title: Lost television broadcast

text: "The Sunday Night Play" (a major event in the 1950s) was performed live in the studio. On Thursday, because telerecording was then of insufficient broadcast quality, another live performance followed, the artists returning to perform the play again. "Black Limelight" is a stage play which was adapted for British television three times, with each version being lost. These include a 1952 version as part of "Sunday Night Theatre", which was broadcast live and not recorded, a 1956 version as part of "Armchair Theatre" and a 1962 version as part of "BBC Sunday-Night Play".


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Although the Quadruplex videotape system was used in the UK from 1958, this system was expensive and complex; recorded programmes were often erased after broadcast in an era when the UK had few channels and repeats were rare. Videotape was not initially thought to be a permanent archivable medium – its high cost and the potential reuse of the tapes led to the transfer of programme material to film, via telerecording, whenever sales of overseas screening rights were possible or preservation deemed worthwhile. The recycling of videotapes, coupled with savings made on the storage of the bulky 2" tapes, enabled costs to be kept down.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The introduction of colour television in the United Kingdom from 1967 meant that broadcasters felt there was less value in retaining monochrome recordings. Such tapes could not be re-used for colour production, so they were disposed of to create space for the new colour tapes in the archives, which were quickly filling up. The increased cost of colour Quadruplex videotape—approximately £1,000 per tape at today's prices—meant that companies still often re-used the tapes for cost control purposes. Negative attitudes to a programme's value also persisted. Some early colour productions were telerecorded onto monochrome film for overseas sales to countries which did not yet have colour television. Early colour programmes may only survive in this form.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Today, most programmes are pre-recorded and it is relatively inexpensive to preserve programming for posterity.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The BBC, the United Kingdom's first public service broadcaster, had no policy on archiving until 1978.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The BBC's television service dates back to 1936 and was originally a nearly live-only medium. The hours of transmission were very limited and the bulk of the programming was transmitted either live from the studio, or from outside broadcast (OB) units; film was a minor contributor to the output. When the first television broadcasts were made, there were two competing systems in use. The EMI electronic system (using 405 lines) competed with the Baird 240-line mechanical television system. Baird adopted an intermediate film technique where the live material was filmed using a standard film camera mounted on a large cabinet which contained a rapid processing unit and an early flying spot scanner to produce the video output for transmission. The pioneer broadcasts were not, however, preserved on this intermediate film as the nitrate (celluloid) stock was scanned while still wet from the fixer bath and never washed to remove the fixer chemicals. Consequently, the film decomposed very soon after transmission; nothing is known to have survived. No studio or OB programmes from 1936 to 1939 or 1946 to 1947 have survived because there was no means of preserving them.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The world's earliest television crime drama "Telecrime" (1938–39 and 1946) or "Pinwright's Progress" (1946–47, the world's first regular situation comedy), "The Disorderly Room", "Sports Review", "Theatre Parade", and the play "Wasp's Nest", were broadcast live and not recorded. The only visual evidence of these programmes today consists of still photographs as live programmes were never recorded at all.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Four of the six episodes of "The Quatermass Experiment" (1953), Britain's first science fiction television programme aimed at an adult audience, were never recorded; the two existing episodes are the BBC's earliest recordings of any fictional series. The visual quality of the second episode's recording was considered so poor—a fly entered the gap between the camera and monitor at one point—that the remainder of the series was not recorded.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: High-profile examples of programme losses include the vast majority of the BBC's Apollo 11 Moon landing studio coverage, and all 147 episodes of the soap opera "United!". There are gaps in many long-running BBC series ("Dixon of Dock Green", "Sykes", "Out of the Unknown", and "Z-Cars"). Three episodes from the second series of "Dad's Army" are missing, as are 26 episodes of "Hancock's Half Hour".


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "The Madhouse on Castle Street", a 1963 BBC teleplay starring a then-unknown Bob Dylan, is considered lost. It was erased in 1968, and despite attempts by the British Film Institute to recover it, a telerecorded copy has still not been found . "A for Andromeda", a science fiction series that was Julie Christie's first major role, only survives in the form of a single episode (episode six, "The Face of the Tiger"), some film fragments from episodes one ("The Message"), two ("The Machine"), three ("The Miracle") and seven ("The Last Mystery"), and a complete audio recording of episode seven.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: As of 2021, 97 black and white episodes of the BBC science-fiction series "Doctor Who" are not known to survive, all from the tenures of the first two Doctors, William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton (see "Doctor Who" missing episodes). Audio recordings survive for all of the lost episodes and have been released commercially by the BBC. Several episodes of some serials, including "The Invasion", "The Reign of Terror", "The Power of the Daleks" and "The Ice Warriors" (all episodes only surviving in audio form), were reconstructed using animation for DVD releases. The BBC holds many clips from the lost episodes ranging from such sources as an 8 mm camera, censored clips physically cut from the episodes, insert shots, and clips shown on 1960s and 1970s programmes (such as "Blue Peter"). In late 2013, five previously missing episodes of "The Enemy of the World" and four of the five missing episodes of "The Web of Fear" were recovered from a television relay station in Nigeria. The only episode thought to be definitively irrecoverable is "The Feast of Steven", from the 1965–1966 serial "The Daleks' Master Plan", mainly due to the episode never being shown overseas.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The BBC wiped many editions of "Not Only... But Also", starring Peter Cook and Dudley Moore from its archives in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Cook and Moore reportedly offered to pay for the cost of preservation and buy new videotapes so that the old tapes would not need to be reused, but this offer was rejected. Some telerecordings of the black and white episodes survive, but the completed programmes on colour videotape of the 1970 series was wiped, so that the only surviving colour sketches are the 16mm film inserts.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Only two episodes of the drama documentary Crisis Command, which aired in 2004, are currently known to exist online.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: There is lost material in all genres — as late as the early 1990s, a large number of videotaped children's programmes from the 1970s and 1980s were irretrievably wiped by the BBC archives on the assumption that they were of "low priority", without consulting the BBC children's department itself.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Virtually the entire runs of the corporation's pre-1970s soap operas have been lost. In the 1950s and 1960s, the BBC soap operas "The Appleyards", "The Grove Family", "Compact", "The Newcomers", "199 Park Lane", and "United!" produced approximately 1,200 episodes altogether. There are no episodes of either "United!" or "199 Park Lane" in the archives, while only one episode of "The Appleyards", three episodes of "The Grove Family", and four episodes each of "Compact" and "The Newcomers" are known to exist. The early televised Francis Durbridge serials from 1952 to 1959 were either never recorded (the first two, "Broken Horseshoe" and "Operation Diplomat") or not retained.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Also vulnerable to the corporation's wiping policy were programmes that only lasted for one series. "Abigail and Roger", "The Airbase", "As Good Cooks Go", the 1960 adaptation of "The Citadel", the 1956 adaptation of "David Copperfield", "The Dark Island", "The Gnomes of Dulwich", "Hurricane", "For Richer...For Poorer", "Hereward the Wake", "The Naked Lady", "Night Train To Surbiton", "Outbreak of Murder", "Where do I Sit?", and "Witch Hunt" have all been wiped, with no footage surviving, while four out of seven episodes of the paranormal anthology series "Dead of Night" were wiped. Only about 30 episodes of "Dixon of Dock Green" remain out of a run of 432, and more than half of the episodes of "Z-Cars" are missing.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: An edition of "Hugh and I" ("Chinese Crackers"), starring Hugh Lloyd, Terry Scott, John Le Mesurier and David Jason was located by Kaleidoscope Publishing in 2010 in the archives of UCLA, and brought to general public attention in February 2011.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Episodes of the pop music chart show "Top of the Pops" from its first decade were wiped or, if transmitted live, not recorded. The Beatles' only live appearance on "Top Of The Pops" in 1966, performing the single "Paperback Writer" is believed to have been wiped in a clear-out in the 1970s. An off-air recording of 11 seconds of footage made on an 8mm film camera was discovered in April 2019. Clips of the Beatles miming "Can't Buy Me Love" and "You Can't Do That" on an episode from 25 March 1964 were found online by missing episode hunter Ray Langstone in 2015. The last lost edition dates from 8 September 1977. There are only four complete "TOTP" episodes surviving from the 1960s, while many otherwise-missing episodes survive only as fragments. Most appearances of Pink Floyd with Syd Barrett—are unavailable. Only two episodes still exist of "The Sandie Shaw Supplement" (a music-variety show hosted by the eponymous singer), recorded in 1967.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Since the establishment of an archival policy for television in 1978, BBC archivists and others over the years have used various contacts in the UK and abroad to try to track down missing programmes. For example, all BBC Worldwide customers—broadcasters around the world—who had bought programmes from the corporation were contacted to see if they still had copies which could be returned; "Doctor Who" is a prime example of how this method recovered episodes that the corporation did not retain. At the turn of the 21st century, the BBC established its Archive Treasure Hunt, a public appeal to recover lost productions, which has had some successes.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The BBC also has close contacts with the National Film and Television Archive, which is part of the British Film Institute and its "Missing Believed Wiped" event which was first held in 1993 and is part of a campaign to locate lost items from British television's past. There is also a network of collectors who, if they find any programmes missing from the BBC archives, will contact the corporation with information—or sometimes even the actual footage. Some examples of programmes recovered for the archives are "Doctor Who", "Steptoe and Son", "Till Death Us Do Part", "Dad's Army", "Letter from America", "The Likely Lads", and "Play for Today".


