title: Drew Henson

text: After the surprising release of starter Carter on August 4, Henson began the first 6 games of the season as the third-string quarterback behind Tony Romo. He was promoted to the backup position behind veteran Vinny Testaverde in the seventh game against the Detroit Lions. In the tenth game against the Baltimore Ravens, he replaced an injured Testaverde in the fourth quarter, completing all of his 6 passes for 47 yards and one touchdown. On Thanksgiving Day, Testaverde had previously missed practice and was limited with a sore right shoulder, so Henson was given the chance to start his first NFL game against the Chicago Bears, making 4 out of 12 completions for 31 yards, driving the offense for a touchdown on the Cowboys' first possession, but also had one interception that was returned 45 yards for a touchdown in the second quarter. With the score tied at 7, head coach Bill Parcells opted to insert Testaverde in the third quarter and the team went on to win the contest 21–7. Henson returned to third-string in the fifteenth game against the Philadelphia Eagles, finishing the season with 10 out of 18 completions for 78 yards, one touchdown and one interception.


title: Drew Henson

text: In 2005, Henson had a poor training camp showing and landed third on the depth chart behind Drew Bledsoe and Tony Romo. He was declared inactive for all 16 games and at the end of the season, Parcells announced that Henson would be allocated to NFL Europe league to work on his skills.


title: Drew Henson

text: In 2006, he was assigned to the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe, where he was named the starter at quarterback. Although he missed week 7 with a knee injury, he was the league's second-rated signal caller (84.2 rating) behind Gibran Hamdan, while finishing the season second in attempts (203), completions (109), passing yards (1,321), passing touchdowns (10) and second fewest interceptions (3). He led the team to a third-place finish behind the Frankfurt Galaxy and the Amsterdam Admirals. He returned to the Cowboys but was waived on August 24, after Parcells decided to keep Bledsoe and Romo as the only two quarterbacks on the roster.


title: Drew Henson

text: On September 27, 2006, Henson was signed to the practice squad of the Minnesota Vikings. He was released on October 10. He was re-signed on December 6.


title: Drew Henson

text: On March 15, 2007, he was signed to a one-year contract, however, he was cut from the team during training camp on August 27.


title: Drew Henson

text: On August 22, 2008, Henson was signed by the Detroit Lions as a free agent. He was waived during final cuts on August 30, but was re-signed to the team's practice squad a day later.


title: Drew Henson

text: Henson was promoted to the active roster on October 12 when quarterback Jon Kitna was declared out for the team's Week 5 contest with an injury. The team released fullback Moran Norris to make room for Henson on the active roster.


title: Drew Henson

text: Shortly after the signing of quarterback Daunte Culpepper, Henson was waived by the Lions on November 12 when the team claimed wide receiver Adam Jennings off waivers from the Atlanta Falcons. Henson was re-signed to the team's practice squad two days later. On November 24, Henson was signed to a two-year contract off the practice squad to become the backup on the depth chart behind Culpepper. After relieving Culpepper in the 4th quarter of the 2008 Lions' Thanksgiving Day game, Henson was 1-for-2 passing, and fumbled on back-to-back plays. Culpepper also came out of a subsequent game for the final play of the fourth quarter where Henson stepped in and was sacked.


title: Drew Henson

text: On April 28, 2009, he was released after the Lions selected quarterback Matthew Stafford as the first overall pick in the 2009 NFL draft.


title: Kuldip Singh Chandpuri

text: Brigadier Kuldip Singh Chandpuri MVC, VSM (22 November 1940 – 17 November 2018) was a decorated Indian Army officer. He is known for his leadership in the Battle of Longewala during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, for which he was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra, the second highest Indian military decoration, by the Indian government. The 1997 Hindi film Border was based on the battle, with his role played by Sunny Deol. He was a councillor in the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation from 2006 to 2011.


title: Kuldip Singh Chandpuri

text: Kuldip Singh Chandpuri was born on 22 November 1940 in Sikh family in Montgomery, Punjab, British India (now in Punjab, Pakistan). His family then moved to their native village, Chandpur Rurki, in Balachaur. He was an active member of the NCC and cleared the NCC examination when he graduated from the Government College, Hoshiarpur in 1962. Chandpuri was the third generation in his family who have served in the Indian Army as officers. Both his younger uncles were flying officers in the Indian Air Force. Chandpuri was the only child of his parents.


title: Kuldip Singh Chandpuri

text: In 1963, Chandpuri was commissioned from the Officers Training Academy, Chennai into the 3rd battalion, Punjab Regiment (3rd Punjab), which is one of the oldest and one of the most highly decorated regiments of the Indian Army. He took part in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 in the western sector. After the war, he served in the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) in Gaza (Egypt) for a year. He also served twice as an instructor at the prestigious Infantry School in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh.


title: Kuldip Singh Chandpuri

text: Kuldip Singh Chandpuri was a major in 23 Punjab when the Pakistan Army attacked the Longewala post in Rajasthan, India, early in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Chandpuri and his company of 120 soldiers defended the post, in spite of considerable odds, against the 2000-3000 strong assault force of the Pakistani 51st Infantry Brigade, backed by the 22nd Armored Regiment. Chandpuri and his company held the Pakistanis at bay for a full night until the Indian Air Force arrived to provide air support in the morning.


title: Kuldip Singh Chandpuri

text: Chandpuri inspired his men, moving from bunker to bunker, encouraging them to beat back the enemy until reinforcements arrived. Chandpuri and his men inflicted heavy casualties on the enemy and forced them to retreat, leaving behind twelve tanks. For his conspicuous gallantry and leadership, Chandpuri was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) by the government of India.


title: Kuldip Singh Chandpuri

text: On 17 November 2018, Chandpuri died at the Fortis Hospital, Mohali due to cancer, at the age of 77, five days before his 78th birthday. He was survived by three sons.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Taxation in Puerto Rico consists of taxes paid to the United States federal government and taxes paid to the Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Payment of taxes to the federal government, both personal and corporate, is done through the federal Internal Revenue Service (IRS), while payment of taxes to the Commonwealth government is done through the Puerto Rico Department of Treasury ().


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States and Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens; however, Puerto Rico is not a U.S. state, but a U.S. insular area. Consequently, while all Puerto Rico residents pay federal taxes, many residents are not required to pay federal income taxes. Aside from income tax, U.S. federal taxes include customs taxes, federal commodity taxes, and federal payroll taxes (Social Security, Medicare, and Unemployment taxes).


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Not all Puerto Rican employees and corporations pay federal income taxes. Federal law requires payment of federal income tax from the following residents and corporations only: federal government employees in Puerto Rico, residents who are members of the United States military, those with income sources outside of Puerto Rico, those individuals or corporations who do business with the federal government, and those Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the United States.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Residents of Puerto Rico are required to pay most types of federal taxes. Specifically, residents of Puerto Rico pay customs taxes, Federal commodity taxes, and all payroll taxes (also known as FICA taxes, which include (a) Social Security, (b) Medicare, and Unemployment taxes).


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Some Puerto Rico residents pay U.S. federal income taxes. Residents falling within the following categories must pay tax on their income to the United States federal government, via the Internal Revenue Service:


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: However, notwithstanding these requirements, some residents of Puerto Rico are not required to file federal income tax returns because their income falls below the poverty threshold. As of 2019, the median income of Puerto Rico was $20,166, which falls below the poverty threshold of $24,400. The IRS does not require individuals or households below the poverty threshold to pay federal income tax.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rico residents pay more in federal income taxes every year than do residents of six U.S. states: "From 1998 up until 2006, when Puerto Rico was hit by its present economic recession, Puerto Rico consistently contributed more than $4 billion annually in federal taxes and impositions into the national fisc." This was more that the IRS collected from taxpayers in six States of the Union: Vermont, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, and Alaska, as well as the Northern Mariana Islands.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: As the cutoff point for income taxation in Puerto Rico is lower than that imposed by the U.S. IRS code and because the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income of the US states, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. This occurs because "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of [fiscal] responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments." As a result, the Commonwealth government imposes a separate income tax to make up for revenue funds that would otherwise be available through state-like funding resulting from federal income tax.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Only certain residents of Puerto Rico are required to file federal income tax returns. According to the Internal Revenue Service:


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: While the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws, Puerto Rico residents are also required to pay US federal taxes, but most residents do not have to pay the federal personal income tax.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Employers in Puerto Rico are subject to both Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax (a payroll withholding tax, which funds Social Security and Medicare) and the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA). Employers in Puerto Rico must withhold the employee portion of FICA taxes from their employees' wages and contribute the employer portion of FICA.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: In 2016, Puerto Rico paid close to into the US Treasury in the form of Business Income Taxes, Individual income tax withheld and FICA tax, Individual income tax payments and SECA tax, Unemployment insurance tax, Estate and trust income tax, Estate tax, Gift tax and Excise taxes.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: In general, "many federal social welfare programs have been extended to Puerto Ric[o] residents, but usually with caps inferior to those allocated to the states."


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Residents of Puerto Rico who have paid into Social Security are eligible for benefits upon retirement. Residents of Puerto Rico who have paid into Social Security however are excluded from receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits would they otherwise qualify. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents, unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States, currently do not qualify for SSI. (SSI benefits are generally for low-income, disabled, as well as for elderly.) On 10 April 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ruled that residents of Puerto Rico were eligible for SSI benefits, finding that residents of Puerto Rico make substantial contributions to the federal treasury in higher amounts than taxpayers in at least six states and the territory of the Northern Mariana Islands. In March 2021, the US Supreme Court agreed to look at the constitutionality of the SSI issue.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rico receives less than 15% of the Medicaid funding it would receive were it a state and Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico even though the latter paid fully into the system.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: The main body of domestic statutory tax law in Puerto Rico is the "Código de Rentas Internas de Puerto Rico" (Internal Revenue Code of Puerto Rico). The code organizes commonwealth laws covering commonwealth income tax, payroll taxes, gift taxes, estate taxes and statutory excise taxes. All federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the US, and some others also pay federal income taxes (for example, Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico. In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the US IRS code and because the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the U.S. mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. That occurs because "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of [fiscal] responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments."


