second oldest existing manmade religious structures after Göbekli Tepe in present-day Turkey. Together with other similar structures, these have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Megalithic Temples of Malta.


title: Ġgantija

text: The temples are elements of a ceremonial site in a fertility rite. Researchers have found that the numerous figurines and statues found on site are associated with that cult. According to local Gozitan folklore, a giantess who ate nothing but broad beans and honey bore a child from a man of the common people. With the child hanging from her shoulder, she built these temples and used them as places of worship.


title: Ġgantija

text: The Ġgantija temples stand at the edge of the Xagħra plateau, facing toward the south-east. This megalithic monument encompasses two temples and an incomplete third, of which only the facade was partially built before being abandoned. Like "Mnajdra South," it faces the equinox sunrise, built side by side and enclosed within a boundary wall. The southerly one is the larger and older one, dating back to approximately 3600 BC. It is also better preserved. The plan of the temple incorporates five large apses, with traces of the plaster that once covered the irregular wall still clinging between the blocks.


title: Ġgantija

text: The temples are built in the typical clover-leaf shape, with inner-facing blocks marking the shape. The space between the walls was then filled in with rubble. A series of semi-circular apses is connected with a central passage. Archaeologists believe that the apses were originally covered by roofing.


title: Ġgantija

text: The effort is a remarkable feat when considering the monuments were constructed when the wheel had not yet been introduced and no metal tools were available to the Maltese Islanders. Small, spherical stones have been discovered. They were used as ball bearings for the vehicles that transported the enormous stone blocks used for the temples.


title: Ġgantija

text: The temple, like other megalithic sites in Malta, faces southeast. The southern temple rises to a height of . At the entrance sits a large stone block with a recess, which led to the hypothesis that this was a ritual ablution station for purification before worshippers entered the complex. The five apses contain various altars. Researchers have found animal bones on the site that suggest the space was used for animal sacrifice.


title: Ġgantija

text: Residents and travelers knew about the existence of the temple for a long time. In the late 18th century, before any excavations were carried out, Jean-Pierre Houël drew a plan based on that knowledge, which has been found to be highly accurate. In 1827 Col. John Otto Bayer, the Lieutenant Governor of Gozo, had the site cleared of debris. The soil and remains were lost without having been properly examined. German artist Charles Frederick de Brocktorff had painted a picture of the site within a year or two prior to the removal of the debris, so he made a record of the site before clearance.


title: Ġgantija

text: After the excavations were conducted in 1827, the ruins fell into decay. The remains were included on the Antiquities List of 1925. The land was held privately until 1933, when the Government expropriated it for public benefit. The Museums Department conducted extensive archaeological work in 1933, 1936, 1949, 1956–57 and 1958–59. Its goal was to clear, preserve and research the ruins and their surroundings.


title: Ġgantija

text: The Ġgantija temples were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. In 1992, the Committee decided to expand the listing to include five other megalithic temples located across the islands of Malta and Gozo. The Ġgantija listing was renamed "the Megalithic Temples of Malta"


title: Ġgantija

text: The temple and the surrounding areas were restored or rehabilitated in the 2000s. Lightweight walkways were installed in the temple in 2011, to protect the floor. A heritage park was developed and opened in 2013.


title: Ġgantija

text: Anthropologist Kathryn Rountree has explored how "Malta’s neolithic temples", including Ġgantija, "have been interpreted, contested and appropriated by different local and foreign interest groups: those working in the tourist industry, intellectuals and Maltese nationalists, hunters, archaeologists, artists, and participants in the global Goddess movement."


title: Ġgantija

text: Reportedly, some Goddess tours refer to the two temples at Ġgantija "as the Mother & Daughter Temple."


title: Miruthan

text: Miruthan () is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language action horror film written and directed by Shakti Soundar Rajan, starring Jayam Ravi, Lakshmi Menon and Anikha Surendran. D. Imman composed the music, while Venkatesh S. handled the cinematography. Shot in Ooty and Coimbatore within 54 days, the film derives its title from a hybrid of two words, "Mirugam" meaning animal and "Manithan" meaning man.


title: Miruthan

text: The film depicts a zombie apocalypse in the state of Tamil Nadu that starts after a poisonous liquid spills from a container outside a chemical laboratory in Ooty. Karthik is a traffic police officer who learns of the outbreak when his sister goes missing, and he finds himself attacked by some zombies. He teams up with some doctors to escape from Ooty to Coimbatore and find a cure for the outbreak, while zombies keep spreading from city to city.


title: Miruthan

text: Prior to its release, the film faced issues when the Central Board of Film Certification granted it an A (adults only) rating. The makers approached the revising committee that passed the film with a U/A (parental guidance) rating.


title: Miruthan

text: Along with a Telugu dubbed version titled "Yamapasham", the film was released theatrically on 19 February 2016 before the 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election. "Miruthan" has also been screened at multiple film festivals such as the Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival, the Fantasia International Film Festival (the second Tamil film after "Enthiran" to get selected for this festival), the MOTELx - Lisbon International Horror Film Festival, the Morbido Film Fest, the Sitges Film Festival, the Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival and the Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival. Later, Jayam Ravi introduced plans to make the sequel "Miruthan 2" as a superhero film so as to cater to younger audiences as well.


title: Miruthan

text: The opening scene shows a container of poisonous liquid being spilt from a transport vehicle at a chemical laboratory in Ooty. A stray dog consumes it and turns violent, which then bites a security guard. The security guard turns into a zombie within hours and starts a chain of human infections via bites.


title: Miruthan

text: Back to the present, Karthik is a traffic police sub-inspector in Ooty who avoids all kinds of dangers as he takes care of his younger sister Vidya, who is in her early teens. Both are orphans but live with Karthik's friend Chinnamalai, a traffic police constable. Karthik is in love with a cardiology doctor named Renuka aka Renu, but never proposes in all their meetings. Renu is engaged and is about to marry an NRI named Naveen, who is also a cardiologist. One day Karthik messes up with Minister Gurumoorthy by allowing an auto carrying pregnant women in the Minister's way. Next day morning, Karthik finds that his sister Vidya goes missing while looking for her he was suddenly attacked by Zombies. At the same time, the police of Ooty are informed of the outbreak and get orders to shoot anyone who has turned into a zombie. Karthik is looking for Vidya by sticking posters of his missing sister on walls and killing some zombies in his way. He receives a call in which he is told to arrive at a place to find his sister. There, he finds Renu and a group of doctors, including the Chief doctor Dharan, all working on finding a vaccine to cure all the zombies. At Renu's house, Karthik and Chinnamalai find Minister Gurumoorthy, who is the father of Renu and learns that the Minister has kidnapped Vidya for vengeance, He finds Vidhya at a swimming pool surrounded by Minister Gurumoorthy's zombified henchman and finds that Zombies are allergic to water. Renu tells Karthik to save the doctors who are trapped inside the house, which is invaded by zombies.


