title: Ampoule

text: Teflon ampoules have been developed, based on the concept of the Teflon jug for high-molarity hydrofluoric acid, for containing chemicals that would corrode and/or ignite glass and/or contaminate themselves, corrode, or disintegrate metal containers where the reagent does not passivate the metal by rapidly forming a layer of a new inert compound on the metal surface reliably and predictably or at all.


title: Ampoule

text: Photosensitive chemicals like many 14-dihydromorphinone opioids like hydromorphone and oxymorphone, various silver salts and so on can be packaged in ampoules of smoked glass, glass with chemicals added in manufacturing that filter out ultraviolet and other types of light, or be made with an opaque top and bottom (usually painted with opaque paint) and the rest of the ampoule wrapped in thick paper.


title: Ampoule

text: Historically, ampoules were used to contain a small sample of a person's blood after death, which was entombed alongside them in many Christian catacombs. It was originally believed that only martyrs were given this burial treatment, though it is suspected to have been a widely practiced tradition.


title: Ampoule

text: An ampoule, allegedly dating back to the year 305 and filled with the blood of Saint Januarius ("San Gennaro"), bishop of Benevento, has been kept for centuries in the Cathedral at Naples. Every year on 19 September the town celebrates the Feast of San Gennaro, when the solid reddish-brown contents of the ampoule usually liquifies after being taken out of a safe, carried in procession and placed on the Cathedral's altar.


title: Ampoule

text: Another well-known ampoule is the Holy Ampulla ("Sainte Ampoule") which held the anointing oil for the coronation of the French monarchs. The oil was allegedly passed down from the time of Clovis I; it was kept for a time in the tomb of Saint Remigius and later in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims. It was used in coronation of Charles X.


title: Ampoule

text: The production and packaging of ampoules are largely standardized by ISO 9187-1:2010 "Injection equipment for medical use — Part 1: Ampoules for injectables". This standard dictates three standardized forms: B, cut/straight-form; C, open-funnel; and D, sealed. (The "A" form is no longer used in the pharmaceutical industry and is not included in the updated version.) ISO 9187-1:2010 addresses what materials should be used in their manufacture, what the dimensions should be, what capacities they should have, how they should perform, and how they should be packaged. Characteristics such as breaking force, hydrolytic resistance, and annealing quality are specified for all three forms.


title: Ampoule

text: Modern glass ampoules are produced industrially from short lengths of glass tubing, shaped by heating with gas torches and gravity in automated production lines. Computer vision techniques are usually employed for quality control.


title: Ampoule

text: Ampoules often have colored rings of paint or enamel around their necks that are meant to identify the substance inside the ampoule. The rings are machine-readable and allow for accurate handling of the substance for the purposes of storage, labeling, and secondary packaging.


title: Ampoule

text: Color coding of modern ampoules is done during the manufacturing process. A machine applies colored rings on the ampoule between the two ovens.


title: Ampoule

text: The filling and sealing of ampoules may be done by automated machinery on an industrial scale, or by hand in small-scale industries and laboratory. Ampoule filling machines can be categorized in three categories called automatic machine, semi automatic machine and manual (hand-operated) machines.


title: Ampoule

text: Blank ampoules can be purchased from scientific glass supply houses and sealed with a small gas torch.


title: Ampoule

text: A Schlenk line may be used for sealing under inert atmospheres. There is procedure of purging nitrogen before and after filling liquid into ampoules in order to remove atmospheric air available inside the ampoules.


title: Ampoule

text: Ampoules are opened by scoring the neck and snapping the top off. In the "one point cut" (OPC) ampoules a dot above the neck identifies the correct thumb placement that aligns the thumb with a pre-made micro-score in the ampoule.


title: Ampoule

text: If properly done, this last operation creates a clean break without any extra glass shards or slivers; but the liquid or solution may be filtered for greater assurance.


title: Ampoule

text: Glass particle contamination is of ongoing concern, with patients who receive medication parenterally, such as intravenously under hospital care, at greater risk of receiving glass particulates when medication is aspirated. A 2016 study of 180 ampoules found 19,473 glass particles in aspirated fluids, with filtering only reducing the mean from 114 to 89 particles per ampoule. Glass particle contamination of an ampule occurred with all intravenous injection methods.


title: Ampoule

text: Ampoules are common practice as containers of low frequency RFID tags. These are used mainly for tagging animals for identification.


title: MasterChef Junior (American season 7)

text: The seventh season of the American competitive reality television series "MasterChef Junior" premiered on Fox on March 12, 2019 and concluded on June 4, 2019. The season is hosted by regular judges Gordon Ramsay and Christina Tosi, while Aarón Sanchez joins the judges this season.


title: MasterChef Junior (American season 7)

text: The winner was Che Spiotta, a 12-year-old from Boiceville, New York, with Ivy Angst from Atlanta, Georgia and Malia Brauer from Newhall, Santa Clarita, California being the runners-up.


title: MasterChef Junior (American season 7)

text: Note: It is Fox's policy to not publish the last names of minor contestants. Any last name not listed has not been properly cited/sourced at this time.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: De'Anthony Melton (born May 28, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected by the Houston Rockets in the second round of the 2018 NBA draft with the 46th pick, but was traded to Phoenix before his rookie season began. He played college basketball for the USC Trojans of the Pac-12 Conference, but did not play in the 2017–18 season due to the events relating to the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball corruption scandal. In the 2019 offseason he was traded to the Grizzlies. In the 2022 offseason he was traded to the 76ers.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: Melton graduated from Crespi HS in Encino, Calif. in 2016, after having led his team to back-to-back state titles and leaving as the school's all-time leading scorer. As a three-star recruit, he committed to the USC Trojans on November 20, 2015.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: Melton played in 36 games, starting in the last 25 games of the season that year. He averaged 8.3 points, 3.5 assists, 4.7 rebounds, and 1.9 steals per game. On January 25, in an 84–76 win over future #2 pick Lonzo Ball and UCLA, Melton had 13 points, 9 rebounds, 5 assists, 4 steals, and a block. He followed this performance with a 16-point, 7 rebound, 6 assist, 6 steal, and 2 block game against future #1 pick Markelle Fultz and Washington on February 1.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: Melton became the first freshman to record at least 300 points, 150 rebounds, 100 assists, 60 steals, and 35 blocks in their starting season since Dwyane Wade. As a result of those starts, he was projected to be a key player for USC's upcoming season.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: On September 26, 2017, federal prosecutors in New York announced charges of fraud and corruption against 10 people involved in college basketball, including USC assistant coach Tony Bland. The charges allege that Bland and other members involved allegedly received benefits from financial advisers and others to influence student-athletes to retain their services. Following the announcement, USC indefinitely suspended Melton in relation to the scandal due to a family member's involvement there. On February 21, 2018, Melton announced he would withdraw from USC and declare for the 2018 NBA draft.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: Melton was selected with the 46th pick by the Houston Rockets in the 2018 NBA draft. He played for the Rockets during the 2018 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas. In five games, Melton recorded 16.4 points, 7.2 rebounds, 4.0 assists, and 3.0 steals per game. His best game during the event was on July 9 where he made 26 points, 10 rebounds, and 5 assists in a 104–90 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On August 31, Melton was traded alongside Ryan Anderson to the Phoenix Suns in exchange for Brandon Knight and Marquese Chriss. Melton signed his first NBA contract with the Suns on September 21. He made his professional debut with the Suns on October 22, 2018, in a 123–103 loss to the Golden State Warriors, but did not record significant playing time until October 31 in a 120–90 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. Melton was assigned to the Northern Arizona Suns, Phoenix's development team in the NBA G League, for their first game of the season on November 3, 2018. He played the one game, a 118–108 loss to the Santa Cruz Warriors, and was recalled to Phoenix the next day.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: On December 4, Melton recorded a professional high of 21 points in a 122–105 loss to the Sacramento Kings. He also recorded season-high 10 assists in a 102–93 win over the Denver Nuggets on January 12, 2019. Melton later suffered a right ankle sprain on January 24, leaving him out of action for close to a month before returning briefly for the NBA G League on February 20, and then played in the NBA proper three days later against the Atlanta Hawks. On March 16, Melton recorded a career-high 8 rebounds in a 138–136 overtime win over the New Orleans Pelicans.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: Melton was 2nd in the NBA in rookie steals in 2018–19 with 1.36 spg. When Melton is on the floor, he recorded steals more frequently than any other player in the NBA, ranking 1st with 3.3 steals per 100 possessions (min. 700 total minutes played). Among rookies to start in majority of their appearances, Melton's 3.3 steals per 100 possessions are tied for 6th most all-time in Basketball-Reference's database.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: On July 7, 2019, the Suns traded Melton, Josh Jackson, and two second round picks to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Jevon Carter and Kyle Korver. On November 22, 2020, the Memphis Grizzlies announced that they had signed Melton to a 4-year, $34.6 million contract.


