title: Kafiristan

text: "Kafiristan" or "Kafirstan" is normally taken to mean "land ["-stan"] of the kafirs" in the Persian language, where the name ' is derived from the Arabic ', literally meaning a person who refuses to accept a principle of any nature and figuratively as a person refusing to accept Islam as his faith; it is commonly translated into English as a "non-believer". However, the influence from district names in Kafiristan of Katwar or Kator and the ethnic name Kati has also been suggested. Kafiristan was inhabited by people who followed a form of Paganism before their conversion to Islam in 1895–1896.


title: Kafiristan

text: Ancient Kapiśa "janapada", located south-east of the Hindukush, included and is related to Kafiristan. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang who visited Kapisa in 644 AD calls it "Kai-pi-shi(h)" (迦畢試; standard Chinese: "Jiābìshì" < Middle Chinese ZS: *"kɨɑ-piɪt̚-ɕɨ"). Xuanzang describes "Kai-pi-shi" as a flourishing kingdom ruled by a Buddhist "kshatriya" king holding sway over ten neighbouring states, including Lampaka, Nagarahara, Gandhara and Bannu. Until the 9th century AD, Kapiśi remained the second capital of the Shahi dynasty of Kabul. Kapiśa was known for goats and their skin. Xuanzang talks of "Shen" breed of horses from Kapiśa ("Kai-pi-shi"). There is also a reference to Chinese emperor Taizong being presented with an excellent breed of horses in 637 AD by an envoy from Chi-pin (Kapisa). Further evidence from Xuanzang shows that Kai-pi-shi produced a variety of cereals, many kinds of fruits, and a scented root called "yu-kin", probably of the grass khus, or vetiver. The people used woollen and fur clothes; also gold, silver and copper coins. Objects of merchandise from all parts were found here.


title: Kafiristan

text: The area extending from modern Nooristan to Kashmir was known as "Peristan", a vast area containing a host of "Kafir" cultures and Indo-European languages that became Islamized over a long period. Earlier, it was surrounded by Buddhist states and societies which temporarily extended literacy and state rule to the region. The journey to the region was perilous according to reports of Chinese pilgrims Faxian and Song Yun. The decline of Buddhism resulted in the region becoming heavily isolated. The Islamization of the nearby Badakhshan began in the 8th century and Peristan was surrounded by Muslim states in the 16th century. The Kalash people of lower Chitral are the last surviving heirs of the area.


title: Kafiristan

text: The first European recorded as having visited Kafiristan was the Portuguese Jesuit missionary Bento de Góis, SJ. By his account, he visited a city named "Capherstam" in 1602, during the course of a journey from Lahore to China.


title: Kafiristan

text: American adventurer Colonel Alexander Gardner claimed to have visited Kafiristan twice, in 1826 and 1828. On the first occasion, Dost Mohammad, the amir of Kabul, killed members of Gardner's delegation in Afghanistan and forced him to flee from Kabul to Yarkand through west Kafiristan. On his second visit, Gardner briefly sojourned in northern Kafiristan and the Kunar Valley while returning from Yarkand.


title: Kafiristan

text: In 1883, William Watts McNair, a British surveyor on leave, explored the area disguised as a hakim. He reported on the journey later that year to the Royal Geographical Society.


title: Kafiristan

text: George Scott Robertson, medical officer during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and later British political officer in the princely state of Chitral, was given permission to explore the country of the Kafirs in 1890–91. He was the last outsider to visit the area and observe these people's polytheistic culture before their conversion to Islam. Robertson's 1896 account was entitled "The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush". Though some sub-groups such as the Kom paid tribute to Chitral, the majority of Kafiristan was left on the Afghan side of the frontier in 1893, when large areas of tribal lands between Afghanistan and British India were divided into zones of control by the Durand Line.


title: Kafiristan

text: The territory between Afghanistan and British India was demarcated between 1894 and 1896. Part of the frontier lying between Nawa Kotal in the outskirts of Mohmand country and Bashgal Valley on the outskirts of Kafiristan was demarcated by 1895 in an agreement reached on 9 April 1895. Emir Abdur Rahman Khan wanted to force every community and tribal confederation to accept his single interpretation of Islam due to it being the only uniting factor. After the subjugation of Hazaras, Kafiristan was the last remaining autonomous part.


title: Kafiristan

text: Abdur Rahman Khan's forces invaded Kafiristan in the winter of 1895–96 and captured it in 40 days according to his autobiography. Columns invaded it from the west through Panjshir to Kullum, the strongest fort of the region. The columns from the north came through Badakhshan and from the east through Asmar. A small column also came from south-west through Laghman. The Kafirs were resettled in Laghman while the region was settled by veteran soldiers and other Afghans. The Kafirs were converted and some also converted to avoid the "jizya".


title: Kafiristan

text: A few years after Robertson's visit, in 1895–96, Abdur Rahman Khan invaded and converted the Kafirs to Islam as a symbolic climax to his campaigns to bring the country under a centralised Afghan government. He had similarly subjugated the Hazara people in 1892–93. In 1896 Abdur Rahman Khan, who had thus conquered the region for Islam, renamed the people the Nuristani ("Enlightened Ones" in Persian) and the land as Nuristan ("Land of the Enlightened").


title: Kafiristan

text: Kafiristan was full of steep and wooded valleys. It was famous for its precise wood carving, especially of cedar-wood pillars, carved doors, furniture (including "horn chairs") and statuary. Some of these pillars survive, as they were reused in mosques, but temples, shrines, and centers of local cults, with their wooden effigies and multitudes of ancestor figures were torched and burnt to the ground. Only a small fraction brought back to Kabul as spoils of this Islamic victory over infidels. These consisted of various wooden effigies of ancestral heroes and pre-Islamic commemorative chairs. Of the more than thirty wooden figures brought to Kabul in 1896 or shortly thereafter, fourteen went to the Kabul Museum and four to the Musée Guimet and the Musée de l'Homme located in Paris.


title: Kafiristan

text: A few hundred Kati Kafirs, known as the "Red Kafirs" of the Bashgal Valley, fled across the border into Chitral but, uprooted from their homeland, they converted by the 1930s. They settled near the frontier in the valleys of Rumbur, Bumburet and Urtsun, which were then inhabited by the Kalash tribe or the Black Kafirs. Only this group in the five valleys of Birir, Bumburet, Rumbur, Jineret and Urtsun escaped conversion, because they were located east of the Durand Line in the princely state of Chitral. However, by the 1940s the southern valleys of Urtsun and Jingeret had been converted. After a decline in population caused by forced conversion in the 1970s, this region of Kafiristan in Pakistan, known as Kalasha Desh, has recently shown an increase in its population.


title: Kafiristan

text: In early 1991, the Republic of Afghanistan government recognized the "de facto" autonomy of Nuristan and created a new province of that name from districts of Kunar Province and Laghman Province.


title: Mark Gunn (screenwriter)

text: Mark Gunn is an American screenwriter and producer based in Pasadena, California who wrote the screenplays for the films "" and "Brightburn".


title: Mark Gunn (screenwriter)

text: Mark Gunn was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He is the cousin of screenwriter James Gunn, actor and political writer Matt Gunn, former Senior Vice President of Artisan Entertainment Patrick Gunn, actor Sean Gunn, and writer Brian Gunn.


title: Mark Gunn (screenwriter)

text: He was elected to the Writers Guild of America West Board of Directors in 2006. He attended St. Louis University High School and the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts.


title: Martin Van Buren Bates

text: Martin Van Buren Bates (November 9, 1837 – January 19, 1919), known as the Kentucky Giant, was an American man famed for his great height. He was tall and weighed .


title: Martin Van Buren Bates

text: Bates' growth rate jumped at the age of six or seven. He was over tall and weighed over by the time he was twelve years old.


title: Martin Van Buren Bates

text: Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, Bates joined the 5th Kentucky Infantry Confederate States Army, as a private in 1861. His ferocity in battle and imposing figure saw him quickly promoted to the rank of captain. He was severely wounded in a battle near the Cumberland Gap and was captured and imprisoned at Camp Chase in Ohio, although he later escaped.


title: Martin Van Buren Bates

text: He returned to Kentucky after the war. Before the war, his first occupation was as a schoolteacher. While the circus was on tour in Halifax, Canada, the 7-foot-11-inch tall Anna Haining Swan visited. She and Martin soon got to know each other, and were married in 1871. The highly publicized wedding, at St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London, England, drew thousands of people trying to attend, due to both the uncommonness of the spectacle and the couple's disarming good nature. Queen Victoria gave them two extra-large diamond-studded gold watches as wedding presents.


title: Martin Van Buren Bates

text: They moved to Ohio in 1872, settling in Seville. On 19 May 1872, Anna gave birth to a daughter, who weighed and died at birth. They built a large house to accommodate themselves comfortably. Martin described the next few years in his autobiography:


title: Martin Van Buren Bates

text: Anna Bates died on August 5, 1888. Martin ordered a statue of her from Europe for her grave, sold the oversized house, and moved into the town. In 1889 he remarried, this time to a woman of normal stature, Annette LaVonne Weatherby, and lived a mostly peaceful life until his death in 1919 of nephritis. He was buried beside his first wife and their son in Seville. He is currently the tallest known person to live to be at least 80 years old.


title: Martin Van Buren Bates

text: Some years after his death, a normal height family had purchased the 14-ft ceiling home built by the giant couple. However, the original house in which he and Anna lived burnt down. Later a normal house was built on that site and eventually converted into a museum for the Seville Historical Society.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 (sometimes subtitled with featuring ECW) is a professional wrestling video game published by THQ in November 2007, and developed by Yuke's for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and PlayStation Portable video game consoles; with Amaze Entertainment overseeing development for the Nintendo DS version.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: "SmackDown vs. Raw 2008" is the ninth overall installment of the video game series based on the professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the fourth game in the "SmackDown vs. Raw" series, the sequel to 2006's "SmackDown vs. Raw 2007", and the first WWE game to feature the promotion's ECW brand.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Each wrestler now has two fighting style categories, one primary and one secondary. Each fighting style has its advantages and disadvantages in each particular match type. There are eight styles altogether: high-flyer, hardcore, submission art, powerhouse, showman, brawler, dirty and technical. In addition, creative manager of THQ Cory Ledesma stated early in production that he planned on having numerous wrestler animations redone.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: A new "struggle submission system" has been introduced, incorporating more analog control into the game. The player executing the submission can now decide how much pressure is applied by moving the analog stick in a particular direction. Similarly, the player locked in a submission hold will have to power out also by using the analog stick.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The game features the revived ECW brand, and it takes its place alongside the established Raw and SmackDown! brands. The official box art features the ECW logo prominently. The game's ECW branding has expanded the number of weapons available under the ring during gameplay. New weapons such as guitars are available and tables and barbed wire bats can be set on fire. Despite the inclusion of the brand, the franchise kept its "SmackDown! vs. Raw" name, although an early logo included "ECW Invasion" in the title. It had been changed, however, to "Featuring ECW".


