title: MS Queen Victoria

text: "Queen Victoria" undertook her maiden voyage, a 10-day cruise to northern Europe, on 11 December 2007. Following this and a cruise to the Canary Islands, "Queen Victoria" embarked on her first world cruise, circumnavigating the globe in 107 days. (The first ship to have previously done so—also named —took 1,153 days in 1519 to 1522.) The first leg of this voyage was a tandem crossing of the Atlantic with "Queen Elizabeth 2", to New York City, where the two ships met "Queen Mary 2" near the Statue of Liberty on 13 January 2008, with a celebratory fireworks display, marking the first time three Cunard "Queens" had been present in the same location. Cunard declared that this would also be the only time the three ships would ever meet, owing to the "QE2's" impending retirement from service in late 2008, though the ships did meet again in Southampton on 22 April 2008, resulting from a change in "Queen Elizabeth 2"s schedule.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: In May 2008, "Queen Victoria" struck a pier in Malta after her thrusters malfunctioned. However the damage was minimal, allowing the ship to continue operating, but repairs resulted in her missing a port of call in La Goulette.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: "Queen Victoria" completed her third world cruise in 2010 when she was joined by Captain Chris Wells, who was aboard to familiarise himself with the Vista-class ship before taking command of "Queen Elizabeth" in late 2010. During a call at Sydney, "Queen Victoria" was illuminated in pink in support of breast cancer research. On 9 December 2010 Cunard announced its first female captain, Faroese-born Inger Klein Olsen, who took command of "Queen Victoria" on 15 December.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: In January 2011, two years after the first Cunard Royal Rendezvous, on the same date, "Queen Mary 2" met up with both "Queen Victoria" and "Queen Elizabeth" for another Royal Rendezvous in New York City on 13 January 2011. Both the "Queen Victoria" and "Queen Elizabeth" made a tandem crossing of the Atlantic for the event. All three ships met in front of the Statue of Liberty at 6:45 pm for a Grucci fireworks display. The Empire State Building was lit up in red to mark the event. In March 2011 "Queen Victoria" passed the former Cunard retired ocean liner for the first time. The "Queen Mary " is permanently docked in Long Beach, California and operated as a hotel.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: On 5 June 2012 all three Queens met again but this time in Southampton to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: On 6 May 2014 all three Queens met up for the first time in Lisbon, Portugal, in preparation for "Queen Mary 2"'s 10th birthday. All three on departure sailed in a one-line formation to Southampton. On 9 May both "Queen Elizabeth" and "Queen Victoria" led in single file, "Queen Mary 2" up the Southampton channel, with both ships docking in a bow to bow formation performing a birthday salute to "Queen Mary 2". Later on, all three sisters gather for a fireworks display in which "Queen Mary 2" led the vessels back down the channel.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: On 25 May 2015 the three "Queens" were at Liverpool celebrating 175 years of the formation of the Cunard Line, which was formed and based in the city. At low tide, the three ships stopped in line in the middle of the River Mersey, bow to stern, manoeuvred 180 degrees in full synchronisation with each other, which was described as a river dance, and then formed an arrow side by side. "Queen Mary 2" was in the centre with her bow in line with the Cunard Building at the Pier Head. The Royal Air Force Red Arrows aerobatics team performed a flypast in Vic formation, emitting red, white and blue smoke, over the vessels. An estimated 1.3 million people lined the river banks to witness the spectacle.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: "Queen Victoria"s exterior design closely resembles that of Vista-class ships built for various cruise companies.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: A feature which distinguishes her from her younger fleet mate, "Queen Elizabeth", is the more angled sloping stern, as compared to the newer ship's vertical one. In addition to this she lacks the covered games deck above the bridge, a feature which is present on the "Queen Elizabeth".