title: De'Anthony Melton

text: During the 2022 NBA draft, Memphis traded Melton to the Philadelphia 76ers for Danny Green and the draft rights to David Roddy.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Lovecraft Country is a 2016 dark fantasy horror novel by Matt Ruff, exploring the conjunction between the horror fiction of H. P. Lovecraft and racism in the United States during the era of Jim Crow laws, as experienced by black science-fiction fan Atticus Turner and his family. It was published by HarperCollins.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Atticus Turner, working in Florida after leaving the army, returns home to Chicago after receiving a mysterious letter from his estranged father, Montrose, saying he had left Chicago to go to Ardham, Massachusetts, where he believed he could find some information on Atticus's mother's family (previously unknown to them). Atticus, his uncle George, and his childhood friend Letitia drive to Ardham to find Montrose. They are chased, accosted, and later nearly murdered by racists on the way.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Once at Ardham they find a large manor house called Ardham Lodge. Atticus learns that he is the descendant of the Lodge's founder, Titus Braithwhite. Montrose is being held hostage, chained up in a basement. The current owner of the house, Samuel Braithwhite, is planning a ceremony with all of the members of his lodge (a sect of sorcerers called "The Order of the Ancient Dawn") during which he needs a Braithwhite descendant to be a conduit for some ancient power. Presumably this will kill Atticus. Caleb Braithwhite (Samuel's only son) is also in attendance and he secretly provides Atticus with an incantation to say during the ceremony. Atticus does this and it causes the unleashed power to consume Samuel and all the members of the lodge and turn them into dust while protecting Atticus.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Letitia receives an inheritance from her late mother, and uses it to buy, in a white neighborhood, a large 14-bedroom house called the Winthrop House (named after the original owner, Hiram Winthrop) which was being sold cheap due to it being haunted. Letitia plans on fixing it up and renting out the rooms. After moving in, she realizes that the house is haunted by Winthrop's ghost who is not too happy about sharing it with new residents. He and Letitia struggle and he nearly kills her until she convinces him that if he does she will stay as a ghost and haunt him back. After that, they come to an agreement and even find some peace over their shared love of playing games like chess. Letitia never sees Winthrop, but his pieces move on their own.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Meanwhile the white folks in the neighborhood quickly begin harassing Letitia because they don't want black people living there. They swear at her, vandalize the car of one of her friends, threaten her, and throw manure at her front door. One night, three young men break in with intentions to burn the house down. Winthrop's ghost intervenes, and hauls the men down to the basement where they are locked in terror until the police arrive.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Caleb Braithwhite blackmails George and Montrose to break into the natural history museum and retrieve a secret book, hidden behind magical incantations set to protect it. They bring along three members of the Prince Hall Freemasons (a lodge George and Montrose belong to) for help: Abdullah Muhammad, Pirate Joe, and Mortimer Dupree. Mortimer nearly dies during the attempt, but the men are able to retrieve the book. Caleb honors his deal with the men. It's the "Book of Names", once owned by Hiram Winthrop. He delivers to them the book he stole from them along with a sizable amount of money.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Hippolyta, the wife of Uncle George, is traveling through Wisconsin doing research for their travel guide and stops to explore an astronomical observatory that used to be owned by Hiram Winthrop. She has always dreamed of being an astronomer, even as a child. Using a code that she found in Winthrop’s house at house-warming party through by Letitia, she accidentally opens a portal inside the observatory that leads to another planet.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Hippolyta goes through the portal and begins to explore the other planet, finding a woman named Ida living inside a small, gated cottage. Ida was a former maid of Hiram Winthrop’s and he brought her and several other employees here years ago after his son eloped with another maid named Pearl. Winthrop meant to scare the employees into telling him where Pearl and his son were but before he could return for them, he was killed by Samuel Braithwhite, and Ida, the last survivor, has been trapped on this other planet for years.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Ida doesn’t believe that Winthrop’s power was ended by his death and she decides to stay on the planet, giving Hippolyta a box containing a monster inside for her journey back. Ida hopes the monster will kill Hippolyta once she is back on earth so Ida’s location will continue to be a secret. Instead, the monster kills several white men who are hassling Hippolyta as she tries to leave the observatory. When Hippolyta arrives back in Chicago, she realizes a comic book that her son Horace drew for her is not in the car anymore.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Ruby (Letitia's sister) is approached by Caleb Braithwaite with a proposal. He needs someone to do odd jobs for him and also keep an eye on The Winthrop House. In return, he will give her a potion that will turn her into a beautiful red-haired white woman for a period of time. Ruby tries this and discovers it is real. She explores parts of Chicago as a white woman with freedom she never would have had as a black woman. She agrees to work for Caleb in this fashion.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: One of the jobs he has her do is attend a meeting of representatives of different sorcerer lodges from around the country, in disguise as the red-head (whom Ruby has named Hillary). There Caleb proposes to each lodge that they join forces, form a sort of union between them, to share knowledge and help each other. When asked who would lead this union, he suggests that they all meet back in Chicago in a few months on Midsummer's Day for a contest. Whoever has the strongest alchemy to display to the others, gets the title of their leader.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Later, Ruby discovers that the potion is being made from the blood of a woman in a coma who Caleb keeps nearly frozen in a glass coffin in his basement. Ruby says she wants nothing more to do with him, but cannot bring herself to leave. The story ends with Caleb asking her to be sure of what she wants.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Caleb Braithwaite asks Atticus and Montrose to find Henry Winthrop, the son of Hiram Winthrop. Henry took some of his father's books when he ran away, including his notebooks, and Caleb wants them. Atticus and Montrose embark on a journey to Aken, Illinois, where Henry is rumored to be. However, they soon find that since Henry ran off with a black woman who used to work at his father's house, they were both killed by a racist mob. At their house, Montrose meets the ghosts of Henry and his wife's family, who relive the last day of their lives every day (including the murder). Montrose finds Hiram's books, but decides to tell Caleb they found nothing there.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Cousin Horace makes an appearance in this chapter, after being approached by two detectives and Captain Lancaster. A comic book he drew was found near Hiram Winthrop's observatory, and they demand that Horace ask his mother Hippolyta about it and report back to them. Horace refuses to cooperate, so Lancaster casts a spell to prevent Horace from telling others about the situation, and to cause inanimate objects to move. Soon enough, Horace begins to notice all kinds of cartoons and photographs grinning at him, and a doll attacks him. Horace manages to use Scrabble tiles to spell out to Ruby what happened, and Ruby tells Caleb. Caleb reverses the curses, believing Lancaster thought Caleb ordered Hippolyta to snoop around the observatory. He thinks that Lancaster tried to kill Horace to punish Hippolyta for working with Caleb. Caleb devises a plan to kill Captain Lancaster.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: Everyone gets together to share their stories about Caleb. Caleb has a plan to get rid of Lancaster, but the family decides that they need to get rid of both of them. They decide to pretend to go along with Caleb's plan, but ask Winthrop's ghost for help. Caleb lures Lancaster into a room where a monster swallows him whole, then Atticus uses magic to alter Caleb's Mark of Cain. The mark prevents Caleb from entering certain places and from doing magic. They toss him into their truck, drop him off in Indiana, and drive away.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: "Publishers Weekly" commended Ruff for his "impressive grasp of classic horror themes", and noted that the book's "most unsettling" aspect is the constant bigotry experienced by the characters, while "Kirkus Reviews" considered it a "series of bizarre chimerical adventures" and a "merrily macabre pastiche", comparing it favorably to Ruff's previous works.


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: At "Boing Boing", Cory Doctorow described the characters as "active protagonists [with] lives, ... dignity, and ... indomitable spirit", and observed that because of their constant experiences with "harassment, violence, expropriation, and the legacy of slavery", they "don't need Elder Gods to experience horror", while at "Tor.com", Alex Brown judged that the book "thoroughly and effectively marries race and horror" and called it "a tense thriller, a terrifying nightmare, a heartbreaking tragedy, and a tale of holding onto aspiration and optimism even while being chased through the woods by a hellbeast from another dimension".


title: Lovecraft Country (novel)

text: In 2020, HBO released an adaptation of the novel by showrunner, writer and executive producer Misha Green. Jordan Peele and J. J. Abrams also serve as executive producers.


title: Works (Pink Floyd album)

text: Works is a compilation album of songs by British progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released in 1983. It features a variety of material, including two of the band's early singles, "Arnold Layne" and "See Emily Play," alternative mixes of tracks from "The Dark Side of the Moon" and the studio outtake "Embryo."


title: Works (Pink Floyd album)

text: The album was released by Pink Floyd's former American label, Capitol Records, to compete with their then-current studio album "The Final Cut". The album is particularly notable for including the track "Embryo," an outtake from the "Ummagumma" album that later became a concert staple in a greatly elongated form. Previously, the track had only appeared on a scarce various artists compilation album promoting Pink Floyd's UK label Harvest Records entitled "Picnic – A Breath of Fresh Air" in January 1970.


title: Works (Pink Floyd album)

text: Also unique to "Works" are the tracks "Brain Damage" and "Eclipse," which are alternative stereo mixes, rumored to be "fold-down" mixes from the quadraphonic edition of "Dark Side of the Moon". Additionally, some tracks are crossfaded into one another, such as "See Emily Play" into "Several Species..." and "Fearless" into "Brain Damage." The album also opens with a heartbeat similar to the opening of "Dark Side of the Moon" that fades into the wind intro of "One of These Days." This creates a bookend effect on side 1, which ends with the heartbeat fadeout of "Eclipse."


title: Works (Pink Floyd album)

text: The cover art, illustrated by Ron Larson, was inspired by the c. 1948 poster "Nederland industrialiseert" ("The Netherlands industrialise"), designed by Dutch graphic artist Wladimir Flem.


title: Justyn Ross

text: Justyn Ross (born December 15, 1999) is an American football wide receiver for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson.


title: Justyn Ross

text: Ross attended Central High School in Phenix City, Alabama. As a senior, he had 37 receptions for 730 yards and 13 touchdowns. Ross was a four-star recruit ranked as the number 45 national recruit and the number 7 wide receiver in the nation receiving offers from several Division I colleges such as Alabama, Clemson, Auburn, and Duke. He committed to Clemson University to play college football.