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: The Puerto Rico Sales and Use Tax (SUT, , IVU) is the combined sales and use tax applied to most sales in Puerto Rico. As of 2020, the tax rate is 11.5%: 1.0% of the tax collected goes to the municipality where the sale was executed (there are 78 - municipalities), and 10.5% of the tax collected goes to Government of Puerto Rico ("state" level). Furthermore, half of the portion that belongs to the state government is destined to the Urgent Interest Fund Corporation (COFINA) to pay the public debt of Puerto Rico, making it a three-tier tax.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: In July 2006, the government approved Law Number 117, The 2006 Contributive Justice Law, which established a tax with a 5.5% rate at state level and an optional 1.5% rate at municipal level. The tax went into effect on November 15, 2006. The tax is better known as the "Sales and Use Tax"' ("Impuesto sobre Ventas y Uso"), often referred to by its Spanish acronym "IVU". The law amended Article B of the Code and created sub-article BB. On 29 July 2007, the government approved Law Number 80, making the tax mandatory for all municipalities of the commonwealth. Also, the tax rates were changed to 6% at the state level and 1% at the municipal level.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: On 1 July 2015, the sales tax rate was increased from 7% to 11.5%, in response to a suffering economy. The new tax contributes 1% to the municipality level and 10.5% to the "state" level. The IVU was scheduled to expire on 1 April 2016, to be replaced with a value-added tax (VAT) of 10.5% for the state level, with the 1% IVU continuing for the municipalities. On 2 May 2016 the House of Representatives voted to repeal the adoption of value added tax (VAT), followed shortly by the Senate on 5 May 2016. The Legislature decided to continue the existing Sales and Use Taxation (SUT) system.


title: Taxation in Puerto Rico

text: A common misconception is that customs taxes (also called import/export taxes) collected by the U.S. government on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury. That is not the case, and such taxes are returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury only for rum products. Even then, the US Treasury keeps a portion of the taxes.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: The Dodge Nitro is a compact SUV manufactured and marketed by Dodge for model years 2007-2012 across a single generation — as a close variant of the second-generation Jeep Liberty. Both vehicles use a composite unitized construction integrating the body structure with full-length frame rails.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: The Nitro entered production in August 2006 aside the Liberty at the Toledo North Assembly Plant in Toledo, Ohio and was offered in a single, four-door body configuration. Like the Liberty, it was manufactured in RHD and LHD configurations, and marketed globally. Sales commenced in September 2006 for model year 2007 in rear-wheel drive or optional and part-time four-wheel drive. Approximately 200,000 Nitro models were manufactured before production ended in December 2011.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: The Nitro debuted in February 2005 at the Chicago Auto Show as a concept with aluminum-trimmed vents door handles and rear hatch, as well as an interior with a center stack and shifter in satin silver.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: The Nitro became Dodge's first compact SUV model since the Raider was discontinued in 1990. It also became the first modern Dodge marketed in Europe, where the Nitro was Dodge's only SUV until the 2009 model year when the larger, car-based, lower-priced Dodge Journey crossover SUV arrived.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: The Nitro shares mechanicals and much bodywork with its platform-mate, the Jeep Liberty, while using a slightly extended wheelbase, the extra length split between the rear seat and cargo areas.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: The Nitro debuted with an SUV class-leading towing capacity. Safety features such as electronic roll mitigation, traction control, and side curtain airbags, as well as a functional sliding cargo floor marketed as "Load 'N Go" were offered as standard equipment. The system allows a moveable floor panel to slide out from the cargo area by 18 in (457 mm) to ease loading.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: For its debut in 2007, two-wheel and four-wheel drive were offered, along with a choice of a 3.7 L or 4.0 L V6 engines. The model designations were the SXT, SLT, and R/T. Available interior seating surfaces included cloth, stain-repellent cloth, and perforated leather. Standard safety features included front and rear side airbags, side curtain airbags, an electronic stability program with traction control and brake assist, electronic roll mitigation, and a tire-pressure monitor. The four-cylinder version was sold exclusively in Europe.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: For model year 2008, the Nitro came in both 4x2 and 4x4 versions in SXT and SLT trim levels, each with a standard 210-hp 3.7 L V6 engine. The SXT trim included a standard six-speed manual transmission with an optional four-speed automatic. The SLT trim included a standard four-speed automatic. The optional R/T package increased the level of equipment with a 260-hp 4.0 L V6 engine mated to a five-speed automatic transmission. The Nitro's SXT trim included standard power mirrors, windows, and door locks with remote keyless entry, satellite radio, air conditioning, and seating for five. The SXT and R/T added alloy wheels, a power driver's seat, stain-repellent cloth, the "Load 'N Go" retractable cargo floor, fold-flat front-row passenger seat, cruise control, and an overhead console with a trip computer, compass, and exterior temperature display. Standard safety features included front airbags, side curtain airbags, traction and stability control with roll-over mitigation, brake assist, and a tire-pressure monitor.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: In 2009, the Nitro was offered in both 4x2 and 4x4 versions with two trims levels: SE and SLT. Both came with a standard 210-hp 3.7 L V6 engine mated to a four-speed automatic transmission. The SXT with its six-speed manual transmission had been replaced by the SE trim that featured the automatic transmission. The SLT trim offered the optional R/T package which was made available with a 260-hp 4.0 L V6 engine mated to a five-speed automatic transmission. The Nitro's SE trim standards included power mirrors, windows, and door locks with remote keyless entry, satellite radio, air conditioning, and seating for five. The SXT and R/T added alloy wheels, a power driver's seat, stain-repellent cloth, the "Load 'N Go" retractable cargo floor, cruise control, and an overhead console with a trip computer, compass, and exterior temperature display. Standard safety features include front airbags, side curtain airbags, traction and stability control with roll-over mitigation, brake assist, and a tire-pressure monitor.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: For the 2010 model year, three trim levels were offered: Heat, Detonator, and Shock trim levels in either 4x2 or 4x4 versions. The Heat trim was equipped with a 210-hp 3.7 L V6 engine mated to a four-speed automatic transmission. The Detonator and Shock trims included a 260-hp V6 engine mated to an automatic transmission. The Heat trim level had power mirrors, windows, and door locks with remote keyless entry, satellite radio, and air conditioning. The Detonator added a rear-park assist, remote start system, power driver's seat, cruise control, an overhead console with a trip computer, compass, and exterior temperature display. The Shock trim added heated front seats, leather trim interior, and a power sunroof. Among standard safety features were: front airbags, side curtain airbags, active head restraints, traction and stability control with roll-over mitigation, brake assist, and a tire-pressure monitor. The "Load 'N Go" sliding trunk floor feature was discontinued.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: The 2011 model year continued the previous models in 4x2 or 4x4 versions with the same engines and transmissions. New for 2011 was the Heat 4.0 lifestyle package. The Heat 4.0 came standard with a five-speed automatic transmission, Uconnect Phone, and an upgraded eight-speaker sound system. Also, select models came with upgraded interiors with new cloth and leather with premium colored stitching. Detonator and Shock were branded with Dodge Brand’s signature racing stripes. Additionally, all models became available with nine exterior colors, including Bright White Clear Coat, Blackberry Pearl Coat, Toxic Orange Pearl Coat, and Redline Two Coat Pearl.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: Chrysler built 2012 Dodge Nitros for the fleet market only, featured in retail brochures, but not indicated on Dodge's United States & Canada websites. The final Nitro came off the assembly line in December 2011, with a total of 175,510 (conflicts with number below) units built since its introduction.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: In Australia, versions could be had only as the 3.7 L V6 in SXT trim with automatic transmission. No manual option was offered, but diesels were on sale until 2010 MY.


title: Dodge Nitro

text: In early 2007, a TV advertisement in Europe for the Nitro with the tag line: ""charged with adrenaline"", showed a dog electrocuted after lifting its leg on the SUV's front wheel. The ad received negative attention and was withdrawn.


title: The Neville Brothers

text: The group notion started in 1976, when the four brothers of the Neville family, Art (1937–2019), Charles (1938–2018), Aaron (b. 1941), and Cyril (b. 1948) came together to take part in the recording session of the Wild Tchoupitoulas, a Mardi Gras Indian group led by the Nevilles' uncle, George Landry ("Big Chief Jolly").


title: The Neville Brothers

text: In 1987, the group released "Uptown" on the EMI label, featuring guests including Branford Marsalis, Keith Richards, and Carlos Santana. The following year saw the release of "Yellow Moon" from A&M Records produced by Daniel Lanois. The track "Healing Chant" from that album won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance at the 1990 Grammy ceremony.


title: The Neville Brothers

text: In 1990, the Neville Brothers contributed "In the Still of the Night" to the AIDS benefit album "Red Hot + Blue" produced by the Red Hot Organization.


title: The Neville Brothers

text: Also in 1990, they appeared on the bill at that year's Glastonbury Festival. Due to Art Neville devoting more time to his other act, The Meters, the band kept a low profile in the late 1990s onto the early 2000s. They made a comeback in 2004, however, with the album, "Walkin' in the Shadow of Life", on Back Porch Records, their first newly recorded effort in five years.


title: The Neville Brothers

text: All brothers except Charles, a Massachusetts resident, had been living in New Orleans, but following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 Cyril and Aaron moved out of the city. Aaron moved to Austin briefly at the invitation on his friend, the late blues club impresario, Clifford Antone. They had not been performing in New Orleans since Katrina hit the city; however, they finally returned to perform there at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival in 2008, being given the closing spot which had been reserved for them for years.


title: The Neville Brothers

text: Infrequently, Aaron's son Ivan Neville (keyboards) and Art's son Ian Neville (electric guitar), both of the band Dumpstaphunk, have played with the Neville Brothers.


title: The Neville Brothers

text: The Neville Brothers appear in performance footage in the 2005 documentary film "Make It Funky!", which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and jazz. In the film, they perform "Fire on the Bayou" with guests Ivan and Ian Neville.