title: Miruthan

text: Escorted by Karthik, the team comprising Dharan, Renu, another doctor Kamal, Renu's father Minister Gurumoorthy, Chinnamalai, and Vidya, the group heads to Coimbatore, where they are to use medical equipment to find a cure to the tragedy. But Dharan was already scratched by a zombie, so he was not getting infected immediately. He doesn't reveal this to anyone, fearing for his safety. When they near Mettuplayam, they were shocked to see that the infection had already spread in Coimbatore. The zombies crowd around the police van, so Karthik is forced to rash-drive the van to kill the zombies one by one.


title: Miruthan

text: Later, Gurumoorthy unknowingly disturbs some zombies, and Karthik ended up having to shoot them, which attracts many other zombies around. Then they all are forced to take shelter in a mall, opposite the hospital. Meanwhile, Naveen is inside the hospital trying to find the vaccine. They get ahold of Shri, a frightened security guard of the mall.


title: Miruthan

text: After a few hours, Dharan turns into a zombie and bites Vidya. Karthik kills Dharan with his gun, but Vidya does not turn into a zombie despite the fact that she was attacked almost an hour ago. Kamal says that she will be able to help them in finding the vaccine as she has the required antibodies and immunity. Karthik had to escort them to the hospital, which faces the mall. For this, he uses pressurized water from the mall's fire truck, knowing that they are allergic to water. Despite the reduced time, Karthik manages to bring everyone safely to the hospital except Renu. He goes back to the mall to bring Renu, but he does that without any water source. So he leads Renu to the hospital but was bitten by the zombies while escorting her. He himself slowly turns into a zombie, but he safely escorts her to the hospital before his human feelings lose and also advises Renu to shoot him. But she is too adamant about knowing the reason why he had saved her, despite the uncaring Naveen's attempts and her selfish father, and realizes his love for her, but Karthik turns into a zombie. Thus, Renu shoots him.


title: Miruthan

text: The doctors find the required antidote and start dealing with the virus. Later, Karthik, now completely a zombie, is seen on top of a bus which is going to Chennai, implying that Renu did not shoot Karthik properly and hence he has survived the attack. The story will be continued in a sequel to this film.


title: Miruthan

text: The film was announced on 14 January 2015, after the shooting of Ravi's another project of the year, Romeo Juliet was completed. Filming began in March 2015, after Jayam Ravi accepted an offer from Shakti Soundar Rajan to feature in a film produced by Michael Rayappan. Lakshmi Menon subsequently joined the team to portray the film's heroine. The team shot for thirty days in Ooty in May 2015, before returning to Chennai to complete portions. In July 2015, a schedule was held at Binny Mills, where the art direction team had erected a set costing 1.5 crore rupees. As of January 2016, the filming was completely ended.


title: Miruthan

text: D. Imman composed the soundtrack for both the Tamil and the Telugu versions, with durations overlapping.


title: Miruthan

text: The film was later dubbed into Hindi and Malayalam. In Hindi, it was released with the name as "Daring Rakhwala" on zee cinema and in Malayalam, it was released with the same name of the original title 'Miruthan'.


title: Miruthan

text: Sudhir Srinivasan of The Hindu said that Miruthan was an inconsistent ‘zombie’ film with excessive melodrama. Latha Srinivasan of dna gave 2 stars and said, "The zombies of Hollywood won't do a far better job of entertaining you than Miruthan. Times of India gave 2.5/5 and wrote, "Like, you want to praise the makers for trying something different — the first zombie film in Tamil cinema, in this case — but immediately, you are worst with another thought: 'Did the first zombie film in Tamil have to be this clumsy and unexciting?'"Behindwoods" gave the film 2.75/5 and stated, "For audiences who have seen Hollywood zombie films, Miruthan would be an old experience. And kudos definitely to Shakthi Sounder Rajan for attempting something different from the usual themes that Tamil cinema is known to churn out film after film." Film critic Sreedhar Pillai expressed via Twitter that the "interval creates the impression (that the) 1st half (is) worst than 2nd half" while the climax was "long drawn out", giving the film a 0.5/5. IndiaGlitz.com rated the film 1.3/5 and stated, " Miruthan- Sores a lot and little else


title: Miruthan

text: In March 2016, Shakti Soundar Rajan announced his plans to make a sequel of the film in the future. He later began a different film featuring Jayam Ravi in the lead role titled "Tik Tik Tik".