title: Justyn Ross

text: As a freshman at Clemson in 2018, Ross had 46 receptions for 1,000 yards and nine touchdowns. In the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship against Alabama he had six receptions for 153 yards and a touchdown. As a sophomore in 2019, Ross finished with 865 receiving yards on 66 receptions with 8 touchdowns. Ross missed the entire 2020 season due to a congenital fusion condition of his neck and spine that required surgery. He was granted a medical redshirt after his surgery. As a redshirt junior in 2021, Ross finished with a team high of 524 receiving yards on 47 receptions and 3 touchdowns in 10 games. Ross finished his career at Clemson ranking 5th all-time in career receiving touchdowns with 20. On January 6, 2022, Ross announced that he would forgo his senior year, and enter the NFL Draft.


title: Justyn Ross

text: Ross was not selected during the 2022 NFL Draft. He signed with the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent on May 7, 2022. On July 25, 2022, Ross was placed on injured reserve.


title: Deep sea creature

text: The term deep sea creature refers to animals that live below the photic zone of the ocean. These creatures must survive in extremely harsh conditions, such as hundreds of bars of pressure, small amounts of oxygen, very little food, no sunlight, and constant, extreme cold. Most creatures have to depend on food floating down from above.


title: Deep sea creature

text: These creatures live in very demanding environments, such as the abyssal or hadal zones, which, being thousands of meters below the surface, are almost completely devoid of light. The water is between 3 and 10 degrees Celsius and has low oxygen levels. Due to the depth, the pressure is between 20 and 1,000 bar. Creatures that live hundreds or even thousands of meters deep in the ocean have adapted to the high pressure, lack of light, and other factors.


title: Deep sea creature

text: The lack of light requires creatures to have special adaptations to find food, avoid predators, and find mates by creating their own light or having an ability to see in the dark.


title: Deep sea creature

text: At this depth, there is not enough light for photosynthesis to occur and not enough oxygen to support animals with a high metabolism. To survive, creatures have slower metabolisms which require less oxygen; they can live for long periods without food. Most food either comes from organic material that falls from above or from eating other creatures that have derived their food through the process of chemosynthesis (the process of changing chemical energy into food energy). Because of the sparse distributions of creatures, there is always at least some oxygen and food. Also, instead of using energy to search for food, these creatures use particular adaptations to ambush prey. In turn, these creatures rely on large food particles, such as fragments of dead fish or other marine mammals, to fall from the surface. Although the falling food can support the population of the deep sea creatures, there can still be a lack of resources due to a middle population of fish consuming the fragments before making it to the bottom.


title: Deep sea creature

text: Deep-sea vertebrates also have less muscle and less ossified bone. This lack of ossification was adapted to save energy when food is scarce.


title: Deep sea creature

text: Bioluminescence is the ability of an organism to create light through chemical reactions. Creatures use bioluminescence in many ways: to light their way, attract prey, or seduce a mate. Many underwater animals are bioluminescent—from the viper fish to the various species of flashlight fish, named for their light. Some creatures, such as the angler fish, have a concentration of photophores in a small limb that protrudes from their bodies, which they use as a lure to catch curious fish. Bioluminescence can also confuse enemies. The chemical process of bioluminescence requires at least two chemicals: the light producing chemical called luciferin and the reaction causing chemical called luciferase. The luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of the luciferin causing light and resulting in an inactive oxyluciferin. Fresh luciferin must be brought in through the diet or through internal synthesis.


title: Deep sea creature

text: Since, at such deep levels, there is little to no sunlight, photosynthesis is not a possible means of energy production, leaving some creatures with the quandary of how to produce food for themselves. For the giant tube worm, this answer comes in the form of bacteria. These bacteria are capable of chemosynthesis and live inside the giant tube worm, which lives on hydrothermal vents. These vents spew forth very large amounts of chemicals, which these bacteria can transform into energy. These bacteria can also grow free of a host and create mats of bacteria on the sea floor around hydrothermal vents, where they serve as food for other creatures. Bacteria are a key energy source in the food chain. This source of energy creates large populations in areas around hydrothermal vents, which provides scientists with an easy stop for research. Organisms can also use chemosynthesis to attract prey or to attract a mate.


title: Deep sea creature

text: The term "deep-sea gigantism" describes an effect that living at such depths has on some creatures' sizes, compared to the size of relatives that live in different environments. These creatures are generally many times bigger than their counterparts. The giant isopod (related to the common pill bug) exemplifies this. To date, scientists have only been able to explain deep-sea gigantism in the case of the giant tube worm. Scientists believe these creatures are much larger than shallower-water tube worms because they live on hydrothermal vents that expel huge amounts of resources. They believe that, since the creatures don't have to expend energy regulating body temperature and have a smaller need for activity, they can allocate more resources to bodily processes.


title: Deep sea creature

text: There are also cases of deep-sea creatures being abnormally small, such as the lantern shark, which fits in an adult human's mouth.


title: Deep sea creature

text: Humans have explored less than 4% of the ocean floor, and dozens of new species of deep sea creatures are discovered with every dive. The submarine DSV Alvin—owned by the US Navy and operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts—exemplifies the type of craft used to explore deep water. This 16 ton submarine can withstand extreme pressure and is easily manoeuvrable despite its weight and size.


title: Deep sea creature

text: The extreme difference in pressure between the sea floor and the surface makes the creature's survival on the surface near impossible; this makes in-depth research difficult because most useful information can only be found while the creatures are alive. Recent developments have allowed scientists to look at these creatures more closely, and for a longer time. Marine biologist Jeffery Drazen has explored a solution: a pressurized fish trap. This captures a deep-water creature, and adjusts its internal pressure slowly to surface level as the creature is brought to the surface, in the hope that the creature can adjust.


title: Deep sea creature

text: Another scientific team, from the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, has developed a capture device known as the PERISCOP, which maintains water pressure as it surfaces, thus keeping the samples in a pressurized environment during the ascent. This permits close study on the surface without any pressure disturbances affecting the sample.


title: Moody Center

text: Moody Center is a multi-purpose arena on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin (UT) in Austin, Texas. The arena, which replaces the Frank Erwin Center, stands on a former parking lot located immediately south of UT's soccer venue, Mike A. Myers Stadium. The arena seating capacity is 15,000+ seats, total.


title: Moody Center

text: In 2018, it was announced that Oak View Group and UT agreed to form a public-private partnership, to build a new $375 million arena. The arena will replace the Frank Erwin Center as the home for the Texas Longhorns basketball programs, and will also function as a world-class events center for the city of Austin. The new arena is named the Moody Center following the Moody Foundation's grant of $130 million to the university. Oak View Group is funding the construction, and will manage the building in exchange for the right to keep most of the income from non-UT events, such as concerts and shows, for at least the first 35 years after opening. UT, however, owns the land under the arena and will be the owner of the building. Under the terms of the agreement, the university will have exclusive control of the arena for 60 days each year to hold men's and women's basketball games, graduations, and other events. Oak View Group, along with partners Live Nation and C3 Presents, will have the right to hold events on the other days.


title: Moody Center

text: The groundbreaking ceremony took place just south of Mike A. Myers Soccer Stadium on December 3, 2019. The arena held a ribbon-cutting ceremony on April 19, 2022 and opened to the public on April 20 with a two-night concert featuring John Mayer. George Strait and Willie Nelson had two shows on April 29–30, 2022. Dave Matthews Band performed the opening night of their 2022 Summer Tour on May 11. The arena held its first UFC event on June 18, 2022, hosting .


title: Moody Center

text: The Texas Longhorns men's basketball team held their home opener November 7, 2022 at the Moody Center against the UTEP Miners. The Longhorns marked their first home victory at the arena outscoring UTEP 72-57 with an attendance of 11,313 spectators.


title: Moody Center

text: In an attempt to expand their market reach into Austin, the San Antonio Spurs will play two home games at the Moody Center on April 6 and 8, 2023 against the Portland Trail Blazers and Minnesota Timberwolves respectively, marking the first NBA regular season games to be played in Austin.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: The Getaway is a 1994 American action thriller film directed by Roger Donaldson. The screenplay was written by Walter Hill and Amy Holden Jones, based on Jim Thompson’s 1958 novel of the same name. The film stars Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger, with Michael Madsen, James Woods, and Jennifer Tilly in supporting roles.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Carter "Doc" McCoy and his wife Carol are taking target practice with pistols when Rudy arrives to propose they break a Mexican drug lord's nephew out of jail for a $300,000 payment. The job is successful, but it turns out the drug lord wanted his nephew free to kill him.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Rudy is waiting with a getaway plane, but he sees police cars and leaves Doc behind. After a year in a Mexican jail, Doc sends Carol to mob boss Jack Benyon, who is looking to put together a select team of experts to rob a dog track in Arizona. Benyon agrees to get Doc released from prison, in exchange for sexual favors from Carol first.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Doc gets out and meets the men Benyon has hired. One is Rudy, along with Hansen, who seems inexperienced. Rudy extends a hand and says "No hard feelings" but is punched by Doc and warned not to double-cross him again.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: At the track, while Doc is breaking into the vault, a guard pulls a gun and is shot by Hansen in a panic. The thieves escape by creating a diversion with a bomb under a gas truck and leave with the cash, totaling over one million dollars. The plan was for Doc and Carol to meet Rudy and Hansen later to split the money. On the road, Rudy kills Hansen and pushes him out of the car.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Doc arrives at the rendezvous point, where Rudy again pulls a gun. Doc expected this and is ready with his own weapon, shooting Rudy and leaving him for dead. Doc and Carol drive off with all the money, unaware that Rudy was wearing a bulletproof vest.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: A wounded Rudy drives to a local clinic, where he holds veterinarian Harold and his wife Fran hostage, forces them to treat his wounds and drive him to El Paso. An attraction develops between Rudy and Fran and they taunt her meek husband. At a motel, Rudy has sex with Fran after tying Harold to a chair. Hearing his wife's moans and her laughter at him, a heart-broken Harold commits suicide by hanging himself. Fran barely looks back as she accompanies Rudy to El Paso.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Doc and Carol go to Benyon's house with the money. Benyon drops broad hints about what Carol did to get Doc out of jail. Carol approaches with a gun, unseen by Doc as he counts the money. Benyon clearly expects her to shoot Doc, but she kills him instead.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Doc is upset, but Carol says she did what she had to do to help Doc and assumes he'd do the same if their situations were reversed. There continues to be tension between the pair, particularly when Carol loses the money to a con man at a train station in Flagstaff. Doc has to board the train, find the man and subdue him to retrieve the money.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: They proceed to the rustic Border Hotel in El Paso, owned by Doc's friend Gollie, to get new passports and identities so they can escape to Mexico. Rudy is already there waiting with Fran. Benyon's men, led by Jim Deer want the money and arrive in El Paso.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Rudy sets a trap and Doc is startled to see him alive. He knocks out Rudy but resists killing him in cold blood. A long and bloody gunfight ensues with Doc and Carol shooting it out with Benyon's men in the halls and stairwells of the hotel.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Rudy comes to his senses just as the last of Benyon's men die. He makes one more attempt to get the money, but after a hand-to-hand fight he is killed by Doc in an elevator when Doc shoots the cables, sending the elevator plummeting down to ground level, where his body is discovered by a screaming Fran. Doc and Carol make their way out of the hotel just as the police arrive, and hijack a pickup truck driven by "Slim", an old cowboy, forcing him to drive them to the border. After safely crossing into Mexico, they buy Slim's truck from him and drive southward, making their getaway.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Richard Farnsworth who appeared in "Tom Horn" with Steve McQueen (1980) tips his cowboy hat to Slim Pickens who had this supporting role to the McCoys in the original version of this film from 1972.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: The screenplay for the 1972 version of "The Getaway" was written by Walter Hill. In 1990, Hill's wife, Hildy Gottlieb, had left her job as an agent to head up Alec Baldwin's production company, Meadowbrook Productions. Hill and Baldwin were friendly – at one stage they were going to make "The Fugitive" together before being replaced by Andrew Davis and Harrison Ford. According to Baldwin, Hill always wanted to film his original script of "The Getaway" before it had been changed by Sam Peckinpah. Hill was going to direct with Baldwin starring, then, according to Baldwin, "they got into a hassle about the budget and Walter split to go do "", and he gave everybody his blessing to go do it without him."