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The BBC was not alone in this practice: the franchise holders that formed its commercial rival ITV also wiped videotapes and destroyed telerecordings, leaving gaps in their archive holdings. The former nature of the ITV network, in which private independent companies were awarded franchises to serve geographical areas for a set period of time, meant that when companies lost their franchise, their archives were often sold to third parties and became fragmented, and/or risked being destroyed, as ownership and copyright remained with the production companies, rather than with the network.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Most of the archives of two ITV contractors ABC Weekend TV and Associated-Rediffusion were destroyed after 1968 when they were merged to become Thames Television. Associated-Rediffusion's archive suffered considerably more damage than ABC's, leaving little of "No Hiding Place", "The Rat Catchers", and other programmes. Almost all of the entire first series of "The Avengers" was erased shortly after transmission (only a few episodes survive in their entirety, along with the first 15 minutes of the very first episode). The few surviving tapes of Associated-Rediffusion belong to many different organisations, as the majority of Associated-Rediffusion's tapes were disposed of, although in recent years there have been occasional discoveries, such as a 1959 episode of "Double Your Money," and the remaining missing episode of "Around the World with Orson Welles", found by Ray Langstone in 2011. Most material from the 1960s also only survives as telerecordings. Some early episodes are also believed to be damaged or in poor quality, whereas much of the output of other broadcasters – such as many early episodes of "The Avengers" which were shot in the electronic studio rather than on film, produced by ABC – have been destroyed. Many master tapes belonging to ATV have since deteriorated due to bad storage and are unsuitable for broadcasting. In particular, the ATV version of the popular soap "Crossroads" is missing 2,850 episodes of its original 3,555. Also often largely lost are quiz shows; few editions exist of the 1970s version of "Celebrity Squares" with Bob Monkhouse, or Southern's children's quiz "Runaround". Many early music programmes, such as "Ready Steady Go" are poorly represented. Of more than 50 episodes produced, only the initial episode of "The Adventures of Twizzle", the first TV series produced by Gerry Anderson, is known to survive as of 2022.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The original (unbroadcast) black-and-white recording of the premiere episode of the British series "Upstairs, Downstairs" (1970–1975) does not exist in any form, with the possible exception of a few stills and the location footage which features at the start of the transmitted shot-in-color rerecording of the episode. The original recording took place on 13 November 1970, and was in monochrome, owing to a dispute with studio technicians, the so-called Colour Strike, who refused to work with colour recording equipment as part of a work to rule. The following five episodes were also recorded in monochrome, before the dispute ended with the recording of episode 6 in color on 12 February 1971. After the entire thirteen-episode season run had been recorded, it was decided to rerecord the first episode in colour to gain the highest possible audience for its first UK transmission and to help with overseas sales. The re-recording took place on 21 May 1971, and the series' UK debut was on 10 October 1971. The original monochrome recording was never transmitted and was wiped. All of the other five black-and-white episodes from Series 1 survive.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The state of the archives varies greatly between the different companies; Granada Television holds a large number of its older black-and-white programmes, the company having an unofficial policy of retaining as much of its broadcast material as possible despite financial hardship in its early years. This includes the entirety of the soap opera "Coronation Street" which is now held at the Yorkshire Television archive, which itself possesses largely intact archives, although some early colour shows from the late 1960s and the early 1970s, such as the entire output of the drama "Castle Haven", the first two series of "Sez Les" and the children's variety show "Junior Showtime" are believed wiped. The former ITV company Thames Television also has a significant library.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The archive of networked programmes made by Southern Television, for example, is now owned by the otherwise-unconnected Australian media company Southern Star Group but Southern's regional output is in the hands of ITV plc.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Furthermore, responsibility for archive preservation was left to individual companies. For example, ITV has no record of its live coverage of the 1969 Moon landings after the station responsible for providing the coverage, London Weekend Television, wiped the tapes. Of the 96 British inserts to the 1980s franchised Anglo-American-Canadian children's show "Fraggle Rock", only 12 are known to exist, as the library of the British producer (TVS) has been sold and subsequently split up.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: In recent years, the trend of preserving material has started to change. The archives of Westward Television and Television South West are now held in trust for the public as the South West Film and Television Archive, whilst changes in legislation mean that ITV companies which lose their franchises must donate their archives to the British Film Institute. However, the change of ITV from a federal structure to one centralised company means that changes of regional companies in the future seems highly unlikely.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: No copies of "The Adventures of Francie & Josie" exist, as most of Scottish Television's early shows were destroyed in a fire in late 1969 (although some sources state 1973). "The Adventures Of Francie & Josie" was made from 1961 to 1965 by STV.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Most editions of the anarchic British children's Saturday morning television series "Tiswas" were transmitted live without any official recording, and many of the original master tapes of such editions as recorded by the broadcaster were wiped or deteriorated after the series was canceled in 1982. When a series of "Tiswas" highlight compilation tapes was released on video in the early 1990s (followed in 2006 by a DVD), much of the footage appeared to have been culled from the off-air recordings of members of the public.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Since the BBC library was first audited in 1978, missing programmes or extracts on either film or tape are often found in unexpected places. An appeal to broadcasters in other countries who had shown missing programmes (notably Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and African nations such as Nigeria) produced "missing" episodes from the archives of those television companies. Episodes have also been returned to broadcasters by private film collectors who had acquired 16mm film copies from various sources.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Two Series 1 episodes of "The Avengers" (an ABC Weekend TV production) which were thought to be missing were recovered from the UCLA Film & Television Archive in the United States.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: It emerged in September 2010 that more than 60 recordings of BBC and ITV drama productions originally sent for broadcast in the United States by the PBS station WNET (which serves New York City and New Jersey) had been found at the Library of Congress.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The BBC sitcom "Steptoe and Son" is completely intact, although approximately half of the colour episodes only exist in monochrome; this was after copies of episodes thought to be lost were recovered in the late 1990s from early non-broadcast standard video recordings made for writers Ray Galton and Alan Simpson by BBC technicians. For many years the pilot episode of "Are You Being Served?" survived only in black and white, appearing in this form on the 2003 DVD release of the show. In 2009, a colour version was reconstructed when it was realised that the black and white film reel had actually recorded sufficient colour information as a dot crawl pattern to allow colour recovery.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: A few audio recordings of "Till Death Us Do Part" have been recovered, as well as an extract of the pilot and two episodes from series three.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: In the various sales of rights for "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", Series 1-4 from the UK edition were assumed to have been lost forever. However, in 2015, Challenge, a British channel repeating game shows, announced they had been found and were rebroadcast, though some episodes in that set remain missing and unfound.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Copies of several compilations from the British 1960s comedy "At Last the 1948 Show", held by many to be a forerunner of "Monty Python's Flying Circus", were discovered in the archives of the Swedish broadcaster SVT, to whom the producers Rediffusion London had sold them upon the companies' loss of its broadcasting licence. Their recovery enabled the reconstruction of otherwise missing original editions of the programme, meaning most of the series exists in visual form.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Off-air home audio recordings of television programmes have also been recovered, at least preserving the soundtracks to otherwise missing shows, and some of these (particularly from "Doctor Who") have been released on CD by the BBC following restoration and the addition of narration to describe purely visual elements. Tele-snaps, a commercial service of off-screen shots of programmes often purchased by actors and television directors to keep a record of their work in the days before videocassette recorders, have also been recovered for many lost programmes.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Advances in technology have resulted in old programmes being transferred to new digital media, where they can be restored or (if they are damaged or otherwise cannot be restored) kept from decaying further. In the United Kingdom, archival television recordings of both the BBC and ITV, along with other channels, have often been migrated from the older 2-inch quadruplex and 1-inch Type C videotapes to digital formats.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Live broadcasts in Britain are still not necessarily kept, and wiping of material has not ceased. According to writer and broadcaster Matthew Sweet, there are "big gaps in the record of children's television of the Nineties."


title: Lost television broadcast

text: In the United States, the major broadcast networks engaged in the practice of wiping recordings until the late 1970s. Many episodes were erased, especially daytime and late-night programming such as daytime soap operas and game shows. The daytime shows, almost all of them having been taped, were erased because they were not perceived as having continuing commercial value (due to the volume of episodes, rerun syndication of such programming was rarely undertaken). In the early 1970s, the passage of Financial Interest and Syndication Rules barred the networks from syndicating their own archived programming; intended to encourage more local and independent content, it had the unintended consequence of prompting the networks to discard tapes that syndication companies had no interest in distributing (especially those in black and white).


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Videocassette recorders, first introduced in the US with Cartrivision in 1972, were uncommon until the early 1980s. It is thought unlikely that lost television episodes exist in the collections of individuals, though this occasionally happens. Home audio recordings, however, were relatively common at the time, and audio recordings of these episodes are somewhat more common. One example of an early home video recording being the only surviving footage of an event is a clip of John Lennon visiting the announcers' booth during a 1974 "Monday Night Football" broadcast. ABC lost the footage of this event, but a private collector's copy appears in "The Beatles Anthology". Similarly, home kinescopes of World Football League recorded as game film serve as the only surviving copies of several games in that league's short history.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The success of cable television networks devoted to reruns of genres perceived as being of low value and thus discarded eventually suggested this was false, as the large number of episodes required for a daily program made even a short-run game show a candidate for syndication.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Most of the earliest American mechanical television programs of the early 1930s, including "The Television Ghost", "Piano Lessons" and variety shows by Helen Haynes and Harriet Lee, are considered lost, as no methods existed to preserve them. Only promotional pictures of the shows still exist.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Almost no audio or film material of any television shows from prior to 1948 exist. One of the few exceptions was "Hour Glass", an early variety show that ran from 1946 to 1947 and was preserved in the form of audio and, in the case of one episode, still pictures. The debut broadcast of "The Ed Sullivan Show" (then called "Toast of the Town") from June 20, 1948, is considered lost. The episode featured what is almost certainly the first television appearance of the comedy act of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Programs in the early days of television were live broadcasts which are lost because they were not recorded. Most prime-time programs that were preserved as kinescopes. This was also a common practice for broadcasting live TV shows to the west coast, as performers often performed a show back-to-back, but never three times in succession. Daytime programs, however, were generally not kinescoped for preservation (although many were temporarily kinescoped for later broadcast, episodes recorded in this way were usually discarded).