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Christopher Harris Jr. (born June 18, 1989) is an American football safety for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Kansas. He was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent after going undrafted in the 2011 NFL Draft.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: In his first season, Harris was named to the NFL All Rookie Team and achieved Breakout Player of the Year accolades. In 2015, Harris finished the season winning Super Bowl 50 with the Broncos over the Carolina Panthers, a season during which he was again selected as an All-Pro and chosen for the Pro Bowl. He is known for his off the field charitable activities, and in 2012, he started the Chris Harris Jr. Foundation to support children in need.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma and attended nearby Bixby High School in Bixby, Oklahoma where he earned varsity letters in football, basketball, and track. Harris was named All-State in basketball and football as defensive back senior year (2006) after helping the Spartans to the district title.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris was an all-metro first-team selection after his junior and senior seasons. He earned all-state honorable mention honors as a junior. He collected 61 total tackles, four interceptions, and seven pass break-ups in 2006. Harris had 23 receptions for 839 yards during his senior campaign.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris helped lead Bixby High School to second place in the 2005 state football championship, coached by Pat McGrew. Harris was a member of the academic state champions teams in 2005 and 2006. Harris was named a 2006 leader (top 50 students at Bixby) by the Bixby Optimist Club.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris played football in college at the University of Kansas, where he received numerous accolades and produced numbers that set him apart as one of the most successful defensive players in the history of Kansas football. By the end of his college career, Harris had landed himself at second place on the Kansas football all-time tackles list. He joined as a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity while in college.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris was not invited to the NFL Scouting Combine. On March 16, 2011, he attended Kansas's pro day and performed all of the combine and positional drills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Harris was projected to go undrafted in the 2011 NFL Draft. He was ranked the 30th best free safety prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: On July 27, 2011, the Denver Broncos signed Harris to a three-year, $1.39 million contract that included a signing bonus of $2,000.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Throughout training camp, Harris competed for a roster spot against Perrish Cox, Chevis Jackson, Darcel McBath, Kyle McCarthy, and Syd'Quan Thompson. He made the final roster after surviving final roster cuts and was named the fourth cornerback on the depth chart behind Champ Bailey, Andre Goodman, and Cassius Vaughn.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the Denver Broncos' season-opening 23-20 loss against the Oakland Raiders. The following week, he recorded two solo tackles during a 24-22 victory against the Cincinnati Bengals. Harris began receiving increased playing time after multiple injuries. In Week 4, Harris emerged as a possible future top cornerback prospect after replacing an ineffective Cassius Vaughn and making four combined tackles during a 49-23 loss at the Green Bay Packers. Vaughn and Champ Bailey both suffered hamstring injuries and Andre Goodman suffered a shoulder injury that required stitches. On October 30, 2011, Harris earned his first career start after surpassing Vaughn and Goodman on the depth chart. He recorded nine combined tackles during the Broncos' 45-10 loss to the Detroit Lions. The next week, he made his second consecutive start and recorded a season-high 11 combined tackles and made his first career interception off Carson Palmer in a 38-24 victory at the Oakland Raiders. Harris finished his rookie season with a career-high 72 combined tackles (62 solo), six pass deflections, and one interception in 16 games and four starts.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: The Denver Broncos finished 8-8, but managed to finish first in the AFC West. On January 8, 2012, he played in his first career playoff game and recorded five combined tackles in a 29-23 overtime victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wildcard game. The following week, Harris started his first career playoff game and made eight combined tackles as the Broncos lost 45-10 to the New England Patriots in the AFC Divisional round.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: The Broncos signed free agent Tracy Porter and hired Jack Del Rio as their new defensive coordinator. Harris tied the Broncos’ single-season record with two interceptions returned for touchdowns and posted the fourth-most interception return yards (144) in team history in 2012. He ranked fifth in the NFL in receiving yards allowed (400) and tied for the ninth-fewest completions (35) allowed among players with at least 60 targets during the 2012 season.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris was inactive and missed the Broncos' Week 2 loss at the Atlanta Falcons. On September 30, 2012, Harris recorded three solo tackles and made his first career sack on Carson Palmer during a 37-6 defeat over the Oakland Raiders. Prior to Week 6, Harris was named the starting outside cornerback, along with Champ Bailey, after Tracy Porter was inactive due to seizure-like symptoms. On October 15, 2012, Harris made four solo tackles, two pass deflections, a touchdown, and intercepted San Diego Chargers' quarterback Philip Rivers twice in a 35-24 victory. He intercepted a pass intended for Eddie Royal and returned it 46-yards for his first career touchdown, sealing the victory for the Denver Broncos. On December 16, 2012, Harris recorded a tackle, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Ravens' quarterback Joe Flacco and returned it for a 98-yard touchdown during a 34-17 win at the Baltimore Ravens. It was the longest interception returned for a touchdown in Broncos' history. On December 23, 2012, he collected a season-high eight solo tackles in the Broncos' 34-12 victory at the Cleveland Browns. He finished the season with 61 combined tackles (51 solo), 12 pass deflections, three interceptions, 2.5 sacks, and two touchdowns in 15 games and 12 starts.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: The Denver Broncos finished atop the AFC West with a 13-3 record in Peyton Manning's first season with the team. On January 12, 2013, Harris started and recorded three solo tackles and four pass deflections in the Broncos' 38-35 overtime loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Divisional round.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris returned from his stellar season to enter training camp behind newly acquired free agent Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie on the depth chart. Head coach John Fox named him the third cornerback behind Champ Bailey and Rodgers-Cromartie to start the regular season.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: He started the Denver Broncos' season-opener against Baltimore and recorded three solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted Joe Flacco during their 49-27 victory on "Thursday Night Football". The following week, he made six combined tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted Eli Manning after the ball deflected off Tony Carter's foot during the Broncos' 41-23 victory at the New York Giants. On October 13, 2013, Harris recorded a season-high 11 combined tackles in a 35-19 victory against the Jacksonville Jaguars. He finished the season with 65 combined tackles (58 solo), 14 pass deflections, and a career-high three interceptions in 16 games and 15 starts. He was ranked the eighth best cornerback in 2013 by Pro Football Focus.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: The Denver Broncos finished first in their division with 13-3 record. On January 12, 2014, Harris recorded two solo tackles and deflected a pass during a 24-17 victory over the San Diego Chargers in the AFC Divisional Round. He left the game after suffering a torn ACL and missed the remainder of the playoffs. After defeating the New England Patriots the Broncos went on to Super Bowl XLVIII where they were defeated by the Seattle Seahawks 43-8.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris underwent surgery to repair his partially torn ACL in February and was on schedule to return in July. On May 7, 2014, the Denver Broncos placed a second round tender on Harris that also paid him $2.18 million for 2014.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: With Harris injured, the Broncos opted to draft Bradley Roby in the first round (31st overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. They also signed free agent and his former Kansas teammate Aqib Talib and opted not to re-sign longtime veteran Champ Bailey. Head coach John Fox named Harris and Talib the starting cornerbacks to begin the 2014 regular season. On December 7, 2014, Harris recorded a season-high tying five solo tackles, a pass deflection, a sack, and intercepted a pass attempt by Kyle Orton in the Broncos' 24-17 win against the Buffalo Bills. On December 12, 2014, the Denver Broncos signed Harris to a four-year, $42.5 million contract extension that includes $10.9 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million. He finished the season with 54 combined tackles (50 solo), 17 pass deflections, three interceptions, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. He led the league in least passing yards allowed and did not give up a touchdown pass all season long, earning him a Pro Bowl selection and second-team AP All-Pro honors. Statistically, Harris had the best season from a cornerback since Darrelle Revis in 2009. Pro Football Focus ranked him the top cornerback in 2014, giving Harris an overall grade of +28.4, which was the highest overall grade among his position group in 2014. Since entering the league in 2011, Harris allowed six touchdowns, which was the lowest amount allowed by any cornerback during that span. ProFootballFocus named Chris Harris Jr. the 4th best player in the league at any position for his 2014 performance.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: The Denver Broncos finished first in the AFC West with a 12-4 record, but lost 24-13 in the AFC Divisional Round to the Indianapolis Colts. On January 25, 2015, Harris played in the 2015 Pro Bowl and recorded two solo tackles and a pass deflection as member of Team Irvin that defeated Team Rice 32-28.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris retained his spot as the starting left cornerback and Talib retained his spot as the starting right cornerback for the 2015 season under new defensive coordinator Wade Phillips.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: On October 4, 2015, Harris recorded a season-high eight combined tackles during a 23-20 win against the Minnesota Vikings. The following week, Harris made his most notable play of the regular season, intercepting Derek Carr and returning it for a 75-yard touchdown which was the Broncos only touchdown in their 16-10 victory at the Oakland Raiders. Harris finished the regular season with 58 combined tackles (49 solo), six pass deflections, two interceptions, two forced fumbles, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. His overall grade of 87.2 ranked as the second highest grade among cornerbacks from Pro Football Focus in 2015, behind only Darius Slay who received a grade of 87.3.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: After defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship, the Denver Broncos went on to appear in Super Bowl 50. On February 7, 2016, Harris recorded five solo tackles and a sack as the Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers 24–10 to win Super Bowl 50. Harris didn't allow a touchdown reception in coverage from December 1, 2013 to December 15, 2015, a span that covered 35 games (including playoffs). The streak ended against the Steelers and Antonio Brown who was widely regarded as the best wide receiver in the league. He received enough votes from fellow NFL players to rank 52nd on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. During the 2015 season, the Denver Broncos secondary gained the nickname the "No Fly Zone" due to their superior coverage ability.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris continued to remain as the starting left cornerback through the 2016 season. He started the Denver Broncos' season-opening victory against the Carolina Panthers, opposite Aqib Talib, in a Super Bowl 50 rematch and recorded two solo tackle, three pass deflections, and intercepted Cam Newton in Denver's 21-20 victory. On October 24, 2016, Harris collected a season-high seven combined tackles during a 27-9 victory against the Houston Texans. He finished the season with 63 combined tackles (57 solo), 11 pass deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and 15 starts. Pro Football Focus gave Harris a coverage grade of 91.6 and a grade of 61.4 in run defense. His overall grade of 91.7 made him the top cornerback in the league according to PFF. Fellow cornerback Aqib Talib finished second with a grade of 91.3, making them the highest ranked tandem in


