title: Sport psychology

text: "Team cohesion" can be defined as a group's tendency to stick together while pursuing its objectives. Team cohesion has two components: social cohesion (how well teammates like one another) and task cohesion (how well teammates work together to achieve their goal). "Collective efficacy" is a team's shared belief that they can or cannot accomplish a given task. In other words, this is the team's belief about the level of competency they have to perform a task. It is important to note that collective efficacy is an overall shared belief amongst team members and not merely the sum of individual self-efficacy beliefs. "Leadership" can be thought of as a behavioral process that influences team members towards achieving a common goal. Leadership in sports is pertinent because there are always leaders on a team (i.e., team captains, coaches, trainers). Research on leadership studies characteristics of effective leaders and leadership development.


title: Sport psychology

text: Since the early 2000s, there has been a growing trend toward research and practice that better acknowledges the importance of creating sporting environments which enable people to thrive. Organizational sport psychology is a subfield of sport psychology that is dedicated to better understanding individual behavior and social processes in sport organizations to promote organizational functioning. The focus of organizational sport psychology is to develop knowledge that supports the development of optimally functioning sport organizations though the enhancement of day-to-day experiences for those that operate within their sphere of influence. This knowledge can be used in a variety of ways through interventions at the individual, group, or organizational level, and thus organizational sport psychology reflects a systems perspective for academic study and an increasingly necessary aspect of practitioner competency.


title: Sport psychology

text: Motivation in field of psychology is loosely defined as the intensity and direction in which effort is applied. The direction of motivation refers to how one seeks out situations or if they avoid things that might be challenging. Intensity refers to how much effort one puts into any challenge or situation. Motivation is tied closely to personality and can be categorized as a personality trait. There are three general theories of motivation: participant/trait theory, situational theory, and interactional theory. These theories are similar to those of personality.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Participant/trait theory" says motivation consists of the personality traits, desires, and goals of an athlete. For example, some athletes might be extremely competitive and have the desire to improve and win constantly. These athletes would be motivated by competition with themselves and others. Other theories state motivation depends on the situation and environment. For example, some athletes might not feel the desire to work hard when they are on their own, but are motivated by others watching them. Their motivation would be dependent on whether or not there are other people around.


title: Sport psychology

text: "The Interactional theory" combines the ideas of participant/trait and situational, where the level of motivation of an individual depends on his/her traits and the situation at hand. For example, if an athlete might be intrinsically competitive and feels most motivated when participating in a match against many other people.


title: Sport psychology

text: Depending on traits and situations, it can be easier for some individuals to find motivation than others. That being said, those who are able to find motivation more easily are not guaranteed success and athletes who struggle can adjust some things to improve their drive. Motivation can be facilitated by coaching or leaders, changing the environment, finding multiple reasons or motives to do something, and being realistic about what is achievable. High achieving athletes are more likely to be motivated to achieve success rather than being motivated to avoid failure.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Reversal theory" of motivation states that all human behavior is experienced in eight states, four sets of two. A motivational state from each of the four pairs is present at any time.


title: Sport psychology

text: Reversal theory has supporting research connecting psychological and physiological phenomena to these states. Purposeful reversals from a less desired, or useful, state can increase performance and endurance. Arousal and stress may be utilized in a unique and helpful way with the use of this theoretical framework. The theory has been well supported in studies on several continents and in a variety of sports.


title: Sport psychology

text: Sport psychologists may also deal with helping athletes recover from the psychological consequences resulting from injury. Because athletes, especially professionals, are more at risk to injury than other kinds of exercisers, the process of recovering from injury, and the varying effects of different kinds of injuries are an important component of sports psychology research. Additionally, sports psychologist are interested in the differences between athletes that may elicit a stronger psychological reaction to an injury, and who is most at risk for injury. For example, research has found men may be less likely to report concussions than women and could be at higher risk of injury due to their physiology. Regarding psychological outcomes, researchers are interested if the type of sport a person plays, how closely they identify with being an athlete, or the amount of time they have spent playing a sport can influence their mental health, and research also explores what types of mental health outcomes are associated with injury (fear, depression, stress, etc.). As of 2013, sport psychologists have also began to explore the effectiveness of various techniques such as setting goals during rehabilitation, self-talk, or biofeedback techniques.


title: Sport psychology

text: Injury among athletes has also been proven to negatively impact their mental health. Especially with elite athletes who's job is to play a certain sport, there is a proven negative mental impact to having an injury and not being able to play the sport. There has been limited research in the past on how athletes deal with the burden of getting injured and not being able to play their sport, however the recent research which has been done has shown that injury has caused athletes to have worsening mental health such as depression and anxiety.


title: Sport psychology

text: Research on athlete burnout has historically been focused on the physical load from training and competitions, in addition to the psychological stress associated with situational pressure to justify the occurrence of the burnout. Traditionally, burnout in athletes is explained by a strenuous work load that is needed to become competitive in sports, with the flip side of this strenuous work being the danger of failing to adapt to training loads, being injured, or ill and therefore experiencing performance issues. Research also claims that occurrence of burnout among athletes are rising, and an athlete's mental health is challenged when experiencing performance issues, injuries, or are ill. These result in potential situational stressors that result in stress related responses such as negative thoughts and emotions. Athlete burnout is explained as a result from an athlete's experienced or believed inability to meet demands in training and competitions, in which the distress is related to the discrepancy between the athlete's expectations to achieve goals and cope with demands.


title: Sport psychology

text: The concept of athlete burnout is made up of three parts: physical and emotional exhaustion, reduced performance accomplishment, and sport devaluation. The core element, physical and emotional exhaustion, is characterized by fatigue from training and competitions. Reduced performance accomplishment is defined as focusing on the feeling of being unable to reach goals and succeed with training and/or competitions. Sport devaluation, the third aspect, is characterized by loss of interest and care for sports, which further results in reduced quality of performance.


title: Sport psychology

text: Burnout can also be caused by continuous training and sport attention stress without physical and/or mental rest and recovery. It results in staleness, overtraining, and eventually burnout. Staleness is defined as a clear drop in athlete motivation and a plateau in performance. Overtrained athletes often show psychophysiological malfunctions and performance declines. Another factor that adds to burnout could be the feeling of being trapped by circumstances within a sport, which perpetuates the cycles of this burnout.


title: Sport psychology

text: Coaches and athletes are also very dependent on not only results, but each other. If athletes believe that they are not being pushed, or the opposite, being pushed too hard, burnout is very possible and the drive to continue playing lowers. Also, because athletes are always striving to get to that next level in a sport, once an athlete reaches that level, it is shown that these athletes are more prone to becoming complacent and not feel the need to work as hard, or burning out. This can also happen to coaches at any level. The repetitions which coaches face and similarly to athletes, once they get to the highest level and win at the highest level, they are more prone to burning out because there is nothing in the sport which they have not achieved.


title: Sport psychology

text: Identity is built off of one's self-perception of their physical, psychological, and interpersonal characteristics which are rooted in personal experiences, memories, and social influences. Athletic identity is defined as "the degree to which an individual identifies with the athlete role and looks to others for acknowledgement of that role." Athletic identity is developed through acquisition of skills, confidence, and social interaction during sport. Cognitively, it provides a framework for processing information, how an individual copes with career-threatening situations, and inspires behavior consistent with an athlete. The social role can be determined by the perceptions close to the athlete, like family, friends, and teammates. As a form of self-concept, athletic identity provides a way to evaluate competence or worth, which can influence self-esteem and motivation. After spending a majority of their lives training, earning recognition for athletic accomplishments, and integrating in the sports environment, the athletic identity becomes a key component of an individual's identity as a whole. Sports psychologists help empower athletes to explore and access other non-sports related identities in times of transition after the life as an athlete.


title: Sport psychology

text: Some benefits of an athletic identity include having a strong sense of self in who an individual is, and increased self-confidence, discipline, and social interactions. There are also health and fitness benefits. Some consequences of a strong athletic identity include having emotional difficulties dealing with injuries because it usually results in inability to play or perform at peak performance, which could result in loss of confidence and increase feelings of helplessness. There can also be difficulty adjusting to life after the end of an athletic career. Since sports has been a source of self worth, it can become difficult to adjust to a life without sports for many athletes, especially those who peak at a young age. This can also lead to alternate career or educational options being considered because individuals with a strong athletic identity do not associate their identities with other activities. Having an overly strong athletic identity can also result in burnout due to overcommitment towards an individual's role as an athlete.


title: Sport psychology

text: Having a strong athletic identity can have a very positive impact on athletes during their athletic career as this allows them to focus solely on their career and bettering themselves. When athletes who have a very strong athletic identity get injured and are sidelined away from the game, it can lead to anxiety, stress and depression because these athletes do not know who they are outside of the game they have been playing. This is the same with athletes who have retired and not known what to do because there whole lives have been about sports. Inversely, athletes can be optimistic about their future post-sports because they will have time to do activities which they never have been able to do before.


title: Sport psychology

text: Self-esteem is the confidence someone has in themselves and their abilities. This is why sport and physical activity as a whole has been proven to provide positive mental health benefits, such as more confidence and higher self-esteem. When athletes succeed in sport, they are more confident in their abilities and their self-worth as a result. Sport can also work inversely with self-esteem and cause athletes to feel worse about themselves. If someone is playing poorly then it is possible the athlete will end up thinking less of themselves and having lower self-worth. Playing sports in general, and doing some form of physical activity already immediately makes people think of themselves as more than which is shown by research.


title: Sport psychology

text: Below are some of the more common techniques or skills sport psychologists teach to athletes for improving their performance and along with their mental health.


