title: Eden (musician)

text: In 2015 Ng further embraced his indie style with the "Bipolar Paradise" EP, whose track "Fumes" has amassed nearly 17 million views on YouTube as of 22 December 2020. He later announced that he was discontinuing The Eden Project, and released "Final Call", his last EP under the alias. It contained two covers, one of "Blank Space" by Taylor Swift and the other of "Crazy In Love" by Beyonce. "Times Like These" is officially the last song released under his former alias.


title: Eden (musician)

text: Ng changed his alias to EDEN following the release of "Final Call", and began recording new work in spring 2015. The "End Credits" EP was released for free download worldwide on 8 August through UK-based label Seeking Blue Records, as well as Ng's own imprint MCMXCV. The EP consists of indie pop and alternative electronica tracks with a strong emphasis on vocals. Two singles, "Nocturne" and "Gravity", were released in June and July, respectively. As a whole, the EP has amassed over 14 million plays on the streaming platform SoundCloud.


title: Eden (musician)

text: On 22 March Ng embarked on his End Credits Tour, with concerts in Dublin, London, Toronto, New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Elliot Crabb was the main producer for the tracks and joined on the End Credits Tour. The tickets were sold out within the week, and an additional venue was set up in New York City due to demand. The tour concluded on 8 April.


title: Eden (musician)

text: Shortly after his "End Credits" tour, Ng announced that his new EP, "I Think You Think Too Much of Me", would be released on 19 August 2016. On 10 June 2016, the first single, "sex", was released, featuring a greater focus on vocals and instrumentation. A month later, Billboard premiered the next single, "drugs", a day before its official release on 15 July 2016. The EP features "Fumes", formerly released under The Eden Project, featuring Gnash, in addition to re-releases of two other The Eden Project songs, remastered versions of "XO" and "Circles". After release, the EP charted on the Irish Albums Chart, becoming Ng's first charting music.


title: Eden (musician)

text: On 7 September 2016 Ng released a second music video for "drugs", a 360 degree video experience in virtual reality. The video amassed 1.5 million Facebook views in one week.


title: Eden (musician)

text: Ng promoted "i think you think too much of me" through the Futurebound Tour, which began on 7 September 2016 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The tour included 33 performances in North America and Europe, and concluded on 26 November with a final show in Paris, France.


title: Eden (musician)

text: Eden embarked on a festival tour in the summer of 2017. He also selected a few fans to film their experiences at each show and post them to his Snapchat account. On 2 September, Ng performed his final show of the festival season at Electric Picnic. During his set, he premiered the official version of "Start//End", a song that had previously been leaked on his SoundCloud account in January.


title: Eden (musician)

text: On 28 September "Start//End" was released on all major music platforms as the first single from the upcoming album "Vertigo". The single was accompanied by a music video, which has surpassed 1 million views after trending on YouTube. The video was shot in various places in Europe, North America and Japan.


title: Eden (musician)

text: On 8 November 2017 Eden hinted toward the release of a new single on social media. On 8 and 9 November, Eden's website displayed coordinates where people scavenged to find posters hidden in various locations across the world. "Gold" was officially released 10 November 2017 alongside the announcement of the "Vertigo" World Tour, which spanned from March to May 2018. Eden's third single for the album, "Crash", was released on 8 December 2017 on Spotify and iTunes.


title: Eden (musician)

text: "Vertigo" was released on 19 January 2018. Eden began the "Vertigo" World Tour in promotion of the album in March 2018. The tour ran for eight months, concluding on 27 November. The tour contained 67 shows: 50 in North America, 12 in Europe, and 5 in Oceania. He was joined by various opening acts, including VÉRITÉ, Kacy Hill, and Sasha Sloan.


title: Eden (musician)

text: On 29 June 2018 Eden released an EP called "About Time" from the collection of songs which were played during the "Vertigo" World Tour during the break between parts 2 and 3 of the tour. Eden released a single, "909", on 24 April 2019.


title: Eden (musician)

text: Two singles from the album "No Future", "untitled" and "projector" were released during October 2019. In December 2019, "love, death, distraction" and in January 2020, "isohel", were further released. "No Future" was officially released on 14 February 2020.


title: Eden (musician)

text: A 2020 world tour was planned in support of the album's release, starting with a hometown show at the Olympia Theatre, Dublin. However, following this show and two subsequent shows at the Roundhouse, London and the Manchester Albert Hall, the "no future" world tour was postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The tour was later cancelled completely on 12 May 2020.


title: Eden (musician)

text: On 3 June 2022 Eden released a new song called "Modern Warfare" from his new album "ICYMI", an acronym for In Case You Missed It, that contains a lot of his unreleased songs, which were sometimes performed at his shows during the End Credits Anniversary tour. On 8 July 2022, Eden released the second song of his new album called "Balling". On 12 August 2022, Eden released the third song from his new album. The song is called "Sci-Fi".


title: Eden (musician)

text: Prior to the release of "End Credits", Ng provided uncredited vocals for Mendum's song "Elysium", as well as credited vocals for Crywolf's song "Stomach It". The vocals from "woah", a track in The Eden Project's "Final Call" EP, were sampled in the track "I'll Be Your Reason" by Illenium. Following the release of "End Credits", Ng provided uncredited vocals on the track "No More" by Pierce Fulton, which was released on 9 November 2015 through Armada Music. Ng also provided vocals for Illenium's "Leaving" in 2017. In 2018, Ng provided uncredited vocals for Jeremy Zucker's "thinking 2 much".


title: Eden (musician)

text: Ng also performed the song Amnesia, presumably during his last year in secondary school. He later stated, during a livestream, that the song would never have a studio version.


title: Eden (musician)

text: In November 2015, Ng released a cover of Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean" for free download. It amassed over 1 million plays on most streaming platforms.


title: Advection

text: In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is also a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance are conserved properties such as energy. An example of advection is the transport of pollutants or silt in a river by bulk water flow downstream. Another commonly advected quantity is energy or enthalpy. Here the fluid may be any material that contains thermal energy, such as water or air. In general, any substance or conserved, extensive quantity can be advected by a fluid that can hold or contain the quantity or substance.


title: Advection

text: During advection, a fluid transports some conserved quantity or material via bulk motion. The fluid's motion is described mathematically as a vector field, and the transported material is described by a scalar field showing its distribution over space. Advection requires currents in the fluid, and so cannot happen in rigid solids. It does not include transport of substances by molecular diffusion.


title: Advection

text: Advection is sometimes confused with the more encompassing process of convection, which is the combination of advective transport and diffusive transport.


title: Advection

text: In meteorology and physical oceanography, advection often refers to the transport of some property of the atmosphere or ocean, such as heat, humidity (see moisture) or salinity.


title: Advection

text: Advection is important for the formation of orographic clouds and the precipitation of water from clouds, as part of the hydrological cycle.


title: Advection

text: The term "advection" often serves as a synonym for "convection", and this correspondence of terms is used in the literature. More technically, convection applies to the movement of a fluid (often due to density gradients created by thermal gradients), whereas advection is the movement of some material by the velocity of the fluid. Thus, although it might seem confusing, it is technically correct to think of momentum being advected by the velocity field in the Navier-Stokes equations, although the resulting motion would be considered to be convection. Because of the specific use of the term convection to indicate transport in association with thermal gradients, it is probably safer to use the term advection if one is uncertain about which terminology best describes their particular system.


title: Advection

text: In meteorology and physical oceanography, advection often refers to the horizontal transport of some property of the atmosphere or ocean, such as heat, humidity or salinity, and convection generally refers to vertical transport (vertical advection). Advection is important for the formation of orographic clouds (terrain-forced convection) and the precipitation of water from clouds, as part of the hydrological cycle.


title: Advection

text: The advection equation also applies if the quantity being advected is represented by a probability density function at each point, although accounting for diffusion is more difficult.


title: Advection

text: The advection equation is the partial differential equation that governs the motion of a conserved scalar field as it is advected by a known velocity vector field. It is derived using the scalar field's conservation law, together with Gauss's theorem, and taking the infinitesimal limit.


title: Advection

text: One easily visualized example of advection is the transport of ink dumped into a river. As the river flows, ink will move downstream in a "pulse" via advection, as the water's movement itself transports the ink. If added to a lake without significant bulk water flow, the ink would simply disperse outwards from its source in a diffusive manner, which is not advection. Note that as it moves downstream, the "pulse" of ink will also spread via diffusion. The sum of these processes is called convection.


title: Advection

text: where formula_2 is the velocity field, and formula_3 is the del operator (note that Cartesian coordinates are used here).


title: Advection

text: The advection equation for a conserved quantity described by a scalar field formula_4 is expressed mathematically by a continuity equation:


title: Advection

text: where formula_5 is the divergence operator and again formula_6 is the velocity vector field. Frequently, it is assumed that the flow is incompressible, that is, the velocity field satisfies


title: Advection

text: In this case, formula_6 is said to be solenoidal. If this is so, the above equation can be rewritten as


title: Advection

text: If a vector quantity formula_11 (such as a magnetic field) is being advected by the solenoidal velocity field formula_6, the advection equation above becomes:


title: Advection

text: The advection equation is not simple to solve numerically: the system is a hyperbolic partial differential equation, and interest typically centers on discontinuous "shock" solutions (which are notoriously difficult for numerical schemes to handle).


title: Advection

text: Even with one space dimension and a constant velocity field, the system remains difficult to simulate. The equation becomes


title: Advection

text: According to Zang, numerical simulation can be aided by considering the skew-symmetric form for the advection operator.


title: Advection

text: Since skew symmetry implies only imaginary eigenvalues, this form reduces the "blow up" and "spectral blocking" often experienced in numerical solutions with sharp discontinuities (see Boyd).


title: Advection

text: Using vector calculus identities, these operators can also be expressed in other ways, available in more software packages for more coordinate systems.


