title: Ludlow

text: Under Henry VII the castle continued as the headquarters of the Council of Wales and served as the administration centre for Wales and the counties along the border, known as the Welsh Marches. During this period, when the town served as the effective capital of Wales, it was home to many messengers of the king, various clerks and lawyers for settling legal disputes. The town also provided a winter home for local gentry, during which time they attended the council court sessions. Henry VII sent his heir Prince Arthur to Ludlow, where he was joined briefly by his wife Catherine of Aragon later to become wife to Henry VIII. Ludlow Castle was therefore the site of perhaps the most controversial wedding night in English history, when Catherine's claim that the marriage was never consummated became central to the dispute concerning Henry VIII and Catherine's annulment in 1531.


title: Ludlow

text: Eventually, the council resumed and except for brief interludes, Ludlow continued to host the council until 1689, when it was abolished by William III and Mary II as part of the Glorious Revolution. The castle then fell into decay. The structure was poorly maintained and the stone was pillaged. In 1772 demolition was mooted, but it was instead decided to lease the buildings. Later still it was purchased by the Earl of Powis, and together, he and his wife directed the transformation of the castle grounds.


title: Ludlow

text: The Royal Welch Fusiliers were formed by Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury at Ludlow in March 1689 to oppose James II and to take part in the imminent war with France. The regiment continued to have ties with the town of Ludlow, and its successor battalion in The Royal Welsh regiment was granted the freedom of the town in 2014.


title: Ludlow

text: The town contained several coaching inns, public houses and ale houses, leading to court records of some alcohol-induced violence and a certain reputation for excess. Several coaching inns were constructed to accommodate travellers by stagecoach and mail coach. The Angel on Broad Street was one such notable coaching inn, where several passenger and mail coaches departed and arrived on a regular basis every week, including the "Aurora" coach which departed for London (taking 27 hours in 1822). The Angel was the last coaching inn in Ludlow to have such coach traffic, following the arrival of the railways in 1852. The Angel ceased trading in the early 1990s, though was revived in 2018 as a wine bar occupying a front part of the original establishment. A surviving medieval coaching inn today is the 15th century Bull Hotel on the Bull Ring. Several other pubs and hotels in the town have historic pedigree, including the Rose and Crown where allegedly a pub has existed since 1102.


title: Ludlow

text: In 1802, Horatio Nelson was awarded the freedom of the borough and stayed at The Angel coaching inn on Broad Street, together with his mistress Emma and her husband Sir William Hamilton. The honour was presented to him in a room at the inn, later to be known as the Nelson Room, and he addressed the crowds from one of the bay windows on the first floor. During the Napoleonic Wars, Lucien Bonaparte, younger brother of the French Emperor, and his family were imprisoned at Dinham House in 1811.


title: Ludlow

text: In 1832 Dr Thomas Lloyd, the Ludlow doctor and amateur geologist, met Roderick Murchison at Ludford Corner to study the rocks exposed along the River Teme and on Whitcliffe, advancing Murchison's theory for a Silurian System that he was to publish in 1839. Immediately above the topmost layer of the marine rock sequence forming Murchison's Silurian System was a thin layer of dark sand containing numerous remains of early fish, especially their scales, along with plant debris, spores and microscopic mites. In contrast to the underlying sediments of the Ludlow Series which were deposited in a shallow warm sea some 400 million years ago, the Ludlow Bone Bed represents terrestrial (land) conditions and thus a fundamental change in the landscape. At the time, this was believed to be the earliest occurrence of life on land. Murchison thus took the Ludlow Bone Bed as the base of his Devonian System, although over a century later this boundary was to be moved a little higher, the overlying rocks being ascribed to the Pridoli. The science of geology has taken a number of local names from these studies and now applies them worldwide, in recognition of the importance of this area to scientific understanding, for example, Ludlow Series. The site is now an SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) and still attracts international studies. The geological interval of time, the Ludlow Epoch, is named after the town as part of the Silurian Period.


title: Ludlow

text: By the late 20th century, the town had seen a growth in tourism, leading to the appearance of many antique dealers, as well as art dealers and independent bookshops (the latter now mostly gone). Bodenhams, a clothing retailer, has been trading from a 600-year-old timbered building since 1860 and is one of the oldest stores in Britain. Ludlow was described by "Country Life" as "the most vibrant small town in England."


title: Ludlow

text: A long battle of words between local activists (including many of the town's independent businesses) and Tesco was eventually solved when the mega retailer obtained planning permission to build a supermarket on Corve Street, on the northern edge of the town centre, but only after agreeing to conform to the architectural demands of the local council. The building is designed to follow the outline of the hills in the background, with a curving roof. An Aldi supermarket was subsequently constructed on a site over the road from Tesco.


title: Ludlow

text: A development of 91 houses by South Shropshire Housing Association at Rocks Green won a Sustainable Housing award in 2009, and a Sainsbury's supermarket at Rocks Green was opened in 2021.


title: Ludlow

text: In 1983 a small computer magazine started publication in Ludlow by Roger Kean, Oliver Frey and Franco Frey by Newsfield Publications Ltd called Crash. The magazine catered for the various owners of the ZX Spectrum, and its sister magazine "Zzap!64" catered for Commodore's rival machine the C64. The magazine was extremely popular and became Britain's biggest-selling computer magazine in 1986 selling over 100,000 copies monthly. In 1991 Newsfield suffered financial difficulty and the magazines were sold and relaunched by Europress.


title: Ludlow

text: In 2004 funding was granted by Advantage West Midlands to build a new 'Eco-Park' on the outskirts of the town on the east side of the A49 bypass, at the Sheet Road roundabout, with space for traditional handcraft businesses, new environmentally friendly office buildings and a park & ride facility. More construction work began in 2006 on the west side of the roundabout on a much-debated pasture land on the town's fringe known as the Foldgate. The land has now been turned over to commercial use with a filling station, Travelodge hotel and chain pub/restaurant, opened in late 2008.


title: Ludlow

text: The medieval settlement is largely on the top of a hill, with the castle, market place and parish church (St Laurence's) situated along the flat land on this hilltop, which has a maximum elevation of at the castle, falling only gradually towards the east, with an elevation of at the Buttercross.


title: Ludlow

text: The streets then run down to the Rivers Teme and Corve (their confluence being to the northwest of the centre of Ludlow) to the north and south. The surface of the Teme has an approximate elevation of as it passes Ludford Bridge.


title: Ludlow

text: In the western part of the historic core, Dinham retains the character of a village, though dominated by the castle, with a road leading steeply down from Castle Square to the Teme and then over Dinham Bridge (an early 19th century replacement of an older bridge very slightly downstream). The old chapel in Dinham, a Grade II* listed building, though no longer used for worship, features the oldest built structure in Ludlow outside the castle. To the east a rolling landscape exists, and it is in this direction that the town has steadily grown. East Hamlet was the name of the settlement to the east of the town.


title: Ludlow

text: The growth of the town in this eastwards (and to the north-east) direction continues to the present day, with little or no development especially to the south or west, to an extent that the traditional town centre (the medieval town) is actually in the southwest corner of the entire settlement. It has also meant that the village of Ludford, immediately on the other side of the Teme at Ludford Bridge (itself at the foot of Lower Broad Street), remains a distinct community.


title: Ludlow

text: Localities in the town's suburbs include Gallows Bank and Sandpits. Immediately beyond the A49 by-pass are Rocks Green and the Sheet, and it is in these two places that much of the present development and growth of the town is taking place, including a Sainsbury's supermarket at Rocks Green. They are both approximately from the town centre.


title: Ludlow

text: The town has regularly been held in high esteem by academics and commentators in the areas of urbanism and architecture. Ludlow was winner of "The Great Town Award" (UK & Ireland) from The Academy of Urbanism in 2007. The first episode of the BBC television series "Town", in which geographer Nicholas Crane examines the great towns of the United Kingdom, focused solely on Ludlow for the hour-long documentary. Ludlow also was one of the "Six English Towns", a 1977 television programme by architectural historian Alec Clifton-Taylor.


title: Ludlow

text: The historic centre of Ludlow has largely escaped development that would otherwise alter its medieval, Tudor and Georgian character. Furthermore, the lack of development to the south and west allows for the town's historic setting (and particularly that of the castle) by the Teme and the neighbouring countryside to be readily appreciated in the modern day. M.R.G. Conzen remarked of Ludlow "Its composite medieval town plan and a history of eight and a half centuries with several periods of considerable importance have endowed its Old Town with an historically well-stratified and richly textured landscape." Michael Raven, who created a detailed gazetteer of all the settlements of Herefordshire and Shropshire in the late 20th century, stated that "There can be little doubt that Ludlow is the finest town in Shropshire."


title: Ludlow

text: The medieval street plan remains, though the town walls and gates have disappeared in many places. Mill Street and Broad Street, leading down from the very centre to the Teme in the south, are particularly famous for their rich architectural heritage and vistas, with many fine Georgian buildings. Sir Nikolaus Pevsner described Broad Street as "one of the most memorable streets in England".


title: Ludlow

text: The 2011 UK census recorded 10,266 people living in Ludlow's civil parish. A further 673 live in the neighbouring Ludford parish, meaning the population for the town and adjoining settlements is approximately 11,000.


title: Ludlow

text: In 1377, poll tax was levied against 1,172 of the parish's residents. By this measure, Ludlow was the 35th most populous town in England.


title: Ludlow

text: On 4 February 1980, the £4.7 million single-carriageway by-pass road was officially opened by Kenneth Clarke. The by-pass had been built to the east of Ludlow in the late 1970s, opening to traffic in the summer of 1979, and diverts the A49 trunk road around the town. The former route of the A49 through the town was re-classified as the B4361.


title: Ludlow

text: The town centre retains its medieval streets and has had long-running problems with motor traffic and car parking, which is now restricted seven days a week. There is a town centre residents' parking permit scheme in operation. Council-owned car parks exist in a number of locations in Ludlow to cater for much of the long-stay car parking. The Eco-Park situated on the eastern outskirts of the town, at the Sheet and adjacent to the A49, includes a new Park & Ride facility, with a frequent bus service to and from the town centre.


title: Ludlow

text: The A4117 begins at the Rocks Green roundabout on the Ludlow by-pass and runs across the Clee Hills to Cleobury Mortimer; it then continues via the A456 onwards to Bewdley and Kidderminster.