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: During the 2017 refit, "Queen Victoria" was fitted with additional cabins at the stern which makes her more similar in appearance to "Queen Elizabeth". This addition also made more space available around a newly re-designed aft lido pool area, and reduced the size of aft-facing balconies.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: "Queen Victoria"s public rooms are mainly located on the lower-level public decks of the ship, 2 Deck and 3 Deck. Unlike "Queen Mary 2", however, there is no central circulation access, the main corridors being to the port side. The ship does have the similar grand lobby staircase with an artwork feature as on the Queen Mary ships, a relief portrait of the ship situated on the staircase sculpted by British sculptor John McKenna.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: 1 Deck, the lowest passenger deck, holds the lowest level of a three-storey stairwell lobby, as well as of the Royal Court Theatre. On 2 Deck can be found the mid-level of the Royal Court Theatre, casino, Golden Lion Pub, Queen's Room, Verandah à la carte restaurant, Chart Room bar, and lower level of both the library and Britannia Restaurant. The topmost level of the theatre, Royal Arcade, Midships Lounge, and upper level of the library and formal dining room are all on 3 Deck, along with a wrap-around exterior promenade. The decks above these contain mostly passenger cabins until 9 Deck, on which are the Cunard Health Club and spa, Winter Garden lounge, Lido Restaurant, and two outdoor pools. On 10 Deck is the Commodore Club, Churchill Lounge (for smokers) and Yacht Club nightclub. The Queen's Grill and Princess Grill, with their attached lounge and an open courtyard between, are on 11 Deck.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: The "Queen Victoria" operates similarly to both the "Queen Mary 2" and the former "Queen Elizabeth 2", both of which follow the same practice of separating passengers into different restaurants based on the price of the cabin they booked (the Britannia as standard for regular cabins, the Princess Grill as middle for those in junior suites, and the Queen's Grill as superior for deluxe suite occupants), are actually ships divided into three classes, despite the fact that all other public rooms are used by all passengers equally. Though this situation is similar on "Queen Elizabeth 2" and "Queen Mary 2", it is further enhanced on "Queen Victoria" by the fact that "Grill Passengers" (those dining in the Princess Grill or Queen's Grill) also have two private outdoor areas on 10 and 11 Decks with the specific name "Grills Terrace", a feature which also appears on "Queen Mary 2" at the aft section of 10 Deck.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: "Queen Victoria"s theatre is the first at sea to have private boxes. There is also has a Winter Garden lounge with a retractable glass roof and a two-story library with a connecting spiral staircase.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: In May 2017, "Queen Victoria" underwent a second major overhaul, which added new cabins aft, as well as refurbishing other spaces and adding new dining facilities. The modifications saw the passenger capacity increase to 2,081 from 1,988.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: Changes included a new Britannia Club restaurant, updated Chartroom, refreshed Winter Garden, refreshed Yacht Club and new outdoor pool area.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: "Queen Victoria" can carry 3,000 tons of heavy fuel and 150 tons of marine gas oil, consuming 12 tons per hour for maximum output. Although the ship burns heavy fuel, it uses low-sulphur fuel in certain jurisdictions.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: On "Queen Victoria"'s 21 December 2007 voyage, 122 guests and 11 crew on board contracted norovirus. It was officially attributed to a guest who had already contracted the virus prior to boarding the ship. The outbreak was also popularly attributed to the Duchess of Cornwall's initial failure to break the champagne bottle during the ship's christening, which is a bad omen in naval tradition. While most recovered, 30 were still reported to be ill at that time.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: This was not reported on the CDC's website, which recorded three more norovirus outbreaks on the ship's 4 January 2010, 12 January 2010, and 21 February 2018 voyages.


title: MS Queen Victoria

text: On 14 May 2008, on "Queen Victoria"'s first visit to Grand Harbour, Valletta, Malta, the throttles malfunctioned during berthing, resulting in the vessel colliding with the pier. She remained in port for an extra night whilst repairs were carried out to the stern.


title: Real Murcia

text: Real Murcia Club de Fútbol, S.A.D., commonly known as Real Murcia (, "Royal Murcia"), is a Spanish football club based in Murcia, in the Región de Murcia. Founded in 1919, it currently plays in Primera División RFEF – Group 2, playing home matches at Estadio Nueva Condomina, which holds 31,179 spectators.


title: Real Murcia

text: In domestic football, the club has won a record 8 Segunda División titles and 1 Spanish Royal Federation Cup.


title: Real Murcia

text: (records show earlier denominations, such as 1903's "Foot Ball Club de Murcia" and 1906's "Murcia Football Club"), Real Murcia was named as such, in 1923–24, by King Alfonso XIII. The following year, the La Condomina stadium was opened, with the club holding home games there for the next 82 years uninterrupted.


