title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: Gutiérrez was invited to the GP2 test in Jerez, Spain for the 2009 season on 6 October for ART Grand Prix, his first time in a GP2 car. During the day he improved on his times finishing with a time just over half a second slower than the fastest time set by Jules Bianchi, who was also driving for ART. He was also recognised as the third fastest rookie of the day. Gutiérrez again participated in another test session for GP2 at the end of year test in Paul Ricard, France for Telmex Arden International.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: At the end of 2010, after winning the Inaugural GP3 season with ART, the GP2 sister team signed him for a full drive for the 2011 season.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: ART Grand Prix was renamed Lotus ART for the 2011. Gutierrez was paired with Jules Bianchi for both the GP2 series and GP2 Asia series. He finished eleventh in the 2011 GP2 Asia series after taking a single 4th-place finish at the Imola sprint race.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: In the main series, he finished 13th in the drivers' championship after he scored his first points with a 7th-place finish in the Valencia feature race. He followed this up with his first GP2 series victory at the sprint race as well as setting his first fastest lap scoring twice more that season including a 2nd-place finish in the sprint race at Hungary.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: He remained with Lotus ART for the 2012 season, with the team being renamed Lotus GP after the increased sponsorship from Lotus, and was partnered with James Calado.His third place in the championship marked him the first GP3 graduate to finish in the top 3 of the GP2 series, with 176 points, 3 wins, 4 other separate podiums and 5 fastest laps, equalling Valsecchi's total for the year for most fastest laps of the season.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: Gutiérrez first tested a BMW Sauber Formula One car in December 2009 as part of his prize for winning the Formula BMW Europe championship. Despite the team losing its BMW backing for , he joined it as an observer for some race weekends and was placed on the same training programme as race drivers Pedro de la Rosa and Kamui Kobayashi. Later in the season, he was officially named as the team's test and reserve driver on 10 September. On 16 November 2010 he took part in the young drivers test in Abu Dhabi setting the 4th fastest time of the day, just over six-tenths of a second off the qualifying time set by Kamui Kobayashi.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: On 26 October 2012, Gutiérrez participated in the first free practice session at the , substituting for an unwell Pérez. He ultimately recorded the 20th fastest time in the session, before Pérez was able to return to the car for the second session.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: In 2013 Gutiérrez was promoted to the race team with Sauber, alongside Nico Hülkenberg who joined from Force India. His first outing for the team was the , where he qualified in 18th position. After a solid drive he eventually finished the race thirteenth, the best position of all of the 2013 rookies. In Malaysia, Gutiérrez made it through into Q2 and qualified 14th, and finished in twelfth, after he was forced to pit with five laps remaining.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: Spain saw Gutiérrez achieve his first fastest lap of the race, putting him second in the record books for 'Youngest Driver to Set a Fastest Lap' after Nico Rosberg.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: Gutiérrez achieved his first and only points-scoring finish of his career at the ; having started fourteenth on the grid, Gutiérrez made his way up the order and eventually finished the race in seventh place, holding off Nico Rosberg in the closing stages.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: On December 15, 2014, Gutiérrez was announced as Scuderia Ferrari test and reserve driver for the 2015 Formula One season, in place of the late Jules Bianchi.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: On 31 October 2015, at the , it was announced that Gutiérrez would return to racing in the sport alongside Romain Grosjean at Haas F1 Team.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: Gutiérrez finished 14th at the Chinese Grand Prix, passing ex-teammate Nico Hülkenberg in the closing laps. Gutiérrez finished 11th at the Monaco Grand Prix, Austrian Grand Prix, German Grand Prix, Singapore Grand Prix and 12th at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: On 5 July 2018, Gutiérrez joined Mercedes AMG as a simulator driver from the beginning of the season. He has since been named as a reserve driver in Formula 1 and Formula E. Gutierrez frequently visits the team's factory to carry out simulator work in preparation for F1 races and development of its car, supporting race drivers Lewis Hamilton and George Russell.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: In 2020, with the postponement and cancellation of races due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Gutierrez represented Mercedes in the virtual world taking part in several high-profile esports events. It was discovered in August 2020 that Gutiérrez had stopped being eligible for a super licence at the start of the year after the introduction of new requirements to maintain them after more than three years, which had been overlooked by Mercedes and made him ineligible to be a reserve driver in Formula One. He continues to work for Mercedes in 2021 as a brand and business ambassador.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: On 10 January 2017, Gutiérrez announced that he would be joining Formula E, for selected races during the 2016–17 season. On 9 March 2017, it was announced Gutiérrez would replace Ma Qing Hua at Techeetah, from the fourth round onwards. He competed at the Mexico City, Monaco and Paris ePrix and finished within the top 10 twice. He achieved a season finish of 22nd with the five points he gained from his three races.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: On 1 June 2017, it was announced that Gutiérrez would be joining the IndyCar Series for the Chevrolet Detroit Grand Prix Presented by Lear Corporation, standing in for the injured Sébastien Bourdais at Dale Coyne Racing. Gutiérrez participated in seven events.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown, relatively new to esports, Gutiérrez began participating in a variety of esports events, taking multiple wins and podium finishes.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: He competed in the F1 Esports Virtual Grand Prix Series and The Race All Stars, where he was fighting for the title until a technical glitch took him out of contention in the final round. Since the culmination of these events, Gutierrez has continued streaming on his dedicated channel on Twitch and Discord.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: Gutiérrez did not finish the race, but was classified as he had completed over 90% of the race distance.


title: Esteban Gutiérrez

text: Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Law enforcement in Italy is centralized on a national level, carried out by multiple national forces, helped by few limited local agencies. The Italian law enforcement system is considered complex, with multiple police forces and other agencies taking part in different duties. Policing in the Italian system refers to the duties of "full-powered officers" coming from the three national main forces: Polizia di Stato (State Police), Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza (Financial Guard). While the duties of these three corps' include investigating arresting, other local forces carry out limited duties.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The two main police forces in the country are the Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie, as well as the Polizia di Stato, the civil national police. The third one is the Guardia di Finanza, a militarized police force responsible for dealing with financial crime, smuggling, illegal drug trade, and others. The main forces are managed and organized on a provincial level under the authority of the Questore (the local head of police) in accordance with the Prefetto, the provincial representative of the Government. Border and Maritime patrolling are undertaken by the Guardia di Finanza and Guardia Costiera (coast guard). The "Polizia Penitenziaria" (Prison Police) is the national prison police agency, controlling penitentiaries and inmate transfers. The Corpo Forestale dello Stato (State Forestry Corps) formerly existed as a separate national park ranger agency, but was merged into the Carabinieri in 2016. Although policing in Italy is primarily provided on a national basis, there also exists "Polizia Provinciale" (provincial police) and "Polizia Municipale" (municipal police).


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Law enforcement in Italy is an exclusive function of the State and is organized under the Ministry of the Interior, with provincial division and jurisdiction. The highest office in charge of law enforcement is the ministerial office of "Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza". The Carabinieri, are also Military Police for the Italian Armed Forces, in charge of investigation or intervention inside Public Administrations and personal rights violations. There is also a section of the President of Republic safety corps called Corazzieri. Carabinieri stations are usually distributed all over the country, with a station approximately in every municipality (or at least every 5 km), with additional stations in strategical positions along the motorways.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: In 2005, the total number of active police officers in all of the agencies was 324,339 in Italy, the highest number in the European Union both overall and per capita, twice the number of agents in the similarly sized United Kingdom.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is the civil national police of Italy. Along with patrolling, investigative and law enforcement duties, it patrols the "Autostrade" (Italy's Express Highway network), and oversees the security of railways, bridges, and waterways.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: It is a civilian police force, while the Carabinieri and the Guardia di Finanza are military. While its internal organization and mindset are somewhat military, its personnel is composed of civilians. Its headquarters are in Rome, and there are Regional and Provincial divisions throughout the Italian territory.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: A program "Polizia di Quartiere" ("Neighbourhood Police") has been implemented which increases police presence and deters crime. Pairs of "poliziotti" (policemen) or "carabinieri" patrol areas of major cities on foot or by bike.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The Guardia di Finanza, (Financial Guard) is a military corps under the authority of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, with a role as a police force.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The Corps is in charge of financial, economic, judiciary and public safety such as tax evasion, financial crimes, smuggling, money laundering, international illegal drug trafficking, illegal immigration, customs and borders checks, copyright violations, anti-Mafia operations, credit card fraud, cybercrime, counterfeiting, terrorist financing, maintaining public order, and safety, political and military defense of the Italian borders.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The Guardia di Finanza has a strength of around 68,000 soldiers working as agents, non-commissioned officers and officers. Its militaries are in service in the Europol, Eurojust and the European Anti-Fraud Office. Its Latin motto since 1933 is "Nec recisa recedit" (). The Guardia di Finanza also maintains boats, ships and aircraft to fulfill its mission of patrolling Italy's territorial waters.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: During demonstrations and very big events, the "Guardia di Finanza" is often called on duty as riot police.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The Carabinieri is the common name for the "Arma dei Carabinieri", a gendarmerie-like military corps with police duties. They also serve as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action."


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The Carabinieri have become a separate armed force (alongside the Army, Navy and Air Force), thus ending their long-standing tradition as the First Corps ("Arma") of the Italian Army ("Esercito"). They are referred to as the "Arma" or "La Benemerita" (The Meritorious Corps).