title: Sport psychology

text: Arousal regulation refers to entering into and maintaining an optimal level of cognitive and physiological activation in order to maximize performance. This may include relaxation if one becomes too anxious or stressed through methods such as progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing exercises, and meditation, or the use of energizing techniques (e.g., listening to music, energizing cues) if one is not alert enough. This may also include cognitive strategies of relaxation through methods of psychological preparation and positive self-talk.


title: Sport psychology

text: Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) refers to the progressive tensing and relaxing of target muscle groups, which can help lower blood pressure, reduce state anxiety, improve performance, and decrease stress hormones. This technique was developed by Edmund Jacobson, who found that people under stress typically displayed increased muscle tension. This technique requires athletes to feel the tension in a muscle group in order to recognize the subsequent relaxation. To successfully use this technique, athletes must allot about twenty to thirty minutes to the activity, tense each muscle group for about four to eight seconds, and ensure that controlled and deep breathing is also applied. It is important to note that this technique can increase feelings of fatigue. Although this technique is not well-suited as a pre-performance method of arousal regulation, it has been found that long-term regular practice can reduce state anxiety and sports-related pain, which is often exacerbated by anxiety.


title: Sport psychology

text: Deep breathing exercises involve the awareness of one’s rhythm of breath and the conscious effort to take slow, deep breaths. Slow deep breathing is a traditional practice in Eastern culture, yoga, and meditation. It is used to activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which helps reduce blood pressure and heart rate. The typical respiratory rate in humans is between 10 and 20 breaths per minute, while slow breathing is between the range of 4-10 breaths per minute. There are various methods to apply slow breathing, such as the 4-7-8 technique. The simplest form is deeply breathing for 1–5 minutes at a slow pace. To enhance the effects, individuals may utilize diaphragmatic breathing simultaneously. To do so, an individual inhales through the nose, allowing his or her belly to rise as the lungs fill. Then, after a momentary pause, release the breath slowly through the mouth or nose. Along with its physiological use, there is evidence that deep breathing can increase a sense of relaxation and reduce anxiety. A study on competitive swimmers found that regular practice of deep breathing exercises can improve lung functions by increasing respiratory endurance.


title: Sport psychology

text: The use of meditation and specifically, mindfulness, is a growing practice in the field of arousal recognition. The Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) Theory is the most common form of mindfulness in sport and was formed in 2001. The aim of MAC is to maximize human potential for a rich, full and meaningful life. It includes specific protocol that involve meditation and acceptance practices on a regular basis as well as before and during competition. These protocol have been tested various times using NCAA men's and women's basketball players. In a study done by Frank L. Gardner, an NCAA women's basketball player increased her personal satisfaction in her performances from 2.4 out of 10 to 9.2 out of 10 after performing the specific MAC protocol for several weeks. Also, the effect of mental barriers on her game decreased from 8 out of 8 to 2.2 out of 8 during that same time period as a result of the MAC protocol.


title: Sport psychology

text: Another study of the MAC protocol performed by Frank Gardner and Zella Moore on an adolescent competitive diver showed that when the MAC protocol is tailored to a specific population, it has the potential to provide performance enhancement. In this case, the vocabulary and examples in the protocol were tailored to be more practical for a 12-year-old. After performed the MAC protocol for several weeks, the diver showed between a 13 to 14 percent increase in his diving scores. This finding is important because previously the majority of tests performed using the MAC protocol had been on world class athletes.


title: Sport psychology

text: Although anxiety or stress are often believed to a negative thing, they are actually a necessary response for the body to survive. It is natural for the body to exhibit certain levels of anxiety and stress, however, it becomes a problem when it begins to inhibit activity. Arousal is the physiological and psychological activation of the body in response to an event. Trait anxiety exists in an individual when they experience unusually high response levels to a wide spread of situations that are not threatening. State anxiety is the momentary feeling of nervousness or worry that accompanies the arousal of the body. State anxiety can be defined cognitively, where nervous thoughts and worries occur for a moment. There is also somatic state anxiety, where the body experiences a physiological response to arousal. This sometimes manifests momentarily as a fluttering in the stomach or an elevated pulse. There are four major theories of arousal and anxiety.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Drive theory" is an approach that considers anxiety to be a positive asset. In situations where anxiety is high, performance increases proportionally. This theory is not well accepted because it is thought that athletes can be psyched up, but they can also be psyched out. This simply means anxiety can work to motivated some, but it can inhibit others. It is entirely dependent on the individual's personality, so it can not be broadly applied to all athletes.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Inverted U theory is an" approach that proposes that the best performance occurs when stress is moderate (not too high or low). This idea is demonstrated in a graph where physiological arousal is plotted against performance. The curve resembles and inverted U because the performance is at its highest value where the arousal is at half of its highest value.


title: Sport psychology

text: "The zone of optimal functioning theory" looks at each type each athlete and what level of arousal they need to perform best. This suggests that each athlete requires their own level of stress and arousal to feel motivated and perform well. This theory is specific but difficult to quantify. One proposed model for optimal functioning was proposed by Yuri Hanin. This model focuses on the interaction between natural emotional experience and the repetition of athletics. The combination of these concepts creates an emotional pattern that is stable to each individual. It takes into account positive, negative, optimal, and dysfunctional emotional experiences and how they effect athletic performance. Peak performance is when an athlete experiences this zone of optimal functioning. This stage is described as including dissociation and intense concentration to the point of being unaware of one's surroundings, lack of fatigue and pain, perceptual time-slowing, and feeling power and control. This state cannot be forced to happen, although athletes can develop control over several psychological variables that contribute to achieving peak performance. Sport psychologists try to give athletes the tools to have more control over reaching this peak performance level. These interventions targets controlling state anxiety and arousal level for the individual and task needs to maximize performance abilities. Some of the strategies used include cognitive reappraisal, breathing and relaxation, and hypnosis.


title: Sport psychology

text: The "Practice-Specificity-Based Model of Arousal" (Movahedi, 2007) holds that, for best and peak performances to occur, athletes need only to create an arousal level similar to the one they have experienced throughout training sessions. For peak performance, athletes do not need to have high or low arousal levels. It is important that they create the same level of arousal throughout training sessions and competition. In other words, high levels of arousal can be beneficial if athletes experience such heightened levels of arousal during some consecutive training sessions. Similarly, low levels of arousal can be beneficial if athletes experience such low levels of arousal during some consecutive training sessions.


title: Sport psychology

text: Goal setting is the process of systematically planning ways to achieve specific accomplishments within a certain amount of time. Research suggests that goals should be specific, measurable, difficult but attainable, time-based, written down, and a combination of short-term and long-term goals. A meta-analysis of goal setting in sport suggests that when compared to setting no goals or "do your best" goals, setting the above types of goals is an effective method for improving performance. According to Dr. Eva V. Monsma, short-term goals should be used to help achieve long-term goals. Dr. Monsma also states that it is important to "set goals in positive terms by focusing on behaviors that should be present rather than those that should be absent." Each long-term goal should also have a series of short-term goals that progress in difficulty. For instance, short-term goals should progress from those that are easy to achieve to those that are more challenging. Having challenging short-term goals will remove the repetitiveness of easy goals and will give one an edge when striving for their long-term goals. There are three major types of goals within sport psychology: outcome goals, performance goals, and process goals.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Outcome goals" describe how an individual or team aim to compare to the other competitors. This type of goal is unique because of its nature being ingrained in social comparison. Winning is the most common outcome goal. This type of goal is the least effective because it depends on so many factors that are extrinsic to the individual.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Performance goals" are subjective goals that are concerned with personal achievement in an end result. These products of performance are based on standard that is subjective for the individual and usually based on numeric measurements. Examples include finishing a race in a certain time, jumping a certain height, or completing a specific amount of repetitions.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Process goals" are focused on the process of performance. These include execution of behaviors used in the activity of getting to the final product of performance. Examples include breathing control, maintaining body posture, or use of imagery.


title: Sport psychology

text: Imagery (or motor imagery) can be defined as using multiple senses to create or recreate experiences in one's mind. Additionally, the more vivid images are, the more likely they are to be interpreted by the brain as identical to the actual event, which increases the effectiveness of mental practice with imagery. Good imagery, therefore, attempts to create as lifelike an image as possible through the use of multiple senses (e.g., sight, smell, kinesthetic), proper timing, perspective, and accurate portrayal of the task. Both anecdotal evidence from athletes and research findings suggest imagery is an effective tool to enhance performance and psychological states relevant to performance (e.g., confidence). This is a concept commonly used by coaches and athletes the day before an event. There are two perspectives one can take when using imagery: first person, where one pictures doing the skill his/her self, and third person imagery, where one pictures watching the skill be done by his/her self or another athlete. Athletes can use whichever perspective is most comfortable for them. There are multiple theories of how athletes use imagery.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Psychoneuromuscular theory" proposes that athletes activate the muscles associated with an action by picturing themselves doing the action. Activating the neurons that provide input to the muscles is similar to actually practicing the motion.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Symbolic learning theory" proposes that athletes recognize patterns in activities and performance. The patterns are then used to create a mental map or model of how to do completes a series of actions.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Vividness theory" suggests that athletes use the five senses to take in information while completing an action, and then using the memories of these stimuli to make their mental recreation of the event as realistic as possible.


title: Sport psychology

text: "Controllability theory" focuses on the ability of athletes to manipulate images in their mind. This way, they are able to picture themselves correcting a mistake or doing something properly. This is thought to make goals seem more attainable to athletes. This type of imagery can also be harmful, where athletes visualize themselves making a mistake repeatedly.


