title: Islamic economics

text: Along with these achievements, some Islamic economists have complained of problems in the academic discipline: a shift in interest away from Islamic Economics to Islamic Finance since the 1980s, a shortage of university courses, reading materials that are "either scant or of poor quality", lack of intellectual freedom, "narrow focus" on interest-free banking and zakat without data-based research to substantiate claim made for them—that interest causes economic problems or that zakat solves them.


title: Islamic economics

text: A number of economists have lamented that while Islamic Finance was originally a "subset" of Islamic Economics, economics and research in pure Islamic economics has been "shifted to the back burner". Funding for research has gone to Islamic Finance despite the lack of "scientific knowledge to back" the claims made for Islamic Finance. Enrollment has subsided in classes and second and third generation Islamic economists are scarce, some institutions have "lost their real direction and some have even been closed". and interest of economists in the field's "grand idea" of providing an alternative to capitalism and socialism has "yielded" to the "needs" of the "industry" of Islamic Finance.


title: Islamic economics

text: According to economist Rasem Kayed, while a number of universities and institutes of higher learning now offer courses on Islamic economics and finance "most of the courses offered by these institutions pertain to Islamic finance rather than Islamic economics."


title: Islamic economics

text: Surveying Islamic economics and finance courses being offered as of 2008 by 14 universities in Muslim countries, Kayed found 551 courses in conventional economics and finance, and only 12 courses in Islamic economics and finance (only 2% of the total). This "appalling and intolerable ... negligence" was made worse by the curriculum of the courses which failed to debate "the issues" the discipline or give "due thought to ... the future development of Islamic financial industry" but rather attempted "to squeeze as much abstract information" as possible in their courses, according to Kayed.


title: Islamic economics

text: Another economist (Muhammad Akram Khan) lamented that "the real problem is that despite efforts for developing a separate discipline of Islamic economics, there is not much that can be genuinely called `economics`. Most of Islamic economics consists of theology on economic matters."


title: Islamic economics

text: Another (M.N. Siddiqi) notes Islamic economics has been teaching "conventional economics from an Islamic perspective", rather than Islamic economics.


title: Islamic economics

text: Despite its start in 1976, as of 2009, 2013 Islamic economics was called still in its infancy, its "curricula frames, course structures, reading materials, and research", "mostly" anchored in the "mainstream tradition", "lacking sufficiency, depth, coordination and direction," with teaching faculties in many cases ... found short of the needed knowledge, scholarship, and commitment." "Distinct textbooks and teaching materials" required have been found to "neither exist" nor be "easy to create." Despite shortcomings in academic writing—most of the books are "not cohesive" and are "at best no more than extended papers on specific topics"—constructive evaluations are not common and response to what there is even less common.


title: Islamic economics

text: The lack of an Islamic economics textbook "looms large" for Muslim economists and scholars. Despite the holding of a workshop in November 2010 to arrange the writing of such a textbook, the participation of "a number of eminent Muslim economists", (at the International Institute of Islamic Thought in London) and the appointment of "a noted Muslim economist" to coordinate the production of the textbook, as of 2015 "no standard textbook of Islamic economics was available."


title: Islamic economics

text: Islamic economic institutes are not known for their intellectual freedom, and according to Muhammad Akram Khan are unlikely to allow criticism of the ideas or policies of their founding leaders or governments. The Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, an organ of the Jeddah University in Saudi Arabia, for example, "cannot allow publication of any work that goes against the orthodox thinking of the influential" Saudi religious leadership. Despite "tall talk about ijtehad", Islamic economists "are shy" about "suggesting innovative ideas" for fear of antagonizing religious clerics.


title: Islamic economics

text: Use of Islamic terminology not only for distinctive Islamic concepts such as "riba, zakat, mudaraba" but also for concepts that do not have specific Islamic connotation—"adl" for justice, "hukuma" for government—locking out non-Muslim and even not Arabic speaking readers from the content of Islamic economics and even "giving legitimacy" to "pendantry" in the field.


title: Islamic economics

text: According to authors F. Nomani and A. Rahnema, the Qur'an states that God is the sole owner of all matter in the heavens and the earth, but man is God's viceregent on earth and holds God's possessions in trust ("amanat"). Islamic jurists divide properties into public, state, private categories.


title: Islamic economics

text: Some Muslims believe that the Shariah provides "specific laws and standards regarding the use and allocation of resources including land, water, animals, minerals, and


title: Islamic economics

text: According to M. A. Khan, "Islam introduced the distinction between private property and public property and made the rulers accountable to the people".


title: Islamic economics

text: Scholars F. Nomani and A. Rahnema state that public property in Islam refers to natural resources (forests, pastures, uncultivated land, water, mines, oceanic resources etc.) to which all humans have equal right. Such resources are considered the common property of the community. Such property is placed under the guardianship and control of the Islamic state, and can be used by any citizen, as long as that use does not undermine the rights of other citizens, according to Nomani and Rahnema.


title: Islamic economics

text: The owner of previously public property that is privatized pays "zakat" and, according to Shi'ite scholars, "khums" as well.


title: Islamic economics

text: In general, the privatization and nationalization of public property is subject to debate amongst Islamic scholars.


title: Islamic economics

text: According to an analysis by Walid El-Malik in 1993, only the Maliki school took the position that all kinds of natural resources are state-owned; the Hanafi school took the opposite view and held that mineral ownership followed surface ownership, while the other two schools, Shafi'i and Hanbali, drew a distinction between "hidden" and "unhidden" minerals.


title: Islamic economics

text: State property includes certain natural resources, as well as other property that cannot immediately be privatized. Islamic state property can be movable, or immovable, and can be acquired through conquest or peaceful means. Unclaimed, unoccupied and heir-less properties, including uncultivated land ("mawat"), can be considered state property.


title: Islamic economics

text: During the life of Muhammad, one fifth of military equipment captured from the enemy in the battlefield was considered state property. During his reign, Umar (on the recommendation of Ali) considered conquered land to be state rather than private property (as was usual practice). The purported reason for this was that privatizing this property would concentrate resources in the hands of a few, and prevent it from being used for the general good. The property remained under the occupation of the cultivators, but taxes were collected on it for the state treasury.


title: Islamic economics

text: Muhammad said "Old and fallow lands are for God and His Messenger (i.e. state property), then they are for you". Jurists draw from this the conclusion that, ultimately, private ownership takes over state property.


title: Islamic economics

text: There is consensus amongst Islamic jurists and social scientists that Islam recognizes and upholds the individual's right to private ownership. The Qur'an extensively discusses taxation, inheritance, prohibition against stealing, legality of ownership, recommendation to give charity and other topics related to private property. Islam also guarantees the protection of private property by imposing stringent punishments on thieves. Muhammad said that he who dies defending his property was like a martyr.


title: Islamic economics

text: Islamic economists classify the acquisition of private property into involuntary, contractual and non-contractual categories. Involuntary means are inheritances, bequests, and gifts. Non-contractual acquisition involves the collection and exploitation of natural resources that have not previously been claimed as private property. Contractual acquisition includes activities such as trading, buying, renting, hiring labor etc.


title: Islamic economics

text: A tradition attributed to Muhammad, with which both Sunni and Shi'a jurists agree, in cases where the right to private ownership causes harm to others, then Islam favors curtailing the right in those cases. Maliki and Hanbali jurists argue that if private ownership endangers public interest, then the state can limit the amount an individual is allowed to own. This view, however, is debated by others.


title: Islamic economics

text: When Muhammad migrated to Madinah many of the Muslims owned agricultural land. Muhammad confirmed this ownership and allocated land to individuals. The land allotted would be used for housing, farming or gardening. For example, Bilal b. Harith was given land with mineral deposits at 'Aqiq Valley, Hassan b. Thabit was afforded the garden of Bayruha and Zubayr received oasis land at Khaybar and Banu Nadir. During the reign of Caliph Umar, a vast expanse of Persian royal family terrain had been acquired, this lead his successor Caliph Uthman to accelerate the allotment of land to individuals in return for a portion of the crop yield.


title: Islamic economics

text: According to M. S. Naz, regulation of markets is among the main functions of "hisbah", the "semi-judicial institution" operational from the "earliest days of Islam". It was "charged with responsibility of carrying out the spirit of the system, setting conditions that preserve and enhance the public health and interests, protect the consumers, solve business and labor disputes, promote good market behavior, and ensure their observance." M. A. Khan states, institution of "Hisbah" as established to "supervise markets, to provide municipal services, and to settle petty disputes". In the contemporary era, Pakistan has attempted to re-create this institution, although it has jurisdiction only over the administrative excesses of the federal government departments and agencies, not provincial ones or private companies.


title: Islamic economics

text: According to Nomani and Rahnema, Islam accepts markets as the basic coordinating mechanism of the economic system. Islamic teaching holds that the market, given perfect competition, allows consumers to obtain desired goods and producers to sell their goods at a mutually acceptable price.


title: Islamic economics

text: Three necessary conditions for an operational market are said (by Nomani and Rahnema) to be upheld in Islamic primary sources:


title: Islamic economics

text: Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) claims that the general doctrine of fairness in sharia law creates "an ethical economic model" and forbids market manipulation such as "inflating the price of commodities by creating artificial shortages ("Ihtekar"), overbidding for the sole purpose of driving the prices up ("Najash") and concealment of vital information in a transaction from the other party ("Ghish")".


title: Islamic economics

text: Further, "uninformed speculation" not based on a proper analysis of available information is forbidden because it is a form of "Qimar", or gambling, and results in accumulating "Maysir" (unearned income). Commercial contracting under conditions of "excessive uncertainty" (however that is defined) is a form of "Gharar" and so also forbidden.


title: Islamic economics

text: Proponents such as M. A. Khan, Nomani and Rahnema also contend that the "Islamic economy" forbids or at least discourages market manipulation such as price fixing, hoarding and bribery. Government intervention in the economy is tolerated under specific circumstances.