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: For the first time in Harris's six-year career, the Broncos missed the playoffs with a 9-7 record. Harris was voted to his third consecutive Pro Bowl after the 2016 season and was named First-team All-Pro. He was also ranked 63rd on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: New head coach Vance Joseph retained all of the starters in the Denver Broncos' secondary in 2017. On September 17, 2017, Harris recorded a season-high six solo tackles, two pass deflections, and an interception off quarterback Dak Prescott during a 42-17 victory over the Dallas Cowboys. In Week 13, he made two combined tackles, deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Jay Cutler in Denver's 35-9 loss at the Miami Dolphins. Harris finished the season with a career-low 40 combined tackles (32 solo), seven pass deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and 16 starts. The Broncos finished fourth in the AFC West with a 5-11 record in their first season under Joseph. Pro Football Focus gave Harris an overall grade of 83.5, ranking him the 29th best cornerback in the NFL during the 2017 season. He was ranked 86th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: On March 8, 2018, the Broncos exercised Harris' 2018 option, which would allow him to earn $8.5 million for the year.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris started the first 12 games at left cornerback before suffering a broken fibula in Week 14. He missed the next two games before being placed on injured reserve December 19, 2018.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: Harris was retained as the Broncos’ starting left cornerback for the 2019 season under new head coach Vic Fangio and defensive coordinator Ed Donatell. In week 6 against the Tennessee Titans, Harris recorded his first and only interception of the season off Marcus Mariota and forced a fumble in the 16-0 win.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: On March 30, 2020, Harris signed a two-year, $20 million contract with the Los Angeles Chargers. Harris was named the starting left cornerback opposite Casey Hayward to begin the 2020 season. In Week 3, Harris suffered a foot injury and was placed on injured reserve on September 29, 2020. He was activated on November 27, 2020. In Week 15 against the Las Vegas Raiders, Harris recorded his first interception as a Charger off a pass thrown by Marcus Mariota and made a 51 yard return during the 30–27 overtime win.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: On October 4, 2022, the New Orleans Saints signed Harris to the practice squad. He was elevated from the practice squad via a standard elevation on October 15. He played in the team's Week 7 Thursday Night Football game against the Arizona Cardinals. He was signed to the active roster on October 29.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: In 2012, Harris married his college sweetheart, Leah, with whom he resides in Dallas during the off-season.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: In 2013, Harris started the Chris Harris Jr. Foundation. The foundation's fundamental goal is to support what Harris refers to as 'underdogs' through various charitable activities. Harris holds an annual free football camp for kids called the 'Underdog Football Academy', has been a national spokesman against domestic violence through DVIS, and his foundation has worked extensively with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America and The Salvation Army.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: In addition to the foundation's work, Harris and his wife are involved with Big Brothers and Big Sisters. Harris and his wife have a little brother and little sister that they personally mentor in addition to working with the organization in general.


title: Chris Harris Jr.

text: In 2017, Harris participated in PETA's "Cold Dog Challenge," experiencing a night in the cold so as to encourage people to bring their pets inside.


The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism is a fictional book in George Orwell's dystopian novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949). The book was supposedly written by Emmanuel Goldstein, the principal enemy of the state of Oceania's ruling party. The Party portrays Goldstein as a former member of the Inner Party who continually conspired to depose Big Brother and overthrow the government. In the novel, the book is read by the protagonist, Winston Smith who recalls that "There were ... whispered stories of a terrible book, a compendium of all the heresies, of which Goldstein was the author, and which circulated clandestinely here and there. It was a book without a title. People referred to it, if at all, simply as The Book."


title: The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism

text: In "Nineteen Eighty-Four", the protagonist Winston Smith writes a diary in which he confesses thought crimes, such as his secret hatred of Big Brother and the Party. In the course of his work life at the Ministry of Truth, Winston approaches O'Brien, a member of the Inner Party, believing him part of the Brotherhood, Goldstein's conspiracy against Oceania. Initially, O'Brien appears as such, especially in arranging to give Winston a copy of The Book, the possession of which is a crime in Oceania. In conversation, O'Brien tells Winston that The Book reveals the true, totalitarian nature of the dystopian society that the Party established in Oceania, and that full membership to the Brotherhood requires reading The Book. Winston describes his first encounter with The Book:


text: The term Oligarchical Collectivism refers to Ingsoc (English Socialism), the dominant ideology of Oceania, and to the ideologies of Neo-Bolshevism in Eurasia and Death-worship (Obliteration of the Self) in Eastasia. Winston reads two long excerpts establishing how the three totalitarian super-states – Eastasia, Eurasia, Oceania – emerged from a global war, thus connecting the past to his present, the year 1984, and explains the basic political philosophy of the totalitarianism that derived from the authoritarian political tendencies manifested in the twentieth century. That the three, ostensibly opposing ideologies are functionally identical is the central revelation of The Book.


text: Theoretically, Oligarchical Collectivism recalls the theory of bureaucratic collectivism put forth by some Trotskyists in the late 1930s as a description of the Soviet Union under Stalin. Oceania's principal enemy of the people, Emmanuel Goldstein, is modelled after Leon Trotsky, a former member of the inner circle of the Bolshevik Party whom Stalin purged and then declared an enemy of the people of the Soviet Union, the socialist state that Trotsky had helped found in Russia. From exile, Trotsky criticised the social system of the Soviet Union.


text: "Chapter I: Ignorance is Strength", and "Chapter III: War is Peace" of The Book are titled with Party slogans; O'Brien later refers to chapters featuring a programme for deposing the Party. (Chapter II, presumably titled "Freedom is Slavery" after the remaining Party slogan, is not detailed in the novel.)


text: "Ignorance is Strength" details the perpetual class struggle characteristic of human societies; beginning with the historical observation that societies always have hierarchically divided themselves into social classes and castes: the High (who rule); the Middle (who work for, and yearn to supplant the High), and the Low (whose goal is survival). Cyclically, the Middle deposed the High, by enlisting the Low. Upon assuming power, however, the Middle (the new High class) recast the Low into their usual servitude. In the event, the classes perpetually repeat the cycle, when the Middle class speaks to the Low class of "justice" and of "human brotherhood" in aid of becoming the High class rulers.