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Carabinieri units have been dispatched all over the world in peacekeeping missions, including Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Until 2001, only men were allowed to become part of the "Arma" (or any military force, for that matter), but military reforms allowed women to serve in the Italian military, including Carabinieri.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Having both military police duties and civil police duties, the "Arma" is usually called on duty as riot police during big events and demonstrations. According to Europol, this force has "4,672 stations and lieutenancies".


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The "Polizia Penitenziaria" (Prison Guards, literally Penitentiary Police, also translated as Prison Police Corps) operates the Italian prison system and handles the transportation of inmates. The training academies for the "Polizia Penitenziaria" are located in Aversa, Monastir, Cairo Montenotte, Castiglione delle Stiviere, Parma, Portici, Rome, San Pietro Clarenza, Verbania and Sulmona.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Its agents are sometimes called to help the other police forces during major events. This force (part of the Ministry of Justice) has a "nationwide remit for prison security, inmate safety and transportation".


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The "Corpo Forestale dello Stato" (National Forestry Department, now dissolved) was responsible for law enforcement in Italian national parks and forests. Their duties included enforcing poaching laws, safeguarding protected animal species and preventing forest fires.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Founded in 1822, the "Corpo Forestale dello Stato" was a civilian police force specialized in environmental protection. A recent law reform expanded its duties to food controls.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: In Italy, it had the responsibility to manage the activities related to the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Corpo Forestale dello Stato was dissolved on December 31, 2016, and all personnel become militarized and absorbed into the Carabinieri's "Comando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale e agroalimentare".


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The "Direzione Investigativa Antimafia" (or "DIA") (Anti-Mafia Investigation Directorate) is a joint organization of "Polizia di Stato", "Carabinieri", "Polizia Penitenziaria" and "Guardia di Finanza" against organized crime.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Founded in 1991, under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior as the "Direzione Nazionale Antimafia" (National Anti-Mafia Directorate), its operations include preemptive investigations, judicial investigations, and international relations, and it investigates characteristics, objectives, and methods of the Mafia as well as their domestic and international contacts. The "DIA" was to prevent mafiosi from infiltrating the government.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Interpol's National Central Bureau for Italy is part of the International Police Cooperation Service (SCIP), a branch of the Public Security Department (PSD). "SCIP is a multi-agency DPS unit: the Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza head it, on a rotation basis. Officers representing all police forces staff it", the agency states.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The "Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga" (Central Directorate for Anti-Drug Services) is a joint organization of "Polizia di Stato", "Carabinieri" and "Guardia di Finanza" against drug trafficking. Founded in 1976 as "Direzione Anti Droga" (Anti-Drug Directorate), it is under the authority of the Criminal police department of the Ministry of the Interior.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The "Polizia Provinciale" (Provincial Police) is local police only used in some of the 107 Provinces of Italy.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Their main tasks are to enforce regional and national hunting and fishing laws, but have also expanded in wildlife management and environmental protection. They also provide a traffic police service and participation in the security services arranged by the authorities.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Some municipal police forces in Italy trace historical origins to the "vigili urbani" and "comes stabili" of ancient Rome. Urban policing emerged in the 13th to 14th centuries in the Italian comunes (such as Bologna); although police forces have been assumed to be a modern innovation, these medieval forces had some similarities to modern police forces. Today, Italian municipal forces are referred to by various names, such as "polizia comunale" (comune police), "polizia urbana" (urban police), and "polizia locale" (local police).


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: In addition, each comune has its own "Polizia Municipale" (Municipal Police) whose main duty is traffic control and responsibilities relating to licenses and urban regulations.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The municipal police also serve as auxiliaries to security police forces and have responsibilities for local crime prevention and community policing. The jurisdiction of municipal police are limited to their specific municipality.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Some Autonomous Regions have special forces of local police that answer to the Regional Government and whose jurisdiction is the whole regional territory or the municipality. Their normative reference is the same of every other local police, Municipal or Provincial, but differs for activities or extension of the authority.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: For example, Sardinia did not have Corpo Forestale officers at any point as regional law on nature, parks, fire, and forestry is carried out by its own regional Corpo forestale e di vigilanza ambientale, since 1985. Moreover, due to its agricultural and pastoral society, every Sardinian town has both Polizia Municipale, and Corpo Barracellare, a volunteer civilian corps that, when needed by the municipality, deals with animal theft, farm robbery or other farm damages.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: In some areas, there is an animal protection force, or "Guardie Zoofile", that rescue animals in distress and protect animals and wildlife. Agents are volunteer private citizens, who have received some training and have limited powers, with regards to the safety of animals.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The law (number 189) of 20 July 2004, (relating to the acts of animal abuse), assigns the functions and qualifications of the judicial police to the guards of the protectionist and zoophile associations. The agents (recognized by decree issued by the Prefecture) do not have jurisdiction in hunting matters.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Agents will check that people are in compliance with all animal-related municipal, regional and national laws, and may report them to the Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato, Polizia Locale or Forestry Carabinieri as appropriate.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The Agents generally wear green uniforms, although different to the Guardia di Finanza and Polizia Locale. As with different local police forces in Italy, they may wear various combinations of:


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The "Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dell'Antifascismo" (or "OVRA") (Organization for Vigilance in Repression of Anti-Fascism) was a secret police organization in Italy during fascism.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: The "Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana" or "GNR" (National Republic Guard) was a paramilitary force of the Italian Social Republic created by decree on December 8, 1943, replacing the "Carabinieri" and the "MVSN".


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: "Zaptié" were locally raised gendarmerie units in the Italian colonies of Italian Tripolitania, Italian Cyrenaica, Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland between 1889 and 1942.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Zaptié were used during the period of Trust Territory of Somaliland from 1950 to 1960. Members were sent to Italy to train, and after 1960, were merged into the Somali Police Force.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: As with most of Western Europe, private security organizations play a part in security of money, valuables, property and people.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: In Italy, a guard, or security officer, is known as a "Guardia di Sicurezza". They maybe part of a private security organization, known as a "Servizi di Vigilanza Privata" and patrol certain areas or guard buildings.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: There are certain requirements, similar to police, in order for citizens to become security agents. They must:


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Some guards are armed (generally with pistols), similar to police, but some are not. These are generally semi-automatic pistols, or revolvers. The license to carry this must be obtained from the Prefecture by the private security organization, or the hiring organization. This is subject to weapon-handling competency checks and health checks.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Uniforms vary greatly from company to company and are often similar, but distinct, to the state and local police forces. Often marked vehicles are used for security work.


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Until recently, all Italian police forces were equipped with Italian-made police cars, with Alfa Romeos most commonly. A patrol car belonging to "Polizia" is nicknamed "Pantera" (Panther), one used by the "Carabinieri" is nicknamed "Gazzella" (Gazelle).


title: Law enforcement in Italy

text: Every force has helicopters, trucks and campers (used as mobile offices, usually in undercover missions). In Venice, which is built across several islands linked by bridges and surrounded by water, public security and fire brigades work with boats. In 2004, Lamborghini donated two Lamborghini Gallardo police cars to the Polizia di Stato on their 152nd anniversary.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: The logo of Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia, is an unfinished globe constructed from jigsaw pieces—some pieces are missing at the top—each inscribed with a glyph from a different writing system. As displayed on the web pages of the English-language edition of the project, there is the wordmark "WA" under the globe, and below that, the text "The Free Encyclopedia" in the free open-source Linux Libertine font.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: Each piece bears a glyph (a letter or other character), or glyphs, symbolizing the multilingualism of Wikipedia. As with the Latin letter "W", these glyphs are in most cases the first glyph or glyphs of the name "Wikipedia" rendered in that language. They are as follows:


title: Wikipedia logo

text: The top edge line of the વિ puzzle piece on the rear side of the ball (as seen the ) crosses through the inwards indentation of the ウィ puzzle piece when viewed from the default front perspective.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: The empty space at the top represents the incomplete nature of the project, the articles and languages yet to be added.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: The design of "WA" text beneath a globe, with the interlocking-V W and large A, was designed by Wikipedia user The Cunctator for a November 2001 logo contest. An initial design of the puzzle-globe logo was created by Paul Stansifer, a then 17-year-old Wikipedia user, whose entry run by the site in 2003. Another Wikipedia user, David Friedland, subsequently improved the logo by changing the styling of the jigsaw pieces so that their boundaries seemed indented and simplified their contents to be a single glyph per piece, rather than a jumble of nonsense multilingual text. In the process, some errors were introduced. In particular, one piece of Devanagari script, and one piece of Japanese katakana were incorrectly rendered. Also, the Chinese character (袓) has no immediate connection with Wikipedia.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: In 2007, a modified 3D model was developed by Wikimedia Taiwan for Wikimania, when they distributed a diameter spherical puzzle based on the logo, that attendees could piece together. It did not add other glyphs on the parts that cannot be seen on the 2D logo, but used that space to include small logos of the sister projects and information about Wikimania. A variant of that model was used to build a person-sized Wikiball that spun on a stand, featured during the event. This led to a renewed interest in getting a proper 3D model for the logo.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: By 2007, users on listservs discovered that the logo had some minor errors. The errors were not immediately fixed, because, according to Friedland, he could not locate the original project file. Friedland added that "I have tried to reconstruct it, but it never looks right" and that the logo "should be redrawn by a professional illustrator." , a Wikipedian, said that most Japanese users supported correcting the errors. In an e-mail to Noam Cohen of "The New York Times", Kizu said that "It could be an option to leave them as they are. Most people don't take it serious and think the graphical logo is a sort of pot-au-feu of various letters without meaning."