title: The Neville Brothers

text: The Neville Brothers were among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.


title: Xebec

text: A xebec ( or ), also spelled zebec, was a Mediterranean sailing ship that was used mostly for trading. Xebecs had a long overhanging bowsprit and aft-set mizzen mast. The term can also refer to a small, fast vessel of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, used almost exclusively in the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Xebec

text: Xebecs were ships similar to galleys primarily used by Barbary pirates, which have both lateen sails and oars for propulsion. Early xebecs had two masts while later ships had three. Xebecs featured a distinctive hull with pronounced overhanging bow and stern, and rarely displaced more than 200 tons, making them slightly smaller and with slightly fewer guns than frigates of the period.


title: Xebec

text: These ships were easy to produce and were cheap, and thus nearly every corsair captain ("Raïs") had at least one xebec in his fleet. They could be of varying sizes. Some ships had only three guns while others had up to forty. Most xebecs had around 20-30 cannons, and the overwhelming majority had swivel guns equipped.


title: Xebec

text: After the 18th century, galleys became increasingly outdated and xebecs became the preferred ships of Barbary pirates thanks to their heavy and effective use of wind power, reduced need for slaves to row, ability to carry more cannons than a galley, and overall cheapness, speed, and maneuverability.


title: Xebec

text: Corsairs built their xebecs with a narrow floor to achieve a higher speed than their victims, but with a considerable beam in order to enable them to carry an extensive sail-plan. The lateen rig of the xebec allowed the ship to sail close hauled to the wind, often giving it an advantage in pursuit or escape. The use of oars or sweeps allowed the xebec to approach vessels who were becalmed. When used as corsairs, the xebecs carried a crew of between 90 to 400 men.


title: Xebec

text: The use of square rig among pirates was initially rare, although after the 1750s a mix between lateen and square rigs became much more widespread.


title: Xebec

text: Some victorious xebecs of the Spanish Navy, about 1770 (see Antonio Barceló campaigns... in the Spanish version of the page of Wikipedia):


title: Xebec

text: In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a large polacre-xebec carried a square rig on the foremast, lateen sails on the other masts, a bowsprit, and two headsails. The square sail distinguished this form of a xebec from that of a felucca which is equipped solely with lateen sails. The last of the xebecs in use by European navies were fully square-rigged and were termed xebec-frigates.


title: Xebec

text: The British brig-sloop "Speedy"'s (14 guns, 54 men) defeat of the Spanish xebec-frigate "El Gamo" (32 guns, 319 men) on 6 May 1801 is generally regarded as one of the most remarkable single-ship actions in naval history. It was the foundation of the legendary reputation of the "Speedy"s commander, Lord Cochrane, which has in turn provided the inspiration for sea fiction such as Patrick O'Brian's "Master and Commander".


title: Xebec

text: Xebec is also written as "xebeck", "xebe(c)que", "zebec(k)", "zebecque", "chebec", "shebeck" (); from (Catalan: "xebec", , now "chebec", , now "jabeque", , now "xabeco", , "zambecco", "stambecco", , , ' , , ' and ).


title: Xebec

text: Words similar in form and meaning to "xebec" occur in Catalan, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Arabic and Turkish. The Online Etymology Dictionary regards the Arabic "shabbak" (meaning "a small warship") as the source form; however, the Arabic root means 'a net', implying the word originally referred to a fishing boat.


title: Lungi

text: The lungi is a type of sarong that originated in the Indian Subcontinent. The Lungi, which usually multicoloured, is a men's skirt usually tied around the lower waist below the navel. it can be worn as casual wear and night wear, in places and climates where the heat and humidity increase sweating, and make it unpleasant or uncomfortable to wear closed and tight clothes such as trousers.


title: Lungi

text: They are especially worn in hot regions. There are also cheaper "open" lungis, in identical dimensions but not sewn into a tube shape. The standard adult lungi is in height and in length, when open. Children's lungis are approximately two-thirds of this size. They are normally woven from cotton and come in a variety of designs and colors. Silk lungis are used for ceremonial purposes such as weddings. The most common styles are solid-colored and plaid, reflecting the relative ease and cost-effectiveness of producing these patterns on a power loom. Blue is particularly popular, since it fades to pleasant tones in contrast to other colors. Regardless of the design or color, lungis are often lined at the top and bottom with a black/white stripe containing reinforced weaving to prevent fraying.


title: Lungi

text: Depending on local tradition, lungis can be worn by men or, more rarely, women. They are tied or fastened in various ways and can be used in different cultural activities, ranging from normal daily life to elaborate wedding ceremonies. For daily purposes, a simple "double twist" knot is most popular, where two points in the upper edge of lungi are brought together and twisted around twice, with the ends tucked in at the waist. However, it is also common for wearers to simply tie a double "pretzel knot" from 2 points on the upper border, which produces a more secure knot. The lungi's length can also be adjusted, for example, by tucking in the lungi at the waist to make it resemble a short skirt. This is mostly used for labourers who have to work for a long time under a hot sun.


title: Lungi

text: In India, the customs of wearing lungis vary by state. It can be worn with or without the traditional unsewn kaupinam or modern sewn langot, both of which are types of traditional loincloth undergarments.


title: Lungi

text: In Kerala, the lungi is generally colourful and available in various designs, and is worn by both men and women. It is also called 'kaili (കൈലി)'. Labourers typically wear it while working. A mundu/dhoti is a variation of the lungi and is mostly plain white. It often bears golden embroidery (kasavu), especially at the border. It is worn as formal attire and on ceremonial occasions like weddings, festivals, etc. Saffron-coloured lungis are known as "kaavi mundu". Men sometimes tuck up their "mundus" or lungis with the bottom of the garment being pulled up and tied back on to the waist. In this case, the mundu or lungi only covers the body from the waist to the knees.


title: Lungi

text: In Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, only men wear this garment. It is also known as "kaili" or "sāram"/"chāram" in South Tamil Nadu.


title: Lungi

text: In Tamil Nadu, the veshti or dhoti is a traditional wear. People wear veshtis for formal occasions whereas lungis are worn as informal or casual wear by some. Lungis with checked pattern are more popular.


title: Lungi

text: It is common on the Konkan side of the state of Karnataka, mostly worn by the Nawayath people from Bhatkal. Most of them wear it as their daily attire. It is as a mark of tradition in Bhatkal. They are mostly sewn in a cylindrical shape.


title: Lungi

text: In Punjab, lungis are worn by both men and women. The male lungi is also called a , while the female lungi is called a . They are part of traditional dance attire in Bhangra dance groups, but are also popular in rural areas as home wear. They are generally tied in a different way than in other parts of India and are, as a rule, unstitched and very colourful. Wearing the lungi has declined in the Punjab region in recent years.


title: Lungi

text: In Odisha and West Bengal, the lungi is primarily worn at home by men of all societal classes. Hindu men generally avoid wearing lungis on the street. In Odisha, Sambalpuri with the Sambalpuri pattern and mule based lungis from Khordha are available in addition to normal cotton fabric lungis.


title: Lungi

text: In Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh the lungi is often worn by tribal people. Previously, they used to wear a small cloth around their waist.


title: Lungi

text: The lungi (), is the most commonly seen dress of Bangladeshi men, although it is not normally worn for formal occasions. In Bangladesh, lungis are worn by men, almost universally indoors, but commonly outdoors as well. Elaborately designed tartan cotton, batik, or silk lungis are often presented as wedding gifts to the groom in a Bangladeshi wedding. The typical Bangladeshi lungi is a seamless tubular shape, as opposed to the single sheet worn in other parts of South and Southeast Asia. In Bangladesh, the lungi industry is concentrated in Sirajganj, Kushtia, Pabna, and Khulna. Bangladeshi women do not traditionally wear lungis, although non-Bengali tribal women do wear similar garments in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.


title: Lungi

text: In April 2013, the Baridhara Housing Society—a housing society in Dhaka—banned the lungi and began refusing entry to those who wore them. Many opposed the ban, however, taking to social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter to criticize the decision. A march took place on 13 April to oppose the ban. U.S Ambassador Dan Mozena has been seen wearing a lungi in front of his house.


title: Lungi

text: In Myanmar, it is spelt longyi. For men, the longyi is known as a "paso" (Burmese: ပုဆိုး), and for women, it is known as a "htamein" (Burmese: ထဘီ). Longyis of different fabrics, including cotton and silk, are worn for both informal and formal occasions.


title: Lungi

text: In Thailand, it is known as a "pa kao mah" (Thai: ผ้าขาวม้า) for men and a "pa toong" (Thai: ผ้าถุง) for women.


title: Lungi

text: In 2013, a song called "Lungi Dance" was made and used as a promotion song in the Bollywood movie, Chennai Express. It was written, composed and sung by the rapper Yo Yo Honey Singh and also features Shahrukh Khan and Deepika Padukone.


title: Charles Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon

text: Charles Peregrine Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon (born 14 August 1975), styled as Lord Courtenay from 1998 until 2015, is an English hereditary peer and barrister. He is a crossbench member of the House of Lords, having been elected at a by-election in 2018.


title: Charles Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon

text: The 19th Earl of Devon was educated at Eton College. After obtaining an MA degree from St John's College, Cambridge, in 1997, he followed his legal studies at the Inns of Court School of Law. Courtenay was admitted to the bar at Inner Temple in 1999, and to the California State Bar in 2004.


title: Charles Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon

text: He married the American actress A. J. Langer in a civil ceremony in 2004. A formal wedding later took place on 30 April 2005, in Los Angeles. With his father's death, the former Lord Courtenay succeeded to his father's peerage and estate.


title: Charles Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon

text: Courtenay practised law with the firm of Latham & Watkins from 2005 to 2018, starting at their Los Angeles, California office. In January 2014, he permanently relocated his family to London and transferred to his firm's London office. In January 2019, he joined the Exeter firm Michelmores as a partner. He and his family now reside at the family's ancestral home of Powderham Castle in Devon, England.


A Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, (abbreviated BSIT or B.Sc. IT), is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the information technology. The degree is normally required in order to work in the Information technology industry.


A Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc IT) degree program typically takes three to four years depending on the country. This degree is primarily focused on subjects such as software, databases, and networking. In general, computer science degrees tend to focus on the mathematical and theoretical foundations of computing rather than emphasizing specific technologies.


title: Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

text: The degree is a Bachelor of Science degree with institutions conferring degrees in the fields of information technology and related fields. This degree is awarded for completing a program of study in the field of software development, software testing, software engineering, web design, databases, programming, computer networking and computer systems.


text: Graduates with an information technology background are able to perform technology tasks relating to the processing, storing, and communication of information between computers, mobile phones, and other electronic devices. Information technology as a field emphasizes the secure management of large amounts of variable information and its accessibility via a wide variety of systems both local and worldwide.


text: Generally, software and information technology companies look for people who have strong programming skills, system analysis, and software testing skills.


text: Many colleges teach practical skills that are crucial to becoming a software developer. As logical reasoning and critical thinking are important in becoming a software professional, this degree encompasses the complete process of software development from software design and development to final testing.


text: Students who complete their undergraduate education in software engineering at a satisfactory level often pursue graduate studies such as a Master of Science in Information Technology (M.Sc IT) and sometimes continuing onto a doctoral program and earning a doctorate such as a Doctor of Information Technology (DIT).


text: In Bangladesh, the "Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology" is awarded following a four-year course of study under the Dhaka University, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh University of Professionals, University of Information Technology and Sciences.


text: In India an engineering degree in Information Technology is 4 year academic program equivalent to Computer Science&Engineering because in the first year basic engineering subjects and Calculus are taught and in the succeeding years core computer science topics are taught in both B.Tech-IT and B.Tech-CSE.


text: In Nepal, "Bachelor of Science in Computer Science" and "Information Technology" (B.Sc.CSIT ) is a four-year course of study. The Bachelor of Computer Science and Information Technology is provided by Tribhuvan University and the degree awarded is referred to as BScCSIT.


text: In the Philippines, BSIT program normally takes 4 years to complete. Schools with trimester system has less time to complete this course. A total number of 486 hours was set by the CHED during internships of the program.


text: In Thailand, the Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BS IT) is a four-year undergraduate degree program which is a subject of accreditation by the Office of the Higher Education Commission (OHEC) and the Office for National Education Standards and Quality Assessment (ONESQA) of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI).


text: The first international BS IT program, using English as a medium of instruction (EMI), has been established in 1990 at the Faculty of Science and Technology (renamed in 2013 to Vincent Mary School of Science and Technology (VMS)), Assumption University of Thailand (AU). The 2019 BS IT curriculum has been updated by VMS to respond to the discovery of the students' potential and also blended with marketing communications needs.


text: In the United States, a B.S. in Information Technology is awarded after a four-year course of study. Some degree programs are accredited by the Computing Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).


text: In UAE, Skyline University College offers 4 years Bachelor of Science in Information Technology enterprise computing.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: The frenulum of tongue or tongue web (also lingual frenulum or frenulum linguæ; also fraenulum) is a small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the tongue.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: The tongue starts to develop at about four weeks. The tongue originates from the first, second, and third pharyngeal arches which induces the migration of muscles from the occipital myotomes. A U-shaped sulcus develops in front of and on both sides of the oral part of the tongue. This allows the tongue to be free and highly mobile, except at the region of the lingual frenulum, where it remains attached. Disturbances during this stage cause tongue tie or ankyloglossia. During the sixth week of gestation, the medial nasal processes approach each other to form a single globular process that in time gives rise to the nasal tip, columella, prolabium, frenulum of the upper lip, and the primary palate. As the tongue continues to develop, frenulum cells undergo apoptosis, retracting away from the tip of the tongue, and increasing the tongue's mobility.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: During early gestation (as early as four weeks) the lingual frenulum serves as a guide for the forward growth of the tongue. After birth the tip of the tongue continues to elongate, giving the impression of the frenulum retracting, though in reality this has been going on for some time before birth. This is what gives the impression that the frenulums of some previously tongue-tied infants will "stretch" with age and growth. In reality the tongue often just grows beyond the frenulum, although some do also stretch and/or rupture after mild accidents. Many others continue to cause problems throughout life, unless corrected.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: The thin strip of tissue that runs vertically from the floor of the mouth to the undersurface of the tongue is called the lingual frenulum. It tends to limit the movement of the tongue, and in some people, it is so short that it actually interferes with speaking.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: The base of the frenulum contains a "V" shaped hump of tissue in the floor of the mouth which houses a series of saliva gland ducts. The two largest ducts are in the center just in front of the attachment of the lingual frenulum and are called Wharton's Ducts. They empty the submandibular (submaxillary) and sublingual salivary glands into a small prominence on either side of the frenulum, the "sublingual caruncle". These ducts can be quite active in some persons, and upon occasion, a considerable amount of saliva may erupt from them while talking, eating, yawning, or cleaning the teeth in a process known as gleeking. The sublingual saliva glands empty through a series of tiny ducts in the tissue on either side of Wharton's ducts. The tongue is attached to the floor of the oral cavity by the frenulum.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: Superficial veins run through the base of the frenulum known as varicosities. Their presence is normal, becoming more and more prominent as one ages.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital anomaly characterised by an abnormally short lingual frenulum; when severe, the tip of the tongue cannot be protruded beyond the lower incisor teeth. There are two generalized classifications of ankyloglossia, anterior and posterior tongue-ties. A frenulum attached close to the tip of the tongue is commonly referred to as an “anterior tongue-tie.” A frenulum that is attached near the bottom of the tongue, and is sometimes submucosal (not visible), but causes restriction is referred to as a "posterior tongue-tie."


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: Additionally, an abnormally short frenulum in infants can be a cause of breastfeeding problems, including sore and damaged nipples and inadequate feedings. The resultant trouble breastfeeding results in slower weight gain in affected infants.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: The absence of the inferior labial (100% sensitivity; 99.4% specificity) and lingual frenulum (71.4% sensitivity; 100% specificity) was found to be associated with classical and hypermobility types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: Traumatic lesions on the ventral surface (undersurface) of the tongue, especially the lingual frenulum, can be caused by friction between the tongue and the mandibular central incisor teeth during cunnilingus and other oral sexual activities (such as anilingus) in what is sometimes known as cunnilingus tongue or cunnilingus syndrome.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: The condition manifests as pain and soreness on the undersurface of the tongue, and sometimes the throat. The ulceration of the lingual frenum caused by cunnilingus is typically oriented horizontally, the lesion corresponding to the contact of the ventral tongue with the incisal edge of the mandibular incisor teeth when the tongue is in its most forward position and the lingual frenulum is stretched. The ulceration has a nonspecific appearance, and is covered with a fibrinous exudate and surrounded by an erythematous (red) "halo". Chronic ulceration at this site can cause linear fibrous hyperplasia (irritation fibroma).


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: Differential diagnosis is with other causes of oral ulceration such as aphthous stomatitis, secondary herpetic lesions, syphilis, etc.


title: Frenulum of tongue

text: Topical anesthetic may be used to relieve symptoms while the lesion heals. Fibrous lesions may require surgical excision with a frenectomy. The incisal edges of the mandibular teeth can be smoothed to minimize the chance of trauma. This type of lesion usually resolves in 7–10 days, but may recur with repeated performances.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Fibroadenomas are benign breast tumours characterized by an admixture of stromal and epithelial tissue. Breasts are made of lobules (milk producing glands) and ducts (tubes that carry the milk to the nipple). These are surrounded by glandular, fibrous and fatty tissues. Fibroadenomas develop from the lobules. The glandular tissue and ducts grow over the lobule to form a solid lump.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Since both fibroadenomas and breast lumps as a sign of breast cancer can appear similar, it is recommended to perform ultrasound analyses and possibly tissue sampling with subsequent histopathologic analysis in order to make a proper diagnosis. Unlike typical lumps from breast cancer, fibroadenomas are easy to move, with clearly defined edges.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Fibroadenomas are sometimes called breast mice or a breast mouse owing to their high mobility in the breast.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Fibroadenomas are benign tumours of the breast, most often present in women in their 20s and 30s. Clinically, fibroadenomas are usually solid breast lumps that are:


title: Fibroadenoma

text: People who have a simple fibroadenoma have a slightly increased risk of developing malignant (harmful) breast cancer. Complex fibroadenomas may increase the risk of breast cancer.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: In the male breast, fibroepithelial tumors are very rare, and are mostly phyllodes tumors. Exceptionally rare case reports exist of fibroadenomas in the male breast, however these cases may be associated with antiandrogen treatment.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: The cause of fibroadenoma is unknown (idiopathic). A connection between fibroadenomas and reproductive hormones has been suggested which may explain why they present themselves during reproductive years, increase in size during pregnancy, and regress post-menopause.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Higher intake of fruits and vegetables, higher number of live births, lower use of oral contraceptives and moderate exercise are associated with lower frequency of fibroadenomas.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: The diagnostic findings on needle biopsy consist of abundant stromal cells, which appear as bare bipolar nuclei, throughout the aspirate; sheets of fairly uniform-size epithelial cells that are typically arranged in either an antler-like pattern or a honeycomb pattern. These epithelial sheets tend to show typical metachromatic blue on Diff-Quik staining. Foam cells and apocrine cells may also be seen, although these are less diagnostic features. The gallery images below demonstrate these features.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Cellular fibroadenoma, also known as juvenile fibroadenoma, is a variant type of fibroadenoma with increased stromal cellularity.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Approximately 90% of fibroadenomas are less than 3 cm in diameter. However, these tumors have the potential to grow reaching a remarkable size, particularly in young individuals. The tumor is round or ovoid, elastic, and nodular, and has a smooth surface. The cut surface usually appears homogenous and firm, and is grey-white or tan in colour.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: The pericanalicular type (hard) has a whorly appearance with a complete capsule, while the intracanalicular type (soft) has an incomplete capsule.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Fibroadenoma of the breast is a benign tumor composed of a biplastic proliferation of both stromal and epithelial components. This biplasia can be arranged in two growth patterns: pericanalicular (stromal proliferation around epithelial structures) and intracanalicular (stromal proliferation compressing the epithelial structures into clefts).