title: Real Murcia

text: In 1929 the club first competed in the Tercera División (third tier), achieving its first ever promotion to La Liga in 1939–40. The highest position of 11th was reached in 1945, 1946, 1984 and 1987.


title: Real Murcia

text: Murcia holds the record for the most Segunda División titles with eight, most recently in 2002–03 under manager David Vidal. In that season, the team also equalled its best run in the Copa del Rey by reaching the quarter-finals before losing on the away goals rule to Deportivo de La Coruña, despite a 4–3 win in the second leg at home.


title: Real Murcia

text: Following an immediate descent back to Segunda in last place, the team won promotion to the top flight for the last time under Lucas Alcaraz in 2007, again lasting only one year. In June 2010, the team fell into Segunda División B for the first time in a decade with a 1–1 draw at Girona FC on the final day, with goalkeeper Alberto Cifuentes saving a penalty kick from Kiko Ratón in added time before it deflected in off himself.


title: Real Murcia

text: Murcia returned immediately to the second tier, winning the 2010–11 Segunda División B title with a penalty shootout win over CE Sabadell FC in June after a 1–1 aggregate draw. In 2014, the team finished fourth and was top seeded for the playoffs, losing 2–1 on aggregate to eventual winners Córdoba CF; weeks later Murcia were relegated for non-compliance with Liga de Fútbol Profesional regulations.


title: Real Murcia

text: In 2019, Murcia won the Spanish Royal Federation Cup for the first time with a penalty shootout victory over CD Tudelano.


title: Ikat

text: Ikat (in Indonesian languages means "bind") is a dyeing technique originating from Indonesia used to pattern textiles that employs resist dyeing on the yarns prior to dyeing and weaving the fabric.


title: Ikat

text: In "ikat", the resist is formed by binding individual yarns or bundles of yarns with a tight wrapping applied in the desired pattern. The yarns are then dyed. The bindings may then be altered to create a new pattern and the yarns dyed again with another colour. This process may be repeated multiple times to produce elaborate, multicolored patterns. When the dyeing is finished all the bindings are removed and the yarns are woven into cloth. In other resist-dyeing techniques such as tie-dye and "batik" the resist is applied to the woven cloth, whereas in ikat the resist is applied to the yarns before they are woven into cloth. Because the surface design is created in the yarns rather than on the finished cloth, in ikat both fabric faces are patterned.


title: Ikat

text: A characteristic of "ikat" textiles is an apparent "blurriness" to the design. The blurriness is a result of the extreme difficulty the weaver has lining up the dyed yarns so that the pattern comes out perfectly in the finished cloth. The blurriness can be reduced by using finer yarns or by the skill of the craftsperson. Ikats with little blurriness, multiple colours and complicated patterns are more difficult to create and therefore often more expensive. However, the blurriness that is so characteristic of "ikat" is often prized by textile collectors.


title: Ikat

text: "Ikat" is produced in many traditional textile centres around the world, including India to Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan (where it is called "kasuri"), Africa, and Latin America. Double ikats—in which both the warp and weft yarns are tied and dyed before being woven into a single textile—are relatively rare because of the intensive skilled labour required to produce them, especially in lining up the weft patterns.


title: Ikat

text: "Ikat" is an Indonesian word, which depending on context, can be the nouns: cord, thread, knot, or bundle, also the finished "ikat" fabric, as well as the verbs "to tie" or "to bind"; the term "ikatan" is a noun for bond or tie. It has a direct etymological relation to cognates in various Indonesian languages from


title: Ikat

text: Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Sumba, Flores and Timor. Thus, the name of the finished "ikat" woven fabric originates from the "tali" (threads, ropes) being "ikat" (tied, bound, knotted) before they are being put in "celupan" (dyed by way of dipping), then "berjalin" (woven, intertwined) resulting in a "berjalin ikat"- reduced to "ikat".


title: Ikat

text: The introduction of the term "ikat" into European language is attributed to Rouffaer. "Ikat" is now a generic English loanword used to describe the process and the cloth itself regardless of where the fabric was produced or how it is patterned.


title: Ikat

text: In Indonesian, the plural of "ikat" remains "ikat". While in English, a suffix plural 's' is commonly added, as in "ikats". However, these term are interchangeably used and correct.