title: Wikipedia logo

text: In late 2009, the Wikimedia Foundation undertook to fix the errors and generally update the puzzle globe logo. Among other concerns, the original logo did not scale well and some letters appeared distorted. For the new logo, the Wikimedia Foundation defined which characters appear on the "hidden" puzzle pieces, and had a three-dimensional computer model of the globe created to allow the generation of other views. A partial 3D globe was commissioned for the Wikimedia office.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: The logo was rolled out on the projects in May 2010. It features the new 3D rendering of the puzzle globe, with corrected characters (and the Klingon character replaced by a Ge'ez character). The wordmark has been modified from the Hoefler Text font to the open-source Linux Libertine font, and the subtitle is no longer italicized. The "W" character, which was used in various other places in Wikipedia (such as the favicon) and was a "distinctive part of the Wikipedia brand", was stylized as crossed V's in the original logo, , while the W in Linux Libertine is rendered with a single line. To provide the traditional appearance of the Wikipedia "W", a "crossed" W was added as an OpenType variant to the Linux Libertine font.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: On October 24, 2014, the Wikimedia Foundation released the logo, along with all other logos belonging to the Foundation, under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 license.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: On September 29, 2017, the logo of Wikipedia was submerged to the bottom of Armenia's Lake Sevan thanks to the joint efforts of Wikimedia Armenia and ArmDiving divers' club. The logo is an unfinished globe made of puzzle pieces with symbols (including the Armenian equivalent of "v") from different sign systems written on them. The 2m-wide, 2m-high () logo (the largest in the world) was made in Armenia for the annual meeting of the Central and Eastern Europe Wikimedia affiliates, Wikimedia CEE Meeting that the country hosted in August 2016 in Dilijan.


title: Wikipedia logo

text: The (former) logo was registered as a European Community Trade Mark by Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. The trade mark bears a filing date of 31 January 2008 and a registration date of 20 January 2009.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: The Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, also known as the Ibrahimi Mosque massacre or the Hebron massacre, was a shooting massacre carried out by Baruch Goldstein, an American-Israeli extremist and member of the far-right Kach movement. On 25 February 1994, during the Jewish holiday of Purim, which had overlapped in that year with the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Goldstein opened fire on a large number of Palestinian Muslims who had gathered to pray inside the Ibrahimi Mosque in Hebron. The attack left 29 people dead, several as young as 12 years, and 125 wounded. Goldstein was overpowered, disarmed, and then beaten to death by survivors.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: The massacre immediately set off mass protests by Palestinians throughout the West Bank, and during the ensuing clashes, a further 20 to 26 Palestinians were killed while 120 were injured in confrontations with the Israeli military; 9 Israeli Jews were also killed during this time.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Goldstein was widely denounced in Israel and by communities in the Jewish diaspora, with many attributing his act to insanity. Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin condemned the attack, describing Goldstein as a "degenerate murderer" and "a shame on Zionism and an embarrassment to Judaism". Some Jewish settlers in Hebron lauded him as a hero and viewed his attack as a pre-emptive strike as well as his subsequent death as an act of martyrdom. Following statements in support of Goldstein's actions, the Jewish ultranationalist Kach party was banned and designated as a terrorist organization by the Israeli government.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: In the 1970s, Baruch Goldstein, who was born and lived in Brooklyn, New York, was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League. After emigrating to Israel in 1983, he served as a physician in the Israeli Defense Force, first as a conscript, then in the reserve forces. Following the end of his active duty, Goldstein worked as a physician and lived in the Kiryat Arba settlement near Hebron, where he served as an emergency doctor. Goldstein became involved with Kach, and maintained a strong personal relationship with Kahane, whose views, regarded by the Israeli government as racist, had caused his party to be banned from the Knesset in 1988. Kahane was assassinated in 1990 by Arab terrorist El Sayyid Nosair in New York City, and Goldstein reportedly swore to take revenge for the killing. Goldstein was elected to Kiryat Arba city council and in this capacity assisted in establishing a memorial park dedicated to Kahane.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: In 1981, Goldstein wrote a letter, published in "The New York Times", which said that Israel "must act decisively to remove the Arab minority from within its borders", which "could be accomplished by initially offering encouragement and incentives to Arabs to leave of their own accord". In October 1993, inside the Ibrahimi mosque, acid was poured over the floor, leaving giant holes in the carpets, and six worshippers were assaulted. From the evidence of the sanctuary guards, Goldstein was identified as the culprit. A letter was written to Yitzhak Rabin, the then Israeli Prime Minister, by the Muslim authorities "regarding the dangers" of Goldstein and asking for action to be taken to prevent daily violations of the mosque. Four years before the massacre, an agent of Shin Bet, the Israeli internal security service, who had infiltrated Kach, passed a warning to his superiors about the danger posed by Goldstein. The agent ascribed to Goldstein the statement, "There will be a day when one Jew will take revenge on the Arabs."


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: In Hebron, as elsewhere in the West Bank, tensions ran high after the Oslo Accords were signed in 1993. On 6 December 1993, Goldstein's close friend Mordechai Lapid and his son Shalom Lapid were killed in Hebron. As the settlement's emergency responder, Goldstein was present at the murder scene, where he referred to the terrorists as "nazis".


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: As the settlement's main emergency doctor, Goldstein was involved in treating victims of Arab-Israeli violence prior to that incident as well. He expressed anti-Arab feelings far before the massacre. Israeli press reports stated that Goldstein refused to treat Arabs, even those serving in the IDF; this was also reflected in comments by his acquaintances. He was known to refuse to treat Druze soldiers who served in the West Bank, claiming that it was against Jewish laws to treat non-Jews. However, these anonymous claims were repudiated by a number of sources, including Dr. Manfred Lehman and Dr. Chaim Simons, quoting the Shamgar Commission report.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: 25 February 1994 coincided with the Jewish festival of Purim and fell during the Muslim Ramadan. On the eve of the massacre, Goldstein listened to a reading in the Hall of Abraham of the Scroll of Esther, and spoke to others of the need to behave like Esther. Some consider it not coincidental that he then carried out the murders as Purim was celebrated. In this context, the festival of Purim was associated with a reading that concerns Amalek, with whom, in Israeli extremist rhetoric, Palestinians are often identified. Joseph Tuman has conjectured he saw himself as Mordecai. Ian Lustick thinks it likely Goldstein thought of Yasser Arafat as a modern-day Haman. Both Jews and Muslims were permitted to access their respective parts of the compound. At 5:00 a.m. on February 25, around 800 Palestinian Muslims passed through the east gate of the cave to participate in Fajr, the first of the five daily Islamic prayers. The cave was under Israeli Army guard, but of the nine soldiers supposed to have been on duty, four were late turning up, and only one officer was there.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Shortly afterwards, passing through the Hall of Abraham, Goldstein entered the Hall of Isaac, where some 800 Muslims were at prayer. He was dressed in his army uniform and carried an IMI Galil assault rifle and four magazines of ammunition, which held a total of 140 rounds in 35 rounds per magazine. He was not stopped by the guards, who assumed that he was an officer entering the tomb to pray in an adjacent chamber reserved for Jews. Standing in front of the only exit from the hall and positioned to the rear of the Muslim worshippers, he is reported as having thrown a grenade into the middle of the hall before opening fire, killing 29 people and wounding another 125, among them children. Several people were left with paralyzing wounds. According to survivors, Goldstein bided his time until "sujūd", the part of the prayer where worshippers prostrate themselves with their heads on the floor. After someone in the crowd hurled a fire extinguisher, which struck him on the head, he was overcome, disarmed and then beaten to death.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Reports after the massacre were often contradictory. There was initial uncertainty about whether Goldstein had acted alone; it was reported that eyewitnesses had seen "another man, also dressed as a soldier, handing him ammunition". There were many testimonies that made mention of Israeli guards outside the cave having opened fire. Israeli military officials claim that no Israeli troops fired on the Palestinian worshippers. However, "The New York Times" interviewed over 40 Palestinian eyewitnesses, many of whom were confined to hospital beds with gunshot wounds, and thus "unable to compare notes". All witnesses corroborated that three Israeli guards opened fire, likely in panic amid the confusion, as the Muslims fled the shrine, with at least one soldier firing into the crowd. During the inquiry, an Israeli Army official said three worshippers died in the stampede following the attack and five Palestinians were killed in street riots within Hebron later that day.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: The testimony of various Israeli military officials was often contradictory. For instance, Danny Yatom asserted that two of the guards had fired six or seven shots in the confusion "but only in the air," while the two guards themselves, sergeants Kobi Yosef and Niv Drori, later testified to firing four shots "chest high". The guards' testimony was also at odds with the testimony of their ranking officer in claiming they had seen another Jewish settler enter the cave bearing arms. Tikva Honig-Parnass wrote that 10 Palestinians were killed and more than 100 injured by Israeli soldiers who continued to shoot at those who were trying to flee the mosque, at those who were evacuating the wounded, and at people who were rioting at the Ahli hospital. Arafat Baya’at, for one, is reported as having been shot dead by Israeli troops outside the hospital when he picked up a stone to throw at soldiers after seeing a friend of his being carried out of an ambulance.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: As word of the incident spread throughout the occupied territories, confrontations broke out in which a further 20 Palestinians were killed and 120 injured. In the first 6 days following the massacre, 21 Palestinians were killed by live ammunition from the IDF.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Two separate suicide bombings took place in April 1994, carried out by Palestinian militants inside Israel and launched by Hamas' Izzedine al-Qassam Brigades in retaliation for the massacre carried out by Goldstein. A total of 8 Israeli civilians were killed and 55 wounded in the first attack, which took place in Afula on 6 April, at the end of the forty-day mourning period for Goldstein's victims. Six more were killed and 30 injured in Hadera bus station suicide bombing a week later. Those were the first suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian militants inside Israel. According to Matti Steinberg, then Shin Bet head's advisor on Palestinian affairs, Hamas had until then refrained from attacking civilian targets inside Israel, and the change in this policy was a result of Goldstein's massacre.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Four days after the massacre, on 1 March 1994, on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, Lebanese-born immigrant Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish students, killing one and injuring three others. During the shooting spree, the gunman reportedly shouted in Arabic "Kill the Jews," expressing revenge for the massacre of 29 Muslim worshipers at the Cave of the Patriarchs four days prior.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Goldstein murdered 29 Palestinians in the attack, including six children fourteen years old or younger. Several people were left with paralyzing wounds. Palestinians count the number of murdered to include those who later expired or were shot outside the mosque in the immediate aftermath.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: The Kach movement, with which Goldstein was affiliated, was outlawed as a terrorist organization. The cabinet decided to confiscate the weapons of some they regarded as right-wing extremists and put them in administrative detention. The Israeli government also took extreme measures against Palestinians following the massacre, banning them from certain streets in Hebron, such as Al-Shuhada Street, where many Palestinians have homes and businesses, and opening them to the exclusive access of Jewish Israelis and foreign tourists.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: In an address to the Knesset, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin denounced Goldstein. Rabin, addressing not just Goldstein and his legacy, but also other settlers he regarded as militant, declared,