title: Fibroadenoma

text: These tumors characteristically display hypovascular stroma compared to malignant neoplasms. Furthermore, the epithelial proliferation appears in a single terminal ductal unit and describes duct-like spaces surrounded by a fibroblastic stroma. The basement membrane is intact.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Up to 66% of fibroadenomas harbor mutations in the exon (exon 2) of the mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene. In particular, these mutations are restricted to the stromal component.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: A fibroadenoma is usually diagnosed through clinical examination, ultrasound or mammography, and often a biopsy sample of the lump. Suspicious findings on imaging may result in a person needing a biopsy in order to gain a definitive diagnosis. There are three types of biopsies: Fine-needle aspiration, core-needle biopsy and surgical biopsy. The method of biopsy depends on the appearance, size and location of the breast mass.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Fibroadenomas can be expected to shrink naturally and so, most are simply monitored. Monitoring fibroadenomas involves regular check-ups to make sure that the breast mass is not growing and is not potentially cancerous. Check-ups involve physical examinations performed every 3–6 months and optional diagnostic imaging performed every 6–12 months for 1–2 years. Generally, surgery is only recommended if the fibroadenoma gets larger or causes increased symptoms. They are removed with a small margin of normal breast tissue if the preoperative clinical investigations are suggestive of the necessity of this procedure. A small amount of normal tissue must be removed in case the lesion turns out to be a phyllodes tumour on microscopic examination.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Because needle biopsy is often a reliable diagnostic investigation, some doctors may decide not to operate to remove the lesion, and instead opt for clinical follow-up to observe the lesion over time using clinical examination and mammography to determine the rate of growth, if any, of the lesion. A growth rate of less than sixteen percent per month in women under fifty years of age, and a growth rate of less than thirteen percent per month in women over fifty years of age have been published as safe growth rates for continued non-operative treatment and clinical observation.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Fibroadenomas have not been shown to recur following complete excision or transform into phyllodes tumours following partial or incomplete excision.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: There are several non-invasive options for the treatment of fibroadenomas, including percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation, and percutaneous microwave ablation. With the use of advanced medical imaging, these procedures do not require invasive surgery and have the potential for enhanced cosmetic results compared with conventional surgery.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: The FDA approved cryoablation of a fibroadenoma as a safe, effective, and minimally-invasive alternative to open surgical removal in 2001. During cryoablation, ultrasound imaging is used to guide a probe into the mass of breast tissue. Extremely cold temperatures are then used to destroy the abnormal cells, and over time the cells are reabsorbed into the body. The procedure can be performed as an outpatient surgery using local anesthesia, and leaves substantially less scarring than open surgical procedures and no breast tissue deformation.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: The American Society of Breast Surgeons recommends the following criteria to establish a patient as a candidate for cryoablation of a fibroadenoma:


title: Fibroadenoma

text: High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a newer technique for the treatment of malignant and benign tumors of the breast and has shown promising results in the form of complete radiological removal of tumors. An ultrasound beam is focused on a target in the breast and leads to tissue death and protein degradation by raising the temperature in that area. Currently, the use of radiation is recommended in some cases, but HIFU in particular is not part of treatment guidelines. Further research into the usefulness of HIFU, specifically in fibroadenoma, is required before more widespread use of the technique in fibroadenoma.


title: Fibroadenoma

text: Of all breast tissue samples taken, fibroadenomas comprise about 50%, and this rate rises to 75% for tissue sample in women under the age of 20 years. Fibroadenomas are more frequent among women in higher socioeconomic classes and darker-skinned people. Body mass index and the number of full-term pregnancies were found to have a negative correlation with the risk of fibroadenomas. There are no known genetic factors that influence the rate of fibroadenomas. The rate of occurrence of fibroadenomas in women have been reported in literature to range from 7% to 13%.


title: Michael Harney

text: Michael John Harney is an American actor of film, television, and theater. He is best known for starring on the Netflix original series "Orange Is the New Black" as Corrections Officer Sam Healy. In 2019, he had a recurring role in the Apple TV+ series "For All Mankind".


title: Michael Harney

text: Born in New York City, Harney went on to study under acting teachers William Esper and Phil Gushee, both of whom studied and taught with Sanford Meisner for many years at The Neighborhood Playhouse School Of The Theater. After studying acting for 7 years he went on to run The Michael Harney Acting Studio in New York City for 8 years. During his time in New York City, Harney acted in and/or directed more than 80 plays and one acts and starred in "On The Waterfront" on Broadway playing the role of Charlie Malloy.


title: Michael Harney

text: Throughout Harney's television career, he has performed in numerous blockbuster films such as "Erin Brockovich" and "Ocean's Thirteen". Before starring on "Orange Is the New Black", Harney starred as Detective Mike Roberts in the award-winning television police drama "NYPD Blue" and also in the HBO historical drama series "Deadwood" as Steve Fields. Harney first worked with "Orange Is The New Black" creator Jenji Kohan on the Showtime original dark comedy "Weeds", starring opposite Mary-Louise Parker as Detective Mitch Ouellette.


title: Michael Harney

text: In 2015, Harney returned to his film roots in the independent drama, "Bad Hurt," which had its world premiere at the 2015 Tribeca Film Festival. Set in 1999, "Bad Hurt" chronicles Ed Kendall's (Harney) struggle with PTSD as a proud war veteran and father to son (Theo Rossi) and mentally ill adult daughter (Iris Gilad), and the challenges each of them face during the constant pursuit of maintaining a normal family dynamic.


title: Neil Bhoopalam

text: Neil Bhoopalam is an Indian television, stage, and film actor. He is known for his roles in films such as "No One Killed Jessica", "Shaitan", "NH10", "Lust Stories", "Ungli" and the Indian TV series "24".


title: Neil Bhoopalam

text: Bhoopalam started his Bollywood career with the film "Mera Dil Leke Dekho" although he is primarily a stage actor. He has acted in several prominent plays such as Nadir Khan's "A Few Good Men" and "Hamlet — The Clown Prince" by Rajat Kapoor.


title: Neil Bhoopalam

text: Bhoopalam is married to Nandini Shrikent, a casting director in Bollywood. They have a son named Fateh.


title: Cristian Castro

text: Christian Sáinz Valdés Castro (born 8 December 1974), known professionally as Cristian Castro or Cristian, is a Mexican pop singer. He is the son of actors Veronica Castro and Manuel "El Loco" Valdés, and nephew of actors Ramón Valdés (known for playing Don Ramón in El Chavo del 8) and Germán "Tin-Tan" Valdés.


title: Cristian Castro

text: Born in Mexico City, he is the son of actress and singer Verónica Castro and comedian Manuel "El Loco" Valdes. Castro also has a younger brother named Michelle Sáinz Castro. His uncle is José Alberto Castro, and his aunt is Beatriz Castro; both are producers. As a baby, he made his acting debut with her during the telenovela named "El Derecho de Nacer". Soon after, he appeared on a television commercial with her and on the Mexican version of the musical "Mame", starring Silvia Pinal.


title: Cristian Castro

text: Castro is one of the best selling Latin artists and has worked with Latin producers Kike Santander, Rudy Pérez, and Richard Daniel Roman. In 1984, Castro made his first appearance on TV as a singer in the Televisa's child contest "Juguemos a Cantar", but he did not qualify for the finals because of his young age.


title: Cristian Castro

text: Castro began his professional singing career in 1992 with the release of "Agua Nueva" at the age of 18. This album was a huge success in Mexico and earned him a grammy nomination for Best Latin Album. After appearing in several telenovelas and recording some albums as a teenager, he began his "internationalization" in 1993, starting with concerts in Puerto Rico. Castro dedicated a song to that country in his second album, "Un Segundo En El Tiempo", titled "Puerto Rico" as a way of thanking the Puerto Rican public for supporting his career. He modified his singing from the deep voice he employed in "Agua Nueva" to a softer one. His song "Nunca Voy a Olvidarte" ("I Will Never Forget You") became his first number-one hit on the Hot Latin Tracks chart in 1993 and helped start his career. He became an international teen idol and sex symbol after he began touring. He received a nomination for Pop New Artist of the Year at the Lo Nuestro Awards of 1993.


title: Cristian Castro

text: In 1994, Cristian released "El Camino del Alma". The album hit "Mañana" ("Tomorrow") was composed by Mexican singer Juan Gabriel ("Mañana, Mañana"). In 1995, he was part of the compilation album "Boleros: Por Amor y Desamor" written and produced by Jorge Avendaño Luhrs, recording "Vuélveme a Querer", which hit No. 2 on the Hot Latin Tracks (held off by Enrique Iglesias' debut single Si Tú Te Vas). In 1996, Cristian released "El Deseo De Oir Tu Voz" ("The Wish to Hear Your Voice") which featured hits such as "Morelia", "Amor", "Amarte a Ti", and the title track. At the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards, Castro received a nomination for Male Pop Artist of the Year. Cristian has also done opening themes for telenovelas such as "Morelia" (1994) "Angela" (1998) and "Mujer De Madera" ("Woman of Wood") (2004).


title: Cristian Castro

text: In 1997 Castro left Fonovisa and signed with BMG, which released "Lo Mejor De Mi". Pianist Raúl di Blasio played on "Después De Tí...¿Qué?" ("After You...What?"). The album was nominated Best Latin Pop Album of the Year. Following the album's success, Castro sang duets with Olga Tañón, Grupo Limite, and José Alfredo Jiménez. In 1999 he released "Mi Vida Sin Tu Amor", which had four singles in the top ten of the "Billboard" Hot Latin Tracks chart. ("Alguna Vez" No. 2, "Por Amarte Asi" No. 3, "Mi Vida Sin Tu Amor" No. 3, and "Volver a Amar" No. 4). In 2001, he released "Azul", which won Best Latin Pop Album of the Year. In 2002, he sang a duet with Irish boy band Westlife in the song "Flying Without Wings". In 2005, he released "Galltio Feliz", a collection of his childhood songs, "Nunca Voy A Olvidarte...Los Exitos", a greatest hit album which features both Fonovisa and BMG songs.