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The game features several arenas that WWE held events at in 2006 and 2007. There are also arenas based on each WWE television show.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The game allows several different game modes to be played, each with different goals and options. The Season and General Manager Modes of previous games have been merged into the new ""WWE 24/7" mode", which takes its name from WWE's video on-demand service. Players can choose to play one of the game's included superstars or create a superstar, or as a general manager of one of the brands. Playing as a wrestler, the goal is to take that wrestler and achieve "legend" status. In order to do so, the player has to win matches, then team with and feud with other wrestlers, and gain popularity. At the same time, they must choose whether to train, exercise, relax, or take part in other activities when not wrestling, all with their own positive and negative effects. (The player could only choose to be either on the Smackdown brand or the Raw brand, as the ECW brand was excluded).


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Playing as a general manager is similar to the previous General Manager modes in the series, in which one has to choose a brand and act as its General Manager (Jonathan Coachman for "Raw", Theodore Long for "SmackDown!", Tommy Dreamer for "ECW"), draft a roster and make decisions to make it the most popular brand of the three. The General Manager is allowed to make staffing decisions, schedule workouts and events.<ref name="24/7"></ref> This was also the last game in the Smackdown vs Raw series to have a General Manager mode until the upcoming WWE 2K22. There is also an all-new "Tournament Mode", which allows the player to control a superstar through the various stages of the WWE tournament, such as Beat The Clock Sprint and King of the Ring, as well as Money in the Bank tournament. The game also allows you to create your own tournament. (This feature is excluded from the Nintendo DS and mobile versions.) Like previous games in the series, the game also allows players to challenge for and defend championships. The game includes championships used by the WWE in 2007, bringing back the branded championships from the previous game and for the first time, the ECW Championship.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The game featured the Fighting Style System which would not appear in later games until the release of "WWE 2K18", where the system has returned. With each style, the character would adopt a series of preset abilities. And, depending on primary ability, they would also be able to perform a unique move that can only be activated if the player has a stored finisher icon.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The fighting styles were Powerhouse, Showman, Hardcore, Dirty, Brawler, High-Flyer, Submission and Technical. This system was highly criticized as these pre-setting gave some wrestlers abilities which they cannot actually use, or stopped them from using common moves. For example, Carlito and Chavo Guerrero did not have the ability to perform any of their springboard attacks, and Mr. McMahon was as strong as some of the larger characters in the game. Also, the choice of fighting styles limited the variety of moves available in create-a-moveset.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Wrestlers with the powerhouse fighting style can break out of a pin attempt with just one button press, unless they had sustained a large amount of arm damage. They could also do a powerful Irish Whip (later named a 'Hammer Throw'), which could cause damage if the opponent hit the corner turnbuckles. A player (regardless of weight) could be sent reeling over the top rope with the force of this move. Their special ability was called 'Rampage', a temporary adrenaline rush in which their grapple moves could not be reversed or blocked.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Technical wrestlers automatically reversed all quick grapple moves until they had taken a good deal of arm damage. They also had the ability to perform diving attacks onto opponents outside of the ring. Their special ability was an adrenaline rush that allowed them to counter every attack for a limited time.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Showman is one of the more common kinds. Performing taunts or dives from higher positions cause a faster rise in momentum. They also have 2 special abilities. One allows them to perform one of their opponent's taunts, and if uninterrupted, the opponent is unable to gain any momentum for a limited time. They can alternatively copy their opponent's finishing move if in the correct position to do so. However, the copied move is weaker than the original.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The most common kind is the Brawler. Brawlers can sit on a downed opponent and punch their opponent's head repeatedly. They also have a special combination of 3 to 5 strikes. If the first strike connects, the defending wrestler is not able to block, avoid or counter the remainder of the strikes in the combination. Their special ability is called 'Wreck Shop', a limited adrenaline rush in which all opponent strikes are countered and all strikes become unblockable.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: High-flyers can perform springboard diving attacks to opponents inside or outside of the ring. Instead of countering or side-stepping attacks, they perform an evasive roll. Their special ability is a possum pin. After recovering from being knocked down, a high-flyer can remain on the ground. If the attacker attempts a grapple move, the defending wrestler will go for a pin attempt which is difficult to break out of. However, if the opponent attempts a strike, then the pin attempt is lost.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Submission wrestlers can break out of Struggle Submissions with ease. They can also force an opponent to submit to any Struggle Submission, even if it is not a finisher or signature move.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Dirty wrestlers, like Chavo Guerrero, can perform dirty moves, which boost their momentum faster. They can also remove turnbuckle covers and use weapons to build momentum. They can also use the referee as a human shield, making themselves immune to all attacks. When they release the referee, they shove him into the opponent. This is difficult to avoid and momentarily stuns the opponent and the referee. Their special move involves an eye-poke and a low blow which causes a lot of damage to the head and torso.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Hardcore wrestlers get momentum bonuses for using weapons. They can also perform grapple moves while holding a weapon. If they try to use a steel chair with full momentum, they automatically perform the Steel Chair DDT. If they are caused to bleed, they instantly get full momentum. Their special move can only be performed with a steel chair in hand. They strike themselves in the face repeated until they bleed. While this causes full momentum, it also causes critical head damage.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: ECW made its first appearance in the series as a brand. Ashley, CM Punk, Cryme Tyme, Elijah Burke, Kelly Kelly, Kenny Dykstra, Marcus Cor Von, and MVP made their WWE video game debuts. Sabu and The Sandman would make their only appearances in the franchise with this installment. It also marked the return of Jeff Hardy to the franchise, who last appeared in 2002's WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth. It is the last WWE video game to feature Torrie Wilson and Bobby Lashley, with the latter returning as DLC in WWE 2K19, after his return to WWE in 2018. It is also the last game to feature Ric Flair as an active member of the roster, as he would be featured as a legend in games moving forward. The handheld versions had exclusive characters, with Eddie Guerrero, Jim Neidhart, and Sgt. Slaughter being PSP exclusives, and Hardcore Holly being a Nintendo DS exclusive.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: This is the first game in the series not to feature Chris Benoit after his double murder and suicide in June 2007. All materials related to Benoit were removed or made unavailable through normal means, including all versions of the crossface and diving headbutt.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Jillian Hall,The Boogeyman, and Shelton Benjamin were omitted from the game even though they were a part of the current roster at the time and were featured in "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007".


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Graphics and gameplay are similar to the previous years in the SvR series. It also includes the new 24/7 mode which includes Become a Legend or GM Mode where you can also train superstars and gain them popularity.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The Xbox 360 has the custom soundtrack feature which people can import their own music in superstars entrances. However, the PS3 has a first person view in entrances where people can control where the superstar looks with the sixaxis controller.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The PS3 version also had a special "Collector's Edition" which came with a DVD detailing the game, a Kelly Kelly trading card, and a booklet featuring various superstars signature moves.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The Xbox 360 version also had special "High Flyer" and "Dirty" Editions which came with Special Edition Slipcase, "I'm a High Flyer" or "I Fight Dirty" T-shirts, 1 page Kelly Kelly calendar, 8 Numbered Limited Edition "Fighting Styles" Postcards, and a "Create a Superstar" Mini Guide.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: Instead of featuring "24/7 mode", it features "Main Event Mode," where you can play as a created superstar and rise to the top. The Wii version of the game features only chairs as the exclusive weapons. Also the Wii version only has 5 match types such as Singles Match, Hardcore Match, Tag Team Match, Triple Threat Match and Knockout Match.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The game has the same graphics as the previous games in the SvR PSP ports, however, Slaughter, Eddie Guerrero and Jim Neidhart are PSP exclusive unlockable Legends.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: This would be the last game to feature the Buried Alive Match, as it would not appear in its sequel "SmackDown vs. Raw 2009", or any other games to follow until "WWE 2K16" (however only in the 2K Showcase).


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The game was met with average to mixed reception upon release. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 73.60% and 71 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version; 71.72% and 74 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 version; 70.47% and 71 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version; 66.20% and 68 out of 100 for the PSP version; 61.64% and 61 out of 100 for the DS version; 59.14% and 59 out of 100 for the Wii version; and 55% for the Mobile version.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: GameZone gave the Mobile version 5.5 out of 10 and said, "Overall it does more than most, has decent visuals, and runs pretty smoothly. But it doesn't have the proper mechanics to make it feel like a wrestling game – consequently, it comes off as an arcade button-masher." However, IGN gave the same version four out of ten and said, "Smackdown vs. Raw 2008 can only be recommended for the hardcore wrestling fan. For anyone else looking to spice up their action gaming category I recommend Chess. At least every match will be different."