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: You are not part of the community of Israel... You are not part of the national democratic camp which we all belong to in this house, and many of the people despise you. You are not partners in the Zionist enterprise. You are a foreign implant. You are an errant weed. Sensible Judaism spits you out. You placed yourself outside the wall of Jewish law... We say to this horrible man and those like him: you are a shame on Zionism and an embarrassment to Judaism.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Rabin considered that his failure to close down the Jewish settlements in Hebron after the massacre one of his greatest political mistakes.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Benjamin Netanyahu, then head of the opposition Likud party, declared, "This was a despicable crime. I express my unequivocal condemnation."


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: The Israeli government appointed a commission of inquiry headed by then president of the Supreme Court, Judge Meir Shamgar. The commission in the epilogue to its report called the massacre "a base and murderous act, in which innocent people bending in prayer to their maker were killed". Among its specific conclusions were:


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Critics of the commission have suggested that Shamgar's judicial record has "consistently displayed his leniency toward the settlers, including those convicted of crimes against the Palestinians, but especially toward the soldiers who had fired at the Palestinians" and that his career reflected a history of pro-settler activism by promoting expropriation of Palestinian land to Jewish settlement that is against international law.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: There was widespread condemnation of the massacre in Israel. A poll found that 78.8% of Israeli adults condemned the Hebron massacre, while 3.6% praised Goldstein. The Jewish Settler Council declared that the act was "not Jewish, not humane".


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Most religious leaders denounced the attack. The Sephardi Chief Rabbi said "I am simply ashamed that a Jew carried out such a villainous and irresponsible act", and suggested that he be buried outside the cemetery. His Ashkenazi counterpart, Yisrael Meir Lau, called it "a desecration of God's name". Rabbi Yehuda Amital of Gush Etzion said Goldstein had "besmirched the Jewish nation and the Torah". Some rabbis reacted with ambivalence to the massacre, and a few praised Goldstein and called his undertaking "an act of martyrdom". In eulogizing Goldstein, Rabbi Israel Ariel called him a "holy martyr", and questioned the innocence of the victims by claiming they were responsible for the massacre of Hebron's Jews in 1929. Rabbi Dov Lior of Kiryat Arba said he was a saint whose "hands are innocent, his heart pure", and compared him to the martyrs of the Holocaust. At the time, settler rabbi Yitzhak Ginzburgh was the only prominent Orthodox rabbi who praised the massacre. He has since been detained several times for espousing extremist views.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: In the weeks following the massacre, hundreds of Israelis traveled to Goldstein's grave to celebrate Goldstein's actions. Some Hasidim danced and sang around his grave. Although the government has said that those who celebrated the massacre represented only a tiny minority of Israelis, a "New York Times" report states that Israeli government claims may understate the phenomenon.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: In a pamphlet titled "Baruch HaGever" published in 1994, and a book of the same name in 1995, various rabbis praised Goldstein's action as a pre-emptive strike in response to Hamas threats of a pogrom and wrote that it is possible to view his act as following five Halachic principles.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: The phenomenon of the adoration of Goldstein's tomb persisted for years, despite Israeli government efforts to crack down on those making pilgrimage to Goldstein's grave site. The grave's epitaph said that Goldstein "gave his life for the people of Israel, its Torah and land". In 1999, after the passing of Israeli legislation outlawing monuments to terrorists, the Israeli army dismantled the shrine that had been built to Goldstein at the site of his interment. In the years after the dismantling of the shrine, radical Jewish settlers would celebrate Purim by invoking the memory of the massacre, sometimes even dressing up themselves or their children to look like Goldstein.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Such an act is an obscenity and a travesty of Jewish values. That it should have been perpetrated against worshippers in a house of prayer at a holy time makes it a blasphemy as well... Violence is evil. Violence committed in the name of God is doubly evil. Violence against those engaged in worshipping God is unspeakably evil.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: An editorial in "The Jewish Chronicle" written by Chaim Bermant denounced the Kach organisation to which Goldstein belonged as "Neo-Nazis" and a U.S. creation, funded by American money and a product of American gun culture. The same edition also reported that some Liberal synagogues in the UK had begun fundraising for Goldstein's victims.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: Palestinian protesters took to the streets in the aftermath of the massacre. There were widespread protests and clashes in both the occupied territories and within Israel itself, in Nazareth and Jaffa.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: As a reaction to the trauma-induced in children in Hebron, the Palestinian Child Arts Center (PCAC), a non-governmental, nonprofit organization was founded. The activities of the centre primarily involve the intellectual development of Palestinian children, and to reinforce a positive role for the child within Palestinian society and culture.


title: Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

text: The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 904 condemning the massacre and called for measures to protect Palestinian civilians including disarming Israeli settlers.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Stephen Curry (born 26 May 1976) is an Australian comedian and actor who has appeared in many television drama and comedy series, and feature films.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Curry was born in Melbourne in 1976. The youngest of five children, he grew up in Deepdene in Melbourne's eastern suburbs. Curry was raised Catholic and attended Our Lady of Good Counsel Primary School and Marcellin College. Curry gained early drama experience at Track Youth Theatre.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: In 2001, Curry had a lead role in the short-lived sitcom "Sit Down, Shut Up". Also in 2001, he had a role in the mini-series "Changi".


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Between 2004 and 2005, Curry had a regular role in the drama series "The Secret Life of Us". He also appeared towards the end of the third series of "Frontline" taking over from Torquil Neilson as the sound recorder.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Curry was a guest on "Rove Live" on several occasions. He has also appeared on the TV comedy series "Thank God You're Here" and "Spicks and Specks" several times, and has once been a guest on "Talkin' 'bout Your Generation".


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Since 2005, he has appeared in several Toyota Memorable Moments advertisements featuring iconic Australian rules football players of yesteryear Wayne Harmes, James Hird, Peter Daicos, Dermott Brereton, Malcolm Blight, Alex Jesaulenko, Tony Lockett, Francis Bourke, Bruce Doull and Kevin Bartlett and most recently Leigh Matthews with fellow comedian Dave Lawson, doing deliberately over-the-top reenactments of well-known moments of historic matches.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: In 2007, Curry portrayed Graham Kennedy in "The King", a telemovie examining Kennedy's life. The role required Curry to lose 14 kilograms. Also in 2007, Stephen appeared in "The Librarians" on a recurring basis as a tour guide.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: In 2009, Curry had a role in the mini-series False Witness, a role in 30 Seconds and a guest role in Wilfred.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: In 2011, Curry played Sam Pickles in the Australian drama Cloudstreet, which is based on the novel of the same name by Tim Winton.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: In 2012, Curry guest-starred in an episode of the Australian lawyer-drama Rake as Alex Alford. His character was accused of cutting off the "membrum virīle" (penis) of his neighbour.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: From 2012 to 2013, He was part of the rotating cast of the Acclaimed Australian Drama series "Redfern Now" as policeman Ryan Hobbs.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Curry started out in small roles in film, including "The Castle" and "The Wog Boy". He then went to have leading roles in film, such as "The Nugget", "Take Away" and "Thunderstruck". In 2007, he was in the Australian film "Rogue and The King (2007 film), and also appeared in one of the finalist films, "Pig Latin" for the 2007 Sony Tropfest.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: In 2012, he appeared as a reporter, in "Cliffy", an Australian film based on the efforts of a marathon running 61-year-old potato farmer from Victoria, Cliff Young.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Curry starred in the 2013 Comedy film "Save Your Legs!" as Abbotsford Anglers Cricket Club President Edward "Teddy" Brown.