title: Islamic economics

text: Another author (Nima Mersadi Tabari) states that in Islam "everything is "Halal" (allowed) unless it has been declared "Haram" (forbidden)", consequently "the Islamic economic model is based on the freedom of trade and freedom of contract so far as the limits of Shari’ah allow".


title: Islamic economics

text: Nomani and Rahnema say that Islam prohibits price fixing by a dominating handful of buyers or sellers. During the days of Muhammad, a small group of merchants met agricultural producers outside the city and bought the entire crop, thereby gaining a monopoly over the market. The produce was later sold at a higher price within the city. Muhammad condemned this practice since it caused injury both to the producers (who in the absence of numerous customers were forced to sell goods at a lower price) and the inhabitants.


title: Islamic economics

text: The above-mentioned reports are also used to justify the argument that the Islamic market is characterized by free information. Producers and consumers should not be denied information on demand and supply conditions. Producers are expected to inform consumers of the quality and quantity of goods they claim to sell. Some scholars hold that if an inexperienced buyer is swayed by the seller, the consumer may nullify the transaction upon realizing the seller's unfair treatment. The Qur'an also forbids discriminatory transactions.


title: Islamic economics

text: Bribery is also forbidden in Islam and can therefore not be used to secure a deal or gain favor in a transaction, it was narrated that Muhammad cursed the one who offers the bribe, the one who receives it, and the one who arranges it.


title: Islamic economics

text: Nomani and Rahnema say government interference in the market is justified in exceptional circumstances, such as the protection of public interest. Under normal circumstances, governmental non-interference should be upheld. When Muhammad was asked to set the price of goods in a market he responded, "I will not set such a precedent, let the people carry on with their activities and benefit mutually."


title: Islamic economics

text: Islamic banking has been called "the most visible practical achievement" of Islamic economics, and the "most visible mark" of Islamic revivalism. By 2009, there were over 300 "shariah compliant banks and 250 mutual funds around the world, and around $2 trillion were sharia-compliant by 2014.


title: Islamic economics

text: However, the domination of the industry by debt-like instruments such as "murabaha" rather than risk-sharing products, has driven even some leading advocates and experts in Islamic banking (such as Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi) to talk about "a crisis of identity of the Islamic financial movement."


title: Islamic economics

text: The most noticeable and/or important objective of Islamic Banking has been a ban on the charging of interest on loans. The Quran (3: 130) condemns "riba" (which is usually translated as "interest"): "O, you who believe! Devour not "riba", doubled and redoubled, and be careful of Allah; but fear Allah that you may be successful."


title: Islamic economics

text: The only financial institution under Islamic Governance (Prophethood and Caliph Period) was Baitulmaal (public treasury) wherein the wealths were distributed instantly on the basis of need. During Prophethood the last receipt was tribute from Bahrain amounting eight hundred thousands dirham which was distributed in just one sitting. Though the first Caliph earmarked a house for Baitulmaal where all money was kept on receipt. As all money was distributed immediately the treasury generally remained locked up. At the time of his death there was only one dirham in the Baitulmaal. The second caliph besides developing the Central Baitulmaal also opened Baitulmaal at state and headquarters levels. He also carried census during his caliphate; and provisioned salaries to Government employees, stipend to poor and needy people along with social security to unemployed and retirement pensions.


title: Islamic economics

text: The concept of a public financial institution played a historic role in the Islamic economy. The idea of state collected wealth being made available to the needy general public was relatively new. The resources in the Bayt-al-Mal were considered God's resources and a trust, money paid into the shared bank was common property of all the Muslims and the ruler was just the trustee.


title: Islamic economics

text: The shared bank was treated as a financial institution and therefore subjected to the same prohibitions regarding interest. Caliph Umar spoke on the shared bank saying: "I did not find the betterment of this wealth except in three ways: (i) it is received by right, (ii) it is given by right, and (iii) it is stopped from wrong. As regards my own position vis-a-vis this wealth of yours; it is like that of a guardian of an orphan. If I am well-off, I shall leave it, but if I am hard-pressed I shall take from it as is genuinely permissible."


title: Islamic economics

text: An alternative Islamic savings-investment model can be built around venture capital; investment banks; restructured corporations; and restructured stock market. This model looks at removing the interest-based banking and in replacing market inefficiencies such as subsidization of loans over profit-sharing investments due to double taxation and restrictions on investment in private equity.


title: Islamic economics

text: Islamic banks have grown recently in the Muslim world, but are a very small share of the global economy compared to the Western debt banking paradigm. Hybrid approaches, which applies classical Islamic values but uses conventional lending practices, are much lauded by some proponents of modern human development theory.


title: Islamic economics

text: In a political and regional context where Islamist and ulema claim to have an opinion about everything, it is striking how little they have to say about this most central of human activities, beyond repetitious pieties about how their model is neither capitalist nor socialist.


title: Islamic economics

text: One significant result of Islamic economics (and target of criticism) is the creation of Islamic banking and finance industry. According to several scholars it has bred a new "Power Alliance" of "wealth and Shari'ah scholarship",—wealthy banks and clients paying Islamic scholars to provide bank products with Islamic "shariah compliance". Journalist John Foster, quotes an investment banker based in the Islamic Banking hub of Dubai on the practice of "fatwa shopping",


title: Islamic economics

text: We create the same type of products that we do for the conventional markets. We then phone up a Sharia scholar for a Fatwa [seal of approval, confirming the product is Shari'ah compliant]. If he doesn't give it to us, we phone up another scholar, offer him a sum of money for his services and ask him for a Fatwa. We do this until we get Sharia compliance. Then we are free to distribute the product as Islamic.


title: Islamic economics

text: Foster explains that the fee for services provided by "top" scholars is "often" in six-figures, i.e. over US$100,000.


title: Islamic economics

text: One critic (Muhammad O. Farooq) argues that this unfortunate situation has arisen because the "preoccupation" among supporters of Islamic Economics that any and all interest on loans is "riba" and forbidden by Islam, and because risk-sharing alternatives to interest bearing loans originally envisioned for Islamic banking have not proven feasible. With the elimination of interest being both the basis of the industry and impractical, shari'a scholars have become "entrapped in a situation" where they are forced to approve transactions fundamentally similar to conventional loans but using ""hiyal"" manipulation to "maintain an Islamic veneer".


title: Islamic economics

text: Instead of "fixating" on interest, Farooq urges a focus on "the larger picture" of "justice", and in economics on fighting exploitation from "greed and profit," and the concentration of wealth. He quotes an ayat in support: "What God has bestowed on his Messenger (and taken away) from the people of the townships, - belongs to God, - to his Messenger and to kindred and orphans, the needy and the wayfarer; "in order that it may not (merely) make a circuit between the wealthy among you." ..." As an example of the neglect of this issue, Farooq complains that one "rather comprehensive" bibliography of Islamic economics and finance, contains "not a single citation for exploitation or injustice" among its 700 entries.


title: Islamic economics

text: A former director of Pakistan Institute of Development Economics and the head of Pakistan's Economic Affairs Division, Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, also called for "comprehensive Islamic reform to establish an exploitation-free economic system" and not just "mechanical substitution of profit for interest."


title: Islamic economics

text: On the issue of "zakat", one of the pillars of Islam, M.A.Khan also criticizes the conservatism of Islamic Economics, complaining that "the insistence of Muslim scholars in implementing it in the same form in which it was in vogue in the days of the Prophet and the first four caliphs ... has made it irrelevant to the needs of a contemporary society."


title: Islamic economics

text: A supporter of Islamic economics (Asad Zaman) describes a "major difficulty" faced by Islamic reformers of Islamic economics and pointed out by other authors, namely that because a financial system is an "integrated and coherent structure", to create an Islamic system "based on trust, community and no interest" requires "changes and interventions on several different fronts simultaneously".


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The Magdalen Islands ( ) are a small archipelago in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence with a land area of . While part of the Province of Quebec, the islands are in fact closer to the Maritime provinces and Newfoundland than to the Gaspé Peninsula on the Quebec mainland. The islands are considered a part of the Mi'kma'ki, of the Mi'kmaw Nation, who call the islands Menagoesenog.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Administratively, the islands are part of the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region in the Canadian province of Quebec. The islands form the territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and the census division (CD) of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine. Their geographical code is 01.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The islands are also coextensive with the urban agglomeration of Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, which is divided into two municipalities: Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine (2011 census pop. 12,291), the central municipality, and Grosse-Île (pop. 490). Their mayors are Gaétan Richard and Rose Elmonde Clarke, respectively.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Within Dawnland, these islands were once called "Menquit" by the Mi'kmaw Nation, meaning "islands battered by waves." Around the mid 19th century as Mi'kmawi'simk (the Mi'kmaw language) shifted, the name changed to become "Menagoesenog" reflecting islands "battered by the surf." Although not a distinct district within Mi'kma'ki, the archipelago falls within the territorial bounds of the Mi'kmaw homeland.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: There are eight major islands: Amherst, Grande Entrée, Grindstone, Grosse-Île, House Harbour, Pointe-Aux-Loups, Entry Island, and Brion,


title: Magdalen Islands

text: all except Brion being inhabited. There are several other tiny islands that are also considered to be part of the archipelago: Bird Rock ("Rocher aux Oiseaux"), Seal Island ("Île aux Loups-marins"), Île Paquet, and Rocher du Corps Mort.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The interiors of the islands were once completely covered with pine forests. An ancient salt dome underlies the archipelago. The salt's inherent buoyancy forces the uplift of the overlying Permian red sandstone.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: In 1534, the explorer Jacques Cartier was the first known European to visit the islands. However, Mi'kmaqs had been visiting the islands for hundreds of years, as part of a seasonal subsistence migration, probably to harvest the abundant walrus population. A number of archaeological sites have been excavated on the archipelago.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The first concerted settlement attempt was made by English Puritan Separatist Francis Johnson in 1597, which failed.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The archipelago was named in 1663 by François Doublet (1619 or 1620 - approx. 1678), the seigneur of the island, after his wife, Madeleine Fontaine.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: In 1765, the islands were inhabited by 22 French-speaking Acadians and their families. They were working and hunting walruses for a British trader, Richard Gridley. Many inhabitants of the Magdalen Islands ("Madelinots") still fly the Acadian flag and identify as both Acadian and Québécois.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The islands were administered as part of the British Colony of Newfoundland from 1763 to 1774, when they became part of Quebec