title: Cristian Castro

text: In 2005, Castro released "Días Felices" with "Amor Eterno" and "Sin Tu Amor" as the album hit under the Universal Music Latino label. In 2006, Castro contributed to a tribute to Víctor Yturbe "El Piruli" in which he sang "Mil Besos". On 26 June 2007, he released his first mariachi album, "El Indomable", which was produced by Vicente Fernández, and released the single "Tu Retirada".


title: Cristian Castro

text: Castro announced that the divorce with Valeria led him to bankruptcy. The album "El culpable soy yo" was released on 28 April 2009. He sang at the Latin Grammy Celebra José José ceremony. On 28 September 2010, he released the single "La Nave del Olvido" and "Amor, Amor" as part of "Viva el Príncipe", his tribute album to José José. In 2011, a follow-up to "Viva el príncipe" was recorded under the title "Mi Amigo El Príncipe".


title: Cristian Castro

text: After disappointing sales of albums with Universal Latin Entertainment, Castro returned to Sony Music. For his first album with Sony since "Hoy Quiero Soñar", Castro recorded a live album titled "Primera Fila : Día 1" which contains live recordings of his well-known songs as well as original songs. The album features collaborations by several performers, including Reik, Ha*Ash, Leonel García and Verónica Castro. The album it was released under the label Sony Music Latin on 2 April 2013.


title: Cristian Castro

text: Castro was married to model Gabriela Bo from Paraguay. After he divorced Bo, he married his Argentinian Jewish ex-girlfriend, Valeria Liberman. Castro converted to Judaism upon marrying Liberman. He has since reverted to Roman Catholicism following his divorce with Liberman. He resides in Buenos Aires and Mexico City. Castro was diagnosed with autism as a child.


title: Friar Tuck

text: Friar Tuck is one of the legendary Merry Men, the band of heroic outlaws in the folklore of Robin Hood.


title: Friar Tuck

text: The figure of the jovial friar was common in the May Games festivals of England and Scotland during the 15th through 17th centuries. He appears as a character in the fragment of a Robin Hood play from 1475, sometimes called "Robin Hood and the Knight" or "Robin Hood and the Sheriff", and a play for the May games published in 1560 which tells a story similar to "Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar" (the oldest surviving copy of this ballad is from the 17th century). The character entered the tradition through these folk plays, and he was originally partnered with Maid Marian: "She is a trul of trust, to serue a frier at his lust/a prycker a prauncer a terer of shetes/a wagger of ballockes when other men slepes." His appearance in "Robin Hood and the Sheriff" means that he was already part of the legend around the time when the earliest surviving copies of the Robin Hood ballads were being made.


title: Friar Tuck

text: A friar with Robin's band in the historical period of Richard the Lion-Hearted would have been unlikely as the period predates formal mendicant religious orders in England. Christian religious hermits in England do date as far back as Cuthbert in the late 7th century. In addition, multiple historical references to eremitic hermits unallied with formal orders have been noted, among them Eustace the Monk (a medieval outlaw) and Robert of Knaresborough who was contemporaries with Richard I. However, the association of Robin Hood with Richard I was not made until the 16th century; the early ballad "A Gest of Robin Hood" names his king as "Edward".


title: Friar Tuck

text: What follows is a story which includes different versions of the legend. He was a former monk of Fountains Abbey (or in some cases, St Mary's Abbey in York, which is also the scene of some other Robin Hood tales) who was expelled by his order because of his lack of respect for authority. Because of this, and in spite of his taste for good food and wine, he became the chaplain of Robin's band. In Howard Pyle's "The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood", he was specifically sought out as part of the tale of Alan-a-Dale: Robin has need of a priest who will marry Allan to his sweetheart in defiance of the Bishop of Hereford.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In many tales, from "Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar" to "The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood", his first encounter with Robin results in a battle of wits in which first one and then the other gains the upper hand and forces the other to carry him across a river. This ends in the Friar tossing Robin into the river.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In some tales, he is depicted as a physically fit man and a skilled swordsman and archer with a hot-headed temper. However, most commonly, Tuck is depicted as a fat, bald and jovial monk with a great love of food and ale, though the two are not mutually exclusive. Sometimes, the latter depiction of Tuck is the comic relief of the tale.


title: Friar Tuck

text: Two royal writs in 1417 refer to Robert Stafford, a Sussex chaplain who had assumed the alias of Frere Tuk. This "Friar Tuck" was still at large in 1429. These are the earliest surviving references to a character by that name.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the 1891 romantic opera "Ivanhoe" by Sir Arthur Sullivan and Julian Sturgis, Friar Tuck was played by Avon Saxon.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the film, "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938) the character Friar Tuck was played by actor Eugene Pallette as a fat individual fond of food but also skilled with a sword. He was also quick to quarrel with anyone who slighted him, deprived him of his food, or made fun of his girth.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the late 1950s British television series "The Adventures of Robin Hood," he was played by Alexander Gauge as a fat friar a tad too devoted to good eating. He is also clearly devoted to the Church and the poor people he serves, using his wits to spare them unjust taxes, provide them education or shelter them from harm. He often uses the power and rights of the Church to good effect against the forces of the Sheriff.


title: Friar Tuck

text: The 1958 "Merrie Melodies" animated short "Robin Hood Daffy" featured Porky Pig as a "fat friar", who sought Robin Hood, but refused to believe Daffy Duck was the legendary outlaw. At the end of the cartoon, Daffy becomes "Friar Duck".


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the 1966 television series "Rocket Robin Hood", Friar Tuck is again depicted as a traditional fat friar with a tonsure, despite the story taking place in the year 3000. Friar Tuck is memorable for a vignette that played during each episode depicting him in front of a large feast, taking a single bite of each piece of food on the table before throwing it over his shoulder.


title: Friar Tuck

text: The veteran character actor James Hayter played Friar Tuck twice: in "The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men" (1952) and "A Challenge for Robin Hood" (1967).


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the 1973 Disney animated "Robin Hood", Friar Tuck is a Badger, voiced by Andy Devine. He is taken to be executed at the end of the film in a plot of Prince John's to lure Robin Hood out of hiding but is rescued in time.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the British "Robin of Sherwood" TV series of the 1980s, Friar Tuck was played by Phil Rose. In this version, the character reluctantly served the Sheriff of Nottingham's brother, an evil abbot, and also served as Maid Marian's confessor. He helped Marian escape and joined the band alongside her.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the anime series Robin Hood no Daibōken, Friar Tuck (voiced by Kenichi Ogata) is an old monk who lives on the edge of Sherwood Forest and helps Robin and his friend if needed while offering sage advice.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the animated series Young Robin Hood, Friar Tuck is made to be a young man around Robin's age and re-titled to Brother Tuck (Voiced by Harry Standjofski). A very young monk, sometimes questioning his choice of being an outlaw. He is very pious and speaks Latin every now and then.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In "", Tuck was played by Mike McShane, drawing heavily on the overweight, ale-loving interpretation.


title: Friar Tuck

text: The Mel Brooks film "" parodies the character as "Rabbi Tuckman," a self-described "purveyor of sacramental wine and mohel extraordinaire." Brooks, who also plays the character, made Tuckman Jewish (as Brooks himself is Jewish), reprising a gag from "Blazing Saddles" where Brooks made a cameo as a Jewish Native American.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the video game "", Tuck was once again portrayed as Marian's confessor. He joins the band at her request. His enjoyment of alcohol is in the game as one of his abilities involves leaving beer flasks to intoxicate the guards.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the 1991 film adaptation "Robin Hood", Friar Tuck (played by Jeff Nuttall) is portrayed as an itinerant seller of phony relics, who is first mugged and then adopted by the Merry Men. He also confesses to being on the run for killing the nephew of an abbot.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the 1997 film "", the second movie in the Jurassic Park franchise, big game hunter Roland Tembo refers to a Pachycephalosaurus as Friar Tuck. He could not read its proper name in his dinosaur identification booklet while traveling over the rough ground towards the beginning of the film.


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the 2004 DreamWorks film "Shrek 2" the Fairy Godmother and Prince Charming take King Harold to a fast food restaurant called "Friar's Fat Boy". This is a parody of the American restaurant chain Bob's Big Boy and features a statue of Friar Tuck outside of the restaurant similar to the Big Boy statue from its real-life inspiration. The fictional restaurant returns again in the 2005 Activision published videogame "Shrek Super Slam" as a fighting location. The game features theme music for the restaurant, which plays in the background of the fight.


title: Friar Tuck

text: Friar Tuck is called Brother and later Father Tuck in Angus Donald's "Outlaw Chronicles" series – so named as "there were no friars in England at that time"; consisting of "Outlaw" (2009), "Holy Warrior" (2010), and "King's Man" (2011).


title: Friar Tuck

text: The first appearance of Tuck (in this case, not an anachronistic Friar) in the BBC show "Robin Hood" came in 2009 during its third series. After Robin was hurled over a ravine by Guy of Gisbourne, Tuck finds Robin further downstream. Tuck distracts Guy from the cave he is treating Robin in after Guy is told to look for Robin's body, thus saving Robin's life. He is played by David Harewood and portrayed as African.


title: Friar Tuck

text: Mark Addy plays Friar Tuck in Ridley Scott's "Robin Hood" (2010). In the film, his hobby is beekeeping, which he uses to make mead and as a weapon against the French.


title: Friar Tuck

text: Data impersonates Friar Tuck in the episode "Qpid" (1991) from Gene Roddenberry's "" series (4th season, episode 20).


title: Friar Tuck

text: He was portrayed by Michael P. Northey in the TV series "Once Upon a Time" and its spin-off "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland".


title: Friar Tuck

text: In the "VeggieTales" show, "Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men", Archibald Asparagus portrays a version of him named Friar Cluck.


title: Friar Tuck

text: A pattern in the dermatologic disease trichotillomania (compulsive pulling out of scalp hair) has been named after the pattern of hair of this character.