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Hosting sequences nearly always featuring celebrities, were sometimes made for telecasts of family films, such as for the first nine telecasts of MGM's "The Wizard of Oz" by CBS from 1956. It is not known if those made for "Oz" survived since they have not been seen since 1967. One hosting sequence from that era that does survive is the one Eddie Albert made for the 1965 CBS telecast of "The Nutcracker", starring Edward Villella, Patricia McBride, and Melissa Hayden. It has even been included on the DVD release of the program.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: During the period the DuMont Television Network (1946–1956) remained active, officials of the DuMont network wished to keep its programs as intact as possible. However, the network ceased to exist in 1956 and its archive was discarded in the 1970s. Nearly the entire film archive consisting of approximately 175 television series are missing, presumed destroyed. From the ten years of this network, only about 100 kinescope and originally film episodes of DuMont series survive at the Library of Congress, UCLA Film and Television Archive, the Paley Center for Media in New York, Chicago's Museum of Broadcast Communications, on YouTube or Internet Archive, or in private collections. In 1996, early television actress Edie Adams testified at a hearing in front of a panel of the Library of Congress on the preservation of American television and video, that little value was given to the DuMont film archive by the 1970s, and that all the remaining kinescoped episodes of DuMont series were loaded into three trucks and dumped into Upper New York Bay. This occurred around 1975, according to sworn testimony, to clear room at the New York City warehouse where it was previously being stored. See List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts for more info.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Of the over 20,000 shows carried by DuMont in its ten-year existence, approximately 350 or so episodes of DuMont programming are known to exist today, less than two percent of its total output. The remainder were either never recorded (e.g., "NFL on DuMont") or were dumped in the earlier purges. At least one of DuMont's shows were archived on its own: professional wrestling from the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (the direct predecessor to WWE), whose footage of wrestling matches from Madison Square Garden III as well as many matches of 1950s wrestling star Gorgeous George survive as part of WWE Libraries.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The first live sporting event broadcast by ESPN was the first game of the 1979 Softball World Series in men's professional slow-pitch softball. Roughly 20 years later, the manager of the Kentucky Bourbons, losers in the series, contacted ESPN about acquiring a copy of that game, and was told that this was the only lost broadcast in the network's history. However, it was later found that the owner of the series-winning Milwaukee Schlitz had previously purchased a copy of this broadcast, and still had the tapes in his possession. The tapes were produced and eventually became the centerpiece of an "" episode that aired as part of the network's 40th anniversary celebration in 2019.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: NBC reused the tapes of ventriloquist Shari Lewis's 1960–1963 Saturday morning children's program "The Shari Lewis Show", to record coverage of the 1964 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. Lewis said in an interview decades later that to her, this was a shame, since the shows were beautifully done as a showcase of NBC's early color broadcast work.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has a majority of its telecasts lost. Many parades were either un-recorded, discarded, or wiped entirely after their only broadcast. Only two parade telecasts from 1980 or prior exist in their entirety (1959, 1976); four others survive only via audio recordings that are up for sale online. Many clips of the NBC telecasts were shown in anniversary specials, showing that some of their telecasts exist. NBC also broadcast the parade locally in 1939 and during the mid-to-late 1940's, but those are also lost, as professional television recording did not exist until after World War II.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The joint Japanese and English masters for the original 1960s version of "Tetsuwan Atom"/"Astro Boy" were destroyed in 1975 by NBC after the syndication of the series ended and Tezuka Productions, which was undergoing bankruptcy at the time refused them for lack of funds to receive them. When The Right Stuf gained the license for the series, they were forced to find broadcast copies of the show and mate them with English sound masters that were still extant.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Several award shows from the 1950s and 1960s, such as the Academy Awards and the Emmy Awards, only survive in kinescope format. From 1957 to 1965, the Academy Awards were taped in black and white, but only survive in kinescope format for overseas distribution, especially for the European TV audiences, which used another system (625 lines as opposed to 525 lines), as the tapes used for late broadcasting were reused. All of the taped broadcasts of the Academy Awards from 1966 onward (the first to be broadcast in color) remain intact.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Approximately half of the episodes of 1957 syndicated cartoon "Colonel Bleep" are missing. The entire master archive was stolen in the early 1970s and not recovered. The current collection is taken from tapes sent out to individual stations, approximately half of which have been found.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Sixty episodes of the long-running show "Sesame Street" are missing from the archives of Sesame Workshop. This list of lost episodes includes the debut of long-running cast member Linda and Oscar the Grouch's pet worm, Slimey. Some of these episodes only exist dubbed in German from the show's German-language version, "Sesamstraße", while raw footage containing street scenes for some of the lost episodes is believed to exist somewhere in the archives.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "The Paul Winchell Show", also known as "The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show" was a children's show hosted by ventriloquist and voice actor Paul Winchell on Metromedia Television's KTTV in Los Angeles. All of the episodes are said to have been lost after station management vindictively erased tapes in 1970 in retaliation after Winchell refused Metromedia's syndication deal and Winchell's offer to buy the tapes for $100,000.00. Winchell sued Metromedia in 1986 and was awarded $17.8 million, in total for the value of the tapes and in damages against Metromedia. Metromedia subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court, but lost.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: In 1995, when Hallmark Cards acquired the catalogue of the American animation studio Filmation, they converted all the studio's series from NTSC to PAL. According to Entertainment Rights, which acquired the Filmation library in 2004, Hallmark discarded Filmation's original master tapes after they were converted.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Little of the first sitcom, "The Mary Kay and Johnny Show", remains today. It was initially live and not recorded, but later in its run kinescopes were made for rebroadcasting. Fragments of episodes and one complete installment are known to exist.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The "Louisiana Hayride" television program, broadcast in Shreveport, Louisiana and other local areas, featured the first television appearance of Elvis Presley, but only an audio recording taken from the acetate disc of Presley's complete performance, singing "Tweedlee Dee", "Money Honey", "Hearts of Stone", "Shake, Rattle and Roll", "That's All Right" and "You're a Heartbreaker" on the program, has survived. The original broadcast date was March 5, 1955.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The 1957 CBS production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Cinderella" starring Julie Andrews was believed to be lost for years. It was rediscovered in the late 1990s, but only in black-and-white kinescope; the original color broadcast has been lost. The kinescope has since been released on DVD.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: A number of episodes of the 1964-65 sitcom "My Living Doll", originally broadcast on CBS, are either lost or only survive in poor condition. The 2011 DVD release of the first half of the season includes an on-screen plea to anyone who might have prints of the missing episodes.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Many of Ernie Kovacs's videotaped network programs were also wiped. During different times as comedian, writer, and performer Kovacs had programs on all four major television networks (ABC, CBS, DuMont, and NBC). After Kovacs's death, the networks wiped many programs. Kovacs's widow Edie Adams obtained as many programs and episodes as she could find, donating them to UCLA's Special Collections.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Almost all of NBC's "The Tonight Show" with Jack Paar and the first ten years (1962–1972) hosted by Johnny Carson were taped over by the network or destroyed and no longer exist. Carson's shows were preserved by NBC into the early 1970s, but then thrown out to free storage space after the show moved to Burbank, California. When Carson later learned of their destruction, he was furious. Selected sequences from the 1962–1972 era survive and were often replayed by Carson himself (particularly in the months preceding his retirement in 1992) and have been released to home video; some audiotapes and still pictures of those years also exist, including the introduction to Carson's very first broadcast, which was presented with audio and still images during his final appearance hosting "Tonight" in 1992. Some Paar episodes also survive and have also been released to home video (in this case, DVD). Many of the 1960s "Tonight Show" episodes only survived in the kinescope format. Dick Cavett's ABC shows were also taped over by his network in favor of other shows produced at ABC's studios in New York.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Most of the 1980s talk show "Hot Seat with Wally George" broadcast before the show going into syndication were destroyed; the producing station (KDOC-TV in the Orange County, California area) could not afford to archive the show. Many episodes that were nationally syndicated do exist.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Game shows, more than any other genre, were prone to being lost. Many games between 1941 and 1980 lasted for time periods that were so short (some measured in a span of weeks or even days) that the networks felt it unnecessary to retain them, whereas recycling the tapes would be more profitable and less of an effort than attempting to sell the series in reruns, in an era before cable television.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Almost all daytime game shows from the 1970s and before have been destroyed. CBS's archives begin in 1972, ABC's in 1978, and NBC's in 1980. A handful of producers (such as Goodson-Todman) did arrange for the preservation of their shows even during the tape-recycling period. To a lesser extent, Barry-Enright Productions, Chuck Barris Productions, Jay Wolpert Productions, and the post-1980 Merv Griffin productions and to an even lesser extent Heatter-Quigley Productions had the foresight to preserve many of their games for later reruns; for years, these shows dominated the USA Network's game show block, then the Game Show Network (GSN) line-up and now make up a major portion of Buzzr TV's lineup. "You Bet Your Life", from the 1950s, as well as "The Gong Show", from the 1970s, was saved from destruction only because NBC gave hosts Groucho Marx and Chuck Barris, respectively, recordings they were otherwise going to discard.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "The Newlywed Game" (ABC, 1966-1974) Most episodes of the original ABC daytime version are lost, and many of those that do survive are said to have deteriorated. However, a handful have been shown on GSN, most notably the 1974 finale. The ABC nighttime version's status is also unknown for similar reasons, although a few of the evening shows have been shown on GSN's former block "Game Show Saturday Night". Most of the syndicated version exists, and has been rerun on GSN in the past.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The original "Jeopardy!" (NBC, 1964–1975) has less than 1% of its episodes (24 out of 2,753) still in existence.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Approx. 130 episodes of "The Hollywood Squares" (NBC, 1966–1981) were broadcast on Game Show Network, mostly the 1968 NBC nighttime version and 1971–1976 syndicated episodes, in addition to one daytime episode; NBC allegedly destroyed the remainder when it was announced that GSN acquired the rights to the "Squares" episodes , although several episodes exist at UCLA's Film and Television Archive.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "Snap Judgment" (NBC, 1967–1969) is completely destroyed (a rarity for a Goodson-Todman produced show) with only one episode existing on audio tape.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "The Big Showdown" (ABC, 1974–1975) has only two full episodes surviving, namely the 1974 pilot and episode #67, which aired in March 1975. A video clip of another bonus round exists, along with an ABC promo and an undated audio clip of an opening. An audio recording of the July 4, 1975, finale exists and circulates among collectors.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "Second Chance" (ABC, 1977), once thought completely lost other than a pilot episode, has three known episodes surviving, with one (the series finale) only existing on audiotape.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "High Rollers" (NBC and syndication, 1974–1976 and 1978–1980) has only twelve known episodes remaining: two from the first run and ten from the second, including the finale.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "Winning Streak" (NBC, 1974–1975) has only two known full episodes remaining plus the opening of a third - one surviving episode is noteworthy in that it was intended to air August 9, 1974, but was preempted due to news coverage of Richard Nixon's resignation and inauguration of Gerald Ford)