title: Ikat

text: The term "ikat" has Indonesian and Malay origin, and it was introduced into European textile vocabulary back in the early 20th century, when Dutch scholars begin to study the rich textile traditions of the Dutch East Indies archipelago (present-day Indonesia).


title: Ikat

text: Some parts of Asia demonstrate strong "ikat" traditions which suggest its possible origin; whether they are Maritime Southeast Asia (Dutch East Indies archipelago), the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. However, it probably developed in several different locations independently.


title: Ikat

text: Uyghurs call it "atlas" (IPA [ɛtlɛs]) and use it only for woman's clothing. The historical record indicates that there were 27 types of atlas during Qing Chinese occupation. Now there are only four types of Uyghur atlas remaining: "qara-atlas", a black ikat used for older women's clothing; "khoja'e-atlas", a yellow, blue, or purple ikat used for married women; "qizil-atlas", a red ikat used for girls; and "Yarkent-atlas", a khan or royal atlas.


title: Ikat

text: Yarkent-atlas has more diverse styles; during the Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705), there were ten different styles of Yarkent-atlas.


title: Ikat

text: In warp ikat it is only the warp yarns that are dyed using the ikat technique. The weft yarns are dyed a solid colour. The ikat pattern is clearly visible in the warp yarns wound onto the loom even before the weft is woven in. Warp ikat is, amongst others, produced in Indonesia; more specifically in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Sumatra by respectively the Dayaks, Torajans and Bataks.


title: Ikat

text: In weft ikat it is the weaving of weft yarn that carries the dyed patterns. Therefore, the pattern only appears as the weaving proceeds. Weft ikats are much slower to weave than warp ikat because the weft yarns must be carefully adjusted after each passing of the shuttle to maintain the clarity of the design.


title: Ikat

text: Double Ikat is a technique in which both warp and the weft are resist-dyed prior to weaving. Obviously it is the most difficult to make and the most expensive. Double ikat is only produced in three countries: India, Japan and Indonesia. The double ikat made in Patan, Gujarat in India is the most complicated. Called "patola," it is made using fine silk yarns and many colours. It may be patterned with a small motif that is repeated many times across the length of a six-meter sari. Sometimes the Patan double ikat is pictorial with no repeats across its length. That is, each small design element in each colour was individually tied in the warp and weft yarns. It's an extraordinary achievement in the textile arts. These much sought after textiles were traded by the Dutch East Indies company for exclusive spice trading rights with the sultanates of Indonesia. The double ikat woven in the small Bali Aga village, Tenganan in east Bali in Indonesia reflects the influence of these prized textiles. Some of the Tenganan double ikat motifs are taken directly from the patola tradition. In India double ikat is also woven in Puttapaka, Nalgonda district and is called "Puttapaka Saree." In Japan, double ikat is woven in the Okinawa islands where it is called "tate-yoko gasuri".


title: Ikat

text: Ikat is a resist dyeing technique common to many world cultures. It is probably one of the oldest forms of textile decoration. However, it is most prevalent in Indonesia, India and Japan. In South America, Central and North America, "ikat" is still common in Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Mexico, respectively.


title: Ikat

text: In the 19th century, the Silk Road desert oases of Bukhara, Samarkand, Hotan and Kashgar (in what is now Uzbekistan and Xinjiang in Central Asia) were famous for their fine silk Uzbek/Uyghur ikat.


title: Ikat

text: India, Japan, Indonesia and many other Southeast Asian nations including Cambodia, Myanmar, Philippines and Thailand have weaving cultures with long histories of ikat resist dyeing.


title: Ikat

text: Double ikat textiles are still found in India, Japan and Indonesia. In Indonesia ikat textiles are produced throughout the islands from Sumatra in the west to Timor in the east and Kalimantan and Sulawesi in the north. Ikat is also found in Iran, where the Persian name is "daraee". "Daraee" means wealth, and this fabric is often included in a bride's dowry during wedding ceremonies; the people who bought these fabrics were rich.