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Throughout 2010, Curry toured with Shaun Micallef on his Peter Cook/Dudley Moore tribute "Good Evening".


title: Stephen Curry (comedian)

text: Curry and girlfriend of ten years Naadein Crowe married in a small ceremony in Bali in October 2010. After the wedding he and his wife performed a cultural ceremony in cooking Anjing Bakar with water spinach and jackfruit curry.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: Amir al-Mu'minin () is an Arabic title designating the supreme leader of an Islamic community. It is usually translated as "Commander of the Faithful", though sometimes also as "Prince of the Believers", a translation deriving from the fact that the word is used as a princely title in states ruled by the royalty or monarchies. However, according to orientalist historian H. A. R. Gibb, this translation is "neither philologically nor historically correct".


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: The title derives from the common Arabic term designating a military commander, , and was used for Muslim military commanders already during the lifetime of Muhammad. In this capacity it was, for example, borne by the Muslim commander at the Battle of al-Qadisiyya. On his accession in 634, Umar ibn Khattab (), the Second Rashidun Caliph, was given the title. According to At-Tabaqat al Kubra, When Abu Bakr died, Muslims of the time said: “We are the Mu'minin (Believers/Faithful) and Umar is our Amir (Commander).” After this, the title Amir al-Mu'minin was held by Umar ibn Khattab who was also the first one to be given this title. This was likely not for its military connotation, but rather deriving from a Quranic injunction to "Obey God and obey the Apostle and those invested with command among you" (Sura 4, verses 58–62). According to Fred M. Donner, the title's adoption marked a step in the centralization of the nascent Muslim state, as the was acknowledged as the central authority of the expanding Muslim empire, being responsible for appointing and dismissing generals and governors, taking major political decisions, and keeping the , the list of those Believers entitled to a share of the spoils of conquest. From Umar on, the title became a fixed part of caliphal titelature; Indeed, it appears to have been the chief title of the early caliphs, and the actual title of caliph (, ) does not appear to have been adopted until the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (), when he adopted it as a means to strengthen his position, whose legitimacy had been shaky following the Second Fitna.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: Among Sunnis, the adoption of the title of became virtually tantamount to claiming the caliphate. As a result, the title was used by the great Islamic dynasties that claimed the universal leadership over the Muslim community: the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Fatimids. In later centuries, it was also adopted by regional rulers, especially in the western parts of the Muslim world, who used the caliphal rank to emphasize their independent authority and legitimacy, rather than any ecumenical claim. The Umayyads of Cordoba adopted it in 928, whence it was also used by several other minor rulers of al-Andalus. From 1253, the Hafsids of Ifriqiya claimed the caliphate, and were followed by the Marinids of Morocco, following whom all successive Moroccan dynasties—the last two of them, the Saadi dynasty and the current Alaouite dynasty, also by virtue of their claimed descent from Muhammad—have also claimed it. The Constitution of Morocco still uses the term as the principal title of the King of Morocco, as a means to "[legitimise the monarchy's] hegemonic role and its position outside significant constitutional restraint".


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: At the same time, the title has retained a connotation of command in the ('Holy War'), and has been used thus throughout history, without necessarily implying a claim to the caliphate. It was used in this sense by the early Ottoman sultans—who notably rarely used the caliphal title after they took it from the Abbasids in 1517—as well as various West African Muslim warlords until the modern period. The title was used by Aurangzeb, the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire. Muhammad Umar Khan of the Kokand Khanate took on the title.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: Abdelkader El Djezairi assumed the title in 1834. The Afghan ruler Dost Mohammad Khan likewise used it when he proclaimed a against the Sikh in 1836. According to historian Richard Pennell, this pattern reflects the use of the term for regional rulers with the connotations of wide-ranging and absolute authority over a region, the power to conduct relations with foreign states, the upkeep of the Sharia, and the protection of Muslim territory from non-believers. Timur (Tamerlane) also used the title.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: In 1996, the title was adopted by the Taliban leader Mohammed Omar. Mullah Mohammed Omar was conferred the title in April 1996 by a Taliban-convened shura (assembly) of approximately 1000-1500 Afghan ulama in Kandahar, when he displayed the Cloak of the Prophet before the crowd. The title granted legitimacy to Omar's leadership of Afghanistan and his declared jihad against the government led by Burhanuddin Rabbani. Omar was still referred to as Amir al-Mu'minin by his followers and other jihadists, notably al-Qaeda leader Ayman az-Zawahiri. Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor, the successor of Mullah Omar, was conferred the title in July 2015 upon his appointment as the new leader of the Taliban. Hibatullah Akhundzada, the third Supreme Leader of the Taliban, was also conferred the title upon his election in 2016 and became the Leader of Afghanistan in 2021. The King of Morocco is styled "Amir al-Mu'minin" according to the Moroccan constitution. In 2005, the Islamic State leader Abu Umar al-Baghdadi adopted the title, nine years before the Islamic State proclaimed its caliphate in 2014. Abu Umar al-Baghdadi was conferred the title after his appointment in October 2006 by the Mujahideen Shura Council as the first Emir of the newly declared Islamic State of Iraq. As Richard Pennell commented, by claiming the title they positioned themselves as potential "caliphs-in-waiting", but for the moment, the title was simply the expression of their claim to an overarching "activist authority" over the areas they controlled.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: Shi'a Muslims apply the title exclusively to Imam Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, regarded as the first Imam by the Shi'a and the officially designated successor to Muhammad. The Shi'a hold that he was the only one given the title during Muhammad's lifetime.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: The Isma'ili Fatimid caliphs used the title as part of their titelature, and in the Nizari branch of Isma'ilism, the is always the current Imam of the Time. In Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's "The Voyage" ("Sayr wa-Suluk"), he explains that the hearts of the believers are attached to the Commander of the Believers, not just the Command (written word) itself. There is always a present living imam in the world, and following him, a believer could never go astray.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: Among the Zaydis, the title retained strong connotations with the leadership of the , and was thus the right of any rightful Imam who stepped forth to claim his right by force of arms. The title was thus part of the titelature of the Zaydi Imams of Yemen until the end of the Yemeni monarchy. The Kharijites did not use the term, except for the Rustamid dynasty.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: The Kitáb-i-Íqán, the primary theological work of the Baháʼí Faith, applies the title Commander of the Faithful to Ali, the son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: A similar (but not the same) title was afforded to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's monarch as the Grand Duke of Lithuania by the Lipka Tatars, who used to speak a Turkic language. The title of sire was used "Vatad", as in "homeland" ("Vatan"), which meant "defender of the rights of Muslims in non-Islamic countries." The Grand Duchy was viewed as a new homeland. Vatad was viewed as a variation on the name Vytautas in Lithuanian or Władysław in Polish, which was known in the diplomatic notes between the Golden Horde and the countries of Poland (Lechistan) and Lithuania (Lipka) as "Dawood". One can claim that, since Casimir the Great, the Polish-Lithuanian monarch as the King of Poland was tasked with the protection of the rights of the Jews and other non-Christians.


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: In James Joyce's 1939 novel "Finnegans Wake" (page 34.6), an informer who is spreading nasty rumours about the main character is described as "Ibid, commender of the frightful".


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: In the French comic series "Iznogoud", Caliph Haroun El Poussah, one of the protagonists of the series, is frequently addressed by inferiors as commander of the faithful ("commandeur des croyants" in the original French).


title: Amir al-Mu'minin

text: In Margaret Atwood's 1985 dystopian novel "The Handmaid's Tale" leaders of the fictional Republic of Gilead, a militaristic theonomy, are referred to as "Commanders of the Faithful."


title: University of Tulsa

text: The University of Tulsa (TU) is a private research university in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It has a historic affiliation with the Presbyterian Church and the campus architectural style is predominantly Collegiate Gothic. The school traces its origin to the Presbyterian School for Girls, which was established in 1882 in Muskogee, Oklahoma, then a town in Indian Territory, and which evolved into an institution of higher education named Henry Kendall College by 1894. The college moved to Tulsa, another town in the Creek Nation during 1904, before the state of Oklahoma was created. In 1920, Kendall College was renamed the University of Tulsa.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The University of Tulsa is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It manages the Gilcrease Museum, which includes one of the largest collections of American Western art and indigenous American artifacts in the world. The Bob Dylan Archive TU houses at the Helmerich Center for American Research. TU also hosts the "Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature", founded by former TU professor and noted feminist critic Germaine Greer (now at the University of Cambridge).


title: University of Tulsa

text: TU's athletic teams are collectively known as the Tulsa Golden Hurricane and compete in Division I of the NCAA as members of the American Athletic Conference (The American).