title: Sport psychology

text: All strategies of imagery are functional, but each athlete might find one more effective than others. Each strategy can be utilized based on the individual needs and goals of the athlete. In order to be effective, the practice of imagery needs to be inculcated into regular routines as a supplement to physical training. Athletes must learn how to use imagery in a quiet, non-distracting place while picturing realistic and attainable images. Using trigger words can facilitate imagery and bring the athlete closer to the pictured goal.


title: Sport psychology

text: Pre performance routines refer to the actions and behaviors athletes use to prepare for a game or performance. This includes pregame routines, warm up routines, and actions an athlete will regularly do, mentally and physically, before they execute the performance. Frequently, these will incorporate other commonly used techniques, such as imagery or self-talk. Examples would be visualizations done by skiers, dribbling by basketball players at the foul line, and preshot routines golfers or baseball players use prior to a shot or pitch. These routines help to develop consistency and predictability for the player. This allows the muscles and mind to develop better motor control.


title: Sport psychology

text: Pre performance routines allow an athletes mind to relax and go back to something which they know to calm them down. This has resulted in lowering athlete's anxiety and increase their self-belief, which as a result will increase athletic performance because of the lowered anxiety and stress prior to the actual event. For example, when a batter in baseball is up to bat, a lot of the athletes will re-grip their batting gloves, and take a couple of practice swings, not because they need the practice, but because that routine is familiar and will allow them to clear their mind and relax their anxiety.


title: Sport psychology

text: Self-talk refers to the thoughts and words athletes and performers say to themselves, usually in their minds. Self-talk phrases (or cues) are used to direct attention towards a particular thing in order to improve focus or are used alongside other techniques to facilitate their effectiveness. These uses are typically fit into two categories of self-talk: instructional and motivational. Instructional self-talk refers to cues that an athlete might use to focus and remind oneself of proper technique. For example, a softball player may think "release point" when at bat to direct her attention, while a golfer may say "smooth stroke" before putting to stay relaxed. Motivational self-talk signifies cues that might build confidence, maximize effort, or reaffirm one’s abilities. For example, one might tell themselves to “give it all” or that “I can do it.” Research suggests either positive or negative self-talk may improve performance, suggesting the effectiveness of self-talk phrases depends on how the phrase is interpreted by the individual. However, the use of positive self-talk is considered to be more efficacious and is consistent with the associative network theory of Gordon Bower and the self-efficacy tenet within the broader social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. The use of words in sport has been widely utilized. The ability to bombard the unconscious mind with one single positive phrase, is one of the most effective and easy to use psychological skills available to any athlete.


title: Sport psychology

text: Biofeedback uses external technology to measure and make an individual aware of internal physiological processes. There is some evidence that physiological measures, such as heart rate or brain waves, appear to be different in elite athletes than that of the typical person. This is a field that should be further looked into; however, it could have beneficial implications for athletes to be able to monitor and control these physiological measures to maximize performance.


title: Sport psychology

text: Modeling is a form of observational learning where an athlete observes another individual around the same level of skill learning perform sport related movements and receive feedback. This has been shown help modify athletes' thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in beneficial ways. In order for this form of learning to work the athlete must be motivated, attentive, able to recall, and willing to try to mimic their observation of the model.


title: Sport psychology

text: Music can be used a valuable strategy to help athletes manage arousal levels to increase performance outcomes. Music can be sedative or stimulating. First, music can be sedative by mitigating somatic state anxiety. For instance, unfamiliar relaxing music, unfamiliar arousing music, and familiar arousing music were all shown to have an effect on physiological parameters: galvanic skin response, peripheral temperature, and heart rate. However, in a particular study unfamiliar relaxing music decreased arousal levels more than the other two types of selected music.


title: Sport psychology

text: Music can be used as a stimulant as well. Athletes will listen to music to get them to an optimal arousal level. Additionally, athletes listen to music to prepare for (or “get into the mood of”) events. Music influences arousal levels through the activation of the prefrontal cortex which has a direct influence on the emotional state of an individual. Moreover, it was found that listening to music increases the release of dopamine which illustrates a rewarding component of listening to music. If athletes want to change arousal levels, they should be aware of the effect tempo has on arousal levels. For instance, athletes should listen to fast tempo music instead of slow tempo music to achieve higher arousal levels. Lastly, music is effective in managing arousal by shifting athlete’s attention inward, preventing the athlete from giving into outside distractions that could lead to higher arousal and impact performance negatively.


title: Sport psychology

text: It is beneficial for sport psychologists to understand how athlete personalities systematically vary depending on type of sport played. Research on athlete personalities allows professionals to put in the maximum investment and select specific sports due to a background understanding of the dynamic that they are intervening in. Personality characteristics differ between team versus individual sports, as well as different types of sports.


title: Sport psychology

text: Research on the big five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) as well as some other characteristics have differentiated personalities of athletes in individual sports compared to team sports. Athletes in individual sports scored higher on measures of conscientiousness and autonomy. Team-sport athletes scored higher on measures of agreeableness and sociotrophy. These characteristics can be explained by the demands of each sport type. Individual sports require athletes to be self-reliant, while team sports require group cohesion in order to be successful. Athletes participating in both team and individual sports score equally on measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and openness. These traits help provide a personality profile for sport psychologist seeking to work with certain types of sports.


title: Sport psychology

text: Sensation seeking is a phenomenon where an individual seeks to participate in novel, complex or intense activities with higher amounts of thrill in order to satisfy their personal need for arousal. This is one area where personalities in different types of sports can be differentiated. High sensation seekers tend to participate in the high-thrill extreme sports, such as sky diving, car racing, scuba diving, whitewater sports, and skiing. Sensation seeking is not a motive for other high-risk sports such as mountaineering and Ocean rowing. The high-thrill sports involve intense speed and excitement as well as a perception of risk. Individuals with a moderate level of sensation seeking tend to participate in common sports that are unpredictable but also minimally risky. Some examples are basketball, baseball, volleyball, and golf. Low sensation seekers participate in sports that require large amounts of training and consistency, such as long-distance running, gymnastics, or swimming. This is one area of personality type that differs for different sports.


title: Sport psychology

text: Different categories of sports display different mental health profiles. Overall, female athletes are more likely to develop a psychopathology, such as anxiety, depression, or eating disorders. The only problem that is more prevalent in male athletes is drug and alcohol use. These are consistent with the general public, as well. Anxiety, depression, and sleep problems are most prevalent in highly aesthetic sports, such as ballet or gymnastics. These are least prevalent in high risk sports and team ball sports. Eating disorders are more prevalent in athletes than the general public. For women eating disorders are highly prevalent in aesthetic, racing, and fine motor sports, and least prevalent in team ball sports. Eating disorders are most prevalent for men in high combat and contact sports. There are more problematic eating behaviors in sports that place and emphasis on thinness and weight-dependence. This demonstrates that mental health problems are highly related to the demands that specific sports place on the athletes involved.


title: Sport psychology

text: Exercise psychology can be defined as the study of psychological issues and theories related to exercise. Exercise psychology is a sub-discipline within the field of psychology and is typically grouped with sport psychology. For example, Division 47 of the APA is for exercise and sport psychology, not just one or the other, while organizations like AASP encompass both exercise and sport psychology. However, Division 47 also recognizes that it is important to distinguish between sport and exercise psychology, as any definition that encompasses both disciplines would be too broad to account for the nuances in each.


title: Sport psychology

text: The link between exercise and psychology has long been recognized. In 1899, William James discussed the importance of exercise, writing it was needed to "furnish the background of sanity, serenity...and make us good-humored and easy of approach." Other researchers noted the connection between exercise and depression, concluding a moderate amount of exercise was more helpful than no exercise in symptom improvement. Additionally, meeting exercise requirements can also aid in alleviating symptoms of avoidance disorders and anxiety, while also providing a higher quality of life for the patient in terms of physical health.


title: Sport psychology

text: As a sub-discipline, the amount of research in exercise psychology increased in the 1950s and 1960s, leading to several presentations at the second gathering of the International Society of Sport Psychology in 1968. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, William Morgan wrote several pieces on the relationship between exercise and various topics, such as mood, anxiety, and adherence to exercise programs. Morgan also went on to found APA Division 47 in 1986.


title: Sport psychology

text: As an interdisciplinary subject, exercise psychology draws on several different scientific fields, ranging from psychology to physiology to neuroscience. Major topics of study are the relationship between exercise and mental health (e.g., stress, affect, self-esteem), interventions that promote physical activity, exploring exercise patterns in different populations (e.g., the elderly, the obese), theories of behavior change, and problems associated with exercise (e.g., injury, eating disorders, exercise addiction).


title: Sport psychology

text: Recent evidence also suggests that besides mental health and well-being, sport practice can improve general cognitive abilities. When requiring sufficient cognitive demands, physical activity seems to be an optimal way to improve cognition, possibly more efficiently than cognitive training or physical exercise alone


title: Districts of Israel

text: There are six main administrative districts of Israel, known in Hebrew as mekhozot (; singular: "makhoz" ) and Arabic as "mintaqah" and fifteen sub-districts known as nafot (; singular: "nafa" ). Each sub-district is further divided into natural regions, cities, municipalities, and regional councils it contains.


title: Districts of Israel

text: The present division into districts was established in 1953, to replace the divisions inherited from the British Mandate. It has remained substantially the same ever since; a second proclamation of District boundaries issued in 1957 – which remains in force as of 2022 – only affirmed the existing boundaries in place.


title: Districts of Israel

text: The figures in this article are based on numbers from the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics and so include all places under Israeli civilian rule including those Israeli-occupied territories where this is the case. Therefore, the Golan sub-district and its four natural regions are included in the number of sub-districts and natural regions even though it is not recognized by the United Nations or the international community as Israeli territory. Similarly, the population figure below for the Jerusalem District was calculated including East Jerusalem whose annexation by Israel is similarly not recognized by the United Nations and the international community. The Judea and Samaria Area, however, is not included in the number of districts and sub-districts as Israel has not applied its civilian jurisdiction in that part of the West Bank.