title: Ikat

text: Ikat created by dyeing the warps (warp ikat) is simpler to make than either weft ikat or double ikat. First the yarns--cotton, silk, wool or other fibres—are wound onto a tying frame. Then they are separated into bundles. As the binding process is very labor-intensive an effort is made to reduce the work to a minimum by folding the thread bundles like in paper dolls and binding a basic ikat motif (BIM) that will be repeated like in paper dolls when the threads are unfolded for weaving after the dyeing is completed. The thread bundles may be folded around a vertical and/or horizontal axis. The bundles may be covered with wax, as in batik. (However, in making batik, the crafts person applies the resist to the finished cloth rather than to the yarns to be woven.) The warp yarns are then wrapped tightly with thread or some other dye-resistant material with the desired pattern so as to prevent unwanted dye penetration. The procedure is repeated, according to the number of colours required to complete the design. Multiple coloration is common, requiring multiple rounds of tying and dyeing. After the dyeing is finished the bindings are removed and the threads are wound onto the loom as the warp (longitudinal yarns). The threads are adjusted to precisely align the motifs and thin bamboo strips are lashed to the threads to prevent them from tangling or slipping out of alignment during weaving.


title: Ikat

text: Some ikat traditions, such as Central Asia's, embrace a blurred aesthetic in the design. Other traditions favour a more precise and more difficult to achieve alignment of the ikat yarns. South American and Indonesian ikats are known for a high degree of warp alignment. Weavers carefully adjust the warp threads when they are placed on the loom so the patterns appear clearly. Thin strips of bamboo are then lashed to the warps to maintain the pattern alignment during weaving.


title: Ikat

text: Patterns are visible in the warp threads even before the weft, a plain colored thread, is woven in. Some warp ikat traditions are designed with vertical-axis symmetry or have a "mirror-image" running along their long centre line. That is, whatever pattern or design is woven on the right is duplicated on the left in reverse order about a central warp thread group. Patterns can be created in the vertical, horizontal or diagonal.


title: Ikat

text: Weft ikat uses resist-dyeing for the weft yarns. The movement of the weft yarns in the weaving process means precisely delineated patterns are more difficult to achieve. The weft yarn must be adjusted after each passing of the shuttle to preserve the clarity of the patterns.


title: Ikat

text: Nevertheless, highly skilled artisans can produce precise weft ikat. Japanese weavers produce very accurate indigo and white weft ikat with small scale motifs in cotton. Weavers in Odisha, India have replicated fine patterns in weft ikat. In Thailand, weavers make silk sarongs depicting birds and complex geometrical designs in seven-colour weft ikat.


title: Ikat

text: In some precise weft ikat traditions (Gujarat, India), two artisans weave the cloth: one passes the shuttle and the other adjusts the way the yarn lies in the shed.


title: Ikat

text: As the weft is a continuous strand, aberrations or variations in the weaving tension are cumulative. Some weft ikat traditions incorporate this affect into their aesthetic. Patterns become transformed by the weaving process into irregular and erratic designs. Guatemalan ikat is well-noted for its beautiful "blurs."


title: Ikat

text: Double ikat is created by resist-dyeing both the warp and weft prior to weaving. Some sources use the term double ikat only when the warp and weft patterning overlap to form common, identical motifs. If they do not, the result is referred to as compound ikat.


title: Ikat

text: This form of weaving requires the most skill for precise patterns to be woven and is considered the premiere form of ikat. The amount of labour and skill required also make it the most expensive, and many poor quality cloths flood the tourist markets. Indian and Indonesian examples typify highly precise double ikat. Especially prized are the double ikats woven in silk known in India as "patola" (singular: "patolu"). These are from Khambat, Gujarat. During the colonial era, Dutch merchants used patola as prestigious trade cloths during the peak of the spice trade.


title: Ikat

text: In Indonesia double ikat is only woven in the Bali Aga village of Tenganan. These cloths have high spiritual significance. In Tenganan they are still worn for specific ceremonies. Outside Tenganan, geringsing are treasured as they are purported to have magical powers.


title: Ikat

text: Pochampally Saree, a variety from a small village in Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India is known for silk saris woven in the double Ikat.


title: Ikat

text: The Puttapaka Saree is made in Puttapaka village, Samsthan Narayanpuram mandal in Nalgonda district, India. It is known for its unique style of silk saris. The symmetric design is over 200 years old. The Ikat is warp-based. The Puttapaka Saree is a double ikat.


title: Ikat

text: Before the weaving is done, a manual winding of yarn, called Asu, needs to be performed. This process takes up to five hours per sari and is usually done by the womenfolk, who suffer physical strain through constantly moving their hands back and forth over 9000 times for each sari. In 1999, a young weaver C Mallesham developed a machine which automated Asu, thus developing a technological solution for a decades-old unsolved problem.