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Producer David Foster approached Roger Donaldson to direct in Hill's place. Donaldson originally said no as he did not want to do a remake. Then he read the script "and I really liked it," said Donaldson. "And then I rented the original movie, which I'd never seen, and I liked that, too. I saw how I could put my own stamp on it. There were lots of things about it that appealed to me: I love the Southwest, I love the genre of the road movie, I love a thriller and I like the sort of underlying conflicts of the relationships in that movie."


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Baldwin said he "always wanted to do a movie that required what I consider to be movie acting, which is that it's not what you do, but what you don't do. It's all about small, and less and less. An action film is a perfect opportunity for that. There's always a steady flow of action films – it's the most mined material – but what distinguishes an action movie is the acting."


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Alec Baldwin and Kim Basinger had fallen in love while making "The Marrying Man" together and he asked her to play the female role. Basinger said she "loved" the original movie "a lot. It had this cult status. But my first reaction to Alec's suggestion was no." She went back to the original Jim Thompson novel to see if there was a more substantial theme to the story.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: I saw that this theme could be summed up in one word – trust... And I said to Alec, "See what we have here. This is all about trust. These two people can't trust anybody or anything. They can't trust their colleagues. They seemingly can't trust each other. And when mistrust occurs, it breeds violence and havoc."


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Basinger says her views were incorporated into rewrites of the script by Amy Jones. She liked them and accepted the role. Basinger:


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: There's something going on between us here that was never developed between Steve McQueen and Ali McGraw [sic]. The movie asks all sorts of questions about our relationship. I'd said to Alec that if we did this together, I wanted it to be more of a partnership movie than the first. I wanted to see where that aspect went, with the movie being more about the relationship and the violence running second – although there's plenty of that in the movie... Let's not kid ourselves. This movie is made for a commercial audience. It's a very difficult question for me because I don't like violence. But at the same time, how else are we going to make a film that faithfully mirrors the truth out there in our society? This is a story about misfits in a world of misfits. It's a story about trust and mistrust and how mistrust breeds violence.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: The film was shot in Yuma, Phoenix, and The Apache Lodge in Prescott, Arizona. The location portrayed as the Border Hotel in El Paso is the Hotel Del Sol (formerly Hotel Del Ming) in Yuma. It was filmed in the spring of 1993 and was originally set to be released in December of that year.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: These scenes are always the toughest of any scenes to do... People get into acting not to be exhibitionists, necessarily. They get into it because they love acting. And then you're basically trying to convince them that this part of the story is essential... Basically my philosophy of how to do these scenes is to give the actors as much freedom and privacy as you can possibly bring to it, and let them feel that ultimately you won't compromise them. That you won't make them look stupid or expose more of themselves than they would perhaps like to see. It has to be relevant to the movie and be tasteful.


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: "Although we were co-stars we knew we had to forget we were married in real life," Basinger said. "We each had a separate relationship with the director. There was none of this let's go home and talk about it under the sheets and gang up on him the next day... I can't begin to tell you how well the working experience turned out."


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: Jennifer Tilly said she loved doing the nude scene with Michael Madsen: "At first, it was scary, but you know there's something very freeing about taking your clothes off in front of 50 people."


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: The film garnered negative reviews from critics. It has an approval rating of 33% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 24 reviews, with a weighted average of 4.9/10. It earned a Razzie Award and a Stinkers Bad Movie Awards nomination for Kim Basinger as Worst Actress, but she lost both trophies to Sharon Stone for "Intersection" and "The Specialist".


title: The Getaway (1994 film)

text: In retrospect, Michael Madsen, is very proud of the movie: “It was a pretty good movie. I don’t think it was really released right. I think it should’ve been a wider release. I think they should’ve left it out a little bit longer.“


title: Manganese nodule

text: Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. As nodules can be found in vast quantities, and contain valuable metals, deposits have been identified as a potential economic interest.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than across. However, most nodules are between in diameter, about the size of hen's eggs or potatoes. Their surface textures vary from smooth to rough. They frequently have botryoidal (mammillated or knobby) texture and vary from spherical in shape to typically oblate (flying saucer), sometimes prolate (Rugby ball), or are otherwise irregular. The bottom surface, buried in sediment, is generally rougher than the top due to a different type of growth.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Nodules lie on the seabed sediment, often partly or completely buried. They vary greatly in abundance, in some cases touching one another and covering more than 70% of the sea floor surface. The total amount of polymetallic nodules on the sea floor was estimated at 500 billion tons by Alan A. Archer of the London Geological Museum in 1981.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Polymetallic nodules are found in both shallow (e.g. the Baltic Sea) and deeper waters (e.g. the central Pacific), even in lakes, and are thought to have been a feature of the seas and oceans at least since the deep oceans oxidised in the Ediacaran period over 540 million years ago.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Polymetallic nodules were discovered in 1868 in the Kara Sea, in the Arctic Ocean of Siberia. During the scientific expeditions of HMS "Challenger" (1872–1876), they were found to occur in most oceans of the world.


title: Manganese nodule

text: The largest of these deposits in terms of nodule abundance and metal concentration occur in the Clarion Clipperton Zone on vast abyssal plains in the deep ocean between . The International Seabed Authority estimates that the total amount of nodules in the Clarion Clipperton Zone exceeds 21 billions of tons (Bt), containing about 5.95 Bt of manganese, 0.27 Bt of nickel, 0.23 Bt of copper and 0.05 Bt of cobalt.


title: Manganese nodule

text: All of these deposits are in international waters apart from the Penrhyn Basin, which lies within the exclusive economic zone of the Cook Islands.


title: Manganese nodule

text: On the seabed the abundance of nodules varies and is likely controlled by the thickness and stability of a geochemically active layer that forms at the seabed. Pelagic sediment type and seabed bathymetry (or geomorphology) likely influence the characteristics of the geochemically active layer.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Nodule growth is one of the slowest of all known geological phenomena, on the order of a centimeter over several million years. Several processes are hypothesized to be involved in the formation of nodules, including the precipitation of metals from seawater, the remobilization of manganese in the water column (diagenetic), the derivation of metals from hot springs associated with volcanic activity (hydrothermal), the decomposition of basaltic debris by seawater (halmyrolitic) and the precipitation of metal hydroxides through the activity of microorganisms (biogenic). The sorption of divalent cations such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu at the surface of Mn- and Fe-oxyhydroxides, known to be strong sorbents, also plays a main role in the accumulation of these transition metals in the manganese nodules. These processes (precipitation, sorption, surface complexation, surface precipitation, incorporation by formation of solid solutions...) may operate concurrently or they may follow one another during the formation of a nodule.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Manganese nodules are essentially composed of hydrated phyllomanganates. These are layered Mn-oxide minerals with interlayers containing water molecules in variable quantities. They strongly interact with trace metals (Co, Ni) because of the octahedral vacancies present in their layers. The particular properties of phyllomanganates explain the role they play in many geochemical concentration processes. They incorporate traces of transition metals mainly via cation exchange in their interlayer like clay minerals and surface complexation by formation of inner sphere complexes at the oxide surface as it is also the case with hydrous ferric oxides, HFO. Slight variations in their crystallographic structure and mineralogical composition may result in considerable changes in their chemical reactivity.


