text: On November 7, 2021, "Arcane", aimed at a "16+" audience like the "League of Legends" video game it is based on, premiered on Netflix. In the series, Caitlyn Kiramman, a recurring character, is attracted to Vi, a woman from the undercity, despite their different circumstances. Show writer Amanda Overton said that the relationship between Caitlyn and Vi is "naturally developing," with writers honoring the lived experiences of both characters. Overton said that in Piltover, where Caitlyn lives, there is no word for describing those who are gay or any homophobia, meaning that Caitlyn could "marry any gender or race suitor," with such a person becoming "part of her house." Additionally, in the episode "Everybody Wants to Be My Enemy", Vi tells Caitlyn "you’re hot, Cupcake." Overton said that this line was added to bring clarity to her character and showed that she loves women. In the show's ninth episode, Vi's sister, Jinx, describes Caitlyn as Vi's girlfriend, and Vi becomes closer to Caitlyn. The show was renewed for a second season on November 20.


title: Netflix and LGBT representation in animation

text: The fifth and final season of "F is for Family" introduced Louis, Sue's gay brother who was previously mentioned in earlier seasons. Louis is voiced by gay actor Neil Patrick Harris.


text: On February 3, 2022, the creator of "Kid Cosmic", Craig McCracken, confirmed Fry and Hamburg a gay couple. On Instagram, a post says how he and Fry met and answered by Craig.


text: "Human Resources" began airing in March 2022. The series features Nadja el-Khoury, Natalie's older sister and Danielle who are a couple. Nadja and Danielle are voiced by queer actresses Sabrina Jalees and Ariana DeBose. "Battle Kitty", which began airing in April 2022, features two gay characters Orc and Iago. Orc is Kitty's best friend and he is in love with Iago. They eventually become a couple.


text: Margaret Evans interviewed Hamish Steele, creator of "" (formerly DeadEndia) about LGBTQ characters in his show, on August 17, 2020, before the show's premiere on June 16, 2022. Steele explained how the show changed from its original iteration on Cartoon Hangover in 2014, and the graphic novels that followed it, stating that he is grateful for showrunners who fought for LGBTQ characters in their shows, adding that there was "absolutely no pushback from Netflix about representation," while describing Barney as a trans male character. He also hoped that the show will help out "more trans creators getting their chance to tell their stories" while hinting at other LGBTQ characters in the show apart from Barney, noting the performance of Miss Coco Peru on the show as Pauline. The show also features Alex Brightman as Pugsley, Emily Osment as Courtney, and Kathreen Khavari as Badyah. Barney is also gay as he gets into a same-sex relationship with Logan "Logs" Nguyen. Logs' mother is unaware Logs is gay. The series also includes Norma who is a bisexual woman who had a crush on her straight friend Badyah and Courtney who is non-binary and accepts any pronouns. Zagan was confirmed to be a transgender woman by series creator Hamish Steele. Zagan is voiced by transgender actress and singer Michaela Jaé Rodriguez.


text: "Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous" features Yasmina "Yaz" Fadoula and Sammy Gutierrez who confessed their feelings to each other in the fifth and final season. Yaz is bisexual while Sammy is a lesbian. Yasmina is voiced by queer actress Kausar Mohammed.


text: On October 28, 2022, the animated film "Wendell & Wild" was released on Netflix. The film features Raúl Cocolotl, a transgender boy in an all-girls Catholic school. He is the first transgender male character in a major animated film. Raúl is voiced by transgender actor Sam Zelaya.


text: In "The Dragon Prince" season four premiere "Rebirthday", Janai proposes to Amaya through slightly incorrect sign language. The fourth season also introduces Claudia's elf boyfriend Terry who is a transgender man. Terry is voiced by transgender actor Benjamin Callins.


text: "" began airing on Netflix in December 2022. The series features two same-sex relationships: Miriam and Hira, and Roland and Lacklon.


text: On March 29, 2022, ND Stevenson, the showrunner and creator of "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" said that the working conditions for the series were not ideal, saying that Netflix exploited the passion of those on the crew "as an excuse to underpay, understaff, and overwork," responding to a tweet from Jeff Bennett, a storyboarder and director for the series. Stevenson and Bennett both called on supporting The Animation Guild negotiators and workers in the animation industry in "their fight for better conditions."


title: Poodle Hat

text: Poodle Hat is the eleventh studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic, released on May 20, 2003. It was the fifth studio album self-produced by Yankovic. The musical styles on the album are built around parodies and pastiches of pop of the early-2000s. The album's lead single, "Couch Potato", is a parody of "Lose Yourself" by Eminem. The single failed to chart, although the album's song "eBay" (a parody of "I Want It That Way" by Backstreet Boys) eventually peaked at 15 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles in 2007.


title: Poodle Hat

text: The album featured five parodies. Aside from the aforementioned "Couch Potato" and "eBay", the album also spoofs "Hot in Herre" by Nelly, "Complicated" by Avril Lavigne, and "Piano Man" by Billy Joel. The album includes six original songs, featuring many "style parodies", or musical imitations of existing artists. These style parodies include imitations of specific artists like Ben Folds, Beck, and Frank Zappa. A polka medley of popular songs was also included on the album. A music video for the song "Couch Potato" was planned but was cancelled due to objections by Eminem.


title: Poodle Hat

text: "Poodle Hat" was released as an Enhanced CD, meaning that when the disc is placed in a computer, bonus content (including alternate song mixes, short videos, and photo galleries) is viewable. The album met with mixed reviews from critics; some felt that the album represented an artistic misstep for Yankovic, whereas others enjoyed its skewering of early 2000s popular culture. The album peaked at number 17 on the "Billboard" 200. The album also peaked at number 12 on the "Billboard" Comedy Albums chart, making it the first of Yankovic's records to earn a position on said chart.


title: Poodle Hat

text: On March 25, 2002, recording for "Poodle Hat" officially began at Santa Monica Sound Records in Santa Monica, California. By mid-2002, six originals—"Hardware Store", "Party at the Leper Colony", "Wanna B Ur Lovr", "Why Does This Always Happen to Me?", "Bob", and "Genius in France"—had been recorded. The album's first original song is "Hardware Store", which is a list song that, as the title suggests, is about a new neighborhood hardware store and the things that can be purchased therein. The song was originally supposed to be a style parody of another (unspecified) artist, but it eventually evolved into its own, original composition.


title: Poodle Hat

text: "Party at the Leper Colony" describes a party at a leper colony. The song makes heavy use of wordplay, using common English idioms to describe events wherein people literally lose body parts (e.g. "Dance all night to a rotten band/Come on, people, let's give 'em a hand"). "Wanna B Ur Lovr", a pastiche of "Midnite Vultures"-era Beck, consists of pick-up lines which become steadily more ridiculous and suggestive. Because the spelling of the song's title recalls the manner in which Prince titled many of his records, Yankovic specified on his website that the "song is actually intended to sound like "me" trying to sound like "Beck" trying to sound like Prince" [emphasis in original].


title: Poodle Hat

text: "Why Does This Always Happen to Me?" emulates the style of Ben Folds. According to music critic Nathan Rabin, the song "amplifies the noxious self-absorption of the American character to hilarious extremes" by describing a narrator who, upon hearing about a number of horrible tragedies, only complains about the (minor) inconveniences that affect him. Folds himself plays piano on the track. Yankovic later told "The A.V. Club": "Ben and I are old friends at this point, and of course I sought his keyboard work for that song. So he came in and knocked it out. I think that’s an F-Sharp, so he was kind of mad at me for that."


title: Poodle Hat

text: "Bob" is a style parody of Bob Dylan, composed entirely of palindromes (for instance, the song's first line is "I, man, am regal—a German am I", which reads the same when reversed). Rabin argues that the song's lyrics "sound cryptic enough to be genuine Dylanesque, but are in fact palindromes deliver in an uncanny re-creation of Dylan's nasal whine." The album's closer, "Genius in France", emulates the idiosyncratic style of Frank Zappa. Zappa's son, Dweezil performed the song's intro guitar solo. Lyrically, the song describes a person who, although rejected elsewhere, finds acceptance in France.


title: Poodle Hat

text: On March 21, 2003, Yankovic began working on the album's parody songs, as well as the record's polka medley. The album opens with the parody "Couch Potato", a play on Eminem's "Lose Yourself", the critically acclaimed single from the film "8 Mile" (2002). In Yankovic's version, the singer describes his obsession with watching television; the song references many TV shows, as well as cable and network channels. Prior to recording "Couch Potato", Yankovic researched television so that his resulting parody would be accurate. He noted, “If I'm writing a song about TV, I'll spend a lot of time watching TV. I'll study "TV Guide", I'll look at articles about television, and I'll try to make sure I'm giving every show its fair do . I can also spend all day watching TV and convince myself that I'm working, because I'm doing research."


title: Poodle Hat

text: The album's second parody, "Trash Day", is a parody of "Hot in Herre" by Nelly. In this song, the narrator discusses the filthiness of his house and bemoans the titular day wherein people place their garbage outside of their living quarters to be picked up by a waste collector and brought to a landfill. "A Complicated Song" is spoof of "Complicated" by Avril Lavigne. The song is composed of three vignettes: in the first, the singer laments that he is constipated, in the second, he discovers that he and his girlfriend are related, and in the third, he expresses regret that he recently was decapitated. "Ode to a Super Hero" is a play on Billy Joel's song "Piano Man", and recounts to the plot of the 2002 "Spider-Man" film.