title: Districts of Israel

text: The districts have no elected institutions of any kind, although they do possess councils composed of representatives of central government ministries and local authorities for planning and building purposes. Their administration is undertaken by a District Commissioner appointed by the Minister of the Interior. Each district also has a District Court.


title: Districts of Israel

text: Since the District Commissioners are considered part of the Ministry of the Interior's bureaucracy, they can only exercise functions falling within the purview of other ministries if the appropriate Minister authorizes them. This authorization is rarely granted, as other government ministries and institutions (for example, the Ministry of Health and the Police) establish their own divergent systems of districts.


title: Districts of Israel

text: Formerly the Hof Aza Regional Council with a population of around 10,000 Israelis was part of this district, but the Israeli communities that constituted it were evacuated when the disengagement plan was implemented in the Gaza Strip. Since the withdrawal, the Coordination and Liaison Administration operates there.


title: Districts of Israel

text: The name "Judea and Samaria" for this geographical area is based on terminology from the Hebrew and other sources relating to ancient Israel and Judah/Judea. The territory has been under Israeli control since the 1967 Six-Day War but not annexed by Israel, pending negotiations regarding its status. It is part of historic Israel, which leads to politically contentious issues. However, it is not recognized as part of the State of Israel by the United Nations and most nations.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: "Ace of Spades" is a song by English heavy metal band Motörhead and the title track to the album "Ace of Spades". It was released as a single in October 1980.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: Initially issued as a 7" vinyl single on 27 October 1980 as a preview to the album "Ace of Spades" and autumn tour, the song was also released by Bronze Records as a 12" vinyl pressing in special Christmas picture sleeves, limited to 50,000 copies. The picture of the band in Santa outfits used on the cover was taken at the Aylesbury Fair, while the band were on tour.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: Bronze also issued German and Spanish 7" vinyl versions which had a different sleeves, as well as a Japanese release, with a colour picture insert with song lyrics in English and Japanese. One sided test pressings (not mis-presses, but used in the trade) escaped the pressing plant and are on the market.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: The song opens with an overdriven bass intro played by Lemmy. For the lyrics, he said he "used gambling metaphors, mostly cards and dice—when it comes to that sort of thing, I'm more into the one-arm bandits actually, but you can't really sing about spinning fruit, and the wheels coming down".


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: On 6 September 1980, Lemmy was interviewed by Graham Neale on BBC Radio 1's "Rock on Saturday" show, "Bomber", "Ace of Spades" and "Love Me Like a Reptile" were played. The following month, on 6 and 20 October, the band played the song on BBC TV show "Top of the Pops".


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: The song spent 13 weeks in the UK Singles Chart, and originally peaked at number 15 upon its initial release. At the midweek point in January 2016 it reached No. 9 and in the official Friday chart they reached number 13, following the death of frontman Lemmy in December 2015 and subsequent dissolution of the band. It has sold 208,830 digital copies as of January 2016. It reached the top of the UK Rock & Metal Singles and Albums Charts on 9 January 2016.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: The song – which "put a choke on the British music charts and proved to all that a band could succeed without sacrificing its blunt power and speed" – is considered the definitive Motörhead anthem, albeit not by Lemmy. "I don't see the song that way at all," he said in 2000. "I believe we've done our best work since Eddie left the band in 1982."


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: In March 2005, "Q" placed it at No. 27 in a list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks, stating, "This song has an intro which wouldn't be out of place ushering in the end of the world." In 2009, it was named the tenth greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: In 2012, "Loudwire" ranked the song number one on their list of the top 10 Motörhead songs, and in 2021, "Louder Sound" ranked the song number two on their list of the top 50 Motörhead songs.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: In May 2019, "Ace of Spades" was named the favorite poker-themed song in a survey of 1,000 customers of online poker site PokerStars. The song reportedly "not only won, but crushed" the other finalist, "Poker Face" by Lady Gaga.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: "Ace of Spades (live)" is a 1988 7-inch vinyl release of the song by Motörhead. The single has no picture sleeve; it was issued (and withdrawn) in a plain white paper cover. All three songs on the single appeared on the band's "No Sleep at All" live album, which was recorded at the Giants of Rock Festival in Hämeenlinna, Finland on 2 July 1988.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: The band had wanted "Traitor" as the A-side, but "Ace of Spades" was chosen instead, when the band noticed the change, they refused to allow the single to be distributed to the shops. So despite the popularity the song had achieved, this single was not as successful as the original version, which reached No. 15 in the UK Singles Chart in 1980, as it became only available at gigs and through the Motörheadbangers fan club.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: The song became a staple of the band's live set, with Lemmy acknowledging that despite becoming "sick" of performing it, they "can't ditch Ace of Spades, it wouldn't be right. If I go to see Little Richard, I expect to hear "Good Golly Miss Molly", or I'd be pissed off". However, Lemmy softened his view on performing Ace of Spades live later on, saying "I used to have that thought occasionally, but I killed it. "Ace of Spades" has been really good to us, and it's one of the best songs that I ever wrote. So I suppose you have to put up with it, because everybody wants to hear it, every night." Live versions have appeared on the albums "No Sleep 'til Hammersmith" (1981), "Nö Sleep at All" (1988), "Everything Louder than Everyone Else" (1999), "Live at Brixton Academy" (2003), "" (2007), "" (2011), "" (2012), and "Clean Your Clock" (2016).


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: It was the first song that Phil Campbell and Würzel played with the band – on the "Bambi" episode of "The Young Ones". The lineup is particularly rare until 1987: Lemmy, Campbell, Würzel and Taylor. Taylor had already left the band by the time the filming started, but kept to his promise of making the performance.


title: Ace of Spades (song)

text: In September 1993, WGAF Records re-released the original 1980s track on CD-single, cassette single, 12" vinyl picture sleeve and picture disc versions, the song was coupled with "Louie Louie", "Dirty Love", and "Ace of Spades (The CCN Remix)", and although the band were not too pleased with the CCN Remix version, this single peaked at No. 23 in the UK chart.


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: "This Love" is a song by the American pop rock band Maroon 5. The song was released on January 12, 2004, as the second single from their debut album "Songs About Jane" (2002).


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: The track is built around a piano-led strut and a repeating guitar sound. The lyrics are based on the band's lead vocalist Adam Levine's break-up with an ex-girlfriend. He revealed that the song was written in the "most emotionally trying time" in his life. He has also described the lyrics of this song as being extremely erotic. "This Love" was critically acclaimed by music critics, who noted the track's musicscape.


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: The song entered the top ten on most charts, topping several of "Billboard" magazine's component charts, including reaching the number one spot on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart. The music video met with controversy, regarding extended intimate scenes between Levine and his girlfriend. "This Love" helped Maroon 5 win the MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist and was the third-most-played song of 2004. The live version of the song won Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 2006 Grammy Awards. "This Love" is one of Maroon 5's most successful singles.


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: "This Love" was the second single from Maroon 5's 2002 debut album, "Songs About Jane". In an interview with MTV News in August 2002, Levine revealed that he wrote the song the day his girlfriend moved away after they broke up. In another interview, Levine revealed that the song was written in the "most emotionally trying time" in his life. He also added, "I was in a relationship that was ending, but I was really excited on the other end because the band was about to go make the record and I was ecstatic to go in the studio. She was literally leaving town within days of me writing the lyrics to 'This Love', so I was in prime emotional condition to write a song with that kind of conflict."


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: During development of "This Love", the band stated that the song was influenced by musician Stevie Wonder. The piece was written in the key of C minor, the metre is set in common time, and the piece's tempo is a moderate 95 beats per minute. The introduction of "This Love" features a piano-led strut. Maroon 5 has called "This Love" a prime pop-rock song. The music featured in the song has a lot more rock-guitar crunch, and is considered a soulful, pop rock and alternative rock song. According to Johnny Loftus of Allmusic, the music featured in the song has "a slick channeling of vintage R&B rhythms into punchy pop dynamics". Loftus felt that the song features "Levine's wry falsetto around strutting, bottom-heavy piano and percussion both programmed and live; chirping backup vocals and washes of sunny synth and flute acted as counterweights". Loftus also noted that the band has a "sexual charge" with the lyrics, "I tried my best to feed her appetite / To keep her coming every night / So hard to keep her satisfied". "The Boston Globe's" Steve Morse described the single's sounds as "a rocking yet soulful tale about the breakup of a relationship". Meghan Bard of "The Daily Campus" adds that the song has "Stevie Wonder-esque vocals and a funky R&B beat". In the extended version of the song, which is 4 minutes and 26 seconds long, the chorus of the band's next single, "She Will Be Loved", can be heard from 3:21 to 3:42, during the outro.


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: In an interview with "Rolling Stone", when asked about the lyrics "Keep her coming every night" and "Sinking my fingertips into every inch of you", Levine said: "Yep, that's sexual, all right. I was so sick of typical lyrics like 'Ooh, baby' and 'I love you' and all this vague shit. I thought the more explicit I got without being totally explicit was a nice approach. The little girls would enjoy them, and it would go right over my grandparents' heads. But it would hit my ex-girlfriend like a ton of bricks. It was perfect." He also comments on how MTV played an edited version of the song for the music video, with the word "coming" edited out of the line "keep her coming every night". Levine noted, "MTV has now edited the language. They won't let me say, 'Keep her coming every night', and they took the sinking out of 'sinking my fingertips'. It's like communist China. It's totally bizarre."