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "Let's Make a Deal"'s 1980-81 run, produced in Canada, only has between 33-40 "airable" masters remaining, in addition to several home recordings. The remaining master tapes are largely missing, or otherwise damaged beyond recovery.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "Sale of the Century"'s entire original NBC daytime run is gone, save for footage held in museum collections and a handful of clips used in specials. The 1973-74 syndicated version is presumed destroyed as well. The 1980s daytime version is presumed lost through July 12, 1988. No episodes of the daytime version prior to July 13, 1988 have ever aired on USA, GSN, or Buzzr, and the latter has never used any footage prior to that date on social media or in promotions. The July 1988 date was also cited by show staffer Mitt Dawson in a YouTube comment. The 1985-86 syndicated version exists in its entirety.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The second version of "Dream House" (NBC, 1983–1984) has only a handful of episodes remaining; the show's master tapes were accidentally destroyed by a flood in 2013.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The first daytime version of "Wheel of Fortune" (NBC, 1975–1989) is nearly destroyed through at least 1979, with a King World representative stating in August 2006 that creator Merv Griffin's production company continued reusing tapes into 1985. GSN aired one episode prior to the first cut-off point, a show from 1976 - as well as two shows prior to the 2nd cutoff point, Pat Sajak's debut as host in 1981 and Vanna White's debut as hostess in 1982. Both episodes were sourced from the Paley Center for Media. Additionally, clips of a March 1978 episode were used for a c.-2004 "Total Living" interview with original host Chuck Woolery, branded with a then-current (for the interview) GSN logo - the episode Paley Center holds as well.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Most other episodes of pre-1980 game shows are lost. With several exceptions, the majority of the Bob Stewart, Heatter–Quigley, Hatos–Hall, Ralph Andrews, Carruthers Company, Barry & Enright, Jack Barry, Ralph Edwards and Merv Griffin have been destroyed prior to 1980. Exceptions include "Pyramid" (Stewart), "PDQ" which aired in syndication as well as many episodes of "Hollywood Squares" (Heatter-Quigley), the syndicated "Let's Make a Deal") (Hatos-Hall), "The Joker's Wild" and the 1970s syndicated "Tic Tac Dough" plus a few rare pilots and "cast aside" episodes.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: NBC and ABC continued wiping their game shows well into the 1970s; while ABC ceased in early 1978, NBC continued to wipe some shows into 1980, leaving much of their daytime game show content lost. CBS abandoned wiping these programs by September 1972, largely as a result of their collaboration with Goodson-Todman; as a result, even the network's shorter-lived games (such as "Spin-Off" and "Whew!") still exist in their entirety. Incidentally, all three networks ended their wiping practices during the time Fred Silverman led their respective networks.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: As late as the late 1970s, American companies that syndicated game shows, such as Odyssey Productions, were more likely to wipe all their videotapes than the three networks were. The syndicated game show "Dealer's Choice", which ran throughout 1974 and 1975 in syndication throughout the United States, is believed to have been almost entirely destroyed. (In contrast, because syndication required dozens of copies of a given episode to be produced to be sent to individual stations, that also increased the possibility that "syndication prints" would survive by not being returned to the syndicator.)