text: Ian Slater writes that Goldstein goes beyond George Orwell's beliefs in earlier work, such as "A Clergyman's Daughter", in which the Middle makes a pretence of believing in equality. In "Animal Farm", the state sought power to improve society, but once technological advances make equality possible, the Middle abandons their former promises, as socialism only stands in the way of their aims; they become explicitly tyrannical and openly hostile to equality. The new rhetoric of the Middle becomes Ingsoc and hierarchical collectivism. This pursuit of naked power, without any pretense of concern for equality, distinguishes the Party from previous tyrannies, though the Party initially justifies its control through dedication to socialism. By focusing on collectivism, the Party can consolidate their power and present Ingsoc as an inevitable followup to capitalism in which the Low are no longer exploited. In reality, the social castes are no longer necessary, and collectivism only serves to prolong the exploitation of the Low. Slater states that while O'Brien does not own his mansion, he still lives in luxury compared to the lower castes. Once the Party consolidates its power, all justifications are abandoned. The Party itself is a meritocracy, not hereditary. This is not rooted in egalitarianism but practicality, as the Party realizes that its continuation depends on purity of orthodoxy, rather than a bloodline.


text: Unlike Orwell's prior writing, the Party's exploitation in this case is fully intentional. Slater writes that Orwell desired to show through the Party's unrealistic politics that modern authoritarianism was growing more lustful of power for power's sake. Orwell believed that modern states could bring about the desires of the Spanish Inquisition not only to control men but also to control their thoughts. This could be achieved through technological breakthroughs, such as the telescreen, a two-way television that allows continuous government surveillance of the population. Efficient use of such technology to control the populace requires centralisation, and the four ministries of Oceania – the Ministries of Truth, Peace, Love, and Plenty – fill this need.


text: The Proles usually are not subject to propaganda. Instead, it is the middle class – the Outer Party – that the Inner Party fears. Because the Proles have lost everything and have nothing, they have no future. The Party, through the Ministry of Truth, practices historical revisionism, which robs the Proles of a past, too. Robbed of the ability to learn from history and the worries of the future, the Proles exist in a state of constant present and are incapable of revolution. In order to prevent any unorthodoxy, the Ministry of Truth uses Newspeak, an impoverished language that makes heresy impossible by omitting words that could express it. Newspeak also reduces thought to simple opposites, such as good and "ungood", an intentional dichotomy that hides nuance and ambiguity while promoting black and white thinking. Party members are further subject to self-deceptive habits of mind, such as "crimestop" ("preventive stupidity"), which halts thinking at the threshold of politically dangerous thought, and "doublethink", which allows simultaneously holding and believing contradictory thoughts without noticing the contradiction, to wit:


text: Before reading the first chapter, Winston reads the third chapter "War is Peace", which explains that slogan-title's meaning, by reviewing how the global super-states were established: The United States merged with the British Empire (and later Latin America) to form Oceania; the Soviets absorbed mainland Europe to form Eurasia; and Eastasia emerged "after a decade of confused fighting", with China proper's annexation of Japan, Korea and parts of Mongolia and Tibet. In various alliances, they have warred for twenty-five years. Yet the perpetual war is militarily nonsensical, because "it is a warfare of limited aims between combatants who are unable to destroy one another, have no material cause for fighting and are not divided by any genuine ideological difference", since each is a totalitarian state.


text: Scientific advance is held carefully in check, as the Party does not want to allow for any unaccounted abundance of goods, which could conceivably raise the quality of life beyond bare subsistence for the Proles. The only technological advances permitted are in mind control and genocide, the twin goals of each of the superstates. Once mind control is perfected, the superstates are free to destroy their counterparts in a theoretical single, decisive strike that precludes retaliation. Technological advancement, even in war, can be counterproductive to the goals of the Party; none of the superstates are a true threat to each other, as they all must exist in a state of permanent limited war to survive. By harnessing the hysteria of war and demand for self-sacrifice, each of the nations declare war not on each other but on their own populace, who are kept ignorant, on the brink of starvation, and overworked. Permanent limited war also allows for the Party to divert attention away from domestic concerns and their failures. Instead of promises of an "easy, safe life", Slater writes that Orwell believed that the populace requires heroic nationalism. Thus, war becomes a psychological tool to establish a kind of ironic "peace", a stasis where progress is impossible and nothing ever changes, except for the possibility of eventual global conquest. However, even though Inner Party members have devoted their lives to establishing Oceania as the universal world power, they use doublethink also in connection with the war, knowing that it is necessary for the conflict to go on indefinitely to keep the structure of Oceanic society intact.


text: Winston never has the opportunity to finish reading "The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism", and learn the "Whys?" of Oceania and the world order in 1984 before the Thought Police arrest him, yet he believes that the hope of change lies with the Proles. The question of 'Why?' is later revealed to him by O'Brien during the torture: power is an end in itself.


text: O'Brien rejects as nonsense Winston Smith's perspective that Big Brother and the Party can be overthrown, because he is a member of the Inner Party, and not a revolutionary of the Brotherhood. At the Miniluv, O'Brien tortures Winston to cure him of his political insanity: the belief that there exists an objective reality that is external to the reality of the Party. In their torture chamber conversations, he tells Winston that The Book was written by a committee that included himself. When Winston asks O'Brien if The Book is true, he replies: "As description, yes. The programme it sets forth is nonsense."


text: Eric Cheyfitz noted that "whatever the function of [this book] is within the plot of the novel, Orwell uses its extensive elaboration in the novel to make political points about the present of 1949 and the future he imagines unfolding from this present."


text: The book has been described as a parody and critique of "The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going?" (1937), by Leon Trotsky; and "The Managerial Revolution" (1941), by James Burnham, a former Trotskyist.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Archie Gerald Thompson (born 23 October 1978) is an Australian former professional footballer. He also is serving as a club ambassador for Melbourne Victory FC.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Born in New Zealand, Thompson played youth football at the New South Wales Institute of Sport before going on to play numerous seasons in the National Soccer League and A-League. After eleven seasons with Melbourne Victory, he moved on to play for Heidelberg United in 2016. Thompson also played overseas, for Belgian Pro League side Lierse and for Dutch Eredivisie side PSV Eindhoven.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson has played over 50 times for Australia, scoring 28 goals. He was in the squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the 2001 and 2005 FIFA Confederations Cups, the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, the 2008 Summer Olympics and the successful 2004 OFC Nations Cup.