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: The song received critical acclaim. In the "Rolling Stone" review of the album, critic Christian Hoard wrote: "Adam Levine's urban-romantic swoonings work best when his band really gets up on the good foot, as on 'This Love', which uses piano and James Brown-like guitars to create a foundation on which Levine can obsess about beauty (including his own)." Jason Thompson of PopMatters noted that on the songs "This Love" and "Must Get Out", keyboardist Jesse Carmichael "manages to conjure up both the productions of Britney Spears and The New Radicals respectively". Sam Beresky of the "Daily Lobo", who was less enthusiastic about the album, complimented the band on "This Love", in which he noted, "...'This Love', is a happier version of the first with a great backbeat reminiscent of Stevie Wonder's 'Superstition'. It might make a foot tap, a head nod or even a booty shake if played at a loud volume."


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: In May 2004, musician John Mayer told "Rolling Stone" that he liked the band's album "Songs About Jane". Mayer was also positive towards the song. "Once I heard 'This Love,' it was a light-fuse/stand-back kind of situation. It's one of those perfect songs you always hope to write." The single also strengthened Maroon 5's appeal, and helped position them as one of the year's break-out bands in 2004. It has since been remixed by Kanye West, titled "This Love (Kanye West remix)", in May 2004. The band released an EP titled "1.22.03.Acoustic", which features an acoustic version of "This Love."


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: "This Love" is widely considered to be one the band's best songs. In 2022, "Billboard" and "American Songwriter" both ranked the song number two on their lists of the 10 greatest Maroon 5 songs.


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: "This Love" appeared on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at No. 5. The track's Junior Vasquez Mixes remix topped the "Billboard" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. It also appeared in the Hot Dance Airplay chart at No. 18. "This Love" reached No. 1 on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Top 40 Mainstream. It also reached the top spot on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks at the No. 1 spot, it stayed there for 10 weeks. The song was the top digital download of 2004. In 2007, the song re-entered the chart at the No. 36 position on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Hot Digital Songs. As of June 2014, the song has sold 2,120,000 copies in the US.


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: "This Love" reached the Top 10 in twelve countries. In the United Kingdom, it reached the No. 3 spot in the UK Singles Chart on May 1, 2004. It entered the top ten in France, Belgium, and Australia. The single reached the top five in Norway, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria, and New Zealand. Elsewhere, "This Love" appeared on the Italy, Swiss, Germany, and Ireland music charts.


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: The music video for "This Love" premiered on MTV's "Total Request Live" on January 6, 2004. Directed by Sophie Muller, the video combines performance footage from the band in a courtyard built at Mack Sennett Studios and scenes of Adam Levine parting ways with a woman. According to Levine, the concept behind the music video was based on Prince. "An overt sexuality confuses people, too. That video was a very 'pop star' thing to do."


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: The music video also features Levine and his then-girlfriend, model Kelly McKee in a few intimate scenes. The video used creative camera angles, in an effort to avoid action from the Federal Communications Commission for television broadcasts. A version of the video where a stream of computer-generated flowers obscure the screen further was also created. When asked about the video, Levine said: "It was surprisingly not weird and surprisingly not sexual. It was totally comfortable. I didn't get horny or anything, which was weird since I shot it with my girlfriend."


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: The video was still seen as controversial, with Sylvia Patterson of "The Daily Telegraph" describing it as "a porno-pop video". Bass player Michael Madden, asked to comment on the video's reception, referred to the controversy as "an absurd over-reaction."


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: Maroon 5 performed "This Love" live on "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL") in February 2004. The band won the MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist for the music video of "This Love" in 2004. Also the same year, the song won for Choice Rock Track at the Teen Choice Awards. In the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, "This Love" was the third played song of 2004, having 438,589 total plays. At the 48th Grammy Awards, the song won a Grammy Award in the category for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.


title: This Love (Maroon 5 song)

text: "This Love" was featured on the 2004 film "White Chicks" and the television series "Beat Shazam". The song appeared as a track in the Nintendo DS video game "", as well as being a part of the downloadable content library for "Guitar Hero 5" (and by association, "Band Hero" as they share the same catalog).


title: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song)

text: "Happier" is a song by American DJ Marshmello and British indie pop band Bastille. Written by Marshmello, Bastille frontman Dan Smith, & Steve Mac, and produced by the former, it was released by Astralwerks on August 16, 2018. It reached number two on both the UK Singles Chart and the "Billboard" Hot 100 and is the highest-charting single for Marshmello in both the UK and the US (eventually tying with "Come & Go" with Juice WRLD on the latter). It is also Bastille's highest-charting single as well on both charts surpassing their 2013 single "Pompeii"'s number five peak on the Hot 100 and tying at its number two peak on the UK chart. It also logged 27 weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100. The song also currently holds the record for most weeks spent at number one on the US Dance/Electronic Songs chart, with 69 weeks as of January 2020.


title: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song)

text: The song was performed live at the 2018 MTV Europe Music Awards along with another Marshmello song, 'Friends' with Anne-Marie.


title: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song)

text: The song was ranked number 33 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 decade-end chart of the 2010s, and is the highest-ranking song to not top the "Billboard" Hot 100 weekly chart.


title: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song)

text: for Justin Bieber but the band ultimately decided to keep it for themselves. "We've been having a great time writing for other artists in and amongst making our Bastille albums and mixtapes," Smith told "NME". "Last year we wrote a song called 'Happier' and everyone got really excited about it so we thought it would be good as a collaboration. We had a really interesting time getting to work on it with Marshmello who managed to find some euphoria in a pretty melancholy, direct song. It's always good to step into somebody else's world for a minute and we're excited to be a part of it."


title: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song)

text: "Happier" is an upbeat pop song that draws elements from pop rock. Lyrically, the song tells "the tale of a love that's over before one party wants to accept it." "Billboard"'s Kat Bein opined that it "sounds a little more like his radio-forward hits."


title: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song)

text: In May 2019, Russian trance producer Arty filed a lawsuit against Marshmello for copyright infringement, citing that "Happier" stole song elements from Arty's remix of the song "I Lived" by OneRepublic. According to the suit, it is possible that Marshmello had become familiar with Arty's remix, released in 2014, and had used song elements in his then-upcoming song "Happier," which did not debut until 2015. Alongside Marshmello, other defendants in the case include Dan Smith, Steve Mac, and various music publishing companies. Arty is represented by attorney Richard Busch, who had previously represented the Marvin Gaye family in the "Blurred Lines" suit.


title: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song)

text: Three music videos were released to support the single. The initially released one was a simple lyric video. This was followed by a performance video featuring Marshmello playing various instruments and Dan Smith singing and dancing, both in different frames and only appearing in one at the end of the video. On September 24, 2018, Marshmello released the official music video through YouTube Premiere, starring Miranda Cosgrove as a teenager who has braces, along with Teala Dunn, Jordyn Jones and James Babson as the father. The music video focuses on Cosgrove's character. The color yellow and Marshmello's logo feature throughout the video, but neither he nor anyone from Bastille appear in the video. The video was directed by Mercedes Bryce Morgan and photographed by cinematographer Steve Gainer.


title: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song)

text: A shy, sensitive girl's birthday party is held, and she is very nervous until she gets her birthday present: a dog, a Golden Retriever puppy, on which she fits a bow. As she becomes a teenager, and the dog grows along with her, she joins a soccer team, and one of the captains pick her last. In the next scene is the team photo, and the girl was in the front; but the captains steal her place and she joins the back. When she smiles, her braces are seen, and she is made fun of for them. She then quits the team and plays with her dog at home, only to find her dog is ill. Months pass and the dog is still ill. The dog is taken to the vet; the vet has a private conversation with the girl's dad, to whom he reveals the dog's illness to be terminal. The girl's dad explains to his distraught daughter what will happen, then the dog is taken and is put down. Years pass, the girl grows up to have a daughter, who gets happy when her grandfather gifts her a similar Golden Retriever puppy for her birthday, much to her mother's tears of joy.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Dinah Sheridan (born Dinah Nadyejda Ginsburg; 17 September 1920 – 25 November 2012) was an English actress with a career spanning seven decades. She was best known for the films "Genevieve" (1953) and "The Railway Children" (1970); the long-running BBC comedy series "Don't Wait Up" (1983–1990); and for her distinguished theatre career in London's West End.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Sheridan was born Dinah Nadyejda Ginsburg in Finchley, London, to Charlotte Lisa Ginsburg (née Everth; 1893–1966) and James Ginsburg (1893–1958).


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Her father was born in Osaka, Japan, to a Jewish father of Russian descent. Her mother was born in Kew, Surrey, to parents of German descent. Her parents were photographers commissioned as "Studio Lisa" by the Queen Mother and her daughter, Elizabeth II to photograph the royal family and such events as royal pantomimes. She was educated at Sherrards School in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire and the Italia Conti Stage School.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: In 1932, at the age of 11, she debuted professionally in "Where the Rainbow Ends" at the Holborn Empire. She changed her name to Dinah Sheridan, which she selected from a phone book, to play Wendy, at the age of 14, in a long-running theatrical production of "Peter Pan" starring Jean Forbes-Robertson. Sheridan became the first actress to play both Peter Pan and Wendy, touring between 1934–36 and taking the show to Stratford-upon-Avon. Her parents changed their surname to Sheridan at the same time. Her first feature film was "Give My Heart" (1935). Other early films included "Father Steps Out" (1937) and her first starring role the following year in "Irish and Proud of It". Stage appearances included Terence Rattigan's "French Without Tears" (1939, Oxford), J B Priestley's "When We Are Married" (1940, with Cyril Cusack, Llandudno) and "The Golden Grain" (1952, with Betty Balfour, Embassy Theatre, London).