title: Advection

text: This form also makes visible that the skew-symmetric operator introduces error when the velocity field diverges. Solving the advection equation by numerical methods is very challenging and there is a large scientific literature about this.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Sisters Who Make Waves () is a 2020 Chinese reality television show that was broadcast on Mango TV from 12 June to 4 September 2020. It features 30 female celebrities over 30 years old who must compete to debut in a seven-member girl group.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Touting the catchphrase "Thirty dark horses, return to youth", "Sisters Who Make Waves" follows the general formula idol group reality shows like "Produce 101" and "Idol Producer", but with the twist that participants are already well-known and veteran celebrities and are all aged 30 and above, with an average age of 35+. The contestants are to live with each other for 3 months while partaking in intense training. Huang Xiaoming is the official presenter of the final group. Additional cast members include Du Hua as female group manager, Huo Wenxi as general counselor, Zhao Zhao as music producer and Chen Qiyuan as stage producer. After the show's end, the winning group starred in "Lady Land" which followed the behind-the-scenes journey to forming a group.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: The contestants' English name is used in the list. If the English name is unknown, the pinyin version of the Chinese name is used. Top 7 contestants debuted as X-SISTER on the show's finale at 4 September 2020, but the announcement of disbandment was made on 1 January 2021, as members resume their own entertainment activities.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: In the first episode, 30 contestants performed a personal preliminary stage and were rated by three mentors: personal traits, group potential were scored by Du Hua, vocal performance was scored by Zhao Zhao, and stage performance was scored by Chen Qiyuan.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: The contestants are then asked to pick one of six songs for their first group evaluations, with the people with the highest scores allowed to pick first. The six songs are "兰花草" by YinShia, "推开世界的门" by Faith Yang, "Beautiful Love" by Tanya Chua, "得不到的爱情" by Yao Lee, "艾瑞巴迪" by New Pants, and "大碗宽面" by Kris Wu.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Each of the six groups then practice for their respective song, with the performance order determined by the initial stage results.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Among the three-member, five-member, and seven-member performance pairings, the members of the losing group may face elimination. During the performance, 500 audience vote between the two competing groups for each pairing. 6 contestants were temporarily eliminated: Wang Zhi, Adia Chen, Zhu Jing, Hai Lu, Liu Yun and Xu Fei.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: For the second round of performances, the remaining sisters were first divided into eight groups of three by self-selection and mutual selection. The performance order is decided based on the total of the first-round audience favorite of each group member. The groups practice for the performances, with pre-performances judged beforehand, and the result determines which team will have an advantage in choosing their order of performance.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: As the second round performance commences, and the audience votes determined the final rankings of each team. The top three teams earned "safe team" status and all of its members moved on to the next round. Among the other five "dangerous teams", the four least popular sisters faced elimination.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: After the second round of performance, the three most popular sisters from the audience and the last round of safety team leader became captains of this round. This round of performance was divided into four groups of five people. At the same time, a personal battle was added to opening performance, and each group sent a sister to participate, they were Meng Jia, Wang Feifei, Li Si Dan Ni and Baby Zhang. The four sister representatives from each group challenged four different dance styles (Whacking, Power Jazz, Animation, African Dance) incorporated into the theme song of the show "Ms. Priceless". The votes garnered from their individual performances were added to the team battle to determine their rankings.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: In the performance, the combination with the highest number of votes for individual and team battles all advanced, and the three sisters who ranked lowest in the audience's favor among the remaining combinations are temporarily suspended from the competition.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: For the fourth round performance, the sisters were sorted into two teams of five and a team of seven. The teams configurations remain largely unchanged. As their outstanding performance in the previous round earned them a "safe team" status, Wan Qian's team had the privilege of first pick, and they collectively decided to stay together for this round. Lan Yingying crossed over to fill Wang Likun's space in the previously Ning Jing-led group (led this round by Yisa Yu), while the rest of the sisters automatically form a team of seven, led by Zhang Yuqi.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: This round includes two parts, a team performance, and a band collaboration with the popular Chinese pop-punk band, New Pants.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: After the votes for both performances were combined, the Yisa Yu's group came up on top, earning "safe team" status, which meant all her group members automatically qualify for the next round. Wan Qian and Zhang Yuqi's group members faced elimination based on individual popularity votes. For this round, three sisters, namely Cindy Yen, Zhang Meng, and Wu Xin were eliminated.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: The group configurations underwent reshuffling for the final time, meaning the groups were to be formed will stay the same for the rest of the competition. The group configuration for the next round was two seven-member groups. The selection of leaders for this round was based on sisters' votes, two sisters with the highest number of votes will automatically become captains of the two groups. After the vote count, Ning Jing became the first leader with the highest number of votes, while Lisi Dani and Wang Feifei were tied at second place. After taking into account individual popularity votes, Li Si Dan Ni became the second leader.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: The other sisters were split into two groups to meet the two new leaders, Ning Jing and Li Si Dan Ni, for a quick chat. Both the leaders and sisters can express their intention as to whether or not they would like to join their groups. An obvious popular choice for both groups was Wang Feifei, due to her incredible dance skills and vast girl-group experience, which led both leaders begging for her to pick their groups. The final group configurations are:


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Group 1: Ning Jing (Leader), Wang Feifei, Michelle Bai, Lan Yingying, Huang Shengyi, Yisa Yu and Yumiko Cheng


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Group 2: Li Si Dan Ni (Leader), Wan Qian, Gina Jin, Baby Zhang, Zhang Yuqi, Isabelle Huang and Annie Yi


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Other than these two groups, there will be a third group which consists of 7 sisters who were eliminated, but voted back by netizens. Together they form a "revival group" that will later pose a formidable challenge to the two existing groups.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: The fifth round of performance saw a change in format as the show welcomed back a 7-member revival group. The 7 members were picked from a list of sisters who were eliminated in previous rounds, based on netizens vote, they are A Duo, Meng Jia, Shen Mengchen, Wu Xin, Jin Sha, Zhu Jingxi and Wang Zhi.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: This round of performance was divided into two sections. First is an individual battle performance, the show producers provided a list of seven different songs and each member of each group must perform one of them. Li Si Dan Ni and Ning Jing's groups are considered to be Championship Candidate Groups and they will battle against the revival group. In this round, the sisters from the revival group have the privilege to pick who they'd like to challenge from the Championship Candidate Groups. If the revival group wins this battle, they are entitled to a revival spot, which also means one other sister still in the main competition will be eliminated.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: The second section is the group performance similar to previous rounds. If the revival group finishes first place, they will be entitled to received two revival spots, finishing second will give them one revival spot, while finishing last would indicate failure of revival.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Due to the revival group's outstanding individual battle win and a second place finish in the group performance, there are entitled to two revival spots. A Duo and Meng Jia successfully revived based on audience votes, while the Michelle Bai and Huang Shengyi faced elimination. A Duo and Meng Jia automatically joined Ning Jing's group. The final group configurations for final round of performance are as follows:


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Group 1: Li Si Dan Ni (Leader), Wan Qian, Gina Jin, Baby Zhang, Zhang Yuqi, Isabelle Huang and Annie Yi


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: The sixth round of performance requires each group to perform three songs, two vocal-based and one dance-based. The selection of the songs shall be discussed by each team with the production team. They will then perform each song in groups of 3, 5 and 7.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: After four months of exciting performances, the time has come to reveal the sisters who will debut as a 7-member group. The selection of the 7 sisters is done through several rounds of voting based on multiple performances throughout the show as well as individual popularity.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Through each of the four rounds, 1, 2, 2, and 2 debuting spots will be given (respectively). Each team earns either 1 or 2 spots each round by getting more votes in the round.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: Round 1: The leaders from each team goes up to the podium to announce the number of votes received for each of their three songs performed during Episode 12. Whichever group received the most points combined from the three songs will get one debuting spot.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: The final night was aired live on Hunan Entertainment Broadcasting Channel as well as MangoTV. Acclaimed journalist and talk show host Yang Lan joined Huang Xiaoming as hosts. Original singer of the show's theme song Li Yuchun aka Chris Lee was present to perform the theme song, flanked by all 30 sisters, in a Victoria's Secret runway-like stage. Other performing celebrities include Cai Xukun, Jason Zhang, NEXT (Chinese band), and a variation of performances from the 30 sisters themselves. Also present were the likes of Li Chen (actor), Yin Zheng (actor), Ayanga, Oscar Sun Jian, Zhou Shen and several key members of the Chinese Women's Volleyball Team.


title: Sisters Who Make Waves

text: "Ms. Priceless (无价之姐)" was written and sung by Chris Lee, and was released on June 18, 2020. It serves as the show's theme song.


title: High on Fire

text: High on Fire is an American heavy metal band from Oakland, California, that was formed in 1999. Matt Pike, the band's frontman and founder, also plays guitar for doom metal band Sleep. High on Fire won the 2019 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance with their song "Electric Messiah".


title: High on Fire

text: High on Fire was founded in 1999 by Sleep guitarist Matt Pike, drummer Des Kensel, and bassist George Rice (from Dear Deceased, who originally auditioned to be the band's vocalist). The band's first full-length album "The Art of Self Defense" was released on 12th Records, and released later on Man's Ruin Records. (The album would later be re-released by Tee Pee Records, with two bonus tracks, as Man's Ruin Records had become defunct.)


title: High on Fire

text: In 2001, High on Fire signed a record deal with Relapse Records and recorded the album "Surrounded by Thieves". The album was released on May 28, 2002. After the tours promoting "Surrounded by Thieves", bassist George Rice left the band and was replaced by ex-Melvins/Thrones bassist Joe Preston.


title: High on Fire

text: The band's next album, 2005's "Blessed Black Wings", was largely written by Pike and Kensel before the recording of the album took place. The album was produced by Steve Albini, and was released on February 1, 2005. A music video was produced for the song "Devilution." While touring with Goatwhore and Watch Them Die to promote "Blessed Black Wings", Joe Preston left the band for undisclosed reasons, and was temporarily replaced by Zeke bassist Jeff Matz. Matz finished the tour with High on Fire and became a full-time member during the recording of "Death Is This Communion". "Death Is This Communion" was released on September 18, 2007 (September 10, in Europe).