title: Archie Thompson

text: He holds the all time goal scoring record for a single international match, where he scored 13 goals in a 31–0 victory against American Samoa in 2001.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Archie Thompson began his career as a teenager in Bathurst, breaking into the senior squad in 1995. At the close of the 1995 season, he secured a move to the National Soccer League, signing with the Gippsland Falcons midway through the 1996–97 season. His exceptional pace and skill on the ball were instantly recognisable in a mediocre team, and it wasn't long before he was snapped up by Carlton, becoming a key goalscorer in an attack-minded squad. The demise of Carlton saw a return to Sydney, where he spent the remainder of the 2000–01 season with Marconi after being signed by mastermind Head of Operations Tony "Bagonk" Trimboli, before ultimately signing with Belgium's Lierse SK. A fan favourite, Thompson scored 9 goals in his first season with the Belgian First Division club before injury curtailed his progress. In his fourth season in Belgium, he was the club's leading scorer, with 14 goals in 29 league appearances.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Due to his strong form, he was lured back home to play for Melbourne Victory in 2005 (the inaugural A-League season), scoring the team's first ever regular season goal. With the A-League season finishing in March and a four-month gap between then and Australia's first World Cup group match, Thompson was approached in late 2005 join Dutch team PSV Eindhoven on a temporary loan. PSV was then coached by Guus Hiddink, who was also the Australian national team's head coach, and playing for the team would provide Thompson with the match fitness and exposure to help his chances of being selected in the World Cup team. After negotiations between the Victory and PSV stalled over the financial terms of the deal, Thompson was officially placed on six-month loan to PSV Eindhoven on 13 January 2006. He played what was thought at the time to be his final Melbourne Victory game against Queensland Roar, scoring the only goal as the team's acting captain. This goal took his tally to 8 for the season, which made him Melbourne Victory's inaugural Golden Boot winner. He also tied for the A-League's top goal scorer (the Reebok Golden Boot award) with Alex Brosque, Bobby Despotovski and Stewart Petrie.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson made just two appearances for PSV as a substitute. He was informed by the club that they would not be signing him to a further deal, and so he returned to Melbourne Victory for the A-League 2006-07 season.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Resuming with Melbourne Victory in domestic football, Thompson formed a deadly partnership in the second season of the A-League with strike partner Danny Allsopp, who both benefited from the attacking skills of Brazilian midfielder Fred.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Their quality forward play lead Melbourne to become both premiers and champions of the A-League in 2006–07.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson starred in the 2007 A-League Grand Final on 18 February 2007, scoring 5 goals and helping Melbourne Victory to a 6–0 thrashing of rivals Adelaide United. In becoming the first player to score more than 3 goals in an A-League match, Thompson exceeded his own expectations, predicting before the game that he would get a hat trick. For his efforts, Thompson was awarded the Joe Marston Medal as the Man of the Match.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson scored the winner against Robbie Fowler's North Queensland Fury in the third game of the 2009–10 A-League season.


title: Archie Thompson

text: During the 2009–2010 Hyundai A League grand final between the Melbourne Victory and Sydney FC, Archie was stretchered off after only 12 minutes due to tearing his knee ligaments. During the post game interview, Archie confirmed that it looks like he will require a full knee reconstruction, resulting in him being out of action for up to 12 months.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson played his first game in the A-League 2010–11 season loss against Gold Coast United, after coming back from a major knee reconstruction.


title: Archie Thompson

text: On 30 April 2016, Melbourne Victory announced they hadn't renewed Thompson's contract with Thompson departing the club at the end of their 2016 ACL campaign. Thompson spent 11 seasons with the club, scoring 90 goals, 10 of them in finals matches (both numbers being records at the time of his departure from the club).


title: Archie Thompson

text: On 6 August 2016, Thompson signed a short-term, two-game deal with National Premier Leagues Victoria team Heidelberg United.


title: Archie Thompson

text: In something of a homecoming, Thompson signed up for a full season with Murray United FC, based in Albury–Wodonga, home of his parents, ahead of the 2017 National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 season. He made his debut for Murray United as a 57th-minute substitute against Melbourne City FC NPL.


title: Archie Thompson

text: On 20 August 2019, Thompson signed a contract for fifth division Spanish side Racing Murcia. The club has high ambitions as they aim for promotion to La Liga, the top division in Spain, within five years. Thompson made his debut on 2 September 2019 coming on as a substitute in the 64th minute against CD Abarán. In a video documenting the progress of the club uploaded to SBS The World Game, it was announced that Thompson had left the club and returned home to Australia.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson made his first international appearance for Australia on 28 February 2001 in a friendly match against Colombia. He then was included by coach Frank Farina in the squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification matches played in April 2001. On 9 April 2001, he came on as a substitute and scored his first international goal in Australia's first match against Tonga, which Australia easily won 22–0, breaking the world record for the largest win in an international match. Two days later, in the match against American Samoa, Thompson was named as starter with regular attackers either rested or omitted from the squad. Australia went on to break their own record by winning 31–0, with Thompson scoring 13 goals, breaking the world record for most goals scored in an international match. American Samoa, who had player eligibility issues, fielded a team with youth players and was not a match to Australia, even though Australia themselves were missing several star players.


title: Archie Thompson

text: A month later, Thompson was named in Australia's squad for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup. He made two substitute appearances in the tournament as Australia went on to achieve third place at the competition. In total, Thompson made seven international appearances in 2001, scoring an impressive 16 goals. However, after 2001, he was not called up by Farina for more than three years before earning a recall in 2004.


title: Archie Thompson

text: On 12 October 2004, he was recalled to the team and made a substitute appearance in the 2004 OFC Nations Cup final, which Australia won. Since then, Thompson was more regularly called up to the national team, although most of his appearances were as a substitute. He was also included in Australia's squad for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, appearing in two matches as a substitute. In 2005, Thompson returned to Australia to play for Melbourne Victory in the inaugural A-League season. Despite not playing in Europe, he retained his place in the national team and became the only A-League based player in Australia's squad for the qualification matches against Uruguay for a berth in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Australia eventually qualified for the 2006 World Cup. His good form for Melbourne earned Thompson a place in Australia's squad for the World Cup. He was one of three A-League based players in the squad, even though he spent the run-up to the tournament on loan at PSV Eindhoven. However, he did not receive any playing time in the tournament, as Australia was eliminated in the second round.


title: Archie Thompson

text: In 2007, Thompson was once again included in Australia's squad for a major tournament. This time, Thompson participated in the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, appearing as a substitute once, in a match against the eventual winners Iraq. In 2008, Thompson was included in Australia's under-23 squad for the 2008 Olympics as one of the three over-age players allowed in the team. National coach Pim Verbeek described Thompson's performance against Indonesia in February 2009 as "absolutely hopeless".


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson returned to the national team in 2012 and scored in a 3–0 win against Lebanon, his first international goal in 6 years. Three days later, he scored in a 2–1 loss to Jordan. His goal scoring form continued as he scored a last-gasp winner in a 2–1 victory over Iraq in a must-win 2014 World Cup qualifier. Thompson was selected in the squad to take part in East Asian Cup qualification in Hong Kong, and Thompson was crowned top-goalscorer of the 2013 East Asian Cup. On 5 November, he scored against North Korea in a 1–1 draw. Two days later, he scored one of the fastest hat-tricks in history after coming on as a substitute and scoring the three in between the 58th and 65th minutes in a 9–0 win over Guam. This meant that Thompson has scored 28 international goals, one behind the 29 of Damian Mori and 22 behind the Australian record of 50, held by Tim Cahill.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson's 13 goals broke the previous record of 7 goals, which was jointly held by another Australian, Gary Cole, who scored seven goals against Fiji in the 1982 World Cup qualification on 14 August 1981, and Iranian Karim Bagheri, who also scored seven goals against Maldives in the 1998 World Cup qualification on 2 June 1997. Some sources mentioned that the previous record was 10 goals, which was achieved by Denmark's Sophus "Krølben" Nielsen in a 17–1 win against France at the 1908 Olympics and Germany's Gottfried Fuchs in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics. These matches, although fully recognized by FIFA, were played by amateur players. Thompson also equaled the world record for most goals scored in a recognized senior match, set in 1885 when John Petrie scored 13 goals in Arbroath's 36–0 win over Bon Accord in a Scottish Cup tournament.