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Some of the islanders are descendants of survivors of the more than 400 shipwrecks on the islands. Some of the historic houses were built from wood that was from the shipwrecks.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The islands have some of Quebec's oldest English-speaking settlements. Although most anglophones have long either assimilated with the francophone population or migrated elsewhere, English-speaking settlements are found at Old Harry, Grosse-Ile, and Entry Island.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The islands are known for a children's French camp. Activities include sand castle competitions and a night alone in the woods.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: To improve the safety of ships, the government constructed lighthouses on the islands. They indicate navigable channels and have reduced the number of shipwrecks, but many old hulks are found on the beaches and under the waters.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Until the 20th century, the islands were completely isolated during the winter since the pack ice made the trip to the mainland impassable by boat. The islands had no means of communication with the mainland. An underwater cable was installed to enable communication by telegraph, but in winter 1910, the cable broke, and the islands were again isolated. Residents sent an urgent request for help to the mainland by writing letters and sealing them inside a molasses barrel, or puncheon, which they set adrift. It reached the shore on Cape Breton Island, where residents notified the government of the emergency. The government sent an icebreaker to bring aid.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Within a few years, the government constructed new wireless telegraph stations on the Magdalens to ensure winter communication. The puncheon became famous as a symbol of survival, and every tourist shop sells replicas.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: At one time, large walrus herds were found near the islands, but over-hunting had eliminated them by the late 18th century.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: In the 21st century, the islands' beaches provide a habitat for the endangered piping plover and the roseate tern.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The maritime climate of the Magdalen Islands is markedly different from that of the mainland. The huge water masses that circle the archipelago both temper the weather and create milder conditions in each season. On the islands, winter is mild, spring is cool, summer has a few heat waves, and fall is typically warm. The Magdalen Islands have the least annual frost in Quebec. The warm breezes of summer persist well into September and sometimes early October. However, under the Köppen climate classification its climate is humid continental (Dfb) because its winters average far below freezing by maritime standards. Seasonal lag is strong because of the freezing water and the time that it takes for the gulf to warm up again. Also, in winter, sea ice occasionally forms, impeding offshore communications and activities.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The highest temperature ever recorded was on 31 July 1949. The lowest temperature ever recorded was on 14 February 1891.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The Magdalen Islands have warmed 2.3 °C (4 °F) in the late 19th century, twice the global average. As a result, the residents are facing a growing number of problems, as extreme climate change transforms the land and water around them. The sea ice that used to encase and protect the islands from most winter storms is shrinking at a rate of about annually. Parts of the shoreline have eroded into the sea at a rate as much as per year in the 2010s. Important roads are at risk of washouts, and important infrastructure, including the hospital and city hall sit near deteriorating cliffs. Recently the sea has been rising at a rate of per decade, threatening to contaminate freshwater aquifers.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Several news articles in 2019 pointed out that erosion of the coastline had already become a significant issue. Researchers have found that the amount has doubled since 2005, and was averaging half a meter (20") per year. Recent events that added to the problem included a significant windstorm in November 2018 and the post-tropical storm Dorian that hit the islands in September 2019.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: A Washington Post report in late October 2019 also indicated that increasing temperatures have led to reduced ice cover over the years, leading to less protection from winter storms. "That ice has been disappearing ... [and the] sea-level rise, have caused the islands to crumble into the sea".


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Researchers have found that the rise in sea levels has been approximately double that of the global norm and that the sea ice is shrinking at approximately 12% per decade. A November 2019 Washington Post report provided these specifics about the effects of erosion:"Some parts of the shoreline have lost as much as 14 feet per year to the sea over the past decade. Key roads face perpetual risk of washing out. The hospital and the city hall sit alarmingly close to deteriorating cliffs. Rising waters threaten to contaminate aquifers used for drinking water ... Nearly a dozen homes on the islands have been relocated, and most everyone expects that number to grow." The sole benefit has been the increase in lobster yields on the islands, at least double what was the norm in the past.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Tourism is a major component of the islands' economy, as they have many kilometres of white sand beaches and steadily-eroding sandstone cliffs. Also, they are a destination for bicycle camping, sea kayaking, windsurfing, and kitesurfing. During the winter months, beginning in mid-February, ecotourists visit to observe newborn and young harp seal pups on the pack ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which surrounds the islands. However the ice cover has reduced recently and the observation "season" has been cancelled several times.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The island is home to Canadian Salt Company Seleine Mines, which produces road salt for use in Quebec, Atlantic Canada and the United States' eastern seaboard. Opened in 1982, the salt mine and plant is located in Grosse-Île and extracts salt from an underground mine below Grande-Entrée Lagoon. It produces of salt, and employs 200 people.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: Although fishing is a traditional occupation, lobster have become a more lucrative local business. It was once common for lobstermen to haul in during a nine-week season that begins each spring, but now it is not unusual to bring home twice that amount, or more. This may be due to climate change that has warmed the surrounding waters to some extent, yielded increasing lobster harvests.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The Coopérative de transport maritime et aérien (Groupe C.T.M.A.) operates a ferry service between terminals in Souris, Prince Edward Island, and Cap-aux-Meules, on the islands. CTMA also operates a seasonal cruise ferry service between the islands and Montreal, which sits on a river island surrounded by mainland Quebec.


title: Magdalen Islands

text: The Magdalen Islands Airport, at Havre-aux-Maisons, offers scheduled air service to the mainland of Quebec and, seasonally, to the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Under the Cherry Moon is a 1986 romantic musical comedy-drama film starring Prince and marking his directorial debut. The film also stars former The Time member Jerome Benton, Steven Berkoff, Kristin Scott Thomas (in her feature film debut), and Francesca Annis. Though the film underperformed both critically and commercially, winning five Golden Raspberry Awards and tying with "Howard the Duck" for Worst Picture, the soundtrack album, "Parade", sold over a million copies and achieved platinum status.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Christopher Tracy (Prince) and his friend, Tricky (Jerome Benton), are gigolos, originally from Miami, who live on the French Riviera. Christopher works as a piano player at the Venus de Milo nightclub in Nice and, along with Tricky, spends his days identifying rich women to target in order to gain large amounts of money via marriage. At the beginning of the film, Christopher is in an informal relationship with wealthy divorced spinster Mrs. Wellington (Francesca Annis), while Tricky is romantically involved with their landlady, Katy (Emmanuelle Sallet), who is threatening to toss them out onto the streets unless they pay two months of back rent.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: One day, while reading the front page of the local newspaper, Tricky notices that Mary Sharon, the wealthy daughter of shipping magnate Isaac Sharon, is due to have her 21st birthday and thus inherit a $50 million trust fund established by her father. Deciding that Mary will make a suitable next target, they both gatecrash the 21st birthday party, which is being held at the Sharon Estate. Christopher catches the attention of Mary, but quickly learns that she is engaged to Jonathan, an employee of her father's. Her father has arranged the planned engagement to consolidate the fortunes of two powerful families together.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Mary rejects Christopher at the party and both he and Tricky are thrown out by bouncers. She visits Christopher the following day at the nightclub where he works and delivers a message from Mrs. Wellington to visit her house later that evening. Christopher visits Mrs. Wellington, but realizes that the arrangement is a setup, as she is having an affair with Mary's father.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Christopher and Tricky meet with Mary at an exclusive restaurant, where they both mock her privileged upbringing and lack of street sensibility. Christopher performs "Girls & Boys", but the song is interrupted when Isaac Sharon, alerted to Mary's presence by a maître d', takes her home. Mary is humiliated at the way her father still controls her life and vows to become her own woman.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Both Christopher and Tricky start to genuinely fall in love with Mary, but realize that, if they continue to pursue her, they will be dealt with severely by her father, who has been using his bodyguards to trace them. Christopher and Tricky try to sneak into Mary's bedroom late one night, but accidentally disturb her mother Muriel instead before running off.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: When Christopher fails to show for a meeting with Tricky, due to meeting Mary at a nearby racecourse, Tricky gets drunk and reveals to Mary their scam in order to get her money. Hurt by the revelation, she confronts her mother about the hypocrisy on which she was raised, and they decide to immediately leave France to visit Jonathan in New York. Mrs. Wellington meets Christopher and tells him that Isaac Sharon will pay him $100,000 to stay away from his daughter; an incensed Christopher writes a classic obscenity on it, hands it back and is ready to leave when she tells him Mary is leaving at midnight on the family plane for New York. As he pulls off, she wishes him good luck. He wins Mary back at the airport after the two passionately argue with each other.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Isaac Sharon, now aware that Mary is in love with Christopher, alerts the Chief of Police and harbor patrol and orders them to locate both his daughter and her lover immediately. The harbor patrol quickly locates them and a marksman fatally shoots Christopher. As a distraught Tricky falls to his knees in prayer, Mary goes to the dock and cradles Christopher, who dies happily in Mary's arms whilst Isaac, Tricky and Katy look on. When Isaac arrives to take Mary home, she says she is going with Christopher and accompanies the patrol boat, leaving Isaac alone on the dock.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: In the film's epilogue, it is revealed that Tricky has moved back to Miami with Katy and is now in charge of his own apartment complex, which has been bought for him by Mary, now his investor. In a letter to Tricky delivered by Katy, Mary reveals that she is moving on with her life, but will never forget Christopher as long as she lives.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Following the huge success of "Purple Rain" and Prince becoming one of the biggest stars in the world, the musician had pretty much carte-blanche when developing ideas for a new film and the studio green-lit the project without even having seen a script, expecting another success like its predecessor. With no experience as scriptwriter, Becky Johnson from New York was assigned to develop a screenplay. Despite her lack of experience Prince and the studio were willing to take a leap of faith based upon a test screenplay she wrote.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Prince wanted the film to be a romantic comedy with a 1930s vibe set in an exotic location like Palm Beach, Miami or Capri. The idea was then born to shoot the film in France and in mid-June 1985 Prince together with his manager Steve Fargnoli and tour manager Alan Leeds flew to France to scout locations and meet with potential cast. After visiting the French Riviera, Prince decided he wanted to shoot the film there. Scenes used in the movie were filmed at Les Salons De La Rotonde in Beaulieu-sur-Mer.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Prince wanted Jean-Baptiste Mondino to direct, but when he was unavailable, video director Mary Lambert was recruited. German cinematographer Michael Ballhaus was hired as director of photography.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Filming started at the Victorine Studios in Nice, France on September 14, 1985, directed by Mary Lambert, the director behind some of Madonna's and Janet Jackson's most popular music videos, but after disagreements about the film's direction, she left the production on November 4 after 16 days of filming and Prince took over directing himself. Lambert is listed as a creative consultant in the film's credits. Prince was able to take over the production as it was being filmed in Europe and thus did not fall afoul of the Directors Guild of America who veto directors being fired in favor of lead performers taking over their duties.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: The cast was also changed during pre-production. Prince originally had planned to have Susannah Melvoin (sister of Revolution member Wendy Melvoin, as well as Prince's girlfriend at the time) play Mary Sharon, but it was clear she couldn't act and Prince replaced her with Kristin Scott Thomas (in her feature debut).