title: Manganese nodule

text: The mineral composition of manganese-bearing minerals is dependent on how the nodules are formed; sedimentary nodules, which have a lower Mn content than diagenetic, are dominated by Fe-vernadite, Mn-feroxyhyte, and asbolane-buserite while diagenetic nodules are dominated by buserite I, birnessite, todorokite, and asbolane-buserite. The growth types termed diagenetic and hydrogenetic reflect suboxic and oxic growth, which in turn could relate to periods of interglacial and glacial climate. It has been estimated that suboxic-diagenetic type 2 layers make up about 50–60% of the chemical inventory of the nodules from the Clarion Clipperton Zone (CCZ) whereas oxic-hydrogenetic type 1 layers comprise about 35–40%. The remaining part (5–10%) of the nodules consists of incorporated sediment particles occurring along cracks and pores.


title: Manganese nodule

text: The chemical composition of nodules varies according to the type of manganese minerals and the size and characteristics of their core. Those of greatest economic interest contain manganese (27–30 wt. %), nickel (1.25–1.5 wt. %), copper (1–1.4 wt. %) and cobalt (0.2–0.25 wt. %). Other constituents include iron (6 wt. %), silicon (5 wt. %) and aluminium (3 wt. %), with lesser amounts of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, titanium and barium, along with hydrogen and oxygen as well as water of crystallization and free water.


title: Manganese nodule

text: A wide range of trace elements and trace minerals are found in nodules with many of these incorporated from the seabed sediment, which itself includes particles carried as dust from all over the planet before settling to the seabed.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s. Almost half a billion dollars was invested in identifying potential deposits and in research and development of technology for mining and processing nodules. These initial undertakings were carried out primarily by four multinational consortia composed of companies from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Japan, and two groups of private companies and agencies from France and Japan. There were also three publicly sponsored entities from the Soviet Union, India and China.


title: Manganese nodule

text: In the late 1970s, two of the international joint ventures collected several hundred-ton quantities of manganese nodules from the abyssal plains ( + depth) of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Significant quantities of nickel (the primary target) as well as copper and cobalt were subsequently extracted from this "ore" using both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. In the course of these projects, a number of ancillary developments evolved, including the use of near-bottom towed side-scan sonar array to assay the nodule population density on the abyssal silt while simultaneously performing a sub-bottom profile with a derived, vertically oriented, low-frequency acoustic beam. Since then, deep sea technology has improved significantly: including widespread and low cost use of navigation technology such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and ultra-short baseline (USBL); survey technology such as multibeam echosounder (MBES) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV); and intervention technology including remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) and high power umbilical cables. There is also improved technology that could be used in mining including pumps, tracked and screw drive rovers, rigid and flexible drilling risers, and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene rope. Mining is considered to be similar to the potato harvest on land, which involves mining a field partitioned into long, narrow strips. The mining support vessel follows the mining route of the seafloor mining tools, picking up the about potato-sized nodules from the seafloor.


title: Manganese nodule

text: In recent times, nickel and other metal supply has needed to turn to higher cost deposits in order to meet increased demand, and commercial interest in nodules has revived. The International Seabed Authority has granted new exploration contracts and is progressing development of a Mining Code for The Area, with most interest being in the Clarion Clipperton Zone.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Since 2011, a number of commercial companies have received exploration contracts. These include subsidiaries of larger companies like Lockheed Martin, DEME (Global Sea Mineral Resources, GSR), Keppel Corporation and China Minmetals, and smaller companies like Nauru Ocean Resources and Tonga Offshore Mining.


title: Manganese nodule

text: In July 2021, Nauru announced a plan to exploit nodules in this area, which requires the International Seabed Authority, who regulates mining in international waters, to finalize mining regulations by July 2023. Environmentalists have criticized this move on the grounds that too little is known about seabed ecosystems to understand the potential impacts of deep-sea mining, and some of the major tech companies, including Samsung and BMW, have committed to avoid using metals derived from nodules.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Very little is known about deep sea ecosystems or the potential impacts of deep-sea mining. Polymetallic nodule fields are hotspots of abundance and diversity for a highly vulnerable abyssal fauna, much of which lives attached to nodules or in the sediment immediately beneath it.


title: Manganese nodule

text: Nodule mining could affect tens of thousands of square kilometers of these deep sea ecosystems, and ecosystems take millions of years to recover. It causes habitat alteration, direct mortality of benthic creatures, or smothering of filter feeders by sediment. Experimental studies in the 1990s concluded in part that trial mining at a reasonable scale would likely help best constrain real impacts from any commercial mining.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: High Road is the fourth studio album by American singer and songwriter Kesha. It was released on January 31, 2020, through RCA and Kemosabe Records. Announced in late 2019, the album saw the singer once again taking over the role of sole executive producer, following "Rainbow" (2017). She collaborated with various songwriters and record producers to achieve her desired sonority, combining elements of her career beginnings and "Rainbow". Musically, "High Road" is primarily a pop, country and classic rock record, although it encompasses a variety of genres, including dance-pop, folk, electronic pop, synthpop, trip hop, electro, EDM, trap, dream pop, hip hop, and gospel.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: "High Road" was met with mostly positive reviews from music critics. The singer's reapproach of her partying personality was targeted by both positive and negative evaluations. The album debuted at number seven on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart, making it Kesha's fourth top-ten album in the country. It was supported by four singles: "Raising Hell" featuring Big Freedia, "My Own Dance", "Resentment", and "Tonight". Kesha was set to embark on the High Road Tour to promote the album, but the tour was ultimately cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: After the release of "Rainbow", her third studio album, Kesha issued a new single titled "Rich, White, Straight Men" in June 2019. It was initially uploaded onto her YouTube account on June 2 without prior announcement and was made available in online music stores and streaming platforms six days later. In September 2019, "Billboard" published a cover story about the singer, in which she announced that her fourth studio album was in development and would be released in following December. Whilst discussing the lyrics of the album, Kesha commented that it would emphasize "the happiness that I began my career with", although "more earned and healthier than ever". Musically, it would define a "full return to Kesha's pop roots, after leaning into a more country–soul sound" in "Rainbow". Kesha worked with some previous partners, such as Wrabel, Nate Ruess, and her mother Pebe Sebert, as well as new collaborators, including Justin Tranter, Tayla Parx, and Dan Reynolds of Imagine Dragons.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: In October 2019, the album's artwork and track listing were unveiled. In December 2019, RCA Records announced that additional songs would be included in the track listing. The record's release date was postponed to January 10 and later to January 31, 2020. On the eve of the album's street date, Kesha revealed via Twitter that she had finalized a song titled "Summer" five days earlier. It was included as the closing track on digital versions of "High Road".


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: Musically, "High Road" has been described as a "full-blown" pop, electro, country and classic rock record, utilizing musical and vocal characteristics of other music genres, such as hip hop, and electronic music. Lyrically, the album addresses themes of romantic relationships, friendships, self-empowerment, family, and escapism. In the early stages of the album, Kesha's brother suggested that she make uptempo songs as in the past, but she rejected the idea because she didn't want to meet the audience's expectations. After the release of "Rainbow", whose main motto was the trauma that Kesha experienced and was experiencing at the time, she decided to get closer to a "party girl" personality, who was present and helped to build the singer's public identity during the beginning of her career, especially in the "Animal" era. Along with the singer's visuals, "Rainbow" lyrical and musical elements were unusual in relation to her previous works due to its more optimistic and sentimental approach. On "High Road", she chose to blend the different approaches in an attempt to make them coexist in her personality. Laura Snapes of "The Guardian" affirms that "High Road" builds a new figure for Kesha's music "in the way that Tina Turner and Rihanna did after rejecting their own victim narratives", referring to the legal battle against Dr. Luke.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: The album's standard edition contains 15 tracks. It opens with "Tonight", a "bass-bumping" electropop composition. It begins as an "emotive" piano-driven ballad followed by a hip hop- and EDM-influenced breakdown with a "low-riding bassline" and a "buzzed beat" that sees the singer rapping. Kesha stated that "Tonight" is a "celebratory" song about "fucking up what I have". The following track, "My Own Dance", sees the singer addressing the expectations placed upon her and her music. It has been described as a "bold statement about not being the thing people expect, or demand, you to be" which "finds her speaking her mind and making it clear that she's not going to dance for you because she's here to dance for herself". Both "Tonight" and "My Own Dance" were compared to Kesha's debut single "Tik Tok".


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: The "dance-floor inferno" lead single "Raising Hell" features guest vocals by Big Freedia and is a blend of multiple genres including gospel, EDM, country, and bounce. Compared to the single "Timber", which Kesha was featured on, it features beat drops accompanied by "soaring synth beats", gospel choirs, handclaps, a church organ, horns, and a post-chorus by Freedia. In the title track, Kesha makes fun of people "who think she's too much of an airhead to write hits or even spell her own name". "Shadow" is a piano ballad that "demonstrates Kesha's ability to cohesively present all facets of her talent" and questions her right to be happy. The song was compared to Kesha's 2017 song "Praying" and purposefully recalls "Spaceship" in the lyrics "I love tripping in the desert with my best friends, seeing spaceships in the sky". The soul-influenced sixth track, "Honey", is built upon a guitar riff and lyrically debates a "man-stealing ex-friend" with "humour and a chummy chatty style that moves into a more natural narrative". "Cowboy Blues" lyrically analyzes "the ways in which loneliness can cloud one's instincts" and was compared to Lady Gaga's 2016 album "Joanne" and Taylor Swift's works. The acoustic country ballad "Resentment" depicts a "relationship cracked apart by festering anger", with lyrics such as "I don't hate you, babe, it's worse than that / Cuz you hurt me, and I don't react." It features guest appearances by Brian Wilson, Sturgill Simpson, and Wrabel.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: Nick Lowe of "Clash" labeled "Birthday Suit" as "the most brilliant thing [Kesha's] ever done". It is a "retro pop" song that samples musical elements from the "Mario" franchise and was compared to the works of Janet Jackson and Madonna. "Kinky" is a "suitably weird, wonderful and horny" electro–R&B song with elements of 1980s music and a "raunchy bassline". It has a featuring credit for Ke$ha, the stylization the singer used prior to "Rainbow", and was compared to the works of Carly Rae Jepsen and the Spice Girls. Lyrically, the song sees the singer "celebrating kinks". Kesha sings about "preserving childlike innocence" in the "almost unbelievably bizarre" "Potato Song (Cuz I Want To)", which predominantly features oom-pah and saxophone. The singer said that the song is "about all the things that I want to do that, as an adult, are maybe kind of childish". Its polka influences were compared to Lily Allen's 2009 song "Never Gonna Happen". Thomas Green of "The Arts Desk" labeled it the album's best song.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: The dream pop number "BFF" also features Wrabel, who is Kesha's long-time friend, and lyrically depicts their friendship. Kesha discourses about her absent father in "Father Daughter Dance". "High Road" ends with "Chasing Thunder", an "ode to wandering, and 'never growing up'" which was sonically compared to the work of Florence and the Machine. It has been described as a "distillation of the earnest, gravelly voice that made Kesha a star". The digital exclusive track "Summer" was compared to "Timber" and described as a "rather thought provoking, enjoyable pop track".