title: Ludlow

text: Two historic bridges cross the River Teme at Ludlow: Ludford Bridge (a Scheduled Ancient Monument) and Dinham Bridge (early 19th century, Grade II listed); both of which still take vehicular traffic as no modern bridges have been built over the Teme in the area. To the north of the town centre, the historic Corve Bridge crosses the River Corve and this bridge was relieved by Burway Bridge in the mid-20th century. However, on 26 June 2007, dramatic flooding on the Corve caused the Burway Bridge to collapse, severing a gas main and causing 20 homes in nearby Corve Street to be evacuated. The old stone bridge has now been replaced with a modern steel and pre-fabricated concrete construction.


title: Ludlow

text: National Cycle Network route 44 runs over Dinham and Ludford Bridges (via Camp and Silkmill Lanes in-between) en route from Bromfield to Pipe Aston. It is known as the "Six Castles Cycleway", with Ludlow Castle as one of the six.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow railway station began serving the town in 1852 and is about five minutes' walk from the town centre. It is on the Welsh Marches Line and is served by trains between north-west England and South Wales, which are operated by Transport for Wales. To the south of the station is a short tunnel, which runs under Gravel Hill.


title: Ludlow

text: Clee Hill Junction existed just to the north of the station, with a goods line leading off the main line up to the quarries on Titterstone Clee Hill.


title: Ludlow

text: The now-defunct Ludlow Festival was held annually from 1960, during June and July each year. An open area within the castle served as the stage and backdrop for various Shakespearean plays, while a number of supporting events at various venues included classical and pop/rock concerts, varied musicians, lecture talks from public figures, and entertainers. The 54-year-old Festival which had been "loss-making" collapsed in 2014 due to "financial troubles". Organisers said it was "simply not commercially viable".


title: Ludlow

text: The Medieval Christmas Fayre continues to take place in Ludlow, during late November, again centred on Ludlow Castle and the market square.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow was for a time a gastronomic centre, at one point the only town in England with three Michelin-starred restaurants. The town had boasted eight AA Rosette starred restaurants, and three Michelin-starred establishments. In 2016, Ludlow lost its last Michelin-starred establishment — "Mr Underhills" — which had featured in the "Sunday Times" "Top 100 Restaurants". Another previously starred establishment in Ludlow was "La Bécasse" which went into liquidation for the second time in 2014.


title: Ludlow

text: The town hosts the annual Ludlow food festival. Ludlow was the first UK member of Cittaslow or "slow food" movement, but after ongoing controversy over public funding, the town is no longer a member. As of 2021, the town has three butchers (one located in the suburbs), four bakers, a regular farmers market and a range of specialist food shops. The town has a brewery which has been producing real ale (using local hops) since 2006; it is in a renovated goods shed near the railway station.


title: Ludlow

text: The annual Ludlow Marches Festival of Food & Drink is a trade fair that takes place in and around Ludlow in September. Centred on Ludlow Castle, where over 150 local, small food producers showcase and sell their wares, the three-day event involves the town centre in food and drink trails including a "Sausage Trail".


title: Ludlow

text: The town is home to an arts and cinema centre, The Ludlow Assembly Rooms, that hosts live and streamed music, theatre, stand-up comedy and talks. It acts as an arts community centre, has a visual arts gallery, and on most evenings, shows a film, from a wide variety of genres (including classic, arthouse, and blockbuster). Ludlow is now also home to the Rooftop Theatre Company. Originally from the South East, they have been delivering contemporary-styled Shakespeare since 2003. Their first Ludlow production was The Comedy of Errors in 2014.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow has featured in movies and TV programmes including Tom Sharpe's "Blott on the Landscape" and 90s TV adaptations of "The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling" and "Moll Flanders". In Shakespeare's "Richard III", Ludlow is mentioned, as the place where the young Edward V is to be fetched as Richard III plots to seize the crown. The town is described as the capital of Wales following a zombie apocalypse in the novel World War Z.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow has connections with a number of figures in the arts – including Alfred Edward Housman, poet and author of "A Shropshire Lad" (his ashes were buried in the graveyard of St Laurence's Church and were marked by a cherry tree). Stanley J. Weyman, the novelist known as the "Prince of Romance", was born in Ludlow, as was sculptor Adrian Jones, whose ashes are buried in the same churchyard. The naval historian and novelist Captain Geoffrey Bennett (Sea Lion) lived in Ludlow after his retirement in 1974 up to his death in 1983 and his ashes, too, were interred in the parish churchyard.


title: Ludlow

text: The town had a football team (AFC Ludlow), which competed in the West Midlands (Regional) League Division One. The club could no longer field a full team, and folded in June 2016. Ludlow's rugby union club have their ground situated just off Linney near the castle, competing in the Midland league. There is a cricket club sporting its 1st and 2nd XI teams in the Shropshire Premier Cricket League and its 3rd and 4th XI in the Shropshire Cricket League Division 5 and Division 6 respectively. The cricket ground is near the junction of Burway Lane and Bromfield Road in the north of the town and has a picturesque setting with the castle, St Laurence's church and surrounding hills and countryside clearly visible.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow Racecourse and Ludlow Golf Club are situated together just off the A49 road 2 miles (3 km) northwest of the town centre, at a place called Old Field near Bromfield. A smaller (9-hole) golf course exists at Elm Lodge, just off Fishmore Road on the northern edge of the town.


title: Ludlow

text: A privately run leisure and fitness centre, which includes a swimming pool, is on Bromfield Road on the northern edge of the town (near the secondary school). Lawn bowls is played in the area, with several teams from Ludlow's two bowling clubs (Burway and Ludlow Castle) playing against each other and teams from further afield, in the Ludlow & District Bowls League, as well as in the higher Shropshire leagues. There is an amateur boxing club, situated on Wheeler Road, with its new clubhouse opening in 2014.


title: Ludlow

text: The "Ludlow Advertiser" was founded in 1855 by John Crosse, with its original offices at 18 King Street. New premises for the Advertiser were constructed in 1914 on Upper Galdeford, still called the Advertiser Buildings, but now a fast-food outlet. It has published an edition weekly ever since, though is now the "Ludlow and Tenbury Wells Advertiser" and published from the "Hereford Times" offices in Hereford, with an editor based in Birmingham. In 2010 the area's free weekly newspaper, the "Ludlow Journal", stopped being published and was absorbed into its paid-for sister, the "South Shropshire Journal". The "Shropshire Star" – with its related publication the "South Shropshire Journal" – is published in Ketley and had an office in Ludlow, at The Angel on Broad Street, but this closed in 2017. Other local papers include the Teme Valley Times, founded in 2006.


title: Ludlow

text: Sunshine Radio, once a pirate radio station, is now a legitimate commercial broadcaster in the south Shropshire and north Herefordshire/Worcestershire area on 105.9 FM, and more widely on 855 kHz AM which is broadcast from a transmitting station situated between Ludlow and Tenbury Wells. Its sister station in Hereford can also be received in Ludlow on 106.2 FM. BBC Radio Shropshire, broadcast largely from Shrewsbury, has a number of frequencies in order to cover the county's hilly terrain, and broadcasts in this part of south Shropshire on 95 FM, referred to as its Ludlow frequency. There is a transmitting station above the town in Mortimer Forest, which transmits Radio Shropshire and other television and radio frequencies. BBC Hereford and Worcester's 94.7 FM and 1584 kHz AM broadcasts can be picked up in Ludlow.


title: Ludlow

text: BBC Hereford and Worcester's 1584 AM and Sunshine Radio's 105.9 FM broadcasts are made from the Woofferton transmitting station, just south of Ludlow, which is notable for its Cold War history and now being the UK's only remaining shortwave broadcasting site.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow is a civil parish with a town council and a mayor. Ludlow was a borough from 1461 to 1974 (becoming a municipal borough in 1835 and a rural borough in 1967); the borough encompassed the same area as Ludlow's parish until the mid-late 19th century. Its borough status meant Ludlow was largely autonomous from the hundred of Munslow which it lay in.


title: Ludlow

text: Wider local government was provided by Ludlow Rural District from 1894 (this rural district absorbed the borough of Ludlow in 1967, causing the change in status to a rural borough) until 1974 when South Shropshire District Council (with Ludlow as its seat) took over along with Shropshire County Council in a two-tier arrangement. Rural boroughs were abolished in 1974 and Ludlow's borough status at that point ended. The district councils of Shropshire were abolished in 2009 and the county now has a unitary authority called Shropshire Council, based in Shrewsbury. The South Shropshire District Council's offices at Stone House on Corve Street were gradually emptied of local government staff until their sale in 2014.


title: Ludlow

text: The town council is based at the Guildhall on Mill Street, a grade I listed building, which was the home of the town's county and magistrates' courts until their closure in 2011. There was a Town Hall, situated in the Square, which was built in 1887–1888 and demolished in March 1986; it featured prominently just prior to its demolition in the 1985 television drama "Blott on the Landscape". The other notable civic building in the centre of town is the Buttercross (named as it was the butter market at the site of the medieval High Cross); it was the home of the town council after the demolition of the Town Hall and prior to the closure of the courts. It is now an 'interpretation centre' for the town's architectural heritage.


title: Ludlow

text: Fifteen councillors sit on the town council, representing seven wards, and elections (when contested) are held every four years (at the same time as elections to Shropshire Council). The seven wards changed slightly in 2008, retaining their previous names and number of councillors they each return – they are (with the number of town councillors returned given): Rockspring (2), Hayton (2), Bringewood (2), Corve (2), Whitcliffe (2), Gallows Bank (3), and Clee View (2).