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: The film was conceived by Prince as being filmed in black and white, but Warner Brothers had concerns that this would reduce its commercial appeal, so a deal was struck where the film would be shot on color stock but processed into black and white in post-production. None of the color footage has yet emerged with the exception of the music videos for "Mountains" which is the same as the end credits sequence in the picture but kept in its original colored format.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: "Under the Cherry Moon", along with its soundtrack album, marked the first of many recorded collaborations between Prince and jazz keyboardist/composer-arranger Clare Fischer, whose orchestral arrangements had by this time become highly demanded by pop and R&B acts, stemming from his initial arrangements for Rufus and Chaka Khan in the early 1970s. Appearing in the credits as "Orchestra Composed and Arranged by...," Fischer's contribution was further acknowledged by Prince in both the film's closing titles and the album's liner notes:


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: The film also includes several pieces of music that were not on the Parade album. The opening introduction scene features a piano accompaniment (later credited as "An Honest Man" although it is not related to the acapella track of the same name included on the Crystal Ball compilation). The scene where Mary and Christopher dance on the restaurant balcony was accompanied by "Alexa De Paris", later featured as a B-Side on the 1986 release of Mountains and 1993 single Letitgo. The single release of Kiss includes "Love or Money" which is featured later in the film as Tricky and Christopher go on a shopping spree with Mary. Excerpts from the opening of Jill Jones' single Mia Bocca are included during the scenes at Mary's birthday party. The song Old Friends 4 Sale is featured near the end of the movie and would later lend its name to an outtakes album released in 1999 which also featured it in a more orchestrated version than the original ()


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: "Under the Cherry Moon" failed to gain any breakout audience, regardless of much pre-publicity including a special MTV premiere in Sheridan, Wyoming. It was held there after a fan won a contest to have the film shown in her hometown. The film earned $3,150,924 in its opening weekend from 976 venues, ranking #11 at the domestic box office (according to the Daily Variety Chart), and the fourth-highest among the weekend's new releases. At the end of its run, the film's final domestic gross was $10,090,429.


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: The film received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it currently holds a 36% score based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 3.86/10. The site's consensus states: ""Under the Cherry Moon" may satisfy the most rabid Prince fans, but everyone else will be better served with this vanity project's far superior soundtrack."


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: Siskel & Ebert gave them film "Two Thumbs Down" on their review show, later including it on their Worst of 1986 list. Ebert commented on the Worst of 1986 show that "the film achieves a nice glossy black and white look and then never figures out what to do with it".


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: In 2016, Peter Sobczynski, writing for Roger Ebert's website, reappraised "Under the Cherry Moon", calling it a better film than "Purple Rain", and stating that the film's contemporaneous negative reception had been due to people expecting it to resemble "Purple Rain".


title: Under the Cherry Moon

text: "Under the Cherry Moon" was first released on DVD on February 8, 2005. The film was released on Blu-ray for the first time on October 4, 2016, separately in a purple case and as part of the Prince Movie Collection.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: "Bite Me" is a song by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne. It was released on November 10, 2021, through Elektra Records and as Lavigne's debut on Travis Barker's label DTA Records. It is the lead single from Lavigne's seventh studio album, "Love Sux" (2022). The song was noted by critics as a return to Lavigne's pop-punk roots. The song peaked at number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100 and number 61 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: Canadian pop punk artist Avril Lavigne released her sixth studio album, "Head Above Water", on February 15, 2019, through BMG. The album was inspired by the two years during which Lavigne suffered from Lyme disease, which left her mostly bedridden and unable to perform. That September, Lavigne embarked on a North American tour in support of "Head Above Water", her first such tour in five years. A European tour, originally set to begin in early 2020, had to be rescheduled for 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: While quarantined at home during the pandemic, Lavigne told "American Songwriter" that she had begun working on new music, which she hoped to release sometime in 2021. That December, Lavigne posted a photo on Instagram of her in a recording studio with Mod Sun and Machine Gun Kelly, leading to speculation that the trio was working on music together. "Flames", a Mod Sun song featuring Lavigne, was released on January 8, 2021. The following month, Lavigne confirmed on Instagram that she had finished working on her new album, and that she would release new music that summer. Producer John Feldmann, known for his work with bands such as Blink-182, All Time Low, and Goldfinger, meanwhile, confirmed to "Wall of Sound" that he had been working with Lavigne and that her new album would bring "back her pop punk roots".


title: Bite Me (song)

text: "Bite Me" is a pop punk song that has drawn comparisons to Lavigne's earlier studio albums "Let Go" (2002) and "The Best Damn Thing" (2007), as well as to the band Paramore. The song is written in the key of E-flat major, with a tempo of 170 beats per minute. Lyrically, Lavigne describes "Bite Me" as "an anthem about knowing your worth, what you deserve, and not giving someone a second chance who doesn't deserve you". Lavigne also described the track as a "super sassy" response to a romantic partner who realizes they made a mistake, only to be rejected when they attempt to reconcile.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: The song was noted by several publications to mark Lavigne's return to the pop punk genre; with "NME" referring to it as a "pop-punk takedown of an ex", and "Billboard" describing it as a "guitar- and drum-heavy track" which "features Lavigne raging at her former lover for failing to treat her properly, promising that they'll always regret being kicked out of her life."


title: Bite Me (song)

text: "Bite Me" was announced on November 5, 2021, when Lavigne posted the pre-save link together with the single's cover on Instagram and Twitter. On November 6, Lavigne posted a rehearsal video of her and Travis Barker with an audio snippet of the song on her social media.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: "Bite Me" received critical acclaim upon its release, with George Griffiths of Official Charts Company describing it as a "confident return to form for pop punk's reigning motherf**king princess" remarking that "it's a lovely surprise to hear just how fresh Avril sounds. Her voice is crisp and clear on the song's chorus; like she hasn't aged a day since she first dropped 'Complicated'." Writing for "The A.V. Club", Tatiana Tenreyro opined that the song is "the closest to the Lavigne her early fans fell in love with at the beginning of her career. Not only is it a big return to pop punk, but it also sounds delightfully nostalgic." Reviewing for "Gay Times", Conor Clark compared "Bite Me" to Lavigne's third studio album "The Best Damn Thing" (2007), and remarked that "Avril's fierce new song is a reminder of why she is and always will be the Queen of Pop Punk."


title: Bite Me (song)

text: Worldwide "Bite Me" debuted at number 133 on the "Billboard" Global 200 chart, it was Lavigne's first song to enter the chart.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: In Canada, "Bite Me" debuted at number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart, it was certified Gold in Canada with 40,000 units sold. "Bite Me" was Lavigne's first lead single to not enter the US "Billboard" Hot 100, but it peaked at number 20 on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. and peaked at number 13 on the US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart. In the United Kingdom, "Bite Me" debuted at number 61 on the UK Singles Chart. "Bite Me" was certified Gold in Brazil with 20,000 units sold.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: The Hannah Lux Davis-directed music video was released on November 12, 2021. The music video debuted at number five on the Myx International Top 20 music videos chart.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: The video for the acoustic version, directed by Mod Sun and Charlie Zwick, was released on December 17, 2021 and it featured John Feldmann and his wife Amy as doctor and nurse respectively. In it, Lavigne arrives at the dentist office and enters the room, while the doctor takes a break, to pull out all the patient's teeth which are then used to make a necklace.


title: Bite Me (song)

text: Lavigne performed "Bite Me" for the first time on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" on November 10, 2021, with drummer Travis Barker of Blink-182. Lavigne also did an interview with Corden about her new single "Bite Me", her upcoming seventh studio album, and her upcoming 2022 concert tour. On November 23, 2021, she performed the single on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". On November 30, 2021, Lavigne performed the single on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" with drummer Travis Barker, it was her first appearance on the show since 2007. On December 31, 2021 Lavigne performed the single on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve party as the last performance of that year. On January 16, 2022 Lavigne performed "Bite Me" during her surprise set at IHeart Alter Ego festival, along with her smash hits "Girlfriend, My Happy Ending and Sk8er Boi". Lavigne also performed the single on Japanese TV show Music Station on February 11, 2022.


title: French tacos

text: A French tacos ( , or commonly "tacos") or matelas (French for "mattress") is a fast food dish which usually consists of a flour tortilla grilled and folded around a filling of French fries, cheese, and meat, among other deli ingredients. More similar to a burrito than to a taco, and claiming inspiration from Mexican cuisine, it originated from the region of Rhône-Alpes in France in the early 2000s, before becoming popular among teenagers and young adults in all of France and abroad.