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: In October 2019, to update her public on new releases, Kesha launched a hotline which featured a snippet of an upcoming song. Later that month the singer released a trailer to announce "High Road" release. "Raising Hell" was released as the album's lead single on October 24, 2019, alongside its music video, which was directed by Luke Gilford. In the United States, it peaked at number five on the "Billboard" Dance Club Songs chart and at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. Kesha and Freedia performed the song for the first time on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on October 28. On November 21, 2019, "My Own Dance" was issued as the follow-up single. A music video directed by Allie Avital premiered the same day. The song was sent to Australian contemporary hit radio stations in the following day. On November 24, 2019, at the 47th ceremony of the American Music Awards, Kesha performed "Raising Hell" and "Tik Tok". "Resentment" was sent to Australian contemporary hit radio stations as the album's third single on December 13, 2019, followed by "Tonight" as the fourth on January 31, 2020. A music video for "Resentment" was shot with Kesha's personal iPhone and released on December 12. Kesha and Freedia performed "Raising Hell" on "The Late Show With Stephen Colbert" on January 10. Acoustic versions of "Raising Hell" and "Resentment" were released on January 29. The following day, she performed "Resentment" alongside Wrabel on "The Late Late Show with James Corden". On February 3, a music video for the album's title track was released. On February 10, Kesha performed "Tonight" during the "Live with Kelly and Ryan" after-Oscars show. On April 17, she performed "Resentment" during the "Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" via a live streaming from her house. On April 26, 2020, she appeared in GLAAD's event Together in Pride: You Are Not Alone, which will raise funds for LGBT-related organizations associated with CenterLink. On August 4, 2020, a video for "Little Bit of Love", directed by Kesha and Jonah Best premiered on MTV Live and MTVU as well as on Kesha's Vevo channel. An acoustic performance "Kinky" was uploaded to Kesha's official YouTube account on October 24, 2020.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: In January 2020, Kesha announced the High Road Tour, with Freedia joining her as an opening act. The first concert was scheduled to take place on April 23 in Sugar Land, Texas. The tour was initially postponed to late 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic on March 31, but then it was officially cancelled on May 1.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: On February 9, 2020, "High Road" debuted at number seven on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart with 45,000 album-equivalent units consumed, of which 35,000 were pure album sales, making it Kesha's fourth US top-ten album.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: "High Road" received positive reviews from contemporary music critics. The union of the personas approached by Kesha throughout her career, which occurs musically and lyrically on the album, received polarizing responses, with some critics praising the artist's uniqueness, while others pointed out a false personality construction. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 73 based on 19 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.0 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: Adam White of "The Independent" praised the singer's maturity and confidence. "The A.V. Club" Annie Zaleski praised the album for its musical diversity and lyrical and emotional depth. Sal Cinquemani of "Slant" also praised the album's sentimental approach, despite labeling it as Kesha's "least consistent" album due to the variety of music genres. Nick Lowe of "Clash" complimented it for not sounding forced despite its versatility, writing that Kesha "searches deep and emancipates the embodiment of sheer delight". Writing for "DIY", Elly Watson defined the album as an "overwhelmingly triumphant pop offering that sees Kesha back at her best and having shit tons of fun while doing it". "The Guardian" Aimee Cliff recognized the album as derived from the singer's early works with a "new sense of underlying self-awareness". Focusing on the same topic, Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" praised Kesha's return to her party persona. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic and Louise Bruton of "The Irish Times" particularly praised "My Own Dance" and Kesha's lyrical duplicity.


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: In a more mixed evaluation, Megan Buerger of "Pitchfork" summarized "High Road" as a setback following "Rainbow", affirming that it "feels strained, scattershot, and loaded with tension, like someone trying to portray freedom and free-spiritedness—even a recovered sense of identity—who isn't quite there yet". She also criticized the album's premise, commenting that "it doesn’t feel like moving on, it feels like running away". Similarly, "PopMatters" Nick Malone discredited Kesha's attempts to unite the diverse sounds with which she has worked throughout her career and even devalued the investment to return to Kesha's partying identity. He compared Kesha's concern with her audience's perception of herself to Miley Cyrus's fifth studio album "Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz".


title: High Road (Kesha album)

text: In June 2020, the album was included on "Rolling Stone" and "American Songwriter"s list of the best albums of 2020 so far.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land is the fifth studio album by Welsh singer-songwriter Marina and her last under a major label. It was released on 11 June 2021 by Atlantic Records. She began writing music for the record in August 2019, five months after the release of her fourth studio album, "Love + Fear" (2019). The album was produced by Diamandis, Jennifer Decilveo and James Flannigan; the latter collaborated on her previous album. "Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land" is a pop, electropop, and dance-pop record that explores themes such as feminism, global warming, misogyny, heartbreak, and racism.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: "Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land" received generally positive reviews from music critics, many of whom compared it to her previous works. The album was preceded by four singles: "Man's World", "Purge the Poison", the title track, and "Venus Fly Trap", all of which accompanying a music video. It peaked at number 17 on the UK Albums Chart, while it debuted at 92 on the US "Billboard" 200. A deluxe edition of the album was released on 7 January 2022, which contained three new tracks and two demos of songs that appeared on the standard edition. It was preceded by the promotional single "Happy Loner".


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: Marina confirmed at a concert on 23 May 2022 that "Ancient Dreams" is her final album under her 14-year long contract with Atlantic Records and that she will be an independent artist from now on.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: Following the release of her fourth studio album "Love + Fear" in 2019, Marina embarked on a multi-leg tour and released an acoustic companion extended play (EP), "Love + Fear (Acoustic)". She also began writing music for a fifth studio album in July 2019, and confirmed her plans via an Instagram post, in January 2020. The news was followed up by the release of the soundtrack single "About Love" in February, which was featured on to the American romantic comedy film "" (2020). For the album, Marina worked with various female collaborators as she announced through her social media in 2019, looking for recommendations from her fans and friends. Some of the collaborators included director Alexandra Gavillet, photographer Coughs and producer Jennifer Decilveo.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: Writing sessions took at Marina's home in West Hollywood, which Decilveo refer to her as "the real deal and, in this strange pop market, it's refreshing to have somebody with lyrics that are going against the grain." She stated in a Q&A she made in April 2020 that she had written 70% of the record. In June 2021, she confirmed to "The New York Times" that she and her boyfriend Jack Patterson ended their five and a half years relationship during pandemic. Unlike its predecessor, "Ancient Dreams In a Modern Land" was written solely by Marina and she co-produced five tracks. The tracks "Man's World" and "Pandora's Box" were written between late 2019 and early 2020, while the rest of the album was conceived during COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: "Ancient Dreams In a Modern Land" has been described as a pop, electropop, and dance-pop record. During songwriting sessions for the record, Marina was motivated by the mistreatment of women and LGBT individuals throughout history, and gathered further inspiration from the Salem witch trials. Other songs had a more personal inspiration, some of them focusing on her breakup. The album deals with themes of feminism, global warming, misogyny, heartbreak, and racism. The lyrics to the songs are wordy, and present more "vim and attitude" than the songs on "Love + Fear". About this shift, Marina said that "there was a certain portion of my fan base that didn't connect as much because ["Love + Fear"] was a much slicker, shinier record" and their opinions impacted her decision to do a "wild, raw record" as its successor. Nick Levine from "NME" wrote that "Ancient Dreams In a Modern Land" "might also be her most personal record."