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008

text: The PlayStation 2 version of "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008" received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game had shipped 6 million units across all platforms by March 31, 2008.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: The Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de las JONS; ), was a fascist political party founded in Spain in 1934 as merger of the Falange Española and the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista. FE de las JONS, which became the main Fascist group during the Second Spanish Republic, ceased to exist as such when, during the Civil War, General Francisco Franco merged it with the Traditionalist Communion in April 1937 to form the similarly named Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS (FET y de las JONS).


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: In 1934, Falange Española (FE) merged with the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (JONS) of Onésimo Redondo and Ramiro Ledesma, becoming the 'Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista'. During and after the 1933 election campaign, members of both the Falange and JONS had been killed; on 9 February 1934, Matías Montero was murdered while selling Falangist newspapers, becoming a martyr for the small movement. By June 1934 ten of them were dead, killed primarily by the Socialists but also with an anarchist contribution; the Socialists had no intention of allowing a fascist movement to develop in Spain, fearing such a movement would crush them as had happened in Germany and Italy. The Falangists initially fought back ineffectively (resulting in their being ridiculed by the rest of the political right) but eventually they formed their own death squads. After the tenth fascist, Juan Cuéllar, was killed and had his corpse abused in Madrid on 10 June 1934 during a confrontation with socialists, the Falangists attacked a group of Socialist Youth, killing a young woman, Juanita Rico, who was alleged to have abused the corpse, and seriously wounding two other socialists. Rico received a large funeral and was hailed as "the first victim of fascism in Spain." Rico's killers seemed to have acted on their own initiative without informing their superiors and an escalation of violence soon followed; José Antonio had to put his foot down to prevent some Falangists from assassinating Indalecio Prieto and from blowing up the Socialists' headquarters in Madrid.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: The party was initially organised as a triumvirate formed by Ramiro Ledesma, Ruiz de Alda and José Antonio Primo de Rivera, while the secondary General Secretary position was given to Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta. It attracted a considerable number of prominent intellectuals, including Pedro Mourlane Michelena, Rafael Sánchez Mazas, Ernesto Giménez Caballero, Eugenio Montes, José María Alfaro, Agustín de Foxa, Luys Santa Marina, Samuel Ros, Jacinto Miquelarena and Dionisio Ridruejo.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: In October 1934, the direction unified under a "Jefe Nacional" (National Chief) in the person of José Antonio and developed the political program known as "the 27 Points".


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: In November 1934, the marquis of Eliseda, a financial backer of the party, left the Falange over disagreements with party proposals in regards to state-church relations, which he deemed "frankly heretical". His departure left the party without its main income and propaganda apparatus.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: Inner tensions over the draft of the political program continued. The power struggle between Ramiro Ledesma, who espoused a radical and anti-capitalist vision; and José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who held a more conservative and aristocratic one, eventually led to the expulsion of Ledesma in January 1935. The party also had difficulties in achievimg in economic solvency. Although, in principle, it received support from large financiers and landowners, this was not enough until in 1935, it was subsidized monthly with 50,000 lire by the Italian Fascist regime. The subsidy was reduced by half and withdrawn after the poor electoral results of 1936.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: The party was republican, modernist, championed the lower classes and opposed both oligarchy and communism, but it never garnered the kind of popular following demonstrated by fascist movements elsewhere in Europe. For these reasons, the Falange was shunned by other right-leaning parties in the Spanish general election of 1936. It received just 0.7% of the vote and did not win a single seat in the Cortes. It only surpassed one percent of the vote in five provinces, performing best in the provinces of Valladolid and Cadiz, where it received between 4% and 5%. Having likely never exceeded ten thousand members in the early 1930s, the Falange lost supporters in the run-up to the Spanish Civil War, leaving a core of young, dedicated activists, many in the organization's student organization, the Sindicato Español Universitario. The Falangist program was heavily influenced by Catholicism but the party desired a separation between church and state; the Falange had no intention of forcing Catholicism upon millions of Spanish non-believers. The Falangist were in some ways anti-conservative, as while most of the Spanish conservative right refused any reform and defended private property at all levels, the Falange favoured some nationalisations (such as banking and public services), as well as economic and social reform; the Falange defended "legitimate" productive capitalism while denouncing what they regarded usurious, financial and speculative capitalism. This view was compatible with private property but not with the abuses perpetrate against the lower classes, whom the Falange believed should be saved from the misery in which they lived (referring specifically to landless peasants and day labourers). The party thus did not desire a left-wing revolution but poverty alleviation and to end class struggle by using a new, vertical, syndicalist structure under the Falange. The party desired to attract people from all social classes, whether or not they had been members of left-wing organisations; the Falange viewed conflict between political parties as a consequence of liberalism and democracy. They hoped this unification would make Spain powerful again and allow Spain to launch further imperial acquisitions. However, historian Stanley Payne argues that the Falange had no desire to actually conquer territory (with de Rivera viewing the age of conquest as at an end) but instead their idea of an empire actually meant increasing Spanish cultural power, particularly in Latin America where Spain could act as a kind of Hispanic cultural leader. There was also the prospect of forming a type of federation with Portugal.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: The party had a militia, the Primera Línea, and it had a detailed training manual, probably prepared by the retired Lieutenant Colonel Luis Arrendondo, which carried instructions for guerilla warfare. While the Falange was not prepared for such a serious activity at the time, the document was well-publicised and convinced the Spanish Left that fascism was a serious threat in Spain. The Falange also had its own intelligence service, the Servicio de Información del Movimiento. The group had access to a variety of weapons, firearms and explosives. A few months before the war began, several artillery officers began providing military training to Falangist militants.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: The Falange's male membership was accompanied by a female auxiliary, the "Sección Femenina". Led by the José Antonio's sister Pilar, this latter subsidiary organization claimed more than a half million members by the end of the civil war and provided nursing and support services for the Nationalist forces. During the spring of 1936, when police persecution of the Falange (including the Women's Section) was at its height, the organisation was described by Rivera as the only Falangist section that was still largely intact and it proved crucial in the reorganisation of the Falange into a true underground movement. The Women's Section raised money for Falangist prisoners and their families and distributed clandestine propaganda, as well as carrying messages from imprisoned leaders to outside militants.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: Following the 1936 elections, more violence erupted between the Falange and its enemies. While Rivera initially thought that the new government might implement the "national revolution" and ordered his militants to abstain from hostile acts against the government, it was not to last. On 6 March four members of the Falangist trade union, CONS, who failed to support a leftist strike were killed. On 11 March, two law students, one Falangist and the other Carlist, were shot to death, allegedly by the Socialist Youth. Since there had been six Falange-affiliated deaths in five days, the Falange retaliated and on 13 March, several fascist gunman attempted to kill Luis Jiménez de Asúa, a well-known Socialist leader and law professor who was also one of the authors of the Republican Constitution. While he survived, a member of his police escort was fatally wounded. On 16 April, Falangists opened fire with submachineguns against workers in the centre of Madrid, killing three and wounding forty. During the Popular Front government, sixty-seven Falangists were killed, compared to forty-one during the previous two years. In turn, the Falange killed sixty-four leftists, mostly socialists and communists. To survive against increased government persecution, the movement adopted a communist style cell structure of three members per cell. One of the reasons the organisation survived was due to a large influx of new members, with 15,000 members of the CEDA youth organisation, JAP, joining the Falange (though this was a small number compared to JAP's total membership of 225,000).


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: The left-wing Popular Front government persecuted the Falange and imprisoned the Marqués de Estella on 6 July 1936. In turn, the Falange joined the conspiracy to overthrow the Second Spanish Republic, supporting the military revolt ultimately led by Francisco Franco and continuing to do so throughout the ensuing Spanish Civil War.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: With the eruption of the Civil War in July 1936, the Falange fought on the side of the Nationalist faction against the Second Spanish Republic, expanding rapidly from several thousand to several hundred thousand. Many people joined the Falange out of fear of persecution - former leftists and centrists rushed to join and tried to avert suspicion of their loyalties by being more fascist than the actual fascists. The massive influx of opportunists swamped the "old shirts" - nearly half of the pre-war veterans had died during the initial stages of the rebellion and several of its key leaders were either dead or captured, thus the swollen membership proved extremely awkward for the organisation.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: The Falange, through its leader and co-founder, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, collaborated in the different conspiracies and military attempts to overthrow the Republic. In the last months, with the conspiracy that would lead to the uprising that was already underway, and with the Falange virtually excluded, Primo de Rivera was actively trying to get it to play a more decisive role. In contact with the conspirators from the prison of Alicante, where he was imprisoned, he alternated communiqués begging for a prompt uprising, with conditions to join the conspiracy that the military did not meet. Finally, an announcement on July 17 called on his organizations to join the coup, accepting an auxiliary role. The command of the party rested upon Manuel Hedilla, a former mechanic, as many of the first generation leaders were dead or incarcerated by the Republicans. Among them was Primo de Rivera, who was a government prisoner. As a result, he was referred to among the leadership as "el Ausente", ("the Absent One"). After being sentenced to death on 18 November 1936, José Antonio Primo de Rivera was executed on 20 November 1936 (a date since known as 20-N in Spain) in a Republican prison, giving him martyr status among the Falangists. This conviction and sentence was possible because he had lost his parliamentary immunity after his party did not have enough votes during the last elections. Hedilla played an important role in seizing the town of Corunna, bringing in well-armed Falangists to help rebels secure the town and partaking in some of the worst repression of the war there. Yet he later became one of the most outspoken critics of nationalist killings, arguing it alienated the workers from their cause - on Christmas Eve 1936 he told the Falange not to persecute workers who had "voted for the left out of hunger or despair. We all know that in many towns there were - and are - right-wingers who are worse than the reds." These statements, however, made Hedilla and other left-wing Falangists highly suspect in the eyes of the Spanish right. Tension arose between the left and right wings of the Falange and the German ambassador encouraged Hedilla to resist the middle-class take over of the organisation. On the night of the 16th of April 1937, Hedilla's followers (though not Hedilla himself) attempted to seize the Falangist's headquarters in Salamanca from the rightists led by Sancho Dávila, resulting in a gun battle around the Plaza Mayor that left two Falangists dead and order had to be restored by the Civil Guard. On 18 April, Hedilla arranged a meeting at the Falange council in which he was elected leader.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: After Francisco Franco seized power on 19 April 1937, he united under his command the Falange with the Carlist "Comunión Tradicionalista" with the Unification Decree, forming the "Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS" ("FET y de las JONS"), whose official ideology was the Falangists' "27 puntos"—reduced after the unification to 26. While the Carlists came off worse in this forced union, Franco had correctly deduced that they would be more obedient and less politically minded, making it less of a concern. Despite this, the party was in fact a wide-ranging nationalist coalition, closely controlled by Franco. Parts of the original Falange (including Hedilla) and many Carlists did not join the unified party. Franco had sought to control the Falange after a clash between Hedilla and his main critics within the group, the "legitimistas" of Agustín Aznar and Sancho Dávila y Fernández de Celis, that threatened to derail the Nationalist war effort. The new uniform consisted of the Carlist red beret and the Falangist blue shirt. While the Falange was increasingly integrated into the Nationalist military, it did manage to maintain its own identity; their uniforms and correspondence maintained their own Falangist insignia, while the traditional term "presente!" was used to refer to fallen comrades in reports and logs.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: None of the vanquished parties in the war suffered such a toll of deaths among their leaders as did the Falange. 60% of the pre-war Falangist membership lost their lives in the war.