title: Archie Thompson

text: Thompson was born in Otorohanga to a New Zealand father of Maori descent and Papua New Guinean mother. He has three brothers and two sisters. He has two children, Isabella and Axel, and bears one tattoo on each of his inner forearms of his children's names.


title: Archie Thompson

text: In October 2010, his book "What Doesn't Kill You Makes You Stronger" was released by Melbourne University Publishing.


title: Oblique projection

text: Oblique projection is a simple type of technical drawing of graphical projection used for producing two-dimensional (2D) images of three-dimensional (3D) objects.


title: Oblique projection

text: The objects are not in perspective and so do not correspond to any view of an object that can be obtained in practice, but the technique yields somewhat convincing and useful.


title: Oblique projection

text: Oblique projection is commonly used in technical drawing. The cavalier projection was used by French military artists in the 18th century to depict fortifications.


title: Oblique projection

text: Oblique projection was used almost universally by Chinese artists from the 1st or 2nd centuries to the 18th century, especially to depict rectilinear objects such as houses.


title: Oblique projection

text: Various graphical projection techniques can be used in computer graphics, including in Computer Aided Design (CAD), computer games, computer generated animations, and special effects used in movies.


title: Oblique projection

text: In both oblique projection and orthographic projection, parallel lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected image. The projectors in oblique projection intersect the projection plane at an oblique angle to produce the projected image, as opposed to the perpendicular angle used in orthographic projection.


title: Oblique projection

text: Mathematically, the parallel projection of the point formula_1 on the formula_2-plane gives formula_3. The constants formula_4 and formula_5 uniquely specify a parallel projection. When formula_6, the projection is said to be "orthographic" or "orthogonal". Otherwise, it is "oblique". The constants formula_4 and formula_5 are not necessarily less than 1, and as a consequence lengths measured on an oblique projection may be either larger or shorter than they were in space. In a general oblique projection, spheres of the space are projected as ellipses on the drawing plane, and not as circles as they would appear from an orthogonal projection.


title: Oblique projection

text: Oblique drawing is also the crudest "3D" drawing method but the easiest to master. One way to draw using an oblique view is to draw the side of the object you are looking at in two dimensions, i.e. flat, and then draw the other sides at an angle of 45°, but instead of drawing the sides full size they are only drawn with half the depth creating 'forced depth' – adding an element of realism to the object. Even with this 'forced depth', oblique drawings look very unconvincing to the eye. For this reason oblique is rarely used by professional designers or engineers.


title: Oblique projection

text: In an "oblique pictorial" drawing, the angles displayed among the axis, as well as the foreshortening factors (scale) are arbitrary.


title: Oblique projection

text: More precisely, any given set of three coplanar segments originating from the same point may be construed as forming some oblique perspective of three sides of a cube. This result is known as Pohlke's theorem, from the German mathematician Pohlke, who published it in the early 19th century.


title: Oblique projection

text: The resulting distortions make the technique unsuitable for formal, working drawings. Nevertheless, the distortions are partially overcome by aligning one plane of the image parallel to the plane of projection. Doing so creates a true shape image of the chosen plane.


title: Oblique projection

text: This specific category of oblique projections, whereby lengths along the directions formula_9 and formula_10 are preserved, but lengths along direction formula_11 are drawn at angle using a reduction factor is very much in use for industrial drawings.


title: Oblique projection

text: In cavalier projection (sometimes cavalier perspective or high view point) a point of the object is represented by three coordinates, "x", "y" and "z". On the drawing, it is represented by only two coordinates, "x″" and "y″". On the flat drawing, two axes, "x" and "z" on the figure, are perpendicular and the length on these axes are drawn with a 1:1 scale; it is thus similar to the dimetric projections, although it is not an axonometric projection, as the third axis, here "y", is drawn in diagonal, making an arbitrary angle with the "x″" axis, usually 30 or 45°. The length of the third axis is not scaled.


title: Oblique projection

text: It is very easy to draw, especially with pen and paper. It is thus often used when a figure must be drawn by hand, e.g. on a black board (lesson, oral examination).


title: Oblique projection

text: The representation was initially used for military fortifications. In French, the "cavalier" (literally "rider, horseman", see "Cavalry") is an artificial hill behind the walls that allows to see the enemy above the walls. The cavalier perspective was the way the things were seen from this high point. Some also explain the name by the fact that it was the way a rider could see a small object on the ground from his horseback.


title: Oblique projection

text: The term "cabinet projection" stems from its use in illustrations by the furniture industry. Like cavalier perspective, one face of the projected object is parallel to the viewing plane, and the third axis is projected as going off at an angle (typically or about ~63.4°). Unlike cavalier projection, where the third axis keeps its length, with cabinet projection the length of the receding lines is cut in half.


title: Oblique projection

text: As a formula, if the plane facing the viewer is "xy", and the receding axis is "z", then a point "P" is projected like this:


title: Oblique projection

text: Alternatively one could remove one third from the leading arm projected off the starting face, thus giving the same result.


title: Oblique projection

text: In the "military projection", the angles of the "x" and "z"-axis and "y" and "z" -axis are at 45°, meaning that the angle between the "x"-axis and the "y"-axis is 90°. That is, the "xy"-plane is not skewed. It is rotated over 45°, though.


title: Oblique projection

text: Besides technical drawing and illustrations, video games (especially those preceding the advent of 3D games) also often use a form of oblique projection. Examples include "SimCity", "Ultima VII", "Ultima Online", "EarthBound", "Paperboy" and, more recently, "Tibia".