IU International University of Applied Sciences (German: "IU Internationale Hochschule") is a private, state-recognized University of Applied Sciences based in Erfurt, Germany.


title: IU International University of Applied Sciences

text: It offers campus-based in-person, distance and blended-learning programs in German and English. With over 100,000 enrolled students, IU is the largest state-accredited university in Germany as of the summer semester of 2021.


text: IU was founded in 1998 as the "International University of Applied Sciences Bad Honnef / Bonn (IFH)", and its first intake took place in the winter semester of 2000/2001 with 23 students.


text: In July 2009, the German Science and Humanities Council institutionally accredited the university for ten years, followed by reaccreditation for another five years in 2021. In 2010, it became a member of the German Rectors' Conference.


text: In mid-2013, IU merged with "Adam Ries University of Applied Sciences" in Erfurt, another private university, expanding its offerings to include the dual study model. In March 2016, it merged with the "University of International Business and Logistics" (HIWL) in Bremen and has since started offering dual study programs at this location.


text: In October 2017, it was renamed to "IUBH International University of Applied Sciences". In March 2021, another renaming took place to IU International University of Applied Sciences. In 2019, the registered office of the university was moved to Erfurt.


text: The university has been state-recognized since 1999 and accredited by the German Science and Humanities Council in 2009 and 2021. The study programs as well as the university's internal quality management ("system accreditation") are additionally accredited by the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA) on behalf of the German Accreditation Council.


text: The sponsor of the university is "IU Internationale Hochschule GmbH", whose sole shareholder since 2007 has been "Career Partner GmbH" (since 2021: IU Group N.V.). The latter has been owned by the British investor group "Oakley" since 2017; previously, it was owned by the Munich-based investment firm "Auctus" from 2007 to 2015, and by the U.S.-based Apollo Group from 2015 to 2017.


text: The university's governing bodies are the rectorate, the senate, and an advisory board to represent the professional interests of the departments and companies.


text: In addition to a "virtual campus," the university currently operates 28 campus locations: Augsburg, Bad Honnef, Berlin, Bielefeld, Braunschweig, Bremen, Cologne, Dortmund, Dresden, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Erfurt, Essen, Frankfurt, Freiburg, Hamburg, Hanover, Karlsruhe, Leipzig, Lübeck, Mainz, Mannheim, Munich, Münster, Nuremberg, Peine (until the end of 2021), Stuttgart and Ulm. In 2022, the following locations are to be added: Aachen, Bochum, Kassel, Kiel, Mönchengladbach, Potsdam, Ravensburg, Regensburg, Rostock, Saarbrücken, and Wuppertal.


text: IU International University offers around 200 Bachelor's, Master's and MBA degree programs in various study formats (face-to-face in-person, distance learning, combined studies, myStudies, dual studies), in the following subject areas:


title: Nestorius

text: Nestorius (; in ; 386 – 451) was the Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to August 431. A Christian theologian, several of his teachings in the fields of Christology and Mariology were seen as controversial and caused major disputes. He was condemned and deposed from his see by the Council of Ephesus, the third Ecumenical Council, in 431.


title: Nestorius

text: His teachings included rejection of the title Theotokos ("Mother of God"), used for Mary, mother of Jesus, which indicated his preference for the concept of a loose prosopic union of two natures (divine and human) of Christ, over the concept of their full hypostatic union. That brought him into conflict with Cyril of Alexandria and other prominent churchmen of the time, who accused him of heresy.


title: Nestorius

text: Nestorius sought to defend himself at the Council of Ephesus in 431, but instead found himself formally condemned for heresy by a majority of the bishops and was subsequently removed from his see. On his own request, he retired to his former monastery, in or near Antioch. In 435, Theodosius II sent him into exile in Upper Egypt, where he lived on until about 451, strenuously defending his views. His last major defender within the Roman Empire, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, finally agreed to anathematize him in 451 during the Council of Chalcedon.


title: Nestorius

text: From then on, he had no defenders within the empire, but the Church of the East never accepted his condemnation. That led later to western Christians giving the name "Nestorian Church" to the Church of the East where his teachings were deemed Orthodox and in line with its own teachings. Nestorius is revered as among three "Greek Teachers" of the Church (in addition to Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia). The Church of the East's Eucharistic Service, which is known to be among the oldest in the world, incorporates prayers attributed to Nestorius himself.


title: Nestorius

text: The Second Council of Constantinople of AD 553 confirmed the validity of the condemnation of Nestorius, refuting the letter of Ibas of Edessa which claimed that Nestorius was condemned without due inquiry.


title: Nestorius

text: The discovery, translation and publication of his Bazaar of Heracleides at the beginning of the 20th century have led to a reassessment of his theology in western scholarship. It is now generally agreed that his ideas were not far from those that eventually emerged as orthodox, but the orthodoxy of his formulation of the doctrine of Christ is still controversial.


title: Nestorius

text: Sources place the birth of Nestorius in either 381 or 386 in the city of Germanicia in the Province of Syria, Roman Empire (now Kahramanmaraş in Turkey).


title: Nestorius

text: He received his clerical training as a pupil of Theodore of Mopsuestia in Antioch. He was living as a priest and monk in the monastery of Euprepius near the walls, and he gained a reputation for his sermons that led to his enthronement by Theodosius II, as Patriarch of Constantinople, following the 428 death of Sisinnius I.


title: Nestorius

text: Shortly after his arrival in Constantinople, Nestorius became involved in the disputes of two theological factions, which differed in their Christology. Nestorius tried to find a middle ground between those that emphasized the fact that in Christ, God had been born as a man and insisted on calling the Virgin Mary "Theotokos" (, "God-bearer") and those that rejected that title because God, as an eternal being, could not have been born. Nestorius suggested the title "Christotokos" ("Χριστοτόκος", "Christ-bearer"), but he did not find acceptance on either side.


title: Nestorius

text: "Nestorianism" refers to the doctrine that there are two distinct hypostases in the Incarnate Christ, the one Divine and the other human. The teaching of all churches that accept the Council of Ephesus is that in the Incarnate Christ is a single hypostasis, God and man at once. That doctrine is known as the Hypostatic union.


title: Nestorius

text: Nestorius's opponents charged him with detaching Christ's divinity and humanity into two persons existing in one body, thereby denying the reality of the Incarnation. It is not clear whether Nestorius actually taught that.


title: Nestorius

text: Eusebius, a layman who later became the bishop of the neighbouring Dorylaeum, was the first to accuse Nestorius of heresy, but the most forceful opponent of Nestorius was Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria. This naturally caused great excitement at Constantinople, especially among the clergy, who were clearly not well disposed to Nestorius, the stranger from Antioch.


title: Nestorius

text: Cyril appealed to Pope Celestine I to make a decision, and Celestine delegated to Cyril the job of excommunicating Nestorius if he did not change his teachings within 10 days.


title: Nestorius

text: Nestorius had arranged with the emperor in the summer of 430 for the assembling of a council. He now hastened it, and the summons had been issued to patriarchs and metropolitans on 19 November, before the pope's sentence, delivered through Cyril of Alexandria, and was served on Nestorius.


title: Nestorius

text: Emperor Theodosius II convoked a general church council, at Ephesus, itself a special seat for the veneration of Mary, where the "Theotokos" formula was popular. The Emperor and his wife supported Nestorius, but Pope Celestine supported Cyril.


title: Nestorius

text: Cyril took charge of the First Council of Ephesus in 431, opening debate before the long-overdue contingent of Eastern bishops from Antioch arrived. The council deposed Nestorius and declared him a heretic.


title: Nestorius

text: When the followers of Cyril saw the vehemence of the emperor... they roused up a disturbance and discord among the people with an outcry, as though the emperor were opposed to God; they rose up against the nobles and the chiefs who acquiesced not in what had been done by them and they were running hither and thither. And... they took with them those who had been separated and removed from the monasteries by reason of their lives and their strange manners and had for this reason been expelled, and all who were of heretical sects and were possessed with fanaticism and with hatred against me. And one passion was in them all, Jews and pagans and all the sects, and they were busying themselves that they should accept without examination the things which were done without examination against me; and at the same time all of them, even those that had participated with me at table and in prayer and in thought, were agreed... against me and vowing vows one with another against me... In nothing were they divided.


title: Nestorius

text: While the council was in progress, John I of Antioch and the eastern bishops arrived and were furious to hear that Nestorius had already been condemned. They convened their own synod, at which Cyril was deposed. Both sides then appealed to the emperor.


title: Nestorius

text: Initially, the imperial government ordered both Nestorius and Cyril to be deposed and exiled. Nestorius was made to return to his monastery at Antioch, and Maximian was consecrated Archbishop of Constantinople in his place. Cyril was eventually allowed to return after bribing various courtiers.


title: Nestorius

text: In the following months, 17 bishops who supported Nestorius's doctrine were removed from their sees. Eventually, John I of Antioch was obliged to abandon Nestorius, in March 433. On August 3, 435, Theodosius II issued an imperial edict that exiled Nestorius from the monastery in Antioch in which he had been staying to a monastery in the Great Oasis of Hibis (al-Khargah), in Egypt, securely within the diocese of Cyril. The monastery suffered attacks by desert bandits, and Nestorius was injured in one such raid. Nestorius seems to have survived there until at least 450 (given the evidence of "The Book of Heraclides"). Nestorius died shortly after the Council of Chalcedon in 451, in Thebaid, Egypt.


title: Nestorius

text: Very few of Nestorius' writings survive. There are several letters preserved in the records of the Council of Ephesus, and fragments of a few others. About 30 sermons are extant, mostly in fragmentary form. The only complete treatise is the lengthy defence of his theological position, "The Bazaar of Heraclides", written in exile at the Oasis, which survives in Syriac translation. It must have been written no earlier than 450, as he knows of the death of the Emperor Theodosius II (29 July 450). There is an English translation of this work, but it was criticized as inaccurate, as well as the older French translation. Further scholarly analyses have shown that several early interpolations have been made in the text, sometime in the second half of the 5th century.