title: Falange Española de las JONS

text: However, most of the property of all other parties and trade unions were assigned to the party. In 1938, all trade unions were unified under Falangist command.


title: Oriflame

text: Oriflame Holding AG is a Swedish multinational multi-level marketing company that sells beauty and personal care products directly to consumers online through a network of independent sellers. Oriflame was founded on Jan 1, 1967 in Sweden by brothers Jonas af Jochnick and Robert af Jochnick, and Bengt Hellsten. The head office of Oriflame is located in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, with a registered office in Stockholm, Sweden. Oriflame was traded on the Nasdaq Stockholm until being delisted on 17 July 2019.


title: Oriflame

text: The company has approximately 6,000 employees, 1,000 products, and a turnover of over 1.3 billion Euro. As of August 2020, Oriflame operates in more than 60 countries, where its beauty products are marketed by over 3 million Oriflame Brand Partners.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Riverside International Raceway (sometimes known as Riverside, RIR, or Riverside Raceway) was a motorsports race track and road course established in the Edgemont area of Riverside County, California, just east of the city limits of Riverside and east of Los Angeles, in 1957. In 1984, the raceway became part of the newly incorporated city of Moreno Valley. Riverside was noted for its hot, dusty environment and for being somewhat of a complicated and dangerous track for drivers. It was also considered one of the finest tracks in the United States. The track was in operation from September 22, 1957, to July 2, 1989, with the last race, The Budweiser 400, won by Rusty Wallace, held in 1988. After that final race, a shortened version of the circuit was kept open for car clubs and special events until 1989.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: In the beginning it was originally called The Riverside International Motor Raceway. It was built in early 1957 by a company called West Coast Automotive Testing Corp.. The head of West Coast Auto Testing was a man by the name of Rudy Cleye, from Los Angeles, who had previously raced in Europe. However, the building of the raceway was met with funding difficulties early on and a businessman by the name of John Edgar provided a much needed cash bailout. This action prevented any halt in the track's construction.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: The first weekend of scheduled races in September 1957, a California Sports Car Club event, John Lawrence of Pasadena, California, lost his life. Lawrence, a former Cal Club member, piloting a 1500 cc Production champion, went off between Turns 5 and 6 . With no crash barrier in place, and no rollbar on the car, Lawrence's MGA went up the sand embankment, then rolled back onto the track. Though Lawrence survived the incident, and appeared only slightly injured, he died later at the hospital of a brain injury.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: The second major event at the track, in November 1957, was a sports car race featuring some of the top drivers of the day, including Carroll Shelby, Masten Gregory and Ken Miles. Another driver entered was an inexperienced local youngster named Dan Gurney, who had been offered the opportunity to drive a powerful but ill-handling 4.9-liter Ferrari after better-known drivers such as Shelby and Miles had rejected it. Shelby led early but spun and fell back. Gurney assumed the lead and led for much of the event. Shelby, driving furiously to catch up, finally overtook Gurney late in the race and won. Gurney's performance caught the eye of North American Ferrari importer Luigi Chinetti, who arranged for Gurney to drive a factory-supported Ferrari at Le Mans in 1958, effectively launching the Californian's European career.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Footage exists of classic races like the 1986 Los Angeles Times Grand Prix in which the Chevy Corvette of Doc Bundy, attempting a three-wide pass going into turn 1, hit the Ford Probe of Lyn St. James and the Jaguar of Chip Robinson. St. James' car caught fire and Chip Robinson nearly cartwheeled into the crowd. St. James survived the flames and Robinson escaped uninjured within the track bounds.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: The track was known as a relatively dangerous course, with its long, downhill back straightaway and brake-destroying, relatively slow 180-degree Turn 9 at the end. During the 1965 Motor Trend 500 NASCAR race, Indycar great A. J. Foyt suffered a brake failure at the end of the straight, shot off the road and went end-over-end through the infield at high speed. Crash crews assumed Foyt was dead at the scene, until fellow driver Parnelli Jones noticed a twitch of movement. Ford factory sports car driver Ken Miles was killed there in a testing accident in August 1966 when his Ford sports car prototype (known as the J-car) became aerodynamically unstable and flew out of control at the end of the back straight. In December 1968, American Formula 5000 champion Dr. Lou Sell crashed and overturned in Turn 9 on the first lap of the Rex Mays 300 Indianapolis-style race, suffering near-fatal burns. In January 1967, Canadian driver Billy Foster crashed at Turn 9 during a practice-session just prior to the start of qualifying for the Motor Trend 500 NASCAR race. These accidents and others caused track management to reconfigure Turn 9, giving the turn a dogleg approach and a much wider radius (a water improvement also closed the raceway for a few months).


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: In January 1964, Riverside also claimed the life of 1962–'63 NASCAR champion Joe Weatherly, who refused to wear a shoulder harness and wore his lap belt loosely. Weatherly died when he lost control entering Turn 6, hitting the steel barrier almost broadside and had his head snapped out the window against the barrier.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Nevertheless, in 1983 Turn 9 was the site of the only fatality in IMSA GTP history. In the 1983 Times Grand Prix, Rolf Stommelen's Joest-constructed Porsche 935 lost its rear wing at the Dogleg and hit two freeway-type barriers sending it into a horrific roll at Turn 9.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Of the entire road course races run at RIR, there was one that was run in a counter-clockwise direction, sometime around 1960. In 1966 Dan Gurney tested his first Eagle racing car on a shorter, counter-clockwise version of the track tailored specifically for his car's Indianapolis-specific left-turn oiling system. The test caused Gurney to ask track president Les Richter to hold an Indianapolis-style race there. From 1967 to 1969 the Rex Mays 300 served as the season-ending USAC Indianapolis-car race.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: ESPN was live for the June 12, 1988, Budweiser 400 race at RIR and caught racer Ruben Garcia crashing hard off turn 9 and his car went through a tire/guardrail barrier and then goes through the fence, destroys a cement barrier before coming to rest near a fence where the fans were sitting on the 32nd lap. He was not injured, though, and neither were the race fans, the red flag was out for 25 minutes and 5 seconds to make repairs to the area by adding 2 Jersey barriers.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: After 14 years of NASCAR as a driver and later a car owner, Richard Childress won his first NASCAR race in 1983, when Ricky Rudd drove his #3 Piedmont Airlines Chevrolet to victory in the 1983 Budweiser 400k.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: From 1981 until 1987, NASCAR's championship race was at Riverside. The USAC Championship Trail also held their season ending race from 1967 to 1969. Riverside was also home to track announcer Sandy Reed and (along with former LA Rams player Les Richter) Roy Hord Jr. Both NASCAR team owners Roger Penske and Rick Hendrick drove a select few races at Riverside in their own cars, Penske won a Winston West race in 1963, while in the final race in 1988, Hendrick got out of the car and let Elliott Forbes-Robinson take over.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: The Winston Western 500 came to be known as the signature event at the track. Initially (1963-1981) this race was held in January as the season opener, but beginning in 1982 NASCAR elected to start the season with the Daytona 500. From 1981-1987 the Winston Western 500 was held in November as the final race of the season. As of 2021, 1981 is the only year in NASCAR history that Riverside held 3 Cup Series events in a single season (the season opener, the season's halfway point, and the season finale). The reason why Riverside was the season finale for 1981 was because Ontario Motor Speedway closed after their season ended in 1980.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Riverside also hosted drag racing events, between 1961 and 1969, the Hot Rod Magazine Championship Drag Races, "one of the most significant drag racing events" of that era, were held at RIR. The championship offered a US$37,000 prize, greater even than a NHRA national event prize at the time.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Carroll Shelby and Skip Barber had racing schools at Riverside to teach students on how to drive around the racetrack and show them the preferred line on how to enter and exit a corner, Barber was the last racing school to be at Riverside when it was closed in 1989.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: The track was built to accommodate several different configurations, depending on the series and race length. The three options on Riverside Raceway were the long course (), the short course (), and the NASCAR () course. The original racetrack had a backstretch from 1957 to 1968. When the track was redesigned in 1969 (it had to close for a water relocation project), turn 9 was reconfigured with a wider radius and banked with a dogleg approach added, to reduce strain on the car's brakes. The fourth track configuration was a drag racing strip.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Before any racing event at RIR, track crews added traffic pylons to close off sections of the track. The closed sections were determined by the specific course and cars used during any given race.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Throughout its history, various other track configurations were used to adapt the track for events such as off-road, Cal-Club and motorcycle events.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Diagram notes: The long course had the backstretch between turns 8 & 9. This version was used primarily for the "Los Angeles Times" Grand Prix, although the long course was also used for Indy car racing in the mid-1980s. When the 1969 version was built, the dogleg was added so as to ease the transition into Turn 9 (the track had seen numerous brake failure-induced accidents approaching turn 9, and this change was made as a safety measure). In the short course, the track would use turn 7A rather than 8. The "turn 7-7A" configuration effectively shortened the back straight to just over one-half mile in length. The NHRA drag strip ran south to north on the backstretch from the runoff to the Bosch Bridge (not shown in diagram), which crossed over the track about halfway between turns 8 & 9.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Due to its proximity to the Southern California entertainment industry, RIR was a frequent filming location for Hollywood movies, television series and commercials.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Scenes from the television shows "CHiPs" (used as both a stand in for Phoenix International Raceway and Riverside itself for the episode "Drive, Lady, Drive"), "Simon and Simon", "The Rockford Files", "The Fall Guy", "The F.B.I.", "Hardcastle & McCormick", "Knight Rider", "Quincy, M.E.", and the HBO program "Super Dave Osborne" were shot on location at RIR. The television movie adaptation of "Gemini Man", "Riding With Death", featured as an experiment on the television show "Mystery Science Theater 3000", also contains footage of racing at Riverside.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: RIR was extensively featured in the 1961 telefilm "The Quick and the Dead," an episode of the series "Route 66". The episode stars Martin Milner and George Maharis, and guest stars Harvey Korman, Regis Toomey, and Betsy Jones-Moreland. Milner races a 1960 powder-blue Chevrolet Corvette in the film.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: A 1963 Plymouth-sponsored film called "Return to Riverside" was shot at RIR from November 26-29, 1962. The film highlighted various road tests between 1963 Plymouth, Chevrolet, and Ford passenger cars. It featured race car drivers Leroy Neumayer, Clem Proctor, and Roger McCluskey. The film was hosted by Sid Collins, the radio voice of the Indianapolis 500.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Film shoots at RIR included scenes from: "Good Guys Wear Black" (1978) "The Betsy" (1978), "Fireball 500" (1966), "Grand Prix" (1966), "The Killers" (1964), "The Love Bug" (1968), "On the Beach" (1959), "Roadracers" (1959), "Speedway" (1968), "Stacey" (1973), "Thunder Alley" (1967), "Winning" (1969), and "Viva Las Vegas" (1964).