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Some early news programs, such as "Camel News Caravan" on NBC, are largely lost. NBC neglected to preserve daily editions of the live two-hour morning program "Today" until the late 1970s; as a result, only scattered kinescopes and video segments chronicle the first quarter-century of the show's news coverage. Of the program's inaugural edition in January 1952, only the first half-hour and the last fifteen minutes exist for contemporary viewing.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Moving images of Walter Cronkite reading the news in his studio every night for six years (1962–August 2, 1968) are mostly gone. Exceptions are his coverage of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 and the November 1963 events in Dallas, Texas: the JFK assassination, the shootings of police officer J. D. Tippit and Lee Oswald and all three funerals, as well as his introduction of the Beatles and his criticism of the Vietnam War.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Douglas Edwards anchored the live five-minute segment "The CBS Afternoon News" five afternoons a week between 1962 and 1966. He started the segment immediately after the twenty-five minute broadcast of the Goodson-Todman game show "To Tell The Truth". Not one second from four years' worth of "The CBS Afternoon News" was preserved in any way.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Studio shots of Peter Jennings inside his ABC studio during his first year there (1965) are also gone.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Vanderbilt University has kept all evening national news telecasts since Monday, August 5, 1968. Only newscasts that lasted a half-hour were saved. During that era until the 1980s, all three networks continued featuring news updates that lasted five minutes or less and were inserted during commercial breaks. As late as the 1980s, very few were preserved. When anchorwoman Jessica Savitch appeared under the influence of drugs while anchoring "NBC News Digest" in 1983, total running time of one minute, NBC employees made no effort to preserve it. When her sudden death in a car accident, three weeks after the live telecast, made people curious about her appearance in the segment, it was discovered that an employee of an NBC affiliate had saved it without knowing its value. The affiliate was far away from New York City where Savitch worked.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: As of 1997, CBS had saved 1,000,000 videotapes of news reports, broadcasts, stock footage, and outtakes according to a report that year from the National Film Preservation Board. The same report added, "Television stations still erase and recycle their video cassettes", referring to local news programs. Many local stations contract with outside companies for archiving news coverage.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The original slow-scan TV footage of the first human moon landing in 1969, believed to be of significantly higher quality than the standards-converted version broadcast on TV, is missing from NASA's archives. This, among other things, has led to many conspiracy theories about the landings, though both NASA and non-NASA authorities have repeatedly debunked any claims of foul play. See Apollo 11 missing tapes.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Most US daytime soap opera episodes broadcast before 1978 have been lost. The status of episodes, however, varies significantly from show to show. Soaps produced by Procter & Gamble Productions, including "Search for Tomorrow", "Guiding Light", "As the World Turns", "The Edge of Night", and "Another World" began preserving their episodes in 1978. A few scattered episodes, mostly black and white kinescopes, of these series exist from the 1950s, 1960s, and early to mid-1970s. The CBS soaps "Love of Life" and "The Secret Storm", as well as several short-lived shows, suffered the same fate.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: ABC's "One Life to Live" and "All My Children" were originally owned by their creator, Agnes Nixon, who chose to archive all episodes. However, early episodes of "AMC" were only saved as black-and-white kinescopes despite being produced and telecast in color. ABC purchased the shows in late 1974; different sources report that Nixon's archive was either lost in a fire or erased. A few black-and-white kinescopes of both series' early years exist, as well as a few color episodes. ABC began full archiving of these soaps at Nixon's insistence when they expanded from 30 minutes to an hour—"AMC" in 1977, and "OLTL" in 1978.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Most 1963–1970 episodes of ABC's longest-running "General Hospital" survive because the series was then owned by Selmur Productions. Few episodes from 1970 to 1977 were saved. "Ryan's Hope" premiered in 1975, several years before ABC began saving all of its daytime programming, but exists in its entirety as it was originally owned by Labine-Mayer Productions.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: "Dark Shadows", created by Dan Curtis, which ran from 1966 to 1971, has the distinction of being one of the few soap operas to have nearly all of its original episodes preserved. As a result of kinescope, many earlier episodes of which the master film was lost are still available. However, episode #1219 was lost but reconstructed with an audio recording for home video release. The reconstructed episode included, "Dark Shadows" is at present the only soap opera to be released in its entirety on home video. It also stands as one of the only American soap operas to have reruns syndicated.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Two long-running soaps have full archives: "Days of Our Lives", which premiered in 1965, and "The Young and the Restless", which premiered in 1973. Both series were originally distributed by Screen Gems.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Though most soap operas made the transition from live broadcast to videotaping their shows during the 1960s, it was still common practice to wipe and reuse the tapes. This practice was due to the high cost of videotape at the time. While soap operas began routinely saving their episodes between 1976 and 1979, several soaps have saved recordings of most or all their episodes. "Days of Our Lives" has recordings of all its episodes; its first two episodes exist on their original master tapes, and were aired by SOAPnet in 2005. "The Young and the Restless", "Dark Shadows" and "Ryan's Hope" saved most of their episodes, despite the fact that they debuted during the 1960s and 1970s, before retaining tapes became common practice. Episodes of "The Doctors" began to be saved no later than December 4, 1967; this is where reruns of the series began when picked up by Retro Television Network in September 2014, and distributor SFM Entertainment claims to have roughly 95% of the series' episodes intact in its library. Episodes of other soaps broadcast during the 1950s to 1970s do exist in different forms and have been showcased in various places online.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Procter & Gamble started saving their shows around 1979. Very few pre-1979 color episodes of the Procter and Gamble-sponsored shows survive, with most extant episodes preserved as monochrome kinescopes. Exceptions include two episodes of "The Guiding Light" from November 1977 and another from 1973, which have been released on DVD. "As the World Turns" and "The Edge of Night" aired live until 1975, the year "The Edge of Night" moved to ABC and "As the World Turns" expanded from a 30-minute broadcast to one hour. Both shows began taping episodes in preparation for the move of "The Edge of Night" to ABC. "The Edge of Night"<nowiki>'s</nowiki> ABC debut is believed to have survived. Overall, the number of surviving monochrome episodes recorded on kinescope outnumber color episodes for these programs.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Agnes Nixon initially produced her series "One Life to Live" and "All My Children" through her own production company, Creative Horizons, Inc., and kept a complete archive of monochrome kinescopes until ABC bought the shows from her in 1975. When the network decided to expand "All My Children" from 30 minutes to a full hour in the late 1970s, Nixon agreed on the condition that the network would begin saving the episodes. ABC complied, and full hour broadcasts began on April 25, 1977. However, different sources indicate that a warehouse fire destroyed the vast majority of the early-1970s kinescopes, or that erasures of the episodes continued. As a result, a few early episodes from these early years survive.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: As of 2011, 1968's Super Bowl II is the only Super Bowl without any surviving telecast recording. A nearly complete color tape of Super Bowl I was discovered in 2005, but kept secret for nearly five years; portions of telecasts up through Super Bowl V are either missing or only exist in black-and-white. NFL Films, the league's official filmmaker, produced their own copies (at a higher quality than a live television broadcast could produce at the time) of the games for posterity.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Super Bowl I was aired by both CBS and NBC (the only Super Bowl to be aired by two networks), but neither network then felt the need to preserve the game long-term; CBS saved the telecast for a few months and re-ran it as filler programming at least once before wiping it. A color videotape containing the first, second and fourth quarters of the telecast from WYOU (the CBS affiliate for Scranton, Pennsylvania, which was then WDAU-TV) was found in 2005 and is in the process of being restored. On January 15, 2016, the NFL Network re-aired the first Super Bowl, featuring audio from NBC Radio and most of the TV network broadcast and newly discovered NFL Films footage of the game. Super Bowl II was aired exclusively by CBS and was long believed to have been erased, but it was later found that the entire telecast fully exists and rests in the vaults of NFL Films. Though NBC's telecast of Super Bowl III exists entirely in color, only half of the CBS broadcast "Super Bowl IV" broadcast does (the rest was preserved via Canadian simulcasts in black-and-white). The first three quarters of Super Bowl V broadcast by NBC Los Angeles' O&O station KNBC exist, but the fourth quarter is missing, though the Mike Curtis interception and Jim O'Brien game-winning field goal were recovered via news highlights from CBC in Canada. Super Bowl VI also exists in its entirety. It was not until Super Bowl VII that a continuous archive was established, with all Super Bowl telecasts from that point onward existing in their entireties.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Similarly, all of the telecasts of the NFL Championship Games prior to the Super Bowl are believed to have been lost, with all surviving footage of those games coming from separately produced film. The status of most regular season and playoff games from the early years of television up to the immediate years following the 1970 AFL–NFL merger are also unknown. Among the footage that has survived include at least some of NBC's coverage from the 1972 AFC Divisional Playoff game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Oakland Raiders that featured the Immaculate Reception, as well as the inaugural telecast of "Monday Night Football" from 1970 between the Cleveland Browns and the New York Jets, though several "Monday Night Football" games in the ensuing seasons were lost. A 1974 game that featured John Lennon being interviewed by Howard Cosell in the booth only survived due to a home video recording of the game; the game itself was wiped by ABC. CBS kept coverage of a 1978 matchup between the New York Giants and Philadelphia Eagles that would feature the now-infamous Miracle at the Meadowlands, although the existence of many 1978 games on CBS by private collectors shows that the networks by that point started keeping recordings of regular season games. There are rare exceptions of CBS games from 1977 back, but by 1978 the library of most teams is almost fully complete.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The NFL had its own filmmakers, NFL Films, filming the game with its own equipment. Thus, preserving the telecasts on tape was not seen as a priority by the networks when another source was available – though the sportscasters' play-by-play comments, as a result, were lost.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Most of the telecasts of the World Football League, which were syndicated nationwide by the TVS Television Network in 1974, were destroyed by TVS. (The "ad hoc" network refused to carry WFL games in 1975 after the league failed to sign star quarterback Joe Namath; with no national TV revenue, the league folded midway through the season.) Very little broadcast-quality footage survives; fragments of the World Bowl and playoffs have been saved, as have a few regular season games, including the league's inaugural national telecast (which as of 2000 existed only on a fourth-generation copy of a VHS tape).


title: Lost television broadcast

text: NFL Films compiled as much footage as it could find from the league for a 2000 episode of its series "Lost Treasures", which included segments from most of the broadcast-quality footage and home-recorded kinescopes of very poor quality (mainly used as game film to assess performance) that serve as some of the only footage of the Charlotte Stars. The WFL did not have an in-house films division, but cinematographer Lewis Bice did shoot several highlight reels for promotions and television newscasts; when NFL Films found some of Bice's surviving work, they were surprised to see it was at or near their own quality.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: All telecasts of all World Series games starting in 1975 (Reds–Red Sox) are known to exist in full. What follows is the known footage of World Series telecasts prior to 1975:


title: Lost television broadcast

text: For the League Championship Series telecasts spanning from 1969 to 1975, only 2 games survived, one is Game 2 of the 1972 American League Championship Series (Oakland–Detroit) is known to exist; however, the copy on the trade circuit is missing the Bert Campaneris–Lerrin LaGrow brawl. The other is Game 1 of the 1973 National League Championship Series that was covered by New York's then-called WOR-TV and it featured the game all the way up to 2 outs in the bottom of the 8th inning.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: There are some instances where the only brief glimpse of telecast footage of an early LCS game can be seen in a surviving newscast from that night.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: While all telecasts of World Series games starting with 1975 are accounted for and exist, the LCS is still a spotty situation through the late 1970s:


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Some museums and other cultural institutions, such as the Paley Center for Media, have taken steps to discover and preserve old recordings previously thought to have been wiped or discarded, lost, or misfiled.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Virtually all episodes of "General Hospital", from its premiere in April 1963 through to August 1970, are archived at UCLA. The UCLA Film & Television Archive holds a large number of daytime television airings that were spared from the wiping practice. Also archived there are handfuls of episodes of each soap opera that was on the air from 1971 and 1973, including "A World Apart", "Where the Heart Is", and "Return to Peyton Place".