title: Nestorius

text: In 1895, a 16th-century book manuscript containing a copy of a text written by Nestorius was discovered by American missionaries in the library of the Nestorian patriarch in the mountains at Qudshanis, Hakkari. This book had suffered damage during Muslim conquests, but was substantially intact, and copies were taken secretly. The Syriac translation had the title of the "Bazaar of Heracleides". The original 16th-century manuscript was destroyed in 1915 during the Turkish massacres of Assyrian Christians. Edition of this work is primarily to be attributed to the German scholar, Friedrich Loofs, of Halle University.


title: Nestorius

text: In the "Bazaar", written about 450, Nestorius denies the heresy for which he was condemned and instead affirms of Christ "the same one is twofold"—an expression that some consider similar to the formulation of the Council of Chalcedon. Nestorius' earlier surviving writings, however, including his letter written in response to Cyril's charges against him, contain material that has been interpreted by some to imply that at that time he held that Christ had two persons. Others view this material as merely emphasising the distinction between how the pre-incarnate Logos is the Son of God and how the incarnate Emmanuel, including his physical body, is truly called the Son of God.


title: Nestorius

text: Though Nestorius had been condemned by the church, there was a faction loyal to him and his teachings. Following the Nestorian Schism and the relocation of many Nestorian Christians to Persia, Nestorian thought became ingrained in the native Christian community, known as the Church of the East, to the extent that it was often known as the "Nestorian Church".


title: Nestorius

text: In modern times, the Assyrian Church of the East, a modern descendant of the historical Church of the East, reveres Nestorius as a saint, but the modern church does not subscribe to the entirety of the Nestorian doctrine, as it has traditionally been understood in the West. Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV repudiated the exonym "Nestorian" on the occasion of his accession in 1976.


title: Nestorius

text: During the process of restoration of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Rite in 1957, Pope Pius XII of Rome requested the restoration of the Anaphorae of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius. The Syro-Malabar Church had historically made use of the Anaphora of Nestorius until it was forcibly latinized by the Portuguese in the Synod of Diamper in 1599.


title: Nestorius

text: Advised by the Oriental Congregation, the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church restored all three Anaphorae in the 2010s:


title: Nestorius

text: These three Anaphorae, or "quddashas", are among the oldest in Christendom. That of Nestorius is reserved for five days in a liturgical year: Denha (Epiphany), the first Friday after Denha (John the Baptist), the fourth Friday of the Denha (the Greek Fathers), the Thursday of Pes’ha (Maundy Thursday) and the Wednesday of the Ascension of Our Lord. That of Theodore is used from the first Sunday of the Weeks of Annunciation to Oshana Sunday (Palm Sunday). On all the other days that of Addai and Mari is used. The Anaphorae are attributed to Nestorius but purportedly Pseudepigrapha and there remains a question of authorship. Even though the attributed Anaphora are used in the Syro-Malabar Church, there is no separate commemoration of Nestorius in the liturgical calendar however, as the East Syriac tradition holds Nestorius to be one of the Three Greek Fathers (along with Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore the Intrepreter), he is by virtue of that fact commemorated among them.


title: Nestorius

text: In the Roman Empire, the doctrine of Monophysitism developed in reaction to Nestorianism. The new doctrine asserted that Christ had but one nature, his human nature being absorbed into his divinity. It was condemned at the Council of Chalcedon and was misattributed to the non-Chalcedonian Churches. Today, it is condemned as heresy in the modern Oriental Orthodox churches.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: Cape York Peninsula is a large peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoiled wilderness in northern Australia. The land is mostly flat and about half of the area is used for grazing cattle. The relatively undisturbed eucalyptus-wooded savannahs, tropical rainforests and other types of habitat are now recognised and preserved for their global environmental significance. Although much of the peninsula remains pristine, with a diverse repertoire of endemic flora and fauna, some of its wildlife may be threatened by industry and overgrazing as well as introduced species and weeds.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The land has been occupied by a number of Aboriginal Australian peoples for tens of thousands of years. In 1606, Dutch sailor Willem Janszoon on board the "Duyfken" was the first European to land in Australia, reaching the Cape York Peninsula.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa, on the western shore of Cape York Peninsula. This was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: Edmund Kennedy was the first European explorer to attempt an overland expedition of Cape York Peninsula. He had been second-in-command to Thomas Livingstone Mitchell in 1846 when the Barcoo River was encountered. The aim was to establish a route to the tip of the peninsula, where Sydney businessmen were attempting development of a port for trade with the East Indies.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The expedition set out from Rockingham Bay near the present town of Cardwell in May 1848, and it turned out to be one of the great disasters of Australian exploration. Of the thirteen men who set out, only three survived. The others died of fever or starvation, or were speared by hostile Aboriginal people. Kennedy died of spear wounds almost within sight of his destination in December 1848. The only survivor to complete the journey was Jackey Jackey, an Aboriginal man from New South Wales. He led a rescue party to the other two who had been unable to continue.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The tip of the peninsula (Cape York) was finally reached by Europeans in 1864 when the brothers Francis Lascelles (Frank) and Alexander William Jardine, along with eight companions, drove a mob of cattle from Rockhampton to the new settlement of Somerset (on Cape York) where the Jardines' father was commander. En route they lost most of their horses, many of their stores and fought pitched battles with Aboriginal people, finally arriving in March 1865.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The first known contact between European and Aboriginal people occurred on the west coast of the peninsula in 1606, but it was not settled by Europeans until the 19th century when fishing communities, then stations and later mining towns were established. European settlement led to the displacement of Aboriginal communities and the arrival of Torres Strait Islanders on the mainland.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The west coast borders the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast borders the Coral Sea. The peninsula is bordered by water on three sides (north, east and west). There is no clear demarcation to the south, although the official boundary in the Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 of Queensland runs along at about 16°S latitude.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: At the peninsula's widest point, it is from the Bloomfield River in the southeast, across to the west coast just south of the aboriginal community of Kowanyama. It is some from the southern border of Cook Shire, to the tip of Cape York.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: At the tip of the peninsula lies Cape York, the northernmost point on the Australian mainland. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook on 21 August 1770 in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, a brother of King George III of the United Kingdom, who had died three years earlier:


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The tropical landscapes are among the most stable in the world. Long undisturbed by tectonic activity, the peninsula is an extremely eroded, almost level low plain dominated by meandering rivers and vast floodplains, with some very low hills rising to elevation in the McIlwraith Range on the eastern side around Coen.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The backbone of Cape York Peninsula is the peninsula ridge, part of Australia's Great Dividing Range. This mountain range is made up of ancient (1.5 billion-year-old) Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks. To the east and west of the peninsula ridge lie the Carpentaria and Laura Basins, respectively, themselves made up of ancient Mesozoic sediments. There are several outstanding landforms on the peninsula: the large expanses of undisturbed dunefields at the eastern coast around Shelburne Bay and Cape Bedford-Cape Flattery, the huge piles of black granite boulders at Kalkajaka National Park and Cape Melville, and the limestone karsts around Palmerston in the peninsula's far south.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The soils are remarkably infertile even compared to other areas of Australia, being almost entirely laterised and in most cases so old and weathered that very little development is apparent today (classified in USDA soil taxonomy as orthents). It is because of this extraordinary soil poverty that the region is so thinly settled: the soils are so unworkable and unresponsive to fertilisers that attempts to grow commercial crops have usually failed.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The climate on Cape York Peninsula is tropical and monsoonal, with a heavy monsoon season from November to April, during which time the forest becomes almost uninhabitable, and a dry season from May to October. The temperature is warm to hot, with a cooler climate in higher areas. The mean annual temperatures range from at higher elevations to on the lowlands in the drier southwest. Temperatures over and below are rare.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: Annual rainfall is high, ranging from over in the Iron Range and north of Weipa to about at the southern border. Almost all this rain falls between November and April, and only on the eastern slopes of the Iron Range is the median rainfall between June and September above . Between January and March, however, the median monthly rainfall ranges from about in the south to over in the north and on the Iron Range.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The Peninsula Ridge forms the drainage divide between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea. To the west, a series of large, winding river systems including the Mitchell, Staaten, Coleman, Holroyd, Archer, Watson, Wenlock, Ducie and Jardine catchments empty their waters into the Gulf of Carpentaria. During the dry season, those rivers are reduced to a series of waterholes and sandy beds. Yet, with the arrival of torrential rains in the wet season, they swell to mighty waterways, spreading across extensive floodplains and coastal wetlands and giving life to a vast array of freshwater and wetland species.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: On the Eastern slopes, the shorter, faster-flowing Jacky Jacky Creek, Olive, Pascoe, Lockhart, Stewart, Jeannie and Endeavour Rivers flow towards the Coral Sea, providing important freshwater and nutrients to the healthiest section of the Great Barrier Reef. On their way, those wild, undisturbed rivers are lined with dense rainforests, sand dunes or mangroves.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The floodplains of the Laura Basin, which are protected in the Rinyirru and Jack River National Parks, are crossed by the Morehead, Hann, North Kennedy, Laura, Jack and Normanby Rivers.


title: Cape York Peninsula

text: The Peninsula's river catchments are noted for their exceptional hydrological integrity. With little disturbance on both water flows and vegetation cover throughout entire catchments, Cape York Peninsula has been identified as one of the few places where tropical water cycles remain essentially intact. Cape York Peninsula contributes as much as a quarter of Australia's surface runoff. Indeed, with only about 2.7 percent of Australia's land area it produces more run-off than all of Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Tapping those heavy tropical rainfalls, the peninsula's rivers are also of particular importance for replenishing central Australia's Great Artesian Basin. The Queensland Government is currently poised to protect 13 of Cape York Peninsula's wild rivers under the Wild Rivers Act 2005.