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: The track was used in Sierra Entertainment's "NASCAR Legends", "NASCAR Heat" and later was converted to "NASCAR 4", "NASCAR Racing 2002 Season", "2003" and "rFactor".


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Riverside has also been featured in "" for the Xbox 360 and can be downloaded into rFactor with all 3 options.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: RIR, headed by former Los Angeles Rams player Les Richter, sold the property to real estate developer Fritz Duda in 1971 after American Raceways Inc. (which also owned Texas World Speedway, Atlanta International Raceway, Michigan International Speedway and Trenton Speedway) declared bankruptcy. Duda had once been a turn announcer for NASCAR's broadcasting arm Motor Racing Network plus the raceway's radio network (along with Ralph Lawler) and many felt racing would long be a part of the Riverside landscape.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: During this time, Riverside County and the newly incorporated Moreno Valley area had a growth spurt; new residents started enclosing in on the raceway and became hostile about the raceway's noise levels but, furthermore, the land the raceway was on was becoming more and more valuable such that the track was almost able to survive. However, with protests from both residents and environmentalists, Riverside's continued existence was impossible. (During this time, track president Dan Greenwood, who succeeded Richter in 1983, was trying to search for Riverside's replacement, Perris and Corona.)


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: 1988 was the final year of professional racing for Riverside. On June 12, 1988, NASCAR held its final Winston Cup race at RIR; the 1988 Budweiser 400 was won by Rusty Wallace (a caution flag, later red flag, was out for Ruben Garcia when he came off Turn 9 and lost control of his car and hit a wall, barely missing the grandstands, on lap 29), later on SCORE International held its last race on August 14, 1988. In 1989, the track was modified from turn 7 to near the dogleg after a section of the backstretch and turn 7A near the Bosh Bridge was severed for Towngate Blvd. and Eucalyptus Ave., the modified track was called Riverside Regional Raceway and continued to be used for club events. After 31 years of racing, Riverside closed on July 2, 1989, with the final Cal-Club event (which, ironically, ended the way it started with the death of racer Mark Verbofsky on July 1, 1989).


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Duda (along with Homart Development Company) turned the "House that Dan Gurney built" (which had him quoting in an episode in "SpeedWeek" ""I'm glad to see it gone"") into a shopping mall which opened in 1992. The Moreno Valley Mall at Towngate is on the northern end of the former raceway property and homes now occupy what was the southern end of the racetrack. In a 1994 aerial view of RIR, the remains of Riverside's Turn 9, the original backstretch, the 1969 aligned backstretch from the kink to the entrance to Turn 9, part of the pit entrance and front stretch wall were still visible along with the Administration Building. However, today nothing is left of RIR except for memorabilia from the racetrack. The old Administration Building remained until 2005, when it was torn down to make way for a complex of townhouses.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: Numerous streets in the neighborhood to the east of the Moreno Valley Mall off Frederick Street are named after racers that raced at Riverside, such as Yarborough Drive, Gurney Place, Donohue Court, Surtees Court, Brabham Street, Andretti Street and Penske Street.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: When Riverside closed in 1989, it followed in the footsteps of Ontario Motor Speedway (in nearby Ontario), which closed in 1980, and was followed by Ascot Park in Gardena in 1991. In the 1990s, two new circuits opened: Auto Club Speedway in nearby Fontana in 1997, and Toyota Speedway at Irwindale (now the Irwindale Event Center) in 1999 and is in danger of meeting the same fate as Riverside. Both tracks, like Riverside, have been used for filming.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: In 2003, the remainder of the old Riverside International Raceway was torn up. The sign that was at State Route 60 and Day Street was removed to make way for both a Lowe's warehouse and a new pair of on/off ramps and Turn 9 of the old track is now home to houses.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: In 2003, plans were announced to build a road course with a similar design to the famed Riverside layout in Merced, California. The track would have been known as the Riverside Motorsports Park, but the project was abandoned in 2009.


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: The fastest official all-time track record set during a race weekend is 1:10.050, set by Elliot Forbes-Robinson in a Nissan GTP ZX-T during qualifying for the 1987 Los Angeles Times Grand Prix. The fastest official race lap records at Riverside International Raceway for different classes are listed as:


title: Riverside International Raceway

text: From September 21, 1957, to July 2, 1989, 21 people died (19 drivers, 1 spectator and 1 pit crew member) in the track's 31-year history:


title: Quantile regression

text: Quantile regression is a type of regression analysis used in statistics and econometrics. Whereas the method of least squares estimates the conditional "mean" of the response variable across values of the predictor variables, quantile regression estimates the conditional "median" (or other "quantiles") of the response variable. Quantile regression is an extension of linear regression used when the conditions of linear regression are not met.


title: Quantile regression

text: One advantage of quantile regression relative to ordinary least squares regression is that the quantile regression estimates are more robust against outliers in the response measurements. However, the main attraction of quantile regression goes beyond this and is advantageous when conditional quantile functions are of interest. Different measures of central tendency and statistical dispersion can be useful to obtain a more comprehensive analysis of the relationship between variables.


title: Quantile regression

text: In ecology, quantile regression has been proposed and used as a way to discover more useful predictive relationships between variables in cases where there is no relationship or only a weak relationship between the means of such variables. The need for and success of quantile regression in ecology has been attributed to the complexity of interactions between different factors leading to data with unequal variation of one variable for different ranges of another variable.


title: Quantile regression

text: Another application of quantile regression is in the areas of growth charts, where percentile curves are commonly used to screen for abnormal growth.


title: Quantile regression

text: The idea of estimating a median regression slope, a major theorem about minimizing sum of the absolute deviances and a geometrical algorithm for constructing median regression was proposed in 1760 by Ruđer Josip Bošković, a Jesuit Catholic priest from Dubrovnik. He was interested in the ellipticity of the earth, building on Isaac Newton's suggestion that its rotation could cause it to bulge at the equator with a corresponding flattening at the poles. He finally produced the first geometric procedure for determining the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature. More importantly for quantile regression, he was able to develop the first evidence of the least absolute criterion and preceded the least squares introduced by Legendre in 1805 by fifty years.


title: Quantile regression

text: Other thinkers began building upon Bošković's idea such as Pierre-Simon Laplace, who developed the so-called "methode de situation." This led to Francis Edgeworth's plural median - a geometric approach to median regression - and is recognized as the precursor of the simplex method. The works of Bošković, Laplace, and Edgeworth were recognized as a prelude to Roger Koenker's contributions to quantile regression.


title: Quantile regression

text: Median regression computations for larger data sets are quite tedious compared to the least squares method, for which reason it has historically generated a lack of popularity among statisticians, until the widespread adoption of computers in the latter part of the 20th century.


title: Quantile regression

text: Quantile regression expresses the conditional quantiles of a dependent variable as a linear function of the explanatory variables. Crucial to the practicality of quantile regression is that the quantiles can be expressed as the solution of a minimization problem, as we will show in this section before discussing conditional quantiles in the next section.


