title: Kristen Welker

text: Welker regularly represents MSNBC at the daily White House press briefings as well as reports live for various programs on the channel. She occasionally fills in on "NBC Nightly News" and "Today". On January 10, 2020, NBC announced that Welker would become the regular co-anchor of "Weekend Today" alongside Peter Alexander. She debuted as co-anchor on "Weekend Today" on January 11, 2020.


title: Kristen Welker

text: Welker married John Hughes on March 4, 2017, in Philadelphia. Their daughter was born in June 2021 through a surrogate.


title: Adel Emam

text: Adel Emam (; born 17 May 1940 is an Egyptian film, television, and stage actor. He is primarily a comedian, but he has starred in more serious works and, combined comedy with romance especially in his earlier films, which included "My Wife, the Director General", "My Wife's Dignity" and "My Wife's Goblin" with Salah Zulfikar and Shadia.


title: Adel Emam

text: Emam earned a bachelor's degree in Agriculture from Cairo University. Since then he has appeared in over 103 movies and 10 plays. He is one of the most famous actors in Egypt and the in the Arab world.


title: Adel Emam

text: His contributions to the stage and film industries through addressing social and political issues in film and television earned him a cult following and a worldwide reputation that made him one of the most influential Arab public figures in the 1980s and 1990s. Adel Imam is considered by a huge mass of cult followers as a cultural icon in the history of modern Egypt.


title: Adel Emam

text: Emam launched his career in theater in "Ana w Howa w Heya" (1962) with Fouad El-Mohandes and Shwikar and in cinema he acted in "My Wife, the Director General" (1966), "My Wife's Dignity" (1967), and "My Wife's Goblin" (1968) with leading actors Salah Zulfikar and Shadia. In early 1970s, he co-starred in "Virgo" (1970) with Salah Zulfikar, and in "Find a scandal" (1973) alongside Mervat Amin. Later, he started to act in starring roles in the 1980s and 1990s including "The Suspect" (1981), and "Love in a Jail Cell" (1983), both films alongside Soad Hosny.


title: Adel Emam

text: He was an important national figure in Egypt largely because of the Egyptian political roles he took on in many of his films and plays, he always focused on Egypt's politics and religious problems. These roles, whether he intended it or not, often put him in a critical position vis-à-vis the president or the government, such as "The Terrorist" (1994) alongside Salah Zulfikar in Zulfikar's final film role. He has been cast several times by the producer Emad Adeeb in movies like "Morgan Ahmed Morgan" (2007), and "Hassan and Marcus" (2008) alongside Omar Sharif.


title: Adel Emam

text: In 2005, he starred in "The Embassy in the Building", playing a Cairene everyman inconvenienced when the Embassy of Israel moves into his apartment building. In the following year, Emam was one of the ensemble cast of "The Yacoubian Building", a film reputed to be the highest-budgeted in Egyptian cinema and adapted from the novel of the same name. The story is a sharp look at contemporary Egyptian life through the prism of a faded downtown Cairo apartment building. Emam portrays an aging "roué" whose misadventures form a central strand of the film's complex narrative.


title: Adel Emam

text: Adel Emam was married and has three children: the director Rami Imam, Sarah Emam, and Mohamed Emam, who also starred in the movie "The Yacoubian Building" as "Taha ElShazli". He waq the brother of Esam Imam and Iman Imam. His brother-in-law was actor Mustafa Metwalli.


title: Adel Emam

text: Adel Emam stated on a talk show hosted by Hala Sarhan that Amin Shalaby and the late Younes Shalaby as well as Saeed Saleh were his best friends since university.


title: Adel Emam

text: In February 2012, Emam was sentenced (in absentia) to three months in jail for offending Islam. Imam said he would appeal the sentence. On September 12, 2012, Emam won his appeal when a Cairo misdemeanours court cleared him of defaming Islam in his films.


title: Adel Emam

text: Adel Emam received numerous awards through his five decades career. He won "Horus" Award twice for his leading roles in "Omaret Yakobean" and "Al-irhabi" at Cairo International Film Festival. He won the Honorary Award of the Festival at 2014 Marrakech International Film Festival. He won International Jury Award at São Paulo International Film Festival. In 2005 and 2008 Dubai International Film Festival awarded Adel Emam the Lifetime Achievement Award. He received the first Career Achievement Award in El-Gouna Film Festival in 2017.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The FV601 Saladin is a six-wheeled armoured car developed by Crossley Motors and later manufactured by Alvis. Designed in 1954, it replaced the AEC Armoured Car in service with the British Army from 1958 onward. The vehicle weighed 11 tonnes, offered a top speed of 72 km/h, and had a crew of three. Saladins were noted for their excellent performance in desert conditions, and found favour with a number of Middle Eastern armies accordingly. They were armed with a 76 mm low-pressure rifled gun which fired the same ammunition as that mounted on the FV101 Scorpion.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: Despite the vehicle's age and dated design, it is still in use in a number of countries in secondary roles.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: Following the end of the Second World War, the British Army issued a requirement for a new, 6×6 wheeled armoured vehicle to replace the obsolete AEC Armoured Car. Design work began in 1947 and a contract was awarded to Alvis Cars to build two prototypes for trials. The new armoured car was designated FV601A and armed with an Ordnance QF 2-pounder gun. Alvis also proposed a much heavier fire support variant designated FV601B armed with a new 76 mm low-pressure gun. Design work on the FV601B was subcontracted to Crossley Motors, which engineered and manufactured six pre-production models. After further modifications by Alvis, the FV601C entered mass production in 1958 as the "Alvis Saladin". Production of the FV601C and its variants continued at the Alvis factory at Coventry until 1972.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: A special variant known as the FV601D was developed for law enforcement agencies and internal security purposes; this model lacked a co-axial machine gun and had different lights and smoke dischargers. The FV601D was only adopted by the German Federal "Bundesgrenzschutz", which designated it "Geschützter Sonderwagen III". A Saladin was also offered with the same 30 mm RARDEN autocannon as found on the FV510 Warrior and FV721 Fox, but this model did not find favour with the British military or any export customers.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The Federal Republic of Germany was the first country to express an interest in the Saladin, specifically the FV601D. When production began, export customers such as Australia, Indonesia, and Ghana also placed large orders for the vehicle. By the late 1960s, the British Army was beginning to dispose of second-hand Saladins as military aid for various Commonwealth member states. The Saladin performed well on the export market but was not as successful as its primary competitor, the French Panhard AML-90, which was much more heavily armed, and cheaper.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The Saladin shared many common components with the Saracen armoured personnel carrier, Stalwart high mobility load carrier and Salamander fire tender.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The Saladin was used by B Sqn 16/5 Lancers during their defence of Nicosia airport in 1974 and subsequent armed recce operations under the banner of the UN. Saladins were also employed by the British Army in Northern Ireland during The Troubles.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: In 1975 Saladins of B Squadron 1RTR were moved from Pergamos Eastern SBA to assist with the defence of Nicosia Airport, this was a stand off with Turkish forces and UN forces. I served attached to B Squadron 1 RTR and was amongst the troops dispatched to Nicosia.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The Royal Australian Armoured Corps (RAAC) modified Saladin turrets, and fitted them onto M113A1 tracked personnel carriers; this combination was known as the Fire Support Vehicle (FSV). However, the same name was also used for a subsequent vehicle, based on the turret from the FV101 Scorpion (and accepted by the RAAC in 1976). This was later redesignated the Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle (MRV).


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The Saladin was widely used by the Sultan of Oman's armed forces throughout the Omani Civil War, and saw extensive action during the period 1971 to 1976, supporting ground forces and on convoy patrol. Often crewed by British servicemen (loan soldiers) and Omani servicemen, the Sultan's Armoured Car Squadron consisted of an estimated 36 Saladins. They saw extensive action supporting troops from the British SAS, Oman Firqa, Oman regulars, and Iranian forces in their war with the Adoo. The squadron's vehicles were regularly attacked by Katyusha rockets, anti-tank mines, rocket propelled grenades, and light and heavy machine gun fire. Many vehicles were mined and repaired, and after the end of the war in 1976 the Saladin remained in service until the early 1980s. An unpublished account called "The Tinned Equivalent" was written in 1977, and details many of the events of that war.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The Ceylon Army received several ex-British Army Saladins following the outbreak of the 1971 JVP insurrection and were deployed counter-insurgency operations. These were used extensively by the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps in the 1980s in the early stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War, with its 76 mm gun being effective in countering insurgents. However, the wheeled vehicles had limited cross country capabilities and suffered damage from IEDs and RPGs in urban areas. In one case, in July 1987 during an insurgent attack on an army encampment in Jaffna, a Saladin was knocked out when an RPG entered through the drivers viewing portal, killing the driver and a sergeant inside. The LTTE mounted the turret of a captured Saladin on to a captured YW531 turning it into a light tank, which was later captured by the Sri Lankan Army at the end of the civil war. The Sri Lankan Army phased out its Saladin's from its A list in the 1990's due to lack spares from the United Kingdom and replaced it with BMP-1 IFV after an order for Cadillac Gage Commandos fell though. It retained one for ceremonial use. Saladins remained in reserve status till the end of the war in 2009. It forms the tank crew pin of the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: During the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, Saladins were filmed on the streets of Kuwait City during Battle of Dasman Palace against Iraqi forces.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The Indonesian Army (TNI AD) uses the Saladin for "KOSTRAD Cavalry Battalion", "KOSTRAD Recon Company" and Armoured Car Company. In 2014, the Indonesian Army confirmed that it was continuing to deploy the Saladin in active operations. Indonesian Vice President Jusuf Kalla charged state-owned arms manufacturer Pindad with developing a modernization package for the Saladin in early 2016, indicating the armoured car would continue to remain in service for some time. By the end of the year 16 Indonesian Army Saladins had been modernized by Pindad.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: The Sudanese Army deployed Saladins during the Second Sudanese Civil War, some being captured by the SPLA.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: Nearly 100 Saladins were exported to the Federal Republic of Germany as part of a British assistance programme for the fledgling "Bundesgrenzschutz" in the mid to late 1950s. In German service they were designated "Geschützter Sonderwagen III" and utilised for border patrols. All but 25, along with the entire German inventory of spare parts, were later resold to Honduras as part of a $7 million deal negotiated through Honduran defence contractor Gerard Latchinian. Honduran Saladins could be seen in the streets of Tegucigalpa in the 2009 coup against President Manuel Zelaya.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: There is a Saladin on display as a gate guard at Episkopi Garrison, British Sovereign Base, Cyprus. It is dedicated to the memory of L/Cpl Nicholas Stokes, who died in a training accident in October 1992.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: A decommissioned Lebanese Army Saladin is currently part of the "Hope for Peace" monument in Yarze, Lebanon.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: There are three surviving Saladins in The Tank Museum, Dorset, England. One, in all over green, is displayed in the tank story exhibition. The second, in all over tan, is in operational condition and used in events. The third, in a tan and green camouflage pattern, is part of the museum's reserve collection and is stored in the vehicle conservation centre.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: There is a Saladin in the Muckleburgh Collection, Norfolk, England. It can be seen running at various time during the year.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: There is a Saladin at the Dunmore Park base of the B Squadron "North Irish Horse" SNIY Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry, an Army Reserve regiment.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: There is also a non-functioning Alvis Saladin displayed outside the Lebanese Army's military outpost in the mountain region of Baabda located between Hammana and Chbaniyeh.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: An American college sports enthusiasts club in Knoxville, Tennessee, the "Big Orange Army" operates a Saladin painted orange as an advertising device.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: There is another privately owned and fully operational restored 1959 Saladin AFV in Knoxville Tennessee. It has a live L5A1 76 mm main gun and a coaxial 1919A4 BMG with a Browning M2 Machine Gun top mounted on authentic US Mark 93 mounting hardware and gun shield plate.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: There is a Saladin as gate guardian at King Phraya Damrong Rajanupam Camp of the Royal Thai Border Police in Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: Numerous Saladin survive in Australia, one example is on display at the RAAC Memorial and Tank Museum Puckapunyal, Victoria. and another complete operational, privately owned ex-British Saladin exists in the outer metropolitan region of Sydney. Many ex-Australian Army Saladins remain turretless because of the fitting of Saladin turrets on M113 carriers to make the Fire Support Vehicle (M113-A1 FSV) used in the Vietnam war.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: Two Saladins are on display at the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum located in Cairns, Queensland. One as the Gate Guard and the second (on display) is in running condition.