title: High on Fire

text: After "Death is This Communion" was released, High on Fire played a small string of Northwest shows to promote it. The band did a headline tour of North America in September and October 2007, with support from the Japanese post-rock band Mono, along with Panthers and Coliseum. High on Fire also played on 2008's Gigantour, which was followed by a North American tour with the bands Opeth, Baroness, and Nachtmystium.


title: High on Fire

text: On December 17, 2008, High on Fire signed a recording deal with Koch Records. On August 1, 2009, it was announced that a new album would be recorded with producer Greg Fidelman. Later that month, following the news of the new album, High on Fire announced a tour with Mastodon, Dethklok, and Converge. The tour spanned from October 2 to November 21.


title: High on Fire

text: In August 2009, the band went into post-production of the follow-up to "Death Is This Communion" at The Pass Studios in Los Angeles. The album artwork for the new album was released on January 7, 2010. On January 15, following the release of the album artwork, the song Frost Hammer was posted on the band's Myspace page, and a video for the song was released on March 16, 2010. High on Fire's fifth album "Snakes for the Divine" was formally released on February 23, 2010.


title: High on Fire

text: In March 2010, the band announced a headlining U.S. tour to promote the album; supporting bands for the tour include Priestess, Black Cobra, and Bison B.C. On April 6, 2010, the band announced they would be opening for Metallica for eight European shows.


title: High on Fire

text: In 2010, the band was confirmed as being part of the soundtrack for Namco Bandai Games' 2010 remake of Splatterhouse.


title: High on Fire

text: On April 3, 2012, High on Fire released their sixth studio album, "De Vermis Mysteriis". Metalsucks.net reviews editor Sammy O'Hagar argued that the band has "rebounded in epic fashion" since their last album, and that "Even for a band as esteemed as High on Fire, ["De Vermis Mysteriis"] is a career high point."


title: High on Fire

text: High on Fire was scheduled to play the 2012 Mayhem Festival but dropped off the tour due to Matt Pike's health. Pike returned to the band and they once again began touring in November 2012.


title: High on Fire

text: High on Fire's album "Luminiferous" became available in full for free streaming as a preview with NPR music on June 7, 2015, with the official release of the album nine days later on June 16. "Luminiferous" is the second High on Fire album in a row produced by Converge guitarist Kurt Ballou. NPR reviewer Adrien Begrand credits Kurt Ballou with "helping rejuvenate the band's sound" on their previous album, and praises the album as evidence of High on Fire's consistency, fueled by the "right combination of adherence to formula and subtle experimentation." Dan Epstein, writing for Rolling Stone, concurs that "one could definitely make the case that ["Luminiferous"] is High on Fire's finest album yet."


title: High on Fire

text: At the 61st Grammy Awards held on February 10, 2019, High on Fire won their first Grammy for "Best Metal Performance" for their song "Electric Messiah".


title: High on Fire

text: Drummer and co-founder Des Kensel announced his departure from the band on July 26, 2019. He was replaced with Big Business and ex-Melvins drummer Coady Willis in June 2021.


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: "The Box" is a song by American rapper Roddy Ricch, released as the fourth single on December 6, 2019 from his debut studio album "Please Excuse Me for Being Antisocial". Prior to the song being released as a single, it became Roddy Ricch's highest-charting song worldwide, spending eleven weeks at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, as well as topping the charts in Canada, New Zealand, Hungary, and peaking at number two in both the UK and Ireland. The song received critical acclaim, with praise for Ricch's vocal delivery. Its popularity on social media apps is credited to Ricch's iconic "eee err" ad-lib. A music video was released on February 28, 2020, directed by Ricch.


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: In the US, "The Box" was the biggest song of the final half of 2019, selling 4.7 million equivalent units as of July 2, 2020. Apple Music named it Song of the Year. It received three nominations at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, including for Song of the Year.


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: "The Box" was the last song Ricch made for "Please Excuse Me for Being Antisocial". It was recorded in roughly 15 minutes in the early morning hours in New York after Ricch had been recording all night. The song begins with a "triumphant introduction that amounts to an orchestral swell", which many listeners attributed to as a sample of the intro on "Love Sex Magic" by Ciara. However, the song's producer, 30 Roc, has insisted that though similar, the "swell" is not a sample of "Love Sex Magic", explaining: "It is not a sample. It's really a VST [plug-in] using Omnisphere [production software]." Ricch said he decided to place "The Box" as track two on the album, because "it just bangs [and] the 808s hit so hard".


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: The song's intro contains a "squeaky sound", known as the "eee err" sound, which is also heard throughout the rest of the song. According to Atlantic Records A&R Keefa Black, after the song was finished, Ricch said "Wait let me add something", and came up with the sound himself. Speaking on where the inspiration for the sound came from, he said "I seen Michael Jackson do it...That's what made me want to do it. Cause he was in the studio one time and he was talking about some song that he made but he started beatboxing and he said he put that in the beat". The squeaky sound has inspired many memes online. Musicologist and Northeastern University professor of music Andrew Mall said the "eee err" sound is not exactly the most interesting component of the song's beat, instead pointing out Ricch's skill as a songwriter: "I'm really taken by the atmospheric synths that underpin the track and provide the central harmonic component, particularly since there is no bass to speak of aside from a pitched bass drum sample". Regarding Ricch's craft as a writer, Mall noted "the fact that he retains writing credit here and on several other tracks that are charting, including those where he is a featured artist, speaks to a strong business savvy on his part".


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: "Vulture"s Paul Thompson said Ricch "raps with verve", calling the song "strange and eccentric", while noting Ricch's vocal versatility in the song, writing, he "moves easily between vocal modes, sounding defiant ("'I won't ever sell my soooooouuuuuullllll, and I can back that"'), conspiratorial ('"Got a bitch that's looking like Aaliyah — she a model"'), or playful — like when he cackles unnervingly at the beginning of the second verse". The song's title has been noted as being a possible reference to jail ("the box" being a slang term for "jail")., "The Box" is played in the tempo of 117 BPM and key signature of B♭ minor with a time signature of 4/4 in common time.


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: The song was acclaimed by music critics. Along with the tracks "Boom Boom Room" and "Start wit Me" featuring Gunna, Darryl Robertson of "Vibe" felt that "The Box" is "further proof that the Atlantic Records-signee can pen addictive radio-friendly records". Josh Svetz of "HipHopDX" echoed a similar sentiment, writing that "The appeal to Roddy is simple; the kid can write a hell of a hook. Whether it's the head-bopping harmony on 'The Box' or the flute backed, Gunna-assisted single, 'Start Wit Me,' Roddy excels at producing choruses that stick and only get better with repeat listens." Writing for "Pitchfork", Alphonse Pierre stated that on the song, which features a "hard-hitting beat that sounds like a teapot is boiling in the background, [Ricch] finds a new delivery and pitch nearly every 10 seconds. The track is the best example of Roddy's versatility, which has been both a blessing and a curse."


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: Praising the song, "HotNewHipHop"s Mitch Findlay asserted that although its parent album "yielded plenty of highlights, none stood out quite so much as 'The Box'". Findlay called the song's "EEE ERR" intro "creative and soon-to-be-iconic" and labeled Ricch's flow as confident and charismatic. Heran Mamo of "Billboard" opined that Ricch "comes armed and ready with his verses despite the rather lighthearted 'hee-hoo' ad-libs in the background". Mamo noted that in the song, Ricch raps about acquiring and protecting "his necessary riches".


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: "The Box" spent eleven weeks at the top spot of the US "Billboard" Hot 100, after debuting at number 47 on the issue dated December 21, 2019, and reaching number one four weeks later, becoming Ricch's first number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 as well as the first new song to top the chart in the 2020s decade—since both "All I Want for Christmas Is You" by Mariah Carey and "Circles" by Post Malone began their runs at the top position in 2019. During the same week, the song logged its second week at number one on "Billboard"s Streaming Songs chart (drawing 68.2 million streams) and jumped to number eight on the Digital Songs chart as well, with 11,000 downloads sold. Additionally, the song reached the top spot on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts as well, becoming Ricch's first number-one song on both charts.


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: The song's audio video was released on December 6, 2019, while a lyric video was uploaded on January 10, 2020, the former accumulating 442 million views on YouTube as of September 2022, and the lyric video has 60 million views as of June 2022.


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: The song's official music video premiered on YouTube on February 28, 2020, and has over 380 million views as of November 2021. It was directed by Ricch, with co-direction by Christian Breslauer, who also directed Ricch's previous two music videos, for "Boom Boom Room" and "Tip Toe". Ricch explained via Twitter the reason why the video took a "lil time" to be released was because he directed it.


title: The Box (Roddy Ricch song)

text: The "action-packed" video starts with Ricch speeding in a "super charged" muscle car in a ""Fast & Furious"-style street race". During the race, Ricch turns on his turbos and "outdrives his opponent who eventually crashes and burns, leaving Ricch the victor of the contest". The video then cuts to a basketball game, where Ricch is seen scoring the game-winning shot, "flying" in the air, akin to NBA icon Michael Jordan, with what MTV's Madeline Roth called an "impressive (and definitely far-fetched)" slam dunk. Ricch is then seen carrying out a major bank heist. Multiple scenes reference the song's lyrics, such as when Ricch delivers a speech from the White House, alluding to the line "I'm a 2020 presidential candidate". Halle Kiefer of Vulture noted a theme in the video: "the visual follows Ricch's unstoppable success as it takes him to surreal lengths, whether it be lounging on a bed suspended over sharks, casually walking up the side of a building or dancing in front of an explosive game of chicken". The video concludes with Ricch inside a glass box, "preserved for future generations inside a museum exhibit".