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow together with nearby parishes comprise three electoral divisions, each returning one councillor to Shropshire Council in elections held every four years, the most recent being in 2021. The electoral divisions comprise:


title: Ludlow

text: Ludford is a separate civil parish, with its own parish council, and covers the adjoining places of Ludford, Foldgate, Steventon, the Sheet and Rocks Green. Until 1901 an area of land at the foot of Old Street, called Holdgate Fee, was a detached part of Ludford parish in the town itself. Ludlow Castle was a parish of its own, contained within the castle's walls and the immediate hillside; it was abolished in 1901 and ceded to Ludlow's civil parish. Other than Ludford, the only other civil parish in the present-day that neighbours Ludlow is Bromfield.


title: Ludlow

text: The civil parish of East Hamlet, created in 1884 covered a limited area to the east of the town; this parish was largely absorbed by Ludlow's parish as the town expanded into it (in 1901, 1934 and finally in 1987 when it was abolished). Ludlow's parish in 1901 expanded into Ludford to the east (taking in Holdgate Fee and the Steventon New Road area); another two expansions into Ludford in 1934 involved taking in the Whitcliffe (which had been acquired by the burgesses of Ludlow already in the 13th century) and a further part to the east (the Gallows Bank area). 1934 also saw a significant expansion of the Ludlow parish west into Bromfield's parish, on both sides of the Teme; this coupled with the inclusion of Whitcliffe constitutes the western, essentially rural part to Ludlow's civil parish in the present day.


title: Ludlow

text: For representation to the House of Commons, Ludlow falls within the Ludlow constituency, which has its origins in 1473 shortly after Ludlow had become a parliamentary borough, and which until 1868 returned two burgesses to Parliament.


title: Ludlow

text: In modern times the Ludlow constituency covers a large area of southern Shropshire including Bridgnorth. The current member of Parliament for Ludlow is Philip Dunne, who has held the seat since 2005.


title: Ludlow

text: McConnel Limited, a manufacturer of hedge cutting and verge mowing machinery, is based in Ludlow, occupying a seven-acre industrial site in the Temeside/Weeping Cross area of the town known as the Temeside Works. The company claims to be the innovator of the first tractor-mounted hedge cutting machine (produced in 1945) and a leading producer of reach flail mower hedge and verge mowing power-arm technology.


title: Ludlow

text: The town has regular outdoor markets held on Castle Square, an area that was enlarged in 1986 with the demolition of the Town Hall (which was also known as Market Hall). General markets are held on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Specialist markets (examples being crafts, antiques, local produce) are held on occasional Thursdays and Sundays. They are run by the town council.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow has two primary schools for children aged 5–11, and a secondary school – the Ludlow Church of England School — for pupils aged 11–16.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow College is a sixth form college in the town centre, formed by the merger of the town's boys grammar school and girls high school. Prior to its merger with Herefordshire College in 2012 it was one of the oldest educational institutions in the country, dating back some 800 years.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow Hospital is an NHS community hospital at the junction of Gravel Hill and New Road. It had until recently several inpatient and outpatient departments and wards, as well as a minor injuries unit.


title: Ludlow

text: The Shropshire Fire and Rescue Service have a fire station on Weeping Cross Lane, manned by retained firefighters.


title: Ludlow

text: Voluntary aid society, the British Red Cross, has a hall in the Smithfield car park, just off Lower Galdeford, and adjacent to the fire station.


title: Ludlow

text: There are two Church of England parishes in Ludlow and two Church of England churches – the large and historic St Laurence's Church in the centre of the town – and the 19th century St John's Church on Gravel Hill. Within St Laurence's Church are the St John's, Lady and St Catherine's chapels. Ludford has its own Church of England parish and church, dedicated to St Giles.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow falls within the Church of England's Diocese of Hereford and between 1981 and 2020 was a suffragan see with its own suffragan bishop, the Bishop of Ludlow, the only such bishop in the diocese. There has long been an Archdeacon of Ludlow, historically known as the Archdeacon of Shropshire, overseeing the other parishes in the southern part of the county (the part of the Hereford diocese that is within Shropshire).


title: Ludlow

text: The Roman Catholic church of St Peter is on Henley Road. Construction to a design by the Welsh-based Italian architect Giuseppe Rinvolucri began in 1935, using stone from nearby Farlow and building in a neo-Byzantine and plain Romanesque style. The construction also involved novel reinforced concrete technology. The Byzantine design continues inside, with a blue dome with twelve gold-leaf stars representing St Peter and the other Apostles. An Art Deco presbytery was built next to the church. St Peter's chapel, within the castle, is now a ruin.


title: Ludlow

text: Ludlow has a Methodist church on Broad Street, a Quaker Meeting House on St Mary's Lane, a Baptist church at the Rockspring Community Centre, and an Elim Pentecostal church off the Smithfield car park.


title: Ludlow

text: Two monastic institutions once existed in Ludlow – one Augustinian ("Austin") Friars on the corner of Lower Galdeford and Weeping Cross Lane, and the other Carmelite ("White") Friars between Linney and Corve Street. Both were dissolved in 1538. The White Friars site became the town's cemetery in 1824, with a new church constructed, dedicated to St Leonard (a St Leonard's chapel existed on the corner of Corve Street and Linney in medieval times). The St Leonard's graveyard and church still exist but are no longer used for burials or worship (instead the church building is now a commercial premises). The Austin Friars site became the town's livestock market (the Smithfield) and is now a public car park.


title: Ludlow

text: The following are the principal landmark buildings and structures in the town, the majority of which are grade I or II* listed buildings.


title: Ludlow

text: Robert Mascall (died 1416), a medieval Carmelite friar who served as the Bishop of Hereford from 1404 to 1416 was born at Ludlow. Thomas Holland (1549 in Ludlow – 1612) was an English Calvinist scholar and theologian and one of the translators of the King James Version of the Bible. Sir John Bridgeman (1568/69 – 1638), a Chief Justice of The Marches in the 17th century is buried in St Laurence's church, within a tomb monument attributed to Francesco Fanelli.


title: Ludlow

text: Sir Timothy Littleton (c1608 – 1679) was an English judge and politician who sat in the House of Commons for Ludlow between 1660 and 1670.


title: Ludlow

text: Admiral James Vashon (1742–1827) was born in the nearby Herefordshire village of Eye and then lived in Ludlow, on Broad Street, following his distinguished service in the Royal Navy. He died in the town and is buried at St Laurence's. A civic society blue plaque commemorates him at 54 Broad Street; there is a Vashon Close in Ludlow's eastern suburbs. Thomas Johnes (1748 in Ludlow – 1816) was an MP, landscape architect, farmer, printer, writer and social benefactor. Molly Morgan (1762 in Ludlow as Mary Jones -1835) lived in the area until transported in 1788 as a convict to Australia, where she eventually became a landowner and benefactor in New South Wales.


title: Ludlow

text: Notable people associated with the town include Charles Badham (1813 in Ludlow–1884), a Victorian scholar and professor at Sydney University and Thomas Wright (1810–1877), an English antiquarian and writer. Sir Charles Hastings (1794 in Ludlow–1866), was a pioneering Victorian doctor and founder of the British Medical Association. Stanley J. Weyman (1855 in Ludlow – 1928) was an English writer of historical romance. Ludlow was birthplace of historian Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1862–1926), when his father was headmaster at Ludlow Grammar School.


title: Ludlow

text: Born near the town was John Marston (1836–1918), the founder of the Sunbeam racing car and motorcycle company. Also born in proximity to Ludlow was Henry Hill Hickman (1800–1830), a very early pioneer of anaesthetics, at Lady Halton, near Bromfield. Pictorialist photographer Henry Peach Robinson (1830–1901) was born in the town.


title: Ludlow

text: Captain Adrian Jones MVO (1845 in Ludlow – 1938), the well-known sculptor has many works throughout the world, particularly the Peace Quadriga on the Wellington Arch in London, and his ashes are buried at St Laurence's church. Sir William Jukes-Steward (1841–1912), later Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives, had a boyhood home in Ludlow, where he attended the Grammar School, at Numbers 4–5 King Street (marked by plaque).


title: Ludlow

text: Captain Geoffrey Bennett DSC (1909–1983), Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, naval officer and a well-known author, writing novels such as 'Sea Lion' and naval histories under his own name, retired to a cottage in central Ludlow in 1976, where he died. Lieutenant-Colonel Uvedale Corbett CBE DSO (1909–2005) was a British soldier, politician and businessman and Conservative MP for Ludlow from 1945 to 1951.


title: Ludlow

text: Baron Rees of Ludlow (born 1942), the current Astronomer Royal is associated with the town, and Anthony Howard (1934–2010), a senior British political journalist, obituary writer, and social commentator had a home there. Local MP Philip Dunne was born in Ludlow in 1958.


title: Ludlow

text: The author P.D.James, Baroness James of Holland Park (1920–2014) spent part of her youth in Ludlow, and attended the British School there. Fr. John Fitzgerald (1927–2007) was a Carmelite friar, priest, poet and philosopher from Ludlow. Kate Charles (born 1950) an American crime writer, lives in Ludlow. Lucy Jones (born 1955) a British painter and printmaker, also lives in Ludlow.


title: Ludlow

text: Cyril Lello (1921-1997) from Ludlow was a professional footballer, notably for Shrewsbury Town and Everton. Harry Burgoyne (born 1996), also from Ludlow, is a footballer currently playing for Shrewsbury Town.


title: Ludlow

text: Dick Heckstall-Smith (1934–2004) from Ludlow was an English jazz and blues saxophonist. Sheena Porter (born 1935) a British author of children's novels, lives in Ludlow. The actor John Challis (1942-2021) who played Boycie in "Only Fools & Horses" lived near Ludlow, as did Pete Postlethwaite (1946–2011). The actress Holly Davidson (born 1980) (from "Casualty" and "The Bill") grew up locally. Hollie Robertson (born 1985), winner of the BBC's "Strictly Dance Fever" in 2006 is from Ludlow. Impressionist Alistair McGowan (born 1964), now lives in Ludlow, where he is patron of the Ludlow Fringe Festival in which he has appeared performing live.


title: Whale meat

text: Whale meat, broadly speaking, may include all cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises) and all parts of the animal: muscle (meat), organs (offal), skin (muktuk), and fat (blubber). There is relatively little demand for whale meat, compared to farmed livestock. Commercial whaling, which has faced opposition for decades, continues today in very few countries (mainly Iceland, Japan and Norway), despite whale meat being eaten across Western Europe and colonial America previously. However, in areas where dolphin drive hunting and aboriginal whaling exist, marine mammals are eaten locally as part of a subsistence economy: the Faroe Islands, the circumpolar Arctic (the Inuit in Canada and Greenland, related peoples in Alaska, the Chukchi people of Siberia), other indigenous peoples of the United States (including the Makah people of the Pacific Northwest), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (mainly on the island of Bequia), some of villages in Indonesia and in certain South Pacific islands.