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: The album opens with its title track, a pop rock, disco, and electropop song with a glam rock style beat. It is backed by drums and a "cinematic guitar riff". Danielle Chelosky, a writer for "Stereogum", compared it to Britney Spears' 2008 single "Womanizer". According to Tristan Kinnett from Mxdwn, the song's lyrics find Marina envisioning "the possibility of leaving her Earthly form behind her". She sings the refrain ("I am not my body, not my mind or my brain / Not my thoughts or feelings, I am not my DNA") in a high-pitched vibrato. "Venus Fly Trap" is a funk-influenced pop song. The chorus consists of Marina asking: "Why be a wallflower when you can be a Venus fly trap?" Other lyrics in the song are "unexpectedly" personal, particularly "I know that money ain't important, and it don't mean you're the best / But I earned it all myself, and I'm a millionairess", according to Levine.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: The following track and lead single, "Man's World", was described as a dreamy and melodic alternative pop anthem. Backed by a piano performance from Marina, she criticises the behaviour of men towards women and minorities. Some lyrics reference former actress Marilyn Monroe or controversial subject matters, such as Hassanal Bolkiah, the current Sultan of Brunei. Marina criticises Bolkiah and name-drops the Beverly Hills Hotel, which he owns, where she references "a sheik who killed thousands of gay men" and concludes "I guess that's why he bought the campest hotel in LA then". Derrick Rossignol from Uproxx said that the song's chorus ("Mother Nature's dying, nobody's keeping score / I don't want to live in a man's world anymore") confirms that "Marina put her money where her mouth is", in regards to her decision to work with female musicians on her fifth album.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: "Purge the Poison", a guitar-driven pop and electropop anthem, was called "an Earth Day anthem of sorts" by "Billboard"s Gab Ginsberg, due to its lyrics that speak of climate change. Marina wrote the song from the point-of-view of Mother Nature, and addresses societal expectations regarding capitalism and patriarchy. As Mother Nature, she opens the song, addressing events such as United States wars, and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: "Virus come, fires burn / Until human beings learn / From every disaster / You are not my master." Other lyrics in the song reference memorable popular culture events, such as Britney Spears shaving her head in 2007, and Harvey Weinstein's role in the Me Too movement. "Highly Emotional People" is the album's first ballad, which was compared to Sarah McLachlan's music. In it she sings about struggles for men of sharing feelings, a topic that could be part of her former relationship. "New America" includes an arrangement of frantic pizzicato strings, ominous choirs and a faint poltergeist special effects in the background. A song written in response to the murder of George Floyd, the track shares a similar theme with "Purge the Poison", criticizing various injustices underneath American history.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: The following track "Pandora's Box" is a baroque pop ballad that contains cello and strings arrangement. The representation of Pandora in the track was lauded as it "transcends the misogyny of the original myth into a symbol of power and independence in Marina's hands." "I Love You but I Love Me More" departs from the piano-led ballads with a guitar-addled rock ballad that includes a contagious chorus. Her favourite song from the record, it serves as a reminder that self-love is important after a breakup. The ninth and tenth tracks of the records are both piano ballads. "Flowers" was described as "the twinkly breakup song about hanging onto someone for longer than they deserved." The album closes with "Goodbye", which serves as a theatrical ending where Marina says farewell to the "girl that I've been" and her former lover. She said when she was writing the song she "was crying so hard she couldn't record the demo properly."


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: Several critics made comparisons between the songs on "Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land" and Marina's older albums. "Entertainment Weekly" called "Purge the Poison" a "callback" to "The Family Jewels" (2010). Levine summarized the message in "Venus Fly Trap" as a "tongue-in-cheek self empowerment banger" that makes reference to her second studio album, "Electra Heart" (2012). "Vogue"s Keaton Bell said the lyrics to "Man's World" were similar to those of "Savages" from her third album, "Froot" (2015). Furthermore, Dimitra Gurduiala from "Atwood Magazine" said "Savages" is a masterpiece of a song that "Love + Fear" lacked, but that "Purge the Poison" suggested a return to this type of era for Marina.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: On 14 April 2021, Marina confirmed "Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land" as the name of the album and revealed its complete track listing. It was made available for pre-order the same day, with an expected release date for 11 June 2021. It was released for digital download and streaming, and physically as a CD and three unique, collectible cassette tapes. She also previewed "New America" two weeks ahead of the album's release, sharing a snippet of its audio via her social media accounts. However, several European stores were selling the album CDs five days before the official release.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: A deluxe version of the album was released on 7 January 2022. It failed to chart on the UK Official Albums Chart Top 100 but re-entered the Official Album Downloads Chart Top 100 at number 26 on 14 January 2022.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: "Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land" was preceded by the release of three singles. The lead single, "Man's World", premiered on 18 November 2020, two months after Marina teased a different previously unreleased song titled "Happy Loner". She originally intended to release "Man's World" in April 2020, to coincide with her performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, but the cancellation of the festival due to the COVID-19 pandemic prevented it. Commercially, it reached the lower rankings of the Official Charts Company's downloads and sales charts, and a top 40 chart in New Zealand. The accompanying music video was directed by Alexandra Gavillet and inspired by the neoclassical works of English painter John William Godward. Remixes of the song by Muna and Empress Of featuring Pabllo Vittar were released in January and February 2021, respectively.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: "Purge the Poison" was released as the album's second single on 14 April 2021, alongside the album announcement. She had previously teased the song in a May 2020 social media post, where she previewed an early demo and some of its lyrics. Its music video debuted during the same day, featuring Marina in an array of glittery and colorful outfits. To promote the single, Marina established a website titled AllMyFriendsAreWitches.com, where fans could receive news updates regarding the parent album. An alternate version of the song, featuring a new verse from Pussy Riot's Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, was released on 5 May.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: Marina teased a snippet of the album's title track on her Twitter account on 11 May 2021, before announcing that it would become the album's third single. It was released on 19 May, coinciding with news that Marina will take part in a livestreaming concert, Ancient Dreams: Live from the Desert, scheduled to be broadcast on 12–13 June 2021.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: A remix of "I Love You but I Love Me More" featuring Beach Bunny was released digitally on 20 October 2021. Similarly, "Highly Emotional People" was released on 5 November 2021, also in remixed version, by Le Sac.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: "Happy Loner", originally an unreleased song, was released by Diamandis on 3 December 2021 as a promotional single to promote the deluxe version.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: In early 2020, Marina announced a provisional tour she unofficially referred to as Inbetweenie Tour, that would be developed in the transition period from one project to another, however, the tour was canceled after COVID-19 lockdowns began. To promote the album, she embarked on her sixth worldwide tour titled Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land Tour on 2 February 2022. A three-leg tour, it will visit the United States, South America and Europe. It is scheduled to end on 25 May 2022 at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin. The 18 February date for Toronto was subsequently cancelled due to the pandemic.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: "Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land" received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received a weighted average score of 77 based on 9 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". "The Arts Desk"s Thomas H. Green considered "Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land" to be Marina's best album, partly because of her newfound "mouth[iness]". He called it an "outrageously enjoyable album" and was satisfied that her recent move to Los Angeles did not result in a musical direction that he referred to as "California smooth". Jessica Fynn of "Clash" felt the album reflected Marina's desire to "reclaim her sense of self", in addition to her "natural instinct for songwriting and her lion-like resilience"; she also likened songs "Venus Fly Trap", "Man's World", and "I Love You but I Love Me More" for recalling her "wildly defiant and wonderfully juvenile" "Electra Heart" era. Vicky Greer, a contributor to "Gigwise", praised Marina's authenticity, writing that her lyrics "slap you in the face while you dance along"; she noted an increased usage of political messages in the album, but ultimately considered it empowering and a contender for year's best albums.


title: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

text: Red Dziri from "The Line of Best Fit" felt "Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land" consisted of two mini albums, with the first half being "socio-politically charged" and the second consisting of "more tender intimate narrative[s]". He also enjoyed her "sense of hard-earned confidence" and sharper "trademark theatrical glam", following "Love + Fear". According to "Dork"s Abigail Firth, Marina takes herself too seriously on the album, as opposed to her direction in "The Family Jewels" and "Electra Heart". However, she enjoyed the album's ballads ("Highly Emotional People" and "Flowers") and the references to Marina's song catalogue.


title: Indapamide

text: Indapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic drug used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as decompensated heart failure. Combination preparations with perindopril (an ACE inhibitor antihypertensive) are available. The thiazide-like diuretics (indapamide and chlorthalidone) reduce risk of major cardiovascular events and heart failure in hypertensive patients compared with hydrochlorothiazide with a comparable incidence of adverse events. Both thiazide diuretics and thiazide-like diuretics are effective in reducing risk of stroke. Both drug classes appear to have comparable rates of adverse effects as other antihypertensives such as angiotensin II receptor blockers and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and lesser prevalence of side-effects when compared to ACE-inhibitors and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.


title: Indapamide

text: It was patented in 1968 and approved for medical use in 1977. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.


title: Indapamide

text: Its indications include hypertension and edema due to congestive heart failure. Indapamide has been shown to reduce stroke rates in people with high blood pressure. Studies have shown that the blood pressure lowering effects of indapamide in combination with perindopril reduce the rate of stroke in high risk patients (those with a history of high blood pressure, stroke or type two diabetes). The HYVET study was one of the first landmark trials to demonstrate a significant reduction in all cause mortality in octogenarians, with or without the addition of perindopril. Two systematic reviews also identified reductions in all cause mortality with thiazide-like diuretics, including indapamide, in octogenarians, as well as in young-elderly patients.


title: Indapamide

text: Indapamide is contraindicated in known hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, severe kidney failure, hepatic encephalopathy or severe liver failure, and a low blood potassium level.


title: Indapamide

text: Commonly reported adverse events are low potassium levels, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension (an exaggerated decrease in blood pressure upon standing, often associated with syncope), and allergic manifestations.


title: Indapamide

text: Monitoring the serum levels of potassium and uric acid is recommended, especially in subjects with a predisposition to low levels of potassium in the blood and gout.


title: Indapamide

text: Caution is advised in the combination of indapamide with lithium and drugs causing prolonged QT interval (on EKG) or wave-burst arrhythmia (i.e.: astemizole, bepridil, IV erythromycin, halofantrine, pentamidine, sultopride, terfenadine, and vincamine).


title: Indapamide

text: Symptoms of over dosage would be those associated with a diuretic effect (i.e. electrolyte disturbances), low blood pressure, and muscular weakness. Treatment should be symptomatic, directed at correcting electrolyte abnormalities.


title: Kuleshov effect

text: The Kuleshov effect is a film editing (montage) effect demonstrated by Russian film-maker Lev Kuleshov in the 1910s and 1920s. It is a mental phenomenon by which viewers derive more meaning from the interaction of two sequential shots than from a single shot in isolation.