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: The Blue Lantern Corps is a fictional organization appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, beginning in 2007 in "Green Lantern" vol. 4 #25 (December 2007) by Geoff Johns and Ethan Van Sciver. Their powers, similar to those of other organizations based around the emotional spectrum, are fueled by the emotion of hope.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: The Blue Lantern Corps is one of the nine corps empowered by a specific color of the emotional spectrum within the DC Universe. They have begun to fill an increasingly important role within "Green Lantern" and "Green Lantern Corps" as major participants within the "Blackest Night" crossover event. First formed by the banished former-Guardians Ganthet and Sayd, they are based on the planet Odym (later Elpis) and their powers are fueled by the emotion hope.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: The Blue Lantern Corps is rooted in the events that transpired during the "Sinestro Corps War" story line. During the first half of the event, Ganthet and Sayd serve as a dissenting voice among the Guardians as they acknowledge that the Blackest Night prophecy within the Book of Oa is coming to pass. Their willingness to embrace emotions and the love they have for one another leads to the two being banished from Oa. Two issues after their exile, Ganthet reveals the Blackest Night prophecy to the reader, Hal Jordan, Guy Gardner, John Stewart, and Kyle Rayner. In his description he says: "Elsewhere, a flicker of hope will shine from deep space, like a lighthouse warning the ships away from the rocks. The blue light will hold the line in spirit if not in strength". It is revealed at the end of the issue that Ganthet and Sayd have settled on a planet (later named as Odym), have created a blue power ring, and intend to form their own Corps.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: In the "Rage of the Red Lanterns" plot line, Ganthet and Sayd's Blue Lanterns are finally introduced. The Green Lantern Corps have just been ambushed by the Red Lantern Corps, kidnapping Sinestro from their custody. Hal Jordan, reeling from the effects of an attack from (newly added Red Lantern) Laira, finds himself being healed by the powers of Saint Walker. Saint Walker introduces himself to the Green Lanterns as the Blue Lantern of sector one. By being in his emotional proximity, Jordan's power levels are boosted as long as Walker hopes for his well being. Though Stewart is suspicious of Walker's intentions, Walker's ring creates an illusion based on Stewart's psyche, freeing him from the effects of the Red Lantern attack that caused it. With Stewart placated, Walker takes Jordan to Odym. There, the reader is introduced to the second member of the Blue Lantern Corps, as Walker and Jordan watch Warth being given a blue power ring by Ganthet and Sayd. After which the two former-Guardians ask Jordan to aid the Blue Lanterns in rescuing Sinestro from Atrocitus, as his survival is important in the upcoming War of Light.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Jordan reluctantly accepts Ganthet's request and goes with the Blue Lanterns to the Red Lantern home planet of Ysmault. Along the way, Walker tells Jordan that the Green Lanterns are nothing but a police force, and that Jordan would lead the Blue Lanterns like no other. Though Jordan tells him he has no intention of leaving his Corps, the reader observes Walker telling Warth that it was imperative that Jordan become a Blue Lantern. On Ysmault, Jordan locates Sinestro but is promptly ambushed by the Red Lanterns. He's captured by Atrocitus' forces, and though Atrocitus tells Laira that Jordan's flesh and blood belong to her, her attack is interrupted by the arrival of the Sinestro Corps. Chaos ensues, during which Walker and Warth come to Jordan's aid. They are shown not only boosting Jordan's power, but also capably handling the two battling Corps. Warth easily keeps the two from fighting one another, while Walker keeps Atrocitus himself at bay (though admittedly is unable to douse his red fire). During the conflict, Jordan seems to be able to appeal to Laira's true self despite the red power ring's control on her. Any true reversion of its effects are halted as Sinestro kills her. Outraged, Jordan attacks Sinestro and is so overcome with rage that Laira's red power ring chooses him as its new host. Atrocitus welcomes him to the Red Lantern Corps.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Despite Walker's claim that the power of the blue light is the greatest in the spectrum, Atrocitus reveals the weakness behind the Blue Lanterns: hope is nothing without willpower to enact it. Walker concedes that with Jordan's green power ring inactive and no other green aura influencing them, he and Warth are reduced to the basic abilities of flight and aura projection. Despite his disadvantage, Walker holds true to his earlier assertion that Jordan would join his Corps as he places his own ring on Jordan's hand. The red power ring is destroyed, and Jordan is released from its influence. Feeling their powers drained by the coalescing blue energy, the Sinestro Corps flee. Surging with blue and green power, the outpouring of energy from both of Jordan's rings defeats the Red Lantern Corps. In the aftermath of the conflict, the reader is able to observe Scar remarking on the forces gathering for the upcoming war, during which Atrocitus is shown performing a ritual to discern the location of the Blue Lantern Corps' home planet. In the same collection of scenes, Ganthet and Sayd are shown talking with the third Blue Lantern, Hynn.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: After the conclusion of "Rage of the Red Lanterns", the Blue Lanterns and Jordan return to Odym. Jordan is unable to remove the blue power ring and finds that it was interfering with the use of his green power ring. Ganthet explains to Walker that they did say Jordan would lead the Blue Lanterns, but not as a Blue Lantern himself. As a Green Lantern, Jordan's will would have been capable of charging the entire Blue Lantern Corps. Sayd says that a new blue power ring will need to be made for Walker, as they are unable to remove his original one from Jordan. Ganthet tells Jordan that, in order to remove the ring, he must use it by finding something to hope for. Jordan leaves for Oa, and Ganthet tells Walker and Warth that they must continue to recruit others to their Corps. The Blue Lanterns have a new mission: to locate those who wield the indigo light, for hope and compassion must work together. On Oa, the Guardians find that they are unable to remove the blue power ring from Jordan as well. Distracted from the blue power ring by terrorist demands from Agent Orange, the Guardians launch an assault on Okaara in the Vega system. Jordan's blue power ring continues to cause problems as the Green Lanterns come to conflict with Larfleeze's Orange Lantern constructs. Becoming separated from the group however, Jordan's blue ring does attract Larfleeze's attention. Larfleeze lusts after the blue ring, but finds that his constructs are not immune to the blue light as they are from the green. The blue power ring refuses to be stolen by Larfleeze, claiming that hope is selfless. Larfleeze attempts to remove it by force, by severing Jordan's hand with an axe made from orange light. Though it is not initially clear to the reader, Larfleeze fails again. Sensing his hope of being relieved from the constant hunger he feels, the blue ring creates an illusion which fools him into believing he succeeded in stealing it; Jordan's hand is, in fact, intact, and the Blue ring is still on his finger. Jordan returns to battle Larfleeze with the Green Lantern Corps. During the battle, Jordan's blue power ring continues to repeatedly ask him what he hopes for. In frustration, Jordan says that he hopes that once the battle with Agent Orange is over that it will stop asking him what he hopes for. The blue ring registers this as a sincere hope, recharges all of the Green Lantern Corps' power rings, and allows Jordan to subdue Larfleeze. After Jordan gains control of his ring, it removes itself from him and leaves to find a new recipient in Sector 2828.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: The Guardians realize that if they take the orange power battery from Larfleeze, someone else would inevitably find it, becoming a new Agent Orange. Preferring to know where Agent Orange is, they decide to negotiate with Larfleeze once more. The details of the negotiation are not fully revealed to the reader, however it is shown that Larfleeze asked the Guardians where he could find a blue power ring. On Odym, Ganthet, Sayd, and the Blue Lanterns are shown walking on a beach and talking with their newest member: Sister Sercy. The issue ends with Larfleeze launching an attack on the Blue Lantern Corps.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: During the Blue Lanterns' struggle against Larfleeze, a number of black power rings come to Odym. Unable to detect any dead bodies on the planet's surface to attach themselves to, the rings hover in the sky, waiting for a death to occur. Hal Jordan, Sinestro, Carol Ferris, and Indigo-1 arrive on Odym during the conflict between the Blue and Orange Lanterns in order to recruit Saint Walker to help form a white light composed of the seven lights of the emotional spectrum that will defeat the Black Lantern Corps. Under the influence of Jordan's green power ring, the Blue Lanterns' rings are charged by Jordan's willpower and capable of combating Larfleeze's constructs. The constructs suddenly disappear as Larfleeze finds himself being attacked by the reanimated corpses of his Orange Lanterns, now members of the Black Lantern Corps. Saint Walker, Ganthet, and Sayd join the team Jordan and Indigo-1 have assembled, and accompany them to recruit Larfleeze and Atrocitus. Despite saving him from the Black Lanterns, Larfleeze is resistant to join the group due to the nature of his power and an interest in obtaining his own Guardian. In order to secure his participation, Sayd offers him her servitude in return for his compliance. Atrocitus is also unwilling to assist the team, attacking Jordan and Sinestro in his rage. To calm Atrocitus, Saint Walker shows him an illusion where he and a female of his species are happily being invited to the Blue Lantern Corps. When the illusion proves insufficient, Saint Walker convinces the Red Lantern to join them by relating the story of how his family died in an effort to save his world.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: While on Earth battling the Black Lanterns, Saint Walker's ring was activated by Ganthet to deputize Barry Allen the Flash as a Blue Lantern. Barry Allen under Saint Walker's tutelage rescued Bart Allen from being a Black Lantern. The rest of the Blue Lantern Corps worked with the Green Lantern Corps to destroy the millions of Black Lanterns coming from the Black Lantern-recreated planet of Xanshi.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: When Saint Walker was trapped in the Book of the Black by Lyssa Drak, Hal passed his ring on to Kyle Rayner so that Kyle could use it to fight off the Green Lanterns under Krona and Parallax's influence. Although Kyle was able to master the blue ring to use its power to at least temporarily cure some of the Green Lanterns pursuing them from Krona's influence, he was unable to cure Mogo before John Stewart was forced to destroy it, although Kyle was later able to use the blue ring to purge Guy Gardner of the side-effects of his use of a Red Lantern ring. With Guy cured, Kyle returned to his green ring, Walker reclaiming his blue ring after Krona's defeat. He later assisted Ganthet by treating his injured hand before he was forced to depart from Oa.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, when Kyle Rayner becomes a 'magnet' for other power rings, Saint Walker is the only member of the other five Corps who shows up to help him rather than demanding his ring back, helping Kyle escape the others' attacks and travel to Oa to try and seek the aid of the Guardians. Unfortunately, this plan backfires when it is revealed that Ganthet has been stripped of his emotions by the other Guardians, to the extent that he attacks Walker when Walker tries to help Kyle directly after he is briefly overwhelmed by the rings, Ganthet proclaiming that the Blue Lantern Corps were a mistake that he will now rectify. Saint Walker has since joined the New Guardians in investigating the Orrery that has appeared in the Vega system, even forming the beginnings of a tentative friendship with Sinestro Corps member Arkillo after he healed Arkillo's tongue. After Saint Walker returns to Odym, the Blue Lanterns are attacked by the Reach, enemies of the Lantern Corps, prompting Walker to send a desperate message for help to Kyle Rayner and the other New Guardians, while teaching other Blue Lanterns how to draw on their aura to enhance their defensive powers and fight back without a Green Lantern's presence.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: As Kyle finally arrives at Odym, he sees the planet swarming with Reach ships. He is quickly joined by Fatality, Arkillo and the Weaponer as Saint Walker and the Blue Lanterns are still trying to defend the Central Power Battery. Yet even with the arrival of the reinforcements, the Reach gets the upper hand overall. The Lanterns are able to take out individual soldiers; however, Fatality’s crystal shield soon begins to shatter after a few moments, Arkillo’s ring begins to malfunction also, as per the Weaponer’s foreshadowing and even Kyle’s arrival, powering both him and the Blue Lantern's up cannot hold the invasion much time. Without any other solution, Kyle is able to convince Saint Walker and the Blue Lanterns to retreat from Odym, surrendering the Blue Central Power Battery and Odym itself to the Reach.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: After the Wrath of the First Lantern, it is revealed that the Blue Lantern Corps have found the new planet, Elpis, to settle on. However, the new planet is soon targeted by the cosmic entity known as Relic who began a quest to rid the universe of its ostensible "lightsmiths", as he considers it the only way to keep the universe safe. Kyle Rayner, Carol Ferris and the Templar Guardians arrived to help the Blue Lanterns, yet they couldn't prevent Relic from draining the Blue Central Battery of its power, rendering all blue lanterns rings powerless. Kyle, Carol and the Guardians managed to flee from the planet with an unconscious Saint Walker, while the rest of the Blue Lantern Corps members were all killed by Relic who then left the now devastated planet in search for his next target.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Saint Walker is next seen recovering on Mogo (the new base of operations for the Green Lantern Corps, following the destruction of Oa) under the care of Lantern Soranik Natu. When he awakens he is informed by Hal of the events of Relics assault on the Source Wall and the death of Kyle Rayner. Walker is devastated to learn that Elpis and the rest of the Blue Lanterns were destroyed by Relic. He is so despondent that his ring abandons him for losing hope. Walker states that this is probably for the best since the blue rings are the most powerful and their continued use would accelerate the depletion of the emotional reservoir.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: He later regained his hope, and his ring, after witnessing Kyle Rayner's White Lantern abilities on New Genesis, confident that the emotional reservoir could be refilled, which it was after all the entities sacrificed themselves to replenish the well.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: With the disappearance of the Green Lantern Corps, Saint Walker as the last Blue Lantern is kidnapped by Lobo on orders of Sinestro. Sinestro convinces Saint Walker to help him and subjects him to experiments from his science division, so he can now supercharge Sinestro Corps rings. Walker helps the Sinestro Corps save the Earth and the galaxy from The Paling. Sinestro gives leadership of this corps over to his daughter former Green Lantern Soranik Natu, who makes Arkillo partnered with Saint Walker as lanterns assigned to Earth sector.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Some time later, the Blue Corps appears to have settled once again on Odym, but the magically infused rogue guardian Koyos combines the energies of magic, the emotional spectrum and anti-chaos and targeted Zamaron, Maltus, the Helix (base of the Controllers) and Odym itself in order to destroy permanently the Guardians of the Universe and cleanse the Universe from everything of the Maltusian line.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Just as the Green Lanterns and other Lantern Corps recharge their own rings, the following is the oath used by Blue Lanterns to recharge their blue power rings:


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: is the embodiment of hope, is connected to the blue light of the Emotional Spectrum, and is bird-like in appearance. It is first shown during the Blackest Night event in Green Lantern vol. 4 #52 as Sinestro, recently transformed into a White Lantern, recounts the creation of the emotional entities. Adara was created from the first act of prayer from a sentient being caught in a fierce storm. Like the other emotional entities, Adara was attracted to Earth by the (White) Entity and it is now being hunted by Krona. An artist error shows the Sinestro Corps symbol on Atrocitus' divining ritual map. However, since Parallax had already been captured, this was more than likely supposed to be Adara. According to Atrocitus' divining ritual, Adara can be found in the northeastern United States. Adara eventually chooses for its host a 14-year-old girl from Livonia, Michigan, named Nicole Morrison. Nicole had been kidnapped and after being possessed by Adara, confronted her abductor and forgave him.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Later, Saint Walker brings Hal Jordan and Larfleeze to Nicole's location. Still possessed by the hope entity, Nicole appears to retain her sense of self, stating she is able to hear the hope in her parents' hearts as well as the crowd around them. Nicole goes on to say she can sense an emptiness in Larfleeze and tells him that his parents are still alive and they miss him. She also tells Jordan that he is afraid to hope and asks him why. Before Hal can answer, the group is interrupted by the arrival of Barry Allen.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: After Flash and Jordan discuss Jordan's recent actions, the Indigo Tribe appears with Proselyte, who has chosen a host, and Black Hand, who appears to be brain-washed. Nicole confirms this, saying she senses no hope inside them. Tension grows about whose side the Indigo Tribe is really on. This is cut short when the mysterious figure appears again and releases Parallax, who possesses the Flash.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: A battle then erupts between Jordan and the Parallax-possessed Flash. While this is happening, Nicole, Saint Walker, Larfleeze, and Shane Thompson try to defeat the figure. This fails when the figure rips Parallax, Proselyte, and Adara from their hosts.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Adara was later seen with Krona on Oa where it possessed one of the remaining six Guardians of the Universe. Adara was eventually free from Krona's control when the rogue Guardian was killed by Hal Jordan.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Adara took refugee on the Blue Central Power Battery, and only left the battery when the cosmic entity known as Relic targeted the new home planet of the Blue Lanterns. As Adara fled it was revealed that the entity was also suffering from a strange illness like all the rest of the emotional entities.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: The strange illness is revealed by Relic to be the reservoir of the emotional energy that's becoming exhausted which in turn will end the universe. Adara joined the Entity, Ophidian, Ion, Proselyte and the Predator into seek out Kyle Rayner, whom they believe can locate both Relic and the reservoir in order to save the universe, even if it means sacrificing themselves. The entities take Kyle Rayner's body and flee to Ysmault where they free the Butcher from Atrocitus. The only Entity who remained unaware of their plans is Parallax, who was currently being controlled by Sinestro during the Forever Evil story arc (which was running concurrently with Lights Out).


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: Eventually, Relic identifies the reservoir of the emotional spectrum as being inside the Source Wall, and heads there along with his captured light from the destroyed Corps and Batteries. Kyle manages to overcome the influence of the various entities, subduing them inside his body but not driving them out. He and the Templar Guardians find Relic at the Source Wall, and come to the same conclusion that the light used profusely was a finite resource; the only question was how to replenish it. Relic seeks to experiment on the entities inside of Kyle, with the intention of using them to replenish the source, but is stopped by a contingency of Green, Red and Indigo Lanterns, who mean to stop Relic from going any further. Hal Jordan, John Stewart, Guy Gardner, who is now a Red Lantern, and Kyle Rayner execute a plan to drive Relic into the Source Wall where he will be trapped forever. Kyle pushes them away and breaks through the Source Wall, which had become significantly weaker with the draining of the light source, and releases the entities inside of him, who sacrifice themselves to replenish the light source and defeat Relic.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: All Blue Lanterns are armed with a blue power ring, fueled by the emotion of hope. While hope is the most powerful of the seven emotions, Blue Lanterns must be near an active Green Lantern's power ring to tap into their own rings' full power. Otherwise, the rings are only capable of the default abilities of flight and a protective aura. This is because the power of hope is nothing without the willpower to enact it. The Blue Lantern's protective aura allows them to survive in space and other hostile environments and can be manipulated to a limited degree even without a Green Lantern present, using it to augment their strength and extending it to form a larger shield, but this ability is almost exclusively defensive. Blue rings must be activated by true hope before they will operate at their user's command.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: While under the influence of a nearby green power ring, a blue power ring has the same abilities as a green ring, plus some unique powers of its own. Blue Lanterns can heal wounds and regenerate lost body parts. The ring's power can be supplemented with the hope of other living beings; for instance, Saint Walker and Warth were able to reduce a dying sun's age by 8.6 billion years because of the hope emanating from the inhabitants of a nearby planet. A blue ring can negatively impact the performance of rings on the opposite side of the emotional spectrum. It can neutralize the corruptive effects of red power rings, block the energy-stealing properties of orange rings (as well as nullify its side effects on the bearer of it), and drain the power of yellow power rings. While at first it appeared that a blue ring could only charge a green power ring to twice its maximum power level which could also negatively impact a green ring, as close proximity to the Blue Central Power Battery would overcharge the ring, causing it to implode (taking the user's hand with it), it had been revealed that a blue ring can in fact charge any power ring as long as the users of the blue light wish to. Blue power rings manifest their constructs mainly by reading the target's hopes, but can make wielder-directed constructs like the other corps.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: In the universe prior to the current one, groups managed to tap into the wellspring of power created by the Emotional Spectrum. In this universe those who tapped into the blue light were known as the Lightsmiths of the Blue Light of Faith.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: In a possible future, when Nekron launches a new assault on the universe, rapidly recruiting the dead as his agents against the living as his forces claim even more lives, Ganthet triggers a 'last light' protocol that uses the last of his energy to send himself, the rings of six of the seven Corps (Minus a Green Lantern ring) and the last surviving members of the seven Corps to another universe to try and escape Nekron's assault, the various ring-wielders and the rings arriving in the new "Star Trek" universe. Although the Blue, Violet and Indigo rings find wielders in Pavel Chekov, Nyota Uhura and Leonard McCoy, the Yellow, Red, and Orange rings choose Klingon general Chang, a Gorn leader and a Romulan councillor as their wielders. After the "Enterprise" crew meet Hal, they rescue Carol and an injured Saint Walker, with McCoy using his Indigo ring to examine Walker's injuries. Although he confirms that Walker will recover, Carol reveals that Nekron was drawn into this new universe along with the rings, Nekron 'manifesting' at the site of Vulcan's destruction. Walker revives in time to assist in the final fight with Nekron, subsequently remaining with the "Enterprise" as it continues its mission.