title: University of Tulsa

text: The Presbyterian School for Girls (also known as "Minerva Home") was founded in Muskogee, Indian Territory, in 1882 to offer a primary education to young women of the Creek Nation.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In 1894, the young school expanded to become Henry Kendall College, named in honor of Reverend Henry Kendall, secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions. The first president was William A. Caldwell, who served a brief two-year term, which ended in 1896.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Caldwell was succeeded by William Robert King, a Presbyterian minister and co-founder of the college, who had come to Oklahoma from Tennessee, by way of the Union Theological Seminary in New York City (affiliated with Columbia University). Kendall College, while still in Muskogee, granted the first post-secondary degree in Oklahoma in June 1898. Under King, the college was moved from its original location in downtown Muskogee to a larger campus on lands donated by Creek Nation Chief Pleasant Porter.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Kendall College students, faculty and administrators were instrumental in efforts to get the State of Sequoyah recognized; they wrote most of the proposed constitution and designed the seal among other things.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The opening of the new campus coincided with the start of the tenure of the third president, A. Grant Evans. Over the next ten years, Evans oversaw the struggling school's growth. In most years, class sizes remained small and although the academy, the attached elementary, middle, and high school was more successful; by the end of the 1906–07 year Kendall College had had only 27 collegiate graduates. At the request of the administration, the Synod of Indian Territory assumed control as trustees and began to look at alternatives for the future of the school. When the administration was approached by the comparatively smaller town of Tulsa and offered a chance to move, the decision was made to relocate.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The Tulsa Commercial Club (a forerunner of the Tulsa Chamber of Commerce) decided to bid for the college. Club members who packaged a bid in 1907 to move the college to Tulsa included: B. Betters, H. O. McClure, L. N. Butts, W. L. North, James H. Hall ("sic"), Grant C. Stebbins, Rev. Charles W. Kerr, C. H. Nicholson. The offer included $100,000, 20 acres of real estate and a guarantee for utilities and street car service.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The college opened to thirty-five students in September 1907, two months before Oklahoma became a state. These first students attended classes at the First Presbyterian Church until permanent buildings could be erected on the new campus. This became the start of higher education in Tulsa. Kendall Hall, the first building of the new school, was completed in 1908 and was quickly followed by two other buildings. All three buildings have since been demolished, with Kendall the last to be razed in 1972. The bell that once hung in the Kendall Building tower was saved and displayed in Bayless Plaza.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The Kendall College presidents during 1907–1919 were Arthur Grant Evans, Levi Harrison Beeler, Seth Reed Gordon, Frederick William Hawley, Ralph J. Lamb, Charles Evans, James G. McMurtry and Arthur L. Odell.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In 1918, the Methodist Church proposed building a college in Tulsa, using money donated by Tulsa oilman Robert M. McFarlin. The proposed college was to be named McFarlin College. However, it was soon apparent that Tulsa could not yet support two competing schools. In 1920, Henry Kendall College merged with the proposed McFarlin College to become The University of Tulsa. The McFarlin Library of TU was named for the principal donor of the proposed college. The name of Henry Kendall has lived on to the present as the Kendall College of Arts and Sciences.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The Great Depression hit the university hard. By 1935, the school was about to close because of its poor financial condition. It had a debt of $250,000, enrollment had fallen to 300 students (including many who could not pay their own tuition), the faculty was poorly paid and morale was low. It was then that the oil tycoon and TU-patron Waite Phillips offered the school presidency to Clarence Isaiah ("Cy") Pontius, a former investment banker. His primary focus would be to rescue the school's finances. A deans' council would take charge of academic issues.


title: University of Tulsa

text: However, Pontius' accomplishments went beyond raising money. During his tenure the following events occurred:


title: University of Tulsa

text: After William G. Skelly died, his widow donated the Skelly Mansion, at the corner of 21st Street and Madison Avenue, to the University of Tulsa. The school sold the mansion and its furnishings to private owners in 1959. On July 5, 2012, the university announced that it would repurchase the house as a residence for its president.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In 1958, Ben Graf Henneke, a scholar of theater and communications, became the first alumnus to hold the Presidency of the University of Tulsa. During his tenure the university established new doctoral programs, increased the proportion of faculty with doctorates, started new publications including "Petroleum Abstracts" and the "James Joyce Quarterly", developed a North Campus center for petroleum engineering research, and expanded many main campus facilities. He was succeeded by Dr. Eugene L. Swearingen, a Stanford University-trained economist and Oklahoma native who served on the National Finance Committee for the Jimmy Carter Presidential Campaign. Swearingen increased TU's endowment and expanded the footprint of its campus.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In 2004, anthropologist Steadman Upham joined the University of Tulsa as president, having served in faculty and leadership positions at the University of Oregon and Arizona State University. Within five years of his arrival, TU saw thirteen major construction projects and renovations on campus, ranging from the construction of the Roxana Rozsa and Robert Eugene Lorton Performance Center to the overhaul of Keplinger Hall, and plans for seven more major projects finalized (despite the nationwide recession).


title: University of Tulsa

text: The university also launched the Oxley College of Health Sciences, in downtown Tulsa, named in recognition of a major gift from Tulsa's Oxley Foundation. The university also partnered with the George Kaiser Family Foundation to permanently house The Bob Dylan Archive at TU in 2016. Under Upham's leadership, the University of Tulsa assumed management of the famous Gilcrease Museum in northwest Tulsa.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In 2016 President Upham retired and was succeeded by Dr. Gerard Clancy who previously served as a psychiatry professor and held leadership positions at the University of Iowa and the University of Oklahoma. About two-and-a-half years into his presidency, in the spring of 2019, President Clancy and Provost Levit announced a restructuring of academic programs at the university that would eliminate several academic programs. The plan was met with resistance from some faculty who believed it was formulated without adequate input from faculty. Although faculty members voted "no confidence" in the president and provost in November, the university's board of trustees publicly affirmed their support of the plan.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In January 2020, President Clancy informed the Board that he needed to cut back his activities because of unspecified medical issues. The Board named Provost Levit as Interim President of the school, effective in January 2020.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Former Congressman Brad Carson became President of Tulsa University, effective July 1, 2021. He replaced Interim President, Janet K. Levit.


title: University of Tulsa

text: University of Tulsa offers liberal arts, sciences, and professional programs, including engineering, English, computer science, natural sciences, clinical and industrial/organizational psychology, and other disciplines.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The university also maintains a college of law, which is one of the few to specialize in Native American legal issues.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The "Tulsa Law Review" ranks in the top 15% of most cited legal periodicals as ranked by Washington and Lee University.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The university's graduate program in petroleum engineering is ranked #5 among all national universities according to 2021 rankings from U.S. News & World Report


title: University of Tulsa

text: The university has an undergraduate research program, evidenced by 44 students receiving Goldwater Scholarships since 1995. The Tulsa Undergraduate Research Challenge (TURC) allows undergraduates to conduct advanced research with the guidance of top TU professors.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Admission to TU is highly competitive; The 2020 incoming freshman class boasted an average ACT score of 30 and an incoming average GPA of 3.9, the highest in the university's history.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The Tulsa Institute for Trauma, Adversity and Injustice is an interdisciplinary institute committed to evidence-based education, scholarship, research, and service that reduce the incidence and impact of trauma and adversity. This group is composed of students and professors primarily in psychology, sociology, and nursing. The group contributes to the fields through presentations at local and major conferences and publications.


title: University of Tulsa

text: "U.S. News & World Report"s 2022 edition of "Best Colleges" ranked the University of Tulsa 136 among "national universities" and tied at 79th for "Best Value". The university's graduate school program in petroleum engineering was ranked #5.


title: University of Tulsa

text: TU students have won 66 Goldwater Scholarships, five Marshall Scholarships, three Rhodes Scholarships (9 Rhodes finalists), 25 Fulbright Scholarships, and numerous Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, and Morris K. Udall Fellowships.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The campus of the University of Tulsa centers on a wide, grassy, quad-like space known as Dietler Commons, formerly called "The U." The predominant architectural style is English Gothic. Most of the buildings are constructed from tan and rose-colored Crab Orchard sandstone from Tennessee interspersed with stone quarried in Arkansas. Other materials include Bedford limestone from Indiana and slate quarried in Vermont. The university's campus borders Tulsa's Kendall-Whittier neighborhood and is not far from Tulsa's downtown and mid-town neighborhoods. The campus, in particular its football venue Skelly Field, is located on the historic U.S. Route 66, America's "Mother Road" stretching from Chicago to Los Angeles.


title: University of Tulsa

text: University of Tulsa has participated in efforts towards sustainability including RecycleMania and Adopt a Recycle Bin. Many campus efforts have been led by student groups like the Sustainability Committee, the Association of International Students, Student Association, TU Earth Matters, and the TU Food Garden. The university strives to have its buildings meet LEED standards in order to reduce the school's overall carbon footprint.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Completed in 2006, Bayless Plaza houses the Kendall Bell, hanging in the cupola of the former Kendall Hall. The plaza lies directly south of Tyrrell Hall, longtime home of the School of Music, and serves as the apex of Tucker Drive, the university's main entrance.


title: University of Tulsa

text: TU football has played at Skelly Field at H.A. Chapman Stadium since 1930. It was renamed from Skelly Stadium following renovations in 2007. The Case Athletic Complex in the north end of the field provides office facilities for the football staff, a new locker room and trainer facility, a letterman's lounge and box seating on the top level, and meeting rooms, a computer lab, and study spaces for student-athletes. Renovations provide seating throughout the stadium, new turf, an updated score board and Jumbotron, and an expanded press box. The changes also include the addition of an extensive plaza area (Thomas Plaza) on the west side of the stadium to accommodate restrooms, food and drink stands, and souvenir shops.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Home to women's volleyball along with the men's and women's basketball programs, the Donald W. Reynolds Center houses office and meeting space, practice and weights facilities, and the main basketball arena. Commencement exercises are held in the Reynolds Center in May.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Named for its principal donors, Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Sharp, Sharp Chapel was completed on November 27, 1959. It replaced the university's original chapel that was located in Kendall Hall before its destruction and replacement by the current Kendall Hall theater building. Sharp Chapel houses the Offices of University Chaplain and serves the religious needs of multiple denominations present on campus as well as hosting many awards ceremonies and weddings.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Additions to Sharp Chapel were completed in the spring of 2004, including the Westminster Room, an atrium, kitchen, and a second floor including administrative offices and a conference room.