title: Whale meat

text: Like horse meat, for some cultures whale meat is taboo, or a food of last resort, e.g. in times of war, whereas in others it is a delicacy and a culinary centrepiece. Indigenous groups contend that whale meat represents their cultural survival. Its consumption has been denounced by detractors on wildlife conservation, toxicity (especially mercury), and animal rights grounds.


title: Whale meat

text: Whale meat can be prepared in various ways, including salt-curing, which means that consumption is not necessarily restricted to coastal communities.


title: Whale meat

text: Whales were hunted in European waters throughout the Middle Ages for their meat and oil. According to Catholic practice at the time, aquatic creatures were generally considered "fish", therefore whale was deemed suitable for eating during Lent and other "lean periods". An alternative explanation is that the Church considered "hot meat" to raise the libido, making it unfit for holy days. Parts submerged in water, such as whale or beaver tails, were considered "cold meat." These practices were due to the laws of fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church.


title: Whale meat

text: Eating whale meat did not end with the Middle Ages in Europe, but rather, whale stock in nearby oceans collapsed due to overexploitation, especially the right whales around the Bay of Biscay. Thus European whalers (the Basques, especially, were known for their expertise) had to seek out the New World to catch whales. The Dutch (Flemish) were also active in the whaling commerce during the Middle Ages, and a number of records regarding the trafficking of whale meat and taxation on it occur from historical Flanders (extending to cities like Arras or Calais in the "département" of Pas de Calais).


title: Whale meat

text: French surgeon Ambroise Paré (died 1590) wrote that "the flesh has no value, but the tongue is soft and delicious and therefore salted; likewise, the blubber, which is distributed across many provinces, and eaten with peas during Lent". This blubber, known as "craspois" or "lard de carême" was food for the poorer strata on the continent. The whaling industry in North America may have supplied rendered fat, partly for consumption in Europe.


title: Whale meat

text: In early America, whalemen may have eaten blubber after rendering, which they termed "cracklings" or "fritters", said to be crunchy like toast; these were certainly reused as fuel chips to boil down the fat. Colonial America also more commonly consumed the meat and other portions of the "blackfish" (or pilot whale). However, by the beginning of large-scale commercial whaling, whale meat was not consumed by the general American public, as it was not seen as fit for consumption by so-called civilized peoples.


title: Whale meat

text: Minke whale is one of the most common species still hunted in substantial numbers. Baleen whales other than the minke are endangered, though they are taken in numbers by indigenous peoples who traditionally hunt them, and more lately, the whaling nations have resumed hunting larger baleen whales openly.


title: Whale meat

text: In 1998–1999, Harvard researchers published their DNA identifications of samples of whale meat they obtained in the Japanese market, and found that mingled among the presumably legal (i.e. minke whale meat) was a sizeable proportion of dolphin and porpoise meats, and instances of endangered species such as fin whale and humpback whale. (Blue whale DNA was also detected in the study, but researchers have attributed those findings to crossbreeding with fin whales, and that view has since been strengthened.)


title: Whale meat

text: In recent years Japan has resumed taking North Pacific fin whale and sei whales in their research whaling. The fin whales are highly desired because they yield arguably the best quality of tail meat ("onomi"). Japanese research vessels refer to the harvested whale meat as incidental byproducts which have resulted from study.


title: Whale meat

text: In Japan, the research whale meat was sold at officially published prices, but since 2011 an auction bid system has been adopted and actual realized prices have not been posted.


title: Whale meat

text: The channels through which premium cuts such as fin whale tail meat are sold remain opaque. A report by one of the Greenpeace Japan activists who intercepted whale meat package deliveries got no further than the sentiment by one restaurateur that it would take Nagatachō (i.e. high government) connections to get it.


title: Whale meat

text: In places such as Norway, Iceland, and Alaska, whale meat may be served without seasoning. However, it can also be cured or marinated, or made into jerky.


title: Whale meat

text: In Norway, whale meat was a cheap and common food until the 1980s. It could be used in many ways but was often cooked in a pot with lid in a little water so that broth was created and then served with potatoes and vegetables, often with flatbrød at the side.


title: Whale meat

text: The consumption of whale meat by the Inuit in Greenland is part of their culture. However, in 2010, tourists also have begun to consume the meat. A Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) investigation has documented the practice of commercial wholesalers commissioning subsistence whalers to supply the demand by supermarkets. Whale products in Greenland are sold in 4-star hotels.


title: Whale meat

text: Whales have been hunted for meat in Japan since before 800 AD. After World War II, due to damage to Japan's infrastructure, whale meat became an important source of proteins.


title: Whale meat

text: In modern-day Japan, two cuts of whale meat are usually created: the belly meat and the tail meat. In the early 19th century, 70 different cuts were known. People still call the belly and tail cuts by their special whale meat names; also, different parts of the body such as the tongue retain their jargon names (see below). The tail meat is not the same as the fluke (tail flipper), and they go by different names.


title: Whale meat

text: As previously mentioned, different cuts of whale meat have specialised names. The belly meat, in the striped bellows-like underbelly of baleen whales "from the lower jaw to the navel", is called and is known for being made into whale bacon.


title: Whale meat

text: The prized tail meat, called or are two strips of muscle that run from the dorsal to the base of the fluke. The tail meat is regarded as marbled, and is eaten as sashimi or tataki. Masanori Hata (aka Mutsugorō), a zoologist author and animal shelter operator, has extolled the delicacy of the tail meat. It can only be derived from larger baleen whales, and the fin whale's meat has been considered superior. When the ban on this species was in place and Japan ostensibly complied, what was claimed to be genuine fin whale was still available, and legitimized as "grandfathered" goods, i.e., frozen stock from animals caught when still legal. In the past when blue whale hunting was still conducted by all nations, its tail fin was served in Japan.


title: Whale meat

text: The fluke or tail flipper is referred to as either or . After being cured in salt it is thinly sliced, scalded with hot water and rinsed, and served as "sarashi kujira" (pictured).


title: Whale meat

text: The tongue, called is often processed and used in high-end oden. The fried skin after the blubber is called "koro", and analogous to "fritter/crackling".


title: Whale meat

text: The Japanese Wikipedia article at provides a more extensive list of whale tissues eaten, which includes the intestines, sex organs, and other offal.


title: Whale meat

text: As of 2006, in Japan, 5,560 tons of whale meat worth ¥5.5 billion is sold in every year. The Japanese market has declined in recent years, with prices falling to $26 per kilogram in 2004, down $6 per kilogram from 1999. Fluke meat can sell for over $200 per kilogram, over three times the price of belly meat.


title: Whale meat

text: Greenpeace has alleged that some of the meat on sale is illegally sourced. They have claimed that it has been illegally smuggled from crew members of research ships and that more meat is caught than can be consumed by humans, with up to 20% of 2004's catch going unsold.


title: Whale meat

text: For thousands of years, Native Alaskans of the Arctic have depended on whale meat. The meat is harvested from legal, non-commercial hunts that occur twice a year in the spring and autumn. The meat is stored and eaten throughout the winter.


title: Whale meat

text: Tikiġaġmiut, Iñupiat living on the coast of Alaska, divided their catch into 10 sections. The fatty tail, considered to be the best part, went to the captain of the conquering vessel, while the less-desired sections were given to his crew and others that assisted with the kill.


title: Whale meat

text: The skin and blubber, known as muktuk, taken from the bowhead, beluga, or narwhal is also valued, and is eaten raw or cooked. "Mikigaq" is the fermented whale meat.


title: Whale meat

text: Whaling in the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic has been practiced since about the time of the first Norse settlements on the islands. Around 1000 long-finned pilot whales ("Globicephala melaena") are killed annually, mainly during the summer. The hunts, called "grindadráp" in Faroese, are organized on a community level.


title: Whale meat

text: Both the meat and blubber are stored and prepared in various ways, including Tvøst og spik. When fresh, the meat is often boiled. It can also be served as steak (grindabúffur). This dish comprises meat and blubber, which is salted and then boiled for an hour, served with potatoes. The meat can also be hung out to dry and then served in thin slivers. At parties some choose to serve "kalt borð" (cold table), which means a variety of cold food, which can include dried whale meat, dried blubber or blubber which is preserved in water with much salt in it, dried fish, dried sheep meat, etc. Traditionally, whale meat was preserved by hanging salted pieces (called "likkjur") outdoors under a roof to be dried in the wind. This method is still used today, particularly in villages. Today, both meat and blubber can also be stored in freezers.


title: Whale meat

text: In 2008, Faroe Islands Chief Medical Officer Høgni Debes Joensen and Pál Weihe of the Department of Public and Occupational Health recommended that pilot whales no longer be considered fit for human consumption due to the presence of DDT derivatives, PCBs and mercury in the meat. Their recommendation was based on research suggesting a correlation between mercury intake and the high rate of Parkinson's disease on the islands. As of 1 June 2011, the Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority has advised Faroe Islanders not to eat the kidney or liver of pilot whales, not to consume more than one serving per month, and, for women and girls, to refrain from eating blubber if they plan to have children and to refrain from whale meat entirely if they are breastfeeding, pregnant or planning to conceive in the following three months.


title: Whale meat

text: During World War II the British Minister of Food introduced food rationing but allowed whale meat to be distributed 'off ration', i.e. without restriction. It was not popular because the smell whilst cooking was deemed 'unpleasant', and the taste was considered 'bland' even when spiced.


title: Whale meat

text: During the post-World War II period, corned whale meat was available as an unrationed alternative to other meats. Sold under the name "whacon", the meat was described as "corned whale meat with its fishy flavour removed", and was almost identical to corned beef, except "brownish instead of red". The Food Ministry emphasised its high nutritional value.


title: Whale meat

text: Tests have revealed that in whale meat sold in Japan, high levels of mercury and other toxins are present. A research study was conducted by Tetsuya Endo, Koichi Haraguchi and Masakatsu Sakata at the University of Hokkaido found high levels of mercury in the organs of whales, particularly the liver. They stated that "Acute intoxication could result from a single ingestion" of liver. The study found that liver samples for sale in Japan contained, on average, 370 micrograms of mercury per gram of meat, 900 times the government's limit. Levels detected in kidneys and lungs were approximately 100 times higher than the limit. The effect is due to the animal's trophic level, however, rather than its size. This means that there is a significant difference between the mercury levels in toothed whales and baleen whales. The former have a much higher concentration as they feed from large fishes and mammals, while the latter feed from plankton.


title: Whale meat

text: A study done on children of the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic showed neurological problems stemming from mothers consuming pilot whale meat during pregnancy


title: Whale meat

text: Norwegian-based High North Alliance has suggested that the carbon footprint resulting from eating whale meat is substantially lower than that of beef. Greenpeace responded that "The survival of a species is more important than lower greenhouse gas emissions from eating it." Many organizations, including Greenpeace and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, have criticised the whale trade for preying on endangered species, as studies have shown an alarming decrease in whale populations, which may significantly affect oceans and its foodchains, therefore, it may affect lives in the foreseeable future.


title: Whale meat

text: Groups such as the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society have attempted to disrupt commercial whaling with varying degrees of success.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: Meesaya Murukku () is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Hiphop Tamizha Aadhi in his directorial debut and stars as the lead along with newcomer Aathmika as the female lead, while Vivek, RJ Vigneshkanth and Vijayalakshmi play supporting roles. The film, a partly fictionalised biopic of Adhi's early life, was released on 21 July 2017 to mostly positive reviews. and became a super-hit at the box office, grossing ₹15 crores worldwide, which is substantially high considering the fact that the film featured 17 debutant actors. It was later remade in Kannada in 2019 as "Padde Huli."