title: Blue Lantern Corps

text: The Blue Lantern Corps appear in "". This version of the group is founded by Ganthet, with Saint Walker and Brother Warth as its first members. In the series finale "Dark Matter", series original character and former Red Lantern, Razer, sets out to find Aya, who had sacrificed herself to save the universe, with his conviction that she is still alive drawing a blue power ring to him. Before the series was cancelled, Razer was planned to appear in the second season as a Blue Lantern.


title: Telephone numbers in Poland

text: The assignment of telephone numbers in Poland is controlled by the Office of Electronic Communications (Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej or UKE), the national regulatory authority.


title: Telephone numbers in Poland

text: Polish telephone numbers have had 9 digits since 30 September 2009. The prefix '0' is no longer used when making a call within the country.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: Muslim Rajputs are the descendants of Rajputs of Northern regions of the Indian subcontinent who are followers of Islam. They converted from Hinduism to Islam from the medieval period in India onwards, retaining historically Hindu surnames such as Rana and Chauhan. Today, Muslim Rajputs can be found in present-day Northern India and Pakistan. They are further divided into different clans.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: The term "Rajput" is traditionally applied to the original Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi clans, who claimed to be Kshatriya in the Hindu varna system.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: There are recorded instances of recent conversions of Rajputs to Islam in Western Uttar Pradesh, Khurja tahsil of Bulandshahr.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: Despite the difference in faith, where the question has arisen of common Rajput honour, there have been instances where both Muslim and Hindu Rajputs have united together against threats from external ethnic groups.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: The Kharagpur Raj was a Muslim Kindwar Rajput chieftaincy in modern-day Munger district of Bihar. Raja Sangram Singh led a rebellion against the Mughal authorities and was subsequently defeated and executed. His son, Toral Mal, was made to convert to Islam and renamed as "Roz Afzun". Roz Afzun was a loyal Commander to the Emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan and Jahangir referred to him as his "favourite" commander in the empire. Another prominent chieftain of this dynasty was Tahawar Singh who played an active role in the Mughal expedition against the nearby Cheros of Palamu.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: The Gujarat Sultanate was an independent Muslim kingdom established in the early 15th century by the Muzaffarid dynasty in Gujarat. The Muzafarrid Dynasty was founded by Sultan Zafar Khan Muzaffar, identified variously as a Tanka Rajput or a Khatri from southern Punjab.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: Mewat was a kingdom in Rajputana with its capital at Alwar ruled by a Khanzada Mewati Rajput dynasty during the period of the Delhi Sultanate in India. Raja Hassan Khan Mewati was represented the Meo Khanzada in Battle of khawana.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: Mewat was covered over a wide area, it included Hathin tehsil, Nuh district, Tijara, Gurgaon, Kishangarh Bas, Ramgarh, Laxmangarh Tehsils Aravalli Range in Alwar district and Pahari, Nagar, Kaman tehsils in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan and also some part of Mathura district of Uttar Pradesh. The last ruler of Mewat, Hasan Khan Mewati was killed in the battle of Khanwa against the Mughal emperor Babur. The Meo Khanzadas were descended from Hindu Yadu Rajputs.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: When Sindh was under the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Arab Habbari dynasty was in control. The Umayyads appointed Aziz al Habbari as the governor of Sindh. Habbaris ruled Sindh until Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated the Habbaris in 1024. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi viewed the Abbasid Caliphate to be the caliphs thus he removed the remaining influence of the Umayyad Caliphate in the region and Sindh fell to Abbasid control following the defeat of the Habbaris. The Abbasid Caliphate then appointed Al Khafif from Samarra; 'Soomro' means 'of Samarra' in Sindhi. The new governor of Sindh was to create a better, stronger and stable government. Once he became the governor, he allotted several key positions to his family and friends; thus Al-Khafif or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the Soomro Dynasty in Sindh; and became its first ruler. Until the Siege of Baghdad (1258) the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphate's functionary in Sindh, but after that it became independent.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: When the Soomro dynasty lost ties with the Abbasid Caliphate after the Siege of Baghdad (1258,) the Soomra ruler Dodo-I established their rule from the shores of the Arabian Sea to the Punjab in the north and in the east to Rajasthan and in the west to Pakistani Balochistan. The Soomros were one of the first indigenous Muslim dynasties in Sindh of Parmar Rajput origin.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Rajput Samma Dynasty and challenged the Sultans of Delhi. He used the title of the "Sultan of Sindh". The Samma tribe reached its peak during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II (also known by the nickname Jám Nindó). During his reign from 1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of Thatta and its Makli hills, which replaced Debal. He patronized Sindhi art, architecture and culture. The Samma had left behind a popular legacy especially in architecture, music and art. Important court figures included the poet Kazi Kadal, Sardar Darya Khan, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilawal and the theologian Kazi Kaadan. However, Thatta which was a port city unlike garrison towns, it could not mobilize large armies against the Arghun and Tarkhan Mongol invaders, who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the Samma. Some parts of Sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and the ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Ferozudin.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: The Qaimkhanis were a Muslim Rajput dynasty who were notable for ruling the Fatehpur-Jhunjhunu region in Rajasthan from the 1300s to the 1700s. They were descended from Hindu Chauhan Rajputs, though as also stated by the historian Dirk Kolff the Qaimkhani have Turkic origins.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: The Lalkhanis are a Muslim Rajput community and a sub-clan of the Bargujars. They were the Nawabs of various estates in Western Uttar Pradesh. These included Chhatari and neighbouring regions including parts of Aligarh and Bulandshahr.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: The Mayi clan were the chieftains of the Narhat-Samai (Hisua) chieftaincy in modern-day Nawada district in South Bihar. The founder of the Mayi clan was Nuraon Khan who arrived in Bihar in the 17th century. His descendants were Azmeri and Deyanut who were granted zamindari rights over six parganas by the Mughal authorities. Deyanut's son was Kamgar Khan who expanded his land by attacking and plundering neighbouring zamindars. Kamgar Khan also led numerous revolts against the Mughals and attempted to assert the Mayi's independence. His descendant was Iqbal Ali Khan who took part in the 1781 revolt in Bihar against the British however his revolt failed and Mayi's lost much of their land.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: Rajput communities began settling in Bengal during the Sultanate period where they were given high ranks in the Bengal government. One notable example is of Bhagirath of Ayodhya, who belonged to the Hindu Bais clan, who was appointed as the Dewan of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah. His son, Kalidas Gajdani embraced Sunni Islam through the guidance of Ibrahim Danishmand and became known as Sulaiman Khan. Bhagirath's grandson, Isa Khan, grew to become the chief of Bengal's Baro-Bhuiyan confederacy which posed as a threat to the Mughals who wanted to conquer Bengal. The diwans of Mymensingh and Dhaka during the 19th-century were said to be the descendants of Muslim Rajputs. When Mughal general Man Singh conquered parts of Bengal including Dhaka during the time of Emperor Akbar, the permanent settlement of several Rajput tribes from the Mughal army in Dhaka and surrounding lands was significant.


title: Muslim Rajputs

text: Muslim Rajputs often retain common social practices (such as purdah [seclusion of women], which is generally followed by Hindu and Muslim Rajputs).


title: Holy Land Experience

text: The Holy Land Experience (HLE) was registered as a Christian-based theme park in Orlando, Florida and registered non-profit corporation. HLE conducted weekly church services and bible studies for the general public. HLE's theme park recreated the architecture and themes of the ancient city of Jerusalem in 1st-century Judaea. The Holy Land Experience was owned by the Trinity Broadcasting Network.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: The park had its origin in a dream of Marvin Rosenthal, a Jew of Russian origin who became a Baptist pastor, founder of the missionary organization Zion's Hope, who bought land in Orlando in 1989. The park opened in February 2001.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: On August 17, 2002, the Holy Land Experience Scriptorium museum opened. It featured the Van Kampen Collection of biblically related artifacts. The collection included ancient scrolls, manuscripts, and early printed editions of the Bible. The collection was the fourth largest of its kind. The Van Kampen Collection was founded in 1986 by Robert and Judith Van Kampen. In 1994, Robert Van Kampen established a privately funded research library for the purpose of presenting the collection to the academic community as well as the general public. The Scriptorium: Center for Christian Antiquities, located in Grand Haven, MI, housed the Collection. In 2002, the Collection relocated to Orlando, where it was on loan to the Holy Land Experience.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: In June 2007, the Holy Land Experience Board of Directors sold the property to the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), for an estimated $37 million. The property was an estimated $8 million in debt at the time of the sale. At that time TBN planned to update the park and use the property to build a Central Florida broadcasting facility, and a movie studio in order to produce Christian films.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: On August 21, 2007, former president and board member Tom Powell resigned his position to seek "new challenges." Four people remained on the park's board: Paul Crouch Sr., Jan Crouch, Paul Crouch Jr., and Matthew Crouch. Between 50 and 100 employees lost their jobs when they were cut from the payroll in October 2007. Jan Crouch was Director and CEO until her death in May 2016.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: Under TBN’s ownership, The Holy Land Experience underwent construction and the addition of new landscaping, exhibits, restaurants, and theaters which feature live musical and theatrical productions. The park has also introduced weekly bible studies, church services and live cooking demonstrations. The Smile of a Child Adventure Land was added to the park exhibits. This children’s park featured exhibits and activities for children, such as a wilderness rock-climbing wall, toy store, children’s theater and craft center.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: HLE was a non-denominational Christian living biblical museum and church. Church services and bible studies were conducted by ordained pastors for the general public on a weekly basis. HLE was registered as a non-profit corporation with the Florida Department of State Division of Corporations.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: In 2012, the 2,000 seat Church of All Nations auditorium opened. The facility featured live presentations and reenactments of the passion and crucifixion of Jesus Christ, and the depiction of the resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ to heaven. Live tapings of TBN’s flagship TV show, "Praise the Lord", were also taped in the facility, in addition to concerts and church services.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: In February 2020, after a sharp decline in revenue for several years, the park announced that it would be laying off 118 employees, representing most of its staff, and would be ending all theatrical productions, restaurants and retail shops. On August 2, 2021, the property was sold to AdventHealth, which plans to redevelop the land for a new hospital.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: In 2001, the Jewish Defense League accused the park of proselytizing Jews because the owner of Zion's Hope Park was a missionary organization. Founder Marvin Rosenthal categorically refuted this accusation.