title: Poodle Hat

text: The album's final parody is "eBay", based on "I Want It That Way" by Backstreet Boys. In this song, the narrator describes a variety of obscure items that he purchased on the online auction site eBay. Yankovic later noted, "I was going to shoot a video for eBay, but right at the same time, eBay started doing all of these commercials with song parodies. [...] I didn't want my parody to come off as a commercial for eBay. In retrospect, I probably should have done a video because it would have been one of my biggest hits." Indeed, the song is one of Yankovic's most popular, and ranks as one of his most-downloaded tracks on digital music outlets.


title: Poodle Hat

text: "Angry White Boy Polka", a medley of popular hit songs set to a polka beat, was recorded at the same time as the album's parodies. Yankovic explained, "[The medley] is a reflection on what songs I think would sound most ridiculous done as a polka [...] and for the [...] album, it reflected a genre of music that I thought probably would benefit from getting a polka treatment."


title: Poodle Hat

text: The cover of the CD depicts Yankovic with a poodle on his head, standing in a crowded subway car. The poodle in question was Yankovic's own dog, Bela. Before deciding on the final shot of his poodle, Yankovic and his production crew tried a setup that featured Bela urinating on his head, but Yankovic later admitted, "It was more disgusting than funny." In regards to the people standing behind him in the subway car, Yankovic specified via the "Ask Al" Q&A on his website:


title: Poodle Hat

text: Well, let’s see… the guy with the poodle on his head would be me. The very pregnant woman with the sunglasses is my wife Suzanne. The guy in the surgical scrubs is my friend Joel Miller. The woman in the foreground with her legs crossed is my first-cousin-once-removed Tammy (who also played Queen Amidala in my video for "The Saga Begins"). Uh Jeff, the guy that screens my fan mail, is the guy wearing the NY Yankees cap way in the back. Steve Jay's son Ian is the really tall blond bicycle messenger. Tracy Berna, one of the writers for "The Weird Al Show", is the waitress with the beehive hair-do. The Boy Scout is Dylan Bostick, the oldest son of one of Suzanne's oldest friends. Bermuda's wife Leslie is in there too. Plus there’s my mother-in-law, my father-in-law, my electrician, a couple from my church, the owner of my favorite ice cream shop, my aunt's boyfriend… I think we got maybe 2 or 3 people from the casting office, but the overwhelming majority were friends and family members that just wanted to come to the shoot.


title: Poodle Hat

text: The album was released on an Enhanced CD, and when the CD is placed into a computer, bonus content is made available. This content includes several of Yankovic's real home videos and his commentary on them, as well as synchronized lyrics and instrumental or acoustic versions of some songs. A photo gallery is also included.


title: Poodle Hat

text: A music video for "Couch Potato" was to be shot shortly after the album's release, but Eminem denied Yankovic permission to shoot it. Yankovic told the "Chicago Sun-Times" in 2003:


title: Poodle Hat

text: We were already in pre-production. We believed that it was just a formality, that Eminem just wanted to hear the final mix of the song... And then we got a phone call saying he was not going to give permission for a video. We were devastated [...] I certainly don't have any bad feelings toward Eminem. He was gracious enough to let us use the song on the album—and we use "The Real Slim Shady" in the "Angry White Boy Polka" medley, too. But this is the first album I've ever released without an accompanying video.


title: Poodle Hat

text: According to Yankovic, Eminem worried that a parody of his video might "detract from his legacy [and] that [...] would somehow make people take him less seriously as an important hip-hop artist". Yankovic was rather upset that a video for "Couch Potato" would not be made, as he felt that it would have been "the best video that [he had] ever done". Yankovic later revealed that the video would have taken on the form of a "'patchwork quilt' montage spoofing the most famous scenes from Eminem's videos."


title: Poodle Hat

text: Yankovic mocked the situation on his 2003 "Al TV" special where he staged a mock interview with the rapper using footage from a real Eminem interview on MTV News. Eminem said, "I believe in... artistic expression." Yankovic countered with, "So you think, for example if somebody wanted to do, oh, I don't know, a parody of somebody else's video, they should be able to... artistically express themselves and just do it?" Eminem was shown at a loss for words. Eminem later discussed the mock interview in the book "The Way I Am", wherein he claimed to have taken the jab in good fun:


title: Poodle Hat

text: Weird Al also got me. He made a video, did a fake interview with me, spliced it with clips from my old interviews, and put it up on the Internet. He's a very funny motherfucker. When something like that happens, you have to sit back and say, "Oh, he got me." It's something you pick up from battles: you learn to be a good sport about a lot of stuff. If you want to dish it out, you've got to be able to take it.


title: Poodle Hat

text: So that the album wouldn't be without a video, a quick one for "Bob" was shot and used on the tour and for the 2003 edition of "Al TV". The video for "Bob" was subsequently released on "" DVD (2003).


title: Poodle Hat

text: The album received mixed reviews from music critics. Evan Serpick of "Entertainment Weekly" awarded the album a "B". While he felt that "Couch Potato" was, musically, up to par with Eminem's original, he noted, "It’s hard to imagine today’s tough tykes choosing" to listen to the somewhat tame parody. Serpick also felt that the Nelly and Avril Lavigne parodies were "full of noisome effects and clownish voices that would make even the widest eyes roll." He ended his review by praising the album's polka medley, saying it "exposes the songs for the pretentious rock babble they are." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic claimed that the album was evidence that "pop culture [was] ahead of Weird Al". He felt that many of songs belied an inherent misconception of youth culture on the part of Yankovic, and that with "Poodle Hat", the artist was "offering generalizations about a culture he doesn't understand". But while he claimed that the record "stumbles over the obviousness and awfulness of its parodies", Erlewine enjoyed "Hardware Store," "Why Does This Always Happen to Me?", and "Genius in France" (for being "complicated" and "intricate"; a "sensitive piano pop tune with a good send-up of narcissistic lyrics and nice, layered vocal harmonies"; and "the most ambitious and weirdest thing here, which counts for a lot," respectively). The writers of "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" awarded the album two stars, denoting a record that is "fair to poor" and that "fall[s] below an artist's established standard". A review of the album by "Billboard", however, praised the album, noting that it "crackles with amusing parodies", proving that Yankovic is "a sharp observer of the world—and that's what makes [him] such an enduring, compelling figure."


title: Poodle Hat

text: "Poodle Hat" won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album. This made it his first Grammy Award win since 1988, when his video for "Fat" won for Best Concept Music Video. Part of the reason for this dearth in awards was because, from 1993 until 2003, the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album had been changed to "Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Comedy"—meaning that Yankovic's musical comedy records were not eligible for nomination.


title: Poodle Hat

text: Upon its release, "Poodle Hat" charted domestically at number 17 on the "Billboard" 200. It also charted at number 12 on "Billboard"s Top Internet Albums. "Poodle Hat" has not been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making it one of only a handful of "Weird Al" Yankovic albums to not receive the honor. Nathan Rabin, in "Weird Al: The Book" (2012), argues that this is because "Couch Potato" never had a music video, resulting in the album stumbling commercially.


title: Poodle Hat

text: Although no official singles were released from the album, the song "eBay" nevertheless charted at number 15 on "Billboard"s Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart (which, in effect, corresponds to 115 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart).


title: Poodle Hat

text: In late 2013, Yankovic sued his label, Volcano, and its parent company Sony Music for unpaid publishing royalties from several of his albums and singles, including "Poodle Hat". Yankovic claimed thatdespite the album's successhe never earned royalties from the record. The initial lawsuit was for $5 million; Yankovic won the lawsuit and was awarded an undisclosed sum of money from Sony.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: Arapaima gigas, also known as pirarucu, is a species of arapaima native to the basin of the Amazon River. Once believed to be the sole species in the genus, it is among the largest freshwater fish. The species is an obligate air-breather, so needs to come to the surface regularly to gulp air.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: "Arapaima gigas" was originally regarded as the only species in the genus "Arapaima", but the subsequent identification of further species, together with the rarity of specimens and the loss of several type specimens, has led to some uncertainty regarding classification within the genus and the identity of described individuals.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: The species is among the largest known freshwater fish, commonly measuring and reportedly exceptionally reaching lengths of up to . Adults may weigh up to . "A. gigas" has a streamlined body with dorsal and anal fins set well back towards the tail. While the body is mainly gray to gray-green, its Brazilian local name "pirarucu" derives from an indigenous word for "red fish", thought to refer to either the red flecks on the scales towards the tail, or the reddish-orange color of its meat. The fish have "flexible, armor-like scales" made up of "a hard, mineralized outer layer" and "a tough-but-flexible inner layer" that help protect it from attacks by piranhas.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: "A. gigas" is native to freshwater in the basin of the Amazon River; it is known to occur in Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, and Peru. In Bolivia known as "paiche", it is considered an invasive species, affecting local native species and the ecosystem. It was first found in 1976, and presumably introduced from Peru being washed out of a Peruvian fish farm by a flood. The species has been introduced to parts of East Asia, both for fishing purposes and accidentally. The fish are found in flooded forest areas where they reproduce during the wet season; they relocate to lakes after water levels drop.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: A 13-million-old fossil of arapaima (or very similar species) has been found in Colombia, in the Villavieja Formation, which dates from the Miocene era.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: Morphology changes occur as "A. gigas" undergoes the transition from water-breather to air-breather 8–9 days after hatch. During the transition to air-breathing, the structure of the gills changes, making them better adapted for ion absorption, but less able to undergo gas diffusion. Once developmental changes in the gills take place, the lamella is less recognizable. The adult gills are made up of smooth, column-shaped filaments, instead. The kidneys have an important role in nitrogenous waste excretion in this species and are enlarged in adult fish.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: "A. gigas" requires breathing surface air to supplement the oxygen it derives from the use of its gills, and as such, is dependent on surfacing every 5–15 minutes to loudly gulp air at the surface. As in other species in the genus, a modified swim bladder that contains lung-like tissue is used for this purpose.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: The species primarily feeds on fish, although juveniles prefer insects and fish larvae until fully grown. They also consume birds, mammals, fruits, and seeds on the water surface.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: Spawning occurs in lakes and river channels during the time of low water levels (August to March). After the young hatch from eggs laid in a nest constructed by both parents, the male remains to protect them for a period of about three months. The young reach sexual maturity at an age of four to five years; average lifespan in captivity is 15–20 years.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: The species has in the past been heavily impacted by overfishing, exacerbated by their easily exploited habit of surfacing regularly for air-gulping. The IUCN is currently not assigning a conservation status to "A. gigas" due to a lack of detailed information about population developments. Arapaima fishing was banned outright in Brazil from 1996 to 1999, due to declining populations; since then, both subsistence and commercial fishing have been permitted in specially designated areas, and a sophisticated sustainable management strategy has led to massive recovery of stocks, from 2,500 in 1999 to over 170,000 in 2017.