title: Quantile regression

text: Let formula_1 be a real-valued random variable with cumulative distribution function formula_2. The formula_3th quantile of Y is given by


title: Quantile regression

text: A specific quantile can be found by minimizing the expected loss of formula_8 with respect to formula_9:():


title: Quantile regression

text: This can be shown by computing the derivative of the expected loss via an application of the Leibniz integral rule, setting it to 0, and letting formula_11 be the solution of


title: Quantile regression

text: Let formula_1 be a discrete random variable that takes values formula_18 with formula_19 with equal probabilities. The task is to find the median of Y, and hence the value formula_20 is chosen. Then the expected loss of formula_8 is


title: Quantile regression

text: Since formula_31 is a constant, it can be taken out of the expected loss function (this is only true if formula_20). Then, at "u"=3,


title: Quantile regression

text: Suppose that "u" is increased by 1 unit. Then the expected loss will be changed by formula_38 on changing "u" to 4. If, "u"=5, the expected loss is


title: Quantile regression

text: and any change in "u" will increase the expected loss. Thus "u"=5 is the median. The Table below shows the expected loss (divided by formula_31) for different values of "u".


title: Quantile regression

text: Consider formula_20 and let "q" be an initial guess for formula_11. The expected loss evaluated at "q" is


title: Quantile regression

text: In order to minimize the expected loss, we move the value of "q" a little bit to see whether the expected loss will rise or fall.


title: Quantile regression

text: The first term of the equation is formula_45 and second term of the equation is formula_46. Therefore, the change of expected loss function is negative if and only if formula_47, that is if and only if "q" is smaller than the median. Similarly, if we reduce "q" by 1 unit, the change of expected loss function is negative if and only if "q" is larger than the median.


title: Quantile regression

text: In order to minimize the expected loss function, we would increase (decrease) "L"("q") if "q" is smaller (larger) than the median, until "q" reaches the median. The idea behind the minimization is to count the number of points (weighted with the density) that are larger or smaller than "q" and then move "q" to a point where "q" is larger than formula_48% of the points.


title: Quantile regression

text: where the function formula_52 is the tilted absolute value function. The intuition is the same as for the population quantile.


title: Quantile regression

text: The formula_3th conditional quantile of formula_1 given formula_55 is the formula_3th quantile of the


title: Quantile regression

text: We use a capital formula_60 to denote the conditional quantile to indicate that it is a random variable.


title: Quantile regression

text: In quantile regression for the formula_3th quantile we make the assumption that the formula_3th conditional quantile is given as a linear function of the explanatory variables:


title: Quantile regression

text: Note that when formula_69, the loss function formula_70 is proportional to the absolute value function, and thus median regression is the same as


title: Quantile regression

text: The mathematical forms arising from quantile regression are distinct from those arising in the method of least squares. The method of least squares leads to a consideration of problems in an inner product space, involving projection onto subspaces, and thus the problem of minimizing the squared errors can be reduced to a problem in numerical linear algebra. Quantile regression does not have this structure, and instead the minimization problem can be reformulated as a linear programming problem


title: Quantile regression

text: Direct estimation of the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix is not always satisfactory. Inference for quantile regression parameters can be made with the regression rank-score tests or with the bootstrap methods.


title: Quantile regression

text: If formula_93 and formula_94, then formula_95. The mean regression does not have the same property since formula_96


title: Quantile regression

text: Because quantile regression does not normally assume a parametric likelihood for the conditional distributions of Y|X, the Bayesian methods work with a working likelihood. A convenient choice is the asymmetric Laplacian likelihood, because the mode of the resulting posterior under a flat prior is the usual quantile regression estimates. The posterior inference, however, must be interpreted with care. Yang, Wang and He provided a posterior variance adjustment for valid inference. In addition,


title: Quantile regression

text: Yang and He showed that one can have asymptotically valid posterior inference if the working likelihood is chosen to be the empirical likelihood.


title: Quantile regression

text: Beyond simple linear regression, there are several machine learning methods that can be extended to quantile regression. A switch from the squared error to the tilted absolute value loss function allows gradient descent-based learning algorithms to learn a specified quantile instead of the mean. It means that we can apply all neural network and deep learning algorithms to quantile regression. Tree-based learning algorithms are also available for quantile regression (see, e.g., Quantile Regression Forests, as a simple generalization of Random Forests).


title: Quantile regression

text: If the response variable is subject to censoring, the conditional mean is not identifiable without additional distributional assumptions, but the conditional quantile is often identifiable. For recent work on censored quantile regression, see: Portnoy


title: Quantile regression

text: Let formula_97 and formula_98. Then formula_99. This is the censored quantile regression model: estimated values can be obtained without making any distributional assumptions, but at the cost of computational difficulty, some of which can be avoided by using a simple three step censored quantile regression procedure as an approximation.


title: Quantile regression

text: For random censoring on the response variables, the censored quantile regression of Portnoy (2003) provides consistent estimates of all identifiable quantile functions based on reweighting each censored point appropriately.


title: Samphire

text: Samphire is a name given to a number of succulent salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) that tend to be associated with water bodies.


title: Samphire

text: Originally "sampiere", a corruption of the French "Saint Pierre" (Saint Peter), samphire was named after the patron saint of fishermen because all of the original plants with its name grow in rocky salt-sprayed regions along the sea coast of northern Europe or in its coastal marsh areas. It is sometimes called rock samphire or seafennel. In North Wales, especially along the River Dee's marshes, it has always been known as sampkin.


title: Samphire

text: Also in Italy, along the Adriatic coast, there is a great heritage about rock samphire (or sea fennel) in local dishes.


title: Samphire

text: Following the construction of the Channel Tunnel, the nature reserve created on new land near Folkestone made from excavated rock was named "Samphire Hoe".


title: Samphire

text: Marsh samphire ashes were used to make soap and glass (hence its other old English name, "glasswort") as it was a source of sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash. In the 14th century glassmakers located their workshops near regions where this plant grew, since it was so closely linked to their trade.


title: Samphire

text: Many samphires are edible. In England the leaves were gathered early in the year and pickled or eaten in salads with oil and vinegar.


title: Samphire

text: Marsh samphire ("Salicornia bigelovii") was investigated as a potential biodiesel source that can be grown in coastal areas where conventional crops cannot be grown.


title: Samphire

text: Rock Samphire is another kind of samphire, also called Seafennel. It is mentioned by Shakespeare in "King Lear":


title: Samphire

text: Also Aboriginal Australians have long used samphire as bush tucker, due to its abundance, flavour and nutritional value. It is high in Vitamin A and a good source of calcium and iron. Other Australians have recently discovered the potential of the species as a food plant and it has begun to appear on restaurant menus across the country.


title: Samphire

text: A variety of rock samphire known as Paccasasso del Conero, or sea fennel, is well-known in Italy along the Adriatic coast. This variety is typically used in local recipes such as a mortadella and paccasasso sandwich, pasta with mussels and paccasassi, or in fresh salad.


title: Vertical Entertainment

text: Vertical Entertainment is an American film distribution and production company founded by producers Richard B. "Rich" Goldberg and Mitch Budin in 2012.


title: Vertical Entertainment

text: In 2012, Rich Goldberg & Mitch Budin founded Vertical Entertainment, a film distribution company that releases films theatrically, through video on demand, and through home media. In May 2013, Vertical announced its plans to release 24 films per year, starting the same year. The company has collaborated with XYZ Films on films, including "Holidays", "Under the Shadow", and "Headshot".


title: Fokker 70

text: The Fokker 70 is a narrow-body, twin-engined, medium-range, turbofan regional airliner designed and produced by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker.


title: Fokker 70

text: It was developed during the early 1990s as a smaller version of the newly-developed Fokker 100. Both the Fokker 70 and Fokker 100 were preceded by the first jet airliner manufactured by the company, the Fokker F28 Fellowship. On 4 April 1993, the type performed its maiden flight, while it was introduced to service during the following year. The Fokker 70 was in production for only a relatively short period, between 1992 and 1997, during which 47 aircraft, as well as a single prototype, were completed. Its production had been terminated as a result of the bankruptcy of Fokker in 1996. There had been persistent efforts to restart production of the Fokker 70 by Rekkof. As of June 2022, 34 aircraft of the original production run are reportedly still in active service with various airlines and governments around the world.


title: Fokker 70

text: During November 1992, the Fokker company of the Netherlands commenced development of a new airliner intended to replace the aging Fokker F28 airliner with a more modern and fuel efficient aircraft. The specification for the Fokker 70 was shaped by requirements outlined by several airlines, which had determined that both the Fokker 50 and ATR 42 were too small, while the Boeing 737 and MD-80 were deemed to be too large. By aiming for this sector of the market, Fokker had opted to compete for the highly competitive top end of the regional airliner market.


title: Fokker 70

text: To ease its development of such an airliner, Fokker opted to used the newly-developed Fokker 100 as a basis, shrinking it by the elimination of various sections of the fuselage to reduce its of the plane's total length, while features such as the wings and tail unit were relatively untouched. In line with these specifications, the aircraft had a maximum capacity for 80 passengers; however, this was reduced to a maximum of 70 passenger for airliners sold within the U.S. market in order to comply with "scope clause" requirements rather than any Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) mandates relating to its certification.


title: Fokker 70

text: On 4 April 1993, the Fokker 70 performed its maiden flight from the company's manufacturing base at Woensdrecht in southern Netherlands, which had a duration of three hours. during the test flight programme, Fokker 70s were flown to both Granada and Spain in support of its certification. During July 1994, the first production standard aircraft made its first flight. On 14 October 1994, type certification was granted for the Fokker 70, while the first delivery to a customer (made to the Ford Motor Company in an "Executive Jet" configuration) occurred later that same month.