title: French tacos

text: Despite the name, the French tacos has little to do with tacos and is more similar to a burrito or quesadilla. French tacos have also been compared to the panini and the döner kebab sandwich, and is similar to the California burrito.


title: French tacos

text: The tacos consists of a flour tortilla wrapped or folded in a rectangular shape around a filling which usually includes:


title: French tacos

text: Many different recipes exist, and it is common for French tacos restaurants to deliver made to order products by letting customers choose à la carte from the aforementioned ingredients. Meat-free variants also exist.


title: French tacos

text: Most French tacos made in France are marketed as halal-certified, and as such do not contain pork, in order to accommodate Muslim customers.


title: French tacos

text: A newsletter of Vaulx-en-Velin described it as "In short, a rather successful marriage between panini, kebab, and burrito".


title: French tacos

text: There are conflicting accounts about the exact origin of the French tacos. According to Moroccan magazine TelQuel, it was invented in the mid-2000s by Moroccan-born brothers Abdelhadi and Mohammed Moubarek as they were running a kebab shop in Savoy. French documentary series , on the other hand, credits Mohamed Soualhi, founder of the chain Tacos Avenue (formerly Tacos King) with inventing the sandwich in Lyon in the late 2000s. However, Soualhi himself, as well as other sources, have affirmed that "French tacos" were first sighted in fast food restaurants in the city of Vaulx-en-Velin near Lyon in the early 2000s.


title: French tacos

text: By the late 2000s, French tacos had become popular among teenagers and young adults in Rhône-Alpes. Years later, their popularity spread to the rest of France as dedicated chains ran massive ad campaigns, with the help of social media and celebrity endorsements.


title: French tacos

text: In 2013, the Moubarek brothers opened the first French-tacos-dedicated restaurant in Morocco, "Tacos de Lyon" in Mers Sultan. The sandwich later became popular among young adults in the major cities of the Kingdom. Similar restaurants were opened in other countries such as Senegal.


title: French tacos

text: There was a negative reception from some Mexicans in France saying that French tacos were inappropriate cultural appropriation.


title: French tacos

text: The origin of the name "French tacos" is subject to as much speculation as the sandwich itself. Daniel Shkolnik of Vice describes the naming as "tacos" as "a kind of marketing bait-and-switch, drawing people with the promise of a Mexican culinary icon and then selling them something completely different." As its popularity grew, the sandwich was gradually branded as "tacos français" to tell it apart from the original taco. In turn, the taco is sometimes referred to in France as "Mexican taco" () to emphasize the difference between the two dishes.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: The 2017 Survivor Series was the 31st annual Survivor Series professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on November 19, 2017, at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas. After the 2016 event had several interpromotional matches between the two brands, the theme of the 2017 event became brand supremacy, and every match of the main card involved wrestlers of the Raw brand facing wrestlers of the SmackDown brand.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Ten matches were contested at the event, including three on the Kickoff pre-show. The card was highlighted by two traditional Survivor Series elimination matches: Team Raw's men defeated Team SmackDown's in the main event, and Team Raw's women also defeated Team SmackDown's. The champions of each brand faced their counterparts in non-title matches; except for SmackDown's WWE Champion AJ Styles, who lost to Raw's Universal Champion Brock Lesnar, all SmackDown champions were victorious. Also on the main card, Raw's The Shield (Roman Reigns, Seth Rollins, and Dean Ambrose) defeated SmackDown's The New Day (Big E, Kofi Kingston, and Xavier Woods), which was also The Shield's first match together since Payback in June 2014. Raw won brand supremacy by winning four of the seven matches on the main card. On the pre-show, which consisted of non-interbrand matches, Enzo Amore defeated Kalisto to retain Raw's WWE Cruiserweight Championship in what was the only title match of the night.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Survivor Series is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network event, produced every November by WWE since 1987. The second longest running pay-per-view event in history (behind WWE's WrestleMania), it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, and SummerSlam, referred to as the "Big Four". The event is traditionally characterized by having Survivor Series matches, which are tag team elimination matches that typically pits teams of four or five wrestlers against each other. In 2016, WWE reintroduced the brand extension, again splitting the roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. Subsequently, the 2016 event featured several interpromotional matches to determine which was the better brand, similar to the previous Bragging Rights pay-per-view. This was the genesis for the theme of Survivor Series 2017, which was brand supremacy. The 31st event in the Survivor Series chronology, it was scheduled to be held November 19, 2017, at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: As part of the brand supremacy theme, the 2017 event had traditional Survivor Series matches between the two brands. It also featured every champion of the Raw brand facing their counterpart of the SmackDown brand in non-title matches: Raw's Universal Champion against SmackDown's WWE Champion, the Raw Women's Champion against the SmackDown Women's Champion, Raw's Intercontinental Champion against SmackDown's United States Champion, and the Raw Tag Team Champions against the SmackDown Tag Team Champions. As the Raw brand's WWE Cruiserweight Championship was the only title of its kind in WWE, it was the only title to be defended, which occurred on the Survivor Series Kickoff pre-show.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: The card comprised ten matches, including three on the Kickoff pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches, with results predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands. Storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw", "SmackDown Live", and the cruiserweight-exclusive "205 Live".


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: At Raw's pay-per-view No Mercy, Brock Lesnar defeated Braun Strowman to retain the Universal Championship, while at SmackDown's Hell in a Cell pay-per-view, Jinder Mahal retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura. On the October 17 episode of "SmackDown", Mahal said that he had defeated every worthy opponent on the SmackDown roster and that at Survivor Series, he wanted to face Raw's top champion, Brock Lesnar; this challenge was made prior to the official announcement that all of Raw's champions would face their SmackDown counterparts. AJ Styles took exception to Mahal's claim and challenged Mahal for the WWE Championship. Mahal said that Styles was a joke, and Styles attacked Mahal and The Singh Brothers (Samir and Sunil Singh). Backstage, Mahal confronted SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan about the incident, and said that one of The Singh Brothers should make Styles pay and Bryan agreed; Styles defeated both Sunil and Samir, respectively, on the following two episodes. On the October 23 episode of "Raw", Lesnar and his advocate Paul Heyman laughed at Mahal's challenge but accepted nevertheless. On the November 7 episode of "SmackDown", Styles defeated Mahal to win the WWE Championship, thus replacing Mahal as Lesnar's opponent at Survivor Series. Lesnar and Heyman appeared on "Raw" the following week to address Lesnar's new opponent, stating that Styles was the ultimate underdog, but that Lesnar was the number one champion in WWE history. The following night on "SmackDown", Styles and Bryan mocked Lesnar and Heyman, and said that Styles would overcome Lesnar.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Intercontinental Champion The Miz kept his spot in the Survivor Series match by retaining his title against Matt Hardy on the October 30 episode of "Raw". Baron Corbin also kept his spot by retaining the United States Championship against Sin Cara on the November 14 episode of "SmackDown". Also on the October 30 episode of "Raw", Alexa Bliss retained the Raw Women's Championship against Mickie James, keeping her in the Survivor Series match against the SmackDown Women's Champion; her opponent was originally Natalya, but was changed to Charlotte Flair, who defeated Natalya for the title on the November 14 episode of "SmackDown". On the November 6 episode of "Raw", Cesaro and Sheamus defeated Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins to become the Raw Tag Team Champions, thus making them the champions for the Survivor Series match against The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) who, despite losing by count-out, retained their SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Chad Gable and Shelton Benjamin on the November 7 episode of "SmackDown".