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Lost programs of the national broadcaster Vietnam Television (VTV) may be due to liquidation of tapes, scratched tapes, etc., but in most cases are due to the erasure of old tapes with new programs, so most of the previous programs on VTV in the pre-2000 period are very difficult to find.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The public appeal campaign the BBC Archive Treasure Hunt for the search for lost BBC productions has ended. The BBC still does accept materials and they can be contacted through the "Donating to the BBC Collection" page of the history on the BBC website.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: In 2006, a life-sized Dalek was given to anyone who found and returned one of the missing episodes of "Doctor Who". In December 2012, the "Radio Times" announced it was launching a hunt for more "Doctor Who" episodes in aid of the show's 50th anniversary, by publishing their own list of missing episodes and setting up a specific address which the public could email if they had any information. Nine lost 1960s episodes were discovered in storage at a television broadcasting station in Nigeria in 2013.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: Many lost UK TV broadcasts were found in the personal archives of comedian Bob Monkhouse after his death.


title: Lost television broadcast

text: The 1951 unaired pilot of the American sitcom "I Love Lucy" was long believed lost, but in 1990, the widow of actor Pepito Pérez (who played Pepito the Clown), found a copy. It has since been shown on television.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: 9 (or Nine) is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language science fiction horror film written and directed by Jenuse Mohamed. It was jointly produced by Prithviraj Productions and SPE Films India (Sony Pictures India), and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film stars Prithviraj Sukumaran, Alok Krishna, Wamiqa Gabbi, Mamta Mohandas and Prakash Raj in lead roles. The film marks the first regional Indian film production and distribution of Sony Pictures and the debut of Prithviraj Productions.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: In the film, a global crisis arises when a comet passes very close to the Earth for 9 days. The film explores Albert Lewis and his son Adam's lives, as a direct result of the comet. "9" was released in India and Gulf Cooperation Council territories on 7 February 2019.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: Dr. Albert Lewis (Prithviraj Sukumaran) is a widowed astrophysicist living in Kerala with his 8-year-old son Adam. He is emotionally distant with his son whom he silently believes to be the reason he lost his beloved wife Annie (Mamta Mohandas) who died in childbirth. His only other kin Annie's brother is hostile with Albert and Adam as he feels Adam is evil and is the cause of a freak accident that rendered his son paralysed while he and Adam were playing on terrace. Adam is shown to be a gloomy but seemingly perceptive boy. He is shown to have run into trouble with authorities several times and Albert is irked by this too.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: A comet from an unknown galaxy is projected to pass beside Earth which will cause a huge electromagnetic pulse (EMP) surge and is predicted to be lasting nine days, during which time none of the modern inventions including electricity, phone, engine-run vehicles will work anywhere in the world. Several days before this phenomenon, Albert's mentor Dr. Inayat Khan (Prakash Raj) visits him at his house and asks him to conduct research about the comet and sends him to a place in the Indian Himalayas, from where the closest citing of the comet is expected. Inayat also says to Albert that this incident is long portrayed by the locals over there and their caves have drawing of the comet with its earlier and future occurrences. Albert, with his colleagues and son, goes to the Himalayas for the research and Albert and Adam opts to stay at an old bungalow owned by Dr.Inayat with Hakka, an old janitor from the local tribe to assist them. Then the story progresses with the appearance of another character named Ava (Wamiqa Gabbi). Adam has bad feelings about Ava, as she tries to trap him. Adam informs this to Albert, but his father doesn't take it right. One time, Adam and Hakka were talking, Ava takes Adam, and haunts him on telling about her to Albert, Hakka on seeing this is injured by Ava. Adam and Albert leave the house. Albert is attacked by Ava and Adam is taken. Albert wakes at Dr. Inayat's where he tells him that Ava is actually Albert and that he has bipolar schizoaffective disorder which explains why Adam was frightened by him in a few scene and tells him he has one day to see Adam alive or else, the police are involved. Adam is found, and Ava leaves as the last night goes, happily leaving the father-son duo. Then, Albert asks Adam who Eva is, causing Adam to gasp, hinting at Ava's existence.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: The mid credits scene shows a cave with a painting on its walls, showing a cosmic creature with a female-like appearance tormenting people, indicating that Ava is real.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: On 6 November 2016, "The Times of India" reported that Jenuse Mohamed is set to direct an untitled science fiction horror film written by himself, with Prithviraj Sukumaran signed to play the lead role. Confirming the project to the news-daily, Mohamed said that they are hoping to start filming after March 2017 and the film will be mostly shot in Himachal Pradesh and in Kerala for the remaining portion, also adding Parvathy Thiruvothu and Nithya Menen would be acting beside Prithviraj (both later replaced). In March 2018, Prithviraj announced that the film, titled "9", will be jointly produced by his newly formed production house Prithviraj Productions in partnership with Sony Pictures. The film was reportedly scheduled to begin filming in the following month. "9" marks the debut of Prithviraj Productions and the first regional Indian film of Sony Pictures.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: Jenuse wrote the complete screenplay of "9" within a week. He approached Prithviraj in 2016. Prithviraj initially signed the film as an actor and producing the film was not in his mind, but later when he decided to launch a production house with his wife Supriya Menon, they chose "9" as their debut production. Its pre-production began in 2017.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: Principal photography began on 9 April 2018 in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Filming also took place in Kochi. Shooting schedule in Kerala was completed on 18 April. Final scenes in this schedule was shot at Kuttikkanam hill station in Idukki district. Abinandhan Ramanujam was the cinematographer. High precision movie camera was required for filming as almost 60 percent of the film was to be shot at night. Beginning from its second schedule in Manali, Himachal Pradesh, the Red Digital Cinema Gemini 5K camera was used for filming, in its debut use in Indian cinema. The team completed shooting in Spiti Valley by June 2018. Filming was wrapped in Delhi where a song sequence was shot. Principal photography was completed in 48 days. Major part of filming took place in Manali and Spiti Valley. It took more than six months for post-production. Production of the film was completed at a cost lower than the estimated budget.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: The film features background score composed by Sekhar Menon and two songs composed by Shaan Rahman. It was released by Sony Music India.


title: 9 (2019 film)

text: "9" was released in India and Gulf Cooperation Council territories on 7 February 2019 by Sony Pictures Releasing.


title: Candida auris

text: Candida auris is a species of fungus that grows as yeast. It is one of the few species of the genus "Candida" which cause candidiasis in humans. Often, candidiasis is acquired in hospitals by patients with weakened immune systems. "C.auris" can cause invasive candidiasis (fungemia) in which the bloodstream, the central nervous system, and internal organs are infected. It has attracted widespread attention because of its multiple drug resistance. Treatment is also complicated because it is easily misidentified as other "Candida" species.


title: Candida auris

text: "Candida auris" was first described in 2009 after it was isolated from the ear canal of a 70-year-old Japanese woman at the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital in Japan. In 2011, South Korea saw its first cases of disease-causing "C.auris". Reportedly, this spread across Asia and Europe, and first appeared in the U.S. in 2013.


title: Candida auris

text: DNA analysis of four distinct but drug-resistant strains of "Candida auris" indicate an evolutionary divergence taking place at least 4,000 years ago, with a common leap among the four varieties into drug-resistance possibly linked to widespread azole-type antifungal use in agriculture. However, explanations for its emergence remain speculative.


title: Candida auris

text: First identified in 2009, "Candida auris" is a species of ascomycetous fungus of the genus "Candida" that grows as a yeast. Its name comes from the Latin word for ear, "auris". It forms smooth, shiny, whitish-gray, viscous colonies on growth media. Microscopically cells are ellipsoid in shape.


title: Candida auris

text: In vitro, more than 90% of "C.auris" isolates are resistant to fluconazole and a range of 3–73% of "C.auris" isolates are resistant to voriconazole, while other triazoles (posaconazole, itraconazole, and isavuconazole) display better activity. Of isolates, 13% to 35% were reported resistant to amphotericin B; however, most isolates are susceptible to echinocandins.


title: Candida auris

text: Treatment is complicated because "C.auris" is easily misidentified as various other "Candida" species.


title: Candida auris

text: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 30–60% of people with "C.auris" bloodstream infections (BSI) have died. However, many of these people had other serious illnesses and conditions (comorbidities) that also increased their risk of death.


title: Candida auris

text: There is currently no vaccine for "Candida auris," however, attempts have been made, with experiments involving the NDV-3A vaccine that successfully immunized mice against the fungus. The vaccine also improved the protective efficacy of the antifungal drug micafungin against "C. auris" infection in the bloodstream.


title: Candida auris

text: Several draft genomes from whole genome sequencing have been published. "C.auris" has a genome size of 12.3–12.5 with a GC-content of 44.5–44.8%. The "C.auris" genome was found to encode several genes for the ABC transporter family, a major facilitator superfamily, which helps to explain its multiple drug resistance. Its genome also encodes virulence-related gene families such as lipases, oligopeptide transporters, mannosyl transferases and transcription factors which facilitate colonization, invasion, and iron acquisition. Another factor contributing to antifungal resistance is the presence of a set of genes known to be involved in biofilm formation.


title: Candida auris

text: More studies are needed to determine whether the phylogenetic divergence of "C.auris" clones exhibits region-specific patterns of invasiveness, virulence, and/or drug resistance.


title: Candida auris

text: The phylogenetics of "C.auris" suggest distinct genotypes exist in different geographical regions with substantial genomic diversity. A variety of sequence-based analytical methods have been used to support this finding.


title: Candida auris

text: Whole genome sequencing and analyses of isolates from Pakistan, India, South Africa, Venezuela, Japan, and previously sequenced "C.auris" genomes deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's Sequence Read Archive identified a distinct geographic distribution of genotypes. Four distinct clades separated by tens of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. The distribution of these clades segregated geographically to South Asia (India and Pakistan), South Africa, Venezuela, and Japan with minimal observed intraregion genetic diversity.


title: Candida auris

text: Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of "C.auris" isolates from the United Kingdom, India, Japan, South Africa, South Korea, and Venezuela suggested that the London isolates formed a distinct cluster compared to the others.


title: Candida auris

text: Comparison of ribosomal DNA sequences of "C.auris" isolates from Israel, Asia, South Africa, and Kuwait found that the strains from Israel were phylogenetically distinct from those from the other regions.


title: Candida auris

text: Chatterjee et al. wrote in 2015, "Its actual global distribution remains obscure as the current commercial methods of clinical diagnosis misidentify it as "C.haemulonii"."


title: Candida auris

text: "Candida auris" was first described in 2009 after it was isolated from the ear canal of a 70-year-old Japanese woman at the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital in Japan. It was isolated based on its ability to grow in the presence of the fungicide micafungin, an echinocandin class fungicide. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses established "C.auris" as a new strain of the genus "Candida".