title: Ikat

text: Ōshima ikat is a uniquely Japanese ikat. In Amami Ōshima, the warp and weft threads are both used as warp to weave stiff fabric, upon which the thread for the ikat weaving is spot-dyed. Then the mats are unravelled and the dyed thread is woven into Ōshima cloth.


title: Ikat

text: The Ōshima process is duplicated in Java and Bali, and is reserved for ruling royalty, notably "Klungkung" and "Ubud": most especially the "dodot" cloth semi-cummerbund of Javanese court attire.


title: Ikat

text: The Cambodian ikat is a weft ikat woven of silk on a multi-shaft loom with an uneven twill weave, which results in the weft threads showing more prominently on the front of the fabric than the back.


title: Ikat

text: By the 19th century, Cambodian ikat was considered among the finest textiles of the world. When the King of Thailand came to the US in 1856, he brought as a gift for President Franklin Pierce fine Cambodian ikat cloth. The most intricately patterned of the Cambodian fabrics are the "sampot hol"—skirts worn by the women—and the "pidans"—wall hangings used to decorate the pagoda or the home for special ceremonies.


title: Ikat

text: Unfortunately, Cambodian culture suffered massive disruption and destruction during the mid-20th century Indochina wars but most especially during the Khmer Rouge regime. Most weavers were killed and the whole art of Cambodian ikat was in danger of disappearing.


title: Ikat

text: Kikuo Morimoto is a prominent pioneer in re-introducing ikat to Cambodia. In 1995, he moved from Japan and located one or two elderly weavers and Khmer Rouge survivors who knew the art and have taught it to a new generation.


title: Ikat

text: In Thailand, the local weft ikat type of woven cloth is known as Matmi (also spelled 'Mudmee' or 'Mudmi'). Traditional Mudmi cloth was woven for daily use among the nobility. Other uses included ceremonial costumes. Warp ikat in cotton is also produced by the Karen and Lawa tribal peoples in northern Thailand.


title: Ikat

text: This type of cloth is the favourite silk item woven by Khmer people living in southern Isan, mainly in Surin, Sisaket and Buriram provinces.


title: Ikat

text: In Iran, ikat, known by the name "darayee", has been woven in different areas. In Yazd, there are some workshops that produce it. It is said that this kind of cloth historically used to be included in a bride's dowry. In popular culture, there is a quote that states that people who bought this type of cloth were wealthy.


title: Ikat

text: Ikat patterns are common among the Andes peoples, and native people of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. The Mapuche shawl or poncho of the Huaso cowboys of Chile is perhaps the item best known in the West. Wool and "cabuya" fibre are the most commonly used.


title: Ikat

text: India: In India Ikat art is present since thousands of years . Now also some parts of India this Ikat processed cloth like saree and kurtis are much popular . bedsheet, door screen, towels are also much preferred one.


title: Ikat

text: The Mexican rebozos can be made from silk, wool or cotton and are frequently ikat dyed. These shawls are seen as a part of the Mexican national identity and most women own at least one.


title: Ikat

text: Latin American "ikat" (Jaspe, as it is known to Maya weavers) textiles are commonly woven on a back-strap loom. Pre-dyed warp threads are a common item in traditional markets- saving the weaver much mess, expense, time and labour. A Latin American innovation which may also be employed elsewhere is to employ a round stick around which warp threads are wrapped in groups, thus allowing more precise control of the desired design. The "corte" is the typical wrap-skirt used worn by Guatemalan women.


title: Ikat

text: As of 2010, the government of the Republic of Indonesia announced it would pursue UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage accreditation for its ikat weaving, along with "songket", and gamelan having successfully attained this UNESCO recognition for its wayang, batik and the kris.


title: Ted Neeley

text: Teddie Joe "Ted" Neeley (born September 20, 1943) is an American singer, actor, musician, composer, and record producer. He is known for portraying the title role in "Jesus Christ Superstar" (1973), a role for which he was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and has reprised numerous times.


title: Ted Neeley

text: Neeley considers himself a baritone, and is known for his extremely wide vocal range and rock screams—notably the G above high C (G5) in "Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)" from "Jesus Christ Superstar".