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: As Raw General Manager Kurt Angle was about to reveal the members for Team Raw's men's team on the October 23 episode of "Raw", SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon with several SmackDown wrestlers came through the crowd. They proceeded to the backstage area and attacked the wrestlers of Raw. The following night on "SmackDown", SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan was surprised that Angle and members of the Raw brand did not invade SmackDown, but warned Shane that they would eventually show up for retribution. That same episode, Team SmackDown's men's team got its first member when Randy Orton qualified by defeating Sami Zayn. The following week, Shane made himself the captain of Team SmackDown and explained their invasion of Raw, stating that SmackDown had always been looked at as the inferior brand. He also said that Raw would pay for injuring Bryan, who Kane had attacked with a chokeslam the previous night on "Raw". Later that episode, Bobby Roode and Shinsuke Nakamura qualified for the team by defeating Dolph Ziggler and Kevin Owens, respectively. The last spot for Team SmackDown was originally going to be determined the following week in a match between AJ Styles and Rusev, but that match was canceled after Styles was scheduled to face Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship that episode. Rusev instead faced Orton to qualify, but failed to defeat him. The following day on Twitter, Shane named free agent John Cena the final member of Team SmackDown.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon made her return on the October 30 episode of "Raw" and confronted Kurt Angle; her last appearance as Raw's Commissioner was at WrestleMania 33. She said that SmackDown's invasion was an embarrassment to Angle and the entire Raw locker room. She then gave Angle the opportunity to redeem himself by naming Angle the captain of Team Raw's men's team. However, she said that if Team Raw were to lose at Survivor Series, Angle would be fired as the Raw General Manager. Afterwards on Twitter, Angle named Braun Strowman as his first pick for Team Raw. The following week, after their match ended in a double count-out, Samoa Joe and Finn Bálor were both added to Team Raw by Angle. Later that episode, Angle named Jason Jordan as the final member of Team Raw. The very next week, however, Stephanie disagreed with Angle's final pick and said that she wanted to decimate SmackDown. Later in the show, Jordan was (storyline) injured by a returning Bray Wyatt, and rendered unable to compete by Angle. Jordan begged Angle to not remove him from the Survivor Series match. Angle could not bring himself to do it, after which, Chief Operating Officer Triple H returned (his first appearance on "Raw" since WrestleMania 33), attacked Jordan with a "Pedigree", and declared himself Jordan's replacement. The following night on "SmackDown", during a tag team match between The New Day and Owens and Zayn, Raw invaded SmackDown by attacking the roster. After everyone was taken out, Shane McMahon was attacked, suffering an Angle Slam by Angle and two Triple Powerbombs by The Shield.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Team Raw's women's team began to take shape also on the October 23 episode of "Raw". A triple threat match between Alicia Fox, Bayley, and Sasha Banks was scheduled to determine the captain for Team Raw, which was won by Fox. The following week, Fox was originally scheduled to face Bayley, but as Team Raw's captain, she instead had Nia Jax face Bayley, which Jax won. After the match, Fox chose Jax as her first pick for Team Raw. Fox then added Asuka to the team after the latter defeated enhancement talent Stacy Coates. Later, she added Banks to the team after Banks and Bayley defeated Fox and Jax in a tag team match. Bayley won the final spot on Team Raw by defeating Dana Brooke and Mickie James in a triple threat match on the November 13 episode of "Raw". On the October 24 episode of "SmackDown", Becky Lynch, Carmella, Charlotte Flair, Naomi, and Tamina were named as the five members of Team SmackDown's women's team; Becky Lynch became captain by defeating the other four in a fatal five-way match. The following week, Becky said that Team SmackDown needed to be ready if Raw were to invade them. Then-SmackDown Women's Champion Natalya interrupted and said it was unfortunate that she was not the captain, but would defeat Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss. She also said that Lynch needed to find who the weak link was on their team. Flair was then removed from the team after winning the SmackDown Women's Championship, and she was replaced by former champion Natalya.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: On the November 6 episode of "Raw", during Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins' Raw Tag Team Championship defense against Cesaro and Sheamus, SmackDown's The New Day (Big E, Kofi Kingston, and Xavier Woods) appeared in the crowd to make Raw believe that SmackDown were invading them again. General Manager Kurt Angle signaled for the Raw locker to go after The New Day. During the distraction, Sheamus pinned Rollins to win the Raw Tag Team Championship for him and Cesaro. Roman Reigns, who had been out with an illness, returned the following week and The Shield challenged The New Day to a six-man tag team match at Survivor Series, which was made official. The following night on "SmackDown", The Shield invaded SmackDown during New Day's tag team match against Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn. Owens and Zayn bailed while The Shield attacked The New Day.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: At Raw's pay-per-view , Enzo Amore defeated Kalisto to recapture the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. Kalisto invoked his championship rematch on the following episode of "205 Live", but Amore retained after he was disqualified for attacking the referee. Kalisto then attacked Amore out of anger. The following week on "Raw", Kalisto defeated Drew Gulak, who had Amore in his corner. After the match, Amore attacked Kalisto with the "JawdonZo". Another rematch between the two for the Cruiserweight Championship was scheduled for the Survivor Series Kickoff pre-show.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: On November 19, just prior to the event, WWE scheduled two non-interpromotional matches for the Survivor Series Kickoff pre-show: Raw's Elias and Matt Hardy were scheduled to face each other, and SmackDown's tag teams Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn and Breezango (Fandango and Tyler Breeze) were scheduled for a match.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Three matches were contested on the Survivor Series Kickoff pre-show. In the first match, Elias faced Matt Hardy. In the end, Elias threw Hardy into the ring post and performed a "Drift Away" on Hardy to win the match.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Next, Enzo Amore defended the WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Kalisto. In the climax, Kalisto hit an exposed turnbuckle which allowed Amore to perform the "JawdonZo" on Kalisto to retain the title.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: In the last pre-show match, Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn faced Breezango (Fandango and Tyler Breeze). Owens performed a pop-up powerbomb on Fandango to win the match.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with The Shield facing The New Day. During the match, Woods performed a Double "Midnight Hour" on Rollins and Ambrose, who were on top of Big E's shoulders. Reigns performed a spear on Kingston. Ambrose countered a clothesline attempt by Big E with a "Dirty Deeds". In the end, Ambrose, Reigns, and Rollins performed the triple powerbomb from the second rope on Kingston followed by Ambrose pinning Kingston to win the match, opening the event with 1-0 for Raw.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Next, Team Raw (Alicia Fox, Sasha Banks, Bayley, Asuka, and Nia Jax) faced Team SmackDown (Becky Lynch, Naomi, Carmella, Natalya, and Tamina) in a 5-on-5 elimination match. The team captains, Fox and Lynch, started the match. Bayley tagged in and eliminated Lynch with a roll-up. Carmella performed a superkick on Bayley followed by a "Samoan Splash" by Tamina to eliminate Bayley. Tamina attacked Jax with a crossbody and performed a "Samoan Splash" off the steel steps on Jax: Jax was unable to answer the referee's ten count and was eliminated. Naomi reversed a "Tilt-a-Whirl Backbraker" from Fox into a Sitout Pin, to eliminate Fox. Banks applied the "Bank Statement" on Naomi to eliminate her. Asuka performed a roundhousekick on Carmella to eliminate her. Natalya applied the "Sharpshooter" on Banks to eliminate her. Asuka applied an armbar on Tamina to eliminate her and then applied the "Asuka Lock" on Natalya to eliminate her to win the match, leaving Asuka as the sole survivor of Team Raw and still undefeated in her WWE career and moving the score up to 2-0 for Raw.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Next, Intercontinental Champion The Miz faced United States Champion Baron Corbin. In the end, Corbin countered a roundhouse kick by Miz and performed the "End of Days" on The Miz to win the match. SmackDown gained its first point, making the score 2-1.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: After that, Raw Tag Team Champions Cesaro and Sheamus faced SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Usos. In the end, Jey performed the "Samoan Splash" on Sheamus to win the match, tying the score at 2-2.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: In the fourth match, Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss faced SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair. In the end, Flair applied the "Figure Eight" on Bliss and Bliss tapped out, with SmackDown taking the lead of 3-2.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: After that, Universal Champion Brock Lesnar faced WWE Champion AJ Styles. In the end, Styles applied the "Calf Crusher" on Lesnar only for Lesnar to slam Styles' head into the mat to release the hold. Styles performed a Pele Kick and a "Phenomenal Forearm" on Lesnar for a nearfall. As Styles attempted another "Phenomenal Forearm", Lesnar caught him in midair and executed the "F-5" on Styles to win the match, tying the score at 3-3.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: In the main event, Team Raw (Kurt Angle, Braun Strowman, Finn Bálor, Samoa Joe, and Triple H) battled Team SmackDown (Shane McMahon, Randy Orton, Bobby Roode, Shinsuke Nakamura, and John Cena) in a 5-on-5 elimination match, with the stipulation being that if Team Raw were to lose, Angle would be fired as Raw General Manager. Strowman pinned both Nakamura and Roode after running powerslams. Joe and Bálor began to argue which allowed Cena to perform "Attitude Adjustments" on both, eliminating Joe by pinfall. Angle performed an "Angle Slam" on Cena only for Shane to break the cover. Cena was eliminated following a "Coup de Gráce" from Bálor and another "Angle Slam" from Angle. Orton countered a "Coup de Gráce" from Bálor and performed an "RKO" on Bálor for a pinfall. Shane was then attacked by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn but managed to fight them off with a chair. Strowman pinned Orton after a running powerslam, leaving Shane as the last member of Team SmackDown. In the end, as Angle had Shane in the "Angle Lock", Triple H turned on Angle, performed a "Pedigree" on Angle and placed Shane on top of Angle to eliminate him. Triple H then performed a Pedigree on Shane and pinned him to win the match for Team Raw. After the match, a confused Strowman grabbed Triple H by the throat and warned him to never try something like that again. As Triple H attempted to attack Strowman from behind, Strowman retaliated with two running powerslams. As a result of the final match, Angle kept his position as Raw General Manager and Raw won brand supremacy 4-3.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: The following night's "Raw" opened with Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon gloating about Raw defeating SmackDown at Survivor Series. She said that Kurt Angle's job as the Raw General Manager was secure, and then introduced "the man responsible for [Raw's] victory", her husband and COO Triple H. Before Triple H could speak, Angle interrupted and said that if Triple H were to ever attack him from behind again, he did not care about his job and would be coming for Triple H. Jason Jordan then came out and challenged Triple H to a match. Angle had him back down. Jordan said that Triple H was afraid and Stephanie retorted that Triple H was afraid of no one. Braun Strowman came out and confronted Triple H, who retreated. Stephanie then scheduled Jordan to face Strowman. The match ended in a no contest after Kane attacked Strowman. Kane and Strowman continued to feud over the next month, and it was decided that Brock Lesnar would defend the Universal Championship against Kane and Strowman in a triple threat match at the Royal Rumble, which Lesnar won to retain his title.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: The Miz addressed his loss to United States Champion Baron Corbin and said that Corbin had the biggest victory of his career, but Miz was on the A-show. He then introduced his guest for "Miz TV", Roman Reigns, who was accompanied by both Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins. Miz said his segment was with Reigns, not the entire Shield. The Shield said that at Survivor Series, they proved that they were the most dominant three-man team in WWE history. Miz said that he deserved a "thank you" as it was because of him that The Shield reunited. Miz then gloated that he was a champion, holding up his Intercontinental Championship. Ambrose and Rollins said they would eventually recapture the Raw Tag Team Championship from Cesaro and Sheamus, and Reigns challenged The Miz for the Intercontinental Championship. In the main event, Reigns defeated Miz for the title, also becoming a Triple Crown Champion and a Grand Slam Champion in the process. The Miz regained the title in a rematch on the "Raw 25th Anniversary" episode on January 22, 2018; he also announced his participation in the 2018 Royal Rumble match just prior to that episode of "Raw".