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: Coimbatore-based Aadhi and Jeeva have been close friends since childhood. Aadhi's father, Professor Ramachandran is very supportive of his interest in music and extra-curriculars. Aadhi joins electrical engineering after school and falls in love with his college mate, Nila who was his childhood friend. Nila is from an affluent family, and her parents are against love. Despite Nila's reservations, she too falls in love with Aadhi.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: Aadhi is well known in college for his Tamil raps, and he owns a YouTube page "Hiphop Tamizha". Weeks before their final exams, Nila's family discover her relationship with Aadhi. Nila's father and uncle threaten Aadhi's family to break this relationship. After graduating, Aadhi expresses his interest to move to Chennai and become an independent musician, to his father; for which he also faces opposition. Aadhi convinces his father, promising that he will return within a year if he cannot succeed. Aadhi also promises Nila that he will seek a job after one year and marry her. Both Nila's and Aadhi's fathers accept his promises with half-heart, and Aadhi's father does not provide financial support to him.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: Aadhi and Jeeva reach Chennai with instruments. They stay with their college seniors and try hard for opportunities, but all efforts fail. A year passes by, and the duo decide to return to Coimbatore. Before departure, Aadhi and Jeeva meet Ma Ka Pa Anand of Radio Mirchi, who allows him to sing "Club Le Mabbu Le" in his show, following which they come to Coimbatore.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: As per his father's advice, Aadhi enrolls for an MBA degree in Chennai. Suddenly, he finds that the video of "Club Le Mabbu Le" has gone heavily viral in social media, and has drawn thousands of fan followers. Aadhi's hope is revived, and he decides to continue looking for an opportunity in the music industry and also promises his father that he will complete his post-graduation. At the same time, a big music company approaches Aadhi for a paid concert in Chennai.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: Since Nila has not consented to any marriage proposals, Nila's father threatens her with his suicide and arranges a wedding for her. Aadhi gets shocked knowing that Nila's parents have fixed a wedding for her. Aadhi covertly meets Nila and requests to wait for another year, for which Nila does not agree, replying that she had already waited for a year, and all is over. Aadhi gets heartbroken and leaves to Chennai. Nila is married as per her parents' wishes, while Aadhi becomes a popular personality in hip-hop music and in five years Aadhi and Jeeva become famous music directors in cinema.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: In August 2013, Aadhi, the lead singer of Hiphop Tamizha (HHT) revealed that he had been signed as lead for a full-length feature film based on HHT which was expected to released by the mid of 2014. He also stated that there was a search for a suitable director to helm the spec script. During October 2016, a 90–second teaser was released on HHT's official YouTube channel, as news emerged that the film being titled as ""Meesaya Murukku"" produced by N. Ramasamy and Hema Rukmani for Thenandal Studio Limited, who green lit the project within five minutes of his narration and insisted him to perform as lead actor, after being impressed with his video song on Jallikattu, ""Takkaru Takkaru"". Apart from debuting as actor in a full-length role, Adhi also serves as writer and director besides composing the score and writing lyrics for the film. In the press meet before release of the film, Sundar C confirmed that it was partly biographical of Adhi's life. The film's title is derived from a phrase Adhi's father would often tell his son: ""Thothalum jeythalum, meesaya murukku"" (win or lose, always twirl your moustache).


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: Adhi has stated that while "Meesaya Murukku" is "predominantly based on real incidents", such as his five friends from the film and the character Sudhakaran being based on real people, certain liberties were taken to make the film commercially viable. The film depicts Adhi and Jeeva as having been childhood friends, whereas in reality, the duo met via Orkut in 2005, when they were teenagers.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: As revealed in 2013, Adhi continued to be lead actor and chose Aathmika to pair for him, after coming across her Facebook profile. The film also features Vivek and Vijayalakshmi in supporting roles, where the former plays the father of Adhi's character. The film features a mostly new cast and crew as per Adhi's wishes, with being Vivek the only established actor.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: Though pre-production began in August 2013, the film, as of October 2016, was reported to have completed 45 days of shoot with two songs left to be shot. Filming ended by early November 2016.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: Adhi composed the music of the film. A promotional song, "Sait Ji", was released in late 2016. Although it became a viral hit on YouTube, Sundar C. received a legal notice from Ashok G Lodha of Shri All India Shwetamber Sthanakwasi Jain Conference. Lodha objected to the words "Sait Ji", meaning "affluent trader", and demanded that they be removed from the song, feeling it was "a classic example of abuse of the (Jain) community in the name of creativity and art." Sundar C obliged, and had the words removed not only from the song, but also from the finished film, and the word "Sait Ji" was replaced with "Great ji". The YouTube video itself was deleted later.


title: Meesaya Murukku

text: "Meesaya Murukku" received mostly positive reviews. Sify stated, ""Meesaya Murukku" is a decent debut directorial and heroic outing from Adhi, the film clicks mainly because of the real life connect.". The film grossed 12.0 million from 147 shows during its first week. Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion" wrote, ""Meesaya Murukku" could have been a celebration of Tamil-ness [...] But the film, frustratingly, settles into an uninspired chronicle of college life: ragging, lusting for biriyani, cultural events, and romance [...] "Meesaya Murukku" has a few moments, but it’s neither an effective romance nor a convincing coming-of-age drama."


title: Man's best friend

text: "Man's best friend" is a common phrase used to describe domestic dogs, referring to their millennia-long history of close relations, loyalty, friendship, and companionship with humans. The first recorded use of a related phrase is by Frederick the Great of Prussia. It was likely popularized by its use in a poem by Ogden Nash and has since become a common colloquialism.


title: Man's best friend

text: Before the 19th century, breeds of dogs (other than lap dogs) were largely functional. They performed activities such as hunting, tracking, watching, protecting and guarding; and language describing the dog often reflected these roles. According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", "In the oldest proverbs and phrases dogs are rarely depicted as faithful or as man’s best friend, but as vicious, ravening, or watchful." Beginning in the 18th century, multiplying in the 19th and flourishing in the 20th century, language and attitudes towards dogs began to shift. Possibly, this societal shift can be attributed to discovery of the rabies vaccine in 1869.


title: Man's best friend

text: In "Homer's Odyssey" (c. 8th century BC), upon Odysseus' return, his beloved dog Argos is the only individual to recognize him.


title: Man's best friend

text: This passage is from near the end of the Mahabharata, the Pandavas, having given up all their belongings and ties, made their final journey of pilgrimage to the Himalayas accompanied by a dog. Yudhishthira was the only one to reach the mountain peak in his mortal body, because he was unblemished by sin or untruth. On reaching the top, Indra asked him to abandon the dog before entering the Heaven. But Yudhishthira refused to do so, citing the dog's unflinching loyalty as a reason. It turned out that the dog was his god-father, Dharma. The story symbolized that dharma follows you until the end.


title: Man's best friend

text: The statement "Dog is man's best friend" was first recorded as being made by Frederick, King of Prussia (1740–1786). Frederick referred to one of his Italian Greyhounds as his best friend.


title: Man's best friend

text: The earliest citation in the U.S. is traced to a poem by C.S. Winkle printed in "The New-York Literary Journal, Volume 4", 1821:


title: Man's best friend

text: In 1870 Warrensburg, Missouri, George Graham Vest represented a farmer suing for damages after his dog, Old Drum, had been shot and killed. During the trial, Vest stated that he would "win the case or apologize to every dog in Missouri."


title: Man's best friend

text: Vest's closing argument to the jury made no reference to any of the testimony offered during the trial, and instead offered a eulogy of sorts. Vest's "Eulogy of the Dog" is one of the most enduring passages of purple prose in American courtroom history (only a partial transcript has survived):


title: Man's best friend

text: Vest won the case (the jury awarded $50 to the dog's owner) and also won its appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court.


title: Man's best friend

text: In 1958, a statue of Old Drum was erected on the Johnson County Courthouse lawn containing a summation of Vest's closing speech, “A man’s best friend is his dog.”


title: Man's best friend

text: As well, a bust of the dog resides in the Missouri Supreme Court building in Jefferson City, Missouri.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad is a noir comic series created by Spanish authors Juan Díaz Canales (writer) and Juanjo Guarnido (artist), and published by French publisher Dargaud in album format. Though both authors are Spanish, their main target audience for "Blacksad" is the French market and thus they publish all "Blacksad" volumes in French first; the Spanish edition usually follows about one month later. The first volume, "Quelque part entre les ombres" (literally "Somewhere between the Shadows", but simply called "Blacksad" in the US), was published in November 2000. The second volume, "Arctic-Nation", was published in 2003 and the third, "Âme Rouge" ("Red Soul"), was published in 2005. An English translation of the third volume was delayed due to the bankruptcy of its North American publisher, iBooks. In 2010, Dark Horse Comics published all three translated volumes as one volume. The publication of this 184-page collection also coincided with the European release of the series' fourth installment, "L'Enfer, le silence" (literally "The Hell, the silence"), in September 2010. In 2014, a fifth installment of the series, "Amarillo", was released in various translations.


title: Blacksad

text: The series has been translated from the original French and Spanish into Arabic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, German, Greek, Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Swedish, Turkish and Ukrainian.