title: Candida auris

text: The first three cases of disease-causing "C.auris" were reported from South Korea in 2011. Two isolates had been obtained during a 2009 study and a third was discovered in a stored sample from 1996. All three cases had persistent fungemia, i.e. bloodstream infection, and two of the patients subsequently died due to complications. Notably, the isolates initially were misidentified as "Candida haemulonii" and "Rhodotorula glutinis" using standard methods, until sequence analysis correctly identified them as "C.auris". These first cases emphasize the importance of accurate species identification and timely application of the correct antifungal for the effective treatment of candidiasis with "C.auris".


title: Candida auris

text: During 2009–2011, 12 "C.auris" isolates were obtained from patients at two hospitals in Delhi, India. The same genotype was found in distinct settings: intensive care, surgical, medical, oncologic, neonatal, and pediatric wards, which were mutually exclusive with respect to health care personnel. Most had persistent candidemia and a high mortality rate was observed. All isolates were of the same clonal strain, however, and were only identified positively by DNA sequence analysis. As previously, the strain was misidentified with established diagnostic laboratory tests. The Indian researchers wrote in 2013 that "C.auris" was much more prevalent than published reports indicate since most diagnostic laboratories do not use sequence-based methods for strain identification.


title: Candida auris

text: The fungus spread to other continents and eventually, a multi-drug-resistant strain was discovered in Southeast Asian countries in early 2016.


title: Candida auris

text: The first report of a "C.auris" outbreak in Europe was an October 2016 in Royal Brompton Hospital, a London cardio-thoracic hospital. In April 2017, CDC director Anne Schuchat named it a "catastrophic threat". the CDC had reported 77 cases in the United States. Of these, 69 were from samples collected in New York and New Jersey.


title: Candida auris

text: Since it was first observed in the United Kingdom, it has spread to more than 20 NHS Trust hospitals and infected 200 people.


title: Candida auris

text: , the CDC has documented cases of "C.auris" from the following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Venezuela.


title: Candida auris

text: "Candida auris" fungus ("C. auris") is a multi-drug–resistant fungal infection that spreads in hospitals and is extremely deadly—killing as many as one in three who get it.


title: Candida auris

text: Arturo Casadevall, MD, PhD, and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology chair at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health stated:


title: Candida auris

text: What this study suggests is this is the beginning of fungi adapting to higher temperatures, and we are going to have more and more problems as the century goes on. Global warming will lead to selection of fungal lineages that are more thermally tolerant.


title: Candida auris

text: The COVID-19 pandemic has taken resources away from combating and tracking the fungus, which has led to outbreaks. Shortages of personal protective equipment forced medical personnel to reuse of gowns and masks during the pandemic, which has contributed to the fungi's spread. In 2021, the CDC identified strains of "Candida auris" that were immune to all existing medications used to treat fungal infections.


title: Candida auris

text: Antimicrobial resistance in general is an increasingly common phenomenon. In 2010, two million people were reported to have contracted resistant infections in the United States 23,000 fatally. "[M]ore recent estimates from researchers at Washington University School of Medicine put the death toll at 162,000. Worldwide fatalities from resistant infections are estimated at 700,000 per year. "C. auris" is one of the many microbial contributors to this global AMR estimation.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: An Islamic State (IS) cell composed of four British militants was nicknamed "the Beatles" after the British rock group the Beatles by their hostages; the members were nicknamed "John", "Paul", "George", and "Ringo" after the musicians.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: They carried out the beheadings in Iraq and Syria in 2014 of American journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff, and British aid workers David Haines and Alan Henning. The group also guarded more than 20 Western hostages of ISIS in Western Raqqa, Syria. They were reportedly harsher than other ISIS guards, torturing captives with electroshock weapons and subjecting them to mock executions (including a crucifixion) and waterboarding.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: In November 2015, one of the militants was killed and one was arrested and imprisoned in Turkey; the other two were captured in early 2018, transferred to U.S. military custody, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the U.S. in 2022.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: The group nicknamed "the Beatles" were four or three, British Muslims fighting for the extremist, jihadist Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The group's nickname, and its members' nicknames, "John", "Paul", "George" and "Ringo", were used by the hostages, after the four members of the English rock group The Beatles, due to their regional English accents. The nickname was condemned by English musician and former Beatle Ringo Starr, saying: "It's bullshit. What they are doing out there is against everything The Beatles stood for ... [we] absolutely stood for peace and love." Beatles fans were also outraged.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: They took Western hostages for ISIL and guarded more than 20 in cramped cells in Western Raqqa, Syria, beheaded hostages, and made and published videos of their beheadings. They always kept their faces hidden.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: The Beatles, who were assigned responsibility for guarding foreign hostages by ISIL commanders, were allegedly harsher than other ISIL guards. One source said: “Whenever the Beatles showed up, there was some kind of physical beating or torture.” According to a freed French hostage, they were the most feared of the jihadists because of their propensity to beat the captives, and their taste for the macabre, which included: use of electric shock taser guns, mock executions (including a crucifixion of Foley), and waterboarding.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: At one point, the Beatles were temporarily removed from their guard duties by ISIL because of their excessive brutality.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: The Beatles sought to obtain ransoms for their hostages. A former hostage reported that the Beatles bragged that they had been paid millions of dollars in ransoms by certain European countries, enough to retire to Kuwait or Qatar. The group contacted families of some UK hostages, and are believed to have maintained links with their associates and friends in the UK. James Foley's mother, Diane Foley, said in an interview: “their requests were impossible for us, 100 million Euros, or all Muslim prisoners to be freed. The requests from the terrorists were totally directed towards the government, really. And yet we as an American family had to figure out how to answer them.”


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: Between the period of August 2014 to January 2015, Jihadi John was involved in the beheadings of American journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff, British humanitarian aid workers David Haines and Alan Henning, American aid worker Peter Kassig, Japanese private military contractor Haruna Yukawa, Japanese journalist Kenji Goto, and 22 members of the Syrian armed forces.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: A former ISIS member said that using a British man to carry out the beheadings was likely a deliberate effort by ISIS to “project the image that a European, or a Western person, killed an American so that they can ... appeal to others outside Syria, and make them feel that they belong to the same cause.”


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: The jihadist known as "John", the leader of the Beatles and usually referred to as "Jihadi John", was identified by "The Washington Post", in February 2015, as Mohammed Emwazi, and appears in a video as Foley's killer. His identity was known to UK and US intelligence agencies in September 2014, but was not released for reasons of operational security. On 12 November 2015, a United States drone aircraft reportedly conducted an airstrike in Raqqa that targeted Emwazi as he left a building and entered a vehicle. US officials said that he was thought to have been killed in what was described as a "flawless" and "clean hit" with no collateral damage, but his death had not been confirmed. In January 2016, ISIL confirmed his death.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: "George" often spent time repeating sections of the Quran and promoting ISIL's extremist views publicly. He used the "nom-de-guerre" of ""Abu Muhareb"", which means "Fighter" in Arabic. "The Daily Telegraph" erroneously speculated that "George" was the West London jihadist Abdel-Majed Abdel Bary who may have travelled to Syria with fellow jihadist Mohammed Emwazi.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: In 2016, Alexanda Kotey, a 32-year-old convert from west London, was identified as a member of the Beatles by "The Washington Post" and "BuzzFeed News". They were uncertain whether he was "George" or "Ringo".


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: A few months later, another joint investigation by the "Washington Post" and BuzzFeed identified the last member of the group. El Shafee Elsheikh, a British citizen whose family fled Sudan in the 1990s, is a Londoner who had travelled to Syria in 2012. They were still uncertain whether Elsheikh or Kotey was "George".


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: In early January 2017, the US State Department froze the assets of Alexanda Kotey but did not confirm he was "George". In late March 2017, the US State Department froze the assets of El Shafee Elsheikh but did not confirm he was "George". In early 2018, Kurdish fighters caught both Kotey and Elsheikh in Syria near the border with Iraq, and handed them over to American officials who confirmed their identities by biometrics and finger prints. The British citizenship of both men was revoked. In 2021 in U.S. Federal Court, Kotey pleaded guilty to "hostage-taking resulting in death and providing material support to the Islamic State group from 2012 to 2015".


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: According to a former hostage, Elsheikh was "George". However, according to prosecutors in Elsheikh's trial, Elsheikh was "Ringo".