title: Arapaima gigas

text: For Bolivia, the paiche as an invasive species is considered a threat to local native species according to reports. Various reports show a correlation between the spreading of paiche and the decline in numbers of native fish species in parts of the Bolivian Amazon. Effects on local fish species populations and on fishing behaviors vary strongly by region. A joint study of the Bolivian government and different research organizations from 2017 points out the necessity to further evaluate the complex environmental and socioeconomic impact of paiche in the country.


title: Jason Crow

text: Jason Crow (born March 15, 1979) is an American lawyer, veteran, and politician who is a member of the United States House of Representatives from . Crow is the first member of the Democratic Party to represent the district, which encompasses several of Denver's eastern suburbs like Aurora, Littleton, Centennial, and Thornton.


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow was an impeachment manager during his first term in Congress at the first impeachment trial of President Donald Trump.


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow was born in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1979. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2002, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Denver Sturm College of Law in 2009.


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow is a former Army Ranger. He served three tours of duty in Iraq and Afghanistan as part of the 82nd Airborne Division and 75th Ranger Regiment. Crow took part in the Battle of Samawah in 2003 as a platoon leader in the 82nd Airborne Division; for his actions during the battle, he was awarded the Bronze Star. Crow served on the Colorado Board of Veterans Affairs from 2009 to 2014. After service, Crow became partner with the Holland and Hart Law Firm. In 2015 Crow was awarded the University of Denver's Ammi Hyde Award for Recent Graduate Achievement.


title: Jason Crow

text: On April 17, 2017, Crow announced his intention to run to represent Colorado's 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives against four-term Republican incumbent Mike Coffman.


title: Jason Crow

text: In the Democratic primary, Crow ran against progressive businessman Levi Tillemann and won the nomination with nearly two-thirds of the vote. Crow defeated incumbent Representative Mike Coffman in the general election on November 6. Crow received 54% of the vote, and won two out of the three counties in the district. He is the first Democrat to represent the district since its creation in 1982.


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow ran for election to a second term, and faced no opposition in the Democratic primary. He then faced off against Steve House, former Chairman of the Colorado Republican Party, in the November 3, 2020, general election. Crow won re-election by over 17 percent of the vote, and managed to win all three counties, flipping Douglas County.


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow described his experience during the storming of the Capitol, “I got into Ranger mode a little bit. Most of the members didn’t know how to use the emergency masks, so I was helping them get their emergency masks out of the bags and helped instruct a bunch of folks on how to put it on and how to use it.” He also locked doors in the chamber, moved other lawmakers away from the doors, and directed them to “remove their pins so they weren’t identifiable in case the mob did break through.” Crow held the hand of distressed Rep. Susan Wild in a photo that went viral. He said, “I certainly haven’t felt that way since I was in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. I never, in a million years, would have thought I would have been experiencing that as a member of Congress in the U.S. Capitol.”


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow voiced support for gun control reform while campaigning for the House of Representatives. On February 28, 2019, he voted for the Bipartisan Background Checks Act (H.R.8) after cosponsoring the bill. H.R.8, if passed, will require unlicensed gun sellers to conduct background checks on gun buyers. Crow is also a cosponsor of the Assault Weapon Ban Act (H.R.1296), which would limit access to guns that are considered assault weapons.


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow refused corporate PAC money during his campaign. He is a sponsor of the For the People Act of 2019, which would end gerrymandering and create automatic voter registration if passed. The For the People Act of 2019 would also prevent Congress members from serving on corporate boards. The bill also seeks to eliminate dark money contributions.


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow supports abortion rights. "I will always fight to protect a woman's right to choose. Women should have the right to make healthcare decisions that are right for them and their families. I have fought to protect a woman's right to choose, while simultaneously working to continue funding critical resources like Planned Parenthood."


title: Jason Crow

text: Crow supports same-sex marriage and the expansion of LGBT non-discrimination laws. Crow supported President Barack Obama's repeal of Don't ask, don't tell at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. He opposed President Donald Trump's transgender military ban, cosponsoring an amendment to the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act to overturn the ban. In 2021, he supported the Equality Act.


title: Jason Crow

text: On September 23, 2019, Crow was one of seven freshmen lawmakers with national security backgrounds who shared an opinion essay in "The Washington Post" voicing their support for an impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. In interviews, Crow said it was important that "the inquiry stay focused and proceed efficiently." On January 15, 2020, Crow was selected as one of seven who presented the impeachment case against President Donald Trump during his trial before the United States Senate.


title: Jason Crow

text: On December 20, 2021, Crow announced he had a breakthrough case of COVID-19 after returning from an official congressional delegation visit to Ukraine. He reported suffering mild symptoms.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: A person's Erdős–Bacon number is the sum of one's Erdős number—which measures the "collaborative distance" in authoring academic papers between that person and Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős—and one's Bacon number—which represents the number of links, through roles in films, by which the person is separated from American actor Kevin Bacon. The lower the number, the closer a person is to Erdős and Bacon, which reflects a small world phenomenon in academia and entertainment.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: To have a defined Erdős–Bacon number, it is necessary to have both appeared in a film and co-authored an academic paper, although this in and of itself is not sufficient as ones co-authors must have a known chain leading to Paul Erdős, and one's film must have actors eventually leading to Kevin Bacon.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Mathematician Daniel Kleitman has an Erdős–Bacon number of 3. He co-authored papers with Erdős and has a Bacon number of 2 via Minnie Driver in "Good Will Hunting"; Driver and Bacon appeared together in "Sleepers".


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Like Kleitman, mathematician Bruce Reznick has co-authored a paper with Erdős and has a Bacon number of 2, via Roddy McDowall in the film "Pretty Maids All in a Row", giving him an Erdős–Bacon number of 3 as well.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Physicist Nicholas Metropolis has an Erdős number of 2, and also a Bacon number of 2, giving him an Erdős–Bacon number of 4.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Physicists Nicholas Metropolis and Richard Feynman both worked on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Laboratory. Via Metropolis, Feynman has an Erdős number of 3 and, from having appeared in the film "Anti-Clock" alongside Tony Tang, Feynman also has a Bacon number of 3. Richard Feynman thus has an Erdős–Bacon number of 6.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking has an Erdős–Bacon number of 6: his Bacon number of 2 (via his appearance alongside John Cleese in "Monty Python Live (Mostly)", who acted alongside Kevin Bacon in "The Big Picture") is lower than his Erdős number of 4.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Similarly to Stephen Hawking, scientist Carl Sagan has an Erdős–Bacon number of 6, also from a Bacon number of 2 and an Erdős number of 4.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Mathematician Jordan Ellenberg has an Erdős number of 3 and a Bacon number of 2 due to a cameo appearance in the film "Gifted" for which he was also the mathematical consultant


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Danica McKellar, who played Winnie Cooper in "The Wonder Years", has an Erdős–Bacon number of 6. While an undergraduate at the University of California, Los Angeles, McKellar coauthored a mathematics paper with Lincoln Chayes, who via his wife Jennifer Tour Chayes has an Erdős number of 3, giving McKellar one of 4. Having worked with Margaret Easley, McKellar has a Bacon number of 2.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Israeli-American actress Natalie Portman has an Erdős–Bacon number of 7. She collaborated (using her birth name, Natalie Hershlag) with Abigail A. Baird, who has a collaboration path leading to Joseph Gillis, who has an Erdős number of 1, giving Portman an Erdős number of 5. Portman appeared in "A Powerful Noise Live" (2009) with Sarah Michelle Gellar, who appeared in "The Air I Breathe" (2007) with Bacon, giving Portman a Bacon number of 2.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: British actor Colin Firth has an Erdős–Bacon number of 6. Firth is credited as co-author of a neuroscience paper, "Political Orientations Are Correlated with Brain Structure in Young Adults", after he suggested on BBC Radio 4 that such a study could be done. Another author of that paper, Geraint Rees, has an Erdős number of 4, which gives Firth an Erdős number of 5. Firth's Bacon number of 1 is due to his appearance in "Where the Truth Lies".