title: University of Tulsa

text: On-campus housing consists of six residence halls, six sorority houses, and six university-owned apartment complexes, including eight apartments designed like townhouses.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Apartment complexes include Brown Village, Lorton Village (includes townhouses), Mayo Village, Norman Village, University Square South, and University Square West.


title: University of Tulsa

text: At the top of Deitler Commons sits one of the campus' most notable landmarks, the McFarlin Library, named after Robert and Ida McFarlin, the library's primary benefactors. The McFarlins had only one stipulation with their gift: that the view of Downtown Tulsa from McFarlin could never be blocked. Groundbreaking ceremonies took place on May 3, 1929, and the edifice was dedicated on June 1, 1930. The library continued to grow over the years, adding a five-story addition in 1967, an underground stacks area in by 1979, and technology wing in 2007. The library contains over two million items.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Currently, the library's Department of Special Collections and University Archives houses over twelve million archival items and has over a thousand collections on a wide-ranging array of topics including 20th-century British, Irish, and American literature, which includes the world's second largest collection of materials by James Joyce. It also houses the papers of Nobel Prize winners V.S. Naipaul and Doris Lessing, as well as novelists and poets Jean Rhys, Eliot Bliss, David Plante, Anna Kavan, and Stevie Smith, just to name a few. In addition to these famous novelists, McFarlin Library's houses the papers of Congresswoman Alice Mary Robertson, literary critic Richard Ellmann, comic book innovator E. Nelson Bridwell, Cherokee Principal Chief J.B. Milam, and writer/sexologist Edward Charles, among others. The Department of Special Collections also contains a vast collection of books on Native American history.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In July 2008, the University of Tulsa took over management of the Gilcrease Museum in a public-private partnership with the City of Tulsa. The museum has one of the largest collections of American Western art in the world (including famous works by Frederic Remington, Thomas Moran, and others) and houses growing collections in artifacts from Central and South America. The museum sits on in northwest Tulsa, a considerable distance from the main university campus.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The Bob Dylan Archive is a collection of documents and objects relating to iconic American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan (whose mentor was Oklahoman Woody Guthrie). It was announced on March 2, 2016, that the archive had been acquired by the George Kaiser Family Foundation (GKFF) and the University of Tulsa. The university has since relinquished ownership to GKFF. It will be under the care of the university's Helmerich Center for American Research.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Students at the University of Tulsa represent 46 states and over 60 foreign countries, of which 54% are Oklahoma residents. Among the most common countries of origin for TU international students are China, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, India, Nigeria, Angola and the United Kingdom.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The University of Tulsa is home to more than 150 student organizations, registered with and partially funded by the Student Association.


title: University of Tulsa

text: A number of groups exist to support diversity on the University of Tulsa campus. There at least 25 campus organizations existing to support and sustain a diverse campus community. In addition, TU hosts the Chevron Multicultural Resource Center, funded by a gift from the energy company, which hosts events and programming to promote diversity on campus.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Although TU has historic ties to the Presbyterian Church, the university has long embraced religious diversity. In 2002, TU was home to the first mosque built on an American university campus. TU also hosts a chapter of Hillel International, an organization to support Jewish life on campus. The university also hosts a number of organizations reflecting different streams of Christian spiritual practice, including Protestant, Catholic and Orthodox.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The Student Association is the University of Tulsa student government body. It is organized into three branches: the Executive Branch, which includes Cabinet and is in charge of organizing large campus-wide events and activities; the Judicial Branch; and the Legislative Branch, or Student Senate, which coordinates funding, supports student organization charters, and addresses general issues impacting student life on campus. Its budget is provided partially by the university and partially by a fee paid by students each semester.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Traditionally, the Student Association coordinates Homecoming activities, including cross campus competitions and the homecoming game tailgate. Another traditional event is Springfest, a week-long series of events including food, various on-campus activities, and a concert bringing in such names as Imagine Dragons, Panic! At the Disco, and Ben Rector. In addition to traditional campus events, Student Association provides smaller campus programs including community service activities, social awareness events, and diversity programming. Activities organized by Student Association are free to all TU students.


title: University of Tulsa

text: There are six IFC fraternities and six NPC sororities on campus. The living quarters in the back of the sorority houses are university-owned residence halls, but, traditionally, only current members of the sororities live there.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In February 2015, after the University of Tulsa suspended a student under its zero tolerance policy for harassment for allegedly threatening and defamatory Facebook postings by his fiancée against other faculty and a female student, administrators attempted to discourage the campus newspaper from publishing confidential information because of the non-disclosure agreement the suspended student and university had entered into. The controversy was picked up by several online sites which criticized the administration for using "threats" and "intimidation" to "cover up" their handling of the disciplinary issue. In January 2016, the former student filed a lawsuit against the university, claiming his dismissal was unfair and was a breach of the institution's commitment to due process. The incident earned the university a spot on the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education's 2016 "10 Worst Colleges for Free Speech". The lawsuit was dismissed in favor of the university in 2021.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Tulsa's sports teams participate in NCAA Division I as a member of the American Athletic Conference (The American); its football team is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). Tulsa has the smallest undergraduate enrollment of any FBS school. TU has had a rivalry with the slightly larger Rice University and a football rivalry with the substantially larger University of Houston. It also has two current rivalries with D-I schools that do not sponsor football—an in-conference rivalry with Wichita State University, especially in men's basketball, and a crosstown rivalry, most prominently in basketball, with Summit League member Oral Roberts University.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The university's nickname is the Golden Hurricane (it was originally the Golden Tornadoes). The Sound of the Golden Hurricane marching band plays at all home football and basketball games as well as traveling to championships in support of the Golden Hurricane. Tulsa has won six national championships (three NCAA): four in women's golf and two in men's basketball. The University of Tulsa currently fields a varsity team in seven men's sports and ten women's sports.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Athletic facilities are distributed throughout a number of buildings on campus. Mabee Gym houses an extensive indoor rowing facility, an indoor golf practice facility, and volleyball practice gyms. Renovations in spring 2008 incorporated FieldTurf into an indoor practice field for the soccer, softball, and football programs. The tennis teams are housed in the Michael D. Case Tennis Center, which includes a number of indoor and outdoor courts (and spectator seating for 2,000). The Hurricane Soccer & Track Stadium is home to the track and field and soccer programs.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The "University of Tulsa Collegian" is the long-standing independent and student-run newspaper on campus.


title: University of Tulsa

text: In 2003 Tulsa joined the efforts of Brown University on the Modernist Journals Project, an online archive of early 20th-century periodicals. Tulsa has contributed various modernist texts from McFarlin Library's Special Collections to the project's website.


title: University of Tulsa

text: Dr. Sean Latham, editor of the "James Joyce Quarterly", brought the 2003 North American James Joyce Conference to the University of Tulsa.


title: University of Tulsa

text: The University of Tulsa counts a number of distinguished individuals among its alumni, including current Walmart CEO Doug McMillon, New York School poet Ted Berrigan, "The Outsiders" author S.E. Hinton, voicemail inventor Gordon Matthews, "Golden Girls" actress Rue McClanahan, actor Peter McRobbie, roboticist and author Daniel H. Wilson, radio legend Paul Harvey, Kuwaiti Petroleum Company CEO Hani Abdulaziz Al Hussein, TV personality Dr. Phil McGraw (who played football for TU but did not graduate), Cherokee Nation Chief Chad "Corntassel" Smith, botanist and ecologist Harriet George Barclay, US Congressman and Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver Steve Largent, NBA basketball player Steve Bracey, and Brazilian billionaire businessman Ermirio Pereira de Moraes; HE Suhail Al Mazroui, Minister of Energy & Industry for the United Arab Emirates, member of the Supreme Petroleum Council, and sits on the executive committee and other sections of Mubadala Investment Company .


title: University of Tulsa

text: A number of notable individuals have served on the University of Tulsa's faculty over the years. Current notable faculty members include psychologist Robert Hogan, political scientist Robert Donaldson, Catholic philosopher F. Russell Hittinger, computer scientist Sujeet Shenoi, and former US Congressman Brad Carson. Noted artist Adah Robinson was the founder and first chairperson of the university's Department of Art. Several renowned literary figures and critics have served on Tulsa's faculty, including feminist pioneer Germaine Greer, Booker-prize winning novelist Paul Scott, author and critic Darcy O'Brien, and the famous Russian poet and dissident intellectual Yevgeny Yevtushenko until his death in 2017. Other notable former faculty members include legal scholars Paul Finkelman and Larry Catá Backer, psychologist Brent Roberts, painter Alexandre Hogue, Catholic Bishop Daniel Henry Mueggenborg, and others.


title: International Champions Cup

text: The International Champions Cup (ICC) was an annual club association football exhibition competition. In 2020, it was abolished due to COVID-19 pandemic.


title: International Champions Cup

text: The format has changed in each competition. Subsequent tournaments have had different numbers of teams in the three locations.