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: "Paul" played a smaller role in the group and did not appear until later in the detention of some of those held by the Islamic State. Aine Lesley Davis is reported to have been one of the British Islamists assigned to guard Western hostages.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: A significant force of the British Special Air Service was deployed to Northern Iraq in late August 2014, and according to former MI6 employee Richard Barrett would be sent to Syria, tasked with trying to track down the Beatles using a range of high-tech equipment and with potentially freeing other hostages. As of September 2014, British intelligence and security agencies, including MI5 and Scotland Yard, aided by GCHQ communication monitoring, were working with the FBI and CIA, and field teams from MI6 and the CIA in Northern Syria, to identify and locate the group. British and US electronic eavesdropping agencies intercepted communications by the group.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: Elsheikh and Kotey were captured and in US custody in Iraq, and later transferred to the US. They were stripped of their British nationality in 2018. The possibility of indefinite detention without charge in the Guantanamo detention camp was being considered by US authorities as an alternative to a civilian trial. Another option under consideration was trial at the International Court of Justice in the Hague.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: Input into the case against the two men from the UK government was critical to securing a conviction. The UK legal system does not permit assistance in foreign legal cases where a death sentence is possible, but nevertheless Home Secretary Sajid Javid initially agreed to assist the US legally without getting assurances that Kotey and Elsheikh would not face the death penalty, 'in large part because of anticipated outrage among political appointments in the Trump administration'. However, a UK court ruling blocked the sharing of evidence with American authorities unless the death penalty was ruled out. On 18 August 2020 the US government assured the UK government that it would not seek the death penalty.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: On 7 October 2020, Alexanda Kotey and El Shafee Elsheikh were brought to the United States to face charges of conspiracy, and hostage taking resulting in death. On 2 September 2021, Kotey pleaded guilty in a US court to charges of conspiring to murder four American hostages. On 14 April 2022, El Sahfee Elsheikh was convicted by a federal jury on eight felony charges for his role in the terrorist cell. Elsheikh and Kotey were sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: The Beatles (terrorist cell)

text: Aine Lesley Davis was arrested in Turkey on 13 November 2015 and tried in 2016, accused of plotting a terror attack there. On 9 May 2017, he was convicted of terrorism offences by a Turkish court and sentenced to seven and a half years in prison. In August 2022 Aine was deported from Turkey and arrested on arrival in the UK. He was charged under the Terrorism Act 2000 provisions of providing money to support terrorism and possessing a firearm for terrorism, and remanded in custody.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The Bridge is a 2006 British-American documentary film by Eric Steel spanning one year of filming at the Golden Gate Bridge which crosses the Golden Gate entrance to San Francisco Bay, connecting the city of San Francisco, California to the Marin Headlands of Marin County, in 2004. The film shows a number of suicides, and features interviews with family and friends of some of the identified people who had thrown themselves from the bridge that year and one person who had jumped previously and survived.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The film was inspired by a 2003 article titled "Jumpers", written by Tad Friend for "The New Yorker" magazine. The film crew shot almost 10,000 hours of footage, recording 23 of the known 24 suicides off the bridge in 2004.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The Golden Gate Bridge, which first opened in May 1937, was the most popular suicide site in the world during the documentary's filming, with approximately 1,200 deaths by 2003. Its death toll has since been surpassed only by the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge in China.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The four-second fall from the Golden Gate Bridge sends a person plunging at to hit the waters of the San Francisco Bay "with the force of a speeding truck meeting a concrete building." Jumping off the bridge holds a 98 percent fatality rate; some die instantly from internal injuries, while others drown or die of hypothermia.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: In his article for "The New Yorker", Tad Friend wrote, "Survivors often regret their decision in midair, if not before", supported by survivor Ken Baldwin explaining, "I instantly realized that everything in my life that I'd thought was unfixable was totally fixable—except for having just jumped."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: In the 1970s, the city's newspapers sparked "countdowns" as the death toll closed in on 500 recorded fatalities. Television crews covered the scene as bridge officials managed to stop 14 prospective jumpers, among them a man with a sign reading "500" pinned to his T-shirt. The media frenzy was even more intense in 1995 as the total drew close to 1,000. The body of the 1,000th victim, a 25-year-old who was seen jumping, remains unrecovered.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Steel said he was shocked that, despite the Golden Gate Bridge's notoriety and history, nothing had been done to prevent people from attempting suicide there. "Most bridges where, or high places, if it's high enough that it would be a fatal fall, have put up suicide barriers precisely for this reason."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Steel steered clear of publicity about the project to avoid a situation where someone would "get it into his or her head to go to the bridge and immortalize him or herself on film." The camera crew consisted of 10 to 12 people who filmed the bridge day and night in 2004, using telephoto and wide-angle cameras.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: In the first few months of filming, the crew captured only splashes in the water and only knew someone had jumped when the Coast Guard arrived. The first jumper caught with the telephoto lens was not behaving as filmmakers expected—crying and weeping—but, rather, was jogging, talking on his cellphone and laughing; he then suddenly put his things away and leaped to his death. During filming, on average, one person jumped off the Golden Gate Bridge every 15 days.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The film also shows many people being saved from jumping. In one case a woman traversed the upper railing to the lower railing only to be pulled by her collar back to safety by an unrelated photographer. Filmmakers tried in each case to intercede when they could, succeeding in preventing six jumps. The crew members were trained in suicide prevention prior to filming, and had their phones programmed to call the bridge authority if they suspected someone was about to jump. "All of us came to the same conclusion that we were human beings first and filmmakers second", Steel said. However, in most cases there was either no warning or no time to prevent the jump.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The documentary also features an interview with Kevin Hines, who survived his suicide attempt at the bridge in 2000. As he fell toward the water, he decided that he wanted to live after all and positioned himself so he hit the water feet first. He suffered serious injuries to his spine, but his life was saved by a black seal swimming below him. He later attributed the seal's presence as a sign from God.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Steel interviewed relatives and friends of the suicide victims, but did not inform them that he had footage of their loved ones' deaths. He claimed that, "All the family members now, at this point, have seen the film, [and are] glad that they had participated in it." He filmed 120 hours of interviews. Jumper Gene Sprague's life is shown throughout the film, ending with his jump into the water, shown as the last jump of the film from two opposite points. While the film crew was filming on May 11, 2004, Sprague appeared at the Golden Gate Bridge and walked back and forth over the bridge for 93 minutes. Eventually, he climbed the railing, sat for a few seconds, then stood with his back to the water and fell motionless into the water below.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: According to Steel, Sprague "walked across the bridge from the south to the north side and then from north to south, which are typically tourists. I did not think he would jump, but it must have been something about him that caught my attention."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The documentary caused significant controversy when bridge officials charged Steel with misleading them about his intentions. In his permit application to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, a government agency that does not have any jurisdiction over the bridge but that does manage nearby park areas, Steel wrote he intended "to capture the powerful, spectacular intersection of monument and nature that takes place every day at the Golden Gate Bridge."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Steel says he lied on his permit application because he believed he would be instantly rejected if the true scope of his project was known. He also wanted to keep the nature of the project secret in order to prevent anyone from jumping to have their deaths recorded in the documentary: "To me, the worst-case scenario was if word got out that we were filming around the clock."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Celia Kupersmith, CEO and general manager of the Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District, said there was an increase in suicide attempts at the bridge when the documentary began appearing at film festivals and attracting publicity. District spokeswoman Mary Currie called the film an "invasion of privacy."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Kyle Gamboa, a high school student from Fair Oaks, California, skipped school in September 2013 to jump off the bridge, yelling "Yahoo!" as he leaped to his death. "The New York Times" reported he had watched the trailer for "The Bridge" repeatedly. His suicide note read, "I'm happy. I thought this was a good place to end."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: In 2015, the New Zealand Film and Video Labeling Body requested Netflix to remove the documentary from its streaming service for being classified as "objectionable". Netflix complied with their request and removed the documentary from their library. New Zealand has the highest rate of youth suicides in the OECD.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: "The Bridge" was a box office success; from an estimated budget of $25,000, the film grossed $179,780 domestically and $25,944 overseas for a worldwide total of $205,724.


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: The film received a 68% rating from 59 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, where the critical consensus states: "Tactlessly morbid or remarkably sensitive? Deeply disturbing or viscerally fascinating? Critics are divided on Eric Steel's unique documentary on the Golden Gate Bridge, wonder of the modern world and notorious suicide destination." On Metacritic, the film has a 58/100 rating, signifying "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Critic Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" said the film "juxtaposes transcendent beauty and personal tragedy." He praised its simple documentary approach, noting it was "remarkably free of religious cant and of cozy New Age bromides", calling it "one of the most moving and brutally honest films about suicide ever made."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Josh Rosenblatt of "The Austin Chronicle" gave the film three out of five stars and wrote: "The results are striking: an emotional and aesthetic whirlpool of horror, fascination, beauty, and resignation that would probably drown lesser movies but that gives 'The Bridge' an eerie power."


title: The Bridge (2006 documentary film)

text: Other critics condemned the film for its subject matter. "The Times" called it "gripping viewing but you feel like a voyeur of somebody else's pain. After a while you may feel that you're watching a particularly scenic snuff film." Andrew Pulver of "The Guardian" gave it one out of five stars, saying it "could be the most morally loathsome film ever made."


title: Ampoule

text: An ampoule (also ampul and ampule) is a small sealed vial which is used to contain and preserve a sample, usually a solid or liquid. Ampoules are usually made of glass.


title: Ampoule

text: Modern ampoules are most commonly used to contain pharmaceuticals and chemicals that must be protected from air and contaminants. They are hermetically sealed by melting the thin top with an open flame, and usually opened by snapping off the neck. The space above the chemical may be filled with an inert gas before sealing. The walls of glass ampoules are usually sufficiently strong to be brought into a glovebox without any difficulty.


title: Ampoule

text: Glass ampoules are more expensive than bottles and other simple containers, but there are many situations where their superior imperviousness to gases and liquids and all-glass interior surface are worth the extra cost. Examples of chemicals sold in ampoules are injectable pharmaceuticals, air-sensitive reagents like tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), hygroscopic materials like deuterated solvents and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and analytical standards.


title: Ampoule

text: Ampoules can be pressurised, have air evacuated from them, and have the air in the ampoule replaced with other gasses, often inert ones. The radio-pharmaceutical Xenon-133 often is packaged in glass ampoules and specially-shaped glass ampoules have long been used for samples of gaseous elements, such as all of the Column 18 Noble Gasses save radon (mainly because it is radioactive with a half life less than half a week) and special thick-walled quartz and fluorite ampoules under high pressure containing fluorine and chlorine liquified by the high pressure