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: Samoa Joe and Finn Bálor tried to settle their Survivor Series differences in a match, which Joe won when Bálor passed out to the "Coquina Clutch". Elias came out to play a song and bragged about defeating Matt Hardy, who then attacked Elias. Bálor also formed the Bálor Club with Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson (all three being former members of New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Bullet Club of which Bálor was the original leader), and Matt became "Woken" Matt Hardy (WWE's version of "Broken" Matt Hardy from TNA) and started a feud with Bray Wyatt.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: In the women's division, Raw's sole survivor Asuka had a match with Dana Brooke, who blamed Asuka for her not being on Team Raw at Survivor Series. Asuka subsequently defeated Dana. Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss talked about her match against SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair, stating that she only had five days to prepare, but said she took Charlotte to her limits. She was then interrupted by Mickie James, Bayley, Sasha Banks, and Alicia Fox, who each wanted a shot at the Raw Women's Championship. A fatal four-way match between them to determine the number one contender ended in a no contest after being attacked by the returning Paige and the debuts of NXT’s Mandy Rose & Sonya Deville, who would later be known as Absolution. On the December 18 episode of "Raw", the first women's Royal Rumble match, involving wrestlers from both Raw and SmackDown, was scheduled for the 2018 Royal Rumble.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: On the following episode of "SmackDown", SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon addressed Survivor Series. He stated that despite their loss, SmackDown would no longer be considered the B-show. He then called out Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn and was about to fire them for the attack at Survivor Series, when General Manager Daniel Bryan instead decided to have Owens and Zayn face The New Day, who they had bailed on the previous week, in a lumberjack match. When a brawl broke out ringside, Zayn and Owens capitalized on the distraction and defeated The New Day. Backstage, Owens begged for Bryan not to fire them and Bryan said he would not. Owens and Zayn were subsequently scheduled to fight for their jobs against Randy Orton and Shinsuke Nakamura in a tag team match at Clash of Champions, with Shane and Bryan as guest referees. Owens and Zayn won, keeping their jobs, and continued to feud with Shane McMahon.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: WWE Champion AJ Styles congratulated Brock Lesnar for his victory and accepted Jinder Mahal's challenge, who invoked his championship rematch for Clash of Champions. Styles was then attacked by The Singh Brothers, but fought them off. Styles defeated them in a handicap match the following week and went on to win at Clash of Champions.


title: Survivor Series (2017)

text: In the women's division, Natalya invoked her championship rematch against Charlotte Flair for the SmackDown Women's Championship. Their match ended in a no contest after they were attacked by NXT's Ruby Riott, Liv Morgan, and Sarah Logan, who made their main roster debut as The Riott Squad. The trio had also attacked Naomi and Becky Lynch backstage earlier in the night. At Clash of Champions, Charlotte defeated Natalya in a lumberjack match to retain her title.


title: Victory Party (Turkey)

text: The Victory Party (, ZP) is a right-wing to far-right, nationalist, anti-immigrant and Kemalist political party in Turkey founded on August 26, 2021 under the leadership of Ümit Özdağ. It is represented in the Grand National Assembly by a single MP, Özdağ himself.


title: Victory Party (Turkey)

text: The Victory Party is the continuation of the "Ayyıldız Movement" initiated by Ümit Özdağ, which became a youth movement after the establishment of the party. The founding petition of the party was submitted to the Ministry of the Interior on 26 August 2021 and then the party was officially established.


title: Victory Party (Turkey)

text: It was founded by Ümit Özdağ, due to his many disagreements with other Turkish parties, including corruption allegaions against other parties, the general and demographic effects of the ruling AKP's refugee policies (which the Victory Paty calls "strategic immigration engineering"), the anti-democratic approaches by the IYI Party, and his feuds with the MHP and the modern CHP. In Özdağ's words, it was organized under the name of Ayyıldız Movement with the aim of "forming the motto of Turkish nationalism along the lines of Atatürk" and submitted its founding petition to the Ministry of Interior on August 26, 2021, when it was officially established.


title: Victory Party (Turkey)

text: The party leader Ümit Özdağ declared Ankara mayor Mansur Yavaş as the favorite candidate of the people "based on many contacts they made" and "called him for the duty" for 2023 presidential elections, although Yavaş is a member of the CHP. Yavaş stated the declaration was without his knowledge and consent, declaring not as a candidate for presidency. Ümit Özdağ confirmed that his statement was not with the consent of Mayor of Ankara, claiming 'It would be a plot if we informed Mansur Yavaş' (against the other opposition parties).


title: Victory Party (Turkey)

text: On May 5, 2022, Ümit Özdağ made a press statement against the Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu, who criticized him heavily in a television program, and stated that he would be in front of the Ministry of Interior building at 11:00 the next day and that he was waiting for Süleyman Soylu. Özdağ and the crowd went to the Ministry of Interior the next day, but were blocked by the police. The statements made by Özdağ in front of the Ministry and the statements he made to Soylu increased the visibility of the Zafer Party in the media.


title: Victory Party (Turkey)

text: On September 13, 2022, a banner with the inscription "domestic and national escobar" on the Victory Party's Fatih District Directorate building and a bald and halfless head image below was hung. The Prosecutor's Office removed this banner, stating that it "insulted a public official". It was not disclosed which public official was insulting.


title: Urmila Matondkar filmography

text: Urmila Matondkar is an Indian actress known for her work in Hindi films. She has appeared in over 60 films. She has been praised by the critics for her acting and dancing skills. She made her screen debut as a child artist in B.R. Chopra's "Karm" (1977), and later appeared in Shekhar Kapur's critically acclaimed "Masoom" (1983). After making her debut as the heroine in 1989 Malayalam thriller "Chanakyan", Urmila began a full-time acting career, with a leading role in the 1991 action "Narsimha". She rose to prominence with Ram Gopal Varma's blockbuster "Rangeela" (1995). Her portrayal of an aspiring actress, Mili Joshi, opposite Aamir Khan received praise from critics, and garnered her first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.


title: Urmila Matondkar filmography

text: In 1997, Urmila received a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama "Judaai". The following year, she starred in the crime drama "Satya", which has been cited as one of the greatest films of Indian cinema, for which she received another nomination for Best Actress. The same year, her dance performance in the item number "Chamma Chamma" from "China Gate" won her rave reviews. In 1999, she received praise for playing a psychopath in the thriller "Kaun" and a reserved girl in the romantic comedy "Khoobsurat", a box office success. Her other four releases of the year including "Jaanam Samjha Karo", and "Hum Tum Pe Marte Hain" were commercial failures. She played an obsessive lover in the 2001 romantic drama "Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya", which earned her a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role.


title: Urmila Matondkar filmography

text: From 2003 to 2005, Urmila starred in six consecutive films that garnered her widespread critical acclaim. In 2003, she played a possessed woman in the commercially successful horror film "Bhoot", which won her the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress. Later the same year, she starred in the drama "Tehzeeb" and the period drama "Pinjar", based on the partition of India. The role of a violent avenger in the 2004 neo-noir "Ek Hasina Thi" garnered her several Best Actress nominations, including Filmfare. In 2005, she starred in the horror "Naina" and the drama "Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara". This was followed by a series of commercial failures, including "Speed" (2007), and "Karzzzz" (2008). Her first leading role in Marathi cinema came with the 2014 drama "Ajoba", in which she played a wildlife photographer. In addition to her acting career, she has featured as a talent judge for Sony TV's "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Season 2", Colors' "Chak Dhoom Dhoom" and Zee Marathi's "Dance Maharashtra Dance".


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes S.A ("Gol Intelligent Airlines S.A." also known as VRG Linhas Aéreas S/A) is a Brazilian low-cost airline based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC), between January and December 2019 Gol had 37.7% of the domestic and 3.8% of the international market shares in terms of passengers per kilometer flown, making it the largest domestic and third largest international airline in Brazil.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: Gol competes in Brazil and other South American countries primarily with LATAM Brasil, and Azul. It also owns the brand Varig, although now that name refers to what is informally known as the "new" Varig, founded in 2006, not to the extinct "old" Varig airline, founded in 1927.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: Gol operates a growing domestic and international scheduled network. Its main hubs are São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão International Airport and Tancredo Neves International Airport near Belo Horizonte. Gol also has focus operations at Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont Airport, São Paulo-Congonhas Airport, Salgado Filho International Airport in Porto Alegre. Gol refers to itself as GOL Intelligent Airlines (GOL Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes in Portuguese) as a slogan. The company is traded on the New York Stock Exchange as "GOL Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes S.A.".


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: The company's name is a Brazilian Portuguese word borrowing from the English word "goal" from Association football. The company slogan is "Nova Gol. Novos tempos no ar." ; "New Gol, New times on air." .