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Kristen Stewart has an Erdős–Bacon number of 7; she is credited as a co-author on an artificial intelligence paper that was written after a technique was used for her short film "Come Swim", giving her an Erdős number of 5, and she co-starred with Michael Sheen in "Twilight", who co-starred with Bacon in "Frost/Nixon", giving her a Bacon number of 2.


title: Erdős–Bacon number

text: Elon Musk, who is neither a scientist nor an actor, has an Erdős–Bacon number of 6. In 2010 Musk had a cameo in the film "Iron Man 2". Since actor Mickey Rourke played a role in both "Iron Man 2" and in "Diner" where also Kevin Bacon played a role, Musk has a Bacon number of 2. In 2021 Musk coauthored a peer-reviewed scientific paper on COVID-19 together with among others Pardis Sabeti. Since Sabeti has an Erdős number of 3, Musk has an Erdős number of 4 and consequently an Erdős–Bacon number of 6.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: Doric, the popular name for Mid Northern Scots or Northeast Scots, refers to the Scots language as spoken in the northeast of Scotland. There is an extensive body of literature, mostly poetry, ballads, and songs, written in Doric. In some literary works, Doric is used as the language of conversation while the rest of the work is in Lallans Scots or British English. A number of 20th and 21st century poets have written poetry in the Doric dialect.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: The term "Doric" was formerly used to refer to all dialects of Lowland Scots, but during the twentieth century it became increasingly associated with Mid Northern Scots.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: The name possibly originated as a jocular reference to the Doric dialect of the Ancient Greek language. Greek Dorians lived in Laconia, including Sparta, and other more rural areas, and were alleged by the ancient Greeks to have spoken laconically and in a language thought harsher in tone and more phonetically conservative than the Attic spoken in Athens. Doric Greek was used for some of the verses spoken by the chorus in Greek tragedy.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: 18th-century Scots writers such as Allan Ramsay justified their use of Scots (instead of English) by comparing it to the use of Ancient Greek Doric by Theocritus. English became associated with Attic.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: Some vowel realisations differ markedly from those of Central Scots dialects. The vowel numbers are from Aitken. See also Cardinal vowels.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: North East Scots has an extensive body of literature, mostly poetry, ballads and songs. During the Middle Scots period writing from the North East of Scotland adhered to the literary conventions of the time; indications of particular "Doric" pronunciations were very rare. The 18th century literary revival also brought forth writers from the North East but, again, local dialect features were rare, the extant literary Scots conventions being preferred. In later times, a more deliberately regional literature began to emerge.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: In contemporary prose writing, Doric occurs usually as quoted speech, although this is less and less often the case. As is usually the case with marginalised languages, local loyalties prevail in the written form, showing how the variety "deviates" from standard ("British") English as opposed to a general literary Scots "norm". This shows itself in the local media presentation of the language, e.g., Grampian Television & The Aberdeen Press and Journal. These local loyalties, waning knowledge of the older literary tradition and relative distance from the Central Lowlands ensure that the Doric scene has a degree of semi-autonomy.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: Doric dialogue was used in a lot of so-called Kailyard literature, a genre that paints a sentimental, melodramatic picture of the old rural life, and is currently unfashionable. This negative association still plagues Doric literature to a degree, as well as Scottish literature in general.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: Poets who wrote in the Doric dialect include John M. Caie of Banffshire (1879–1949), Helen B. Cruickshank of Angus (1886–1975), Alexander Fenton (1929–2012), Flora Garry (1900–2000), Sir Alexander Gray (1882–1968), Violet Jacob of Angus (1863–1946), Charles Murray (1864–1941) and J. C. Milne (1897–1962).


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: George MacDonald from Huntly used Doric in his novels. A friend of Mark Twain, he is commonly considered one of the fathers of the fantasy genre and an influence on C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: Lewis Grassic Gibbon's "Scots Quair" trilogy is set in the Mearns and has been the basis of a successful play and television series. It is very popular throughout Scotland and tells the story of Chris, an independent-minded woman, mainly in a form of English strongly influenced by the rhythms of local speech.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: The North East has been claimed as the "real home of the ballad" and, according to Les Wheeler, "91 out of a grand total of (Child's) 305 ballads came from the North East – in fact from Aberdeenshire", which makes the usual name of "Border Ballad" a misnomer put about by Sir Walter Scott.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: Contemporary writers in Doric include Sheena Blackhall, a poet who writes in Doric, and Mo Simpson, who writes in the "Aberdeen Evening Express" and peppers her humour column with "Doricisms" and Doric words. Doric has also featured in stage, radio and television, notably in the sketches and songs of the Aberdeen-based comedy groups Scotland the What? and the Flying Pigs.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: In 2006 an Aberdeen hotel decided to use a Doric voice for their lift. Phrases said by the lift include "Gyaun Up" (Going up), "Gyaun Doun" (Going down), "atween fleers een an fower" (between floors one and four).<ref name="urlBBC NEWS | UK | Scotland | North East/N Isles | Hotel lands uplifting Doric voice"></ref>


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: Also in 2006, Maureen Watt of the SNP took her Scottish Parliamentary oath in Doric. She said "I want to advance the cause of Doric and show there's a strong and important culture in the North East." She was required to take an oath in English beforehand. There was some debate as to whether the oath was "gweed Doric" () or not, and notably it is, to a certain extent, written phonetically and contains certain anglicised forms such as "I" rather than "A", and "and" instead of "an":


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: In Disney/Pixar's "Brave", the character Young MacGuffin speaks the Doric dialect, and a running joke involves no one else understanding him. This was a choice by the voice actor, Kevin McKidd, a native of Elgin.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: In autumn 2020, the University of Aberdeen launched a term-long Doric course, offering it to all its undergraduate students.


title: Doric dialect (Scotland)

text: In August 2012, Gordon Hay, an Aberdeenshire author, successfully completed what is believed to be the first translation of the New Testament into Doric. The project took him six years.


title: Vivek Dahiya

text: Vivek Dahiya (born 8 November 1984) is an Indian television actor. He is known for portraying the role of Abhishek Singh (a police officer) in "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein", Rajbeer Bundela in "Kavach – Kaali Shaktiyon Se" and Rajvardhan Suryavanshi in "Qayamat Ki Raat". He emerged as winner of the reality series "Nach Baliye 8" in 2017. He made his debut in TV industry with "Yeh Hai Aashiqui" in 2013.


title: Vivek Dahiya

text: Dahiya was born on 8 November 1984 in Chandigarh in a Hindu Jat family. He pursued his master's degree M.Sc. in International Business Management from De Montfort University, England.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communications protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers on IPv4 networks to establish multicast group memberships. IGMP is an integral part of IP multicast and allows the network to direct multicast transmissions only to hosts that have requested them.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: IGMP can be used for one-to-many networking applications such as online streaming video and gaming, and allows more efficient use of resources when supporting these types of applications.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: IGMP is used on IPv4 networks. Multicast management on IPv6 networks is handled by Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) which is a part of ICMPv6 in contrast to IGMP's bare IP encapsulation.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: IGMP operates between a host and a local multicast router. Switches featuring IGMP snooping also derive useful information by observing these IGMP transactions. Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) is then used between the local and remote multicast routers to direct multicast traffic from hosts sending multicasts to hosts that have registered through IGMP to receive them.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: IGMP operates on the network layer (layer 3), just the same as other network management protocols like ICMP.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: The IGMP protocol is implemented on hosts and within routers. A host requests membership to a group through its local router while a router listens for these requests and periodically sends out subscription queries. A single router per subnet is elected to perform this querying function. Some multilayer switches include an IGMP querier capability to allow their IGMP snooping features to work in the absence of an IGMP-capable router in the layer 2 network.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: IGMP is vulnerable to some attacks, and firewalls commonly allow the user to disable it if not needed.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: There are three versions of IGMP. IGMPv1 is defined by , IGMPv2 is defined by and IGMPv3 was initially defined by . updates both IGMPv3 and MLDv2 to better support source-specific multicast. IGMPv2 improves IGMPv1 by adding the ability for a host to signal desire to leave a multicast group. IGMPv3 improves IGMPv2 by supporting source-specific multicast and introduces membership report aggregation.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: These versions are backwards compatible. A router supporting IGMPv3 can support clients running IGMPv1, IGMPv2 and IGMPv3. IGMPv1 uses a query-response model. Queries are sent to 224.0.0.1. Membership reports are sent to the group's multicast address. IGMPv2 accelerates the process of leaving a group and adjusts other timeouts. Leave-group messages are sent to 224.0.0.2. A group-specific query is introduced. Group-specific queries are sent to the group's multicast address. A means for routers to select an IGMP querier for the network is introduced. IGMPv3 introduces source-specific multicast capability. Membership reports are sent to 224.0.0.22.


title: Internet Group Management Protocol

text: IGMP messages are carried in bare IP packets with IP protocol number 2. Similar to the Internet Control Message Protocol, there is no transport layer used with IGMP messaging.


title: Attaché

text: In diplomacy, an attaché is a person who is assigned ("to be attached") to the diplomatic or administrative staff of a higher placed person or another service or agency. Although a loanword from French, in English the word is not modified according to gender.


title: Attaché

text: An attaché is normally an official, who serves either as a diplomat or as a member of the support staff, under the authority of an ambassador or other head of a diplomatic mission, mostly in intergovernmental organizations or international non-governmental organisations or agencies. Attachés monitor various issues related to their area of specialty (see examples below) that may require some action. To this end, attachés may undertake the planning for events to be attended, decisions which will be taken, managing arrangements and agendas, conducting research, and acting as a representative of the interests of their state when necessary, to the types of organizations mentioned above, and also to national academies and to industry.