title: Blacksad

text: Guarnido and Díaz Canales have received several prizes for the series, including three Eisner Award nominations in 2004, two Eisner Award wins in 2013, and an Angoulême Prize for Artwork. A video game adaptation of "Blacksad", under the name "", developed by the Spanish company Pendulo Studios, was released in 2019.


title: Blacksad

text: Rendered in a "film noir" style, the stories are set in late 1950s United States. All of the characters are anthropomorphic animals whose species reflects their personality, character type and role in the story. Animal stereotypes are often used: for example, nearly all of the policemen are canids, such as German Shepherds, Bloodhounds, and foxes, while underworld characters are often reptiles or amphibians. Female characters are often much more human-looking than their male counterparts.


title: Blacksad

text: The strip attempts to reflect a dirty, realist outlook and a dark cinematic style through fairly clean, realistic lines. Detailed watercolor drawings, including real-life places and cities, also contribute to the realistic feel of the series, despite the fact that characters are animals. The style of drawing has evolved throughout the series, with later issues displaying sharper, higher-quality colour and fewer grainy lines.


title: Blacksad

text: The series occasionally features anthropomorphic versions of famous people, most notably in "Red Soul". Adolf Hitler is portrayed as a cat (possibly in homage to Art Spiegelman's "Maus"), Senator Joseph McCarthy as Senator Gallo (a rooster), Mark Rothko as Sergei Litvak (a bear), the president as an eagle, and Allen Ginsberg as Greenberg (a bison), while Otto Liebber (an owl) bears a strong resemblance to many of the scientists involved in the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos.


title: Blacksad

text: The first three volumes listed here are released by Dark Horse Comics as a single publication titled simply "Blacksad".


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad investigates the murder of the famous actress Natalia Willford, whom he used to be involved with – first as a bodyguard, then in a more intimate capacity.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad's first inquiries lead him to screenwriter Léon Kronski, Natalia's last known lover, who has disappeared. He finds Kronski already dead and buried under a pseudonym. After Blacksad is severely beaten by two hired thugs, the police arrest him. Smirnov, a police commissioner, explains to Blacksad that because of "pressure upstairs" he himself cannot investigate the matter any further. Smirnov offers him a deal, advantageous to both sides.


title: Blacksad

text: As Blacksad returns home, a goanna hitman and a rat goon attempt to kill him and each other. Blacksad shoots the rat, interrogates the dying goanna and finally uncovers the culprit of the whole affair: Ivo Statoc, a frog, the richest and most powerful businessman in the city, who considers himself above any law. Statoc himself shot the actress because of her infidelity. After brutally infiltrating the office suite at the top of his skyscraper, Blacksad confronts the completely calm and cold-blooded Statoc – who first offers him a job, and later a bribe. Blacksad rejects both offers as a matter of principle and shoots Statoc in the head. The police arrange it so it appears to be a suicide.


title: Blacksad

text: This volume deals with inter-racial violence and racial segregation of the 1950s in a pseudo-American suburb called "The Line". The book also obliquely addresses issues of economic depression, sexual repression and perversion, all intended to expose the social malaise and prejudice that exist beneath the apparently harmonious surfaces of communities.


title: Blacksad

text: Observing the aftermath of a lynching on a city street, Blacksad meets his future sidekick, Weekly (a least weasel). Blacksad initially rejects him due to his unpleasant smell and obnoxious behavior. It is revealed that Blacksad is working for an old elementary school teacher, Miss Grey, who has asked him to search for a young girl named Kaylie. Miss Grey believes that Kaylie was kidnapped by Arctic Nation, a white supremacist organization. After befriending Weekly, Blacksad is harassed in a bar by three Arctic Nation members. Their leader, Huk (a white Arctic fox), turns out to be a close friend of the local police chief, Karup (a polar bear). Blacksad and Weekly are taken before Karup, who himself is revealed to be with Arctic Nation.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad confronts Kaylie's mother, Dinah, who has mysteriously failed to report her daughter's disappearance. He suggests an affair between herself and the son of Oldsmill (a white tiger), a rich white socialite, but doubts this lead when Dinah takes offense at the insinuation. Blacksad and Weekly cross paths with a violent black power organisation called the Black Claws, which were originally accused of Kaylie's abduction. They force Weekly to publish a statement denying their involvement in the kidnapping. Blacksad decides to meet Oldsmill, but discovers that Oldsmill's son is mentally disabled and thus unlikely to have had an affair with Dinah.


title: Blacksad

text: Meanwhile, Weekly investigates the activities of Karup's wife, Jezabel, and discovers that she is having an affair with Huk. She also has an emotional meeting with Dinah, who appears to blackmail Jezabel by threatening to reveal 'what she knows'. This compounds suspicion on Karup, who is already rumoured to be a paedophile. When Blacksad returns to Dinah's apartment, he finds out that she has been murdered. Suspecting Karup of the killing, Blacksad directly confronts him with his suspicions and reveals Jezabel's affair with Huk. In consequence, Karup attacks Huk and argues violently with Jezabel; during their tête-à-tête, it comes to light that they have never had sex.


title: Blacksad

text: At the violent climax, a black magpie called Cotten – who has been complicit in Kaylie's abduction against his will – leads Blacksad to an Arctic Nation meeting, located in a derelict war factory. There, Kaylie and Weekly – himself kidnapped by Arctic Nation – are hidden. Blacksad saves Weekly after Huk betrays and hangs Karup, supposedly for kidnapping and child abuse. As the factory burns and Cotten is killed by Huk, Blacksad rescues Kaylie and Weekly. Later, he finds Huk dead in his garage, stabbed in the eye with a screwdriver.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad corners Jezabel after Karup's funeral, proving, through a matching birthmark; that she is Dinah's twin sister. Jezabel reveals that Karup was actually their biological father, but had left their black pregnant mother to die after being turned by Oldsmill's racist doctrines. Both fueled by revenge, Jezabel ascended white society under a false identity, eventually marrying Karup. With Dinah hired as their maid, Jezabel seduced and manipulated Huk, using him to carry out the fake kidnapping and implicate Karup. However, Huk killed Dinah to ensure her silence, leading Jezabel to kill him in kind.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad meets with Miss Grey and compliments her on her dedication towards the neighborhood's children. After the two say goodbye, Blacksad finds Kaylie sadly staring at him, and he stares back sadly as well. The book concludes by highlighting Kaylie's innocence and her ultimate abandonment, but her fate is not made clear.


title: Blacksad

text: There are probably some discrepancies between publications. Cotten is also seen as Hewitt, Kayleigh as Kaylie, and some versions of the book end with Blacksad scattering Cotten's (Hewitt's) ashes to the wind over Las Vegas, fulfilling his last wish.


title: Blacksad

text: During the Red Scare, Blacksad is employed as a bodyguard for a rich old tortoise called Hewitt Mandeline, who goes on a gambling trip to Las Vegas. After returning home, Blacksad's last assignment is to accompany him to an art gallery, where he runs into Smirnov and his family. He finds a leaflet for a lecture given by his old school teacher, Otto Liebber, a nuclear physicist and Nobel Prize candidate. Also appearing is the wealthy philanthropist Samuel Gotfield, who heads a scientific research foundation; Blacksad takes an instant dislike for Gotfield, who makes a mockery of Otto's lecture. He also meets Gotfield's fiancée, the writer Alma Mayer.


title: Blacksad

text: Gotfield invites Blacksad to a party at his luxurious coastal mansion along with twelve leftist intellectuals: Greenberg, a beat poet; the photographer Dora; the sculptor Klein; the actor Bill Ratcliff; the scriptwriter Jess Logan; the Russian painter Sergei Litvak; the accomplished chemist Laszlo Herzl; and Alma Mayer. After Blacksad grudgingly saves a drunken Gotfield from drowning, with the help of Otto's close friend Otero, Herzl angrily accuses Otto of promoting nuclear weapons. When Otero gets back home, he is killed by a mysterious assassin (a gavial). It seems he actually meant to kill Otto.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad and Alma – who plans to spend her honeymoon with Gotfield at Niagara Falls – begin to have feelings for each other. Blacksad decides to follow Otto, saving him from a car bomb planted by the assassin. However, he fails to stop the goon from escaping or a traumatised Otto from leaving the scene. Smirnov informs Blacksad that the assassin is a highly regarded hit man known as Ribs, and that his bomb was chemically complex. Suspecting that Herzl might have hired Ribs, Blacksad confronts him. To his surprise, Herzl is a Holocaust survivor and Nazi hunter who shows him photographic proof that Otto used to work for the Third Reich.


title: Blacksad

text: Stricken with this new information, Blacksad seeks solace from Alma, only to learn that she has been arrested by the FBI after being inexplicably betrayed by Gotfield. When FBI agents visit Litvak in his studio, they accidentally kill him while using truth serum to ask about Otto's whereabouts. Otto, meanwhile, has returned to his old neighborhood – the same neighborhood where Blacksad grew up – only to find it overcome by poverty and his father's church a ruin. Suffering a personal crisis, Otto hides at the city aquarium, where Blacksad himself once hid as a child.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad rescues Alma from the FBI, taking shelter in Weekly's apartment. Falling in love with Alma, Blacksad promises to take her to Niagara Falls, which to her is an important act of commitment. Blacksad then finds a fatalistic Otto, who admits that his efforts to reduce the world's suffering have only left it worse than before. He also admits to conspiring with Litvak to hand over American nuclear secrets to the Soviets. Blacksad soon realizes that Litvak had copied Otto's information onto a canvas and then painted over it as a disguise. When Blacksad goes to the shipyards, he finds out that the painting is bound for an art exhibition in East Berlin. Blacksad manages to re-route the painting to Australia.


title: Blacksad

text: As Blacksad prepares to travel to Niagara Falls, the FBI arrests him and plant fake evidence in Litvak's death. He is interrogated by the demagogue Senator Gallo about Otto's current location. After he is released, Blacksad confronts Gotfield and learns that he betrayed Alma in order to win Senator Gallo's patronage and become part of a selected group of people who will be evacuated to a special government shelter in the event of a nuclear war. Finding proof in Gotfield's safe, Blacksad uses it to blackmail Senator Gallo into dropping his frame-up. The government fakes Otto's death and allows him to leave the country. Blacksad gives the proof to Weekly in a sealed envelope, with instructions to publish the contents if anything happens to him.