title: Alvis Saladin

text: There is a privately owned Saladin in North San Diego County, California, USA, that was imported from the UK in 2019 and is currently under restoration.


title: Roasting

text: Roasting is a cooking method that uses dry heat where hot air covers the food, cooking it evenly on all sides with temperatures of at least from an open flame, oven, or other heat source. Roasting can enhance the flavor through caramelization and Maillard browning on the surface of the food. Roasting uses indirect, diffused heat (as in an oven), and is suitable for slower cooking of meat in a larger, whole piece. Meats and most root and bulb vegetables can be roasted. Any piece of meat, especially red meat, that has been cooked in this fashion is called a roast. Meats and vegetables prepared in this way are described as "roasted", e.g., roasted chicken or roasted squash.


title: Roasting

text: For roasting, the food may be placed on a rack, in a roasting pan or, to ensure even application of heat, may be rotated on a spit or rotisserie. If a pan is used, the juice can be retained for use in gravy, Yorkshire pudding, etc. During oven roasting, hot air circulates around the meat, cooking all sides evenly. There are several plans for roasting meat: low-temperature cooking, high-temperature cooking, and a combination of both. Each method can be suitable, depending on the food and the tastes of the people.


title: Roasting

text: In general, in either case, the meat is removed from the heat before it has finished cooking and left to sit for a few minutes, while the inside cooks further from the residual heat content, known as carry over cooking.


title: Roasting

text: The objective in any case is to retain as much moisture as possible, while providing the texture and color. As meat cooks, the structure and especially the collagen breaks down, allowing juice to come out of the meat. So meat is juiciest at about medium rare while the juice is coming out. During roasting, meats and vegetables are frequently basted on the surface with butter, lard, or oil to reduce the loss of moisture by evaporation. In recent times, plastic oven bags have become popular for roasts. These cut cooking times and reduce the loss of moisture during roasting, but reduce flavor development from Maillard browning, somewhat more like (boiled or steamed) stew or pot roast. They are particularly popular for turkeys.


title: Roasting

text: Until the late 19th century, roasting by dry heat in an oven was called "baking". Roasting originally meant cooking meat or a bird on or in front of a fire, as with a grill or spit. It is one of the oldest forms of cooking known.


title: Roasting

text: Traditionally recognized roasting methods consist only of baking and cooking over or near an open fire. Grilling is normally not technically a roast, since a grill (gridiron) is used. Barbecuing and smoking differ from roasting because of the lower temperature and controlled smoke application. Grilling can be considered as a low-fat food preparation, as it allows any fat in the food to drip away.


title: Roasting

text: Before the invention and widespread use of stoves, food was primarily cooked over open flames from a hearth. To roast meat, racks with skewers, or, if accessible, complicated gear arrangements, would be utilized to turn the piece(s). In the past, this method was often associated with the upper class and special occasions, rather than customary mealtimes, because it required freshly killed meat and close attention during cooking. It was easy to ruin the meat’s taste with a smoky fire or negligence to rotate it at regular intervals. Thus, elite families, who were able to afford quality meat, appointed this task to servants or invested in technology like automatic turning devices. With further technological advances, cooking came to accommodate new opportunities. By the 1860s, working families were able to afford low-priced stove models that became sufficiently available. However, the key element of observation during roasting became difficult and dangerous to do with the coal oven. Hence, traditional roasting disappeared as kitchens became no longer equipped for this custom and soon thereafter, "baking" came to be "roasting".


title: Roasting

text: Roasting can be applied to a wide variety of meat. In general, it works best for cooking whole chickens, turkey, and leaner cuts of lamb, pork, and beef. The aim is to highlight the flavor of the meat itself rather than a sauce or stew, as it is done in braising or other moist-heat methods. Many roasts are tied with string prior to roasting, often using the reef knot or the packer's knot. Tying holds them together during roasting, keeping any stuffing inside, and keeps the roast in a round profile, which promotes even cooking.


title: Roasting

text: Red meats such as beef, lamb, and venison, and certain game birds are often roasted to be "medium rare" "rare", meaning that the center of the roast is still red. Roasting is a preferred method of cooking for most poultry, and certain cuts of beef, pork, or lamb. Although there is a growing fashion in some restaurants to serve "rose pork", temperature monitoring of the center of the roast is the only sure way to avoid foodborne disease.


title: Roasting

text: In Britain, Ireland, and Australia, a roast of meat may be referred to as a "joint", or a leg, if it is a leg.


title: Roasting

text: Some vegetables, such as potatoes, carrots, eggplants/aubergines, zucchini/courgette, pumpkin, turnips, rutabagas/swedes, parsnips, cauliflower, asparagus, squash, peppers, yam and plantain lend themselves to roasting as well. Roasted chestnuts are also a popular snack in winter.


title: Roasting

text: Roasting fish is done with whole fish, and will work well with snapper, or any medium-sized, whole round fish such as trout, ocean perch and black sea bass will work.


title: Roasting

text: In the United States and Britain, a mix of vegetables and meat roasted together in the same pan are known as a traybake.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: The 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 2014, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, concurrently with the election to Illinois's Class II U.S. Senate seat, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Prior to this cycle, candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor were nominated separately, and the primary winners ran on the same ticket in the general election. In 2011, the law was changed to allow candidates for Governor to pick their own running mates. Incumbent Democratic Lieutenant Governor Sheila Simon did not run for re-election, instead running unsuccessfully for Comptroller. She was replaced as Quinn's running mate by former Chicago Public Schools CEO Paul Vallas. Rauner chose Wheaton City Councilwoman Evelyn Sanguinetti and Grimm chose Alex Cummings.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Incumbent Democratic Governor Pat Quinn ran for re-election to a second full term in office. Quinn, then the Lieutenant Governor, assumed the office of Governor on January 29, 2009, upon the impeachment and removal of Rod Blagojevich. He narrowly won a full term in 2010. Primary elections were held on March 18, 2014. Quinn won the Democratic primary, while the Republicans chose businessman Bruce Rauner and the Libertarians nominated political activist Chad Grimm.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Rauner defeated Quinn in the general election with 50.3% of the vote to Quinn's 46.4%, winning every county in the state except for Cook County, home to the city of Chicago and 40% of the state's residents. Quinn was the only incumbent Democratic governor to lose a general election in 2014 and remained the last one to do so until Nevada's Steve Sisolak in 2022.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: The primaries and general elections coincided with those for federal (House and Senate) and those for other state offices. The election was part of the 2014 Illinois elections.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: For the primary election, turnout was 16.88%, with 1,267,028 votes cast. For the general election, turnout was 48.48%, with 3,627,690 votes cast.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: By early summer 2013, the field seeking the Republican nomination was set at four candidates. Two of them, State Senators Bill Brady and Kirk Dillard, had sought the nomination in 2010, with Brady edging out Dillard by 193 votes, but ultimately losing to Pat Quinn by less than 1 percent. Dan Rutherford, who was elected state treasurer in 2010 after serving as a State Representative and State Senator, formally entered the race on June 2.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: Rauner had announced the formation of an exploratory committee in March and made his entry into the Republican field official on June 5. Despite longstanding rumors that Rauner was committed to spending $50 million on his campaign, he denied in an interview ever specifying a dollar figure.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: By the date of the primary, Rauner had broken the previous record for self-funding in an Illinois gubernatorial race by putting more than $6 million of his own money into his campaign. In total, he raised more than $14 million before the primary election.


title: 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election

text: On March 18, 2014, Rauner won the Republican primary, collecting 40% of the vote, compared to 37% for State Senator Kirk Dillard.


title: Hamartoma

text: A hamartoma is a mostly benign, local malformation of cells that resembles a neoplasm of local tissue but is usually due to an overgrowth of multiple aberrant cells, with a basis in a systemic genetic condition, rather than a growth descended from a single mutated cell (monoclonality), as would typically define a benign neoplasm/tumor. Despite this, many hamartomas are found to have clonal chromosomal aberrations that are acquired through somatic mutations, and on this basis the term "hamartoma" is sometimes considered synonymous with neoplasm. Hamartomas are by definition benign, slow-growing or self-limiting, though the underlying condition may still predispose the individual towards malignancies.


title: Hamartoma

text: Hamartomas are usually caused by a genetic syndrome that affects the development cycle of all or at least multiple cells. Many of these conditions are classified as overgrowth syndromes or cancer syndromes. Hamartomas occur in many different parts of the body and are most often asymptomatic incidentalomas (undetected until they are found incidentally on an imaging study obtained for another reason). Additionally, the definition of hamartoma versus benign neoplasm is often unclear, since both lesions can be clonal. Lesions such as adenomas, developmental cysts, hemangiomas, lymphangiomas and rhabdomyomas within the kidneys, lungs or pancreas are interpreted by some experts as hamartomas while others consider them true neoplasms. Moreover, even though hamartomas show a benign histology, there is a risk of some rare but life-threatening complications such as those found in neurofibromatosis type I and tuberous sclerosis.


title: Hamartoma

text: It is different from choristoma, a closely related form of heterotopia. The two can be differentiated as follows: a hamartoma is an excess of normal tissue in a normal situation (e.g., a birthmark on the skin), while a choristoma is an excess of tissue in an abnormal situation (e.g., pancreatic tissue in the duodenum). The term "hamartoma" is from the Greek ἁμαρτία, "hamartia" ("error"), and was introduced by D.P.G. Albrecht in 1904.


title: Hamartoma

text: Hamartomas result from an abnormal formation of normal tissue, although the underlying reasons for the abnormality are not fully understood. They grow along with, and at the same rate as, the organ from whose tissue they are made, and, unlike cancerous tumors, only rarely invade or compress surrounding structures significantly.


title: Hamartoma

text: About 5–8% of all solitary lung nodules and about 75% of all benign lung tumors, are hamartomas. They almost always arise from connective tissue and are generally formed of cartilage, connective tissue, and fat cells, although they may include many other types of cells. The great majority of them form in the connective tissue on the outside of the lungs, although about 10% form deep in the linings of the bronchi. They can be worrisome, especially if situated deep in the lung, as it is sometimes difficult to make the important distinction between a hamartoma and a lung malignancy. An X-ray will often not provide a definitive diagnosis, and even a CT scan may be insufficient if the hamartoma lacks the typical cartilage and fat cells. Lung hamartomas may have popcorn-like calcifications on chest xray or computed tomography (CT scan).


title: Hamartoma

text: Lung hamartomas are more common in men than in women, and may present additional difficulties in smokers.


title: Hamartoma

text: Some lung hamartomas can compress surrounding lung tissue to a degree, but this is generally not debilitating and is often asymptomatic, especially for the more common peripheral growths. They are treated, if at all, by surgical resection, with an excellent prognosis: generally, the only real danger is the inherent possibility of surgical complications.


title: Hamartoma

text: Cardiac rhabdomyomas are hamartomas composed of altered cardiac myocytes that contain large vacuoles and glycogen. They are the most common tumor of the heart in children and infants. There is a strong association between cardiac rhabdomyomas and tuberous sclerosis (characterized by hamartomas of the central nervous system, kidneys, and skin, as well as pancreatic cysts); 25-50% of patients with cardiac rhabdomyomas will have tuberous sclerosis, and up to 100% of patients with tuberous sclerosis will have cardiac masses by echocardiography. Symptoms depend on the size of the tumor, its location relative to the conduction system, and whether or not it obstructs blood flow. Symptoms are usually from congestive heart failure; "in utero" heart failure may occur. If patients survive infancy, their tumors may regress spontaneously; resection in symptomatic patients has good results.


title: Hamartoma

text: Sometimes nerves can also be affected. The most common nerve to be affected by hamartoma is reported to be median nerve.


title: Hamartoma

text: One of the most troublesome hamartomas occurs on the hypothalamus. Unlike most such growths, a hypothalamic hamartoma is symptomatic; it most often causes gelastic seizures, and can cause visual problems, other seizures, rage disorders associated with hypothalamic diseases, and early onset of puberty. The symptoms typically begin in early infancy and are progressive, often into general cognitive and/or functional disability. Moreover, resection is usually difficult, as the growths are generally adjacent to, or even intertwined with, the optic nerve. Symptoms tend to be resistant to medical control; however, surgical techniques are improving and can result in immense improvement of prognosis.


title: Hamartoma

text: One general danger of hamartomas is that they may impinge into blood vessels, resulting in a risk of serious bleeding. Because a hamartoma typically lacks elastic tissue, it may lead to the formation of aneurysms and thus possible hemorrhage. Where a hamartoma impinges into a major blood vessel, such as the renal artery, hemorrhage must be considered life-threatening.


title: Hamartoma

text: A myoepithelial hamartoma, also known as a pancreatic rest, is ectopic pancreatic tissue found in the stomach, duodenum, or proximal jejunum. When seen on upper gastrointestinal series, a pancreatic rest may appear to be a submucosal mass or gastric neoplasm. Most are asymptomatic, but they can cause dyspepsia or upper gastrointestinal bleeding.


title: Hamartoma

text: A hamartoma has been identified as a cause of partial outflow obstruction in the abomasum (true gastric stomach) of a dairy goat.


title: Hamartoma

text: Hamartomas of the spleen are uncommon but can be dangerous. About 50% of such cases manifest abdominal pain, and they are often associated with hematologic abnormalities and spontaneous rupture.


title: Hamartoma

text: Cowden syndrome is a serious genetic disorder characterized by multiple hamartomas. Usually skin hamartomas exist, and commonly (in about 66% of cases) hamartoma of the thyroid gland exists. Additional growths can form in many parts of the body, especially in bones, CNS, the eyes, the genitourinary tract, the GI tract, and mucosa. The hamartomas themselves may cause symptoms or even death, but morbidity is more often associated with increased occurrence of malignancies, usually in the breast or thyroid. Cowden syndrome is considered a PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), which also includes Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome, Proteus syndrome and Proteus-like syndrome.


title: Hamartoma

text: Hamartomas, while generally benign, can cause problems due to their location. For example, when located on the skin, especially on the face or neck, they can be very disfiguring. Cases have been reported of hamartomas the size of a small orange. They may obstruct practically any organ in the body, such as the colon, eye, etc. They are particularly likely to cause major health issues when located in the hypothalamus, kidneys, lips, or spleen. They can be removed surgically if necessary, and are not likely to recur. Prognosis will depend upon the location and size of the lesion, as well as the overall health of the patient.


title: Love Today (1997 film)

text: Love Today is a 1997 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by Balasekaran, who made his debut with the venture. This film stars Vijay, Suvalakshmi and Manthra while Raghuvaran, Karan and Sriman all play other supporting roles. The film received positive reviews from critics and was very successful at the box office. The film ran for over 175 days. It was remade in Telugu as "Suswagatham", in Kannada as "Majnu", and in Hindi as "Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai".


title: Love Today (1997 film)

text: Ganesh is a college graduate who lives with his father Chandrasekhar, a doctor. Chandrasekhar is easygoing and pampers Ganesh with whatever he wants. Sandhya is the daughter of a very strict police inspector Vasudevan, who is always suspicious that she would have a love affair. Sandhya makes up her mind that she would never fall in love, and her ambition is to get a gold medal in her college degree. One day, Ganesh spots Sandhya and falls in love with her at first sight. Even though Sandhya catches a good glimpse of him, she tells her friend Fathima that she likes no one. Ganesh goes to the bus stop everyday to see Sandhya. He tries to get advice from his friends Ravi and Peter to convince Sandhya to marry him. Their advice goes in vain as she does not care about him. She confronts Ganesh one day and tells him not to waste his time on her.


title: Love Today (1997 film)

text: Ganesh gets hold of Sandhya's friend Preethi, and she tries to talk to Sandhya, but she is unmovable. Vasudevan becomes suspicious of Ganesh and Sandhya and uses physical force on Ganesh. He also verbally abuses Sandhya, though she tries to explain her innocence. Sandhya is forced to leave town because of this. Ganesh finds her whereabouts and leaves his father to go out of town and find her. As he is trying to find her, Chandrasekhar has an accident and passes away. His friends desperately try to find his whereabouts but cannot trace him. Peter ends up performing Chandrasekhar's last rites. Ganesh arrives and gets heartbroken that he could not even perform his father's cremation.


title: Love Today (1997 film)

text: At this point, Sandhya reveals her feelings for Ganesh, tells him that she loves him, and says she wants to spend the rest of her life with him. However, he rejects her feelings and tells her he had lost everything because of falling in love and that he couldn't even do his father's last rites, therefore she is not worth it. Nevertheless, the following day, Sandhya is seen standing at the bus stop, waiting for Ganesh to come. Meanwhile, Ganesh takes the recommendation that his father had written for him before his death and goes for his first interview.


title: Love Today (1997 film)

text: In an interview during the release, Vijay mentioned that he signed the film to give the audience what they want — fights, fast songs and a message, mentioning he had similar success from "Poove Unakkaga" (1996).


title: Love Today (1997 film)

text: The soundtrack is composed by newcomer Shiva. His real name was Omar and he earlier composed an album. The lyrics were written by Vairamuthu, Vaasan, Vaigarai Selvan, 'Pattukottai' Shanmuga Sundaram. The song "Enna Azhagu" was reused by Shiva in the 2001 Telugu film Priyamaina Neeku as "Nelanadiga Puvvulanadiga" also produced by R. B. Choudary and directed by Balasekaran.


title: Love Today (1997 film)

text: "Ananda Vikatan" rated the film 42 out of 100. Prabha and Pady Srinivasan of Indolink.com appreciated the film due to "its different ending", and said Vijay and Suvalakshmi both sparkle in their respective roles. The film became one of several successful films in the romantic genre with Vijay featured in throughout the late 1990s. The success of the film prompted the director and actor to come together again immediately for a film titled "Priyamudan", however the title was later used by Vijay for a different project.


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" is a song written and performed by English new wave band Culture Club. Released as a single in September 1982 from the group's platinum-selling debut album, "Kissing to Be Clever" (1982), it was the band's first UK No. 1 hit. In the United States, the single was released in November 1982 and also became a hit, reaching No. 2 for three weeks.


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" was the third single released in Europe by Culture Club and their debut release in the United States and Canada. The song became a UK No. 1 single for three weeks in October 1982. It entered the American Pop chart the week ending 4 December 1982, hit No. 1 in "Cash Box" magazine, and held at No. 2 for three weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in March and April 1983 (kept from the No. 1 spot by the massive success of Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean"). The single hit No. 1 in Canada. It was also number one in Australia.


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: This was Culture Club's first major success, after their first two releases at the Virgin Records label, "White Boy" and "I'm Afraid of Me", charted lower in the UK at No. 114 and No. 100 respectively. Producer Steve Levine later said: "We felt very strongly that we had a great track with 'Do You Really Want to Hurt Me' and Virgin agreed."


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: Within a few days of "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" being released, David Hamilton on BBC Radio 2 played the song as his record of the week. The song rose rapidly in the UK charts after the group's first appearance on "Top of the Pops", which resulted in Boy George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity making newspaper headlines. The group were only asked to appear on "Top of the Pops" the night before the show, after Shakin' Stevens pulled out.


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: In a retrospective review, Allmusic described "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" as "a simple masterpiece, resonating with an ache that harked back to the classic torch songs of yesteryear."


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: In 2007, Boy George said that the song was "not just about Culture Club's drummer Jon Moss, my boyfriend at the time. It was about all the guys I dated at that time in my life."


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: The B-side was a dub version featuring Pappa Weasel in many countries and "You Know I'm Not Crazy" on the US release. On the 12" version of the record, the track "Love Is Cold (You Were Never No Good)" was also included.


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: The song was remixed by DJs Quivver and Kinky Roland in 1998 for a Culture Club compilation called "Greatest Moments" and the single "I Just Wanna Be Loved". It was also remixed and presented on Culture Club's 2002 box set along with the original demo version.


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: The accompanying music video for the song, directed by Julien Temple, featured lead singer Boy George on trial in a courtroom (filmed in Islington Town Hall Council Chamber), with flashbacks to the Gargoyle Club, Soho in 1936 and the Dolphin Square Health Club, Pimlico in 1957. Some scenes were filmed at the Hornsey Road swimming baths in Islington, which later closed in 1991. The jury was in blackface making jazz hands gestures. One band member, Mikey Craig, was not in the video, and was replaced by his brother Greg.


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: Boy George wears a shirt with the Hebrew writing "Tarbut Agudda" (תַּרְבּוּת אֲגֻדָּה), a literal translation of the individual words "culture" and "association" (which is probably a mistranslation of "club") in a grammatically incorrect order.


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: (Released at least in UK, Canada, Australia, France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden)


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: (Released at least in UK, Canada (different cover), USA, Australia, France, West Germany, Italy, Netherlands (different cover), Spain)


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: (Released as a remix version in France, to promote the compilation album "Culture Club 2005 – Singles & Remixes", with new video)


title: Do You Really Want to Hurt Me

text: The song was covered in 2005 by German band Blue Lagoon on its album "Club Lagoon" and became a hit in Europe.


title: Colin Petersen

text: Frederick Colin Petersen (born 24 March 1946) is an Australian drummer, record producer and former child actor. He played as a member of the bands Steve and the Board, the Bee Gees and Humpy Bong. In August 1969, he left the Bee Gees and he was replaced by Pentangle drummer Terry Cox to record the songs for their 1970 album "Cucumber Castle". His scenes from the film of the same name were cut, and he is not credited on the accompanying album soundtrack, even though he does play on some songs.


title: Colin Petersen

text: Frederick Colin Petersen began his acting career at the age of seven. When he was still nine years old in late 1955, he starred in the film "Smiley" (released in 1956), with Sir Ralph Richardson, but by the time he was 12 in 1958 he was forced to cease acting as his mother felt it was interfering with his education. Other film credits included "The Scamp" (1957), "A Cry from the Streets" (1958) and, much later, "Barney" (1976). In 1958, before his mother took him back to Australia to focus on his education, he was screen-tested for the part of the young hero in "Tiger Bay", but the part eventually went to the then 12 years old Hayley Mills instead, the part being rewritten for a girl. He attended the Humpybong State School at the same time that Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb (they went to Scarborough State School first and later went to Humpybong). Petersen was in Barry's class, though they rarely crossed paths in any significant way. While at school he developed an interest in music, starting out on piano but switching to drums. (He had, however, already shown himself to be a talented drummer in the film "The Scamp" (1957). After leaving school he played with several bands including Steve and the Board and became acquainted with Maurice Gibb, who invited him to sit in on one of the Bee Gees' sessions in Sydney. He ended up becoming friends with the family and ultimately played on as many as a dozen of their early Australian sides.


title: Colin Petersen

text: Petersen moved to England in 1966, little knowing that the Bee Gees would soon be doing the same and they recruited him as their permanent drummer shortly afterwards – the first non-Gibb brother to become an official member of the Bee Gees. He played on the albums "Bee Gees' 1st", "Horizontal", "Idea", "Odessa" and "Cucumber Castle". He was an equal partner in the group from early in their period in the UK and the Gibb brothers regarded his playing as essential to their sound. He and fellow band member Vince Melouney, who played lead guitar and had also moved to the UK, had some trouble when, in the late summer of 1967, they were threatened with deportation because of an error in the way they had secured their visas. That problem was solved only by the intervention of the group's manager, Robert Stigwood, who mounted a publicity campaign that embarrassed the government into permitting them to remain in the UK. While he was a Bee Gee, he and Maurice Gibb wrote "Everything That Came From Mother Goose" with lead vocals and guitar by Petersen, but it was not released and also in 1968, he played drums on the Marbles' debut single, "Only One Woman".


title: Colin Petersen

text: As Petersen learned about the music industry, he raised questions about Stigwood's conflict of interest as the Bee Gees' manager, since Stigwood owned their recordings and publishing and was in effect their employer. According to Petersen this led to him being fired in August 1969, while the group were making a television film of "Cucumber Castle". Petersen had already recorded the songs used in the film, which make up part of the album, but he is not credited on the sleeve. Pentangle drummer Terry Cox was brought in to complete the remainder of the drum tracks, but it is not really clear which tracks have Petersen or Cox on drums.


title: Colin Petersen

text: Vince Melouney and Robin Gibb had already left the band by then, leaving just Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Colin Petersen. He was fired, allegedly for having lost interest in the group and missing recording sessions, and for his refusal to do any acting in the film, despite his experience in front of the cameras.


title: Colin Petersen

text: As a partner in the group, however, he could not be summarily fired as though he were an employee. The result was a series of lawsuits in which, at one point – as a ploy to get a quicker settlement from Stigwood – he attempted to block the Bee Gees from using that name, since it was jointly owned by the partners, and he alleged that he had been illegally deprived of his share in the partnership. Petersen remained on good terms with the brothers, especially Robin Gibb, after his initial exit.


title: Colin Petersen

text: The first musician he worked with after leaving the Bee Gees was Jonathan Kelly. Petersen produced some of his early solo singles, and in 1970 the two decided to form a band together. It was called, Humpy Bong, a two-word variation of the name of the school that Petersen and the Gibb brothers attended in Australia. As they needed additional musicians, they placed an advertisement. Tim Staffell answered and he got the job as singer and harmonica player. The trio recorded their debut single and appeared on BBC Television's "Top of the Pops". Before the end of 1970 the group broke up without having played any concerts.


title: Colin Petersen

text: Petersen managed Jonathan Kelly as a solo artist during the early 1970s, subsequent to Humpy Bong disbanding. He returned to Australia in 1974 where, having lost his rights to royalties after his court case against the Bee Gees, eventually became a painter residing in Sydney. He remained close to Melouney, but became bitter towards his other ex-bandmates about his lost royalties.


title: Colin Petersen

text: Petersen was required to register for National Service and was called up on 11 March 1966, but he was found medically unfit to serve in the army.


title: Colin Petersen

text: "They have totally different personalities, Robin is a very temperamental and very highly strung person. His music is his whole life and he is highly sensitive to criticism. Barry is a very easy-going and receptive type. He adapts himself to the situations he finds himself in at the time. He is very interested in the potential acting possibilities of the group. I think he would like to be a film star more than a singer. Maurice is closer to my attitudes and ideas. He has the same kind of humour as I have. We have other common interests like playing chess. He's the kind of guy who will come over and give you a hand washing the car. As brothers, they really have very little in common, except the feeling that they are living for the day".


title: Colin Petersen

text: On 1 June 1968, Petersen married Joanne Newfield in Nassau, Bahamas, with fellow Bee Gees member Vince Melouney as the best man. Joanne had worked as a personal assistant to Brian Epstein up until his death, and then for Robert Stigwood. After the couple's wedding Petersen and Newfield went on honeymoon in Majorca, which was spoiled somewhat when Joanne fell ill with German measles. In 1969, Petersen and his wife began a management company.


title: Colin Petersen

text: "Colin is a very level-headed person, despite being a racing car enthusiast. He's a very sophisticated person. He has a good appreciation of good food and wines. He's 100 per cent professional in everything he does and he's an old professional like the Gibbs because he's been in entertainment as a child as they were, too"


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The was a series of battles undertaken by the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate against the Toyotomi clan, and ending in that clan's destruction. Divided into two stages (winter campaign and summer campaign), and lasting from 1614 to 1615, the siege put an end to the last major armed opposition to the shogunate's establishment. The end of the conflict is sometimes called the , because the era name was changed from Keichō to Genna immediately following the siege.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: When Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in 1598, Japan came to be governed by the Council of Five Elders, among whom Tokugawa Ieyasu possessed the most authority. After defeating Ishida Mitsunari in the battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Ieyasu essentially seized control of Japan for himself, and abolished the Council. In 1603, the Tokugawa shogunate was established, with its capital at Edo. Hideyori and his mother Yodo-dono were allowed to stay at Osaka Castle, a fortress that had served as Hideyoshi's residence and he found himself in a fief valued at 657,400 koku. Hideyori remained confined to the castle for several years. In addition, as a mechanism of control, it was agreed that in the year 1603 he would marry the daughter of Hidetada, Senhime who was related to both clans. Ieyasu sought to establish a powerful and stable regime under the rule of his own clan; only the Toyotomi, led by Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori under the influence of his mother Yodo-dono, remained an obstacle to that goal.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: In 1611 Hideyori finally left Osaka, meeting with Ieyasu for two hours at Nijō Castle. Ieyasu was surprised by Hideyori's behavior, contrary to popular belief that the boy was just "useless". This belief had been spread by Katagiri Katsumoto, Hideyori's personal guardian since 1599 assigned by Ieyasu, and who had the intention of dissuading any aggression against the heir. In 1614, the Toyotomi clan rebuilt Osaka Castle. At the same time, the head of the clan sponsored the rebuilding of Hōkō-ji in Kyoto. These temple renovations included the casting of a great bronze bell, with inscriptions that read "May the state be peaceful and prosperous" (国家安康 "kokka ankō"), and "May noble lord and servants be rich and cheerful" (君臣豊楽 "kunshin hōraku"). The shogunate interpreted ""kokka ankō"" (国家安康) as shattering Ieyasu's name (家康) to curse him, and also interpreted ""kunshin hōraku"" (君臣豊楽) to mean "Toyotomi's force (豊臣) will rise again," which meant treachery against the shogunate. Tensions began to grow between the Tokugawa and the Toyotomi clans, and only increased when Toyotomi began to gather a force of rōnin and enemies of the shogunate in Osaka. Ieyasu, despite having passed the title of Shōgun to his son in 1605, nevertheless maintained significant influence.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: After the Hoko-ji Temple Bell Incident, Yodo-dono sent Lady Okurakyo, Lady Aeba and Katagiri Katsumoto to Sunpu to see Tokugawa Ieyasu. In this meeting, Ieyasu hatched a plot to induce a split among the people of the Toyotomi family. On one hand, Ieyasu proposed, humbly, a generous demand towards Lady Okurakyo. On the other hand, Ieyasu made severe demands on Katagiri Katsumoto, who represented the moderates and had been separately asking Ieyasu to save the Toyotomi family.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Despite Katagiri Katsumoto's attempts to mediate the situation, Ieyasu found the ideal pretext to take a belligerent attitude against Yodo-dono and Hideyori. The situation worsened in September of that year, when the news reached Edo that in Osaka they were grouping a large quantity of rōnin at the invitation of Hideyori. Katsumoto proposed that Yodo-dono be sent to Edo as a hostage with the desire to avoid hostilities, which she flatly refused. Suspecting him of trying to betray the Toyotomi clan, Yodo-dono banished Katsumoto and several other servants accused of treason from Osaka castle, sending them to the service of the Tokugawa clan. Consequently, any possibility of reaching an agreement with the shogunate was dissolved. This last maneuver of Yodo-dono, who acted as the guardian of Hideyori, led to the beginning of the siege of Osaka.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: In November of 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu decided not to let this force grow any larger, and led 164,000 men to Osaka. (The count does not include the troops of Shimazu Tadatsune, an ally of the Toyotomi cause who nevertheless did not send troops to Osaka.) The siege began on 19 November, when Ieyasu led 3,000 men across the Kizu River, destroying the fort there. A week later, he attacked the village of Imafuku with 1,500 men, against a defending force of 600. With the aid of a squad wielding arquebuses, the shogunate forces claimed another victory. Several more small forts and villages were attacked before the siege of Osaka Castle itself began on 4 December.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The Sanada-maru was an earthwork barbican defended by Sanada Yukimura and 7,000 men, on behalf of the Toyotomi. The Shōgun's armies were repeatedly repelled, and Sanada and his men launched a number of attacks against the siege lines, breaking through three times. Ieyasu then resorted to artillery (including 17 imported European cannons and 300 domestic wrought iron cannons) and men digging under the walls.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Ieyasu, realizing that the castle would not fall easily and after consulting with his top advisers, ordered a limited bombing which began on January 8, 1615. For three consecutive days, his forces bombarded the fortress at 10 o'clock at night and at dawn. Meanwhile, miners were making tunnels under the walls and arrows were thrown inwards with messages requesting the surrender of the occupants. By day 15, with no response from the besieged, Ieyasu began an incessant bombardment that had a mainly psychological effect to diminish the morale of the defenders. The stone bases of Japanese castles were invulnerable to the artillery of the era and the structure of the castle remained virtually undamaged.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Realizing that the defenses were extremely strong, Ieyasu tried to convince Sanada Yukimura to change sides. Yukimura, who felt a strong antipathy for Ieyasu, rejected the bribe and made the attempt public. Ieyasu then bribed another captain, a commander named Nanjo Tadashige, asking him to open the castle gates. The attempted treason was discovered and Nanjo beheaded, so Ieyasu changed his strategy. Ieyasu ordered his men to deliberately bomb Yodo-dono's quarters, and when they had found the range, a cannon hit its target, killing two of her maids.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: During the night of the 16th, Ban Naotsugu, in charge of the defenses of one of the west side doors, carried out a night attack on the troops of Hachisuka Yoshishige, killing several enemies before retreating. The bombing continued the next day, on the mournful anniversary of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death. Ieyasu thought that on that day Hideyori would be in the temple dedicated to his father, so he ordered that his forces fire towards the place. The projectile almost hit Hideyori's head, hitting one of the pillars of Yodo-dono's quarters. She became terrified and pressed to reach an arrangement with the shogunate.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: On January 17, Ieyasu sent Honda Masazumi, accompanied by Lady Acha, to meet with Kyōgoku Tadataka, son of Ohatsu, younger sister of Yodo-dono. During the meeting, Lady Acha assured Ohatsu that Ieyasu had no ill will to Hideyori and that he wished to forgive him, but Hidetada was stubborn about taking the castle, so he had thousands of miners working in tunnels under the pits. On the other hand Honda assured that Ieyasu would allow Hideyori to keep Osaka as his fief, but in case he wanted to leave he would give him another one with higher income, besides that all his captains and soldiers would be given free transit when leaving or they could stay inside if they wanted to, but he would need some hostages as a sign of goodwill.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Ohatsu conveyed the terms to Yodo-dono who, in terror, asked Ōno Harunaga, Oda Nobukatsu, and Hideyori's top seven advisers to accept the terms of the surrender. Lady Acha and Honda met again with Ohatsu, Lady Aeba and Ōkurakyō no Tsubone (Yodo-dono's former wet nurse and one of the most influential figures in Osaka castle), and they told him that the outer pit should be filled by Ieyasu's men. On the 21st day, the Oda delivered their children as hostages and Hideyori sent Kimura to Chausayama to close the agreement. Ieyasu issued a document, sealed with blood from his finger and signed also by Hidetada, which said:That the rōnin in the castle are not found guilty; that Hideyori's income remain the same as before; that Yodo-dono is not asked to live in Edo; that if Hideyori chooses to leave Ōsaka he may choose any other province as his fiefdom; that his person is inviolable.On January 22, Ieyasu received a solemn oath from Hideyori and Yodo-dono that Hideyori would not rebel against Ieyasu or Hidetada and that he would consult any matter directly with him. Both Honda Tadamasa and Honda Masayuri were entrusted to dismantle the castle's exterior defenses, so the soldiers of the shogunate tore down the walls and filled the outer moat. Hideyori did complain indignantly to the workers that this had not been part of the arrangement, but the response he received was that they only followed Ieyasu's orders. Honda Masazumi blamed the workers for having misunderstood their instructions because they were already filling the interior moat as well. Although the work stopped momentarily, soon the soldiers of the shogunate continued, so Yodo-dono sent one of her bridesmaids and Ōno to Kyoto. Several days later Ieyasu gave an elusive official response, where he assured that since he had signed an eternal peace, the walls were not necessary.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Ieyasu left Osaka for Kyoto on January 24, meeting with the emperor at a formal hearing on the 28th, where he informed the emperor that the war had come to an end. Hidetada remained in place to supervise the work of destruction of the defenses, arriving in Edo on March 13. By then, news reached the capital that Osaka was once again meeting rōnin. This information led Ieyasu to order Hideyori to leave Osaka's fief.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Even from the moment when peace was being signed, Osaka had proposed to launch a night attack on the Tokugawa camp, although it was finally decided not to do so. Shortly after Hideyori began to receive reports of the true intentions of Ieyasu, so they began the work of digging out the moats and attracting rōnin to the fortress.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Hideyori and his main generals agreed that unlike the first campaign, this time it would be appropriate to take the offensive. Also, it was arranged to secure the areas surrounding Osaka and take Kyoto to control the emperor, so that he would declare Ieyasu to be a rebel against the Imperial throne. Following the rumors of what the Osaka Army planned, the population of Kyoto began to flee from the city, and even a commander of the shogunate, Furuta Shigenari, was sentenced to death, suspected of being part of a plot to burn down Kyoto and apprehend the emperor.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Ieyasu left Shizuoka on May 3 to Nagoya, where his ninth son married on the 11th of the same month in the castle of that city. The next day he met a traitor from the Osaka camp, Oda Yuraku, who informed him that there were several factions within the castle, that the war councils rarely ended in anything conclusive and that Yodo-dono generally intervened in all matters. Later, he went to Nijō Castle, where he arrived on May 17 and met there on the 21 or 22 with Hidetada, who arrived with the troops ready to go to Osaka.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: In April 1615, Ieyasu received word that Toyotomi Hideyori was gathering even more troops than in the previous November, and that he was trying to stop the filling of the moat. Toyotomi forces (often called the Western Army) began to attack contingents of the Shōgun's forces (the Eastern Army) near Osaka. On 26 May (Keichō 20, 29th day of 4th month) at the Battle of Kashii, Osaka forces under the command of Ono Harufusa and Ban Danemon engaged with forces of Asano Nagaakira, an ally of the Shōgun. Osaka forces sustained a loss and Ban Danemon was killed.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: On 2 June (Keichō 20, 6th day of 5th month), the Battle of Dōmyōji took place. Osaka forces tried to stop the Tokugawa forces approaching from Yamato Province along the Yamato-gawa river. Two Osaka generals, Gotō Matabei and Susukida Kanesuke, were killed in action. Osaka forces commander Sanada Yukimura engaged in a battle with Date Masamune forces, but soon retreated towards Osaka Castle. Tokugawa forces did not pursue Sanada.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The same day Chōsokabe Morichika and Tōdō Takatora battled at Yao. Another battle took place at Wakae around the same time, between Kimura Shigenari and Ii Naotaka. Chōsokabe's forces achieved victory, but Kimura Shigenari was deflected by the left wing of Ii Naotaka's army. The main Tokugawa forces moved to assist Todo Takatora after Shigenari's death, and Chōsokabe withdrew for the time being.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: After another series of shogunate victories on the outskirts of Osaka, the summer campaign came to a head at the battle of Tennōji. Hideyori planned a hammer-and-anvil operation, in which 55,000 men would attack the center of the Eastern Army, while a second force, 16,500 men led by Kyōgoku Tadataka, Ishikawa Tadafusa, and Kyōgoku Takatomo, would flank them from the rear. Another contingent waited in reserve. Ieyasu's army was led by his son, the Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada, and numbered around 155,000. They moved in four parallel lines, prepared to make flanking maneuvers of their own. Mistakes on both sides nearly ruined the battle, as Hideyori's rōnin split off from the main group, and Hidetada's reserve force moved up without orders from the main force.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: In the end, Hideyori's commander Sanada Yukimura was killed by Nishio Munetsugu, destroying the morale of the Western Army. The smaller force led directly by Hideyori sallied forth from Osaka Castle too late, and was chased right back into the castle by the advancing enemies; there was no time to set up a proper defense of the castle, and it was soon ablaze and pummeled by artillery fire.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The people who were in the castle began to escape. Hidetada knew that his daughter was in the castle, so he sent Ii Naotaka to save her. Senhime managed to escape with her son Toyotomi Kunimatsu (Hideyori's son) accompanied by other women. Kaihime fled with Oiwa no Kata (Hideyori's concubine) and Nāhime (Hideyori's daughter). While they retreated, Kaihime personally defended Nāhime from Tokugawa troops. Hideyori and Yodo-dono took refuge in a fireproof warehouse, as much of the castle was in flames. Ōno Harunaga sent Hideyori's wife, Senhime, with his father Hidetada to be forgiven, and to plead for the life of her husband and mother-in-law. Without waiting for answers, Toyotomi Hideyori and Yodo-dono committed "seppuku" in the flames of Osaka castle, ending the Toyotomi legacy. When the death of the clan leaders was announced, Lady Okurakyo, Lady Aeba, Ono Harunaga, Ono Harufusa and other loyal retainers committed suicide shortly thereafter.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The final major uprising against Tokugawa rule was put to an end, leaving the shogunate unchallenged for approximately 250 years.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: According to an account by an employee of the Dutch East India Company in Hirado, several "daimyō" set the castle on fire and attempted to defect to Ieyasu. Hideyori executed them by throwing them off the castle wall but could not extinguish the fire, causing his suicide. The account also stated that about 10,000 people died. History indicates that the legendary swordsman Miyamoto Musashi participated in the battle on the Toyotomi side, though he has no recorded accomplishments in this battle.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Hideyori's son Toyotomi Kunimatsu (age 8) was captured by the shogunate and beheaded in Kyoto. According to legend, before his beheading, little Kunimatsu bravely blamed Ieyasu for his betrayal and brutality against the Toyotomi clan. Nāhime, daughter of Hideyori, was not sentenced to death. Ohatsu and Senhime were able to save Nāhime's life and adopted her; she later became a nun at Kamakura's Tōkei-ji. Hideyoshi's grave, along with Kyoto's Toyokuni Shrine, were destroyed by the shogunate. Chōsokabe Morichika was beheaded on May 11. There are also records of pillaging and mass rapes by Tokugawa forces at the closing of the siege.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The "bakufu" obtained 650,000 "koku" at Osaka and started rebuilding Osaka Castle. Osaka was then made a "han" (feudal domain), and given to Matsudaira Tadayoshi. In 1619, however, the shogunate replaced Osaka Domain with Osaka Jodai, placed under the command of a "bugyō" who served the shogunate directly; like many of Japan's other major cities, Osaka was for the remainder of the Edo period not part of a "han" under the control of a "daimyō". A few "daimyō" including Naitō Nobumasa (Takatsuki Castle, Settsu Province 20,000 koku) and Mizuno Katsushige (Yamato Koriyama, Yamato Province 60,000 koku) moved to Osaka.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: After the fall of the castle, the shogunate announced laws including (one province can contain only one castle) and "Bukeshohatto" (or called Law of Buke, which limits each "daimyō" to own only one castle and obey the castle restrictions). The shogunate's permission had to be obtained prior to any castle construction or repair from then on. Many castles were also forced to be destroyed as a result of compliance with this law.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: Despite finally uniting Japan, Ieyasu's health was failing. During the one-year campaign against the Toyotomi clan and its allies, he received wounds that significantly shortened his life. Roughly one year later on June 1, 1616, Tokugawa Ieyasu, the third and last of the great unifiers, died at the age of 75, leaving the shogunate to his descendants.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The siege is the subject of the Hiroshi Inagaki's historical drama "Ōsaka-jō monogatari" ("engl. The Tale of Osaka Castle", UK; some other English titles: "Daredevil in the Castle", "Devil in the Castle", "Osaka Castle Story") (1961) with Toshiro Mifune in the leading role. It is also the backdrop for Tai Kato's musical film "Brave Records of the Sanada Clan" (1963).


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The fall of Osaka is (for most of the characters) the final level in the "Samurai Warriors" series, also serving as the climax of Hattori Hanzō's, Ieyasu's and Yukimura's stories. Called the "Osaka Campaign", it compiles all the battles of the Winter and Summer Campaigns. In the computer game "", the siege of Osaka castle is the setting of the first (and demo) mission.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: A manga titled Issak, was about a man who survived a betrayal of his own fellow student, who fled after the fall of the castle. Then, he went on to Europe, just to find and kill him in midst of Thirty Years War as a mercenary of the Palatinate, while his nemesis, a mercenary for the Spanish Empire.


title: Siege of Osaka

text: The protagonist, Tsugumo Hanshirō, of the film Harakiri, mentions his status as a veteran of the siege of Osaka Castle.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Rotisserie chicken is a chicken dish that is cooked on a rotisserie by using direct heat in which the chicken is placed next to the heat source.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Electric- or gas-powered heating elements may be used by using adjustable infrared heat. These types of rotisseries have proven quite functional for cooking rotisserie-style chicken. Leftover rotisserie chicken may be used in a variety of dishes such as soup, chicken salad, and sandwiches.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Rotisserie chickens are often sold at a lower price than raw whole chickens in grocery stores. Two explanations are often given to justify this phenomenon. First, some grocery stores may use rotisserie chickens as loss leaders to bring shoppers into the store. The logic behind this theory is that if customers come to a store for its rotisserie chickens, they will buy other products while they are there, too. Second, rotisserie chickens are often made with poultry that is about to reach its "best by" date. By cooking and selling the chickens, the grocery stores are able to recoup some of their expenditures.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: In the United States, ready-to-eat rotisserie chickens were available in supermarkets and some butcher shops during much of the twentieth century. However, they did not become a widely available option for consumers until the early 1990s, when Boston Market helped popularize the selling of packaged rotisserie chickens.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Rotisserie chickens are now highly popular. In 2010, 600 million rotisserie-cooked chickens were purchased by consumers "in U.S. supermarkets, club stores and similar retail outlets." In 2018, over 900 million rotisserie chickens were sold by foodservice outlets and retail stores.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: In the U.S., chickens used for rotisserie cooking may be injected with brine to retain moisture. Additional ingredients may be used to add flavor and to brown the chicken, such as oleoresin, yeast extract, sodium tripolyphosphate, and natural flavorings.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Costco is one of the largest producers and vendors of rotisserie chickens in the United States, with one commentator describing it as "the undisputed king of rotisserie chickens." In 2017, Costco sold approximately 87 million rotisserie chickens in the United States. Costco's CFO, Richard Galanti, has repeatedly rebuffed suggestions that Costco might eventually increase the cost of its chickens above $4.99, which has been the price of a Costco rotisserie chicken since 2009.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: In 2017, Costco broke ground on a new 414-acre facility in Fremont, Nebraska that would include a hatchery, feed mill, and processing plant. The facility – which is expected to produce around 100 million chickens per year, or roughly 40 percent of Costco's needs – has been reported as costing between $275 million and $400 million. The plant is scheduled to open in September 2019.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: In 2022, Alexander Tominsky, a waiter in Philadelphia, became a local celebrity after eating a rotisserie chicken every day for 40 consecutive days.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: The two major supermarkets, Coles and Woolworths, both sell chickens cooked in large ovens. A common variation on the local fish and chip shop is one that also sells charcoal chicken, rotated and cooked above charcoal.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Rotisserie chicken has been a popular food in Canada since the 1950s, and is a staple of Canadian pop culture.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Two Canadian casual dining restaurant chains, Swiss Chalet and St-Hubert dominate the market for chicken, though the dish is also the central item for other Canadian chains, popular international chains such as Nandos, or individual restaurants. Swiss Chalet owns a cable channel that exclusively airs content related to rotisserie chicken, "twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week." It typically airs chickens rotating on a rotisserie. Occasionally, a dancing man appears wearing a costume that looks "like a container of Swiss Chalet's dipping sauce."


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Most Canadian supermarket chains (including Costco) sell rotisserie chicken as a loss leader, similar to supermarkets in the United States.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: In Mexico, rotisserie chicken is called "pollo asado" or "pollo rostizado" (which literally mean "grilled chicken" and "roasted chicken" respectively). Rotisserie chicken is often sold at restaurants specializing in rotisserie chicken and is eaten with tortillas, salsa, and sides of arroz rojo and refried beans; it can also be found at supermarkets or warehouse clubs such as Costco or Sam's Club.


title: Rotisserie chicken

text: Known in Peru as pollo a la brasa (literally "roasted chicken"), it is considered a national dish of the country, with Peruvians consuming it an average of three times per month and with rotisserie chicken restaurants accounting for 40% of the fast food industry in the country. Peruvian-style rotisserie chicken has been growing in popularity worldwide, especially in the United States, where a large number of such restaurants have opened in the past two decades.


title: David Blough

text: David Marshall Blough (born July 31, 1995) is an American football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He was Purdue's backup quarterback in 2015 and led the Boilermakers to a win against Nebraska. As a redshirt sophomore in 2016, he started 12 games and earned Academic All-Big Ten honors. Blough was selected by ESPN.com as the thirty-fifth best high school quarterback. He signed with the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent at the conclusion of the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: David Blough

text: Following an injury to Lions starter Matthew Stafford and backup quarterback Jeff Driskel during the 2019 season, Blough assumed the starting role for the final five games of the Lions' 2019 season.


title: David Blough

text: Blough was born in 1995 in Carrollton, Texas. His mother, LuAnn Blough is a cancer survivor and a graduate of Vanderbilt University. Blough is the youngest of three brothers; his elder brothers are Matthew and Daniel.


title: David Blough

text: Blough played high school football for Creekview High School in Carrollton, Texas. As a high-school athlete, he was being recruited by Purdue, Memphis, and New Mexico State after a junior season in which he completed 56 percent of his passes for 1,777 yards and 17 touchdowns against just three interceptions. He also ran for 244 yards and six scores.


title: David Blough

text: Blough was rated as the seventh-best pocket passer quarterback in the class of 2014, according to ESPN during The Opening rankings, but was later rated as the thirty-fifth best pocket passer. Other ratings services also had Blough in their class of 2014 rankings: 19 by Rivals.com and 26 by Scout.com following his reclassification. Blough appeared in the 2013 Elite 11, where he had an early lead as the camp's MVP; however, he ended up losing to Sean White.


title: David Blough

text: In May 2013, Blough received a scholarship offer, and verbally committed to play college football at Purdue University following his visit on June 15, 2013. On December 16, 2013, he signed his National Letter of Intent. In January 2014, he enrolled early at Purdue. He attended Purdue's spring camp in April 2014 under coach Darrell Hazell. Blough redshirted his entire freshman season for the 2014 Boilermakers as sophomore Danny Etling was named the team's starter.


title: David Blough

text: As a redshirt freshman for the 2015 Boilermakers, Blough began the season as a backup to Austin Appleby. Blough was the backup on a roster that had just three scholarship quarterbacks, the other being true freshman Elijah Sindelar, who was recovering from a high school knee injury, and who Hazell wanted to redshirt.


title: David Blough

text: Blough made his Purdue debut on September 12, 2015, throwing one incomplete pass in a three-and-out series in the closing minutes of a victory over Indiana State. Hazell ultimately decided to redshirt Sindelar during the 2015 season, resulting in Blough seeing playing time as Appleby's principal backup. Blough completed three passes in seven attempts against Virginia Tech on September 19.


title: David Blough

text: On September 22, Blough was named Purdue's starting quarterback, replacing Appleby. Blough completed 29 of his 39 passing attempts for 340 yards and a pair of touchdowns, but the Boilermakers fell 28–35 to the Bowling Green Falcons. In his second career start, Blough lead the Boilermakers to a near-upset of #2 Michigan State. Blough had completed 13 of 23 passes with a touchdown and an interception when Purdue received the ball with 2:51 minutes left in the game with Purdue down 3 points. Blough finished the final drive 2 for 8, including 3-straight incomplete passes to end Purdue's hopes at an upset. In his fifth start on October 31 against Nebraska, Blough completed 28 of 43 passes for 274 yards with four touchdown passes and no interceptions while also running for 82 yards and a touchdown to earn Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week honors. On November 14, Blough completed 26 of 45 passes for 287 yards with a touchdown and an interceptions as Purdue was narrowly defeated by #24 Northwestern. Blough started the following hoping to lead the Boilermakers to an upset of #6 Iowa, but he was injured during the first quarter of the game. Two day later it was announced Blough had suffered a concussion and was ruled out against the Indiana. Blough finished his redshirt freshman season with 169 completions in 293 attempts, eight interceptions, ten touchdown passes, 1,574 passing yards, and a 57% completion percentage.


title: David Blough

text: Purdue's 2016 spring practice featured a quarterback battle between Blough and redshirt freshman Elijah Sindelar. After spring practice, press reports indicated that Blough was leading the competition. Blough and Sindelar were the starters in the April 16 spring game. Blough passed for 226 yards but was intercepted twice as his team was defeated 17–23.


title: David Blough

text: On August 22, 2016, Blough was named the starting quarterback. In the opening game, Blough led Purdue to a 45–24 victory over Eastern Kentucky. On Purdue's first drive, Blough found Tario Fuller on a screen pass for a 27-yard gain. For the game, he completed 25 of 43 passes for 245 yards with a touchdown pass and an interception while also running for two touchdowns. In his third start of the season on September 24 against Nevada, Blough completed 21 of 30 passes for 300 yards with two touchdown passes and one interception to rally Purdue to a 24–14 victory. On October 8, Blough's fourth quarter pass to Cameron Posey against Illinois set up a game-tying touchdown run by Richie Worship for Purdue first win against Illinois since the 2014 Boilermakers beat the 2014 Fighting Illini. After leading Purdue to a 3–2 start, Blough and Purdue lost to Iowa 49–35 on October 15, throwing a career high five touchdowns. The loss lead to head coach Darrell Hazell's dismissal. On November 5, Blough almost knocked off Minnesota on the road. He posted 4 touchdowns, but had 1 interception in the loss. Following the season, Blough was an honorable mention All-Big Ten selection by the coaches.


title: David Blough

text: Blough once again entered training camp in a quarterback battle, with his primary competition being redshirt sophomore Elijah Sindelar and redshirt freshman Jared Sparks. Blough was injured during Purdue's scrimmage on August 12, 2017, but was not expected to miss the season opener. Blough began the season opener against #16 Louisville Cardinals as the backup to Sindelar. Blough came in during the second quarter and sparked the struggling Purdue offense, leading two touchdown drives to give Purdue the lead and increase their lead. However, late in the third Blough was intercepted twice, one of which being a 61-yard touchdown for Louisville. Blough returned to the bench for the rest of the game in favor of Sindelar. Blough finished the game with 175 passing yards. On September 8, Blough completed six of seven attempts in the first half for 174 yards and 2 touchdowns. He finished the game 11-for-13 passing for 235 yards and three scores. This would have been considered a perfect passer rating by NFL standards.


title: David Blough

text: Purdue's first game of the season was against Northwestern and Elijah Sindelar was named as the starting quarterback. Sindelar was named the starter for third game of the season against Missouri, but he was injured the Wednesday before the game. Blough was named the starter after the injury announcement. The team was 0–2 when he took over.


title: David Blough

text: On September 15, 2018 against Missouri, Blough threw for a school record 572 passing yards. He set the Big Ten record for total yards with 590. He was named the Big Ten offensive player of the week. Despite Blough's performance, Purdue lost 40–37.


title: David Blough

text: Purdue played at Illinois October 13. Since Illinois was the team he was playing when he got hurt the previous year, Blough said the game "...was personal." Purdue routed Illinois 46–7. Blough was pulled from the game due to their lead, but accumulated 377 yards passing and three touchdowns with one interception. He also had his first career receiving touchdown.


title: David Blough

text: Purdue played #2 Ohio State on October 20. Purdue won 49–20 in a surprising upset. Blough threw for 378 yards and three touchdowns in the game.


title: David Blough

text: His last game at Purdue ended in a blowout loss to Auburn in the 2018 Music City Bowl. Auburn led 56–7 and finished the game 63–14, the most points scored against Purdue in their history.


title: David Blough

text: He played in the East-West Shrine Bowl. He finished the game 10–15 with two touchdowns and 149 yards.


title: David Blough

text: Blough was traded to the Detroit Lions in an exchange that also saw the teams swap conditional seventh-round draft picks. On November 27, 2019, following injuries to Matthew Stafford and backup quarterback Jeff Driskel, Blough was named the starting quarterback for the Lions for their game on Thanksgiving Day against the Chicago Bears, making it his first NFL start. Blough completed the game with 22 completed passes on 38 attempts for 280 yards with two touchdowns and an interception but the Lions lost 24–20. During the game he threw for his first NFL completion on a 75-yard touchdown pass to Lions wide receiver Kenny Golladay. In Week 14 at the Minnesota Vikings, Blough threw for 205 yards with one touchdown and two interceptions and was sacked five times in a 20–7 Lions loss. In Week 15 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Blough threw for 260 yards and 2 interceptions, one returned for a touchdown, in a 38–17 Lions loss. In Week 16, against the Denver Broncos Blough threw for 117 yards and a touchdown in a 27–17 Lions loss. In Week 17 against the Green Bay Packers, Blough threw for 122 yards and an interception and caught a 19-yard touchdown pass from wide receiver Danny Amendola during the 23–20 loss. Blough finished the 2019 NFL season going 94-of-174 throwing for 984 yards with four touchdowns and six interceptions.


title: David Blough

text: On September 5, 2020, Blough was waived by the Lions and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on October 17.


title: David Blough

text: On August 31, 2022, after making the initial 53-man roster, the Lions released Blough to make room for Nate Sudfeld.


title: David Blough

text: On December 14, 2022, Blough was signed off the Vikings practice squad to the Arizona Cardinals active roster.


title: David Blough

text: Blough is a Christian. He married his high school sweetheart, Melissa Gonzalez in March 2019. She is a professional track and field athlete for the country of Colombia, competing in the 400 metres hurdles.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Highlander III: The Sorcerer (also known as Highlander: The Final Dimension or Highlander: The Final Conflict) is a 1994 action-adventure fantasy film and the third installment in the "Highlander" film series. Set as an alternate sequel to the original film, it is the final "Highlander" film that focuses on Connor MacLeod as the protagonist. In the film, Connor MacLeod is forced to face a new, dangerous enemy, a powerful sorcerer known as Kane who threatens to win the fabled "Prize" in order to gain world domination by eliminating MacLeod. It grossed $36.7 million worldwide.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Some time after the death of his wife Heather in the 16th century, the immortal Scottish Highlander Connor MacLeod travels to Japan to train with an immortal named Nakano, a sorcerer (said to be a master of illusion) and old friend of the Highlander's late teacher Juan Sánchez-Villalobos Ramírez. In a cave in Mount Niri, Nakano teaches MacLeod how to fight with the katana that once belonged to Ramírez. He also warns of Kane, an evil immortal making his way across Asia with two immortal henchmen named Khabul Khan and Senghi Khan. After burning down a village, the three reach the cave. Kane beheads Nakano, taking his immortal Quickening energy and power of illusion. The Highlander escapes and Nakano laughs as he dies, declaring that Kane will not be present at the time of the Gathering (when the last immortals fight) and implying he has planned one last trick. The release of his energy causes a cave in, trapping Kane and his henchmen.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: In 1788 France, Connor meets and falls in love with Sarah Barrington, a visitor from England. During the French Revolution, MacLeod is captured and sentenced to death for treason against King Louis XVI of France. His immortal friend Pierre Bouchet takes his place, claiming he is tired of his immortal life. Believing Connor is dead, Sarah marries another man. By the time MacLeod finds her, he discovers she now has a family and decides to let her continue believing he is dead.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: In 1985, the Gathering occurs in New York City and MacLeod is seemingly the last immortal left alive. He and his new love Brenda Wyatt move to Scotland and are married. She is killed in a car accident in 1987 and he survives without any wounds, indicating he has not lost his immortality and may not have won the Prize. By 1994, Connor is living with his adopted son John in Marrakesh. Meanwhile, archaeologist Dr. Alexandra Johnson (a woman identical to Sarah Barrington) is part of a team excavating the legendary cave of Nakano. The excavation frees Kane, who beheads Senghi to gain a boost in power while his other soldier Khabul leaves to find Connor.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Sensing the release of the Quickening again, MacLeod realizes the Game is not over and realizes he must return to New York City. MacLeod leaves John in the care of his friend, Jack Donovan. Arriving in New York, MacLeod (using his old alias of "Russell Nash" again) faces and kills Khabul. NYPD Lt. John Stenn believes Khabul's headless body is proof that the "headhunter" killer of 1985 is loose again. He concludes the killer is Russell Nash, who was a suspect during the original case.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Alex investigates a piece of kilt cloth found in the cave of Nakano, identifying it as branch of the MacLeod family, one where a clan member was banished for having unnatural powers. Learning that Russell Nash claims to be a descendant of this branch of the clan, Alex tracks him down and witnesses him battle Kane. The fight ends when MacLeod's blade shatters (possibly because their fight crossed into holy ground) and Kane flees.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Connor returns to the Scottish Highlands to build another sword but is unsuccessful. Learning more and concluding that "Nash" is actually the banished Connor MacLeod, still alive, Alex tracks him down and gives him a bar of finely refined steel she found in Nakano's cave. Connor forges a new katana and admits his identity, and the two become lovers. MacLeod then learns Kane has abducted his son John.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: MacLeod meets Kane in an old church mission in Jersey City and follows him into an abandoned power plant for their final battle. After a brief battle, the Highlander decapitates Kane and truly wins the Prize, now possessing the full power of all immortals who ever lived. He returns to Scotland with Alex and John to live out the rest of his natural life.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: The film completely ignores and contradicts the events of "," effectively erasing it from canon. The movie specifically states that Brenda Wyatt died in a car crash in 1987 and shows a version of 1994 where Earth's ozone layer is intact, whereas "Highlander II" depicts the ozone layer as being largely gone by 1994, causing many deaths by cancer and radiation poisoning, including Brenda's.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: In a 1996 "Cinefantastique" interview, "Highlander" producer William Panzer mentioned that several references to the TV series' continuity were inserted into this film as a means of linking it to the TV universe. However, none of them have been acknowledged to each other between the third film and the TV series.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Many of the locations in Scotland from the original film were revisited for this sequel. Several scenes were shot in the province of Quebec in Canada: the medieval Japanese village and the building in which Nakano's cave is found were shot near Montreal. Plus, many sequences in New York were actually shot in Montreal, as well. Other scenes for this film were shot in Morocco.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: The U.S. theatrical release was rated PG-13, and a slightly-longer R-rated "Special Director's Cut" was later released on home video with two sex scenes trimmed from the theatrical release restored. On top of this, additional violence was reinstated, mainly the shot of Kane's head rolling off. The PG-13 theatrical cut originally only showed Kane's head wobbling from side to side, then cutting immediately to the extreme close-up on Connor saying, "There can be only one."


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Furthermore, several enhanced visual effects shots are present in the American version, including Kane's arrival in New York City (via a teleportation portal, instead of stepping off of a freighter in the international version), as well as during the final Quickening sequence (where several additional shots of Connor levitating are seen, complete with new VFX work). Also, the American "Final Dimension" cut includes alternate musical tracks and cues (including the song "God Took a Picture" during the ending credits instead of Loreena McKennitt's "Bonny Portmore," and a rock-instrumental version of Mötley Crüe's "Dr. Feelgood" during the final battle between MacLeod and Kane).


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: The score was composed and conducted by J. Peter Robinson. The film marks the first use of "Bonny Portmore" in the "Highlander" films (it was also used in the ). The soundtrack features the following songs:


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: The film opened at number one at the U.K. box office but with a disappointing gross of £864,000 ($1.3 million) in its opening week.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: The film debuted at number 2 at the U.S. box office, grossing $5.6 million. The following week it dropped to 7th place, taking in $2.9 million. "Highlander III: The Sorcerer" finished its U.S. theatrical run with a gross of $13.7 million and grossed $23 million internationally for a worldwide gross of $36.7 million.


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" remarked, "How could an action-adventure film that cost $34 million, most of which clearly went into pyrotechnics, computerized special effects and scenic locations, end up looking cheap, silly and lifeless? ["Highlander III: The Sorcerer" is] an incoherent mess [and] has performances that are one-dimensional even by the undemanding standards of the genre."


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: The BBC's review gave the film a score of two stars out of five, saying: "This is a far superior film to "" [but] it is really a copy of the first one. ... It really feels as if the "Highlander" story has no more to give us—but that would be very wrong. Perhaps the best thing this third movie did was promote the generally better ."


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: Christopher Null of FilmCritic.com also gave "Highlander III" two stars out of five, saying: "The third in a line of increasingly perplexing "Highlander" movies, "Highlander: The Final Dimension" steals wholesale the plot from the original, just throwing in some fresh faces. ... Ultra-fans will rejoice in the face of the third installment—and it's nowhere near as bad as "Highlander II"—but most of you can give it a pass."


title: Highlander III: The Sorcerer

text: In retrospective, the film holds a 5% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 20 reviews. On Metacritic the film has a score of 28% based on reviews from 12 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Reticle

text: A reticle, or reticule also known as a graticule, is a pattern of fine lines or markings built into the eyepiece of an optical device such as a telescopic sight, spotting scope, theodolite, optical microscope or the screen of an oscilloscope, to provide measurement references during visual inspections. Today, engraved lines or embedded fibers may be replaced by a digital image superimposed on a screen or eyepiece. Both terms may be used to describe any set of patterns used for aiding visual measurements and calibrations, but in modern use "reticle" is most commonly used for weapon sights, while "graticule" is more widely used for non-weapon measuring instruments such as oscilloscope display, astronomic telescopes, microscopes and slides, surveying instruments and other similar devices.


title: Reticle

text: There are many variations of reticle pattern; this article concerns itself mainly with the most rudimentary reticle: the crosshair. Crosshairs are typically represented as a pair of perpendicularly intersecting lines in the shape of a cross, "+", though many variations of additional features exist including dots, posts, concentric circles/horseshoes, chevrons, graduated markings, or a combination of above. Most commonly associated with telescopic sights for aiming firearms, crosshairs are also common in optical instruments used for astronomy and surveying, and are also popular in graphical user interfaces as a precision pointer. The reticle is said to have been invented by Robert Hooke, and dates to the 17th century. Another candidate as inventor is the amateur astronomer William Gascoigne, who predated Hooke.


title: Reticle

text: Telescopic sights for firearms, generally just called "scopes", are probably the device most often associated with crosshairs. Motion pictures and the media often use a view through crosshairs as a dramatic device, which has given crosshairs wide cultural exposure.


title: Reticle

text: While the traditional thin crossing lines are the original and still the most familiar cross-hair shape, they are really best suited for precision aiming at high contrast targets, as the thin lines are easily lost in complex backgrounds, such as those encountered while hunting. Thicker bars are much easier to discern against a complex background, but lack the precision of thin bars. The most popular types of cross-hair in modern scopes are variants on the "duplex" cross-hair, with bars that are thick on the perimeter and thin out in the middle. The thick bars allow the eye to quickly locate the center of the reticle, and the thin lines in the center allow for precision aiming. The thin bars in a duplex reticle may also be designed to be used as a measure. Called a 30/30 reticle, the thin bars on such a reticle span 30 minutes of arc (0.5º), which is approximately equal to 30 inches at 100 yards. This enables an experienced shooter to deduce, on the basis of the known size of an object in view, (as opposed to guess or estimate) the range within an acceptable error limit.


title: Reticle

text: Originally crosshairs were constructed out of hair or spiderweb, these materials being sufficiently thin and strong. Many modern scopes use wire crosshairs, which can be flattened to various degrees to change the width. These wires are usually silver in color, but appear black when backlit by the image passing through the scope's optics. Wire reticles are by nature fairly simple, as they require lines that pass all the way across the reticle, and the shapes are limited to the variations in thickness allowed by flattening the wire; duplex crosshairs, and crosshairs with dots are possible, and multiple horizontal or vertical lines may be used. The advantage of wire crosshairs is that they are fairly tough and durable, and provide no obstruction to light passing through the scope.


title: Reticle

text: The first suggestion for etched glass reticles was made by Philippe de La Hire in 1700. His method was based on engraving the lines on a glass plate with a diamond point. Many modern crosshairs are actually etched onto a thin plate of glass, which allows a far greater latitude in shapes. Etched glass reticles can have "floating" elements, which do not cross the reticle; circles and dots are common, and some types of glass reticles have complex sections designed for use in range estimation and bullet drop and drift compensation (see external ballistics). A potential disadvantage of glass reticles is that the surface of the glass reflects some light (about 4% per surface on uncoated glass) lessening transmission through the scope, although this light loss is near zero if the glass is multicoated (coating being the norm for all modern high quality optical products).


title: Reticle

text: Reticles may be illuminated, either by a plastic or fiber optic light pipe collecting ambient light or, in low light conditions, by a battery powered LED. Some sights also use the radioactive decay of tritium for illumination that can work for 11 years without using a battery, used in the British SUSAT sight for the SA80 (L85) assault rifle and in the American ACOG (Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight). Red is the most common color used, as it is the least destructive to the shooter's night vision, but some products use green or yellow illumination, either as a single colour or changeable via user selection.