title: Attaché

text: Sometimes an attaché has special responsibilities or expertise. Examples include a cultural attaché, customs attaché, police officer attaché, labor attaché, legal attaché, liaison officer attaché, military/defense attaché, press attaché, agricultural attaché, commercial attaché, maritime attaché and science attaché.


title: Attaché

text: Typically, a military attaché serves on the diplomatic staff of an embassy or consulate while retaining a military commission.


title: Attaché

text: A health attaché advises on global health issues and may serve multiple functions. A "diplomat who collects, analyzes, and acts on information concerning health in a foreign country or countries and provides critical links between public health and foreign affairs stakeholders."


title: Attaché

text: The title is also used in reference to diplomacy and in the hierarchical administration of the Catholic Church, specifically in the Roman Curia, in cases where a priest, usually in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See or else released for service to the Holy See, serves in a nunciature in a given country or to an international or intergovernmental organization. Especially in the latter cases, the official often provides a particular expertise in the service of the Church, thus, legal or otherwise.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: The Stockholm Bloodbath (; ) was a trial that led to a series of executions in Stockholm between 7 and 9 November 1520. The event is also known as the Stockholm massacre.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: The events occurred after the coronation of Christian II as the new king of Sweden, when guests in the crowning party were invited to a meeting at Tre Kronor castle. Archbishop Gustav Trolle, demanding economic compensation for things such as the demolition of Almarestäket's fortress, questioned whether the former Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger and his supporters had been guilty of heresy. Supported by canon law, nearly 100 people were executed in the days following the meeting despite promises of amnesty. Among those killed were many people from the aristocracy who had been supporting the "Sture Party" in the previous years. Thereafter King Christian II became known in Sweden as ('Christian the Tyrant').


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: The Stockholm Bloodbath was a consequence of conflict between Swedish pro-unionists (in favour of the Kalmar Union, then dominated by Denmark) and anti-unionists (supporters of Swedish independence), and also between the anti-unionists and the Danish aristocracy, which in other aspects was opposed to King Christian. The anti-unionist party was headed by Sten Sture the Younger, and the pro-unionist party by the Archbishop Gustavus Trolle.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: King Christian, who had already taken measures to isolate Sweden politically, intervened to help Archbishop Trolle, who was under siege in his fortress at Stäket. However, he was defeated by Sture and his peasant soldiers at Vedila, and forced to return to Denmark. A second attempt to bring Sweden back under his control in 1518 was also countered by Sture's victory at Brännkyrka. Eventually, a third attempt made in 1520 with a large army of French, German and Scottish mercenaries proved successful.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: Sture was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bogesund on 19 January 1520. The Danish army, unopposed, was approaching Uppsala, where the members of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates had already assembled. The senators agreed to render homage to Christian, on condition that he give a full amnesty for past actions and a guarantee that Sweden should be ruled according to Swedish laws and customs. A convention to this effect was confirmed by the king and the Danish Privy Council on 31 March. Sture's widow, Lady Kristina, was still resisting in Stockholm with support from the peasants of central Sweden, and defeated the Danes at Balundsås on 19 March. Eventually, her forces were defeated at the Battle of Uppsala ("långfredagsslaget vid Uppsala") on Good Friday, 6 April.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: In May, the Danish fleet, led by King Christian, arrived and Stockholm was attacked by land and sea. Lady Kristina resisted for four months longer, and in the beginning of autumn Kristina's forces began winning. The inhabitants of Stockholm had a large supply of food and fared relatively well. Christian realized that his stockpile was dwindling and that it would doom his army to maintain the siege throughout the winter. With the help of Bishop Mattias, Hemming Gadh and other Swedes of high stature, Christian sent a proposal for retreat that was very advantageous for the Swedes. During a meeting on what is thought to be Beckholmen, outside of Djurgården, Christian swore that all acts against him would be forgotten, and gave pardon to several named persons (including Gustav Vasa, who had escaped from Denmark, where he had been held hostage). Lady Kristina would be given Hörningsholm and all Mörkön as a fief, and was also promised Tavastehus in Finland. When this had been written down on paper, the mayor of the city delivered the keys to the city on Södermalm and Christian held his grand entry. Shortly after, he sailed back to Denmark, to return in October for his coronation.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: On 4 November, Christian was anointed by Gustavus Trolle in Storkyrkan Cathedral and took the usual oath to rule the kingdom through native-born Swedes only. A banquet was held for the next three days. Lots of wine and beer was drunk and good jokes were cracked between Danes and Swedes.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: On the evening of 7 November, Christian summoned many Swedish leaders to a private conference at the palace. At dusk on 8 November, Danish soldiers, with lanterns and torches, entered a great hall of the royal palace and imprisoned several noble guests. Later in the evening, even more of the king's guests were imprisoned. All these people had previously been marked down on Archbishop Trolle's proscription list.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: The following day, 9 November, a council, headed by Archbishop Trolle, sentenced the proscribed to death for being heretics; the main point of accusation was their having united in a pact to depose Trolle a few years earlier. However, many of them were also leading men of the Sture party and thus potential opponents of the Danish kings. At noon, the anti-unionist bishops of Skara and Strängnäs were led out into the great square and beheaded. Fourteen noblemen, three burgomasters, fourteen town councillors and about twenty common citizens of Stockholm were then hanged or beheaded.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: The executions continued throughout the following day (10 November). According to the chief executioner, Jörgen Homuth, 82 people were executed. It has been claimed that Christian also took revenge on Sten Sture's body, having it dug up and burnt, as well as the body of his child. Sture's widow Lady Kristina and many other noblewomen were taken as prisoners to Denmark.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: Christian justified the massacre in a proclamation to the Swedish people as a measure necessary to avoid a papal interdict, but, when apologising to the Pope for the decapitation of the bishops, he blamed his troops for performing unauthorised acts of vengeance.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: Gustav Vasa was a son of Erik Johansson, one of the victims of the executions. Vasa, upon hearing of the massacre, travelled north to the province of Dalarna to seek support for a new revolt. The population, informed of what had happened, rallied to his side. They were ultimately able to defeat Christian's forces in the Swedish War of Liberation. The massacre became the catalyst that permanently separated Sweden from Denmark.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: The Stockholm Bloodbath precipitated a lengthy hostility towards Danes in Sweden, and from then on the two nations were almost continuously hostile toward each other. These hostilities, developing into a struggle for hegemony in the Scandinavian and North German area, lasted for nearly three hundred years. Memory of the Bloodbath served to let Swedes depict themselves (and often, actually regard themselves) as the wronged and aggrieved party, even when they were the ones who eventually took the political and military lead, such as the conquest and annexation of Scania until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: The event earned Christian II the nickname of "Kristian Tyrann" ("Christian Tyrant") in Sweden, which is retained in the present day. It is a common misconception in Sweden that King Christian II, contrarily, is bynamed "Christian den Gode" ("Christian the Good") in Denmark, but this is apocryphal.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: According to Danish historians, no bynames have been given to Christian II in Danish historical tradition. In an interview with Richardson in 1979, Danish historian Mikael Venge, author of the article about Christian II in "Dansk Biografisk Leksikon "said: "I think you ought to protest the next time the Swedish radio claims anything so utterly unfounded that could be understood as if the Danes approved of the Stockholm bloodbath." Despite this, even today, tourist guides in Stockholm spice up their guiding of the Old Town (Gamla Stan) with the news about Christian II's "rehabilitation" back in Denmark.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

text: The event is depicted in the 1901 novel, "Kongens Fald" ("The Fall of the King"), by Nobel Laureate Johannes V. Jensen. The bloodbath forms a large part of the 1948 historical novel "The Adventurer" (original title "Mikael Karvajalka") by the Finnish writer Mika Waltari. The events are depicted as seen by Mikael Karvajalka, a young Finn in Stockholm at the time. A number of references to the Stockholm Bloodbath appear in "Freddy's Book" (1980) by American novelist John Gardner. A 2005 book "Bruden fra Gent" (translated in Nl. "De Gentse Bruid", or "The Bride From Ghent") by the Danish writer Dorrit Willumsen, referenced these events. It illuminates the life of Christian II as seen from his relationship with his mistress, the Dutch Dyveke, and his wife Isabella of Austria, sister of Charles the Fifth.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: A series of nationwide civil protests in Iran, sometimes known as Bloody November or (using the Iranian calendar) Bloody Aban () took place in 2019 and 2020. Initially caused by a 50–200% increase in fuel prices, they occurred as part of the wider Iranian Democracy Movement, leading to calls for the overthrow of the government in Iran and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The protests commenced as peaceful gatherings on the evening of 15 November but spread to 21 cities within hours, as videos of the protest circulated online,


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: eventually becoming the most violent and severe anti-government unrest since the Iranian Revolution in 1979.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: To block the sharing of information regarding the protests and the deaths of hundreds of protesters on social media platforms, the government shut down the Internet nationwide, resulting in a near-total internet blackout of around six days.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In an effort to crush the protests, the Iranian government (according to Amnesty International) shot protesters dead from rooftops, helicopters, and at close range with machine gun fire.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In an effort to mask the scale and casualty count of the protests, it hauled away large numbers of bodies of the dead protesters, and threatened families of slain protesters not to speak to the media or hold funerals.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: As many as 1,500 Iranian protesters were killed. The government crackdown and protests resulted in the destruction of 731 government banks including Iran's central bank, nine Islamic religious centres, protesters tearing down anti-American billboards, and posters and statues of the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei as well as former leader Ruhollah Khomeini. Fifty government military bases were also attacked by protesters. The Iranian regime also employed a week long nationwide internet shutdown becoming the longest total Internet shutdown in a large country. It was also the first blackout that effectively isolated a whole nation.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The uprising, as well as the wider Iranian Democracy Movement in general, differed from earlier protests in 2009 in not being limited to students and large cities, and in the speed, severity and higher death toll of the government crackdown, which crushed the uprising in three days, although protests flared up periodically in the months after.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Iran has experienced numerous nationwide protests and civil unrest since 2016, including the 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt, 2017–2018 Iranian protests, 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests (in January 2020).