title: International Champions Cup

text: In the 2013 iteration, the participants were designated as part an "Eastern" and a "Western" group based on the location of their group stage matches. The groups were not played as a round-robin; rather, the winners of the first-round matches played each other in the second round, and the first-round losers also played each other in the second round. The two teams with two wins from the first two matches advanced to the final. The other three teams of each group were then ranked based on their records in the two matches played, with a game won in regulation time counting for two points and a game won on a deciding penalty shootout (no tied games were permitted) counting for one, with traditional methods of ranking – goal difference, goals scored, etc – determining order in case of two teams having the same points total. After the teams in each group had been ranked, they were paired against their opposite number from the other group, second playing second, third playing third, fourth playing fourth, with the results of these final matches determining a definitive placing for each team, from first place to eighth.


title: International Champions Cup

text: In the 2014 season, this slightly awkward system was done away with, the teams separating into non-geographical groups and playing a round-robin format with one game played against each other team in their group. After each team has played three games, the top-placed team from each group contested a final to determine the overall winner.


title: International Champions Cup

text: Starting with the 2015 season, the tournament was separated into three geographic editions with a winner crowned for each region based on points total. The 2015 and 2016 tournament held editions in North America and Europe, Australia, and China. The Australia and China tournaments were contested as three-team round-robin competitions (Real Madrid participated in both), and the North America and Europe edition featured ten teams (including three US-based MLS teams) which played four matches each. The 2016 season retained the same format and regions, with Melbourne Victory of the A-League joining as the fourth team in the Australia region. In the 2017 iteration, Singapore replaced Australia as one of the three regions.


title: International Champions Cup

text: In 2018, all 18 participating teams contested the tournament as part of a single table, with each team playing three matches and the champion crowned based on points total. Matches were held across 15 venues in the United States, 7 in Europe, and 1 in Singapore.


title: International Champions Cup

text: For the 2019 edition, 12 teams participated in the tournament. Guadalajara took place in this tournament, being the only non-European team participating. Games were played across 17 cities in the United States, Europe, Singapore and China.


title: International Champions Cup

text: Shutdowns and restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused the cancelation of the 2020, and 2021 editions.


title: International Champions Cup

text: The ICC is owned and operated by Relevent Sports Group, founded by RSE ventures based out of northern New Jersey, a sports venture firm founded in 2012 by billionaire real estate magnate and Miami Dolphins owner Stephen Ross and Matt Higgins, a former executive with the New York Jets and international soccer executive Charlie Stillitano. It replaced the World Football Challenge, which had featured a more even distribution of European- and American-based sides. Daniel Sillman is the chief executive officer of Relevent Sports Group and during his tenure, Relevent Sports Group launched the Women's International Champions Cup Tournament and International Champions Cup Futures Tournament.


title: International Champions Cup

text: During the 2014 tournament, a match between Manchester United and Real Madrid at Michigan Stadium set the all-time record for attendance at a soccer game in the United States with 109,318 spectators. In 2017, Real Madrid and Barcelona played in the second El Clásico held outside of Spain.


title: International Champions Cup

text: In 2018, the ICC Futures tournament began with 24 teams including 8 academies from Europe, 8 MLS Academies, and 8 US based state all-star teams. Bayern Munich topped Chelsea to win the first ICC Futures trophy.


title: International Champions Cup

text: For the first two years (2013–2014), Guinness signed on to be the title sponsor for the entire tournament which, at that time, was only in North America.


title: International Champions Cup

text: For the 2015 competition, there was no overall sponsor, rather there was a unique Presenting Sponsor for each regional tournament. The North American tournament was presented by Guinness, whereas the Australian tournament was presented by Audi. Heineken became the presenting sponsor of the tournament from 2016 onward. UnionPay became the sponsor of the tournament for the Singapore leg since 2018.


title: South Col

text: The South Col is a sharp-edged col between Mount Everest and Lhotse, the highest and fourth-highest mountains in the world, respectively. The South Col is typically swept by high winds, leaving it free of significant snow accumulation. Since 1950 (when Tibet was closed), most Everest expeditions have left from Nepal and gone via the southeast ridge and the South Col (instead of via the North Col). When climbers attempt to climb Everest from the southeast ridge in Nepal, their final camp (usually Camp IV) is situated on the South Col.


title: South Col

text: The South Col was first reached on 12 May 1952 by Aubert, Lambert, and Flory of Edouard Wyss-Dunant's Swiss Mount Everest Expedition that failed to reach the summit. The following year, when Mount Everest was first climbed, Wilfrid Noyce and the Sherpa Annullu were the first climbers on the expedition to reach the col. According to John Hunt, the expedition leader:


title: South Col

text: Once on the South Col, climbers have entered the death zone; altitude sickness is a significant threat at this elevation and can easily prove fatal. It is also difficult to sleep, and most climbers' digestive systems have significantly slowed or completely stopped. This is because it is more efficient at this altitude for the body to use stored energy sources than to digest new food. Most climbers will begin using supplemental oxygen here and have a maximum of only two or three days for making summit bids. Clear weather and low winds are critical factors in deciding whether to make a summit attempt. If weather does not cooperate within these short few days, climbers are forced to descend, many all the way back down to Base Camp. Climbers rarely get a second chance to return to the South Col in a specific expedition.


title: South Col

text: In 2005, Didier Delsalle of France landed a Eurocopter AS350 B3 helicopter on the South Col. Two days later he made the first helicopter landing on the summit of Mount Everest, a feat he subsequently repeated.


title: South Col

text: In May 2019, the highest weather station in the world was installed at Everest, with one location at the South Col, and another on a place higher up on the peak known as "The Balcony" as well as some other stations and locations. The weather stations are about tall and weigh . On 21 July 2022, a maximum temperature of was registered at the South Col.


title: Development communication

text: Development communication refers to the use of communication to facilitate social development. Development communication engages stakeholders and policy makers, establishes conducive environments, assesses risks and opportunities and promotes information exchange to create positive social change via sustainable development. Development communication techniques include information dissemination and education, behavior change, social marketing, social mobilization, media advocacy, communication for social change, and community participation.


title: Development communication

text: Development communication has not been labeled as the "Fifth Theory of the Press", with "social transformation and development", and "the fulfillment of basic needs" as its primary purposes. Jamias articulated the philosophy of development communication which is anchored on three main ideas. Their three main ideas are: purposive, value-laden, and pragmatic. Nora C. Quebral expanded the definition, calling it "the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth that makes possible greater social equality and the larger fulfillment of the human potential". Melcote and Steeves saw it as "emancipation communication", aimed at combating injustice and oppression. According to Melcote (1991) in Waisbord (2001), the ultimate goal of development communication is to raise the quality of life of the people, including; to increase income and wellbeing, eradicate social injustice, promote land reforms and freedom of speech


title: Development communication

text: Nora Cruz-Quebral, "PhD", in the lecture she delivered for an Honorary Doctorate at the London School of Economics, University of London in December 2011, clearly accounted that the Development Communication was first articulated on 10 December 1971 at the University of the Philippines in Los Banos (UPLB). At that time, the UPLB College of Agriculture held a symposium (in honor of Dr. Dioscoro L. Umali, a national scientist in the area of plant breeding) titled "In Search of Breakthroughs in Agricultural Development".


title: Development communication

text: "...the art and science of human communication linked to a society's planned transformation from a state of poverty to one dynamic socio-economic growth that makes for greater equality and the larger unfolding of individual potentials."


title: Development communication

text: Development support communications is a discipline in development planning and implementation in which more adequate account is taken of human behavioural factors in the design of development projects and their objectives.


title: Development communication

text: According to the World Bank, the Development Communication is the "integration of strategic communication in development projects" based on a clear understanding of indigenous realities.


title: Development communication

text: "...a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives." The Thusong government center described it as "providing communities with information they can use in improving their lives, which aims at making public programmes and policies real, meaningful and sustainable".


title: Development communication

text: Bessette (2006) defined development communication as a "planned and systematic application of communication resources, channels, approaches and strategies to support the goals of socio-economic, political and cultural development". Development communication is essentially participatory, because, according to Ascroft and Masilela (1994) "participation translates into individuals being active in development programmes and processes; they contribute ideas, take initiative and articulate their needs and their problems, while asserting their autonomy."


title: Development communication

text: Who are development communicators? What qualities do they possess? Nora C. Quebral gave a succinct characterization:


title: Development communication

text: According to Felstehausen (1973), conventional theoretical assumptions are drawn from development communications research and are challenged on the grounds that as theoretical concepts they are inadequate guides to the selection of data and the resolution of development problems. The first conceptual fallacy results from the regular practice of choosing operational examples and analogies from the experiences of developed rather than underdeveloped countries. This is especially evident in terms of a bias favoring technology (especially U.S. technology) as a correlate to communication phenomena and as a solution to development problems. The second fallacy results from the use of inappropriate and frequently untested theoretical models within communication research causing a distorted view of the role of communication in relation to social and behavioral systems. The first issue is argued by presenting a review of empirical studies which show that communication processes and the adoption of new technology does not go on apart from the factors which define the behavior of the social, economic and political system. Correlational analyses are of little value in explaining communication processes, or in establishing their role in relation to development. The second issue is addressed by suggesting that communication is to be viewed as part of a social interaction theory in which communication is treated as a process which unveils and transforms reality in the exchange of information among persons. Communication can be defined as a process of accumulating and integrating intelligence. This reformulation shifts the research focus from questions of how communication functions to change persons (senders or receivers), to how it functions to change and transform ideas. Concepts, ideas, interests and positions can then be used as the primary units of analysis.