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Sheridan was one of the first actresses to appear on television in 1936 when the medium was in its infancy, and was interviewed on the BBC TV magazine programme "Picture Page". The BBC had commenced the world's first regular-scheduled service that year from Alexandra Palace. Dinah's acting credits included appearing with Robert Helpmann in "The Maker of Dreams" (1937); and in "Gallows Glorious", the first-ever three-act play on television (1938).


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: She postponed her film career to serve for two years as an ambulance driver at the start of World War II at Welwyn Garden City, where she participated in repertory theatre. After marrying Jimmy Hanley in 1942, she appeared in several films with him. Notable films in the 1940s were "Salute John Citizen" (1942), "Get Cracking" (1943, with George Formby), "Murder in Reverse?" (1945, with Chili Bouchier), "For You Alone" (1945), and the lead roles in "The Hills of Donegal" (1948) and "The Story of Shirley Yorke" (1949). She played Jane Huggett in "The Huggetts Abroad" (1949) and appeared as "Steve Temple" in two Paul Temple films, "Calling Paul Temple" (1948) and "Paul Temple's Triumph" (1950).


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: She received wider recognition for her acting in 1951 as the game warden's wife in a film about African wildlife, "Where No Vultures Fly". The film was notable for being largely shot on location in Africa. Although a fictional story, it was inspired by the events and life of Mervyn Cowie who had recently fought to establish the National Parks of Kenya. Given a Royal Premiere, it became one of the UK box office hits of the year and won the National Board of Review award (USA) for Foreign Film of the Year. Dinah followed this with playing the second female lead in the acclaimed "The Sound Barrier" (1952) directed by David Lean. The film was a popular and critical success, winning many awards including three BAFTAs, an Academy Award, a New York Critics Circle award and four National Board of Review awards. In interviews, Dinah spoke of how she was very happy to take a supporting role to Ann Todd in order to be directed by Lean. Sheridan then starred opposite Dirk Bogarde in "Appointment in London" (1952) and had a featured role as Grace Marston in "The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan" which was made as part of the Coronation celebrations of 1953. She was Britain's top female box-office star of 1953, according to the Motion Picture Herald's poll of film exhibitors. This issued a ranking of the 'Top Ten British Box-Office Stars' each year.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: One of her enduringly popular roles was as Wendy McKim in the comedy "Genevieve" (1953), where her "comic instinct and control were precise and stylish". The film won a BAFTA, a Golden Globe and a National Board of Review award. Her other most memorable screen role was as Mrs Waterbury, the mother of the "Railway Children" in the famous film "The Railway Children" (1970). She made only one more cinema film after "The Railway Children": "The Mirror Crack'd" (1980), which starred Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson, with Angela Lansbury as Miss Marple. That role was an atmospheric cameo appearance with Anthony Steel and Nigel Stock in the 'film within a film' "Murder at Midnight".


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Sheridan's second husband, film executive John Davis, whom she married in 1954, insisted that she quit acting and stay at home with her children. After their 1965 divorce (which was granted to Sheridan on the grounds of cruelty), she resumed her career appearing in Margaret Williams' comedy "Let's All Go Down the Strand" (1967, alongside Gladys Cooper and Evelyn Laye, Phoenix Theatre, London).


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: "Let's All Go Down the Strand" began a prolonged period of success in London's West End, with Sheridan appearing in both comedic and dramatic roles for the next 25 years. She starred in Ronald Gow's "A Boston Story" (1968, opposite Tony Britton, Duchess Theatre); Ira Wallach's "Out of the Question" (1969, again opposite Dame Gladys Cooper, St Martin's Theatre), and in the title role of Ray Cooney's "Move Over Mrs Markham" (1972, again opposite Tony Britton, Vaudeville Theatre). She played the Countess of Chell in Waterhouse & Hall's "The Card" (1973, with Jim Dale, Queen's Theatre), and starred in Frances Durbridge's "The Gentle Hook" (1973, Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford, then Piccadilly Theatre), Samuel Taylor & Cornelia Otis Skinner's "The Pleasure of His Company" (1976 revival, starring opposite Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Phoenix Theatre), Agatha Christie's "A Murder Is Announced" (1977, opposite Dulcie Gray, Vaudeville Theatre), William Douglas Home's "In The Red" (1977, with Gerald Harper, Whitehall Theatre) and Noël Coward's "Present Laughter" (1981, with Donald Sinden and Gwen Watford, Vaudeville Theatre). The latter production was recorded and transmitted on BBC Television. During 1978/79, Sheridan starred opposite John Gielgud in "Half Life" which toured the UK, before they both took the play to Toronto, Canada.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Other theatre credits included "Robert's Wife" (1968, with future husband John Merivale at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre), "Softly, Goldfish Mating" (1971, with Patrick Macnee, toured the UK), "Touch of Purple" (1972, Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead), Don Taylor's "Out on the Lawn" (1975, with Edward Hardwicke, Rosemary Leach and T. P. McKenna, Watford Palace Theatre), Noël Coward's "Star Quality" (1982/83, with Emlyn Williams and Annette Crosbie amongst others, Theatre Royal Bath), George Bernard Shaw's "The Apple Cart" (1985/86, with Peter O'Toole and Susannah York, firstly in Bath, then transferred to the London's Theatre Royal Haymarket), and William Douglas Home's "The Kingfisher" (1992, Theatre Royal Bath and toured the UK).


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Sheridan participated in "A Talent To Amuse" a gala evening production at the Phoenix Theatre, London, on 16 December 1969 which celebrated Noël Coward's 70th birthday. Sheridan and John Merivale were friends of Coward. Many stars appeared in the production, including John Gielgud, Anna Neagle, Richard Attenborough, Joyce Grenfell and Danny La Rue.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Having made television history by appearing in the first major TV play and being the first actor interviewee in the 1930s, Sheridan worked extensively in the medium later in her career. Roles included guest appearances in popular series of the time including "Armchair Theatre" (1969), "Seasons of the Year" (1971), "Zodiac", "Crown Court" and "Marked Personal" (all during 1974), "Village Hall" (1975); "Sykes" (1979) and "The Swish of the Curtain" (1980).


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Sheridan featured in several major television plays (in the BBC "Play of the Month" and "Play for Today" strands) most notably Oscar Wilde's "An Ideal Husband" (1969, with Margaret Leighton, Keith Michell, Jeremy Brett and Susan Hampshire); and John Galsworthy's "Loyalties" (1976, with Edward Fox amongst others). Both were produced by Cedric Messina and directed by Rudolph Cartier. In 1983 she made a guest appearance in the BBC science fiction television series "Doctor Who" as the Time Lady Chancellor Flavia in the 20th-anniversary special, "The Five Doctors".


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: She co-starred with long-standing friend and colleague Tony Britton and Nigel Havers in British sitcom, "Don't Wait Up" (1983–1990, BBC TV) which had audiences of over 15 million. She was a regular in the ITV series "The Winning Streak" (1985) and "Just Us" (1992), and the BBC comedy series "All Night Long" (1994). She made a memorable guest appearance as Dotty Mayhew in BBC TV's "Lovejoy" special "The Prague Sun" (1992), which also featured Donald Pleasence and Peter Vaughan. Her last role was in 1999 as Kathleen Gilmore in the "Jonathan Creek" television episode "Miracle in Crooked Lane".


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: When Sheridan was the subject of the British TV show "This Is Your Life" in 1979, guests in the studio included John Gielgud, Evelyn Laye, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Betty Marsden and Charles Hawtrey, and filmed tributes from Dirk Bogarde and Tony Britton.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Sheridan died peacefully at her home in Northwood, London, on 25 November 2012, aged 92. She is buried in Northwood Cemetery.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Sheridan married four times, divorcing twice and being made a widow twice: firstly to actor Jimmy Hanley (1942–1952), with whom she had three children, then to business executive John Davis (1954–1965), later to actor John Merivale (1986–1990, his death) and lastly to Aubrey Ison (1992–2007, his death). During her marriage to Ison, the couple lived in Palm Desert, California; following Ison's death, Sheridan returned to the UK in 2007.


title: Dinah Sheridan

text: Her son Jeremy Hanley became an accountant, Conservative Party Chairman, and government minister under John Major's administration. Her daughter Jenny Hanley became an actress and a co-presenter of the British television series "Magpie". Another daughter died in infancy.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: Krista and Tatiana Hogan (born October 25, 2006) are Canadians who are conjoined craniopagus twins. They are joined at the head and share a brain. They were born in Vancouver, British Columbia, and are the only unseparated conjoined twins of that type currently alive in Canada. They live with their mother, Felicia Simms, in Vernon, British Columbia, have two sisters and a brother and often travel to Vancouver for care at BC Children's Hospital and Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: The twins were given a 20 percent chance of survival at birth. At birth at B.C. Women's Hospital & Health Centre, they were described as "wriggly, vigorous and very vocal". They weighed 12 and a half pounds when they were born by Caesarean section.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: Tatiana is smaller and less robust than Krista. Tests on them in April 2007 showed that Tatiana's heart was working harder than Krista's and that she had high blood pressure because of it—Tatiana's heart was supplying part of her blood to Krista's brain. A surgery was planned to give Krista's heart a "jump start" so Tatiana's would not have to work so hard.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: The twins' nervous systems are highly interconnected. Their doctors reported that when one of them is tickled, the other jumps, and that putting a pacifier in the mouth of one could cause the other to stop crying.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: The twins' birth, potential separation, depth of community support and their family's financial situation have been subject to significant media coverage in Canada. They and their mother were also guests on "The Tyra Banks Show" in the U.S.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: In August 2007, it was declared the twins cannot be separated, due to the likelihood of the surgery killing or paralyzing one or both girls.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: The family reduced the twins' public profile due to a contract giving exclusive access to a documentary crew for National Geographic and the Discovery Channel UK. The show was broadcast first in Britain in spring 2010, and then aired in June in Canada and the U.S.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: The documentary followed a year in the twins' life and included a "particularly poignant" meeting between the family and Lori and George Schappell, 51, the world’s oldest twins to survive being joined at the head.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: There is evidence that the twins can see through each other's eyes due to brain conjoining. Their thalami are joined.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: In January 2009, a documentary was filmed which reported on the twins, and followed their progress up to their third birthday. This documentary was released and aired in October, 2010. In this documentary, it was confirmed that they share a thalamus which connects their brainstems. Through this shared brain tissue structure and the interconnected neurons, one brain receives signals from the other brain and vice versa. This documentary also reported on experiments that were carried out that confirmed that visual cortex signals based on what one girl saw, were received by both girls' brains. So in effect, one twin could see what the other twin was seeing, making them unique even among craniopagus twins.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: At this time, Tatiana suffered from a sleep apnea condition that occasionally caused her to stop breathing for up to 20 seconds. A sleep apnea specialist, Dr. Fred Kozak, surgically treated her sleep apnea. Not long after the surgery, her heart shrank to a more normal size and its rate dropped such that it no longer carried all of the burden of circulating blood for both brains.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: The documentary reports that the twins are progressing well, and have achieved all the normal childhood milestones, such as walking, talking, and counting.