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Sanctions by the United States and the European Union, coupled with economic mismanagement, were factors involved in a severe economic crisis in Iran in the 2010s.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Multiple protests and strikes took place in Iran in December 2017, throughout 2018 and in the first half of 2019. Protest causes ranged from rising prices to teachers' and railway workers' rights.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Prior to the November 2019 cycle of unrest, the President of Iran Hassan Rouhani said, "Iran is experiencing one of its hardest years since the 1979 Islamic revolution". According to an estimate by Djavad Salehi-Isfahani cited in the Atlantic Council, inflation sent nearly 1.6 million Iranians into poverty in just a single year prior to the November 2019 protest, with a similar figure given by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation's office for employment and social welfare.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: One of the grievances of the protesters was thought to be the privileges of the Islamic Republic's elite. During this time of economic hardship, a decree issued by the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei exempted some trustees from paying taxes. They included Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters and many other smaller entities belonging to Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In September 2019, just two months before the uprising, a former member of Iran's Parliament, Behzad Nabavi, told an interviewer that the Razavi Economic Foundation (which is presided over by Khamenei), together with the Revolutionary Guards (IRGC) and the Ministry of Intelligence (MOIS), controls about 60% of the Iranian economy. None of these entities pay any taxes and no government organization is allowed to go through their books.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The immediate cause of the protest was the increase in price of fuel, which was announced by the government at midnight on 15 November 2019. Prior to the price increase, drivers could buy up to each month for 10,000 Iranian rial per litre ($0.90 per US gallon). With the new price structure prices started at 15,000 rial per litre ($1.35 per US gallon) for the first , and rose to 30,000 per litre ($2.70 per US gallon) after that, a price increase of 50% to 200%. An Iranian state-television programme described these measures as a way to help fund the subsidies of around 60 million Iranians.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: After the government announced the price increase in the early hours of 15 November, Iranians in various cities (37 cities according to reports by citizen journalists and social media) took to the streets to protest.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: One protester was reportedly killed in Sirjan after security forces opened fire, while the governor said that the death had occurred under unclear circumstances. Other demonstrators in the city set fire to a gas station, and chanted "Rouhani, leave the country alone". Protesters in Ahvaz demanded that people boycott fuel and stop their cars in the middle of the road as a sign of protest.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In Mashhad, Iran's second-largest city, demonstrators blocked traffic in the streets and highways, turning them into parking lots. Protesters gathered late into the night in Qods, a suburb of Tehran, and destroyed a police vehicle. Protests were peaceful at first, as was the state response.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Protests continued to expand for a second day on 16 November. Demonstrators gathered in over 50 cities and many major cities such as Tehran, Tabriz, Isfahan, and Shiraz to protest the sudden price hike. Security forces shot at protesters with live bullets in an effort to disperse them, killing at least ten protesters in Isfahan, Behbahan, Kermanshah, Karaj, and Shiraz.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Several banks in Eslamshahr, Behbahan, and Tehran, and one religious school in Isfahan were burned down by protesters. In Shahriar demonstrators burned down a monument depicting the ring of the Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 16 November, internet access across the country was reported to be in a near-total shutdown, with online activity estimated to be 7% of ordinary levels.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: State news agencies reported that over 1,000 people had been arrested by the 16th, and that the protests had spread to over 100 cities in Iran.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Shop owners in Tehran and Isfahan closed the bazaars and went on strike in protest. While in Tabriz, students from the University of Tabriz left their classes and demonstrated at the university.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Students at the University of Tehran gathered for a second day to protest on 16 November, the current situation in the country and chanted "Death to the dictator", and "Not Gaza, not Lebanon, my life only for Iran". Protests continued in the Sadeghiyeh neighbourhood of Tehran, and the bazaar was packed with security forces attempting to prevent bazaar merchants from going on strike. Citizens of Tehran reported that despite the internet shutdown, the protests gathered in intensity on Tuesday.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Heavy clashes were also reported in Shiraz, where the security forces fired directly at people. Authorities reported that nine Islamic seminaries and Friday prayer offices were burned by protesters across the country. Protests continued for a fifth consecutive day on 19 November despite a heavy security presence the country. Gatherings were reported in Tehran, Karaj, Shiraz and Isfahan. The city of Shush in Khuzestan province, was effectively closed down as Haft Tappeh workers protested the current conditions.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The Revolutionary Guards reportedly took the bodies of the dead protesters and the injured in hospitals, to hide to cover up the true death toll and downplay the protests. In some cases, government officials sold the bodies of the protesters. The protests reached 70% of provinces according to "The Guardian".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 21 November, Iran partially restored access to the internet. Residents of Tehran told the "New York Times" that the government had finished securing the northern area, but not the middle-class and working-class areas of the city. A 26 November "Guardian" editorial characterized the protests as "crushed".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 7 December, coinciding with Students Day in Iran, students in Tehran and various other cities conducted demonstrations in support of the protests. In the early hours of 17 December, students at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran gathered outside the dormitories and protested the killing of protesters.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 25 December, the day before the 40th day mourning procession of the protesters killed in the November protests, security forces arrested several members of Pouya Bakhtiari's family.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 26 December 2019, security forces attacked different cemeteries around Iran to prevent the families, of those killed in November uprising, from holding ceremonies in honour of the 40th day of the death of their loved ones. Some of the mourners were arrested and taken away. One month after Iranian rulers fears any anti-government gathering.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 11 January 2020, after Iranian authorities had stated that Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 had been shot down by Iranian military forces, killing all 176 passengers and flight personnel, three thousand people protested in Tehran, with chants including "Death to the dictator". Police used tear gas on the protestors. Officials reported that 82 Iranians among several other Iranians with dual citizenship were among the victims of the crash. Hundreds of people protested in front of Amirkabir University of Technology. The protestors called for the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei to resign, chanted "Death to the liars" and called "for the IRGC to leave the country". Protests also took place at the Sharif University of Technology and in Isfahan, Rasht, Sari, and Hamedan. Protesters chanted against the Revolutionary Guards, the Supreme Leader, and the entire political system of the Islamic Republic.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 12 January, similar protests took place around Iran. In the morning, students gathered at the dormitories of the University of Tehran and chanted against the Supreme Leader. There were around 3,000 participants in the main demonstration in Tehran according to the "Iranian Labour News Agency". In online social media videos posted in the evening of a location near Azadi Square in Tehran, there were sounds of gunshots, pools of blood on the ground, wounded people being carried and security personnel with rifles. Hossein Rahimi of the Tehran police stated the following day that police had "been given orders to show restraint" and did not shoot during the protests. The Iranian daily "Etemad" wrote "Apologise and resign" in a banner headline. The Iranian president described the missile attack as an unforgivable error.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Protests continued in Tehran on 13 January, including 40 students at a Tehran university who chanted "They killed our elites and replaced them with clerics", in reference to the Iranian students who had died on flight AUI752.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In the video surfacing on the internet, many Tehran university students openly refused to walk over the American and Israeli flags which was the symbol of the country's foreign policy of anti-Americanism and anti-Zionism since the inception of the Islamic Republic. The flags had been painted so that protesters would walk over them as they marched.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 14 January, students at various universities in Tehran, and other Iranian cities continued protesting against the regime and Ali Khamenei. At Amir Kabir University, protesters and the Basij clashed violently. Students at the University of Tehran chanted "We will die to reclaim Iran" and "Death to the concept of a [Supreme Leader]".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 15 January 2020 students in Isfahan and other Iranian cities held their 5th day of protests, after the government of Ayatollah Khamenei admitted downing the Ukrainian passenger plane. Students held banners showing 1500+176 meaning 176 innocent passengers was added to the 1500 killed in November uprising.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 16 January 2020, protesters planned to head down Valiasr Street to the IRIB headquarters in the capital city of Tehran, but were prevented by the heavy presence of in that street. Anti-riot police also took position in several other key points to prevent funeral gatherings for those killed in the missile attack on AUI752 flight. Nevertheless, many mourners attended the funerals.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On the 40th day anniversary of the Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 victims memorial at Amir Kabir University on 16 February, students chanted against the ruling system and called for the boycott of the 2020 parliamentary election.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 25 February 2020, a human rights center in Iran announced that a court in Iran sentenced five persons arrested during November uprising to different prison terms from 18 months to eleven years. The five detainees, who aged between 29 and 51 years, also received different number of lashes. The state court charged them with " collusion against national and international security" and "propaganda against the system".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The organization Human Rights Watch has called on the Geneva United Nations Human Rights Council to adopt "Urgent action" in regard to the "brutal crackdown" of the November protests in Iran. Michael Page, the organization's deputy director for the Middle East says, "Iranian authorities are now confronting popular protests with an astonishing level of violence".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: It is said that 237 protest movements were formed in 85 cities in Iran in July 2020. On 16 July 2020, amid a heavy security presence, protesters took to the streets of Behbehan and chanted "We don't want a clerical regime" and "Not Gaza, not Lebanon, my life only for Iran". The security forces fired tear gas to disperse the protesters, as witnessed told "Reuters". A heavy security presence was also reported in various other Iranian cities.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On the eve of the protests, Iranian authorities started disrupting internet connections and social media. The Internet was effectively blocked following Iran's Supreme National Security Council decision to shut it down for 24 hours.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Because of internet censorship in Iran, the Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Sepah have always opposed joining Iranian to popular social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and so on. Therefore, popular social networks are blocked by those in Iran and because of Iranian protests, internet censorship in Iran has increased. But now they have decided to Internet blackout in Iran.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: NetBlocks reports that users first reported outages in Mashhad on 15 November. The disruptions increased in extent and severity with impact also visible on overall connectivity charts. Iran's largest mobile network operators, including MCI, Rightel and IranCell, were deactivated on the evening of 16 November 2019. By 20 November, national connectivity was at 5% of ordinary levels, making it difficult to monitor human rights violations and cover incidents on the ground.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The government has also jammed satellite TV connections and sent anonymous messages to people near protest sites reading: "We know you are here."