title: Blacksad

text: Otto writes Blacksad a letter, explaining that he has returned to Germany and is helping rebuild a post-war community. Alma, however, abandons Blacksad after she reads the (fake) story in the newspaper that Liebber committed suicide after Blacksad turned him in. In her mind, Blacksad is now as much a traitor as Gotfield. Blacksad tries to find her again, but she has vanished.


title: Blacksad

text: The fourth "Blacksad" album is a murder mystery set in the jazz scene of New Orleans. It has been translated into several European languages and released in the United States by Dark Horse Comics as "Blacksad: A Silent Hell".


title: Blacksad

text: Notably, the story of the album unfolds in non-chronological order. The story alternates between day scenes and night scenes: the night scenes take place during a single night and are the culmination of the story, and the day scenes depict events that took place over several weeks before that night.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad and Weekly travel to New Orleans to meet Faust LaChapelle (a goat), a failed musician who found success signing more talented yet less fortunate musicians to record labels. They learn that LaChapelle has terminal cancer, and is being treated by Ms. Gibraltar, a "vodou" priestess. LaChapelle begs Blacksad to find Sebastian "Little Hand" Fletcher (a Boxer), who – despite having one arm smaller than the other – was the most successful musician he ever signed. Fletcher has gone missing, and LaChapelle is concerned that his addiction to heroin has something to do with it. Blacksad and Weekly accept the case.


title: Blacksad

text: The pair soon meet Leeman (a hippopotamus), the last detective who was hired to find Fletcher. He proposes they all work together, but Blacksad is put off by his reckless driving and alcoholism. Blacksad tracks down and roughs up Fletcher's drug dealer, who admits that a masked individual paid him to sell poisoned heroin to Fletcher. Later, Blacksad meets LaChapelle's son, Thomas, who has formed a friendship with Fletcher's pregnant wife, Hannah. The two get on well until Thomas asks Blacksad to give up the case for his father's sake; he believes Fletcher is a bad influence, and his father is wasting his money trying to find him when he could be saving it for his cancer treatment. Disappointed, Blacksad walks out. The conversation does lead him to ponder if Thomas cares for Hannah more than a friend and may be jealous of Fletcher's attentions.


title: Blacksad

text: Later, Blacksad finds Thomas and Hannah as she gives birth to Fletcher's son. Despite Thomas' insistence that he leave her alone, he questions her as to her husband's whereabouts. Hannah states that Fletcher was supposed to perform his newest song that night, but that LaChapelle had been enraged when he found out. Meanwhile, Weekly discovers that some of Fletcher's friends seem to have been mysteriously murdered in staged suicides, causing Blacksad to fear that someone might be after Sebastian's life as well.


title: Blacksad

text: At a nightclub, Fletcher performs his new song, detailing how he had become congenitally deformed and many others had died due to a carcinogenic flu balm that was being sold in his hometown by the mysterious "Dr. Dupre", and how bureaucratic payoffs kept Dupre from prison once he was found out. LaChapelle saved them from poverty by signing them all to a successful band. However, the conditions eventually caught up with them, leading them to lives full of addiction and death; now, only Fletcher is left to tell the tale.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad discovers that Leeman is responsible for killing Fletcher's friends, planning to blackmail LaChapelle with the truth of what happened in Fletcher's hometown. When Blacksad confronts LaChapelle in his house, he confesses to being Dupre and admits that he has a rare genetic disorder rather than cancer. He has been investing money in medical research to find a cure, so that his son might one day have healthy children to carry on his legacy. It is also implied that he had the drug dealer poison Fletcher to prevent him from performing the new song that would ruin LaChapelle. Weekly appears and urgently informs Blacksad of Fletcher's whereabouts. Blacksad arrives to find that Fletcher has died of the strychnine-laden heroin. It also appears that LaChapelle's plans may go in vain as Fletcher was able to perform (though its unknown if any will connect the story to LaChapelle or not). As for Thomas has no interest in his father's money or interest in having children, thus most likely meaning his bloodline will end with him.


title: Blacksad

text: Afterwards, Blacksad sees Thomas and Hannah at Fletcher's funeral, and they nod to each other in respect. At the end its revealed in his conversation with Weekly, that Blacksad gave Thomas their payment for the case. To which Blacksad replies "he'll need it". Its unknown if he meant by his apparent genetic disorder or that LaChapelle's deeds will come full surface.


title: Blacksad

text: The fifth "Blacksad" album is set towards the end of the 1950s. Chad (a lion), a writer, travels the road as a vagrant with his on-again-off-again friend Abraham (a bison), a poet, who appears earlier in the Blacksad story, then referred to simply as "Greenberg". Abe is extremely volatile towards Chad and his interactions with him lean from harassing to almost sociopathic bullying. Abe views his vocation more romantically than Chad, who sees writing as his career and a means to money, and Abe accuses Chad of not having a true passion like he does. Abe takes his collection of poems he was about to publish and burns them, and encourages the appalled Chad to do the same with his next novel's manuscript, to give it a "proper ending".


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad is happy to be taking a well-earned vacation, staying behind in New Orleans for a while, while Weekly returns home to New York. He lands a side-job when a rich Texan asks him to drive his prized car to Tulsa, Oklahoma where he is flying. Blacksad accepts, enjoying the free road trip. At a pit-stop, two hitch-hikers (who we see are Chad and Abe) steal the prized car and Blacksad, with the help of a street gang, motorcycles after them, hoping to catch them on their way to Amarillo.


title: Blacksad

text: Meanwhile, Chad and Abe party with Abe's friend, Billy (a flamingo)—a mobster. In front of all of Billy's friends, Abe humiliates Chad by saying he is afraid of the cops and has no guts, forcing him to prove it by shooting a shotglass off of Abe's head. Chad cannot do it, however, and the entire bar laughs at him. Later on, into the wee hours, Chad, Abe and Billy sit smoking, drinking and talking. Abe drops into the discussion that he has mailed Chad's manuscript off to some place in Tibet, and Chad is instantly infuriated—that novel was his ticket out of the vagrant life, and out of relying on Abe to live. Billy and Abe laugh, until Chad finally takes the gun from earlier and shoots Abe out of vengeance. Horrified, Chad flees in Blacksad's prized car. He crashes it into a post box, and retrieves his manuscript.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad parts ways with the bike gang in Amarillo and runs into Neal Beato (a hyena), a litigious, suspicious lawyer while he woos a potential client into suing his boss, a circus owner, for replacing him unlawfully. Overhearing their conversation, Blacksad suggests they are after the same person, and they travel to catch up with the circus where Chad is indeed working. Meanwhile, Chad struggles to fit in, and makes friends with one of the performers, a beautiful and mysterious psychic named Luanne (a Siamese cat), but is warned about becoming close to her by one of the clowns, the massive and imposing Polyphemus (a bear). Later that night during a performance, before Luanne is to go out and perform her act, Chad catches Polyphemus attempting to rape Luanne and while Chad and him fight, she stabs him in the neck. It is an uproar as the circus members apprehend the fleeing Chad and after the show finishes, decide the best way to deal with the tragedy is to abandon Chad and Polyphemus' body in the wilderness. Luanne however has tagged along unbeknownst to them and she and Chad escape on the road, to repay Chad for not ratting her out and with mutual thanks they catch a train to start a new life—but Elmore (a koala), the circus leader, finds out they have escaped.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad and Neal make a stop at Blacksad's sister's (Donna) church, and borrow a car from her and her enthusiastic little son (Ray). Eventually the both of them catch up with the circus. Blacksad questions Elmore about Chad, but Elmore lies and betrays Blacksad to the police. After escaping, Blacksad follows and eavesdrops on Elmore as he tries to kill Chad by throwing him off the moving train, however Elmore misses and plummets to his death. Blacksad sees Chad and Luanne embrace, and realizes what has happened.


title: Blacksad

text: At a Greyhound Bus depot in Chicago, Blacksad and Neal arrange for Luanne to stay with Blacksad's sister for a while. Neal promises to represent Chad and get him off with less than a year for the manslaughter of Abe, and help him publish his manuscript—the fabulous payout from Chad's manuscript will make both of them rich. However, out of guilt, Chad has thrown the manuscript away, comparing it to toilet paper. Neal is outraged, and their loud arguing attracts a crowd. Chad tries to stop Neal from walking away, but in grabbing his coat, accidentally imbalances Neal into the road and he is violently hit by one of the buses. Blacksad runs to the ensuing commotion and sees Chad, distraught, holding the bleeding and broken body of Neal in his arms. While the crowd murmurs that Chad pushed him, Neal's last words mention how he fell in love with Blacksad's sister from the moment he saw her. Blacksad and Chad flee. He finds Luanne as she is about to leave and insists Chad go with her, and lie low for a while, while he deals with the police. Blacksad approaches, and is about to be handcuffed... when Chad stops them, and confesses everything, hoping to atone for what he has done.


title: Blacksad

text: Blacksad returns to New York, eager to get back to work, and water his plants. Meanwhile, in a bathroom stall back in the Chicago Greyhound Bus depot, a well-to-do man finds an abandoned manuscript in the bathroom, and is engrossed in reading it.


title: Blacksad

text: The American version features an introduction by Neal Adams, who co-translated the book into English.


title: Blacksad

text: As of 2021, two new Blacksad volumes have been released, "They all Fall Down - Part One" and "They all Fall Down - Part Two" , respectively, from a new four-volume story. Part one released on 20 October 2021, and part two on 17 November 2021. The last two parts release dates are still to be revealed.


title: Blacksad

text: Originally published in France in 2014 as "Blacksad L'intégrale", this is a collected edition of the first five Blacksad stories: "Somewhere Within the Shadows", "Arctic Nation", "Red Soul", "A Silent Hell" and "Amarillo". It also collects the comic shorts "Like Cats and Dogs" and "Spit at the Sky", originally published in "Pilote Spécial 2003" and "Pilote Spécial Noël 2004", respectively.


title: Blacksad

text: A 'behind the scenes' book has already been compiled, with author commentary, called Blacksad: The Sketch Files.


title: Blacksad

text: In 2006, "Variety" reported that a film adaptation of "Blacksad" was in development. To be produced by Thomas Langmann and directed by Louis Leterrier ("The Transporter", "The Incredible Hulk"), it was originally scheduled for a 2009 release. Alexandre Aja ("The Hills Have Eyes", "Piranha 3D") had also expressed interest in directing the film, which was reportedly budgeted around $100 million. Eventually, Aja is currently working on "Mice and Mystics" for DreamWorks Animation.