title: Kuleshov effect

text: Kuleshov edited a short film in which a shot of the expressionless face of Tsarist matinee idol Ivan Mosjoukine was alternated with various other shots (a bowl of soup, a girl in a coffin, a woman on a divan). The film was shown to an audience who believed that the expression on Mosjoukine's face was different each time he appeared, depending on whether he was "looking at" the bowl of soup, the girl in the coffin, or the woman on the divan, showing an expression of hunger, grief, or desire, respectively. The footage of Mosjoukine was actually the same shot each time. Vsevolod Pudovkin (who later claimed to have been the co-creator of the experiment) described in 1929 how the audience "raved about the acting... the heavy pensiveness of his mood over the forgotten soup, were touched and moved by the deep sorrow with which he looked on the dead child, and noted the lust with which he observed the woman. But we knew that in all three cases the face was exactly the same."


title: Kuleshov effect

text: Kuleshov used the experiment to indicate the usefulness and effectiveness of film editing. The implication is that viewers brought their own emotional reactions to this sequence of images, and then moreover attributed those reactions to the actor, investing his impassive face with their own feelings. Kuleshov believed this, along with montage, had to be the basis of cinema as an independent art form.


title: Kuleshov effect

text: The effect has also been studied by psychologists and is well-known among modern film-makers. Alfred Hitchcock refers to the effect in his conversations with François Truffaut, using actor James Stewart as the example.


title: Kuleshov effect

text: In the famous "Definition of Happiness" interview which was part of the CBC "Telescope" program, Hitchcock also explained in detail many types of editing to Fletcher Markle. The final form, which he calls "pure editing", is explained visually using the Kuleshov effect. In the first version of the example, Hitchcock is squinting, and the audience sees footage of a woman with a baby. The screen then returns to Hitchcock's face, now smiling. In effect, he is a kind old man. In the second example, the woman and baby are replaced with a woman in a bikini, Hitchcock explains: "What is he now? He's a dirty old man."


title: Kuleshov effect

text: The experiment itself was created by assembling fragments of pre-existing film from the Tsarist film industry, with no new material. Mosjoukine had been the leading romantic "star" of Tsarist cinema, and familiar to the audience.


title: Kuleshov effect

text: Kuleshov demonstrated the necessity of considering montage as the basic tool of cinema. In Kuleshov's view, the cinema consists of fragments and the assembly of those fragments, the assembly of elements which in reality are distinct. It is therefore not the content of the images in a film which is important, but their combination. The raw materials of such an art work need not be original, but are prefabricated elements which can be disassembled and reassembled by the artist into new juxtapositions.


title: Kuleshov effect

text: The montage experiments carried out by Kuleshov in the late 1910s and early 1920s formed the theoretical basis of Soviet montage cinema, culminating in the famous films of the late 1920s by directors such as Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin and Dziga Vertov, among others. These films included "The Battleship Potemkin", "", "Mother", "The End of St. Petersburg", and "The Man with a Movie Camera".


title: Kuleshov effect

text: The Kuleshov effect has only been studied by psychologists in recent years. Prince and Hensley (1992) recreated the original study design but did not find the alleged effect. The study had 137 participants but was a single-trial between-subject experiment, which is prone to noise in the data. Mobbs et al. (2006) did a within-subject fMRI study and found an effect for negative, positive, or neutral valence. When a neutral face was shown behind a sad scene, it seemed sad; when it was shown behind a happy scene, it seemed happy. More recently, Barratt, Rédei, Innes-Ker, and van de Weijer (2016) tested 36 participants using 24 film sequences across five emotional conditions (happiness, sadness, hunger, fear, and desire) and a neutral control condition. Again, they were able to show that neutral faces were rated in accordance with the stimuli material, confirming Mobbs et al. (2006) findings.


title: Kuleshov effect

text: Thus, despite the initial problems in testing the Kuleshov effect experimentally, researchers now agree that the context in which a face is shown has a significant effect on how the face is perceived.


title: Kuleshov effect

text: To find out whether the Kuleshov effect can also be induced auditorily, Baranowski and Hecht intercut different clips of faces with neutral scenes, featuring either happy music, sad music, or no music at all. They found that the music significantly influenced participants’ emotional judgments of facial expression.


title: Chess strategy

text: Chess strategy is the aspect of chess play concerned with evaluation of chess positions and setting of goals and long-term plans for future play. While evaluating a position strategically, a player must take into account such factors as the relative value of the pieces on the board, pawn structure, king safety, position of pieces, and control of key squares and groups of squares (e.g. diagonals, open files, and individual squares). Chess strategy is distinguished from chess tactics, which is the aspect of play concerned with the move-by-move setting up of threats and defenses. Some authors distinguish static strategic imbalances (e.g. having more valuable pieces or better pawn structure), which tend to persist for many moves, from dynamic imbalances (such as one player having an advantage in piece ), which are temporary. This distinction affects the immediacy with which a sought-after plan should take effect. Until players reach the skill level of "master", chess tactics tend to ultimately decide the outcomes of games more often than strategy does. Many chess coaches thus emphasize the study of tactics as the most efficient way to improve one's results in serious chess play.


title: Chess strategy

text: The most basic way to evaluate one's position is to count the total value of pieces on both sides. The point values used for this purpose are based on experience. Usually pawns are considered to be worth one point, knights and bishops three points each, rooks five points, and queens nine points. The fighting value of the king in the endgame is approximately four points. These basic values are modified by other factors such as the "position of the pieces" (e.g. advanced pawns are usually more valuable than those on their starting squares), "coordination between pieces" (e.g. a usually coordinates better than a bishop plus a knight), and the "type of position" (knights are generally better in with many pawns, while bishops are more powerful in ).


title: Chess strategy

text: Another important factor in the evaluation of chess positions is the pawn structure or pawn skeleton. Since pawns are the most immobile and least valuable of the chess pieces, the pawn structure is relatively static and largely determines the strategic nature of the position. Weaknesses in the pawn structure, such as isolated, doubled, or backward pawns and , once created, are usually permanent. Care must therefore be taken to avoid them unless they are compensated by another valuable asset, such as the possibility to develop an attack.


title: Chess strategy

text: A advantage applies both strategically and tactically. Generally more pieces or an aggregate of more powerful pieces means greater chances of winning. A fundamental strategic and tactical rule is to capture opponent pieces while preserving one's own.


title: Chess strategy

text: Bishops and knights are called "minor pieces". A knight is about as valuable as a bishop, but less valuable than a rook. Rooks and the queen are called "major pieces". Bishops are usually considered slightly better than knights in open positions, such as toward the end of the game when many of the pieces have been captured, whereas knights have an advantage in closed positions. Having two bishops (the ) is a particularly powerful weapon, especially if the opposing player lacks one or both of their bishops.


title: Chess strategy

text: Three pawns are likely to be more useful than a knight in the endgame, but in the middlegame, a knight is often more powerful. Two minor pieces are stronger than a single rook, and two rooks are slightly stronger than a queen. The bishop on squares of the same color as the player is slightly more valuable in the opening as it can attack the vulnerable f7/f2-square. A rook is more valuable when with another rook or queen; consequently, doubled rooks are worth more than two .


title: Chess strategy

text: Under a system like this, giving up a knight or bishop to win a rook ("winning the exchange") is advantageous and is worth about two pawns. This ignores complications such as the current position and freedom of the pieces involved, but it is a good starting point. In an open position, bishops are more valuable than knights (a bishop pair can easily be worth seven points or more in some situations); conversely, in a closed position, bishops are less valuable than knights. However, a knight in the center of the board that cannot be taken is known as a knight outpost and threatens several fork instances. In such a case, a knight is worth far more than a bishop. Also, many pieces have a partner. By doubling up two knights, two rooks, rook and queen or bishop and queen the pieces can get stronger than the sum of the individual pieces alone. When pieces lose their partner, their values slightly decrease. The king is priceless since its capture results in the defeat of that player and brings about the end of that game. However, especially in the endgame, the king can also be a fighting piece, and is sometimes given a fighting value of three and a half points.


title: Chess strategy

text: Other things being equal, the side that controls more on the board has an advantage. More space means more options, which can be exploited both tactically and strategically. A player who has all pieces developed and no tactical tricks or promising long-term plan should try to find a move that enlarges their influence, particularly in the center. However, in some openings, one player accepts less space for a time, to set up a counterattack in the middlegame. This is one of the concepts behind hypermodern play.


title: Chess strategy

text: The easiest way to gain space is to push the pawn skeleton forward. However, one must be careful not to over stretch. If the opponent succeeds in getting a protected piece behind enemy lines, this piece can become such a serious problem that a piece with a higher value might have to be exchanged for it.


title: Chess strategy

text: Larry Evans gives a method of evaluating space. The method (for each side) is to count the number of squares attacked or occupied on the opponent's side of the board. In this diagram from the Nimzo-Indian Defense, Black attacks four squares on White's side of the board (d4, e4, f4, and g4). White attacks seven squares on Black's side of the board (b5, c6, e6, f5, g5, and h6 – counting b5 twice) and occupies one square (d5). White has a space advantage of eight to four and Black is cramped.


title: Chess strategy

text: The strategy consists of placing pieces so that they attack the central four squares of the board. However, a piece being placed on a central square does not necessarily mean it controls the center, e.g., a knight on a central square does not attack any central squares. Conversely, a piece does not have to be on a central square to control the center. For example, the bishop can control the center from afar.


title: Chess strategy

text: Control of the center is generally considered important because tactical battles often take place around the central squares, from where pieces can access most of the board. Center control allows more movement and more possibility for attack and defense.


title: Chess strategy

text: Chess openings try to control the center while developing pieces. Hypermodern openings are those that control the center with pieces from afar (usually the side, such as with a fianchetto); the older Classical (or Modern) openings control it with pawns.