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 21 November 2019, a small return of connectivity was tracked by NetBlocks, along with reports that some users had returned online; national connectivity was up to 8%.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Chants, banners and posters of demonstrators targeted the government and its leaders, and such pillars of the Islamic Republic ideology as pan-Islamic unity, anti-Zionist solidarity with Palestine and Hezbollah of Lebanon, reverence and awe for the Supreme Leader, and hatred for the Pahlavi dynasty. Many protest chants and slogans were directed at expressing discontent with the Iranian government's spending on conflicts in Gaza, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen. Other chants praised the late Shah of Iran calling for his return.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In November 2019, people chanted, "Shah of Iran, return to Iran!", "Iran is muddled in a mess without the Shah", "Clerics must get lost", "No to Gaza, no to Lebanon. We sacrifice our lives for Iran," "Death to the dictator", "Death to the Islamic Republic", "Our military brothers, why do you kill your brother?", "Bless your soul Reza Shah", "Not Gaza, not Lebanon, my life only for Iran", "Oil money has been lost, it has all been spent on Palestine", "They have brought up Islam, but trampled the people", "The supreme leader lives like a God. We, the people live like beggars." "We have no money or fuel, to hell with Palestine."


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Chants became even more radical in the January protests, with demonstrators calling for a revolution and chanting, "This is your last month, [Khamenei] it is time to go", "Oh Crown Prince, come to our help", "Clerics must get lost", "No reforms, no referendum, just strikes and revolution", "Sepah commits murders, and the Supreme Leader supports it", "You killed our elites, and replaced them with clerics", and "Death to Khamenei".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Protesters began by organizing rallies in protest of Iran's government resulting in police gunfire. As protests were met with government crackdowns, protesters began to block streets and highways, often parking their vehicles in the road. The protests intensified with Iranians burning pictures and banners of the supreme leader Ali Khamenei and burning government banks.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: According to the government, four of the security forces killed were shot even though civilians are "largely forbidden to have guns".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Many protest chants praised the former Pahlavi Dynasty and its two leaders. Monarchist groups supporting the former Pahlavi monarchy were targeted and arrested by authorities across multiple cities. It was reported that some members in a monarchist organization had gone as far as infiltrating the government. During the protest the Iranian Revolutionary Guards had openly admitted the Pahlavi dynasty was popular among much of Iran's population.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 10 December 2019 the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), which is a human rights organization based in New York City, put Iran among the countries with the highest number of imprisoned journalists.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The Kurdistan Human Rights Network has stated that many detained protesters, some of them underage, are held under gruelling conditions. In addition, sources have characterized conditions in the Greater Tehran Central Penitentiary as "unbearable".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In addition to the first phase of arrests during the demonstrations, the security forces examined photographs of licence plates taken during the protests "to identify leaders and speak to informants to identify more" protesters to arrest.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Many observers are worried that some of those arrested have undergone severe torture and may face execution.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 2 September 2020, Amnesty International accused the Iranian government of widespread abuse of human rights during the 2019 protests that were sparked following soaring fuel prices. According to latest rights group report, Iran resorted to arbitrary detention, enforced disappearance, torture and other ill-treatment of those involved in the November unrest that rocked the Islamic Republic.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The European Parliament condemned the government of Iran for harassment of lawyers and journalists, and for denying legal assistance to the large number of protesters already in jail.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The International Observatory of Human Rights have claimed that while social media has been a tool for exposing injustices in the state, those who do so risk being arrested and imprisoned. The few remaining independent news sources face harassment and the risk of arrest.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In 2021, Reporters without Borders (RSF) ranked Iran 174th out of 180 countries on the RSF 2020 World Press Freedom Index; they were placed at 173rd and 170th in 2020 and 2019 respectively. According to RSF, at least 860 journalists and citizen-journalists have been detained or executed since 1979, with an unrelenting state control of news continuing.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In the run-up to the 2021 election in Iran, the pressure of the state to control journalists intensified. Between 16 May and 17 June, RSF received 42 cases of journalists receiving summonses from the prosecutor's office or threats from intelligence ministry officials.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On the 14 August 2021, the Centre for Human Rights in Iran reported that four lawyers had been arrested alongside two political activists. They were preparing to sue the Iranian Government for its handling of the COVID-19 Pandemic but were arrested by judicial agents and pressured to drop the suit before it was filed. During the arrest several of the detainees personal items were confiscated without a warrant and the public is yet to be made aware of official charges against the lawyers.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In a new statement Amnesty International has spoken about constant torture exerted on thousands arrested during November Uprising. The statement says, "they have been beaten, punched, kicked and flogged by security forces". Detainees include children of 15 and younger.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 28 December 2019, international human rights watchdog has warned prisoners in Iran's jails "are at risk of being tortured".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: In January 2020, Amnesty International's investigator on Iran, Raha Bahreini, said she had received reports that a woman protester, detained during anti-government demonstrations following the downing of a Ukrainian passenger plane, had been taken to a police station and sexually assaulted by security forces.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The BBC has reported that there is a huge variance in reports of the number of people killed in the protests.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 23 December, Reuters reported that a death toll provided by three unnamed Iranian interior ministry officials was "about 1,500" including "at least 17 teenagers and about 400 women". These numbers were described as "fake news" by a government spokesman and based on figures made by the MEK a week prior. Amnesty International reported that "according to credible reports ... at least 304 people were killed and thousands injured between 15 and 18 November".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The BBC has reported that unofficial reports from various sources say that from 15 to 19 November, about 200 people were killed and 3,000 injured. However, later the Iranian government released some details of 304 deaths during the protest, and Amnesty International found that more than 220 of the recorded deaths took place over just two days on 16 and 17 November. One anonymous dissident politician told US journalist Dexter Filkins that he thinks the higher death estimates may be more accurate as in one location "two hundred people" were buried in "a single night".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The Iranian government has announced that 230 persons were killed, including at least six police officers and soldiers.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: A man in Sirjan was killed and several others were injured after security forces opened fire on protesters on 15 November. The following day, ten protesters were killed during demonstrations.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 19 November, Amnesty International claimed that around 16 people were killed in Kermanshah, 14 each in Bandar-e Mahshahr and in Javanroud, 9 in Mariwan, 8 in Behbahan, 6 each in Ramhormoz, Sadra and in Shiraz, 4 each in Bukan, Karaj and in Robatkarim, 3 in Khorramshahr, 2 each in Abadan, Ahvaz and in Bumahen, and 1 each in Tehran, Isfahan, Eslamshahr, Sanandaj, Shahriar and in Sirjan. According to witness evidence reported in mid-late December, the Bandar-eMahshar death toll was much higher than initially estimated. The Iranian government brought in tanks to the streets of the city and security forces and the IRGC used heavy machine guns against unarmed people, leading to the death of 40–100 people.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: As of 26 November, Amnesty International reported that over 100 people had been killed during the protests, including accounts of wounded or dead protesters removed by government authorities to hide the magnitude of the crackdown on protesters. According to the BBC Persian, the number of deaths has exceeded 200.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: According to a report by "The Guardian" from Shiraz on 1 December, "those on the ground" in the city say the death toll is much higher than the 15 confirmed deaths counted by Amnesty International.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Amnesty International reported that the Iranian government threatened families of the killed protestors against talking to the press. The families were forced to not arrange any funerals and to instead to carry out secret burials.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Speaking at a news conference at the State Department on 5 December, U.S. Special Representative for Iran Brian Hook stated that Iranian government forces killed more than 1,000 protesters. There were reports by US-backed Radio Farda that by 5 December 18 children had been killed by the Iranian government.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: As Reuters has reported, on the second day of Iran protest, in the presence of president Hassan Rouhani, some of his ministers and commanders of the security forces, asserting the government was in total danger, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei called to crush the demonstrators, stating "You have my order [...] Do whatever it takes to end it".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: According to Reuters and the MEK, at least 1,500 people, including 400 women and 17 teenagers, were killed in the uprising and that "many were shot directly in the head".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Human Rights organizations, including Amnesty International, reported that many Iranian protesters wounded in November demonstrations still could not get medical attention as they may get arrested. Two injured protesters, 23-year-old Mohammad Maleki, and Amir Ojani, 43 years old, died in the last days of January due to an acute infection and respiratory diseases.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 3 March 2020, Amnesty International announced that security forces in Iran killed at least 23 children during November uprising in this country. The victims were 22 boys of age 12 to 17 and a girl who was under 12 years old.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Reuters reports that Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, and President Hassan Rouhani ordered deadly weapons be used against the protesters. The order was "confirmed by three sources close to the supreme leader's inner circle and a fourth official, set in motion the bloodiest crackdown on protesters since the Islamic Revolution in 1979". Khamenei, in a meeting with government officials on 17 November 2019, ordered an end to the protests, saying "The Islamic Republic is in danger, do whatever is necessary to end these protests. This is my order." According to the report, Khamenei, who was outraged by protesters tearing down his posters in the streets and the destruction of a statue of Ruhollah Khomeini, told officials in a meeting he would hold them responsible if the protests did not stop immediately.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: but critics have noted that it is the "Supreme National Security Council" that makes decisions on how to deal with such demonstrations and deal with the political crisis in Iran. The council is presided by the president. Iran's constitution prescribes that all decisions taken by the council should be approved by Khamenei. who is also Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The government agents in Iran were accused of stealing the bodies of the dead protesters from morgues, and arresting the injured from hospitals, to give the uprising a lower profile.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Iranian news agency claimed that starting from 19 November 2019, thousands of people in cities across Iran participated in separate pro-government rallies in condemnation of the riots and showed support for the Iran supreme leadership. On 20 November 2019, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani declared victory against the "enemy". Iran started gradually restoring internet connection the following day. Many supporters (including IRGC leader Hossein Salami) also called for the death penalty on anti-government protesters.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Amnesty International stated on 16 December that one month after the uprising, Iranian security forces are still arresting people and especially youth. Prisons, such as Fashafouyeh prison near the capital Tehran, are overcrowded with detainees, among them juveniles of 15 and younger. Prisoners are faced with daily torture and harassment.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The savings from the fuel price rises are planned to be distributed to 18 million poor families, representing 75% of Iran's population. However, with inflation already at 40% and a plummeting currency, according to "The Economist", "the inflationary effects of the price rise risk wiping out most of the benefit." This inflationary threat has been acknowledged by Khamenei.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Several criticisms of the Iranian authorities were made in December 2019 by members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the Iranian parliament. On 9 December 2019, Parvaneh Salahshouri, a female member of the parliament spoke against the country's top officials accusing them of not understanding the griefs of the low-income people and ignoring the deep-seated glitches of the country.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 10 December 2019, Ali Motahari, a member of Iran's parliament spoke out against the policies of the Supreme Leader and that entities under Khamenei's control have created a stalemate in the parliament. In return, another hardliner has asked the Guardian Council to disqualify Motahari as a candidate for the upcoming elections for his "accuses the Supreme Leader in the gasoline issue".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Fears that mass uprising could ignite again created conflicts within the Iranian ruling system. In early December 2019, Mahmood Alavi, the Intelligence Minister, has sent a letter to the speaker of the parliament asking him to stop Mahmoud Sadeghi, a member of Parliament, for acting "against national interests". Since the protests began in November, Sadeghi continued his attacks against some government entities, including the intelligence system. Sadeghi has also spoken against the forced confessions run by the Ministry of Intelligence and shown on state television.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 7 December 2019, commemorating the student's day, university students in various parts of Iran organized rallies shouting slogans against Hassan Rouhani and chief Justice Ebrahim Raeesi. Students also condemned the government for shooting and killing people during recent demonstrations.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 2 December 2019, the Tehran bus drivers' trade union called for the trial of those who ordered the shooting of the protesters. The union described the government's actions as a "massacre and bloody suppression". The statement by the Syndicate of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company, also expressed concern about the situation of the thousands of detained protesters.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 10 December 2019, 160 Iranian lawyers called for an investigation into the November killings. The lawyers also called for information regarding the several thousand detained protestors.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Iranian regime threatens the families of those killed in recent protests not to talk to reporters or others. Nevertheless, families of young people killed by the regime's security forces are not giving in. Mother of Pooya Bakhtiari, killed by government agents, says her son was a "national hero". She continued that her son pursued "freedom, justice and truth", something that Iran's authorities will not grant to the people.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: The United States implemented sanctions on Mohammad-Javad Azari Jahromi, Iran's communications minister, following the deactivation of internet servers inside Iran.