title: Krista and Tatiana Hogan

text: A 2014 CBC Radio documentary described how they can feel and taste what the other is experiencing. Later it was also confirmed that they can see through each other's eyes.


title: Delftware

text: is a general term now used for Dutch tin-glazed earthenware, a form of faience. Most of it is blue and white pottery, and the city of Delft in the Netherlands was the major centre of production, but the term covers wares with other colours, and made elsewhere. It is also used for similar pottery, English delftware.


title: Delftware

text: Delftware is one of the types of tin-glazed earthenware or faience in which a white glaze is applied, usually decorated with metal oxides, in particular the cobalt oxide that gives the usual blue, and can withstand high firing temperatures, allowing it to be applied under the glaze. Delftware forms part of the worldwide family of blue and white pottery, using variations of the plant-based decoration first developed in 14th-century Chinese porcelain, and in great demand in Europe.


title: Delftware

text: Delftware includes pottery objects of all descriptions - such as plates, vases, figurines and other ornamental forms and tiles. The style originated around 1600, and the most highly regarded period of production is about 1640–1740, but Delftware continues to be produced. In the 17th and 18th centuries the manufacture of Delftware was a major industry, with product exported all over Europe.


title: Delftware

text: The earliest tin-glazed pottery in the Netherlands was made in Antwerp where the Italian potter Guido da Savino settled in 1500, and in the 16th century Italian maiolica was the main influence on decorative styles. The manufacture of painted pottery spread from Antwerp to the northern Netherlands, in particular because of the sack of Antwerp by the Spanish troops in 1576 (the "Spanish Fury"). Production developed in Middelburg and Haarlem in the 1570s and in Amsterdam in the 1580s. Much of the finer work was produced in Delft, but simple everyday tin-glazed pottery was made in places such as Gouda, Rotterdam, Haarlem, Amsterdam and Dordrecht.


title: Delftware

text: The main period of tin-glaze pottery in the Netherlands was 1640–1740. From about 1640 Delft potters began using personal monograms and distinctive factory marks. The Guild of St Luke, to which painters in all media had to belong, admitted ten master potters in the thirty years between 1610 and 1640, and twenty in the nine years 1651 to 1660. In 1654 a gunpowder explosion in Delft destroyed many breweries and as the brewing industry was in decline, they became available to pottery makers looking for larger premises; some retained the old brewery names, e.g. "The Double Tankard", "The Young Moors' Head", and "The Three Bells".


title: Delftware

text: The use of marl, a type of clay rich in calcium compounds, allowed the Dutch potters to refine their technique and to make finer items. The usual clay body of Delftware was a blend of three clays, one local, one from Tournai and one from the Rhineland.


title: Delftware

text: From about 1615, the potters began to coat their pots completely in white tin glaze instead of covering only the painting surface and coating the rest with clear ceramic glaze. They then began to cover the tin-glaze with clear glaze, which gave depth to the fired surface and smoothness to cobalt blues, ultimately creating a good resemblance to porcelain.


title: Delftware

text: During the Dutch Golden Age, the Dutch East India Company had a lively trade with the East and imported millions of pieces of Chinese porcelain in the early 17th century. The Chinese workmanship and attention to detail impressed many. Only the richest could afford the early imports. Dutch potters did not immediately imitate Chinese porcelain; they began to do so after the death of the Wanli Emperor in 1620, when the supply to Europe was interrupted. "Potters now saw an opportunity to produce a cheap alternative for Chinese porcelain. After much experimenting they managed to make a thin type of earthenware which was covered with a white tin glaze. Although made of low-fired earthenware, it resembled porcelain amazingly well."


title: Delftware

text: Delftware inspired by Chinese originals persisted from about 1630 to the mid-18th century alongside European patterns. Around 1700 several factories were using enamel colours and gilding over the tin-glaze, requiring a third kiln firing at a lower temperature. Later, after Japanese Imari ware had become popular in the late 1600s and early 1700s (when it too tried to fill the gap of the Chinese shortage), Delft began making their own 'Imari ware' copying the classic 'flower vase on a terrace surrounded by three panels with cranes and pine design'. Oriental styles in Delftware remained popular into the early 1700s but then declined when Chinese porcelain became available again.


title: Delftware

text: Delftware ranged from simple household items – plain white earthenware with little or no decoration – to fancy artwork. Most of the Delft factories made sets of jars, the "kast-stel" set. Pictorial plates were made in abundance, illustrated with religious motifs, native Dutch scenes with windmills and fishing boats, hunting scenes, landscapes and seascapes. Sets of plates were made with the words and music of songs; dessert was served on them and when the plates were clear the company started singing. The Delft potters also made tiles in vast numbers (estimated at eight hundred million) over a period of two hundred years; many Dutch houses still have tiles that were fixed in the 17th and 18th centuries. Delftware became popular and was widely exported in Europe and even reached China and Japan. Chinese and Japanese potters made porcelain versions of Delftware for export to Europe.


title: Delftware

text: Some regard Delftware from about 1750 onwards as artistically inferior. Caiger-Smith says that most of the later wares "were painted with clever, ephemeral decoration. Little trace of feeling or originality remained to be lamented when, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Delftware potteries began to go out of business." By this time Delftware potters had lost their market to British porcelain and the new white earthenware. One or two remain: the Tichelaar factory in Makkum, Friesland, founded in 1594 and De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles ("The Royal Porcelain Bottle") founded in 1653.


title: Delftware

text: Today, Delfts Blauw (Delft Blue) is the brand name hand painted on the bottom of ceramic pieces identifying them as authentic and collectible. Although most Delft Blue borrows from the tin-glaze tradition, it is nearly all decorated in underglaze blue on a white clay body and very little uses tin glaze, a more expensive product. The Koninklijke Tichelaar Makkum factory in Makkum, Friesland continue the production of tin-glazed earthenware.


title: Delftware

text: Delft Blue pottery formed the basis of one of British Airways' ethnic tailfins. The design, Delftblue Daybreak, was applied to 17 aircraft.


title: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness

text: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness are a matched pair of "Pokémon" games for the Nintendo DS. The two games were released in Japan in September 2007, and in North America and Europe in 2008. A third version, , was released for the same hardware in 2009.


text: As a sequel to "", new features include the addition of Generation IV Pokémon, improved Wi-Fi functionality, and more touch-screen options. 491 of the 493 Pokémon are featured, as Shaymin and Arceus were not officially released at the time of the game's launch.


text: In terms of gameplay and premise, the "Explorers" installments are largely similar to their "Rescue Team" predecessors, where a human-turned-Pokémon joins an Exploration Society and explores shifting dungeons, fighting hostile Pokémon through turn-based combat. The games received praise for their storyline, soundtrack, and Wi-Fi functionality, but were criticized for repetitive gameplay. The three games had accumulated worldwide sales in excess of 5.9 million copies as of 2010, then 6.37 million copies after 2010.


text: As with the , the player takes on the role of a human who has been turned into a Pokémon, whose type is determined by a personality test. A partner Pokémon is also selected who will henceforth be referred to as "the partner". Unlike "Blue Rescue Team" and "Red Rescue Team", the gender does not restrict the available selection of Pokémon for either the player or the partner, though both player and partner may not be of the same type. The test sets the player as one of the many natures in the mainstream games, and two Pokémon will be set to that nature, one for male, one for female.


text: The player may be Bulbasaur, Charmander, Squirtle, Pikachu, Meowth, Chikorita, Cyndaquil, Totodile, Treecko, Torchic, Mudkip, Skitty, Turtwig, Chimchar, Piplup and Munchlax; a total of 16 Pokémon to choose from. Once chosen, the partner may be any of the above Pokémon, with the exception of Pokémon of the same type of the player, Meowth, Skitty and Munchlax. Eevee, Machop, Cubone and Psyduck were removed as starter Pokémon, though Eevee was again made available in "Explorers of the Sky". Riolu was debated for a player Pokémon in "Explorers of Time" and "Darkness", but the idea was eventually dropped, and Riolu was selected for the "Explorers of Sky" list.


