title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo is affiliated with Fanprojekt Berlin, which is an independent organization that engages in socio-pedagogical fan work. The organization supports young fans in various aspects of life and aims at promoting a positive supporter culture. BFC Dynamo engages in active fan work and has taken measures to control violent elements, to exclude known violators and to distance itself from radical supporters. Far-right symbols and slogans are not tolerated by the club. The Chairman of the Economic Council, Peter Meyer, stated in connection with a friendly match against Hertha BSC in 2007 that the club did not want people who cannot follow the rules and that "anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium". A large number of stadium bans has been issued by the club since the mid-2000s. A total of 40 stadium bans was issued only in 2006. No riots has occurred since 2011.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The contemporary supporter scene includes groups such as 79er, Mythos BFC, Fraktion H, Piefkes, Ultras BFC, East Company, Riot Sport, Black Boys Dynamo, Bärenbande, Gegengerade, Hipstercrew, Märkische Jungs and Sektion Süddeutschland. Gegengerade is a left wing-oriented fan club. BFC Dynamo had 100 Category C-supporters and 190 Category-B supporters in 2019. Younger hooligans of BFC Dynamo have contacts with supporter group Kaliber 030 at Hertha. 20–25 supporters of BFC Dynamo joined Hertha in the guest block of the Stadion an der Alten Försterei during the derby between Union Berlin and Hertha on 2 November 2019. Older hooligans of BFC Dynamo, on the other hand, maintain friendly relationships with parts of the supporter scene of 1. FC Magdeburg. Supporters of BFC Dynamo attempted to travel in numbers to the return leg against VfB Oldenburg in the promotion play-offs for the 3. Liga on 4 June 2022. Up to 2,500 supporters of BFC Dynamo wanted to join the team in Oldenburg. Around 1,300 supporters of BFC Dynamo was eventually admitted to the Marschweg-Stadion, where they marked their presence with a banner, a scarf choreography and flares.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: One of the most well-known books in Germany about the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo is "Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau" by German author Andreas Gläser (). The book was first published in 2002 and describes the supporter scene from the late 1970s and forward. The club, its reputation and supporter scene, was also the theme of stage play "Dynamoland" by Gudrun Herrbold. The play was set up in 2007 and involved young football players from BFC Dynamo as well as Andreas Gläser. The fanzine "Zugriff" is dedicated to BFC Dynamo. The fanzine is produced by Andreas Gläser and members of supporter group Gegengerade since 2008. The tenth and latest issue was published in 2014. The tenth issue came with as music CD mixed by Andreas Gläser. The CD included numerous ska and punk tracks as well as a 25 seconds long recording of Erich Mielke ranting about skinheads and punks.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Musicians from German rock band Klaus Renft Combo composed the anthem "Auf, Dynamo!" for BFC Dynamo in 1999. German rap musician Joe Rilla has also dedicated a song to BFC Dynamo. The song is called "Heb die Faust Hoch (BFC Dynamo Straßenhymne)" and was released in 2008. Joe Rilla, whose real name is Hagen Stoll (), has a background in the hooligan scene of BFC Dynamo. The clothing store Hoolywood on Schönhauser Allee in Prenzlauer Berg is associated with the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. The store was founded at the beginning of the 1990s. The store has been an advertising partner of BFC Dynamo.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The oldest rival of BFC Dynamo is SG Dynamo Dresden. The rivalry dates back to 1954 when the team of Dynamo Dresden and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SC Dynamo Berlin during the course of the 1954-55 season. The relocation aroused a sense of victimhood among the fans of Dynamo Dresden which would later be compounded by the successes of BFC Dynamo. Matters were exacerbated when additional players of Dynamo Dresden were delegated to Dynamo Berlin by the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) following the relegation of Dynamo Dresden after the 1962–63 season.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The antagonism between the two clubs was underpinned by a historical German rivalry between Prussian Berlin and Saxony. It was fueled by contemporary resentment in Dresden at the better provision of housing and consumer goods in the East German capital. East Berliners were generally unpopular outside the city limits, especially in the southern regional districts of East Germany. They were considered arrogant and clearly preferred.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Dynamo Dresden slowly recovered from the relocation. The club was declared a regional district center of excellence () by the regional district board of the DTSB on 5 August 1968. The club could now draw on the best players in Bezirk Dresden. Dynamo Dresden eventually re-established itself in the DDR-Oberliga and became campions once again in the 1970-71 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden then met in the final of the 1970-71 FDGB-Pokal. Klaus Sammer scored 1-0 for Dynamo Dresden, but Norbert Johannsen equalized on a penalty. Dynamo Dresden eventually won the match 2-1 after a second goal by Sammer in extra time. Dynamo Dresden thus secured the first Double in the history of East German football. However, BFC Dynamo did not go completely empty-handed from the final. The team qualified for its first UEFA competition as runners-up. Its participation in the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup would be a success.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Dynamo Dresden would come to dominate East German fotball in the 1970s. The team managed to capture a third consecutive league title in the 1977–78 DDR-Oberliga. What happened after is subject to various rumors. Formal title celebrations took place in June 1978 at the hotel and restaurant Bastein at Prager Straße in Dresden. Erich Mielke paid a visit as the president of SV Dynamo to congratulate the team to the title. Dynamo Dresden player Reinhard Häfner recalls how Mielke held a speech where he said that he would be happier if BFC Dynamo was champions. Mielke should have added that "since BFC Dynamo is also SV Dynamo, the title stays in the family, so to speak, and that is good too". According to other versions of the same event, he allegedly proclaimed that everything will be done so that in the coming year, the champion will come from Berlin, and that it was now the turn of the BFC Dynamo.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo opened the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga with ten consecutive wins. The team thus broke the previous record of Dynamo Dresden of seven consecutive wins from the 1972-73 DDR-Oberliga. Dynamo Dresden, on the other hand, had a moderately successful start to the season and stood in second place. The two teams met in the 11th matchday in front of 33,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 2 December 1978. The match ended in a draw 1-1 after an equalizer by Hans-Jürgen Riediger for BFC Dynamo. The match was marked by crowd trouble, with 38 fans to both teams arrested. 17 of the 38 fans arrested were fans of BFC Dynamo. Inexperienced linesman Günter Supp should allegedly have missed an offside position on Riediger in the situation leading up to the equalizer. There were accusations in Dresden that the match had been manipulated by the referees in favor of BFC Dynamo. This alleged manipulation was cited as yet another example of discrimination against the Saxon city in comparison with East Berlin. BFC Dynamo continued to lead the league for the rest of the season. The team finally secured its first DDR-Oberliga title after defeating Dynamo Dresden 3–1 in the 24th match day in front of 22,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 6 June 1979.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The 1979-80 DDR-Oberliga would be tight race between the two rivals. Dynamo Dresden led the league for most of the season. Dynamo Dresden was still in first place before the last matchday. However, BFC Dynamo was only one point behind. The two rivals met at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the last matchday of the league season on 10 May 1980. Dynamo Dresden only needed a draw to win the league title. There was huge excitement around the match and the stadium was sold out. East German fotboll weekly Die neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) reported on "international match atmosphere". The standing was 0-0 for a long time. Dynamo Dresden player Peter Kotte fell in the BFC Dynamo penalty area with about 15 minutes left of regular time, but Dynamo Dresden was denied a penalty. Norbert Trieloff instead scored a goal for BFC Dynamo just a moment later. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 1-0 and captured its second consecutive league title in front of 30,000 spectators. Dynamo Dresden would not come this close to BFC Dynamo in the league until the end of the 1980s. It was rumoured that referee Hans Kulicke from Oderberg had favored BFC Dynamo. However, also BFC Dynamo had been denied a chance to decide the match. A goal by Hartmut Pelka had been disallowed by referee Kulicke due to a foul on Dynamo Dresden goalkeeper Bernd Jakubowski.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Both clubs were affiliated to SV Dynamo and supported by the security organs. However, BFC Dynamo was more associated with the Stasi, while Dynamo Dresden was more associated with the Volkspolizei. BFC Dynamo was known as the favourite club of the head of the Stasi Erich Mielke. Dynamo Dresden, on the other hand, was patronaged by Volkspolizei Lieutenant general Willi Nyffenegger. Nyffenegger was the long-time head of the regional district authority of the Volkspolizei in Bezirk Dresden. However, also Dynamo Dresden had its supporters in the Stasi. The Stasi had helped Dynamo Dresden to obtain secret information about the line-up of FC Bayern Munich before the match between Dynamo Dresden and FC Bayern Munich in the 1973–74 European Cup on 7 November 1973. Dynamo Dresden would also be supported by Stasi Major general Horst Böhm in the 1980s. Böhm was the head of the regional district administration of the Stasi in Bezirk Dresden. He was a committed local patriot when it came to Dynamo Dresden and a sponsoring member of the club. The rivalry between the two clubs also spread to the Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky". The behavior of members of the Dresden unit during a match between the two teams in 1985 was likened to that of "rioting fans" by another Stasi officer.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Resentment in Dresden over the rise of BFC Dynamo was worsened when three top players of Dynamo Dresden, Gerd Weber, Peter Kotte and Matthias Müller, were arrested on suspicion of planning to defect to West Germany in 1981. Weber had solicited plans to defect, but the other two had not. Weber received a prison sentence and a lifetime ban from playing football at any level in East Germany, while Kotte and Müller received lifetime bans from playing in the top two tiers for alleged complicity. Neither would return to the Oberliga. The punishment against the three players led to rumors and protests in Dresden. They also fueled local patriotism and anti-Berlin sentiments in Dresden.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Supporters of Dynamo Dresden saw the lifetime bans on Weber, Kotte and Müller as "an order from Erich Mielke" designed to weaken Dynamo Dresden. Also, Kotte has claimed they were part of a delibate plan by Mielke to weaken Dynamo Dresden. However, such claims are doubtful. The three players had been reported by an unofficial collaborator (IM) and Mielke was convinced that all three were originally prepared to defect. Kotte was not an isolated case. The great fear of footballers, fans and officials who had fled East Germany was omnipresent at the Stasi. Kotte and Müller knew about the intentions of Weber. Their failure to inform authorities was critical. Former SED First Secretary in Bezik Dresden Hans Modrow concludes that the measures against the three were "generally cautious", given the completely different consequences for other East German citizens in similar contexts. After all, the three were also members of the armed organs () with ranks. Müller said in an interview with Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten in 2011 that he "knew one hundred percent" that the uncompromising actions against the three players were a deliberate attempt by the Stasi to weaken Dynamo Dresden in order to secure the supremacy of BFC Dynamo.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden would be the two main contenders for titles in East German football during the 1980s. BFC Dynamo dominated the DDR-Oberliga and won consecutive titles, while Dynamo Dresden had major success in the FDGB-Pokal. The two teams met in the 1981-82 FDGB-Pokal and 1983-84 FDGB-Pokal final. Dynamo Dresden won both finals and thus prevented BFC Dynamo from being able to capture the Double. The teams then also met in the 1984-85 FDGB-Pokal final. The performance of the referees in the final was controversial. A review by the DFV found that 30 percent of the referee decisions during the match had been wrong, and that 80 percent of those had been of disadvantage to Dynamo Dresden. Referee Manfred Roßner was banned one year from officiating matches above second tier after the final. However, nothing emerged that indicated that Roßner had been bought by the Stasi. Dynamo Dresden won the final 3–2 in front of 48,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend. It was the fourth loss against Dynamo Dresden in the final of the FDGB-Pokal and the third time that Dynamo Dresden had prevented the team from winning the Double.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Disturbances by spectators was a regular occurrence at matches between the two teams. BFC Dynamo was met by immense hostility during away matches in Dresden. Fans of BFC Dynamo would occasionally respond to the hatred they met by singing chants in praise of Erich Mielke. They would also throw tropical fruits, that were only available in East Berlin, at home fans as a provocation. A number of fans of Dynamo Dresden were arrested after the match between the two teams in the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga in East Berlin on 6 April 1988 for using anti-Semitic slogans, such as "Berlin Jews!" and "Jews' sow!" BFC Dynamo won the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga and ultimately managed to capture the Double in the 1987–88 FDGB-Pokal, defeating FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2–0 in final.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo's ten-year dominance in the league was eventually broken by Dynamo Dresden in the 1988–89 season. BFC Dynamo won a second consecutive cup title in the 1988-89 FDGB-Pokal, but Dynamo Dresden became the new champion in the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden then met in the first ever DFV-Supercup in 1989. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–1 in front of 22,347 spectators at the Stadion der Freundschaft in Cottbus and became the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden met 60 times in the Oberliga, FDGB-Pokal and DFV-Supercup between 1966 and 1991. BFC Dynamo won 21 matches and Dynamo Dresden won 27 matches. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden also met 10 times in the Regionalliga Nordost between 1995 and 2000. BFC Dynamo won 3 matches and Dynamo Dresden won 5 matches. The last meeting ended 1–1 and took place in the 1999-00 Regionalliga Nordost on 26 April 2000. The two teams rarely meet these days, because Dynamo Dresden regularly appears in the second or third tier of the German football league system. Former Dynamo Dresden player Ralf Minge expressed in an interview in 2018 his satisfaction that Dynamo Dresden has advanced past BFC Dynamo, but also said that he would not mind new duels with BFC Dynamo and that duels with BFC Dynamo "have a certain charm".


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin were founded only a few days apart. Both clubs were formed during the reorganization of East German football in December 1965 and January 1966, when ten football departments were reorganized into dedicated football clubs. However, Union Berlin was not part of the original plan. Two football clubs had already been planned for East Berlin. They were to be formed from the football departments of SC Dynamo Berlin and ASK Vorwärts Berlin. In addition, TSC Berlin played only in the second tier DDR-Liga at the time. The founding of Union Berlin probably owed much to the intervention of the powerful Herbert Warnke. Herbert Warnke was the chairman of the national state trade union FDGB and a member of the SED Politburo. Dynamo Berlin and Vorwärts Berlin were both associated with the armed and security organs. Herbert Warnke therefore argued for the formation of a civilian club for the working people of East Berlin. He would be a passionate fan of Union Berlin.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Both BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin belonged to the elite in East German football. The new football clubs were intended as centers of excellence, with the right to draw on talents within designated geographical areas. BFC Dynamo was supported by the Stasi, while Union Berlin was supported by the FDGB. However, Union Berlin was able to trace its origins back to FC Olympia Oberschöneweide in 1906. BFC Dynamo had no history before East Germany. The supporters of Union Berlin therefore considered their club to be a genuine football club, unlike BFC Dynamo. However, even as a civilian club, Union Berlin was also part of the sports political system. The founding of the Union Berlin was organized by the then SED First Secretary in Köpenick Hans Modrow. Like Herbert Warnke, Hans Modrow would be a sponsoring member of the club. The most important positions on the board of Union Berlin were exclusively held by directors of state-owned factories or SED representatives. Union Berlin was state-funded and all decisions in club had to be reported to the all-powerful central sports agency DTSB. The DTSB stood in turn under direct control of the SED Central Committee.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The rivalry between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin began in the mid-1960s. It was initially based on the geographical proximity to each other. BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin were two clubs from East Berlin in the DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo struggled in the 1966-67 DDR-Oberliga and was threatened with relegation. The feud between the two clubs began when fans of Union Berlin mocked BFC Dynamo with a banner saying "We greet the relegated" during a league match at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 26 April 1967. Union Berlin won the match by 3–0 and BFC Dynamo was eventually relegated to the DDR-Liga at the end of the season. BFC Dynamo immediately bounced back and managed to establish itself in the DDR-Oberliga. However, Union Berlin would be the stronger of the two teams until the 1970s. Union Berlin surprisingly won the 1967–68 FDGB-Pokal, but was also relegated to the DDR-Liga after the 1968–69 season.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The rivalry between the two clubs intensified in the early 1970s. The player of Union Berlin, Klaus Korn, was suspended from all sports after a heated derby at Sportforum on 28 October 1970. The performance of the referees had been "catastrophic" according to private notes from the then Second Club Secretary and Vice President of Union Berlin Günter Mielis, and the match ended with riots. Klaus Korn had insulted players in BFC Dynamo with slurs such as "Stasi-pig". The DFV Legal Commission imposed a one-year ban on Klaus Korn after a circumstantial trial. The DFV Legal Commission also demanded that Union Berlin considered his exclusion from the club. Klaus Korn was then excluded from the club and would never play in the DDR-Oberliga again. Unrest broke out again at a derby in Hohenschönhausen one year later. Eight spectators were arrested after the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 28 December 1971. The match was attended by 14,000 spectators and the stadium was sold out.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The football landscape in East Berlin changed before the 1971–72 season. Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971. BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin were from now on the only major football clubs in East Berlin. The relocation meant that BFC Dynamo could now take over the role of the dominant team for the armed organs in East Berlin. The team would have the opportunity to move into the larger and more centrally located Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, which led to increased interest in the club and growing attendance numbers. The districts in East Berlin had previously been divided between BFC Dynamo, Vorwärts Berlin and Union Berlin. Each club was able to recruit young players from training centers (TZ) in their districts. All training centers that had previously belonged to Vorwärts Berlin were now given to BFC Dynamo. The DTSB allegedly saw more potential in BFC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo now had access to two thirds of all training centers (TZ) in East Berlin. This meant that BFC Dynamo had gained a much stronger position in East Berlin than Union Berlin when it came to recruiting young players. FC Vorwärts Frankfurt was given Bezirk Potsdam as a catchment area, in addition to Bezirk Frankfurt. Bezirk Potsdam had previously been assigned to Union Berlin and thus had to be handed over to Vorwärts Frankfurt.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Union Berlin was relegated to the DDR-Liga after the 1972–73 season. The Union Berlin star Reinhard Lauck was transferred to BFC Dynamo after the relegation. The loss of Lauck was a hard blow for the team. Lauck had contributed greatly to the victory in the 1968 FDGB-Pokal final and was well-liked among the supporters of Union Berlin. Supporters of Union Berlin are said to have gathered outside his apartment, to appeal to him to stay in the team and play in the second tier. But Lauck had already decided to change team. The DFV had allegedly advised him to switch to BFC Dynamo in order to continue playing in the national team. Lauck would make a successful appearance for East Germany in the 1974 FIFA World Cup and would win gold with East Germany in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Lauck became the team captain of BFC Dynamo in the 1974–75 season. He would later win two league titles with BFC Dynamo before ending his career due to a knee injury.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Union Berlin would remain in the DDR-Liga for several seasons. The club would also suffer more blows which further weakened its position in relation to BFC Dynamo. Herbert Warnke died in 1975 and was replaced as chairman of the FDGB by Harry Tisch. Harry Tisch had begun his political career in Rostock and chose instead to give the support of the FDGB to F.C. Hansa Rostock. Union Berlin thus lost the support of the FDGB and also no longer had any support in the top of the political hierarchy. The club could now only rely on support from the district administration of the SED in East Berlin and local state-owned enterprises, such as VEB Kabelwerk Oberspree (KWO) and VEB Transformatorenwerk Oberschöneweide (TRO). The DTSB and the DFV would also continue their efforts to concentrate resources on a few clubs during the 1970s. A number of football clubs were designated as specially promoted focus clubs in the 1970 Football Resolution. The focus clubs would receive additional financial support from DTSB and other advantages. They would have the right to delegate twice as many young players to their affiliated elite Children and Youth Sports School (KSJ) each year and would also receive expanded catchment areas in the 1976 Football Resolution. BFC Dynamo would be appointed as the focus club in East Berlin. Union Berlin would then have to delegate some of its best young players to BFC Dynamo. One example was the talented Detlef Helms, who was delegated to BFC Dynamo as a 17-year-old in 1977.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Union Berlin returned to the Oberliga in the 1976–77 season. Stadion an der Alten Försterei was a small football stadium without cinder tracks where the crowd stood close to the pitch. Union Berlin had become the focus of hooligan attention. Matches at the Stadion an der Alten Föresterei had regularly been interrupted by spectators throwing objects on the pitch. The derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin was now such as heated affair that the matches were moved by the DFV to the neutral Stadion der Weltjugend in Mitte. It was considered that safety could not be guaranteed with the larger number of spectators. The Stadion an der Alten Försterei was known for its atmosphere and the Stadion der Weltjugend was located only a few minutes away from the home district of BFC Dynamo. The move was therefore seen as a major disadvantage by the fans to Union Berlin and further diluted their aversion to BFC Dynamo. Union Berlin defeated BFC Dynamo 1–0 in front of 45,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend in the first meeting of the 1976–77 season on 4 September 1976. Union Berlin also won the return match on 19 February 1977. The two wins against BFC Dynamo during the 1976–77 season cemented the reputation of Union Berlin as a cult club and crowd puller.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo established itself as one of the top teams in the DDR-Oberliga from the mid-1970s. Union Berlin would come to play second fiddle in East Berlin from now on and never finish higher than seventh place in the DDR-Oberliga. In the shadow of BFC Dynamo, Union Berlin would no longer have any major sporting significance in East Germany. Union Berlin became an elevator team that hovered between the Oberliga and the DDR-Liga. Supporters of Union Berlin saw BFC Dynamo as the highest representative of the security organs and the police, with privileges in player recruitment and financial support as well as the political clout of Mielke. This was supposedly in contrast to their own club, which they regarded as an underdog rooted in the working class. BFC Dynamo would be disliked all over East Germany for its successes and its connection to the Stasi. This was also reflected in the derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin. The supporters of Union Berlin were seen as oppositional. This is illustrated in the famous sentence of the editor-in-chief of the satirical magazine Eulenspiegel: "Not all Union fans are enemies of the state, but all enemies of the state are Union fans." But the fact that people supported Union Berlin did not automatically mean that they were against the state. Union Berlin got a lot of sympathy as the weaker club. There was a simple rule in East German football, where the least privileged club got the most sympathy. Supporters of Union Berlin cultivated the image of their club as the eternal underdog.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Clashes between the supporters of the two teams became increasingly common in the 1970s. Union Berlin had one of the most notorious followings in East Germany at this time. The supporters of Union Berlin often went to away matches in large numbers. Fights were initially won by the supporters of Union Berlin. They were in the clear majority and could chase the supporters of BFC Dynamo from the streets. A punch in the face and a stolen scarf was an experience for many young supporters of BFC Dynamo at this time. But BFC Dynamo gained more and more young supporters with its growing successes in the late 1970s. Many came from working-class families in Prenzlauer Berg. The supporters of BFC Dynamo would eventually begin to appear extremely well organized and began to fight back in the early 1980s. The tide now turned and the supporters of BFC Dynamo would win all fights between the supporters of the two teams from now on. Derbies at the Stadion der Weltjugend usually ended with a couple of hundred supporters of BFC Dynamo chasing the supporters of Union Berlin along Chausseestraße down towards the Friedrichsstrasse S-Bahn station. The fights often continued on the side streets of Friedrichstraße.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Union Berlin is often portrayed as an opponent of the system and matches between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin during the East German era are often hyped up as some kind of domestic political showdown. But in fact, Union Berlin was mostly a football club that struggled against unfavorable conditions. The club would be disadvantaged by the state sports politics compared to BFC Dynamo. Honorary President of Union Berlin Günter Mielis has said: "Union was not a club of resistance fighters, but we had to fight against a lot of political and economic resistance over and over again. We got strength from our fans".


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Union Berlin would become known for a supporter scene that was anti-establishment, where people could vent their disdain for the system in the anonymity of a crowd. Supporters of Union Berlin also saw themselves as stubborn and non-conformist, but this should not be confused with actual resistance. Provocation was part of football in East Germany and people shouted out anything, because it was possible to get away with it. A critical attitude to the system was something that football supporters across East Germany had in common in the 1970s and 1980s. Supporters of Union Berlin from the era concede that it is an exaggeration to call the club a "resistance club". A supporter of Union Berlin has said: "With the best of intentions, Union fans did not contribute to the overthrow of the GDR. No way, we were interested in football. There is the cliché about the club for the enemies of the state, but that wasn't us". There were no political groups among the supporters of Union Berlin. For some supporters of Union Berlin, the dissident reputation of Union Berlin is a legend that was created after "Die Wende".


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Most supporters of Union Berlin were just normal football supporters. Politics was not in the foreground. Supporters of Union Berlin from the era have testified that their support for the club had nothing to do with politics. The club was the most important thing and the identification with Union Berlin had primarily to do with Köpenick. The rivalry with BFC Dynamo was fueled by local pride. However, the political dimension was also there. BFC Dynamo was supported by the Stasi, who were disliked by many. But above all, it was the political instrumentalization of football that irritated. The political favoritism of BFC Dynamo greatly contributed to the enthusiasm of the supporters of Union Berlin. Supporters of Union Berlin embraced the image of the underdog fighting the odds. An expression of the supporters of Union Berlin was: "Better to be a loser than a stupid Stasi pig".


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin was first and foremost a local football derby. Both clubs had supporters who were not true to the line. Also supporters of BFC Dynamo were observed by the Stasi during the 1980s. East Berlin was divided into two. BFC Dynamo was more strongly represented in some parts, and Union Berlin was more strongly represented in other parts. Which team you supported was very much a question of where you lived. BFC Dynamo was the local team if you grew up in Prenzlauer Berg. If you lived in Mitte, you were more likely to be a supporter BFC Dynamo, as the home stadium was only a stone's throw away along Schönhauser Allee. But Mitte was a contested area. The border ran at Alexanderplatz, where many fights between the supporters of the two teams were fought. The home districts of the two clubs, Hohenschönhausen and Köpenick respectively, were always dangerous territory for supporters of the other team.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin met a total of 35 times in the DDR-Oberliga and the FDGB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo won 22 meetings and Union Berlin won 6 meetings. Matches against Union Berlin was often won with big numbers in the late 1970s and 1980s. BFC Dynamo defeated Union Berlin with 1–8 and then 7–1 in the round of 16 of the 1978-79 FDGB-Pokal. Hans-Jürgen Riediger scored a hat-trick in both legs. BFC Dynamo also defeated Union Berlin 8–1 in the Oberliga on 13 September 1986. Thom, Frank Pastor and Christian Backs scored two goals each. The 1980s was a crushing win for BFC Dynamo. Former BFC Dynamo midfielder Falko Götz concluded that: "Union was no opponent to us". The two teams met 13 times in the Oberliga and FDGB-Pokal during the 1980s. BFC Dynamo won 11 matches and two matches ended in a draw. The matches between the two local rivals were hard-fought on the pitch. Former BFC Dynamo midfielder Frank Terletzki has said that the victories against Union Berlin were always the best. But despite the rivalry between the clubs, it happened that players hung out outside of football. Former BFC Dynamo defender Frank Rohde has said that players of BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin often gathered to have a beer together after matches.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: There were several transfers between the two clubs. BFC Dynamo recruited some of the best players of Union Berlin, such as Reinard Lauck in 1973, Detlef Helms in 1977 and Waldemar Ksienzyk in 1984. But there were also transfers in the other direction. Union Berlin predecessor TSC Oberschöneweide recruited Ralf Quest from SC Dynamo Berlin in 1962. Quest scored the winning goal for Union Berlin in the final of the 1967-68 FDGB-Pokal, when the club won a sensational cup victory. Union Berlin would then recruit several players from BFC Dynamo over the years, such as Werner Voigt in 1973, Rainer Rohde in 1975, Rainer Wroblewski in 1977, Olaf Seier in 1983, Ralf Sträßer in 1984, Olaf Hirsch in 1986, Norbert Trieloff in 1987, Mario Maek in 1988 and Thomas Grether in 1989. Union Berlin recruited a couple of players from BFC Dynamo in the 1980s who did some of their best seasons at the club. Olaf Seier became the team captain of Union Berlin and Ralf Sträßer became first and only player in Union Berlin to ever become league top goal scorer during the East German era. Mario Maek saved Union Berlin from relegation with a late 3–2 goal against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the last match day of the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga. As many as three former players of BFC Dynamo were involved in the winning goal for Union Berlin.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Union Berlin played in the DDR-Liga in the 1989–90 season. FC Berlin and Union Berlin met in the second round of the 1990-91 FDGB-Pokal at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 23 September 1990. It was the first match between the teams since the fall of the Berlin Wall. BFC Dynamo, now named FC Berlin, had now already lost many of its former top-performers to the West German Bundesliga. Hooligans of FC Berlin stormed the home stands and attacked supporters of Union Berlin with clubs and flares at the beginning of the match. Union Berlin won the match 2–1 on extra-time. It was the first win for Union Berlin against FC Berlin since 1977. Thomas Grether scored the first goal and Olaf Seier scored the winning goal for Union Berlin in the match. Both players had been brought up in the youth department of BFC Dynamo and had played matches for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga. Clashes between supporters of the two teams continued in the city after the match. Serious riots broke out in East Berlin, involving hundreds of supporters.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: FC Berlin and Union Berlin then met in the promotion round to the 2. Bundesliga in the 1990–91 season. FC Berlin lost the first match 1–0 away in the second round at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 8 June 1991. Former BFC Dynamo player Bernd Schulz scored the winning goal for Union Berlin. FC Berlin then defeated Union Berlin 2–0 in the return match in fifth round in front of 9,475 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 18 June 1991. Heiko Bonan and Thorsten Boer scored one goal each in the match. FC Berlin was only one point behind leader BSG Stahl Brandenburg before the last round. The team managed to defeat Magdeburg 3–5 away on 23 June 1991. However, BSG Stahl Brandenburg defeated Union Berlin 2–0 away. FC Berlin thus finished in second place and missed promotion. Some supporters of BFC Dynamo are convinced that Union Berlin deliberately lost in order to prevent FC Berlin from advancing to the 2. Bundesliga. FC Berlin and Union Berlin then also met in the promotion round for the 2. Bundesliga in 1991–92 season. FC Berlin won the first match 3–0 at home in the third round on 31 May 1992. The team then also won the return match 0–4 away in the fourth round on 7 June 1992.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The two teams met again in the new Regionalliga Nordost that was formed in 1994–95 season. FC Berlin under coach Werner Voigt lost 0–6 to 1. FC Union Berlin in the 1996–97 Regionalliga Nordost at the Stadion im Sportforum on 28 September 1996. It was the biggest defeat so far to Union Berlin. Former FC Berlin player Thorsten Boer scored two goals for Union Berlin in the match. The two teams met 12 times in total in Regionalliga Nordost between 1994 and 2000. BFC Dynamo won one match and Union Berlin won eight matches. The most recent meetings between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin occurred in the 2005–06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The first match was played at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 21 August 2015. BFC Dynamo was missing striker Danny Kukulies and first-choice goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski before the match. Kukulies was suspended and Thomaschewski injured. German police and members of the SEK carried out a controversial raid against supporters of BFC Dynamo the night before the match. Club management initially considered withdrawing from the match. The players voted on whether or not to play the match against Union Berlin. More than 1,000 police officers were deployed to the match. BFC Dynamo eventuallty lost 8–0. The return match was played at the Stadion im Sportforum on 13 May 2006. The score was 1–1 when around 200 supporters of BFC Dynamo stormed the pitch to attack supporters of Union Berlin. Supporters of Union Berlin fled the guest block in panic. The match was abandoned and Union Berlin was awarded a 2–0 victory. The two teams has not met since then.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo met the reserve team of Union Berlin six times in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord and Regionalliga Nordost between 2010 and 2015. Union Berlin II won the first five matches. The last match was played in the 2014-15 Regionalliga Nordost on 15 March 2015. BFC Dynamo defeated Union Berlin II 1–0 in front of 8,169 spectators at Stadion an der Alten Försterei. The match was interrupted for 18 minutes when supporters of Union Berlin tried to attack the supporters of BFC Dynamo. 112 police officers were injured and 175 supporters were arrested during the match. Some media reported that 300 supporters of Union Berlin had participated in the attack on guest supporters. Journalist Frank Willmann attended the match and claims that the number was rather 30. He also said he did not see any injured police. There have been several cases of violence between the supporters of the two teams during the 2010s. Around a hundred hooligans from Union Berlin tried to attack a senior tournament organized by BFC Dynamo in the Dynamo-Sporthalle on 30 January 2010. Also women and children got in the way of the attack. Around 30 partially masked supporters from Union Berlin attacked players and a small group of supporters of BFC Dynamo in connection with a senior match between Union Berlin and BFC Dynamo on Hämmerlingstraße in Köpenick on 27 March 2015. One player of BFC Dynamo and two guest spectators were injured. A number of supporters of BFC Dynamo joined Hertha BSC in the guest block of the Stadion an der Alten Försterei during the derby between Union Berlin and Hertha BSC on 2 November 2019.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Many players of BFC Dynamo of the 1970s and 1980s played for the East German national football team. Some would later become players or coaches in the Bundesliga and play for German national football team.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: "The list includes players with 100 appearances for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo at professional level and who have also played for the national team. The flag inficates the national team they last played for. The players are sorted chronologically by the date of their first appearance with the first team of SC Dynamo Berlin or BFC Dynamo."


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: SC Dynamo Berlin had six different coaches until the founding of BFC Dynamo in 1966. The first coach was Helmut Petzold, who was delegated along with the team of Dynamo Dresden to Dynamo Berlin and took office on 21 November 1954. Other coaches of Dynamo Berlin were Istvan Orczifalvi, Fritz Bachmann, János Gyarmati and Fritz Gödicke. Fritz Bachmann served as coach of Dynamo Berlin during the successful 1959 season.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo was the most successful club in the DDR-Oberliga. The club won ten consecutive championships. That is a feat no other team in East Germany has matched. The DDR-Oberliga was rebranded as the NOFV-Oberliga from the 1990–91 season. The league was then replaced by the Bundesliga as the highest competition when East Germany joined West Germany to form the reunited Germany.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo is known for a recognized youth work. The club had 23 youth teams in the 2021–22 season. There were 68 trainers and supervisors responsible for the youth teams in the club during the season. The youth teams range from U7 to U19 teams. The U17 team competes in the third tier B-Junior Verbandsliga Berlin and the U19 team competes in second tier A-Junior Regionalliga Nordost. The youth teams are based in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: There were more than 800 children and youth players in the club as of 2019. Many children in the club comes from immigrant backgrounds or socially disadvantaged families. BFC Dynamo helped football club FC Berlin 23 from neighbouring Storkower Straße in September 2021 and saved more than 40 to 50 children from the club, which was about to be dissolved.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The club launched the so-called "Kita-projekt" in 2003. The Kita-projekt is a day care project that gives boys and girls aged 3 to 6 the opportunity to participate in sports on a regular basis. The Kita-projekt involved approximately 200 children from 16 day care centers in Berlin as of 2020. The majority of the children come from the localities or former boroughts of Lichtenberg, Hohenschönhausen, Karlshorst, Mitte, Weißensee and Pankow. The Kita-projekt was the first of its kind in Germany and has received several awards for its work with children. The former professional player of BFC Dynamo Jörn Lenz is the head of the Kita-projekt as of 2021.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The so-called "Jugendförderverein" was founded in 2004. It is a registered voluntary association that aims to promote youth sports at BFC Dynamo. The Jugendförderverein has supported youth teams with equipment, covered costs for trips to tournaments and helped youth trainers to be able to obtain their trainer license. The Jugendförderverein relies on donations and voluntary work. Former Club President Mario Weinkauf was one of the seven founding members of the Jugenförderverein and briefly served as chairman of the association before he became club president. Weinkauf had also been a youth trainer in the club for some time.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: BFC Dynamo had a very successful youth academy during the East German era. The youth department had full-time trainers available for all youth classes and access to the best material conditions in the Sportforum. Youth coaches were highly qualified and training in the Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) was extensive. The youth work at BFC Dynamo during the East German era was described as "absolutely leading" by former coach Jürgen Bogs, who had a background as coach of the junior team. It was also described as "exquisite" by former German sports journalist Horst Friedemann, who worked for Deutsches Sportecho and Kicker.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The upper tier of elite clubs in East Germany had privileged access to talents within designated geographical and administrative areas. All designated football clubs were assigned one or two regional districts in East Germany as catchment areas at their founding. BFC Dynamo was initially assigned Bezirk Cottbus and one third of all training centers () (TZ) in East Berlin. The club was then allowed to take over the training centers (TZ) in East Berlin that had previously belonged to the catchment area of FC Vorwärts Berlin, when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder before the 1971-72 season. BFC Dynamo would eventually be able recruit talents from the youth departments of all sports communities () (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in Bezirk Dresden. The club came to benefit from a nationwide scouting network, which included 33 training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo and the partnership with Bezirk Cottbus. In total, BFC Dynamo had access to 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany for the recruitment of talents. As a comparison, Union Berlin had only access to six training centers (TZ), all of which were located in the Berlin area.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: A number of football clubs were designated as specially promoted focus clubs in the 1970 Football Resolution. The focus clubs would receive additional financial support from the DTSB and other advantages. BFC Dynamo was appointed as focus club in East Berlin. As a focus club, BFC Dynamo had the right to accommodate twelve students in the district Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year. Non-focus football clubs only had the right to delegate six students to their respective Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) every year. The elite Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" provided boarding and schooling for talented players in the Sportforum. The Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" was affiliated to sports club SC Dynamo Berlin.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: Several former players of SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo became youth trainers in the club after ending their playing careers, such as Herbert Schoen, Günter Schröter, Hermann Bley, Martin Skaba, Peter Rohde, Werner Voigt, Hartmut Pelka and Hans-Jürgen Riediger. The youth academy produced stars such as Lutz Eigendorf, Falko Götz and Andreas Thom. Only a fifth of the players who won the ten championships with BFC Dynamo were older than 18 years when they joined the club. Most of the top performers of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s came through the club's own youth teams, including Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Norbert Trieloff, Bodo Rudwaleit, Ralf Sträßer, Artur Ullrich, Rainer Ernst, Bernd Schulz, Christian Backs, Frank Rohde, Falko Götz, Jan Voß, Andreas Thom, Jörg Fügner, Hendrik Herzog and Marco Köller.


title: Berliner FC Dynamo

text: The following East German sports communities have been affiliated with SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo:


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Badakhshan Province (Persian/Uzbek: , "Badaxšān") is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country. It is bordered by Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan in the north and the Pakistani regions of Lower and Upper Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan in the southeast. It also has a 91-kilometer (57-mile) border with China in the east.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: It is part of a broader historical Badakhshan region, parts of which now also lie in Tajikistan and China. The province contains 22 districts, over 1,200 villages and approximately 1 055 000 people. Fayzabad serves as the provincial capital. Resistance activity has been reported in the province since the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Badakhshan's name comes from the Middle Persian word "badaxš", which is an official title. The word "ān" is a suffix which demonstrates a place's name; therefore the word "badaxšān" means a place belonging to a person called "badaxš".


title: Badakhshan Province

text: During the Sassanids' reign it was called "bidix", and in Parthian times "bthšy". In Sassanid manuscripts found in Ka'ba-ye Zartosht it was called "Bałasakan". In Chinese sources from the 7th century onwards it was called "Po-to-chang-na".


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Badakhshan is bordered by Takhar Province to the west, Panjshir Province to the south west, Nuristan Province to the south, Tajikistan to the north and east (that nation's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and Khatlon Province), China through a long spur called the Wakhan Corridor to the east, and Pakistan to the south-east (Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan). The total area of Badakhshan is , most of which is occupied by the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: According to the World Wildlife Fund, Badakhshan contains temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, as well as Gissaro-Alai open woodlands along the Pamir River. Common plants found in these areas include pistachio, almond, walnut, apple, juniper, and sagebrush.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Montane grasslands and shrublands are existent in the province, with the Hindu Kush alpine meadow in the high mountains in the northern and southwestern regions.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: The Wakhan corridor contains two montane grassland and shrubland regions: the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe and in the Pamir Mountains and Kuh-e Safed Khers in Darwaz region.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: South of Fayzabad the terrain becomes dominated by deserts and xeric shrublands. Common vegetation includes thorny bushes, zizyphus, acacia, and Amygdatus.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Paropamisus xeric woodlands can be found in the province's northwestern and central areas. Common vegetation includes almond, pistachio, willows, and sea-buckthorn.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Badakhshan etymologically derives from the Middle Persian word "badaxš", an official title. The suffix of the name, -"ān", means the region belonged to someone with the title "badaxš."


title: Badakhshan Province

text: The territory was ruled by the Uzbek Khanate of Bukhara between the early 16th century and the mid-18th century. It was given to Ahmad Shah Durrani by Murad Beg of Bukhara after a treaty of friendship was reached in or about 1750 and became part of the Durrani Empire. It was ruled by the Durranis followed by the Barakzai dynasty, and was untouched by the British during the three Anglo-Afghan Wars that were fought in the 19th and 20th centuries. It remained peaceful for about 100 years until the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War at which point the Mujahideen began a rebellion against the central Afghan government.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: During the 1990s, much of the area was controlled by forces loyal to Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmad Shah Massoud, who were "de facto" the national government until 1996. Badakhshan was the only province that the Taliban did not conquer during their rule from 1996 to 2001. However, during the course of the wars a non-Taliban Islamic emirate was established in Badakhshan by Mawlawi Shariqi, paralleling the Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan in neighboring Nuristan. Rabbani, a Badakhshan native, and Massoud were the last remnants of the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance during the peak of Taliban control in 2001.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Badakhshan was thus one of the few provinces of the country that witnessed little insurgency in the Afghan wars – however, during the 2010s Taliban insurgents managed to attack and take control of several districts in the province.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: On 26 October 2015, the 7.5 Mw Hindu Kush earthquake shook northern Afghanistan with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ("Severe"). This earthquake destroyed almost 30,000 homes, left several hundred dead, and more than 1,700 injured.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 1.5% in 2003 to 2% in 2011.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Badakhshan University is located in Fayzabad, a city which also has a number of public schools including an all-girls school.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 31% in 2005 to 26% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 46% in 2005 to 68% in 2011.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Despite massive mineral reserves, Badakhshan is one of the most destitute areas in the world. Opium poppy growing is the only real source of income in the province and Badakhshan has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world, due to the complete lack of health infrastructure, inaccessible locations, and bitter winters of the province.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-e-Sang mines, located in the Kuran wa Munjan District of Badakhshan, for over 6,000 years. The mines were the largest and most well-known source in ancient times. Most recent mining activity has focused on lapis lazuli, with the proceeds from the lapis mines being used to fund Northern Alliance troops, and before that, anti-Soviet Mujahideen fighters. Recent geological surveys have indicated the location of other gemstone deposits, in particular rubies and emeralds. It is estimated that the mines at Kuran wa Munjan District hold up to 1,290 tonnes of azure (lapis lazuli). Exploitation of this mineral wealth could be key to the region's prosperity.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: On 5 October 2018 in Washington, D.C., Afghan officials signed a 30-year contract involving a $22 million investment by investment group Centar and its operating company, Afghan Gold and Minerals Co., to explore and develop an area of Badakhshan for gold mining.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: The province is represented in Afghan domestic cricket competitions by the Badakhshan Province cricket team BORNA Cricket Club which belongs to BORNA Institute of Higher Education is coming up with its own team and will be groomed by the experts in the field of cricket.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: As of 2020, the population of the province is about 1,054,087, constituting a multi-ethnic rural society. Dari-speaking Tajiks make up the majority followed by a few Uzbeks, Hazaras, Pashtuns, Kyrgyz, Qizilbash, and others. There are also speakers of the following Pamiri languages: Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi, and Wakhi.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: The inhabitants of the province are mostly Sunni Muslims, although there are also some Ismaili Shias.


title: Badakhshan Province

text: 60.1% of the population lived below the national poverty line, one of the higher figures in the country.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Salt Lake County is located in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 1,185,238, making it the most populous county in Utah. Its county seat and largest city is Salt Lake City, the state capital. The county was created in 1850. Salt Lake County is the 37th most populated county in the United States and is one of four counties in the Rocky Mountains to make it into the top 100. (Others being Denver County and El Paso County, Colorado and Clark County, Nevada.) Salt Lake County is the only county of the first class in Utah - under the Utah Code (Title 17, Chapter 50, Part 5) is a county with a population of 700,000 or greater.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Salt Lake County occupies the Salt Lake Valley, as well as parts of the surrounding mountains, the Oquirrh Mountains to the west and the Wasatch Range to the east (essentially the entire Jordan River watershed north of the Traverse Mountains). In addition, the northwestern section of the county includes part of the Great Salt Lake. The county is noted for its ski resorts; Salt Lake City won the bid to host the 2002 Winter Olympics. Salt Lake County is the central county of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. Sustained drought in Utah has more recently strained Salt Lake County's water security and has caused the Great Salt Lake level drop to record low levels.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The future Salt Lake County area was settled by European Americans in 1847 when Mormon pioneers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints fled religious persecution in the East. They arrived in the Salt Lake Valley after descending what settlers later called Emigration Canyon. Brigham Young, their leader, declared "This is the place" after seeing the valley. Compared to eastern regions, it seemed arid and unpromising to some of the migrants. Settlers used irrigation to develop agriculture and the flourishing, self-sufficient city known then as Great Salt Lake City. Thousands of Mormons joined them in the next several decades.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Settlers buried thirty-six Native Americans in one grave after an outbreak of measles occurred during the winter of 1847.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The initial territorial settlement was in Great Salt Lake City proper, but Brigham Young desired to secure a substantial population base across the then-uninhabited Great Basin, so he soon asked members to resettle farther out from the central point. They declared themselves a state (State of Deseret) in hopes of gaining admittance to the Union, and to assure the nascent state would grow uniformly, they named an as-yet-unbuilt settlement in mid-state as the state's capital (Fillmore).


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The county was officially organized on January 31, 1850, with slightly more than 11,000 residents recorded. In 1850, 26 slaves were counted in Salt Lake County. In 1852, the territorial legislature passed the Act in Relation to Service and the Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners formally legalizing slavery in the territory.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The idea of statehood for the new area was quickly tossed aside by the federal government, and the area was declared a territory in September 1850 – the Utah Territory. Construction of the capitol building in Fillmore was completed in 1855, so the territorial legislature traveled to the small community for their first session there. It was to be their last, as they chose to meet in Great Salt Lake City the following year and, in 1857, formally voted to make Salt Lake City (the shorter name adopted in 1857) the capital of the Territory. In 1858, when the Utah Territory was declared in rebellion, the federal government sent troops to install a new governor and keep watch over the area. The government transition was made peacefully, then the troops set up Camp Floyd to the south in Utah County. In 1862, Fort Douglas was established on the eastern bench, near the current site of the University of Utah, as the federal government wanted to ensure the loyalty of the territory during the American Civil War.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Patrick Edward Connor, the leader of the garrison at Fort Douglas, was openly anti-Mormon. He sent out parties to scout for mineral resources in the nearby mountains, hoping to encourage non-Mormons to settle in the territory. During the late 19th century, mines were established in the Wasatch mountains, most notably around Alta (and nearby Park City in Summit County). Exploiting the mineral wealth was difficult until the Utah Central Railroad was constructed and reached this area in 1870.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: In the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon Mine, which contains vast deposits of copper and silver, was developed as the most productive of the county's mines. The mine, located in the southwest portion of the county, attracted thousands of workers to the narrow canyon. At its peak, the city of Bingham Canyon contained 20,000 residents, all crowded along the steep walls of the canyon, and natural disasters were a frequent occurrence. By the early 20th century, most of the mines in the county had closed. However, the Bingham Canyon Mine kept on expanding. In the early 21st century, it is among the largest open-pit mines in the world.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: After the railroad came to the county, the population began to expand more rapidly, and non-Mormons began to settle in Salt Lake City. During the early 20th century, the heavy industry came to the valley as well, diversifying its economy. Local and interurban trolley systems were built covering the more urban northeastern quarter of the valley. The city dismantled the trolley system by 1945, favoring the use of individual cars. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the east side of the valley began to be more densely settled.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: In 1942, Kearns Army Air Base, a large military installation developed for World War II, was located in what is now Kearns on the western side of the valley. After the camp was closed in 1946, the land was sold for private development. Rapid postwar residential settlement of the area began. The federal government established other major defensive installations along the Wasatch Front and in the Great Salt Lake Desert during World War II, which stimulated the economy and brought more people to the area, establishing Utah as a major military center that benefited from federal investment. In the nationwide suburban boom of the late 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s, such cities as South Salt Lake, Murray, Midvale, and much of the east side of the valley grew rapidly.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: In common with other industrialized cities, Salt Lake City faced inner-city decay in the 1960s, when residents moved to newer housing in the suburbs. Cities such as Sandy, West Jordan, and what would become West Valley City grew at boomtown rates in the 1970s and 1980s. Huge residential tracts were developed through the center of the valley, and within ten years, the entire area had been converted from farmland into sprawling bedroom communities in Salt Lake City. West Valley City was created from the merger of the three unincorporated cities of Granger, Hunter and Redwood (including Chesterfield) in 1980.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: But not every area of the county saw growth. The former mining towns related to Bingham Canyon were abandoned in the 1960s and 1970s to make way for the expansion of the open-pit mine. The city of Bingham Canyon was completely torn down and swallowed up in the mine by 1972, and the dismantling of Lark in 1980 completed the process. The only remaining mining town in the county is Copperton, located southwest of West Jordan, with approximately 800 residents. Magna has workers who continue to be associated with the mine's smelting operations in Garfield and at Arthur Mill.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: In the 1990s, the county's areas of rapid growth shifted further south and west. Farm and pasturelands were developed as suburbs. The cities of West Jordan, South Jordan, Riverton, Herriman, and Draper are some of the fastest-growing cities in the state. During the 1990s, Salt Lake City gained population for the first time in 40 years. Salt Lake City's selection as the host of the 2002 Winter Olympics spurred a construction boom in the city that continued after the Olympics, slowing only in 2008 recession. As the county's population has surpassed 1 million, the main issue it faces is urbanization. Only a few small rural areas remain in the far west of the valley. Other issues facing the county today include congested transportation and related air pollution.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: According to data from the LDS Church and the State of Utah, Salt Lake County was 50.6% LDS (Mormon) in 2008, as reported in the "Deseret News." By 2013, this had increased to 51.41%. However, by 2018, this had decreased to 48.91%, making Salt Lake County a majority non-Mormon county. Sustained drought in Utah has progressively strained Salt Lake County's water security in the 21st century and has caused the Great Salt Lake level drop to record low levels.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The Salt Lake Valley is fed by seven streams from the surrounding mountains. All the runoff water eventually ends in the Great Salt Lake, which has no outlet. The mountains rise precipitously from the relatively flat valley surfaces, indicating their comparatively youthful formation. The county has a total area of , of which is land and (8.1%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Utah by area. The county borders on the Great Salt Lake and is traversed by the northward flowing Jordan River.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The western portion of the county descends toward the valley of the lake, but perhaps the most dominating physical feature in Salt Lake County is the Wasatch Mountains in the eastern portion of the county, famous for both summer and winter activities. The mountains are administered as part of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. The mountains' snow is touted in state-sponsored publicity as 'Greatest Snow on Earth' for its soft, powdery texture, and led to Salt Lake City's winning the bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics. Salt Lake County has four ski resorts: Snowbird and Alta in Little Cottonwood Canyon and Solitude and Brighton in Big Cottonwood Canyon. Hiking and camping are popular summer activities. The Oquirrh Mountains border the western part of the county. These two mountain ranges, together with the much smaller Traverse Mountains at the south of the valley, delimit Salt Lake Valley, which is also flanked on the northwest by the Great Salt Lake, and on the north by the Salt Lake Anticline (including Ensign Peak).


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: On the north and east benches, houses have been built halfway up the mountain to the boundary of the national forest, assuming greater risk from wildfires. New communities are also being constructed on the southern and western slopes. Rapid residential construction continues in the west-central, southwest, and southern portions of the valley. In the far west, southwest, and northwest, rural areas still exist, but rapid growth threatens what remains of the natural environment in the valley. The County government operates several large parks in the valley (including some with incorporated cities), including Big Cottonwood Park, Crestwood Park, and an Equestrian Center.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Traffic into the Salt Lake Valley passes through four narrow geographic features: Parley's Canyon to the east; the space between the Salt Lake Anticline and the Great Salt Lake leading into Davis County to the north; the Point of the Mountain and adjacent Jordan Narrows leading to Utah County to the south; and a space (known as Garfield) between the Oquirrh Mountains and the Great Salt Lake leading to Tooele County to the west. Of these, only the connection to Davis County to the north is wide enough and flat enough to accommodate transportation routes without reliance on earthworks.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Annual precipitation for the Salt Lake Valley is around 15 inches (380mm), usually with more on the east side and less on the west side, as most storms come from the Pacific Ocean and the west side is in the rain shadow of the Oquirrh Mountains. Up to 19 inches (500mm) is received on the east benches. Most of this precipitation is received in spring. The summer is dry, with the majority of precipitation arriving from the monsoon that rises from the south. Short, localized, and often dry thunderstorms are usually associated with the monsoon. However, some can be very intense. These storms can cause contrasting emergencies of flash floods and wildfires (due to dry lightning and powerful winds). Precipitation is heaviest in late fall/early winter and in spring, while early summer is the driest season.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Annual snowfall in the valley is 55 inches (140 cm), with up to 100 inches (250 cm) on the benches. The most snow falls between mid-November and late March. The mountains receive up to 500 inches (1270 cm) of light, dry snow and up to 55 inches (140 cm) of precipitation annually. The dry snow is often considered good for skiing, contributing to the four ski resorts in the county. Snow usually falls from October through May. The heavy snow totals across the county can be attributed to the lake-effect, where precipitation is intensified by the warm waters of the Great Salt Lake, which never entirely freezes due to the lake's high salinity. The lake effect can affect any area of the county, depending on wind conditions. The dry snow is attributed to the low humidity of the region.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: During winter, temperature inversions are common, causing air pollution in the valley. They trap pollutants, moisture, and cold temperatures in the valley while the surrounding mountains enjoy warm temperatures and clear skies. This can cause some melting snow in the mountains and unhealthy air quality, and low visibility in the valley. This weather event lasts from a few days to a month in extreme cases and is caused when an area of high-pressure over the Great Basin.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 1,185,238 people in the county, of whom 874,895 (73.8%) were aged 18 years or older. The population density was 1,597.2 per sq. mi. of land area (616.7/km). There were 428,279 housing units, for a density of 571.1 per sq. mi. of land area (222.8/km). Of these, 405,229 (94.6%) were occupied.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The 2020 Census racial makeup of the county was 71.5% White alone (80.9% alone or in combination), 70.3% non-Hispanic white, 2.0% Black or African American alone (2.9% alone or in combination), 1.1% Native American or Alaska Native alone (2.5% alone or in combination), 4.3% Asian alone (5.8% alone or in combination), 1.8% Pacific Islander alone (2.5% alone or in combination), 9.4% from some other race alone (15.8% alone or in combination), and 9.9% from two or more races. 19.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The US Census Bureau estimate for 2019 lists 1,160,437 people in Salt Lake County. The racial makeup of the county was 70.3% non-Hispanic White, 2.2% Black, 1.4% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 1.8% Pacific Islander, and 2.9% from two or more races. 18.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,029,655 people, 343,218 households, and 291,686 families in the county. The population density was 1,388/sqmi (536/km). There were 364,031 housing units at an average density of 491/sqmi (189/km). The racial makeup of the county was 81.2% White, 1.59% Black or African American, 0.89% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 1.53% Pacific Islander, 8.35% from other races, and 3.14% from two or more races. 17.09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: In 2010 there were 343,218 households, out of which 40.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.80% were married couples living together, 10.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.50% were non-families. 20.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.53.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The county population contained 30.5% under the age of 18, 12.90% from 18 to 24, 30.60% from 25 to 44, 18.00% from 45 to 64, and 8.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.70 males.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The median income for a household in the county was $48,373, and the median income for a family was $54,470. Males had a median income of $36,953 versus $26,105 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,190. About 5.70% of families and 8.00% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 9.00% of those under age 18 and 5.50% of those age 65 or over.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The 2005 American Community Survey indicated that 11.4% of Salt Lake County's population living in households (as opposed to group arrangements such as college dormitories) spoke Spanish at home.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Recent religious data suggests that as of 2020, 46.89% of the county's population are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Salt Lake County was originally governed from the Salt Lake City and County Building in Downtown Salt Lake City, but now is based at the Salt Lake County Government Center at State Street and 2100 South. The county has a Mayor-Council form of government. The position of Mayor is decided in partisan elections; the current mayor (as of January 2019) is Jenny Wilson, a Democrat. Former county mayors include Peter Corroon, Nancy Workman and Alan Dayton (Workman's deputy mayor; sworn in as acting mayor in September 2004 when Nancy Workman was placed on paid administrative leave). The County Council is composed of 3 seats elected at-large and 6 elected by district. District-elected councilors are elected to staggered four-year terms; the at-large councilors are elected to six-year terms. See district maps


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Like most of Utah, Salt Lake County usually favors candidates from the Republican Party. While it is somewhat conservative for an urban county, it has been somewhat friendlier to Democrats than the rest of the state, and has traditionally been more competitive in state and local elections than Utah as a whole. As evidence of this, all but one Democrat in the state House of Representatives and all six Democrats in the state Senate represent districts based in the county.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: In 2004, Republican President George W. Bush won the county over Democrat John Kerry 59% to 37%. In 2008, however, Democrat Barack Obama won Salt Lake County by an extremely narrow margin, 48.17% to 48.09%, over Republican John McCain—a difference of 296 votes. It was the first time since 1964, when Lyndon B. Johnson was the Democratic candidate, that Salt Lake County had voted for a Democrat in a presidential race. In 2012, the Republicans recaptured the county, as Mitt Romney received 58% of the vote to Obama's 38%. In 2016, Democrat Hillary Clinton won the county with 41.5% of the vote, to Republican Donald Trump's 32.6% and Independent and Utah-native Evan McMullin's 25.9%—a much wider margin of over 35,000 votes. In 2020, Salt Lake County saw a strong Democratic trend when Joe Biden carried it with 53% of the vote. He was the first Democratic presidential candidate to win a majority of the county's vote since Johnson.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Democratic strength in the county is mainly concentrated in Salt Lake City and closer inner ring suburbs like South Salt Lake and Millcreek. Other inner ring suburbs in the I-215 corridor such as West Valley City tend to be swing towns. Sandy and West Jordan tend to lean more Republican, and the other outer-ring suburbs in the southern part of the county like South Jordan are strongly Republican.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The bulk of the county was for a long time located in the 2nd congressional district. However, after Utah gained a seat following the 2010 Census redistricting, the Republican-controlled state legislature split the county into three districts - 2nd, 3rd and 4th. Despite that, since 2000 Republicans have only controlled most of the county in the Congress only for four years - from 2015 to 2019, after Jim Matheson, who survived two redistrictings following 2000 and 2010 Censuses, retired and was replaced by Mia Love, who in turn, was defeated by former County Mayor Ben McAdams in 2018 election.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Only one Republican (Workman) has ever been elected county mayor. Since its inception, the county council has mostly been Republican-controlled, save for two years in 2009–2011, when Democrats had a narrow 5-4 majority following the 2008 election.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The county last voted for the Democratic candidate for governor in 2004, and for a Democratic Senate candidate in 1974.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: In addition to a mayor and council, Salt Lake County has eight other officials elected to four-year terms. Current officeholders:


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The region's economy used to revolve around LDS services and mining. While both are still important to the economy, each has greatly declined in significance since the 19th century. Since World War II, defense industries in the region have also played a very important role in the economy due to its strategic central location in the Western United States, as well as the largely uninhabited and desolate Great Salt Lake Desert to the west (used for training, weapons testing, and storage of hazardous materials).


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Beginning in 1939, with the opening of Alta Ski Area, skiing and other winter sports (as well as summer sports), have become a major force in the economy. In 1995, Salt Lake City won the bid to host the 2002 Winter Olympics. The 2002 Olympics boosted tourism and the economy, and helped to dramatically improve transportation throughout the county. Transportation has been a major focus, as the county continues to rapidly grow in population. It was drastically improved beginning in the late 80s and through the 90s, and continues to this day. Beginning in the 1960s, a more service-oriented economy began to develop, and information technologies began to arrive in the 80s and 90s. Although this business has waned in recent years, information and computer companies, such as iBAHN, InContact, Mstar, Opengear, and Overstock.com are still thriving businesses here.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The county has one major research university, the University of Utah. Westminster College and Salt Lake Community College also have large, well defined campuses in the county. Colleges with smaller, non-traditional campuses in the county include Roseman University of Health Sciences, Broadview University, Eagle Gate College, Ensign College, Midwives College of Utah, Neumont University, and Stevens-Henager College.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Salt Lake County includes five separate public school districts: Salt Lake City, Canyon, Granite, Jordan, and Murray.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Salt Lake City and Murray operate their own school districts (although a recent annexation by Murray leaves a part of the city within the Granite School District). The Granite School District, the third largest in the state, is a broad district that covers a swath from Magna, Kearns, and Taylorsville through West Valley City and eastward to South Salt Lake and Millcreek. The Jordan School District, with approximately 48,000 students, covers the southwest part of the county, including most of West Jordan, South Jordan, Riverton, Herriman, Bluffdale, and Copperton.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: On November 6, 2007, the east side residents of the Jordan School District in Sandy, Draper, Midvale, Cottonwood Heights, Alta, and nearby unincorporated areas voted to split from the Jordan District, creating the Canyons School District. A similar vote to make West Jordan its own district, however, failed.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Non-traditional public high schools also include Horizonte and Valley, which was at one time located in the historic Crescent Elementary School building.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: In addition, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salt Lake City operates eight elementary schools, one middle school, two high schools, and two preschools in Salt Lake County. Judge Memorial Catholic High School in Salt Lake City is the largest Catholic high school in Utah. The Catholic Church also operates Juan Diego High School in Draper.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Because the restricted geography permits only four major entrances to the Salt Lake Valley, routes for long-distance travel through the valley are mainly confined to an east–west strip through Salt Lake City and South Salt Lake and a north–south strip near the Jordan River. These corridors cross in the area between South Salt Lake and Downtown Salt Lake City and together form a latin cross of transportation infrastructure that is almost perfectly oriented north-to-south.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Salt Lake City International Airport is the only airport with scheduled passenger service in the county, and South Valley Regional Airport is the only other public airport. Another small airport, Skypark Airport, is just to the north of Salt Lake County. Salt Lake City International Airport is the 24th-busiest airport in the United States and a hub of Delta Air Lines and SkyWest Airlines. In 2014, construction began on a major renovation and expansion project that is expected to be completed in 2022.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Union Pacific controls all long-distance freight tracks into the county, though the Utah Railway, BNSF, and Salt Lake, Garfield, and Western have long-standing trackage rights. The Salt Lake City Southern and Savage Bingham and Garfield railroads operate totally within the county. All four major entrances to the Salt Lake Valley once carried rail traffic, but only railroads at the north, south, and west entrances to the valley exist today as the line in Parley's Canyon was never built to high standards and was covered by Interstate 80 in the mid-20th century. All three of these entrances carry passenger trains as well as freight.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: Amtrak's "California Zephyr" runs daily in both directions between Garfield and Point of the Mountain via Salt Lake City Station (on its route between Emeryville, California and Chicago, Illinois).


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The Utah Transit Authority's (UTA) "FrontRunner" commuter rail line provides all-day service to Ogden (with select peak hour trips going to Pleasant View) to the north (via Davis County) and Provo to the south.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: A light rail system, known as TRAX, is operated by the Utah Transit Authority (UTA) and currently has three lines. The Blue Line runs from Downtown Salt Lake City to Draper), the Red Line from South Jordan to the University of Utah, and the Green Line from West Valley City to the Salt Lake City International Airport (via Downtown Salt Lake City). There are currently 50 stops in the system. The original line opened in 1999 from downtown to Sandy, with the line to the University of Utah completed in 2001, and to West Valley City and South Jordan in 2011. In April 2013 the extension to the airport (Airport Station) on the Green Line opened and the extension to Draper (Draper Town Center Station) on the Blue Line opened in August 2013.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: An historic streetcar was proposed along 2100 South from the TRAX station to the historic business district in the Sugar House neighborhood. The proposal was refined and in December 2013, a modern (S Line) light rail track was completed and is operated by UTA. A future extension is planned to run north along Highland Drive and 1100 East to 1700 South.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The county is traversed by three Interstate Highways and one U.S. Highway, as well as an additional freeway and one major expressway. US-89 enters from Davis County to the north and traverses the county arrow-straight until merging with I-15 in north Draper. It is known as State Street along most of the route and is the primary surface road in the valley. I-15 and I-80 intersect just west of Downtown Salt Lake City, merging for approximately north-to-south. I-80 continues west past the Salt Lake City International Airport and east through Parley's Canyon and into the Wasatch Range. I-15 traverses the valley north-to-south, providing access to the entire urban corridor. The freeway is 10–12 lanes wide after a major expansion project from 1998 to 2001 undertaken in preparation for the 2002 Winter Olympics. I-215 directly serves many of the suburbs of Salt Lake City in the western, central, and eastern portions of the valley in a 270° loop. SR-201, alternatively known as the "21st South Freeway", provides access to West Valley City and the west side of the valley. Bangerter Highway (SR-154) is an expressway that traverses the entire western end of the valley from the airport, ending at I-15 in southern Draper. SR-68, or Redwood Road, is the only surface street that traverses the entire valley from north-to-south. The Legacy Parkway opened in 2008 to connect with I-215 at the north end of the valley, providing an alternative route into Davis County to alleviate congestion. The Mountain View Corridor is a limited-access highway across the southwestern part of the county; construction began in 2010 and it was put into operation in stages.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The Utah Transit Authority operates bus routes throughout the valley and along the Wasatch Front, to Park City and Tooele, and to the ski resorts in winter.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The Jordan River Parkway trail (and its northern extension, the Legacy Parkway trail) runs north–south in the center of the valley from Utah County to Davis County (though it has a few gaps), and the planned Crosstown and Parley's trails will together form the primary east–west route from Parley's Canyon to Garfield. The Bonneville Shoreline Trail runs along the face of the Wasatch mountains, skirting the edge of the built up areas of the east bench, though there are large gaps in the central part of the county. A large number of more remote trails provide access throughout the Wasatch-Cache National Forest.


title: Salt Lake County, Utah

text: The largest health care providers in the county are Intermountain Health Care and University of Utah Healthcare, though three major hospitals (St Mark's, Pioneer Valley, and the Veterans Affairs Hospital) are run by other organizations. Hospitals in the county include:


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: The Luxembourg Palace (, ) is at 15 Rue de Vaugirard in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It was originally built (1615–1645) to the designs of the French architect Salomon de Brosse to be the royal residence of the regent Marie de' Medici, mother of King Louis XIII. After the Revolution it was refashioned (1799–1805) by Jean Chalgrin into a legislative building and subsequently greatly enlarged and remodeled (1835–1856) by Alphonse de Gisors. The palace has been the seat of the upper houses of the various French national legislatures (excepting only the unicameral National Assembly of the Second Republic) since the establishment of the "Sénat conservateur" during the Consulate; as such, it has been home to the Senate of the Fifth Republic since its establishment in 1958.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: Immediately west of the palace on the Rue de Vaugirard is the Petit Luxembourg, now the residence of the Senate President; and slightly further west, the Musée du Luxembourg, in the former orangery. On the south side of the palace, the formal Luxembourg Garden presents a green parterre of gravel and lawn populated with statues and large basins of water where children sail model boats.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: After the death of Henry IV in 1610, his widow, Marie de' Medici, became regent to her son, Louis XIII. Having acceded to a much more powerful position, she decided to erect a new palace for herself, adjacent to an old "hôtel particulier" owned by François de Luxembourg, Duc de Piney, which is now called the Petit Luxembourg and is the residence of the president of the French Senate.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: Marie de' Medici desired to make a building similar to her native Florence's Palazzo Pitti; to this effect she had the architect Métezeau (either Louis Métezeau or his brother, Clément Métezeau) sent to Florence to make detailed drawings of the building.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: She bought the Hôtel de Luxembourg and its fairly extensive domain in 1612 and commissioned the new building, which she referred to as her "Palais Médicis", in 1615. Its construction and furnishing formed her major artistic project, though nothing remains today of the interiors as they were created for her, save some architectural fragments reassembled in the "Salle du Livre d'Or". The suites of paintings she commissioned, in the subjects of which she expressed her requirements through her agents and advisers, are scattered among museums.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: De' Medici installed her household in 1625, while work on interiors continued. The apartments in the right wing on the western side were reserved for the Queen and the matching suite to the east, for her son, Louis XIII, when he was visiting ("floor plan"). The 24 Marie de' Medici cycle canvases, a series commissioned from Peter Paul Rubens, were installed in the "Galerie de Rubens" on the main floor of the western wing. These paintings were executed between 1622 and 1625 and depicts Marie's struggles and triumphs in life. They are now visible in the Galerie Medicis of the Louvre, one of the treasures of the museum's Flemish paintings department. A series of paintings executed for her "Cabinet doré" ("gilded study") was identified by Anthony Blunt in 1967.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: The gallery in the east wing had been intended for the display of paintings celebrating Henri IV and buildings housing stables and services were planned to either side of the pavilions flanking the entrance on the street, but these projects remained unfinished in 1631, when the Queen Mother was forced from court, following the "Day of the Dupes" in November. Louis XIII commissioned further decorations for the Palace from Nicolas Poussin and Philippe de Champaigne.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: In 1642, Marie de' Medici bequeathed the Luxembourg to her second and favourite son, Gaston, duc d'Orléans, who called it the Orléans Palace ("Palais d'Orléans") but by popular will it was still known by its original name. Upon Gaston's death, the palace passed to his widow, Marguerite de Lorraine, then to his elder daughter by his first marriage, Anne, duchesse de Montpensier, "La Grande Mademoiselle". In 1660, Anne de Montpensier sold the Luxembourg to her younger half-sister, Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans, duchesse de Guise who, in turn, gave it to her cousin, King Louis XIV, in 1694.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: In 1715, the Luxembourg Palace became the residence of Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, Duchess of Berry. The widowed Duchess was notoriously promiscuous, having the reputation of a French Messalina, relentlessly driven by her unquenchable thirst for all pleasures of the flesh. The palace and its gardens thus became stages where the princess acted out her ambitions, enthroned like a queen surrounded by her court. In some of her more exclusive parties, Madame de Berry also played the leading part in elaborate "tableaux-vivants" that represented mythological scenes and in which she displayed her person impersonating Venus or Diana. According to various satirical songs which scurrilously evoked her amours "the Lady of the Luxembourg" hid several pregnancies, shutting herself up from society when about to give birth. Her taste for strong liquors and her sheer gluttony also scandalized the court. On 21 May 1717, Madame de Berry received Peter the Great at the Luxembourg. She welcomed the visiting Tsar splendidly dressed in a magnificent sack-back gown which showcased her voluptuous bosom as well as her mischievous face but also helped conceal her growing corpulence for she was then in an "interesting condition".


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: On 28 February 1718, the Duchess of Berry threw a magnificent party for her visiting aunt, the Duchess of Lorraine. The entire palace and its gardens were elaborately illuminated. The lavish banquet was followed by a masked ball. Madame de Berry made a dazzling appearance before her guests. She was then in the full splendour of her youthful beauty and pride and acted as if she were the very incarnation of the goddess of love, mirth, beauty and sensual pleasures. On 2 April 1719, after a grueling four-day labour, shut up in a small room of her palace, the young widow was delivered of a still-born baby girl, supposedly fathered by her lieutenant of the guards, the Count of Riom. Berry's delivery was extremely troublesome and almost killed her. The Church refused her the Sacraments thus adding moral infamy to the physical tortures of the labouring woman. Saint-Simon wrote a very sarcastic description of this childbirth. Hoping to regain her health and undeceive the public that she had been confined, Madame de Berry left Paris and the Luxembourg Palace. She died in her castle at La Muette on 21 July 1719 and, according to Saint-Simon, was found to be again pregnant.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: In 1750, the palace became a museum, the forerunner of the Louvre, and was open two days a week until 1779. In 1778, the Luxembourg Palace was given to the comte de Provence by his brother Louis XVI. During the French Revolution, it was briefly a prison, then the seat of the French Directory, and in 1799, the home of the "Sénat conservateur" and the first residence of Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul of the French Republic.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: From 1799 to 1805, the architect Jean Chalgrin transformed the palace into a legislative building. He demolished the grand central staircase ("escalier d'honneur"), replacing it with a senate chamber on the first floor, which incorporated and destroyed Marie de Médicis' chapel on the garden side of the "corps de logis". Chalgrin also enclosed the flanking terraces, making space for a library. At the same time he created a neo-classical "escalier d'honneur" in the west wing, a single monumental flight enclosed by an Ionic colonnade and covered with a coffered barrel vault, the construction of which resulted in the destruction of the long gallery that had formerly housed the cycle of paintings by Rubens.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: Beginning in 1835, the architect Alphonse de Gisors added a new garden wing parallel to the old "corps de logis", replicating the look of the original 17th-century facade so precisely that it is difficult to distinguish at first glance the old from the new. The new senate chamber was located in what would have been the courtyard area in-between.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: The new wing included a library ("bibliothèque") with a cycle of paintings (1845–1847) by Eugène Delacroix. In the 1850s, at the request of Emperor Napoleon III, Gisors created the highly decorated Salle des Conférences (inspired by the Galerie d'Apollon of the Louvre), which influenced the nature of subsequent official interiors of the Second Empire, including those of the Palais Garnier.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: During the German occupation of France (1940–44), Hermann Göring took over the palace as the headquarters of the Luftwaffe in France, taking for himself a sumptuous suite of rooms to accommodate his visits to the French capital. His subordinate, Luftwaffe Field Marshal Hugo Sperrle, was also given an apartment in the Luxembourg Palace; he spent most of the war enjoying the luxurious surroundings. "The Field Marshal's craving for luxury and public display ran a close second to that of his superior, Goering; he was also his match in corpulence", wrote armaments minister Albert Speer after a visit to Sperrle in Paris.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: The palace was a designated "strong point" for German forces defending the city in August 1944, but thanks to the decision of Commanding General Dietrich von Choltitz to surrender the city rather than fight, the palace was only minimally damaged although furniture was stolen. On 7 November 1944, following the Liberation of France, the Provisional Consultative Assembly held its first meeting at the Luxembourg Palace.


title: Luxembourg Palace

text: From 29 July to 15 October 1946, the Luxembourg Palace was the site of the talks of the Paris Peace Conference.


title: Feist (dog)

text: A feist is a small hunting dog, descended from the terriers brought over to the United States by British miners and other immigrants. These terriers probably included crosses between the Smooth Fox Terrier, the Manchester Terrier, and the now-extinct English White Terrier. These dogs were used as ratters, and gambling on their prowess in killing rats was a favorite hobby of their owners. Some of these dogs have been crossed with Greyhounds, Whippets or Italian Greyhounds (for speed), and Beagles or other hounds (for hunting ability)—extending the family to include a larger variety of purpose than the original ratter, or Rat Terrier.


title: Feist (dog)

text: Feists are small to medium-sized dogs tall, and weigh , short-coated dogs with long legs. The ears are set high on the head and are button, erect, or short hang. The tail can be natural, bobtail, or docked. As feists are bred for hunting, not as show dogs, little to no consistency is seen in appearance (breed type), and they may be purebred, crossbred, or mixed-breed dogs. They are identified more by the way they hunt and their size than by their appearance.


title: Feist (dog)

text: Individual dogs can hunt in more than one way, but in general, feists work above ground to chase small prey, especially squirrels. This contrasts with terriers or Dachshunds, earth dogs that go to ground to kill or drive out the prey, usually rodents, rabbits, foxes, or badgers. Most feists have an extreme drive to chase rabbits, along with squirrels and other rodents.