title: Holy Land Experience

text: In 2001, Orange County refused the park's tax exemption request. In 2005, a judge ruled in favor of the park because of its mission of spreading the word of God, which is not for profit and, therefore, allows it to benefit from a tax exemption. This is similar to the tax exemption for museums that present historical information on other subjects. The law prevented Orange County from collecting the alleged back taxes as well as forgiving the park $300,000 in yearly property taxes. The law required the park to offer an annual free admissions day.


title: Thymine

text: Thymine () (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. In RNA, thymine is replaced by the nucleobase uracil. Thymine was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calf thymus glands, hence its name.


title: Thymine

text: As its alternate name (5-methyluracil) suggests, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine (T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds, thereby stabilizing the nucleic acid structures.


title: Thymine

text: Thymine combined with deoxyribose creates the nucleoside deoxythymidine, which is synonymous with the term thymidine. Thymidine can be phosphorylated with up to three phosphoric acid groups, producing dTMP (deoxythymidine monophosphate), dTDP, or dTTP (for the di- and tri- phosphates, respectively).


title: Thymine

text: One of the common mutations of DNA involves two adjacent thymines or cytosine, which, in presence of ultraviolet light, may form thymine dimers, causing "kinks" in the DNA molecule that inhibit normal function.


title: Thymine

text: Thymine could also be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment. 5-FU can be a metabolic analog of thymine (in DNA synthesis) or uracil (in RNA synthesis). Substitution of this analog inhibits DNA synthesis in actively dividing cells.


title: Thymine

text: During growth of bacteriophage T4, an imbalance of thymine availability, either a deficiency or an excess of thymine, causes increased mutation. The mutations caused by thymine deficiency appear to occur only at AT base pair sites in DNA and are often AT to GC transition mutations. In the bacterium "Escherichia coli", thymine deficiency was also found to be mutagenic and cause AT to GC transitions.


title: Thymine

text: In March 2015, NASA scientists reported that, for the first time, complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life, including uracil, cytosine and thymine, have been formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidine, found in meteorites. Pyrimidine, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), another carbon-rich compound, may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar dust and gas clouds, according to the scientists. Thymine has not been found in meteorites, which suggests the first strands of DNA had to look elsewhere to obtain this building block. Thymine likely formed within some meteorite parent bodies, but may not have persisted within these bodies due to an oxidation reaction with hydrogen peroxide.


title: Thymine

text: Patented 2013, the current method used for the manufacturing of thymine is done by dissolving the molecule Methyl methacrylate in a solvent of methanol. The solvent is to be maintained at a pH of 8.9-9.1 by addition of a base like sodium hydroxide and a temperature of 0-10 degrees Celsius.  30% Hydrogen peroxide is then added to the solution to act as an oxygen giver, and the entire solution is heated for 2-20 hours to form 2,3-epoxy-2-methyl methacrylate, which is extracted by drying the solution with magnesium sulphate. The 2,3-epoxy-2-methyl methacrylate is then put into a separate flask containing 100% alcohol (ethanol or methanol), urea, and tosic acid after the mixture is heated to the point that the alcohol-urea-tosic acid solution starts refluxing (boiling and feeding back into solution ). After adding 2,3-epoxy-2-methyl methacrylate to the refluxing solution, it is left in its refluxing state for 1-3 hours. After this period, the solution is cooled to 65 degrees Celsius and sodium methylate (sodium methoxide) is added at 30% concentration within a solution of ethanol or methanol and left to react for 1-3 hours. After this period thymine should have formed in the solution. The solution is then concentrated by removing excess methanol through keeping the heat at 65 degrees celsius (slightly above boiling point of methanol) and allowing the methanol to vaporize out of the solution instead of reflux. The concentrated solution is then neutralized and precipitated by adding hydrochloric acid, forming waste sodium chloride and the desired thymine crystals among the solution. The solution is temporarily warmed up to re-dissolve the crystals, then passed through a reverse osmosis filter to remove the sodium chloride formed and isolate the solution containing the thymine. This solution is cooled to precipitate the crystals and  then air-dried to yield pure thymine crystals in the form of a white powder.


title: Château Pétrus

text: Pétrus is a Bordeaux, France, wine estate located in the Pomerol appellation near its eastern border to Saint-Émilion. A small estate of just , it produces a red wine entirely from Merlot grapes (since the end of 2010), and produces no second wine. The estate belongs to Jean-François Moueix and his children.


title: Château Pétrus

text: Although the wines of Pomerol have never been classified, Pétrus is widely regarded as the outstanding wine of the appellation. Pétrus leads a duo of Pomerol estates in extreme prices, along with Le Pin, that rank consistently among the world's most expensive wines. A 750 ml bottle of Pétrus wine is priced at an average of $2,630.


title: Château Pétrus

text: Originally, a vineyard, the estate had been owned by the Arnaud family since the end of the 18th century, and the name first appears in records from 1837. In the 1868 edition of "Cocks & Féret", under listing "Crus bourgeois et 1ers artisans", Pétrus was ranked behind Vieux Château Certan and alongside Château Trotanoy. Some vintages of this period were labelled Petrus-Arnaud. At the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1878, Pétrus won a gold medal, at a time when such an event had very significant results, establishing a selling price at the level of a Médoc second growth, the first wine of Pomerol to do so.


title: Château Pétrus

text: In 1917, the Arnaud family had to sell and La Société Civile du Château Pétrus, a share-holding company, was set up. Around 1925, the owner of the Hôtel Loubat in Libourne, the widow Mme. Edmond Loubat, began to buy shares in the estate and continued the acquisition progressively until 1945, when she became the sole owner of the domaine.


title: Château Pétrus

text: According to David Peppercorn, "the great age of Pétrus" began with the end of World War II and the successful 1945 vintage. Jean-Pierre Moueix of the Libourne "négociant" house (Établissements Jean-Pierre Moueix) acquired exclusive selling rights of Pétrus in that year, and the international reputation of Pétrus began to grow. Mme. Loubat, who also owned Château Latour à Pomerol, remained an active "vigneronne" throughout her life, known for her meticulous dedication to detail and quality, and strong determination that her wine deserved to be priced equal to the great "crus".


title: Château Pétrus

text: In the following years, the efficient partnership with Moueix became prosperous. Pétrus was introduced to the United States. In 1947, Mme. Loubat presented two magnums of 1938 Pétrus to the Lord Mayor of London, who had come to Pomerol for a visit, for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth.


title: Château Pétrus

text: After the 1956 winter frost that devastated the grapevines of the Bordeaux region and killed two-thirds of the Pétrus vineyard, Mme. Loubat decided not to replant but to coppice (cut back severely) the vines on surviving rootstocks; this process of "recépage" had been previously untried in the region; her success ensured that the vines' average age remained high and established a tradition that has since been followed.


title: Château Pétrus

text: Pétrus' fame in the U.S. grew in the 1960s, with the promotion by Henri Soulé, owner of the restaurant Le Pavillon in New York. According to Alexis Lichine, "[Pétrus] was served at Le Pavillon in the days when Onassis sat at a corner table. After that, Pétrus became a status symbol, the sort of name dropped by people who wish to imply not only that they know wine but that they are in wine".


title: Château Pétrus

text: On the death of Mme. Loubat in 1961, the estate was divided between a niece and nephew, Mme. Lily Lacoste-Loubat and M. Lignac, and a share was left to Jean-Pierre Moueix to break any deadlock between them and to ensure Moueix' continued influence. For a period, the estate was represented by the niece, but in 1964, Jean-Pierre Moueix bought the Lignac shares, and the oenologist Jean-Claude Berrouet became permanently attached to Pétrus. Prior to this, Émile Peynaud had been employed as a part-time consultant. In 1969, of vineyard were added to the estate, purchased from neighbouring Château Gazin. increasing the surface area of Petrus from 7 to 11.4 hectares (28 acres).


title: Château Pétrus

text: Following the death of Jean-Pierre Moueix in 2003, his son Jean-François Moueix, head of Groupe Duclot, is the owner of Pétrus; he and his children have controlled distribution worldwide via Clés Distribution since 2014. When Jean-Claude Berrouet retired as technical director after 45 vintages in 2008, he was replaced by his son Olivier Berrouet, who now manages the vineyard and the wine making.


title: Château Pétrus

text: In September 2018, Jean-François Moueix's entourage confirmed that 20 percent of the capital had been sold to Colombian-American billionaire Alejandro Santo Domingo.


title: Château Pétrus

text: Located on top of a island mound, the "Pétrus boutonnière" or buttonhole, Pétrus' original vineyard possesses topsoil and subsoil high in iron-rich clay that differs from neighbouring vineyards, where the soil is a mixture of gravel-sand or clay-sand.