title: Ted Neeley

text: Neeley was born in Ranger, Texas. He signed his first record deal in 1965, at age 22, with Capitol Records. He and his group, The Teddy Neeley Five, recorded an album titled "Teddy Neeley". They played the club circuit for years, and their name (on a marquee) appeared in the pilot episode of "Dragnet 1967". In 1968, Neeley starred in the Los Angeles productions of Larry Norman's rock musicals "Alison" and "Birthday for Shakespeare", with Norman and Richard Hatch. Then, in 1969, Neeley played the lead role of Claude in both the New York and Los Angeles productions of "Hair". He also appeared on the controversial, unaired episode of "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" that prompted CBS to cancel the series.


title: Ted Neeley

text: Neeley's work with Tom O'Horgan, the director of "Hair", led to him being called when O'Horgan was hired to stage "Jesus Christ Superstar" for Broadway. Neeley originally auditioned for the role of Judas, seeing it as a great opportunity to play a character few understand.


title: Ted Neeley

text: However, when Ben Vereen was chosen for the role, Neeley signed on as chorus and also became the understudy for Jesus Christ. This particular opportunity led to his taking on the title role in the Los Angeles stage version (which played at the Universal Amphitheatre) after receiving a standing ovation during a performance earlier in the tour. Castmate and close friend Carl Anderson was touring also as an understudy for Judas.


title: Ted Neeley

text: Having also performed the title role in "Tommy" in Los Angeles, Neeley was led to reprise the title role in the film version of "Jesus Christ Superstar", directed by Norman Jewison, alongside Anderson as Judas. In 1974, he received nominations for his performance in the film at the 31st Golden Globe Awards for "Best Actor in a Motion Picture—Musical or Comedy" and "New Star Of The Year—Actor".


title: Ted Neeley

text: In 1974, fresh from the success of "Superstar", Neeley released a solo album, "1974 A.D." (1974), and played the role of Billy Shears in The Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road" in New York. From then on, he was a frequent musical guest star on network variety programs such as "The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson", "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" [as lead singer in The Teddy Neeley Five], "Sonny and Cher" and "A Touch of Gold", and as a guest actor in films such as "The Shadow of Chikara" (1977) and "Hard Country" (1981), network dramas during the 1970s and 1980s, such as "Starsky and Hutch".


title: Ted Neeley

text: The specter of "Superstar" continued to loom large over Neeley's career. In the late 1970s, he reprised his performance in the title role for two regional productions in California, both under the auspices of the California Youth Theatre organization. The first reunited him with his Broadway and film co-stars Carl Anderson and Yvonne Elliman (as Judas and Mary Magdalene).


title: Ted Neeley

text: Among his other credits, Neeley composed music for and appeared in Director Robert Altman's film "A Perfect Couple" (1979) and performed the music for the TriStar feature film "Blame It on the Night", NBC-TV's "Highway to Heaven", and "The Big Blue Marble" for the Children's Television Network. He also wrote music for and starred in "Cowboy Jack Street", at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles.


title: Ted Neeley

text: At the same time, Neeley provided his abilities as singer, songwriter, vocal arranger, and producer to albums and to appearances by such artists as Nigel Olsson, Tina Turner, Richard Pryor, Robin Williams, Disco Tex and the Sex-O-Lettes, Ray Charles, Richie Havens, The Kinks, Ben Vereen, Bo Diddley, Keith Carradine, and Meat Loaf.


title: Ted Neeley

text: He worked with songwriter Michael Rapp, who wrote such hit concept albums as "Ulysses: The Greek Suite", "The Ring" and "The Enchanter" exclusively for showcasing Neeley's vocal talents. In the late 1970s, he returned to live performance, now with his band, Pacific Coast Highway.


title: Ted Neeley

text: Twenty years after first playing the role, Neeley gained renewed success in the lead role of Jesus in the 1990s touring company of "Jesus Christ Superstar" (which once again co-starred Carl Anderson as Judas, and also at various points co-starred Stevie Wonder's former wife Syreeta and Irene Cara of "Fame" as Mary, and Dennis DeYoung of Styx as Pilate).


title: Ted Neeley

text: This modernized version of the original production included a day-glo temple scene, and a glass crucifixion cross that elevated above the stage and was lit from within. Originally planned as a three-month tour to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the motion picture, the "A.D. Tour" went on to become the longest running revival in North American theater history. From 1992 to 1997, the hugely successful tour criss-crossed the nation multiple times, allowing Neeley the opportunity to reprise his role over 1,700 times.