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: Vivian Balakrishnan (; born 1961) is a Singaporean politician, diplomat and former ophthalmologist who has been serving in the Cabinet as Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2015. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Cashew division of Holland–Bukit Timah GRC since 2006, and previously the Ulu Pandan division of Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC between 2001 and 2006.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: He previously served as Second Minister for Trade and Industry between 2005 and 2006, Minister for Community, Youth and Sports between 2005 and 2011, Second Minister for Information, Communications and the Arts between 2006 and 2008, Minister for the Environment and Water Resources between 2011 and 2015, and Minister-in-charge of the Smart Nation Initiative between 2014 and 2017.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: A President's Scholar, Balakrishnan studied medicine at the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore and underwent postgraduate specialist training in ophthalmology before he was admitted as a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. From 1999 to 2002, he served as the commanding officer of the Second Combat Support Hospital of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), while holding the positions of medical director of the Singapore National Eye Centre and chief executive officer of the Singapore General Hospital concurrently.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: Balakrishnan made his political debut in the 2001 general election as part of a five-member PAP team contesting in Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC and won by an uncontested walkover. He was subsequently appointed as Minister of State for National Development in 2002, and Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry in 2004.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: Vivian Balakrishnan was born on 25 January 1961 in Singapore to an Indian Tamil father and a Chinese mother with ancestry from Fuqing, Fujian.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: He was educated at Anglo-Chinese School and National Junior College before he was conferred the President's Scholarship in 1980 to study medicine at the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at the National University of Singapore. He served two terms as the president of the NUS Student Union, and later the chairman of the union council.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: Balakrishnan chose a postgraduate specialisation in ophthalmology and became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1991.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: Balakrishnan had worked at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London between 1993 and 1995 as a specialist senior registrar, where he subspecialised in paediatric ophthalmology.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: When Balakrishnan returned to Singapore, he became a consultant ophthalmologist at the Singapore National Eye Centre and National University Hospital, and an associate professor of ophthalmology at the National University of Singapore in 1998.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: In 1999, he became the medical director of the Singapore National Eye Centre, and later the chief executive officer of the Singapore General Hospital in 2000. Balakrishnan was also the commanding officer of the 2nd Combat Support Hospital of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) between 1999 and 2002.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: Balakrishnan made his political debut in the 2001 general election as part of the five-member PAP team contesting in Holland–Bukit Panjang GRC and won by an uncontested walkover. He was subsequently appointed Minister of State for National Development, and Chairman of the Remaking Singapore Committee in 2002. He was later appointed Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry in 2004.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: In 2004, Balakrishnan was appointed acting Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports. He was made a full member of the Cabinet in 2005.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: During the 2006 general election, Balakrishnan was part of a five-member PAP team led by Lim Swee Say, contesting in Holland–Bukit Timah GRC and won by an uncontested walkover.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: During a Committee of Supply debate in Parliament on 9 March 2007 regarding the estimates of expenditure for the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS), an MP for Jalan Besar GRC, Lily Neo asked Balakrishnan whether the ministry would consider raising the Public Assistance rates for the purpose of ensuring recipients are able to have three meals a day, to which Balakrishnan replied with "How much do you want? Do you want three meals in a hawker centre, food court or restaurant?"


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: As Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports, Balakrishnan raised the public assistance scheme from $260 for a single-person household in 2007, to $400 for a single-person household in 2011.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: During the 2011 general election, Balakrishnan led the four-member PAP team which includes Liang Eng Hwa, Christopher de Souza and Sim Ann contesting in Holland–Bukit Timah GRC and won 60.1% of the vote. This was the first time Holland–Bukit Timah GRC were being contested since its formation in 2001.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: During the political campaign for the 2011 general election, Balakrishnan said that the candidates from the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) did not have any plans for the constituency, and their selection of Holland–Bukit Timah GRC was an opportunistic act. He suggested that they were trying to suppress a certain YouTube video featuring a member of their team and that it raised questions about their agenda and motivation. It was later discovered that the video included Vincent Wijeysingha at a forum discussing issues surrounding gay rights and section 377A of the Penal Code in Singapore. The PAP team issued a statement asking the SDP team whether they were pursuing a "gay agenda". The SDP denied it, saying that they were not pursuing the gay agenda and the issue was put to rest. The PAP drew criticism from internet users in Singapore for their election strategy.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: At the same election, the SDP candidates raised the issue of government spending for the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, which Balakrishnan had overseen as Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports, saying that the budget exceeded the initial estimates of S$104 million by over three times. Balakrishnan acknowledged that they had got the initial estimates wrong as it was the first time that an event of that scale was organised in Singapore. He asserted that the increased budget did not affect other programmes of the ministry, and that 70% of the spending for the event went into paying local firms for their services. He declared that his team had spent less than the finalised budget amount and did not waste money.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: On 21 May 2011, Balakrishnan was appointed Minister for the Environment and Water Resources, taking over from Yaacob Ibrahim. After the 2015 general election, Balakrishnan was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs.


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: In response to a parliamentary question on 5 January 2021 regarding the use of data from the contact tracing app developed during the COVID-19 pandemic known as TraceTogether, the Minister of State for Home Affairs Desmond Tan replied that under the Criminal Procedure Code, the Police can access TraceTogether data for the purpose of criminal investigations, despite Balakrishnan's assurance to the public 8 months earlier in June 2020 that TraceTogether data will only be used for contact tracing purposes. Balakrishnan later said in Parliament "I take full responsibility for this mistake. And I deeply regret the consternation and anxiety caused".


title: Vivian Balakrishnan

text: In September 2021, during a debate in Parliament about the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement, a hot mic picked up Balakrishnan referring to NCMP Leong Mun Wai of the Progress Singapore Party as "illiterate" and questioning how Leong got into Raffles Institution (RI) in a conversation with fellow PAP MPs on the front bench. Balakrishnan subsequently called Leong to apologise.


title: PRISM

text: PRISM is a code name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies. The program is also known by the SIGAD . PRISM collects stored internet communications based on demands made to internet companies such as Google LLC under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 to turn over any data that match court-approved search terms. Among other things, the NSA can use these PRISM requests to target communications that were encrypted when they traveled across the internet backbone, to focus on stored data that telecommunication filtering systems discarded earlier, and to get data that is easier to handle.


title: PRISM

text: PRISM began in 2007 in the wake of the passage of the Protect America Act under the Bush Administration. The program is operated under the supervision of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA Court, or FISC) pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Its existence was leaked six years later by NSA contractor Edward Snowden, who warned that the extent of mass data collection was far greater than the public knew and included what he characterized as "dangerous" and "criminal" activities. The disclosures were published by "The Guardian" and "The Washington Post" on June 6, 2013. Subsequent documents have demonstrated a financial arrangement between the NSA's Special Source Operations (SSO) division and PRISM partners in the millions of dollars.


title: PRISM

text: Documents indicate that PRISM is "the number one source of raw intelligence used for NSA analytic reports", and it accounts for 91% of the NSA's internet traffic acquired under FISA section 702 authority." The leaked information came after the revelation that the FISA Court had been ordering a subsidiary of telecommunications company Verizon Communications to turn over logs tracking all of its customers' telephone calls to the NSA.


title: PRISM

text: U.S. government officials have disputed criticisms of PRISM in the "Guardian" and "Washington Post" articles and have defended the program, asserting that it cannot be used on domestic targets without a warrant. Additionally claiming the program has helped to prevent acts of terrorism, and that it receives independent oversight from the federal government's executive, judicial and legislative branches. On June 19, 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama, during a visit to Germany, stated that the NSA's data gathering practices constitute "a circumscribed, narrow system directed at us being able to protect our people."


title: PRISM

text: PRISM was publicly revealed when classified documents about the program were leaked to journalists of "The Washington Post" and "The Guardian" by Edward Snowden at the time an NSA contractor during a visit to Hong Kong. The leaked documents included 41 PowerPoint slides, four of which were published in news articles.


title: PRISM

text: The documents identified several technology companies as participants in the PRISM program, including Microsoft in 2007, Yahoo! in 2008, Google in 2009, Facebook in 2009, Paltalk in 2009, YouTube in 2010, AOL in 2011, Skype in 2011 and Apple in 2012. The speaker's notes in the briefing document reviewed by "The Washington Post" indicated that "98 percent of PRISM production is based on Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft".