title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: Racing got under way once again on lap 112. On the restart, Pato O'Ward passed both Daly and Dixon to take the lead of the race, while Santino Ferrucci moved into the top-five positions after passing several cars. Dixon quickly took the lead from O'Ward, with O'Ward settling in behind in a bid to conserve fuel. Daly ran third, Ferrucci fourth, and Felix Rosenqvist fifth. At lap 141, the penultimate round of pit stops began. O'Ward emerged from the pits with the lead over Dixon, while O'Ward's teammate Rosenqvist moved to third.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: The fourth caution period of the day came at lap 151, when Scott McLaughlin lost control of his car in turn three. McLaughlin impacted the outside wall, then continued to slide into turn four before impacting the wall again and nearly collecting Ed Carpenter in the incident. McLaughlin emerged uninjured in the wreck and later indicated that he had been caught out by the wind, which had increased since the start of the race.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: Racing resumed at lap 158, with Dixon immediately passing O'Ward to take over the lead again, with Felix Rosenqvist third, Conor Daly fourth, and Marcus Ericsson fifth. This order remained the same until the final round of pit stops, which began at roughly lap 173. Dixon pitted from the lead on lap 175, but locked the rear tires entering the lane, causing him to be over the pit lane speed limit at the pit entry line. Dixon received a drive-through penalty for the mistake, removing him from contention to win despite leading nearly half of the race. With Dixon removed from the lead battle, the front pack now consisted of O'Ward, Felix Rosenqvist, and Dixon's teammate Marcus Ericsson, who had gained substantially on the Arrow McLaren SP cars during the pit sequence. Ericsson moved around O'Ward and Rosenqvist and began to pull away while dealing with slower lapped traffic. Marco Andretti and Jimmie Johnson briefly lead ahead of this group, but were on an alternate pit strategy and both pitted by lap 190, handing the lead to Ericsson.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: The fifth caution period of the day came at lap 194, when Jimmie Johnson lost control of his car in turn two after entering too low, causing him to impact the outside wall. Johnson was uninjured in the accident. In an effort to ensure the race did not finish under a caution period, IndyCar officials stopped the race to clean up the wreckage, setting up a two-lap shootout to the end. At the red flag, Ericsson led O'Ward, Tony Kanaan, Rosenqvist, and Alexander Rossi.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: Racing resumed on lap 199, with Rosenqvist diving to the inside of Kanaan on the restart, allowing Ericsson and O'Ward to gap the duo down the backstretch. Ericsson started weaving across the track in an effort to break the draft that O'Ward would get. On the final lap, O'Ward drew even with Ericsson entering turn one, but was unable to execute a pass. As the leaders reached turn three for the final time, the sixth and final caution period came as Sage Karam impacted the wall in turn two and skidded to a halt on the backstraight grass. Karam was sent to a local hospital after complaining of musculoskeletal soreness, but was released shortly thereafter with no injuries. The caution period effectively ended the race, with Marcus Ericsson taking his first Indianapolis 500 victory.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: Ericsson's victory was the second for a driver from Sweden, after Kenny Bräck's win in 1999. It was the fifth Indianapolis 500 victory for the Chip Ganassi Racing team, but its first since 2012. For winning, Ericsson earned $3.1 million from a record purse of $16,000,200. Despite his late race accident, Jimmie Johnson was elected Rookie of the Year. The decision to award Johnson Rookie of the Year honors was divisive, with several motor racing journalists as well as some competitors suggesting that David Malukas - the highest finishing rookie in 16th - was more deserving of the award.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: During the course of the race, Scott Dixon set a new record for Most career laps led in the Indianapolis 500. By leading 95 laps during the race, Dixon reached 665 total career laps led, surpassing the previous mark set by Al Unser of 644 laps led.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: Points include qualification points from time trials, 1 point for leading a lap, and 2 points for most laps led.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: The race was televised on NBC and Peacock Premium in the United States. The terrestrial television broadcast was subject to blackout in Central Indiana. The streaming broadcast on Peacock was not subject to blackout, as the platform does not currently have the ability to enforce such restrictions at a local level. NBC received special consent from IMS to stream the race within the blackout region for 2022 only, under the presumption that the required capabilities would be implemented prior to the 2023 race. This was only the sixth time in race history that the race was available to be seen live in the Central Indiana market.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: Former driver James Hinchcliffe joined the NBC broadcast team for 2022 as a color commentator, replacing Paul Tracy, who had been in the role for the previous three years for the race.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: On May 4, NBC announced their full crew for the race broadcast. Mike Tirico and Danica Patrick returned as the hosts for pre-race and post-race coverage, while Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Rutledge Wood returned for pre-race coverage. Tirico, Patrick, and Earnhardt were also announced as part of the "Peacock Pit Box" crew for mid-race coverage. Dillon Welch joined the crew as a pit reporter, replacing Kelli Stavast, who had been part of NBC's coverage since 2019.


title: 2022 Indianapolis 500

text: The race was carried by the IndyCar Radio Network. The chief announcer or "Voice of the 500" for the seventh consecutive year was Mark Jaynes with Davey Hamilton as driver analyst.


title: Abbey Road, London

text: Abbey Road is a thoroughfare in the borough of Camden and the City of Westminster in Greater London running roughly northwest to southeast through St John's Wood near Lord's Cricket Ground. It is part of the road B507. This road is best known for the Abbey Road Studios and for featuring on the cover of The Beatles’ album of the same name, which was released in September 1969.


title: Abbey Road, London

text: The north western end of Abbey Road begins in Kilburn at the junction with Quex Road and West End Lane. The road was once a track leading to Kilburn Priory and its associated Abbey Farm and was developed in the beginning of the nineteenth century. It continues south east for roughly one mile crossing Belsize Road, Boundary Road, and Marlborough Place, ending at the junction of Grove End Road and Garden Road.


title: Abbey Road, London

text: The Abbey National Building Society (now Santander UK) was founded in 1874 as "The Abbey Road & St John’s Wood Permanent Benefit Building Society" in one Baptist Church on Abbey Road.


title: Abbey Road, London

text: EMI’s Abbey Road Studios is located at the south-western end at 3 Abbey Road, St John’s Wood. The Beatles, Kanye West, Glenn Miller, Queen, Radiohead, Lady Gaga, Shirley Bassey, Aretha Franklin, ABBA, Cliff Richard, Kate Bush, Brockhampton, Kylie Minogue, Pink Floyd, and many other famous popular music performers have recorded at this studio. The Beatles named their last studio LP after this street, and the album’s cover photograph shows the four group members walking across the zebra crossing just outside the studio entrance.


title: Abbey Road, London

text: As a result of its association with the Beatles, this part of Abbey Road has been featured on the London tourism circuit. The crossing was given the official status of Grade II Listed Building by English Heritage in December 2010. The zebra crossing featured on the Beatles cover has become a popular photo opportunity area, despite the road still being a busy thoroughfare for traffic.


title: Abbey Road, London

text: There have been stories about the zebra crossing having been relocated from its original location, but these are ungrounded myths based on the stormwater drain located on the north eastern corner of the crossing, which has been there since the establishment of the sewer system in the City of Westminster.


title: Abbey Road, London

text: The Beatles' album cover has been parodied many times over the years. The street sign on the corner of Grove End Road and Abbey Road, which was frequently defaced or stolen, is now mounted high on the building on the corner to save the local council the expense of cleaning and replacing it. The council repaints the wall next to the zebra crossing every three months to cover fans’ graffiti.


title: Abbey Road, London

text: Abbey Road is also an electoral ward in the City of Westminster. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 11,250.


title: Duxelles

text: Duxelles () is a finely chopped (minced) mixture of mushrooms or mushroom stems, onions or shallots, herbs such as thyme or parsley, and black pepper, sautéed in butter and reduced to a paste. Cream is sometimes used as well, and some recipes add a dash of madeira or sherry. It is a basic preparation used in stuffings and sauces (notably, Beef Wellington) or as a garnish. Duxelles can also be filled into a pocket of raw pastry and baked as a savory tart.


title: Duxelles

text: Duxelles is made with any cultivated or wild mushroom, depending on the recipe. Duxelles made with wild porcini mushrooms will have a much stronger flavor than those made with white or brown mushrooms.


title: Duxelles

text: Duxelles is said to have been created by the 17th-century French chef François Pierre La Varenne (1615–1678) and to have been named after his employer, Nicolas Chalon du Blé, marquis d'Uxelles, maréchal de France.


title: Duxelles

text: Many classical cookbooks define duxelles as dehydrated fungi, used as stuffings and pastry fillings. According to Auguste Escoffier, the mushrooms were dehydrated in order to enhance flavor and minimize water content. When fresh mushrooms are cooked, they let off enormous amounts of vapor in relation to their size. Fresh mushrooms used as stuffings or pastry fillings could therefore build up pressure inside the dish or pastry, causing it to crack or even explode.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Malcolm Michael Mays (born February 14, 1990) is an American actor, musician, and filmmaker. At the age of seventeen, Mays co-directed and produced his own short film, aided by producer Todd Black, Gary Martin of Sony Pictures and others. Mays is a nephew of Stanley "Tookie" Williams, the notorious co-founder of the Crips gang.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Sony Pictures, Kodak Films, Todd Black, John Singleton, and Denzel Washington, all have played an important role in Mr. Mays’ productions. His film entitled "Trouble" aimed to shed light on the African American and Latin American (Black vs. Brown) tension in South Central Los Angeles; the place where young Mays was reared. The New York Times found Mr. Mays’ story to be so compelling that they printed a front page article, “Based on a true story,” telling May's story and accomplishments.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Cash Money Records artist Glasses Malone announced he would be executive producing his first short film titled "The Division", which will feature the rapper as a drug kingpin in Los Angeles. "The Division", a Cash Money Records Film, was written by Charles Penniman and Malcolm Mays and will be directed by Max Albert, co-founder of Albert Mason Media.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Mays starred in the 2013 picture "Life of a King", co-starring alongside Cuba Gooding Jr. The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival and Mays was hailed by "Variety" as a natural and a highlight. Mays was cited in an August 9, 2013 interview of Cuba Gooding Jr. in the Huffington Post as part of the "next generation" of African-American actors. Millennium Entertainment has acquired all U.S. rights to the film.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Mays starred as Gabe in the 2015 sports drama film "Southpaw" directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Kurt Sutter. The film stars Jake Gyllenhaal, Forest Whitaker, and Rachel McAdams. The film was released on July 24, 2015, by The Weinstein Company.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Mays had been cast as a series regular in FX’s drama pilot "Snowfall", about the beginnings of the crack cocaine epidemic in Los Angeles in the 80’s. Co-written by John Singleton and Eric Amadio and directed by Singleton, Snowfall is set against the infancy of the epidemic and its ultimate radical impact on the culture as we know it. Mays will play Kevin Hamilton , Franklin’s (Damson Idris) best friend since childhood. In 2021, Mays was cast as a series regular on the STARZ drama series, "", as Kanan’s uncle Lou Lou.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Malcolm Mays started playing piano at age eleven and is the self-proclaimed writer of music heavily influenced by 90's R&B and 18th century poetry. Mays cites broad influences from music, art and film. Influences cited by Mays as inspirations include music from Eric Dolphy and John Coltrane to Rachmaninov and Beethoven, paintings of Caravaggio and Michelangelo, performers such as Sinatra, Prince, Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones, and the poetry of John Keats & James Baldwin. Mays has also cited the voice of Nina Simone and the readings of Maya Angelou and acts such as The Yardbirds, Cream and Jimi Hendrix as major influences.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: In 2011, Mays linked up with producers like Skiii Team who is known to have worked with Hollywood Holt, Mikey Rocks of The Cool Kids to produce the tracks for his initial release.


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Mays released his own self-produced tracks titled "Dichotomy" in 2013 and "Ruthless" in 2015. Mays also produced and directed the music videos for each of the tracks, releasing the video for "Ruthless" following the release of the film "Southpaw". Both the songs and the videos were received with rave reviews by critics. After released of the second track, "Ruthless". Hip-Hop blog This Song Slaps, cited "Malcolm Mays is one of the most under-appreciated hip hop artists around today. He possesses a flow unmatched, dense lyrical content, and a sense of melody that’s truly uncommon within the world of hip hop music."


title: Malcolm Mays

text: Mass Appeal stated of the Mays production of the film for the song "Dichotomy, "The video opens with a scene reminiscent of a biblical baptism before cutting to a ballet-esque twerk session. Throughout the video, Malcolm pauses to reflect on his past, but keeps getting distracted by matters of a more physical nature... Don't get too distracted while watching the video, or you might miss out on depth of Malcolm Mays’ lyrical content. Lines like, “I'm trying to live like you, but the truth is, Lord, you had some daddy issues too,” show that Mays talents extend outside of the world of film." Will.i.am said of the video and song, "its crazy fresh... LOS ANGELES coolness".


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Robert John Valentine (born May 13, 1950), nicknamed "Bobby V", is an American former professional baseball player and manager. He also served as the athletic director at Sacred Heart University. Valentine played for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1969, 1971–72), California Angels (1973–1975), San Diego Padres (1975-1977), New York Mets (1977–78), and Seattle Mariners (1979) in MLB. He managed the Texas Rangers (1985–1992), the New York Mets (1996–2002), and the Boston Red Sox (2012) of MLB, as well as the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball (1995, 2004–2009).


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine has been an analyst for ESPN's "Sunday Night Baseball". In February 2013, CBSSports.com hired Valentine to represent its Fantasy Sports business, including running a viral marketing campaign in which he made fun of the many times he was fired in his career and gave fans a chance to "Hire or Fire Bobby V" one more time.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In August 2021, a video went viral of Valentine accidentally leaving his phone on while recording a Cameo and he submitted an 8 minute long video that included him not picking up his dog's poop in a neighbor's yard.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: On November 2, 2021, Valentine lost the election to become mayor of his hometown of Stamford, Connecticut to Caroline Simmons, the first female elected mayor in Stamford.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine was born in Stamford, Connecticut, to Joseph and Grace Valentine. He attended Rippowam High School in Stamford, Connecticut, where he was an All-State player in football, baseball and track. He is the only three-time All-State football player in Connecticut history. He set state records for career touchdowns (53), career interceptions for TD (5) and 60-yard dash. The career interception for TD record remains, having later been tied by two other players. As a sophomore in 1965, he averaged 5.6 yards a carry, scored 21 touchdowns and led Rippowam to a 9–0 record and a state championship. He was also a champion ballroom dancer as a teenager, winning a regional competition with his partner at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York and took part in the opening ceremonies of the 1964 New York World's Fair. He was president of the student council.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: He was recruited by the University of Nebraska, the University of Notre Dame and the University of Southern California as a star in football and baseball, but ultimately chose USC. In 1967, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Yarmouth Indians of the Cape Cod Baseball League. The Los Angeles Dodgers drafted him fifth overall in the 1968 Major League Baseball draft and he signed with the Dodgers, receiving a $65,000 signing bonus. He attended both USC and Arizona State University while in the Dodgers organization and was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. His roommate at USC was Bill Buckner who was the Dodgers second round pick in 1968.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: At age 18, Valentine made his professional debut playing with the Ogden Dodgers of the Rookie Pioneer League, winning the league's MVP Award, hitting .281 with a .460 slugging percentage and leading the league with 20 stolen bases. He was one of only three players in the league to appear in every game. His roommate was Tom Paciorek and was also teammates with Bill Buckner and Steve Garvey. The manager at Ogden was Tommy Lasorda, the start of a friendship that has lasted four decades. In 1969, Valentine impressive enough in Spring Training that he was promoted to the Class AAA Spokane Indians of the Pacific Coast League. After the PCL season ended, he debuted with the Los Angeles Dodgers as a September call-up in 1969 at 19 years old. Though he did not record a major league at-bat that season, he appeared in 5 games as a pinch runner, scoring three runs.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Back with the Spokane Indians for 1970, Valentine was again his league's MVP after batting .340 with fourteen home runs and leading the Pacific Coast League in eight offensive categories. Led by Valentine and manager Lasorda, Spokane won the league championship over the Hawaii Islanders. He suffered a fractured cheekbone when he was beaned in the PCL playoffs that season and also had right knee surgery to repair a ruptured ligament in January 1971.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine made the Dodgers out of Spring Training in 1971 and batted .249 with one home run and 25 RBIs in 101 games. His first career MLB hit came on April 25, 1971, an RBI single off Milt Wilcox, scoring Steve Garvey in a 4–2 Dodgers win over the Reds. The following season in 1972, he managed to play in 119 games by playing many different positions—including shortstop, second base, third and all three outfield positions and his batting average improved to .274. He missed time after sustaining a broken nose. Following the season on November 28, 1972, he was packaged in a trade along with Frank Robinson, Billy Grabarkewitz, Bill Singer and Mike Strahler to the California Angels for Andy Messersmith and Ken McMullen.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Prior to the start of the 1973 season, Valentine was named Caribbean Series MVP playing shortstop for the series champions from the Dominican Republic, Tigres del Licey. The team was managed by Tommy Lasorda.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: As a regular starter for the Angels, Valentine had a strong start, leading the Angels with a .302 batting average. Four days after his 23rd birthday, he suffered a multiple compound leg fracture on May 17, 1973, at Anaheim Stadium in a game against the Oakland Athletics after his spikes got caught in the outfield's chain link fence while attempting to catch a home run ball hit by Dick Green, one of only three home runs hit by Green during the season. He missed the remainder of the 1973 season and never regained his speed as the bones did not heal properly. Two days prior to the injury, Valentine was playing center field when Nolan Ryan threw his first career No-hitter. Valentine would later be Ryan's manager in Texas for his last two No-hitters (6th and 7th). In 1974, despite still recovering from his leg injury, Valentine made 414 plate appearances, the second most of his career, and batted .261 with three home runs. On April 4, 1975, the Angels loaned him to the Charleston Charlies, a AAA Pittsburgh Pirates organization where he played in 56 games before returning to the Angels organization on June 20, 1975. He was assigned to the Angels AAA affiliate Salt Lake City Bees and played in 46 games batting .306 before being called back up to the Angels On September 17, 1975, he was traded to the San Diego Padres with Rudy Meoli for Gary Ross. On September 19, 1975, in his first game as a Padre, Valentine homered off Mike Caldwell in a 3–1 loss to the Giants.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In 1976, Valentine spent most of the season with Padres AAA affiliate, the Hawaii Islanders, playing in 120 games batting .304 with 13 home runs. On June 15, 1977, after playing 44 games with the Padres, he was part of the New York Mets infamous "Midnight Massacre", when the Mets traded Dave Kingman to San Diego for minor league pitcher Paul Siebert and Valentine, sent Tom Seaver to the Cincinnati Reds for Pat Zachry, Doug Flynn, Steve Henderson, and Dan Norman, and Mike Phillips to the St. Louis Cardinals for Joel Youngblood.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine's role with the Mets became even more limited, and he was released in spring training, 1979. He signed with the Seattle Mariners shortly afterwards, and made his debut as a catcher that season. Following the season, he retired from baseball at 29 years of age.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine was serving as a member of the Mets coaching staff when he was selected by the Texas Rangers to take over managing duties from Doug Rader 32 games into the 1985 season. The Rangers went 53–76 the rest of the season, finishing with an overall record of 62–99. In 1986 the Rangers finished second in the American League West with a record of 87–75, and Valentine finished second in voting for the AL Manager of the Year. The Rangers fell back into sixth place the following two seasons, and Valentine was fired by managing partner George W. Bush halfway through the 1992 season with a record of 45–41. Toby Harrah took over as manager, and led the Rangers to a 77–85 record and a fourth-place finish. Valentine finished his Rangers' managerial career with a record of 581 wins and 605 losses with no post–season appearances.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In 1989, while still managing the Rangers, Valentine worked as an on-the-field analyst for NBC's 1989 ALCS coverage alongside Bob Costas and Tony Kubek.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In 1994, Valentine managed the Mets' Triple-A affiliate, the Norfolk Tides, to a 67–75 record, and finished fourth in the five-team West Division of the International League.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In 1995, Valentine began his first stint as manager of the Chiba Lotte Marines in the Japanese Pacific League. That season, the team surprised most Japanese baseball fans by finishing in second place (69–58–3); the Marines had not won the Japanese Pacific league pennant since 1974. However, he was fired abruptly due to a personal conflict with general manager Tatsuro Hirooka, despite having a two-year contract.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine returned to the Norfolk Tides in 1996, managing them to an 82–59 record and second place in the International League's West Division. He then was promoted to manager of the Mets with 31 games left in the 1996 season, and led them to a 12–19 record the rest of the way.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Over the next two seasons, Valentine led a Mets resurgence, finishing 14 games over .500 (88–74) both years. In the 12th inning of a 14-inning marathon against the Toronto Blue Jays on June 9, 1999, Valentine was ejected by home plate umpire Randy Marsh for arguing a catcher's interference call against Mike Piazza. Valentine returned to the dugout an inning later disguised with sunglasses and a fake moustache made from eye black. The Mets went on to win the game 4–3, and Major League Baseball fined Valentine $5,000 and suspended him for two games.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine led the Mets to a record of 97–66 and a wild card playoff berth that season. The Mets defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks in four games (3–1) en route to the National League Championship Series, where they eventually lost to their division rival the Atlanta Braves in six games (4–2).


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In early 2000, Valentine allegedly mentioned to students at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business somewhat cynical, insider comments regarding a handful of Mets players and the organization as a whole. The incident was called "The Whartongate Affair". That year Valentine returned as Mets manager, finishing with a 94–68 record and another wild card playoff berth. This time the Mets were successful in winning the National League pennant, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2000 National League Championship Series in five games (4–1). The Mets lost the 2000 World Series to their crosstown rivals the New York Yankees in five games (4–1).


title: Bobby Valentine

text: On July 14, 2001, Valentine won his 1,000th game as manager, doing so against the Boston Red Sox in his 1,958th game as manager.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine won the 2002 Branch Rickey Award for his donations and personal work with survivors of the September 11 attacks. Valentine had an uneasy, if not volatile relationship with general manager Steve Phillips, who fired three of Valentine's coaches and selected the replacements himself during the 1999 season (in a move many observers felt was an attempt to get Valentine to quit) and eventually fired him after the 2002 season. He finished his Mets managerial career with a record of 536 wins and 467 losses.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In 2004, Valentine rejoined the Chiba Lotte Marines as manager, and in 2005 led the Marines to their first Pacific League pennant since 1974 following a close playoff with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. On October 26, 2005, the Marines won the Japan Series in a four-game sweep of the Hanshin Tigers. The next day Valentine issued a challenge to the World Series champion Chicago White Sox on behalf of the Marines, calling for a series to be played between the American and Japanese championship teams.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Following their Japan Series championship, the Marines won the inaugural Asia Series by defeating the Samsung Lions of the Korea Baseball Organization in November 2005. Valentine aided in bringing innovative promotions to Japan, which doubled Marine attendance during his tenure. Some of these gimmicks, like allowing children to run the bases after games or dedicated autograph sessions, are common in America but were unseen in Japan; others, such as Valentine hosting dance classes for female fans, played on the manager's personal appeal (and his history—Valentine was a competition ballroom dancer in his youth). In 2008, Valentine was the subject of the ESPN Films documentary "The Zen of Bobby V.", which followed Valentine and his 2007 Marines team. "The Zen of Bobby V." was an official selection at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival. The Marines let Valentine go after the 2009 season after an extensive smear campaign led by club president Ryuzo Setoyama, which ironically backfired and resulted in an overflow of support for Valentine by local fans. In the end, Valentine was fired, even though a petition to extend his contract was presented to the organization with 112,000 signatures.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine accepted a position as a baseball analyst for ESPN. He had previously appeared on the cable network's "Baseball Tonight" show in 2003. He made his broadcasting debut for the 2009 American and National League Championship Series and World Series.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In late 2009, Valentine was a candidate to replace Eric Wedge as manager of the Cleveland Indians, however the job went to Manny Acta.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine continued working with ESPN for the 2010 MLB season. He was interviewed for the Baltimore Orioles managerial position after manager Dave Trembley was fired in early June; Valentine later withdrew his name from consideration. Valentine was considered a front runner for the Florida Marlins managerial position that opened after manager Fredi González was fired in late June. However, Valentine confirmed he was no longer a candidate for the position after Marlins owner Jeffrey Loria stated that Edwin Rodríguez, the interim manager they summoned to replace Gonzalez, would manage the team through the 2010 season. With the firing of the New York Mets manager Jerry Manuel at the end of the 2010 season, Valentine had been speculated by the local New York sports media of returning to the team. It was also reported that the Toronto Blue Jays and Seattle Mariners had interviewed Valentine for their open managerial job. Valentine was interviewed by the Milwaukee Brewers for their managerial opening in October 2010. He was believed to be a finalist along with Bob Melvin, Joey Cora, and Ron Roenicke. The position eventually went to Angels bench coach Roenicke.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: On December 1, 2010, Valentine, Orel Hershiser and Dan Shulman were named as ESPN's new "Sunday Night Baseball" crew for the 2011 MLB season. In June 2011, news outlets reported that Valentine was once again a candidate for the Florida Marlins managerial position after the ballclub free fell in the standings. That did not come to fruition, however, as the Marlins hired former White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: On November 21, 2011, Bobby met with the Boston Red Sox for a formal interview for the open manager's position, and on November 29, it was reported that he would be the new Red Sox manager and the successor to Terry Francona. Valentine was introduced by Red Sox General Manager Ben Cherington on December 2, 2011, and chose to wear number 25 in honor of the late Tony Conigliaro, with whom he briefly roomed during spring training 1976 with the San Diego Padres.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine's first and only season with Boston was marred by injuries, public feuds with players, run-ins with the media, and a tumultuous relationship with his coaches. Under Valentine's management, the 2012 Red Sox finished last in the AL East at 69–93, their worst record in 47 years.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine was fired by the Red Sox on October 4, 2012, just one day after the conclusion of the regular season.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine took over as athletic director at Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut on July 1, 2013.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: During his tenure Valentine helped to raise the visibility of Pioneer athletics, with appearances on ESPN, SNY and other national and regional media outlets. He oversaw the replacement of the playing surface on Campus Field, as well as its surrounding track, in addition to renovations to William H. Pitt Center. Sacred Heart University invested $21.8 million in the construction of the Bobby Valentine Health and Recreation Center, a 57,400-square foot, three-story, fitness facility for the whole student population, which includes an indoor track, a bowling center, an 18-bike spin center, a 45-foot climbing wall and exercise and weight-training rooms. The facility opened in August 2019.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In addition, the Pioneers won their NEC-best eighth Joan Martin Commissioner's Cup for excellence in women's athletics in 2015, and overall the Pioneers have captured 13 conference championships since he has taken the helm. Programs have garnered national acclaim in that time, with the football team finishing the 2014 season nationally ranked, and the fencing squad finishing 11th in the NCAA at the 2014 championship. In September 2016 Valentine was named the ECAC Division I Administrator of the Year.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Since 1980, Valentine has owned and operated Bobby V's Restaurant & Sports Bar, a sports bar that is located in his hometown of Stamford, with franchises slated to open in Norwalk, Connecticut, Arlington, Texas, and Middletown, Rhode Island.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In 2010, Valentine started the production company, Makuhari Media, with producing partner Andrew J. Muscato. The company produces sports themed documentaries.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In 2011, Mayor Michael Pavia named Valentine Director of Public Safety for the city of Stamford, Connecticut. Valentine was paid a token $10,000 salary for this position, which he pledged to donate to city charities. Valentine left the position 11 months later to manage the Red Sox.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: In 2013, on the twelfth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, Valentine made comments that accused the New York Yankees of not contributing support to the New York community in the wake of the attacks. He was widely criticized for the inaccuracy of his comments, as many media sources documented several occasions on which the Yankees visited victims and workers after the attacks, and for the untimeliness of trying to take credit for helping. TBS had originally planned to feature Valentine as a studio analyst during its "MLB on TBS" coverage for the 2013 postseason, but reportedly declined to do so after the negative publicity his comments attracted.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: On December 9, 2016, WEEI reported that, on the recommendation of New Jersey governor Chris Christie, Valentine was being considered by Donald Trump's presidential transition team for appointment as the United States Ambassador to Japan.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: On May 7, 2021, Valentine announced he was running for mayor of Stamford, Connecticut, in the 2021 election. He ran as an unaffiliated candidate.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: He was challenged by Democratic state representative Caroline Simmons in the Stamford mayoral election that took place on Tuesday November 2, 2021.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine lost the election to Simmons by 1,505 votes. With her election, Simmons became the first woman Mayor of Stamford by taking 52.5% of the vote. Valentine obtained 47.5% of the vote.


title: Bobby Valentine

text: Valentine was married to Mary Branca, the daughter of former Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca and together they have a son. They separated in 2011 and later divorced in October 2021. He is currently in a relationship with a Japanese woman named Junko Ogino who he met in 1995 and became romantically involved with in 2007 while still married to Mary Branca.


title: TSA PreCheck

text: TSA PreCheck (branded as TSA Pre✓) is a Trusted Traveler program initiated in December 2013 and administered by the U.S. Transportation Security Administration that allows selected members of select frequent flyer programs, members of Global Entry, Free and Secure Trade (FAST), NEXUS, and SENTRI, members of the US military, and cadets and midshipmen of the United States service academies to receive expedited screening for domestic and select international itineraries. As of March 2019, this program was available at more than 200 airports.


title: TSA PreCheck

text: After completing a background check, being fingerprinted, and paying an $85 fee, travelers will get a Known Traveler Number. TSA does not issue an ID card like Global Entry, NEXUS, and SENTRI do. Travelers are notified if they have PreCheck by having a indicator printed on their boarding pass that may say "TSAPRECHK", "TSA PRE", or "TSA Pre✓®" depending on the airline and type of boarding pass.


title: TSA PreCheck

text: The program has led to complaints of unfairness and longer wait lines. TSA says that PreCheck is not guaranteed every flight, as passengers are subject to random exclusions. Furthermore, passengers may be disqualified or suspended from PreCheck for violations of federal transportation security regulations.


title: TSA PreCheck

text: The TSA maintains a list of credit card issuers and loyalty programs that reimburse members' TSA PreCheck or Global Entry application fees.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Danijel Subašić (born 27 October 1984) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Hajduk Split.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Subašić began his career in Croatia with Zadar and Hajduk. In January 2012, he joined Monaco, and went on to make 292 competitive appearances for them over eight-and-a-half years. He won Ligue 2 in 2012–13 and Ligue 1 in 2016–17, also being named the league's Goalkeeper of the Year in the latter season.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Subašić made his senior international debut for Croatia in 2009. He was part of their squads for two FIFA World Cups and as many UEFA European Championships. He was a member of the Croatian squad which ended as runners-up to France in the 2018 FIFA World Cup.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Subašić started his professional career in his hometown club Zadar during the 2003–04 season. Following Zadar's relegation from the top flight at the end of the 2004–05 season, he became a first-team regular during the club's time in the Croatian second division.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: In the summer of 2008, he was loaned to Hajduk Split and immediately became a regular at the club, appearing in all of their 18 league matches in the first half of the 2008–09 season. During the winter break of the season, the club decided to convert the loan into a permanent transfer. Subašić kept his place as a regular in the second half of the season, making a further 13 league appearances for the club. Early in the season, he also made three appearances for the club in the UEFA Europa League qualifying.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: During his second season with Hajduk, in 2009–10, he made a total of 28 league appearances, as well as another two appearances in the UEFA Europa League qualifying, and also helped the club win the Croatian Cup.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: In the 2010–11 season, he made 20 appearances in the league. He had a knee injury in early November which kept him out of action until just prior to the new year. He was the first choice keeper before and after the injury. In that season, Hajduk also qualified for the UEFA Europa League where Danijel kept for all the league games bar one.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: In January 2012, Subašić joined AS Monaco in Ligue 2. He made 17 appearances for the club during the 2011–12 season, keeping five clean sheets. In Monaco's last Ligue 2 match of the 2011–12 season, he scored the winning goal from a free kick in a 2–1 away victory over Boulogne. In the 2012–13 season, Subašić played an important part in winning the Ligue 2 title and earning promotion to Ligue 1. He missed only 3 league matches. On 10 August 2013, he made his Ligue 1 debut for Monaco in a 2–0 win against Bordeaux.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: During the 2013–14 season, which was his first season in Ligue 1, Subašić kept four clean sheets and experienced only one defeat in Monaco's first 13 Ligue 1 matches. Subašić played 35 matches in Ligue 1 as Monaco finished runner-up in 2013–14 season. During the 2014–15 season, Subašić kept eight consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches; on 8 February 2015, his run of not conceding a goal in Ligue 1 ended after 842 minutes in an away match against Guingamp. In the 2016–17 season, Subašić played an important part in winning the first Ligue 1 title after 17 years, as well reaching the Champions League semi-finals, and was named Ligue 1's Goalkeeper of the Year.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Subašić missed the beginning of the 2019–20 season due to a hamstring injury and was replaced by Benjamin Lecomte, who joined Monaco in July 2019. However, Lecomte continued to play in the starting formation even after Subašić had recovered for his injury. Subašić was relegated to a backup role and did not appear in any games during the whole season. On 8 June 2020, his departure was announced, after having spent eight-and-a-half years at Monaco.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Subašić made his international debut with the Croatian under-21 national team, in a friendly match against Denmark on 1 March 2006. During the same year, he won a total of 6 international caps with the team, including two competitive appearances in the qualifying for the 2007 European Under-21 Championship.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: In 2009, he was called up to the Croatian national team at the full international level, and made his debut for the team on 14 November 2009 in a friendly match against Liechtenstein in Vinkovci, playing the full 90 minutes and keeping a clean sheet in Croatia's 5–0 win. In May 2010, he won another two international caps in friendly matches, in the away fixtures at Austria and Estonia, keeping clean sheets in both matches. After Stipe Pletikosa retired from international football in 2014, Subašić became Croatia's first-choice goalkeeper.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: In May 2016, Subašić was selected in Croatia's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016 in France. Subašić played in all of Croatia's group games, particularly playing a key role in Croatia 2–1 win over Spain; saving a penalty from Sergio Ramos, marking Spain's first defeat at a Euro finals match since 2004.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: In May 2018, he was named in Croatia's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. Subašić was Croatia's regular starting goalkeeper throughout the tournament. Subašić played a key role in Croatia's match against Denmark in the round of sixteen, where he saved three penalties during the penalty shootout; thereby also equaling the record number set by Ricardo in the 2006 World Cup. His opposite number, Kasper Schmeichel, had saved a penalty kick in extra time and two penalties in the shootout to earn the Man of the Match award; Subašić and Schmeichel thus combined for a record six saves from the penalty spot in one game.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: On 7 July, in the match against hosts Russia in the quarter-finals, Subašić suffered a minor injury in the last few minutes of the match, but despite this, Subašić kept on playing the match, making several important saves. In the penalty shootout, Subašić saved the first penalty from Fyodor Smolov; thereby becoming just the third goalkeeper in World Cup history to have made four or more saves in penalty shootouts at the World Cup finals; equaling the record made by Sergio Goycochea and Harald Schumacher, also making Croatia just the second team to have advanced on consecutive penalty shootouts, after Argentina in 1990. In the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final, Croatia lost 4–2 to France. Subašić received praise for his performance at the tournament, including from legendary German goalkeeper Oliver Kahn.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Following the conclusion of the World Cup, Subašić announced his retirement from the Croatian national team.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Subašić was born to a orthodox father, Jovan "Jovo" Subašić from the village of Zagrad near Benkovac, and a Roman Catholic mother Boja () from the village of Raštević. He was raised Catholic.


title: Danijel Subašić

text: Subašić wears the image of his former NK Zadar teammate, Hrvoje Ćustić, under his jersey while playing. Ćustić died in an on-field accident in 2008. After the 2018 FIFA World Cup round of 16 match against Denmark, Subašić took off his shirt to display the image, but FIFA issued a warning to Subašić due to his "private message", as FIFA rules state that a player is not allowed to display private, political, religious or similar images. The decision was made by FIFA as a result of previous players taking off their jersey and displaying images or texts that could cause controversy. Following the match against Russia, Subašić walked up to the fans in order to take off his jersey and display the image once again, although he only showed a small part of it, as he was stopped by Croatia staff member Iva Olivari, whom he proceeded to hug afterwards.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: Quentin L. Richardson (born April 13, 1980) is an American former professional basketball player who was formerly the director of player development for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "Q-Rich", he played professionally for 13 seasons for the Los Angeles Clippers, Phoenix Suns, New York Knicks, Miami Heat, and Orlando Magic. He won the NBA Three-Point Contest in 2005.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: Richardson was born in Chicago, Illinois to Lee and Emma Richardson where he attended Whitney Young High School. In 1998, he led the Dolphins to the state AA title. In 2006, Richardson was voted as one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament, a group of former players and coaches in honor of the 100 year anniversary of the IHSA boys basketball tournament.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: Richardson played college basketball for DePaul University where he averaged 17.9 points and 10.2 rebounds per game in two seasons. He became the only player in school history to have 1,000+ points, 500+ rebounds and 100+ three-point field goals. As a freshman, he earned both the Conference USA Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year. Richardson declared for the NBA draft after his sophomore year in 2000.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: Richardson was drafted by the Los Angeles Clippers with the 18th pick of the 2000 NBA draft. He was selected after fellow Clippers Darius Miles and Keyon Dooling. Richardson would star in a documentary with Miles entitled "The Youngest Guns" which chronicled their first three seasons in the NBA with the Clippers. On New Year's Eve 2003, Richardson posted a career-high 44 points in a 120 - 104 victory over the Denver Nuggets. It was the only time in Richardson's 13-year career where he scored 40 points or more. Richardson spent four seasons with the Clippers before becoming a free agent.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: The 2004–05 season was a big one for not only Richardson, but the Suns as well. He set a new Suns single-season record for three-point field goals, eclipsing the previous record of 199 set by Dan Majerle. He finished the season with a league-leading 631 three-point attempts, and 226 three-point field goals, co-leading the league with Kyle Korver. Richardson also set a Suns franchise record with nine threes against the New Orleans Hornets on December 29, 2004. Richardson would also go on to win the NBA All-Star Three-Point Shootout that same season. The Suns finished the regular season with a league-best 62 wins and 20 losses. He made his playoff debut with the Suns in 2005 who would eventually lose to the eventual champion San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Finals.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: Richardson was traded from the Suns, along with 2005 draft pick Nate Robinson, to the New York Knicks in exchange for Kurt Thomas and Dijon Thompson in the offseason.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: His first three seasons in New York were largely hampered by nagging injuries—the most serious being a chronic back condition—which limited him to 55, 49, and 65 games played respectively. His injury situation finally stabilized during the 2008–2009 season, when he remained healthy enough to appear in all, but seven games. This does not include two additional DNP-CDs (Did Not Play – Coach's Decision) that he received; one on February 28, 2009 against the Miami Heat and a second on March 10, 2009 against the Milwaukee Bucks.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: On the 2009 draft day, Richardson was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Darko Miličić. His stint at the Grizzlies only last three weeks before he was traded again to the team that drafted him, the Los Angeles Clippers, in exchange for Zach Randolph. His second stint with the Clippers only lasted for three days. On July 20, 2009, he was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves for Sebastian Telfair, Mark Madsen, and Craig Smith.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: Richardson was traded for the fourth time in the 2009 off-season, this time to the Miami Heat for Mark Blount.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: In 2010, Richardson signed with the Orlando Magic. He remained with the team until October 2012, when he was waived. During his 2-year stint with Orlando, Richardson played 105 games and averaged 4.4 points, 0.7 assists and 2.9 rebounds while shooting 31.5% from the 3pt-line.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: On April 16, 2013, Richardson signed with the New York Knicks for the remainder of the season, joining that team for a second time. He only played one regular season game, scoring five points in twenty nine minutes on 1 for 11 shooting, but brought down ten rebounds. He did appear in five playoff games, hitting two three-pointers in New York's 26-point blowout win of the Pacers in Game 2 of the Eastern Conference semifinals.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: On July 10, 2013, Richardson was part of a trade package to the Toronto Raptors, along with center Marcus Camby, forward Steve Novak, a first-round draft pick in 2016, and two second-round draft picks in 2014 and 2017, in exchange for forward Andrea Bargnani.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: Richardson's final NBA game was played on May 11, 2013 in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Semi-Finals versus the Indiana Pacers. Richardson played less than 2 minutes and the only stat he recorded was 1 rebound.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: On August 7, 2014, it was announced that Richardson was named the director of player development for the Detroit Pistons.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: In 1992, Richardson lost his mother to breast cancer, his grandmother to natural causes, and also his brother, Bernard, who was shot and killed in Chicago, aged 23. Another of Richardson's brothers, Lee Jr., was murdered on December 5, 2005, in Chicago during a robbery. Richardson has another older brother, Cedric, and one older sister Rochelle. Richardson is also the cousin of multi entrepreneur Dean Richardson.


title: Quentin Richardson

text: Richardson has appeared in multiple acting roles, most notably as himself in the 2002 film "Van Wilder".


title: Phyllanthus niruri

text: Phyllanthus niruri is a widespread tropical plant commonly found in coastal areas, known by the common names gale of the wind, stonebreaker or seed-under-leaf. It is in the genus "Phyllanthus" of the family Phyllanthaceae.


title: Phyllanthus niruri

text: It grows tall and bears ascending herbaceous branches. The bark is smooth and light green. It bears numerous pale green flowers which are often flushed with red. The fruits are tiny, smooth capsules containing seeds.


title: Phyllanthus niruri

text: "Phyllanthus niruri" has been used in traditional medicine for treating various illnesses such as urinary stones.


title: Phyllanthus niruri

text: A 2011 Cochrane review found that there is "no convincing evidence that phyllanthus, compared with placebo, benefits patients with chronic HBV (hepatitis B virus) infection."


title: Probit model

text: In statistics, a probit model is a type of regression where the dependent variable can take only two values, for example married or not married. The word is a portmanteau, coming from probability" + "unit. The purpose of the model is to estimate the probability that an observation with particular characteristics will fall into a specific one of the categories; moreover, classifying observations based on their predicted probabilities is a type of binary classification model.


title: Probit model

text: A probit model is a popular specification for a binary response model. As such it treats the same set of problems as does logistic regression using similar techniques. When viewed in the generalized linear model framework, the probit model employs a probit link function. It is most often estimated using the maximum likelihood procedure, such an estimation being called a probit regression.


title: Probit model

text: Suppose a response variable "Y" is "binary", that is it can have only two possible outcomes which we will denote as 1 and 0. For example, "Y" may represent presence/absence of a certain condition, success/failure of some device, answer yes/no on a survey, etc. We also have a vector of regressors "X", which are assumed to influence the outcome "Y". Specifically, we assume that the model takes the form


title: Probit model

text: where "P" is the probability and formula_2 is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. The parameters "β" are typically estimated by maximum likelihood.


title: Probit model

text: It is possible to motivate the probit model as a latent variable model. Suppose there exists an auxiliary random variable


title: Probit model

text: where "ε" ~ "N"(0, 1). Then "Y" can be viewed as an indicator for whether this latent variable is positive:


title: Probit model

text: The use of the standard normal distribution causes no loss of generality compared with the use of a normal distribution with an arbitrary mean and standard deviation, because adding a fixed amount to the mean can be compensated by subtracting the same amount from the intercept, and multiplying the standard deviation by a fixed amount can be compensated by multiplying the weights by the same amount.


title: Probit model

text: Suppose data set formula_6 contains "n" independent statistical units corresponding to the model above.


title: Probit model

text: where formula_9 is a vector of formula_10 inputs, and formula_11 is a formula_10 vector of coefficients.


title: Probit model

text: Since the observations are independent and identically distributed, then the likelihood of the entire sample, or the joint likelihood, will be equal to the product of the likelihoods of the single observations:


title: Probit model

text: The estimator formula_21 which maximizes this function will be consistent, asymptotically normal and efficient provided that E["XX"'] exists and is not singular. It can be shown that this log-likelihood function is globally concave in "β", and therefore standard numerical algorithms for optimization will converge rapidly to the unique maximum.


title: Probit model

text: Semi-parametric and non-parametric maximum likelihood methods for probit-type and other related models are also available.


title: Probit model

text: This method can be applied only when there are many observations of response variable formula_26 having the same value of the vector of regressors formula_9 (such situation may be referred to as "many observations per cell"). More specifically, the model can be formulated as follows.


title: Probit model

text: Suppose among "n" observations formula_6 there are only "T" distinct values of the regressors, which can be denoted as formula_29. Let formula_30 be the number of observations with formula_31 and formula_32 the number of such observations with formula_15. We assume that there are indeed "many" observations per each "cell": for each formula_34.


title: Probit model

text: Then Berkson's minimum chi-square estimator is a generalized least squares estimator in a regression of formula_37 on formula_38 with weights formula_39:


title: Probit model

text: It can be shown that this estimator is consistent (as "n"→∞ and "T" fixed), asymptotically normal and efficient. Its advantage is the presence of a closed-form formula for the estimator. However, it is only meaningful to carry out this analysis when individual observations are not available, only their aggregated counts formula_32, formula_30, and formula_38 (for example in the analysis of voting behavior).


title: Probit model

text: Gibbs sampling of a probit model is possible because regression models typically use normal prior distributions over the weights, and this distribution is conjugate with the normal distribution of the errors (and hence of the latent variables "Y"). The model can be described as


title: Probit model

text: The result for β is given in the article on Bayesian linear regression, although specified with different notation.


title: Probit model

text: The only trickiness is in the last two equations. The notation formula_46 is the Iverson bracket, sometimes written formula_47 or similar. It indicates that the distribution must be truncated within the given range, and rescaled appropriately. In this particular case, a truncated normal distribution arises. Sampling from this distribution depends on how much is truncated. If a large fraction of the original mass remains, sampling can be easily done with rejection sampling—simply sample a number from the non-truncated distribution, and reject it if it falls outside the restriction imposed by the truncation. If sampling from only a small fraction of the original mass, however (e.g. if sampling from one of the tails of the normal distribution—for example if formula_48 is around 3 or more, and a negative sample is desired), then this will be inefficient and it becomes necessary to fall back on other sampling algorithms. General sampling from the truncated normal can be achieved using approximations to the normal CDF and the probit function, and R has a function codice_1 for generating truncated-normal samples.


title: Probit model

text: The suitability of an estimated binary model can be evaluated by counting the number of true observations equaling 1, and the number equaling zero, for which the model assigns a correct predicted classification by treating any estimated probability above 1/2 (or, below 1/2), as an assignment of a prediction of 1 (or, of 0). See for details.


title: Probit model

text: Consider the latent variable model formulation of the probit model. When the variance of formula_49 conditional on formula_50 is not constant but dependent on formula_50, then the heteroscedasticity issue arises. For example, suppose formula_52 and formula_53 where formula_54 is a continuous positive explanatory variable. Under heteroskedasticity, the probit estimator for formula_11 is usually inconsistent, and most of the tests about the coefficients are invalid. More importantly, the estimator for formula_56 becomes inconsistent, too. To deal with this problem, the original model needs to be transformed to be homoskedastic. For instance, in the same example, formula_57 can be rewritten as formula_58, where formula_59. Therefore, formula_60 and running probit on formula_61 generates a consistent estimator for the conditional probability formula_62


title: Probit model

text: When the assumption that formula_49 is normally distributed fails to hold, then a functional form misspecification issue arises: if the model is still estimated as a probit model, the estimators of the coefficients formula_11 are inconsistent. For instance, if formula_49 follows a logistic distribution in the true model, but the model is estimated by probit, the estimates will be generally smaller than the true value. However, the inconsistency of the coefficient estimates is practically irrelevant because the estimates for the partial effects, formula_66, will be close to the estimates given by the true logit model.


title: Probit model

text: To avoid the issue of distribution misspecification, one may adopt a general distribution assumption for the error term, such that many different types of distribution can be included in the model. The cost is heavier computation and lower accuracy for the increase of the number of parameter. In most of the cases in practice where the distribution form is misspecified, the estimators for the coefficients are inconsistent, but estimators for the conditional probability and the partial effects are still very good.


title: Probit model

text: One can also take semi-parametric or non-parametric approaches, e.g., via local-likelihood or nonparametric quasi-likelihood methods, which avoid assumptions on a parametric form for the index function and is robust to the choice of the link function (e.g., probit or logit).


title: Probit model

text: The probit model is usually credited to Chester Bliss, who coined the term "probit" in 1934, and to John Gaddum (1933), who systematized earlier work. However, the basic model dates to the Weber–Fechner law by Gustav Fechner, published in , and was repeatedly rediscovered until the 1930s; see and .


title: Probit model

text: A fast method for computing maximum likelihood estimates for the probit model was proposed by Ronald Fisher as an appendix to Bliss' work in 1935.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Birch Evans Bayh III ( ; born December 26, 1955) is an American lawyer, lobbyist, and Democratic Party politician who served as a United States senator from Indiana from 1999 to 2011 and the 46th governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh was first elected to public office as the Secretary of State of Indiana in 1986. He held the position for two years before being elected Governor. He left his office after completing two terms and briefly took a job lecturing at Indiana University Bloomington. He was elected to Congress as a Senator in 1998 and reelected in 2004.


title: Evan Bayh

text: On February 15, 2010, Bayh unexpectedly announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate in 2010. After leaving the Senate, he was replaced by his predecessor, Dan Coats, and became a partner with the law and lobbying firm McGuireWoods in the firm's Washington, D.C. office, and also became a senior adviser with Apollo Global Management. He was a part-time contributor for Fox News from March 2011 to July 2016. In June 2011 he became a messaging adviser for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. On October 27, 2011, it was announced that Berry Plastics Corp. had appointed Bayh to its board of directors.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Following the withdrawal of 2016 Democratic primary winner Baron Hill, Bayh announced that he would be running to take back his old Senate seat from retiring Republican incumbent Dan Coats. He was defeated by Todd Young in the general election by a 10-point margin (52% to 42%).


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh was born in Shirkieville, Indiana, the son of Marvella Bayh (née Hern; 1933–1979) and Birch E. Bayh Jr. (1928–2019), who was a U.S. Senator from 1963 until his 1981 defeat by then-Representative and future Vice President Dan Quayle.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Evan Bayh attended St. Albans School in Washington, D.C., and graduated with honors with a B.S. in business administration from the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University Bloomington in 1978. At Indiana, he became a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity's Indiana Beta chapter.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh and his late wife, Susan, had twin sons, Birch Evans IV (Beau) and Nicholas, born in 1995. Susan Bayh served on corporate boards, including health insurance company Anthem. She was a law professor.


title: Evan Bayh

text: After a debate over whether he met the state's five-year residency requirement to be on the ballot, Bayh defeated former Kokomo Mayor Steve Daily in the Democratic primary of the 1988 Indiana gubernatorial election. He went on to defeat the incumbent lieutenant governor (Republican John Mutz) in the general election, becoming the first Democrat to serve as Governor of Indiana in 20 years. Only 32 years old upon his election and 33 when he took office, Bayh became the youngest governor in the nation at the time. He was re-elected as governor in 1992, defeating State Attorney General Linley E. Pearson with 63% of the vote.


title: Evan Bayh

text: By the end of his second term, Bayh had an approval rating of nearly 80 percent. He was ineligible to seek a third consecutive term in 1996 due to term limits.


title: Evan Bayh

text: When his second term as governor ended in 1997, he accepted a lecturing position at his alma mater, the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University Bloomington. From 1997 to 1998, while he was campaigning for U.S. Senate, Bayh was also hired as a partner at Indianapolis law firm Baker & Daniels. In 1998, his Baker & Daniels salary was $265,000, according to Senate financial records. Indiana University paid him an additional $51,000 that year.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1998 to the seat that was once held by his father. He won with 64% of the vote, the largest margin ever recorded for a Democrat in a U.S. Senate race in Indiana, defeating former Fort Wayne Mayor Paul Helmke.


title: Evan Bayh

text: He easily won reelection in 2004, defeating Prof. Marvin Scott, receiving 62% of the vote—in the process, becoming only the fifth Indiana Democrat to be popularly elected to a second term in the Senate.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh released an autobiography in 2003 entitled "From Father to Son: A Private Life in the Public Eye."


title: Evan Bayh

text: From 2001 to 2005, Bayh served as Chairman of the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC). He is also a member of the Senate Centrist Coalition, helped establish the New Democrat Coalition, and founded the Moderate Dems Working Group. Bayh also served on the board of directors of the National Endowment for Democracy.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh was an early supporter of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq. On October 2, 2002, Bayh joined President George W. Bush and Congressional leaders in a Rose Garden ceremony announcing their agreement on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, and was thanked by Bush and Senator John McCain for co-sponsoring the resolution. He voted yes on reauthorizing the Patriot Act in 2006.


title: Evan Bayh

text: In the aftermath of the Financial crisis of 2007–2008, Bayh joined with his fellow senators in hurrying to bail out U.S. financial institutions. Addressing the launch of the No Labels political organization, he "described a scene from 2008 where Ben Bernanke warned senators that the sky would collapse if the banks weren't rescued. 'We looked at each other,' said Bayh, 'and said, okay, what do we need.'"


title: Evan Bayh

text: On February 15, 2010, Bayh announced he would not seek reelection to a third Senate term in the November 2, 2010, midterm election. Bayh's announcement came very shortly after former Senator Dan Coats declared his own candidacy for Bayh's Senate seat. Because he made his announcement the day before the deadline for filing for the primary, no Democrat was able to gather a sufficient number of signatures to qualify for the primary ballot, so the state party committee chose Congressman Brad Ellsworth as the nominee.


title: Evan Bayh

text: According to the Associated Press, Bayh spent a significant portion of his last year in office searching for a job, holding over four dozen meetings with potential corporate employers between February and December 2010. He also cast votes on issues of interest to his future corporate employers. A CNN analysis of Bayh's internal 2009 schedule found that he "maneuvered behind the scenes" and "privately engaged with fundraisers, lobbyists and donors who had a keen interest on the issues dominating Capitol Hill," raising potential conflict-of-interest concerns. His meetings included sessions with lobbyists for the health insurance industry prior to his announcement that he would support the Affordable Care Act.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Susan Bayh, Evan Bayh's late wife, has been described by the Fort Wayne "Journal Gazette" as a "professional board member" or "professional director", having been a director of fourteen corporations since 1994 and being a director of eight as of 2006.


title: Evan Bayh

text: The "Journal Gazette" reported that since Susan Bayh began her career as a corporate director, "Sen. Evan Bayh [has] cast more than 3,000 votes, including some on issues of keen interest to the pharmaceutical, broadcast, insurance, food-distribution and finance industries".


title: Evan Bayh

text: Since 2003, Bayh prohibited his staff from having lobbying contacts with his late wife or representatives of the companies she directs. Bayh has insisted his late wife's ties have had no bearing on his congressional actions. "The reality is I don't even know the people who run the vast majority of her companies. I've never even spoken to them," Bayh told the "Journal Gazette". "The reality is, we don't talk about stuff that she's involved with."


title: Evan Bayh

text: On December 1, 2006, news sources revealed that Bayh was creating a presidential exploratory committee. Bayh confirmed these reports on December 3. On December 15, 2006, Bayh announced that he would not run for president in 2008. He later endorsed Hillary Clinton.


title: Evan Bayh

text: During the 2008 United States Presidential campaign, Bayh stated that he would accept an offer to be Barack Obama's running mate. According to David Plouffe, it was a "coin toss" between Bayh and Joe Biden for Obama's pick for vice president, with Tim Kaine being a contender before deciding to focus on the DNC chairmanship. However in his 2020 memoir "A Promised Land" Barack Obama does not mention that Bayh was considered a possible running mate, and indicated that when making the final decision as to who would be the second name on the ticket it was a straight choice between Biden and Kaine.


title: Evan Bayh

text: After his retirement from the U.S. Senate, Bayh campaigned for Senator Joe Donnelly's two-day, five-city "main street tour," among other visits, and introduced Donnelly before his victory speech in Indiana's 2012 U.S. Senate election.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh's net worth soared to between $13.9 million and $48 million after he left office and began a post-Congress career with lobbying firms and corporate boards. This was a significant increase over the $6.8-$8.0 million in assets he reported during his last year in Congress. Bayh received over $6 million in compensation from salary, compensation from corporate boards, and speaking fees from January 2015 through October 2016.


title: Evan Bayh

text: On July 11, 2016, CNN reported that Bayh was preparing to enter the 2016 U.S. Senate election in Indiana to run for the seat being vacated by Dan Coats, who was retiring. Baron Hill, who won an uncontested primary to become the Democratic nominee on May 3, formally withdrew from the race on the same day to make way for Bayh's candidacy.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh ran into criticism in August 2016 over his residency status in Indiana. WFLI-TV reported that he was listed twice as an "inactive voter" in Indiana records. CNN reported that Bayh repeatedly listed his two multimillion-dollar houses in Washington, D.C., as his primary residences, not his $53,000 condo in Indianapolis. When asked by a local television reporter to state his Indiana address, he stated the wrong address. In response, Bayh stated that he "voted in every primary and every general election for the last 25 to 30 years" and is "an active voter in Indiana," and when asked how often he is in Indiana, he stated, "all the time, frequently."


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh was defeated by Republican Representative Todd Young 52%-42% in the November election. This was Bayh's first ever defeat in his home state, where he was once considered "unbeatable".


title: Evan Bayh

text: Evan Bayh has a 100% rating by NARAL. He voted in favor of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003. He voted against the Unborn Victims of Violence Act in 2004. He voted in favor of the Child Interstate Abortion Notification Act in 2006. He voted against an amendment to prohibit federal funds from going to groups that support coerced abortion. He repeatedly voted against amendments to prohibit federal funds from being used for abortions.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh voted for the 2002 Farm Bill that provided financial support accessible to rural communities. The bill provides funds for rural water and waste infrastructure. The Farm Bill also provides technology for rural residents' technical skills.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh has a mixed but left-leaning record on civil rights, having earned a 60% by the ACLU (2002), and 89% by the HRC (2006), and a 100% by the NAACP (2006). Some of his votes include a 1998 vote where Bayh voted to continue nonquota affirmative action programs. He voted to add sexual orientation under hate crime rules in both 2000 and 2002. In 2001, he voted yes to ease wiretapping restrictions. In 2006, he voted yes on a flag-burning constitutional amendment and no on an amendment to ban same-sex marriage.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh has been called "a fence-sitter on climate legislation," because he has stated concern about the effects of climate change but he also values cheap energy as beneficial to Indiana's manufacturing industry. In 2008 he signed a letter expressing concerns with a cap-and-trade bill known as the Climate Security Act that was then on the Senate floor, but he ultimately voted for the bill. In 2010 he voted to prevent the EPA from regulating greenhouse gas pollution.


title: Evan Bayh

text: As governor, Bayh created the 21st Century Scholars program, which promises at-risk middle school students full tuition scholarships in return for being drug, alcohol and crime-free and maintaining decent grades. Iowa and Wisconsin have both introduced legislation modeling Bayh's program.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh introduced the Medicare Prescription Drug Emergency Guarantee Act of 2006 to amend titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act to assure uninterrupted access to necessary medicines under the Medicare prescription drug program. Bayh proposed legislation he says could help cut health care insurance premiums by at least 20 percent for small businesses and individuals. He voted in favor of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (both 2010).


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh appeared on CNN's "Late Edition" in January 2006 and referred to the "radical, almost delusional nature of the Iranian regime" and recent comments of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad that the Holocaust is a "myth. To deny history like this, this virulent anti-Semitism, their sponsoring of terrorism, their search for a nuclear weaponought to be a wake-up call to every American. Appeasement won't work. We need to use diplomacy, economic sanctions, other means, so we won't have to resort to military action."


title: Evan Bayh

text: On January 20, 2006, Bayh introduced a resolution calling for economic sanctions on Iran, with the goal of deterring Iran from developing nuclear weapons. In 2007, Bayh "supported the Kyl-Lieberman amendment that Obama made a key part of his critique of Clinton."


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh was an early supporter of the idea of removing Saddam Hussein from power for humanitarian reasons.


title: Evan Bayh

text: On October 2, 2002, Bayh joined President George W. Bush and congressional leaders in a Rose Garden ceremony announcing their agreement on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, and was thanked by Bush and Senator John McCain for co-sponsoring the resolution. In 2006, Bayh criticized the conduct of the Iraq War:


title: Evan Bayh

text: A blog from "The Washington Post" reported that in February 2006 Bayh was quoted saying: "We've got to be somewhere between 'cut and run' ... and mindlessly staying the course. You've got to have a sensible middle ground."


title: Evan Bayh

text: During his time in the Senate, Bayh criticized trade policies of some countries, including China. Bayh's bipartisan Stopping Overseas Subsidies (SOS) Act was intended to allow the United States to enforce its antisubsidy laws abroad. He voted against CAFTA.


title: Evan Bayh

text: Bayh placed a hold on the President's nominee to be the U.S. Trade Representative. After receiving several key commitments from nominee (now U.S. Senator) Rob Portman to get tough on China trade, Bayh agreed to release his hold.


title: Johann van Beethoven

text: Johann van Beethoven (14 November 1740 – 18 December 1792) was a Brabantine-German musician, teacher, and singer who sang in the chapel of the Archbishop of Cologne, whose court was at Bonn. He is best known as the father of the celebrated composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827). Johann was an alcoholic and an abusive father who often beat Ludwig. At 18, Ludwig had to obtain an order to force Johann to support his family. Johann died soon after Ludwig moved to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn.


title: Johann van Beethoven

text: Johann van Beethoven was the son of Maria Josepha Poll (married 1733) and Lodewijk or Ludwig van Beethoven (1712–1773; not to be confused with Johann's famous son of the same name), who was probably born in or near the city of Mechelen, in the Habsburg Netherlands (now in Flanders, Belgium), and had served as a musician in several communities in and around Mechelen before establishing himself in Bonn in 1733, where he served as a musician at the court of Prince-Archbishop-Elector of Cologne Clemens August of Bavaria, rising to the post of Kapellmeister in 1761. Johann van Beethoven also showed musical talent, and joined the court, primarily as a singer, in 1764. In addition to singing (his range, while usually described as that of a tenor, may have extended into alto and even higher registers), he played the violin and zither, and played and taught keyboard instruments of the day, including the harpsichord and the clavichord.


title: Johann van Beethoven

text: He met his future wife, Maria Magdalena Keverich (1746–1787), on a trip to Ehrenbreitstein. She was the daughter of the head chef to Johann IX Philipp von Walderdorff, Archbishop-Elector of Trier, whose court was there, and she had family connections in the court orchestra at Bonn. Keverich was already widowed at the age of nineteen. She and Johann were married on 12 November 1767 in the Catholic Church of St Remigius, Bonn. They had seven children, three of whom lived into adulthood:


title: Johann van Beethoven

text: Johann realized Ludwig's talent and became his first teacher. Johann was also aware of Leopold Mozart's success traveling with a talented and young Wolfgang, and wished to duplicate their fame and fortune. He was, however, an abusive father according to a number of witnesses. "There were few days when [Ludwig] was not beaten in order to compel him to set himself at the piano", related one childhood friend of Ludwig. A court councilor reported that Johann occasionally locked Ludwig in a cellar. Whenever Ludwig played poorly, Johann would exclaim that it was an embarrassment to the family. Johann would drag young Ludwig out of bed to play piano all night with no sleep. Johann was an alcoholic, a situation that worsened when Maria died in 1787, after which time the family was increasingly dependent on young Ludwig for support. In 1789 the 18-year-old Ludwig obtained an order resulting in one half of Johann's pay being turned over to him for support of the family.


title: Johann van Beethoven

text: Johann died in 1792, not long after Ludwig moved to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn. His employer the Elector wrote sardonically to a friend, "The revenues from the liquor excise [tax] have suffered a loss in the death of Beethoven."


title: Johann van Beethoven

text: The family name means "from ("van") Bettenhoven". Johann van Beethoven was only one half from the Duchy of Brabant; his father Lodewijk was the last Beethoven to be fully from the Duchy of Brabant. Most of his most recent family came from the German-speaking Rhineland region and the Electorate of the Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Johann van Beethoven

text: Johann's famous son Ludwig van Beethoven had no children and was never married, but his second son, Karl, did have children. However, none of Karl's living descendants now bears the name of Beethoven, the last to do so, Karl Julius Maria van Beethoven, having died without a son in 1917.


title: Vishal Aditya Singh

text: Vishal Aditya Singh (born 25 January 1988), is an Indian actor and model who works in Hindi television.


title: Vishal Aditya Singh

text: Singh excelled in playing cricket at school and state tournaments. He began his career as a model, and after doing some modelling assignments, he came to Mumbai for pursuing his acting career.


title: Vishal Aditya Singh

text: Singh made his television acting debut in 2010 as the main lead Avdesh Thakur in Sagar Films production "Jai Jai Shiv Shankar", a Bhojpuri serial on Mahuaa TV. His first Hindi TV role was in the historical drama "Chandragupta Maurya" in 2011 wherein he appeared as Shashank. From 2012 to 2013, Singh enacted the part of Veeru in Rashmi Sharma's popular series "Sasural Simar Ka" on Colors TV. In 2014, he played a cop in the comedy "Bachchan Pandey ki Toli" on Dhamaal Tv. In 2015, he essayed Devendra Singh Rana in mini series "Time Machine" on Epic TV.


title: Vishal Aditya Singh

text: Singh achieved a turning point in his career, in March 2015 when he was cast the role of Lakhan Thakur/Shakti Thakur in the &TV show "Begusarai", opposite Shivangi Joshi. He did an episodic in 2016 for Zing's "Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya". In June 2017, Singh appeared in the lead role of King Veerendra Pratap Singh in Ekta Kapoor's fantasy TV series "Chandrakanta" broadcast on Colors TV. Later in 2018, he was seen in Gul Khan's musical show "Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala" on StarPlus as Singer Tevar Singh.


title: Vishal Aditya Singh

text: In July 2019, Singh joined as a celebrity contestant in the 9th season of dance drama "Nach Baliye" with Madhurima Tuli. The two became the second runner-up in the show. Just after the finale of Nach Baliye, he entered as a wild card participant in the 13th season of game reality TV show "Bigg Boss". He was evicted on Day 127. In 2020, Singh also featured in two music videos— "Dil Mein Hindustan" (related to Independence Day) and "Khwabeeda" (along with Madhurima Tuli). In May 2021, he headed to Cape Town for shooting of his next reality show, the of stunt based adventure series "".


title: Vishal Aditya Singh

text: Singh met actress Madhurima Tuli on the sets of "Chandrakanta" in 2017 and later dated her. They broke up after a year of dating in 2018.


title: Vishal Aditya Singh

text: Vishal Aditya Singh was ranked in The Times of India's Most Desirable Men On Television list at No. 13 in 2018, at No. 17 in 2019 and at No. 18 in 2020.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Nicolas Berggruen (; born 10 August 1961) is a US-based billionaire investor and philanthropist. Born in Paris, France, he is a dual American and German citizen. He is the founder and president of Berggruen Holdings, a private investment company and the co-founder and chairman of the Berggruen Institute, a non-profit, non-partisan think tank that works to address global governance issues. In 2014, through the Institute, Berggruen launched "Noema Magazine", formerly the "WorldPost," a digital and print publication dedicated to exploring global issues.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Nicolas Berggruen was born in Paris, France. He is the son of art collector and dealer Heinz Berggruen and actress Bettina Moissi. His father was of German-Jewish descent, and his mother, a Catholic of German and Albanian descent. Heinz Berggruen was considered one of the world's greatest art collectors, having donated and sold works by Picasso, Klee, and Matisse to the Berggruen Museum in Berlin, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and the National Gallery in London. His mother played the female lead in the 1948 German Holocaust film "Long Is the Road". Although born in France, Berggruen's first language is German. He is also fluent in English and French. Berggruen has two older half-siblings from his father's first marriage: John, an art dealer, and Helen, an artist. Furthermore, he has a full younger brother, Olivier, an art historian and curator. Berggruen credits his father for his competitive drive: "What I learned from my father [was] passion and focus... He valued quality over quantity".


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Nicolas and Olivier attended elementary school at the École alsacienne in Paris. They were raised Catholic, their mother's faith. Growing up in Paris in the 1970s, Berggruen spent his time reading. He was particularly drawn to the work of French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and the issues of political governance. Berggruen attended high school at Le Rosey in Switzerland. He became interested in Marxism and by 15 had written a constitution for a utopian country. Berggruen refused to learn English at the time because he thought it was "the language of imperialism." Berggruen had a rebellious nature, frequently challenging teachers on intellectual matters and eventually, he was expelled from the school for sedition. At 16, Berggruen passed his state exams in Paris before completing a baccalauréat in Paris as a candidat libre. In 1978, Nicolas moved to London, where he became fluent in English and trained under property developer and philanthropist Lord Max Rayne at London Merchant Securities, known today as LMS Capital Plc.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 1979, 17-year old Berggruen moved to New York to attend New York University, where he obtained a bachelor's degree in Finance and International Business in 1981.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: After obtaining his degree, Berggruen moved to Philadelphia to work for the real estate arm of Bass Brothers Enterprises, led by the investor Sid Bass. Between 1983 and 1987, Berggruen was a Principal at Jacobson and Co.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Berggruen moved back to New York and, based on a trust fund worth about $250,000, he started investing in real estate and public stocks, later expanding to private equity, venture capital, and hedge funds.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 1984, he founded Berggruen Holdings, Inc. as an investment vehicle for the Nicolas Berggruen Charitable Trust. Berggruen Holdings predominately operates as a long-term investor/owner for their portfolio companies. In the mid-1980s, Berggruen began purchasing distressed real estate across New York City and has since made over 100 direct control and real estate investments globally. In 1988, he and Julio Mario Santo Domingo, Jr. co-founded Alpha Investment Management, a hedge fund. The firm grew to about $2 billion under management before the founders reportedly sold to Safra Bank in 2004.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2005, for the symbolic fee of 1 euro, Berggruen bought the insolvent German retailer Karstadt, investing over 65 million euros (US$83 million) and saving over 25,000 jobs. Commenting on the importance of the retail brand, Berggruen said: “We want to take a brand with a big presence all across Germany and restore it to all its former glory.” In 2010, having spent 400 million euros, he brought the company out of bankruptcy.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Through Freedom Acquisitions – his first investment vehicle that went public in 2006 – Berggruen bought a stake in the hedge fund group GLG Partners in 2007. In 2009, with his second fund, Liberty Acquisitions, Berggruen bought Pearl Insurance, and in 2010, he bought a majority stake in the Spanish media group, Prisa, for a reported US$900 million.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2011, alongside business partner Martin Franklin and investor William Ackman, Berggruen launched his third investment vehicle, Justice Holding, a company that raised £900m in its initial public offering. In 2012, Justice holdings took an £881m (29%) stake in Burger King Worldwide, Inc.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In the mid-2000s, Berggruen Holdings began acquiring residential and commercial real estate across the world in Tel Aviv, Berlin, Istanbul, and the American West Coast. In 2012, the company owned and operated a portfolio of more than 90 buildings in Berlin, Germany. In Tel Aviv, Berggruen worked with architect Richard Meier to design a luxury-apartment complex on Rothschild Boulevard. In 2014, the real estate investments became the foundation of Berggruen's NBP Capital, specializing in investment management, development, construction, hospitality, and property management services. In 2020, NBP Capital's market value exceeded $1 billion.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2012, through Berggruen Holdings, Berggruen was a primary investor and developer in Newark, New Jersey's Teachers Village. Designed by Richard Meier, the project revitalized five blocks of downtown Newark.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2013, Berggruen Holdings invested in the East Africa Exchange, a privately funded regional, agricultural commodities exchange in East Africa. The exchange aims to increase regional market efficiency and ensure higher incomes for farmers, especially smallholder farmers. Berggruen said, "Agriculture is key to Africa's prosperity, and so aiding the flow of information and finance within the agricultural sector will be especially helpful." Additionally, Berggruen Holdings, Heirs Holdings, and 50 Ventures partnered to form Africa Exchange Holdings, Ltd (AFEX), to develop a network of commodity exchanges to transform trade dynamics and ensure higher incomes for the rural poor.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: By 2011, Berggruen Holdings had offices in Berlin, Istanbul, Mumbai, New York, and Tel Aviv, nine senior executives, owned more than 30 companies across various industries and asset classes, and was valued at more than 1.5 billion euros.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2010, Nicolas founded the Berggruen Institute, an independent think tank aiming to reshape political and social institutions on governance, economic systems, globalization, geopolitics, and technology. To address these issues, Berggruen invested US$100 million into the Institute, subsequently endowing it with an additional US$500 million in 2016.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Berggruen launched the Institute after a series of organized discussions in California aimed at addressing the state's expanding debt. The talks became the "Think Long Committee for California," a bipartisan initiative focused on reforming California's governance system. The initiative garnered the support of prominent political players, including former secretary of state Condoleezza Rice, billionaire entrepreneur Eli Broad, former California governor Gray Davis, and Eric Schmidt, the former CEO of Google. The sessions produced a bill to reform California's referendum system, which then California governor Jerry Brown signed into law in 2012.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Through the Institute, Berggruen has launched several government reform projects, including the 21st Century Council, which is focused on global governance challenges, the Council for the Future of Europe, to support work on European integration. Members of the Institute's 21st Century Council include several former heads of state and government, Tony Blair, Gerhard Schröder, Helle Thorning Schmidt, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and Nicolas Sarkozy, amongst others.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2015, Berggruen announced the launch of the Berggruen Philosophy and Culture Center. In collaborations with Peking, Stanford, New York, and Oxford Universities, amongst others, the Center brings together leading thinkers from around the world to ponder how culture and philosophy inform political thinking. The Center offers a fellowship program between Chinese and American universities and an annual $1 million philosophy prize awarded by an international jury.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2017, Berggruen purchased a 450-acre stretch of land in the Santa Monica Mountains overlooking Los Angeles to create a Scholars’ Campus. The campus will house the Center's educational programs, fellows, and scholars. Herzog & de Meuron and L.A's Gensler will lead a team of architects in the campus design. The campus, named Monteverdi, will build on approximately 22 of the 450-acre estate and delegate the remaining 95% as protected open space.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Berggruen’s beliefs on renewing democracy include a stable US-China relationship, participation without populism, addressing climate change, and instituting “universal basic capital” to ensure adequate living conditions for everyone regardless of employment status. His views of democracy call for an inclusive political culture and positive nationalism. Berggruen states: “Democracy is really about giving individuals a place in society, a voice—respect, in some ways—equality as humans. It’s also a system. It’s not every individual for themselves; it has to be society as a whole.”


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2012, Berggruen and Nathan Gardels published the book "Intelligent Governance for the 21st Century: A Middle Way Between West and East". The book's central argument is that populism and short-term thinking have hindered the Western democracies' progress, while many authoritarian Eastern nations, China, in particular, would benefit from strengthening their meritocratic systems with the popular legitimacy that is typical of Western governments. Published in English, the book was later translated into Spanish, Portuguese, and other languages. The "Financial Times" named it as one of their "Best Books of 2012".


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2019, Berggruen and Gardels published their second book, "Renovating Democracy: Governing in the Age of Globalization and Digital Capitalism". The authors advocate for the restructuring of democratic government frameworks to ensure adequate living conditions for everyone. They argue that in a time where jobs are being replaced by technology, employment should not determine if a person's basic needs are accounted for.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Berggruen has committed to giving the majority of his wealth through the Nicolas Berggruen Charitable Trust. In 2010, he joined Bill Gates and Warren Buffett's The Giving Pledge to address some of society’s most pressing problems.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Berggruen's father was an influential art dealer and collector who left a legacy of donations to various museums. His youngest brother, Olivier Berggruen, is an art historian and curator. An avid collector in the early ’80s and ’90s, while living in NYC, Berggruen began collecting Warhol and Basquiat. In his approach to collecting, Berggruen stated: “Collecting should be guided by your eye, your tastes. It's an intellectual pursuit.”


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Berggruen is the head of the Board of the Berggruen Museum in Berlin. He is a member of the Los Angeles County Museum (LACMA), the International Councils of the Tate Gallery in London, and the Museum of Modern Art in New York as well as a member of the Beyeler Foundation, the International Council of the Serpentine Gallery, and Sotheby's International Advisory Board. He is an International Ambassador of The Feuerle Collection, based in Berlin.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In cooperation with LACMA, Berggruen has been making acquisitions intended for the museum. In 2006 he purchased the Chris Burden kinetic sculpture Metropolis II and lent it on along-term loan basis to LACMA.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In 2021, Berggruen signed a preliminary agreement to purchase the Casa dei Tre Oci on the Giudecca island in Venice, with plans to use the space to host symposia, workshops and exhibitions in partnership with major museums. In 2022, he also bought the Palazzo Diedo in the Cannaregio district, which is to focus primarily on dedicated artist commissions; the first artist-in-residence is Sterling Ruby.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Berggruen is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Director on the Board of the Pacific Council on International Policy, a member of Foro Iberoamericano, a member of the Helena Group, and a member of the Commission on Global Ethics and Citizenship. In 2013 he was appointed by Harvard's Center for European Studies as its first non-resident Senior Fellow. He was named a member of the Brookings Institution's International Advisory Council and the NYU President's Global Council. In 2014 he was named a member of the Leadership Council at Harvard Kennedy School's Center for Public Leadership, a member of Harvard University's Global Advisory Council, and a trustee of the Asia Society. He is also a member of the World Economic Forum.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: Berggruen was honored by his alma mater, NYU Stern, at the 2016 Haskins Giving Society Award Dinner for his commitment to business and public service. In 2018, he received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor.


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: In the early 2000s, Berggruen was dubbed "the homeless billionaire" when he sold off his residential properties and belongings. At 40 years old, he did not own a house, a car, or a watch; instead, he traveled – staying in different hotels with only a small bag of clothes and his BlackBerry. He retained his Gulfstream IV private jet, noting that it is too "practical" to dispense. In an interview with "Bloomberg", Berggruen stated: "I'm not that interested in material things. As long as I find a good bed that I can sleep in, that's enough".


title: Nicolas Berggruen

text: From 2012, Berggruen purchased several apartments in the Sierra Towers, where he lived for several years. In 2016, he had two children born from one egg donor and two surrogates. He lives with them in Los Angeles. Berggruen bought a home in Holmby Hills for $42 million in 2017. In 2021, he acquired the Gordon Kaufmann-designed, Hearst estate in Beverly Hills for $63.1 million, at the time the most ever paid for a home at an auction.