text: The basic gameplay is unchanged from "Blue Rescue Team" and "Red Rescue Team" - players may use shops in Treasure Town to save money, buy items, store items, and train in special "maze" levels (although the Pokémon running almost all of these shops have changed). Players enter dungeons to complete missions and encounter hostile Pokémon during the exploration. During the story portion, if either the player or their partner is defeated by running out of health, the team will be removed from the dungeon and lose all their money and half (or more) of their items. However, after beating the main story, the team will only be removed if the team leader faints.


text: New to this series is the option to temporarily send a team member to aid a friend who is in need, which allows a team to have more than four members. Defeated teams awaiting rescue may also engage in a "standby adventure" mode in which players may revisit previous dungeons to raise funds and collect items, but without the ability to level up.


text: Among new items introduced are treasure boxes, which require money to be opened and may contain rare items that may only affect certain Pokémon and can be used to trade for rarer and more valuable items using a new shop. New items are also introduced to account for new evolution methods which do not translate well from the main series to "Mystery Dungeon," like Probopass, Magnezone, Leafeon, or Glaceon.


text: As with all Pokémon games, some Pokémon are exclusive to one version, although they may be unlocked on the other through the exchange of Wonder Mail codes. The Pokémon exclusive to "Explorers of Time" are Celebi, Combee, Lucario, Pachirisu, and Riolu, while the Pokémon exclusive to "Explorers of Darkness" are Burmy, Buneary, Lopunny, Mewtwo, and Rotom.


text: The player is washed ashore by a storm and is discovered by the partner, a timid Pokémon who dreams of forming an exploration team. After teaming up to recover the partner's Relic Fragment from some bullies, the player, who has lost all memories except their name and the fact that they used to be human, agrees to form an exploration team to piece together their identity. The two enlist at the Wigglytuff Guild and begin training as adventurers. During this time, the player discovers that they can have visions of the future or past. Eventually, the authorities alert the guild that a criminal named Grovyle has been stealing artifacts called the Time Gears, which stabilize the flow of time in each region and cause time to stop when stolen. The player and partner attempt to intercept Grovyle, but are defeated. Afterwards, the guild enlists the aid of a famous explorer named Dusknoir, who explains that the player's ability to see through time is called the Dimensional Scream. Dusknoir reveals that he and Grovyle are from the future and that if the Time Gears are stolen, the Pokémon world will become paralyzed and turn into a dark, dismal region filled with scared and corrupted Pokémon. With assistance from the guardians of the Time Gears, Uxie, Mesprit and Azelf, Dusknoir successfully captures Grovyle and returns the Time Gears to their rightful places. Back in town, Dusknoir opens a Dimensional Hole to take Grovyle back to the future to face justice and bids farewell to the villagers, but suddenly grabs the player and partner and drags them into the portal with him.


text: The player and partner awaken in a prison in the future. After escaping a near execution with Grovyle by Dusknoir, they discover the world is still paralyzed. They learn from Grovyle that the paralysis was caused because of the collapse of Temporal Tower, which also corrupted its head occupant, Dialga, into a tyrannical being known as Primal Dialga. Grovyle exposes Dusknoir as a villainous agent sent to the present to capture him and reveals that he and a human companion traveled back in time to take the Time Gears to Temporal Tower in order to save the world; this human is actually the player. With the help of Celebi, a friend of Grovyle, the group manages to escape Dusknoir's group and return to the present. Grovyle reveals that, while it is true that time stops when a Time Gear is taken (not "stolen"), this effect is only temporary and that once the Time Gears are returned to Temporal Tower, time is permanently restored in all locations.


text: Arriving back to the present, the group enlists the help of the guild to take the Time Gears to Temporal Tower to restore time. While Grovyle gathers the Time Gears, the guild investigates Temporal Tower and discovers a way to reach the Hidden Land where it lies, using the partner's Relic Fragment. The player, the partner, and Grovyle travel to the Hidden Land, and are accosted by Dusknoir. He reveals to the player that if they succeed in changing the future, they and Grovyle will be erased from existence. Grovyle sacrifices himself to drag Dusknoir back to the future, and the player presses onward. They and the partner make their way to the top of Temporal Tower, defeat Primal Dialga and restore it to sanity, and replace the Time Gears and stop the planet's paralysis. On the way back, the player says a final goodbye to the partner before vanishing. After the credits, Dialga is deeply moved by the partner's grief over the player's death, and restores the player to the timeline as thanks for bringing time back under control. The player reappears at the beach and reunites with the overjoyed partner.


text: After the main story, the player and partner graduate from Wigglytuff Guild and move their base of operations to Sharpedo Bluff, the partner's old home. In Luminous Spring, they learn that neither the partner nor the player can evolve due to a distortion in space. After many missions and explorations, it is revealed that Darkrai was responsible for the events in the main story. The team, with the help of Palkia and Cresselia, defeats Darkrai, fixing the distortion and finally allowing the player and partner to evolve.


text: On March 20, 2007, Famitsu teased a sequel in the "Pokémon Mystery Dungeon" series. The then untitled game would make use of the Nintendo DS's dual screens and Wi-Fi support. Moreover, it was the first time Chunsoft made a sequel to a "Mystery Dungeon" game involving licensed characters other than "Dragon Quest"’s Torneko or "Final Fantasy"’s Chocobo. Two months after the announcement, Chunsoft confirmed the sequel to the series with an official title and the games being two versions like the "Rescue Team" games; "Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time" and "Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness" respectively. It confirmed the aforementioned new features explained in March, in addition to featuring Generation IV Pokémon and the ability to choose two of 16 characters; one as the protagonist and one as the partner similar to the previous games. During early development, Shin-ichiro Tomie has thought of expressing the meetings and partings theme through bubbles at the game's prologue and end; a theme that is used throughout the series since its inauguration. Additionally, it was close to be scrapped from the final production, before the team was able to add it near the end. Later in August 2007, the duo received an official release date in Japan set for September 13, 2007 along with a playable demo during Pokémon Festa 2007.


text: Four months after the games were released in Japan, a North American release was officially teased from Nintendo, with a pending date set for Q2 2008. The official release date was confirmed the month after, being April 28, 2008, before it was released a week earlier.


text: The reviews for the games were average to positive. The games were scored as 60 and 59 out of 100 by Metacritic for "Explorers of Time" and "Explorers of Darkness", respectively. "GameSpot" gave the games a score of 6.5 out of 10, criticising the dialogue and inconsistent visuals, but praising the story, soundtrack, Wi-Fi features and easier difficulty. IGN also rated the games 6.5 out of 10, criticising the repetitive and unoriginal gameplay but noted the story for its charm. "GamesRadar+" on the other hand gave a score of 2.5 out of 5 (below average), saying that "Explorers of Darkness/Time is a rental at best" and that "Pokémon fans are better served by playing more "Diamond/Pearl" while waiting for the next "Pokémon Ranger" game". However, GameSpy gave the games a 4/5 star rating, praising them for their "classic dungeon-crawling gameplay, attractive setting and cheerful music". Both "Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time" and "Explorers of Darkness" have received a rating of 7.5 from Nintendo Power. "Gamezone" gave the games a rating of 7.8/10, praising their graphics, gameplay, and soundtrack.


text: Combined worldwide sales for "Explorers of Time" and "Explorers of Darkness" passed 4.5 million copies on March 31, 2009, and by March 31, 2010, adding the sales of "Explorers of Sky" totals the three games to over 5.90 million copies. Later, combined worldwide sales for the three "Explorers" games passed over 6.37 million copies according to Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association; 4.88 million for "Explorers of Time" and "Explorers of Darkness" and 1.49 million for "Explorers of Sky". They are currently the best-selling games in the "Pokémon Mystery Dungeon" series, surpassing their predecessors. They are also the best-selling games in the "Mystery Dungeon" series in general; surpassing Squaresoft's "Chocobo's Mysterious Dungeon" and Enix's "", both accumulating 1.34 million and 759,000 copies respectively.


text: A special episode of the Pokémon anime, was developed based on the game plot. Unlike previous special episodes, this does not take place in any continuity of the main storyline. It was first broadcast in Japan on September 9, 2007, as part of Pokémon Sunday.


title: Martian soil

text: Martian soil is the fine regolith (a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock) found on the surface of Mars. Its properties can differ significantly from those of terrestrial soil, including its toxicity due to the presence of perchlorates. The term "Martian soil" typically refers to the finer fraction of regolith. So far, no samples have been returned to Earth, the goal of a Mars sample-return mission, but the soil has been studied remotely with the use of Mars rovers and Mars orbiters.


title: Martian soil

text: On Earth, the term "soil" usually includes organic content. In contrast, planetary scientists adopt a functional definition of soil to distinguish it from rocks. Rocks generally refer to 10 cm scale and larger materials (e.g., fragments, breccia, and exposed outcrops) with high thermal inertia, with areal fractions consistent with the Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) data, and immobile under current aeolian (wind) conditions. Consequently, rocks classify as grains exceeding the size of cobbles on the Wentworth scale.


title: Martian soil

text: This approach enables agreement across Martian remote sensing methods that span the electromagnetic spectrum from gamma to radio waves. ‘‘Soil’’ refers to all other, typically unconsolidated, material including those sufficiently fine-grained to be mobilized by wind. Soil consequently encompasses a variety of regolith components identified at landing sites. Typical examples include: bedform (a feature that develops at the interface of fluid and a moveable bed such as ripples and dunes), clasts (fragments of pre-existing minerals and rock such as sediment deposits), concretions, drift, dust, rocky fragments, and sand. The functional definition reinforces a recently proposed generic definition of soil on terrestrial bodies (including asteroids and satellites) as an unconsolidated and chemically weathered surficial layer of fine-grained mineral or organic material exceeding centimeter scale thickness, with or without coarse elements and cemented portions.