title: Château Pétrus

text: The estate was among the first in Bordeaux to implement green-harvesting or éclaircissage as a way to lower crop yields and raise the quality of the remaining grapes.


title: Château Pétrus

text: The grape variety distribution is 100% Merlot since the end of 2010. The average age of the vines exceeds 45 years. This grape variety is made up of black, medium round berries. The administration of the estate takes particular care to maximize the quality of the harvest.


title: Château Pétrus

text: Petrus produces an average of 30,000 bottles per year. The grapes are hand harvested over two to three days. The wine is aged between 12 and 16 months in oak barrels, half of which are new, before bottling. A stringent pre-assemblage vat selection is carried out and certain parcels are rejected from the Grand Vin.


title: Château Pétrus

text: The wine is characterized by great elegance, a complex and powerful nose and a particularly opulent fruit. The guide to Bettana and Desseauve wines (2016) describes Petrus as follows: "With its refined and deep tension and the right density, its taffeta texture and floral returns, Petrus is a wine that shines and gradually imposes itself on you."


title: Château Pétrus

text: The best vintages are generally recognized as 1929, 1945, 1947, 1961, 1964, 1982, 1989, 1990, 2000, 2005, 2009, and 2010. In 1956, 1965, and 1991, the harvests did not produce a wine of sufficient quality and these vintages do not exist. The years 1963, 1968, 1977, or 1984 exist in very small quantities for the same reason. The vintages 1921, 1929, 1947, 1961, 1989, 1990, 2000, 2009, and 2010 all received a score of 100/100 from critic Robert Parker.


title: Château Pétrus

text: The price of a bottle varies from 1,000 euros for a "small" vintage to more than 2,500 euros for a great vintage, or even 6,000 euros for an exceptional vintage such as 1947 or 1961. According to the Wine-searcher site, Petrus is the sixth most expensive wine in the world, after five Burgundy wines, and an average price of US$625,000 (about €600,000) for all vintages and countries combined.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: Sodium sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula NaS, or more commonly its hydrate NaS·9HO. Both the anhydrous and the hydrated salts in pure crystalline form are colorless solids, although technical grades of sodium sulfide are generally yellow to brick red owing to the presence of polysulfides and commonly supplied as a crystalline mass, in flake form, or as a fused solid. They are water-soluble, giving strongly alkaline solutions. When exposed to moist air, NaS and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, an extremely toxic, flammable and corrosive gas which smells like rotten eggs.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: Some commercial samples are specified as NaS·"x"HO, where a weight percentage of NaS is specified. Commonly available grades have around 60% NaS by weight, which means that "x" is around 3. These grades of sodium sulfide are often marketed as 'sodium sulfide flakes'.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: NaS adopts the antifluorite structure, which means that the Na centers occupy sites of the fluoride in the CaF framework, and the larger S occupy the sites for Ca.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: In the laboratory, the salt can be prepared by reduction of sulfur with sodium in anhydrous ammonia, or by sodium in dry THF with a catalytic amount of naphthalene (forming sodium naphthalenide):


title: Sodium sulfide

text: The sulfide ion in sulfide salts such as sodium sulfide can incorporate a proton into the salt by protonation:


title: Sodium sulfide

text: Because of this capture of the proton (), sodium sulfide has basic character. Sodium sulfide is strongly basic, able to absorb two protons. Its conjugate acid is sodium hydrosulfide (). An aqueous solution contains a significant portion of sulfide ions that are singly protonated.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: Sodium sulfide is unstable in the presence of water due to the gradual loss of hydrogen sulfide into the atmosphere.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: When heated with oxygen and carbon dioxide, sodium sulfide can oxidize to sodium carbonate and sulfur dioxide:


title: Sodium sulfide

text: It is used in water treatment as an oxygen scavenger agent and also as a metals precipitant; in chemical photography for toning black and white photographs; in the textile industry as a bleaching agent, for desulfurising and as a dechlorinating agent; and in the leather trade for the sulfitisation of tanning extracts. It is used in chemical manufacturing as a sulfonation and sulfomethylation agent. It is used in the production of rubber chemicals, sulfur dyes and other chemical compounds. It is used in other applications including ore flotation, oil recovery, making dyes, and detergent. It is also used during leather processing, as an unhairing agent in the liming operation.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: Even aryl halides participate in this reaction. By a broadly similar process sodium sulfide can react with alkenes in the thiol-ene reaction to give thioethers.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: Sodium sulfide can be used as nucleophile in Sandmeyer type reactions. Sodium sulfide reduces1,3-dinitrobenzene derivatives to the 3-nitroanilines. Aqueous solution of sodium sulfide can be refluxed with nitro carrying azo dyes dissolved in dioxane and ethanol to selectively reduce the nitro groups to amine; while other reducible groups, e.g. azo group, remain intact. Sulfide has also been employed in photocatalytic applications.


title: Sodium sulfide

text: Like sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide is strongly alkaline and can cause chemical burns. Acids react with it to rapidly produce hydrogen sulfide, which is highly toxic.


title: Stereochemistry

text: Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. The study of stereochemistry focuses on the relationships between stereoisomers, which by definition have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in structural formula (the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space). For this reason, it is also known as 3D chemistry—the prefix "stereo-" means "three-dimensionality".


title: Stereochemistry

text: Stereochemistry spans the entire spectrum of organic, inorganic, biological, physical and especially supramolecular chemistry. Stereochemistry includes methods for determining and describing these relationships; the effect on the physical or biological properties these relationships impart upon the molecules in question, and the manner in which these relationships influence the reactivity of the molecules in question (dynamic stereochemistry).


title: Stereochemistry

text: It was not until after the observations of certain molecular phenomena that stereochemical principles were developed. In 1815, Jean-Baptiste Biot’s observation of optical activity marked the beginning of organic stereochemistry history. He observed that organic molecules were able to rotate the plane of polarized light in a solution or in the gaseous phase. Despite Biot's discoveries, Louis Pasteur is commonly described as the first stereochemist, having observed in 1842 that salts of tartaric acid collected from wine production vessels could rotate the plane of polarized light, but that salts from other sources did not. This property, the only physical property in which the two types of tartrate salts differed, is due to optical isomerism. In 1874, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Le Bel explained optical activity in terms of the tetrahedral arrangement of the atoms bound to carbon. Kekulé used tetrahedral models earlier in 1862 but never published these; Emanuele Paternò probably knew of these but was the first to draw and discuss three dimensional structures, such as of 1,2-dibromoethane in the "Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche" in 1869. The term "chiral" was introduced by Lord Kelvin in 1904. Arthur Robertson Cushny, Scottish Pharmacologist, in 1908, first offered a definite example of a bioactivity difference between enantiomers of a chiral molecule viz. (-)-Adrenaline is two times more potent than the (±)- form as a vasoconstrictor and in 1926 laid the foundation for chiral pharmacology/stereo-pharmacology (biological relations of optically isomeric substances). Later in 1966, the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog nomenclature or Sequence rule was devised to assign absolute configuration to stereogenic/chiral center (R- and S- notation) and extended to be applied across olefinic bonds (E- and Z- notation).


title: Stereochemistry

text: An important branch of stereochemistry is the study of chiral molecules, which are molecules that lack a plane of symmetry and are, therefore, not superimposable on their mirror images. The term chiral stems from the Greek word "cheir," meaning handedness and describes objects that have a "left-handed" and "right-handed" form. Molecules are considered to be chiral if they contain an asymmetric carbon atom, which is attached to four different substituents that form a tetrahedron. The idea of chirality is essential for explaining the concept of stereoisomerism. Compounds that have the same molecular formula, but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms are stereoisomers. Based on arrangement, these compounds can be categorized as either enantiomers or diasteriomers. Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are non superimposable mirror images of each other. Comparably, diasteriomers are stereoisomers that are superimposable on each other and are not mirror images. Stereoisomers that do not involve chirality are geometrical isomers, also known as cis-trans isomers, which exist as a result of restricted rotation around a double bond within a molecule. When two of the same atoms are attached to the same side of the molecule, a cis isomer is present. Conversely, when two of the same atoms are attached to opposing sides of the molecule, a trans isomer is present. Another type of stereoisomerism is conformational stereoisomerism. These isomers exist as a result of rotation around the central carbon-carbon bond within a molecule and are constantly being interconverted into its different isomers at room temperature. The possible conformational isomers are gauche (60°), anti (180°), and eclipsed (0°).


title: Stereochemistry

text: Wedge and dash diagrams are used to represent 3-dimensional molecules on paper and are often used to depict the stereochemistry of chiral molecules. Dashed wedges are used to show bonds that project behind the plane of the paper and dark and shaded wedges are used to show bonds that project out of the plan of the paper. The ordinary lines are used to show bonds that are in the plane of the paper.


title: Stereochemistry

text: Fischer projections are a simplified way to represent 3-dimensional stereochemical molecules in 2-dimensional layout. All of the bonds are drawn as ordinary lines that intersect at 90°. The top and bottom lines represent the front and back of the molecule, respectively. One side line represents a dashed wedge and the other represents a dark wedge.


title: Stereochemistry

text: Sawhorse projections are used to view molecules from an angled perspective instead of a side view. The parallel bonds represent eclipsed conformations and all anti parallel bonds can represent either gauche or anti conformations.


title: Stereochemistry

text: Newman projections are used to visualize molecules from front to back along a carbon-carbon bond. The carbon closest to the viewer is the front carbon and the one furthest away is the back carbon. The three atoms attached to the front carbon are depicted as being attached to the center of a circle and the atoms attached to the back carbon are shown as coming from behind the circle. Newman projections are often used as a simplified version of sawhorse projections.


title: Stereochemistry

text: Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules are part of a system for describing a molecule's stereochemistry. They rank the atoms around a stereocenter in a standard way, allowing the relative position of these atoms in the molecule to be described unambiguously. A Fischer projection is a simplified way to depict the stereochemistry around a stereocenter.