title: Fokker 70

text: As had been announced at the Paris Air Show in June 1993, the launch customer for the Fokker 70 was the now-defunct Indonesian airline, Sempati Air and Pelita Air. During March 1995, Sempati became the first airline to receive a Fokker 70. In November 1993, it was announced that British Midland International (BMI) had agreed terms for the long-term lease of five Fokker 70s, and had thus become the first European airline to order the Fokker 70. The first US customer was Mesa Airlines, which ordered a pair of airliners in December 1993. By August 1995, 10 Fokker 70s had reportedly been delivered, while orders for 42 more were reportedly held by the company.


title: Fokker 70

text: During April 1997, the final Fokker 70 was delivered, at which point the production line was closed down as a result of Fokker's bankruptcy during the previous year. A total of 47 Fokker 70s were completed during its relatively short production life. Despite the original production run of the Fokker 70 having been brought to an end, efforts to restore the company and its products have been made by Rekkof ("Fokker" spelt backwards). Since 1999, it has made protracted efforts to negotiate the re-opening of both the Fokker 100 and Fokker 70 lines.


title: Fokker 70

text: The Fokker 70 is a narrow-body, twin-engined, medium-range regional airliner. It is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Tay 620 turbofan engine, positioned at either side of the aircraft and mounted on the rear fuselage; each engine is capable of providing up to 61.6 kN (13,849 lb) of thrust. The weight varies from when empty to at maximum takeoff weight (MTOW). The Fokker 70 is equipped with an airbrake fitted upon its tail section, in a somewhat similar arrangement to that found on the competing British Aerospace 146, which allows it to conform with the 5.5° glide slope to perform steep descents, as required at London City Airport. It is outfitted with a similar avionics suite to that of the Fokker 100.


title: Fokker 70

text: During the first two decades of operations, there were multiple incidents of ice having formed on the leading edge of the wing; during January 2009, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) issued a mandate that all Fokker 70s and Fokker 100s operated in Europe would be required to be outfitted with on-ground heating apparatus to counteract ice formation. Early on, safety-critical issues with the aircraft's thrust reversers were uncovered; in December 1996, Fokker instructed all operators to conduct inspections.


title: Fokker 70

text: The vast majority of Fokker 70s were delivered to various operators in the European market. One early customer for the Fokker 70 was the Dutch flag carrier KLM, who opted to replace its remaining Fokker F28s with the type. The company's regional airline subsidiary KLM Cityhopper operated the Fokker 70 for numerous years; on 28 October 2017, the final flight of a KLM Fokker 70 was conducted. The Italian flag carrier Alitalia at one point had 15 Fokker 70s on order via leasing agreements for its subsidiary Avianova; on 20 December 1995, the first example was put into revenue service. However, its operations of the type would be relatively brief; by February 1997, the company had decided to return its fleet. On 30 October 1995, the French flag carrier Air France introduced its first Fokker 70, typically using it as a replacement for its ATR 42s.


title: Fokker 70

text: During 1995, a pair of aircraft were delivered to Desert Sun Airlines, a subsidiary of Mesa Airlines, and were operated as America West Express flights as part of a promotional effort in support of the Fokker 70 within the United States; the purchase agreement permitted the operator to return the aircraft within 12 to 18 months. Although the earlier Fokker 100 had been able to achieve moderate sales within the United States, securing orders from American Airlines, and USAir (which subsequently merged with American Airlines), only two aircraft of the Fokker 70 variant were delivered for service in the United States. During March 1996, Fokker entered bankruptcy, which brought an abrupt end to its sales campaign in the U.S. market. Accordingly, the two America West Express aircraft operated by a subsidiary of Mesa Airlines became an expensive subfleet and were returned to Europe in 1997, ending the relatively short tenure of Fokker 70 operation in the United States.


title: Fokker 70

text: As an individual aircraft's original operator opted to withdraw it, they did not typically mark the end of its useful life. Instead, companies such as "Fokker Services" would often acquire such aircraft, refurbish them, and secure new secondhand operators for the type. Fokker Services would also provide long term support to operators of the Fokker 70, such as Austrian Airlines, which was operating a fleet of 24 airliners by January 2010.


title: Fokker 70

text: As early as the late 1990s, some operators opted to replace their often small Fokker 70 fleets with alternative, and often more modern, airliners. During 1998, it was reported that SilkAir was replacing both its Boeing 737s and Fokker 70s with new-build Airbus A320s. In 1999, BMI was evaluating potential replacements for its Fokker 70s and Fokker 100s. During 2015, Austrian Airlines received approval for its purchase of 17 used Embraer 195s to replace its Fokker 70s and Fokker 100s; the complete introduction of this new fleet was achieved over the following two years.


title: Kazushige Nojima

text: He joined Square in 1994. He began work on "Final Fantasy VII" after the main character settings were done, though Nojima considered this early in the process; he was still working on "Bahamut Lagoon".


title: Kazushige Nojima

text: Nojima also wrote the mythology of "Fabula Nova Crystallis", which has been used as the story foundation for all the titles within the series. Nojima also wrote most of the Kingdom Hearts games. He also wrote the scenario for Final Fantasy XV "(Previously known as Versus XIII)".


title: Kazushige Nojima

text: Kazushige Nojima left Square Enix in 2003 and founded Stellavista Ltd, a freelance scenario company. He wrote the story for "". He also contributed some story concepts to the script of "Final Fantasy XIII". While developing the scenario for "Glory of Heracles", Nojima took inspiration from the Fall of Troy and the Battle of Thermopylae. Not many actual Greek locations were used, but locations derived from Greek mythology were.


title: Kazushige Nojima

text: In 2011 Enterbrain announced on its Famitsu resource that a short anime and audio drama, based on a novel written by Kazushige Nojima, will be streamed with a name "Busō Chūgakusei Basket Army (Armed Middle School Student Basket Army)."


title: Kazushige Nojima

text: Nojima has been called one of the "strongest voices" in the video game industry for his writing. His stories have been noted for their complexity and fearlessness in delving into romantic plot lines.


title: Aubrey Edwards

text: Brittany Aubert (born March 9, 1987), better known by the ring name Aubrey Edwards, is an American video game developer and professional wrestling referee currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). She is also the promotion's project coordinator and the co-host of "AEW Unrestricted" with Tony Schiavone.


title: Aubrey Edwards

text: Aubert has a background in software engineering and computer science, having previously worked in the video game industry as a producer. Aubert was previously employed by 5th Cell, where she worked on the "Scribblenauts" video game series for more than six years. She started out as a tool programmer for the series' inaugural title and eventually became lead producer of the Wii U launch title "Scribblenauts Unlimited".


title: Aubrey Edwards

text: Aubert joined independent promotion 3–2–1 BATTLE! as a referee, initially going under the ring name Gearl Hebner. She began working with other Washington-based promotions such as DEFY and Without a Cause, utilizing the ring name Aubrey Edwards.


title: Aubrey Edwards

text: In 2018, Edwards made appearances in WWE, working as a referee for the Mae Young Classic and WWE Evolution.


title: Aubrey Edwards

text: In August 2019, Edwards made history at AEW's All Out by becoming the first woman to referee a professional wrestling world championship match on pay-per-view. She signed with AEW on September 1, 2019, becoming the promotion's first full-time female referee.


title: Aubrey Edwards

text: Aubert is bisexual. Before becoming a professional wrestling referee, Aubert practiced classical ballet for 21 years.


title: People's republic

text: People's republic is an official title, usually used by some currently or formerly communist or left-wing states. It is mainly associated with soviet republics, socialist states following people's democracy, sovereign states with a democratic-republican constitution usually mentioning socialism, as well as some countries that do not fit into any of these categories.


title: People's republic

text: A number of the short-lived socialist states that formed during World War I and its aftermath called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former Russian Empire which collapsed following the Russian Revolution of 1917. Decades later, following the Allied victory in World War II, the name "people's republic" was adopted by some of the newly established Marxist–Leninist states, mainly within the Soviet Union's Eastern Bloc.


title: People's republic

text: As a term, "people's republic" is associated with socialist states as well as communist countries adhering to Marxism–Leninism, although its use is not unique to such states. A number of republics with liberal democratic political systems such as Algeria and Bangladesh adopted the title, given its rather generic nature, after popular wars of independence. Nonetheless, such countries still usually mention socialism in their constitutions.


title: People's republic

text: The first people's republics that came into existence were those formed following the Russian Revolution. Ukraine was briefly declared a people's republic in 1917. The Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara, both territories of the former Russian Empire, were declared people's republics in 1920. In 1921, the Russian protectorate of Tuva became a people's republic, followed in 1924 by neighbouring Mongolia. Following World War II, developments in Marxist–Leninist theory led to the appearance of people's democracy, a concept which potentially allowed for a route to socialism via multi-class, multi-party democracy. Countries which had reached this intermediate stage were called people's republics. The European states that became people's republics at this time were Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia. In Asia, China became a people's republic following the Chinese Communist Revolution and North Korea also became a people's republic.


title: People's republic

text: Many of these countries also called themselves "socialist states" in their constitutions. During the 1960s, Romania and Yugoslavia ceased to use the term "people's" in their official name, replacing it with the term "socialist" as a mark of their ongoing political development. Czechoslovakia also added the term "socialist" into its name during this period. It had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name. Albania used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991. In the West, these countries are often referred to as "communist states". However, none of them described themselves in that way as they regarded communism as a level of political development that they had not yet reached. Terms used by communist states include "national-democratic", "people's democratic", "socialist-oriented" and "workers and peasants" states. The communist parties in these countries often governed in coalitions with other progressive parties.


title: People's republic

text: During the postcolonial period, a number of former European colonies that had achieved independence and adopted Marxist–Leninist governments took the name "people's republic". Angola, Benin, Congo-Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique and South Yemen followed this route. Following the Revolutions of 1989, the people's republics of Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland) and Mongolia dropped the term "people's" from their names as it was associated with their former communist governments and became known simply as republics, adopting liberal democracy as their system of government. At around the same time, most of the former European colonies that had taken the "people's republic" name began to replace it as part of their move away from Marxism–Leninism and towards democratic socialism or social democracy.