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: On 19 December 2019, the United States Government enforced sanctions on two Iranian judges, Abolghassem Salavati and Mohammad Moghisseh, for suppressing "freedoms of speech and assembly".


title: 2019–2020 Iranian protests

text: Thousands of people are now in Iran's jails just for participating in November uprising. They may face torture or even execution. The two judges have long records of issuing long term prison sentences or death penalties for Iranians longing for democracy and opposed to the rule of the Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei.


title: Charolais cattle

text: The Charolais () or Charolaise () is a French breed of taurine beef cattle. It originates in, and is named for, the Charolais area surrounding Charolles, in the Saône-et-Loire department, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France. Charolais are raised for meat; they may be crossed with other breeds, including Angus and Hereford cattle.


title: Charolais cattle

text: The Charolais is the second-most numerous cattle breed in France after the Holstein and is the most common beef breed in that country, ahead of the Limousin. At the end of 2014, France had 4.22 million head of Charolais, including 1.56 million cows, down 0.6% from a year earlier. The Charolais is a world breed: it is reported to DAD-IS by 68 countries, of which 37 report population data. The world population is estimated at about 730,000. The largest populations are reported from the Czech Republic and Mexico.


title: Charolais cattle

text: As the cradle of the Charolais cattle, the Charolais-Brionnais Country is applicant for the UNESCO's label as a World Heritage Site to preserve, consolidate and transmit this resource.


title: Charolais cattle

text: It is among the heaviest of cattle breeds: bulls weigh from , and cows from . The coat ranges from white to cream-coloured; the nose is uniformly pink.


title: Charolais cattle

text: The Charbray, a cross-breed with Brahman cattle, is recognised as a breed in some countries. The Brazilian Canchim is a composite breed with 5/8 Charolais and 3/8 Indu-Brasil. Other derived breeds include Charford and Char-Swiss in the United States.


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: The 1996–2001 Afghan Civil War took place between the Taliban's conquest of Kabul and their establishing of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996, and the US and UK invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October 2001: a period that was part of the Afghan Civil War that had started in 1989, and also part of the war (in wider sense) in Afghanistan that had started in 1978.


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: The Islamic State of Afghanistan government remained the recognized government of Afghanistan of most of the international community, the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan however received recognition from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates.


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: The defense minister of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Massoud, created the United Front (Northern Alliance) in opposition to the Taliban. The United Front included all Afghan ethnicities: Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Turkmens, some Pashtuns and others. During the conflict, the Taliban received military support from Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia. Pakistan militarily intervened in Afghanistan, deploying battalions and regiments of its Frontier Corps and Army against the United Front. Al-Qaeda supported the Taliban with thousands of imported fighters from Pakistan, Arab countries, and Central Asia.<ref name="Ahmed Rashid/The Telegraph"></ref>


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: Ahmad Shah Massoud (for the United Front and the Islamic State of Afghanistan), Mullah Mohammad Omar (for the Taliban) and Osama Bin Laden together with Ayman al-Zawahiri (for Al-Qaeda and different Arab interests) were the main leaders of the war residing in Afghanistan. There were other leaders, mainly from Pakistan (like Pervez Musharraf and later General Mahmud) on the one side and from the United Front (i. e. Haji Abdul Qadeer, Abdul Rashid Dostum) on the other side, who, however, were not always present in Afghanistan itself. The quality of life of the Afghan population was heavily dependent on the specific leader that was directly controlling the area in which they lived. Sharp contrasts existed regarding life and structures in different areas.


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: Throughout much of its operational history, the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) was headed by Ahmad Shah Massoud, a Kabul University engineering student turned military leader who played a leading role in driving the Soviet army out of Afghanistan, earning him the nickname "Lion of Panjshir". His followers also call him "Āmer Sāheb-e Shahīd" ("Our Beloved Martyred Commander"). The Wall Street Journal at that time dedicated one of its covers to Massoud calling him "the Afghan who won the Cold War". Following the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet-backed government of Mohammad Najibullah, Massoud became the Defense Minister in 1992 under the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani. Following the rise of the Taliban in 1996, Massoud returned to the role of an armed opposition leader, serving as the military commander of the United Islamic Front.


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: Massoud was a deeply religious and spiritual person, who strongly opposed the interpretations of Islam followed by the Taliban or Al-Qaeda. A Sunni Muslim he also always carried a book of Sufi-mystic al-Ghazali with him.


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: The Taliban repeatedly offered Massoud a position of power to make him stop his resistance. Massoud declined for he did not fight for the sake of power. He explained in one interview:


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: Massoud was convinced that only a democratic system could ensure a lasting peace in Afghanistan. He wanted to convince the Taliban to join a political process leading towards democratic elections in a foreseeable future.


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: On September 9, 2001, two days before the September 11 attacks in the United States, Massoud was assassinated in Takhar Province of Afghanistan by suspected al-Qaeda agents. The funeral, although taking place in a rather rural area, was attended by hundreds of thousands of mourning people. The following year, he was named "National Hero" by the order of Afghan President Hamid Karzai. The date of his death, September 9, is observed as a national holiday in Afghanistan, known as "Massoud Day". The year following his assassination, in 2002, Massoud was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (which, incidentally, is never awarded posthumously).


title: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

text: One refugee, who cramped his family of 27 into an old jeep to flee from the Taliban to the area of Massoud, described Massoud's territory as "the last tolerant corner of Afghanistan".<ref name="Journeyman Picture/ABC Australia"></ref> About his life in Massoud's area he stated: "I feel freedom here. I like ... you know, nobody bothers me. I do my job. I take care of my family. The way which I like I live in this area." Massoud had no influence on the lives of people living in the areas of Abdul Rashid Dostum who had joined the United Front to fight the Taliban.