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: The airline was established in 2000 and started operations on January 15, 2001 with a flight from Brasília to São Paulo. It is a subsidiary of the Brazilian conglomerate Grupo Áurea, based in Minas Gerais state, which has other transportation interests, including Brazil's largest long-distance bus company. Grupo Áurea in turn is owned by the Constantino family. Constantino Júnior was responsible for building the business next to the vice president of the company, David Barioni.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: In 2007, Gol was owned by AeroPar Participações (75.5%), Venture (17.6%), American International Group (5.4%) and Air France-KLM (1.5%). The growth in GOL's stock price made the Constantino family a member of the "Forbes" magazine billionaire list in 2005.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: In 2007, Gol was supposed to begin a code-share agreement with TAP Portugal, opening the European market to the Brazilian airline, and the internal Brazilian market to the Portuguese airline (the largest foreign airline in Brazil). Instead, TAP Portugal chose to cooperate with TAM Airlines.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On February 24, 2010 Gol announced it was in "advanced talks" to join the Oneworld alliance, which would allow it to catch up with rival TAM, a recent member of Star Alliance. However, on October 6, 2010, the airline announced a change in position by denying any interest in joining an alliance, preferring to remain independent and to establish a "patchwork of code-sharing agreements.". Following this trend, on September 28, 2011 Gol and Aerolíneas Argentinas announced the intention to implement a codeshare, feeder and frequent flyer programs agreement on a date yet to be announced and pending approval from the governments of Brazil and Argentina.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On March 18, 2010 Gol unveiled the expansion of its maintenance base located at Belo Horizonte/Confins - Tancredo Neves International Airport. Originally opened in 2006 with the capacity to service 60 aircraft per year (mainly Boeing 737 and 767), the expansion allowed Gol to increase the number to 120. Gol later started also using the base to service aircraft from other airlines, and as of 2013 it also serviced airplanes from Azul Brazilian Airlines and Copa Airlines.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On December 23, 2010, Gol Airlines started an operational partnership with Brazilian carrier Passaredo Linhas Aéreas. The agreement was rescinded on July 31, 2014, when Passaredo established a similar interline agreement with TAM Airlines instead.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On December 7, 2011, Gol announced the intention of Delta Air Lines to purchase 3% of its shares. The agreement also includes the creation of mutual code-share flights, alignment of frequent flyer benefits and transfer of GOL's Boeing 767s lease agreements to Delta.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On October 1, 2012, Gol confirmed a firm order of 60 Boeing 737 MAXs. References did not specify the type of MAX aircraft.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On October 6, 2012, Gol started seasonal operations to Miami and Orlando, available for Smiles account holders and originating in Brazil only. Technically, they are considered charter flights, although they are not necessarily part of an inclusive tour package; the use of miles or miles plus money is mandatory, as well as a minimum 7-day stay at the destination.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: In February 2014, Air France–KLM announced it would invest $100 million in Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes in advance of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympics.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: Some disagreement exists as to whether Gol is a low-cost carrier. In 2014, Gol was ranked the second best low-cost airline in South America after Azul. Gol refers to itself as a low-cost carrier, but it is increasingly not regarded as such. According to UFRJ specialist Elton Fernandes, "GOL's costs are not very different from those of TAM Airlines. People are accustomed to calling Gol low-cost, but Gol is not that. It is not even low-fare anymore.".


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On 26 September 2019, Delta announced that it will exit its minority stake in GOL, following Delta acquiring 20% stake of LATAM Airlines Group.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On March 28, 2007 Gol officially purchased part of the assets of VARIG - VRG Linhas Aéreas, informally known as the "new Varig," a new company that owned the Varig brand, for US$320 million from Volo Group and MatlinPatterson Global Opportunities hedge fund. At that time, the "old Varig" was under bankruptcy protection. Gol Linhas Aereas Inteligentes SA posted a first quarter loss of 3.5 million Reais (2 million US dollars) after revenues of 1.6 billion Reais (one billion US dollars).


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: Gol announced that the Varig brand would continue doing business operating as such, rather than its official name VRG Linhas Aéreas. The transaction, via its GTI subsidiary, required a US$98 million cash payment, with the balance through the allocation of non-voting shares to VARIG Logística and Volo, which had acquired VARIG in June 2006 for US$24 million. The transaction did not involve the original airline, informally known as "old Varig," which continued to exist until its own bankruptcy in mid-2010 under the name Flex Linhas Aéreas.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: In 2009 Gol was merged into VRG Linhas Aéreas. VRG Linhas Aéreas thus became an airline that operates two brands: Gol and Varig, although in reality flights are operated only under Gol flight numbers. Initially, the Varig brand operated to medium-haul scheduled and charter international destinations within South America and to the Caribbean with Boeing 737-700's configured in two classes, and to long-haul charter international destinations in North America, Europe and Africa with Boeing 767-300ERs configured in economy only. The latter were also used in wet-lease operations. This scheme was later dropped. The brand Gol operates most of the flights of the network, and had aircraft configured in all-economy class, used for scheduled domestic and international operations within South America.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: Because of contractual obligations, between 2006 and 2009 the "new Varig" (VRG Linhas Aéreas) was obliged to purchase a minimum of 140 hours/month of services from the "old Varig" (Flex Linhas Aéreas). Therefore, at that time, some of VRG Linhas Aéreas flights operated with Gol flight numbers but were actually flown with chartered aircraft from Flex Linhas Aéreas. The agreement ceased before the bankruptcy of Flex on August 20, 2010.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On July 9, 2011, VRG Linhas Aéreas, owner of the brands Gol and Varig, announced the intention to purchase full control of WebJet Linhas Aéreas. The purchase contract was signed on August 2, 2011. On October 10, 2012 the purchase received its final approval with some operational restrictions from the Brazilian regulatory agency. Services were integrated but both companies continued to operate independently for some weeks. Integration started on October 17, 2012 when sales requested via Webjet's web-portal started to be redirected to GOL's site. However, on November 23, 2012 Webjet abruptly ceased to operate and all services were incorporated by GOL. The Webjet brand ceased to exist. Gol also announced its intention to return all of Webjet's Boeing 737-300s to lessors until the end of the first quarter of 2013. There was no mention to the fate of Webjet's 737-800s.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On April 12, 2019, Gol announced an adapted Essential Air Service partnership with TwoFlex in which the latter would operate feeder services on behalf of Gol in the States of Amazonas, Pará and Mato Grosso using the Cessna 208 Caravan. The flights are marketed by Gol in its reservation platform but operated by TwoFlex and integrated into the network of Gol. This partnership greatly increased the number of Gol destinations in these three States. However, on 14 January 2020 Azul Brazilian Airlines signed an agreement to purchase Twoflex. On March 27, 2020 the Brazilian regulatory bodies gave the nihil obstat to the purchase and sale of flights started on April 14, 2020. thus ending the partnership.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On June 8, 2021 Gol Linhas Aéreas announced the purchase of MAP Linhas Aéreas from Voepass Linhas Aéreas. The transaction included 26 slots at São Paulo–Congonhas Airport belonging to MAP and Voepass. MAP's Amazonian operations and much of its fleet would be transferred to Voepass.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: Smiles is GOL/Varig's Frequent-flyer program since July 20, 2006. Points can be used for services from GOL/Varig, and partners Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeromexico, Air Canada, Air Europa, Air France, Alitalia, American Airlines, Avianca, British Airways, Copa Airlines, Emirates, Etihad, Iberia, KLM, Qatar Airways and TAP Air Portugal, including flights, upgrades, holidays, hotel stays and car rentals. Smiles was part of the "new Varig" package bought by GOL, which honored all miles and eventually became its own frequent-flyer program. Previously Gol had no such program.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: On a study conducted in 2011, Smiles ranked third among 24 chosen frequent flyer programs, with 97.1% success of requests made.


title: Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes

text: In 2013, Smiles was spun off as an independent company eventually leading to its IPO at BOVESPA in April 2013.


title: Penny Smith

text: Penelope Jane Smith (born 21 September 1958) is an English author, television presenter, newsreader and radio presenter. She has presented for Sky News, GMTV, Classic FM, BBC Radio London, TalkRadio and is a regular contributor to TalkTV launched in April 2022. Smith is a current presenter of the weekday drivetime show on Scala Radio who credits her favourite classical composer as Giacomo Puccini.


title: Penny Smith

text: Smith was born in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, and grew up in Rutland. She attended Uppingham Primary School in Uppingham and the Rutland High School for Girls (later Rutland College) in Oakham.


title: Penny Smith

text: Smith began her career as a reporter and feature writer on the "Peterborough Evening Telegraph" in 1977. After four years, she left to backpack through Central and South America and South East Asia where she reported and presented on a current affairs programme for Radio Television Hong Kong. In 1984 she joined Radio Trent as a reporter/presenter and then worked for Central Television as press officer for documentaries and drama.


title: Penny Smith

text: After that, Smith co-presented "Lookaround", the local evening news for Border Television and in 1987 she joined Thames Television to co-present "Thames News" with Andrew Gardner. Smith left the station toward the end of 1988 to help launch Sky News in February 1989. In April 1993, she joined "GMTV" where she stayed until 4 June 2010.


title: Penny Smith

text: Smith has also presented "Crime Net", "Crime File" and "Crime Fighters" for Carlton, "Crime Monthly" and "Britain's Most Wanted" for LWT, "Going for a Song" for the BBC and "Celebrity" for ITV. She also co-presented the 1995 series of "The Krypton Factor" alongside Gordon Burns. In 2001, she appeared in "Jonathan Creek" "Satan's Chimney".


title: Penny Smith

text: In 2006, Smith appeared in the BBC One show "Just the Two of Us". She sang with Curtis Stigers and was eliminated on 3 March. She came fourth. She later appeared on "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" in 2006 and several episodes of "Have I Got News for You". She also appeared in "Garfield 2" when Garfield was watching television. In February 2009, she appeared on the ITV1 daytime programme "Loose Women" as a panellist on occasion.


title: Penny Smith

text: Smith joined digital radio station talkRADIO in 2016 presenting her first show on 26 March 2016. She presented the weekend breakfast show until February 2021.


title: Penny Smith

text: On 19 April 1993, Smith began her career on GMTV as the show's main newsreader, as well as becoming the main presenter of the Reuters News Hour alongside Anne Davies, Matthew Lorenzo and Ross Kelly. In 1998, John Stapleton joined GMTV and then joined Penny as her co-presenter of the Reuters News Hour. In 2000, GMTV rebranded all of their programmes. With the loss of Matt Lorenzo and Ross Kelly, Smith and John Stapleton became the main presenters of the GMTV Newshour, as well as becoming the main newsreaders and relief presenters for GMTV Today.


title: Penny Smith

text: In 2009, GMTV had another relaunch, with all of their programmes rebranding and new studio. This meant that the GMTV Newshour and GMTV Today became GMTV, with Penny and John presenting the first hour of the show. Smith and Stapleton were the first faces and voices of the relaunch. Smith continued to be the main News Reader of "GMTV".


title: Penny Smith

text: On 3 March 2010, it had emerged from Smith's Twitter account that she had decided to leave the programme after 17 years of being the main face of the show. This was said to be part of a cost-cutting exercise by ITV. On 4 June 2010, Smith presented her last show.


title: Penny Smith

text: Smith appeared briefly as herself in the partially-improvised comedy 1994 film "There's No Business...", which starred the comedy duos Raw Sex (Simon Brint and Rowland Rivron) and The Oblivion Boys.