title: Blacksad

text: "Blacksad: Under the Skin" is an adventure video game developed by Pendulo Studios and published by Microïds. It was released on 5 November 2019, on PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, with a Switch release scheduled for 10 December 2019. The idea of adapting "Blacksad" into a game was proposed by Microïds to Pendulo, as the publisher is owned by the same media conglomerate as "Blacksad" publisher Dargaud. The developer opted to create an original story not based on any particular "Blacksad" installment, but still took influence and inspiration from the existing series. The game was announced in July 2017, and its first teaser trailer was revealed in August 2018. By February 2019, the game had been in production for roughly two years. It was released on 14 November 2019, and a Nintendo Switch port of the game was released on 10 December 2019, to mixed critical reviews, many reviewers praised its atmosphere as being faithful to the comics, but criticized the game's many bugs, crashes, and long loading times.


title: Camtasia

text: Camtasia (; formerly Camtasia Studio and Camtasia for Mac) is a software suite, created and published by TechSmith, for creating and recording video tutorials and presentations via screencast (screen recording), or via a direct recording plug-in to Microsoft PowerPoint. Other multimedia recordings (microphone, webcam and system audio) may be recorded at the same time or added separately (like background music and narration/voice tracks). Camtasia is available in English, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish and Chinese versions.


title: Camtasia

text: The features are structured around the 3 main steps of the program workflow: record, edit and export/share.


title: Camtasia

text: First step is to record a video (from a specific region or fullscreen) with Camtasia Recorder. Multi-display configurations are supported.


title: Camtasia

text: Second step is to edit into Camtasia the recorded video, adding transitions, annotations and all kind of advanced editing features and effects (cursor effects, visual effects...).


title: Camtasia

text: Third step is to export the produced video, as a local file (MP4...), or to upload it to a media or file sharing platform (YouTube, Google Drive...).


title: Camtasia

text: In Camtasia Recorder, users can start and stop recording with shortcuts at any time, at which point the recording is halted and Camtasia Recorder can render the input that has been captured into the TREC format. The TREC file can be saved to disk or directly imported into the Camtasia component for editing. Camtasia Recorder allows audio (and webcam) recording while screen recording is in progress, so the presenter can capture live narration during a tutorial or presentation. Camtasia also supports dubbing in other audio tracks or voiceover during post-capture editing. Windows users may also install an add-in for Microsoft PowerPoint that will allow them to initiate recording of a presentation from within PowerPoint itself.


title: Camtasia

text: In Camtasia (also known as the Editor), the Media Bin is where media (screen recordings, voiceovers...) for the current project are stored. The Library stores reusable media across multiple projects. On the Timeline, overlays of various types like annotations may be added, including user-defined settings, such as when and how to display the cursor and pan-and-zoom effects such as the Ken Burns effect. In order to provide localized versions of the produced videos, subtitles can be added with the captioning feature.


title: Camtasia

text: The Editor allows import of various types of video, audio and image files including MP4, AVI, MP3, WAV, PNG, JPEG and other formats into the Camtasia proprietary TREC format, which is readable and editable by Camtasia. The TREC file format (using TSC2 Codec) is a single container for various multimedia objects including video clips, images, screen captures and audio/video effects. On computers where Camtasia is not installed, you can download the TSC2 Codec for free to play TREC files.


title: Camtasia

text: The produced video can be exported as a local file MP4, Animated GIF, AVI (Windows version only), MOV (Mac version only) or uploaded directly to a media or file sharing platform (YouTube, Google Drive...).


title: Camtasia

text: By default, Camtasia projects are stored as standalone projects in .tscproj format (cross-platform file format).


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: "The Big Payback" is the fourth episode of the third season of the American comedy-drama television series "Atlanta". It is the 25th overall episode of the series and was written by supervising producer Francesca Sloane, and directed by executive producer Hiro Murai. It was first broadcast on FX in the United States on April 7, 2022.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: The series is set in Atlanta and follows Earnest "Earn" Marks, as he tries to redeem himself in the eyes of his ex-girlfriend Van, who is also the mother of his daughter Lottie; as well as his parents and his cousin Alfred, who raps under the stage name "Paper Boi"; and Darius, Alfred's eccentric right-hand man. For the season, the characters find themselves in Europe in the middle of a concert tour. The episode focuses on a dream being had by Earn of a man named Marshall Johnson, portrayed by Justin Bartha, whose life changes when a woman sues him for reparations for slavery. None of the main cast appears in the episode, with Bartha serving as the protagonist of the episode.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.260 million household viewers and gained a 0.1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised Bartha's and Tobias Segal's performances and the writing, directing and social commentary, although some were divided on the execution of the subject matter, as well as the seemingly standalone nature of the episode.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: At a coffee shop, a man named Marshall Johnson (Justin Bartha) waits in line while listening to "Radiolab" via AirPods. The barista tells a Black man that she will serve Marshall first. After he gets his order, he gets back to his car, where he takes out a package of madelines that he stole from the shop. As he drives off, another car follows him. He then visits his separated wife, Natalie, to take his daughter, Katie, to school.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: While leaving her at school, Marshall hears a story on the radio, about a black man who sued a Tesla investor as his ancestors enslaved his forebears. At his office, Marshall and his colleagues are informed that the company is preparing for layoffs and the company is also being put under investigation for similar claims to the Tesla investor. Marshall's white colleagues are scared of the implications and they are researching their family trees to see if their ancestors were slave owners, while his black colleagues are seen celebrating the events. As Marshall exits his office, he finds a white colleague crying in the parking lot.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: After picking up Katie, she questions if they are racist and ever owned slaves, which Marshall denies, remarking that as their ancestors were Austro-Hungarian slaves during the Byzantine Empire and he wouldn't demand any payment for that. That night, Marshall is visited by a black woman named Sheniqua Johnson (Melissa Youngblood), who is suing him as his family owned her ancestors. She then enters his house by herself, livestreaming it and demanding $3 million, prompting Marshall to kick her out in front of Katie. The next day at the office, Marshall sees that most of the black employees are absent and even sees a white man wearing a shirt that reads "I owned slaves" as part of losing a lawsuit. He is further humiliated when Sheniqua shows up at the parking lot demanding money.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: Marshall consults with a black coworker, who advises him to just admit to his family's mistake, meet with her one-on-one and pay her as much as he can, and she will honestly drop the issue. Ignoring this advice, he consults his white coworkers, who tell him to instead contest the lawsuit. Natalie contacts Marshall, who does not want to be affected by his connections and wants to finalize the divorce. When Marshall returns to his home, Sheniqua and her friends chase him off and he checks into a hotel.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: He laments his situation as he goes downstairs to the hotel lobby. There, he meets a white man named Earnest "E" (Tobias Segal), who is in the same situation. E explains how he learned a lesson from his grandfather, viewing slavery not as past, but as a "cruel unavoidable ghost." He states they will be fine then steps outside and commits suicide by shooting himself in the head.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: The scene then transitions to a Hispanic man arriving to his job at a restaurant. One of the employees is revealed to be Marshall, who has part of his salary garnished as "restitution taxes" to Sheniqua. The employees then start working, showing that most of them are people of color. Marshall then takes a dish and takes it to a black family; the camera zooms out to reveal that the waitstaff is mostly white and the diners are almost exclusively people of color.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: In March 2022, FX announced that the fourth episode of the season would be titled "The Big Payback" and that it would be written by supervising producer Francesca Sloane, and directed by executive producer Hiro Murai. This was Sloane's first writing credit, and Murai's eighteenth directing credit.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: Justin Bartha appears as the protagonist of the episode, Marshall Johnson. Bartha was contacted by Alexa Fogel, the series' casting director, to audition for a secret role in the series. While he didn't get the full script, he accepted the role, deeming himself a fan of the series. He commented, "I had an idea of what was going to happen, but honestly, I probably cried from joy and gratitude that I was given this opportunity to be a part of this."


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: Tobias Segal portrays E, having previously appeared as the white man in "Three Slaps". Bartha theorized that, "It’s almost like, 'Is this guy a ghost?' the way he became a ghost in that Lake Lanier scene. I believe the first episode is the thesis of the season: This idea that white is where you are and it's when you are. It's kind of that path of acceptance. For Marshall, this is where he is right now with being a white man. And E is further down that path — he's at the end of it. Then he becomes that ghost that's haunted him. But I think so much of that line from the first episode — 'Being white blinds you' — is in this episode. It's about being able to open your eyes and start down that path to acceptance."


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: The episode explored concepts like institutional racism, reparations for slavery, and critical race theory. "Vulture" compared the episode to Ta-Nehisi Coates's article "The Case for Reparations" and the series "Watchmen", both of which explore similar ideas, "the concept of reparations for slavery and racial violence has become increasingly mainstream, inspiring political, artistic, and intellectual work across the spectrum of beliefs. With yet another stand-alone installment in the series, "Atlanta" throws its hat in the reparations ring and sets out to wrestle the topic's enormous and amorphous implications with satire."


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: "The Daily Beast" further added, "this week's "Atlanta" succeeds as a delightfully funny piece of speculative fiction (depending on who's watching) and a biting critique of the vain attempts to rectify the destruction of slavery by institutions and individuals, making for one of the best post-BLM episodes of television, so far. One can only assume there’s more to come."


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: Bartha explained Marshall's view of himself, "I don't think he looks at himself as a victim, but I think part of the thesis of this season is that we're all haunted by this ghost: white, Black, every color. And I think that with Marshall, the main foundation is that he's this everyman; this man in the middle. He's never had to face this ghost and probably never really given it that much thought. [...] He keeps it at bay, then he goes through the denial, anger, bargaining, and depression, and then finally, in a way, acceptance of what the reality is. And, like most of us, I don't think he can go on until it literally lands on his front door. Or at our job with a megaphone — until it actually starts to affect us."


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: The episode was watched by 0.260 million viewers, earning a 0.1 in the 18-49 rating demographics on the Nielson ratings scale. This means that 0.1 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a slight decrease from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.284 million viewers with a 0.1 in the 18-49 demographics.


title: The Big Payback (Atlanta)

text: "The Big Payback" received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90% approval rating for the episode, based on 10 reviews with an average rating of 8.3/10.