title: People's republic

text: The current officially Marxist-Leninist states that use the term "people's republic" in their full names include:


title: People's republic

text: Other titles commonly used by Marxist–Leninist and socialist states are "democratic republic" (e.g. the German Democratic Republic, the Somali Democratic Republic, or the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia between 1943 and 1946) and "socialist republic" (e.g. the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam).


title: People's republic

text: The collapse of the European empires during and following World War I resulted in the creation of a number of short-lived non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics during the revolutions of 1917–1923. In many cases, these governments were unrecognised and often had Marxist–Leninist rivals.


title: People's republic

text: The Russian Empire produced several non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics after the October Revolution. The Crimean People's Republic was opposed to the Bolsheviks and the latter went on to capture its territory and establish the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic. The anti-Bolshevik Kuban People's Republic was established in Russia's Kuban region and survived until the Red Army captured the area. The socialist-leaning Ukrainian People's Republic declared its independence from the Russian Republic, but it had a rival in the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (later the Ukrainian Soviet Republic) whom it fought during the Ukrainian War of Independence. The Belarusian People's Republic tried to create an independent Belarusian state in land controlled by the German Imperial Army, but the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia replaced it once the German army had left. All of these territories finally became constituent parts of the Soviet Union.


title: People's republic

text: In the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, the West Ukrainian People's Republic was formed in eastern Galicia under the political guidance of Greek Catholic, liberal and socialist ideologies. The territory was subsequently absorbed into the Second Polish Republic. Meanwhile, the Hungarian People's Republic was established, briefly replaced by the Hungarian Soviet Republic and eventually succeeded by the Kingdom of Hungary.


title: People's republic

text: In Germany, the People's State of Bavaria () was a short-lived socialist state and people's republic formed in Bavaria during the German Revolution of 1918–1919 as a rival to the Bavarian Soviet Republic. It was succeeded by the Free State of Bavaria which existed within the Weimar Republic.


title: People's republic

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of former colonies that had gained independence through revolutionary liberation struggles adopted the name people's republic. Examples include Algeria, Bangladesh and Zanzibar. Libya adopted the term after its Al Fateh Revolution against King Idris.


title: People's republic

text: In the 2010s, Ukraine's pro-Russian separatist movements during the Russo-Ukrainian War declared the oblasts of Donetsk and Luhansk to be people's republics, but they have not received diplomatic recognition from the international community. In 2022, during the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, this was changed, when Russia became the first and only UN member to formally recognise both the DPR and LPR.


title: People's republic

text: As a term, "people's republic" is sometimes used by critics and satirists to describe areas perceived to be dominated by left-wing politics, such as the People's Republic of South Yorkshire.


title: CAN FD

text: CAN FD (Controller Area Network Flexible Data-Rate) is a data-communication protocol used for broadcasting sensor data and control information on 2 wire interconnections between different parts of electronic instrumentation and control system. This protocol is used in modern high performance vehicles. CAN FD is an extension to the original CAN bus protocol that was specified in ISO 11898-1. The basic idea to overclock part of the frame and to oversize the payload dates back to 1999. Developed in 2011 and released in 2012 by Bosch, CAN FD was developed to meet the need to increase the data transfer rate up to 5 times faster and with larger frame/message sizes for use in modern automotive Electronic Control Units (ECUs). As in the classic CAN, CAN FD protocol is designed to reliably transmit and receive sensor data, control commands and to detect data errors between electronic sensor devices, controllers and microcontrollers. Although CAN FD was primarily designed for use in high performance vehicle ECUs, the pervasiveness of classic CAN in the different industries will lead into inclusion of this improved data-communication protocol in a variety of other applications as well, such as in electronic systems used in robotics, defense, industrial automation, underwater vehicles, medical equipment, avionics, down-hole drilling sensors, etc.


title: CAN FD

text: The primary difference between the classical CAN (Controller Area Network) and CAN FD is the Flexible Data (FD). Using CAN FD, Electronic Control Units (ECUs) can dynamically switch to different data-rate and with larger or smaller message sizes. Enhanced features in CAN FD includes the capability to dynamically select and switch to faster or slower data rate, as and when required, and to pack more data within the same CAN frame/message and transport it over the CAN bus/network in less time. Faster data speed and more data capacity enhancements results in several system operational advantages compared to the classic CAN. Using CAN FD, sensor and control data can be sent and received by the ECU software much quicker. Commands issued by the executing ECU software reach the output controller much faster. CAN FD is typically used in high performance ECUs of modern vehicles. A modern vehicle can have more than 70 ECUs that use CAN FD to exchange information over the CAN bus when the engine is running or when the vehicle is moving.


title: CAN FD

text: In CAN FD, it is possible to use the 11-bit identifier (FDBF FD base frame Format) or the 29bit identifier (FEFF FD extended frame Format). The message payload size has been increased to 64 bytes of data in each CAN-frame / message, compared to only 8-bytes in the classic CAN frame. A frame is a message transmitted as a sequence of binary bit-pattern. In CAN FD, the data rate (i.e. number of bits transmitted per second) is increased to be 5 to 8 times faster than the classic CAN (5 to 8Mbit/s for the data payload only, the arbitration bit rate is still limited to max 1Mbit/s for compatibility). Data rate depends on the topology for the bus network and the used Transceivers. CAN FD protocol specification includes some other enhancements as well, such as better detection of errors in the received CAN message and the executing software flexibility to dynamically select (from a list) and switch to faster or slower data rate transfer, as and when required. On the CAN FD bus, some sensors may operate at slower data rate while others at faster data rate. CAN bus is a shared pair of wires onto which electronic sensors, controller units and ECUs are connected. CAN bus is used for exchanging information between operational units periodically or on demand. The electrical condition and configuration of the CAN bus, i.e. the total number of units connected, the length of the CAN buswires and other electro-magnetic factors determine the fastest data transfer rate possible on that CAN bus. The CAN protocol (and by extension CAN FD) has an excellent collision resolution mechanism that depends on the propagation time of the signal and the network configuration (ring, bus or star), and to, a lesser extent, the number of units on the bus. Therefore, a physically long network may limit the data rate below the theoretical maximum.


title: CAN FD

text: β = τ/ω (1) (β = Busload), (τ = time of slow bits plus faster bits), ω (time in seconds of measurement).


title: CAN FD

text: CAN-FD protocol defines five different error detection mechanisms: Two of them work at the bit level, and the other three at the message level.


title: CAN FD

text: where SOF (Start of Frame) + ID (Identifier) + r1 (reserved bit 1) + IDE + EDL(Extended Data Length) + r0(reserved bit 0) + BRS/2 (Bit Rate Switch) + CRCdel/2 (CRC delimiter)= 17 bits; 1.2 is the factor of the worst case bit stuffing, which means the computation shall be increased by 20%. It is considered BRS and CRCdel divided by 2, because they are exactly in the shift of bit rate transition. The ACK (Acknowledge) + DEL (Delimiter) + EOF (End-of-Frame) + IFS (Interframe Spacing) = 12 bits without bit stuffing. The CAN-FD payload size may be 0, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48, 64 Bytes. t_X is the transmission bandwidth for the message header (up to 1 Mbit/s).


title: CAN FD

text: CAN FD also has decreased the number of undetected errors through increases in the performance of the CRC-algorithm. In addition, CAN FD is compatible with existing CAN 2.0 networks, allowing the new protocol to function on the same network as classic CAN. CAN FD bit rate can be up to 8MBit/s with the right CAN SIC (Signal Improvement Capability) Transceiver and so up to 8 times faster than classic CAN with 1MBit/s data phase.


title: CAN FD

text: Due to higher communication speed, CAN FD constraints are tougher in terms of line parasitic capacitance. Therefore, all components on the line have seen their "capacitance" budget reduced compared to regular CAN bus. That is the reason why semiconductor suppliers have released new components approved by car makers. This approval reflects the need for interoperability between all CAN FD systems. Indeed, selected ESD protection components are compatible with all transceivers (CAN or CAN FD) and withstand ISO7637-3.


title: CAN FD

text: Despite a higher stand-off voltage (37 V), devices for truck applications must also comply with the low capacitance requirement (3.5 pF).


title: CAN FD

text: The above table explains the transfer protocol defined for CAN + CANFD, based on ISO 15765-2 (ISO-TP).


title: CAN FD

text: CAN FD can use Transceiver for classical CAN and CAN FD. Additionally there are new CAN SiC (Signal improvement Capability) Transceiver with 5 to 8MBit/s data rate.


title: CAN FD

text: Some of the companies behind the new standard include STMicroelectronics, Infineon, NXP, Texas Instruments, Kvaser, Daimler and GM.


title: CAN FD

text: CAN FD forms a basic data link layer in some higher Layer protocols like CANopen as CANopen FD and J1939 and supported by different companies with protocol stacks.


title: CAN FD

text: CAN XL is the 3rd version of the CAN data link layer after classical CAN and CAN FD. CAN FD is compatible to CAN XL.


title: Solar calendar

text: A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the season or almost equivalently the apparent position of the Sun relative to the stars. The Gregorian calendar, widely accepted as a standard in the world, is an example of a solar calendar.


title: Solar calendar

text: The main other type of calendar is a lunar calendar, whose months correspond to cycles of Moon phases. The months of the Gregorian calendar do not correspond to cycles of the Moon phase.


title: Solar calendar

text: The Egyptians appear to have been the first to develop a solar calendar, using as a fixed point the annual sunrise reappearance of the Dog Star—Sirius, or Sothis—in the eastern sky, which coincided with the annual flooding of the Nile River. They constructed a calendar of 365 days, consisting of 12 months of 30 days each, with 5 days added at the year’s end. The Egyptians’ failure to account for the extra fraction of a day, however, caused their calendar to drift gradually into error.