title: Ted Neeley

text: In 1999, Neeley reunited with Michael Rapp for a new project, a rock musical entitled "Rasputin", a story about the fall of the Romanov dynasty as seen through the eyes of Alexei, heir to the throne and friend to the "mad monk" (a role played by Neeley).


title: Ted Neeley

text: In addition to playing the title role, he produced a one-night showcase production (in 1999) and concept album (released in 2002) of the show. He followed this up in 2000 by performing the role of Willie Moore in the world premiere of "Murder in the First", presented by the Rubicon Theatre Company of California, with whom Neeley maintains a close association. That same year he served as the sound consultant for their production of the Harry Chapin revue "Lies and Legends".


title: Ted Neeley

text: In 2004, Neeley worked with RTC once again, appearing as Lucky in the Rubicon Theatre Company's production of "Waiting for Godot", which was the centerpiece of their BeckettFest.


title: Ted Neeley

text: In August 2006, once again under the auspices of the California Youth Theatre group (now renamed YouTHeatre–America or YTA), Neeley was asked to perform the title role in "Jesus Christ Superstar" live in concert for a one-night-only benefit at the Ricardo Montalbán Theatre in Hollywood, California. Produced and directed by Gary Goddard, this production reunited him with several of his former co-stars from the original Broadway cast and 1973 film (Ben Vereen, Yvonne Elliman, Barry Dennen) and also paired him with current celebrities (Jack Black as Herod and Clint Holmes as Simon). National touring cast member Ethan Wilcox was also a part of the production.


title: Ted Neeley

text: Immediately following the Superstar Benefit in Hollywood, Neeley began headlining another production of "Jesus Christ Superstar". It was originally billed by some as his national "farewell" tour, but Neeley disavowed the claim and the tour became known as the new "A.D. Tour".


title: Ted Neeley

text: The new production was a stripped-down version with staging and set limited to a few risers. The tour was supposed to last through 2007, but audience and critical reception for the show was so great that it was extended into 2010. Carl Anderson, who was originally slated to reprise his role as Judas, died in 2004 of leukemia. Corey Glover, lead singer of the rock band Living Colour, co-starred as Judas early in the tour. Glover left the show to rejoin Living Colour in June 2008, and actor James Delisco took over the Judas role, along with several new cast members for the third (2009) leg of the tour.


title: Ted Neeley

text: On the fourth and final leg (2009–2010), Judas was played by John Twiford. Several other cast members returned for the fourth leg including Darrel R. Whitney (Caiaphas), Matthew G. Myers (Simon/Judas Understudy), Rasmiyyah Feliciano (Soul Sister/Mary Understudy), Ethan Wilcox (Apostle/Guard) and Adam Scott Campbell (Peter). The tour ended in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 9, 2010.


title: Ted Neeley

text: In 2012, following successful stage tours, film and television work, Neeley continued his childhood dream of singing in a rock and roll band. He hit the road with "The Little Big Band" and the first stop was a benefit concert for the performing arts program at the high school in Virginia where Carl Anderson began his career. He and his band played selections from "Hair", "Jesus Christ Superstar", "Tommy" and "Sgt. Pepper", along with original songs. Neeley also told stories of his music, stage and film career, including how he got the role of Jesus of Nazareth. Neeley had a cameo role in Quentin Tarantino's 2012 Academy Award-winning film "Django Unchained." While on location in the swamps of Louisiana, Neeley was inspired for the "Tracker's Chant" which was included in the soundtrack for the film. In 2013, Neeley went back into the recording studio to record his album "Workin' For The Words", merging the sounds of the American southwestern plains with the eclectic influences of a wider world. Then later in 2013, came the new digitally re-mastered production of his "1974 A.D." original vinyl album, distributed as a CD called "Ted Neeley 1974 A.D. / 2013 A.D."


title: Ted Neeley

text: Later in 2013, in celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the film "Jesus Christ Superstar", Ted toured the US screening the new digitally re-mastered DCP print of the film. The screening events included a pre-screening audience Q&A and post-film meet and greet with appearances by all of the principal cast members including Barry Dennen (Pontius Pilate), Yvonne Elliman (Mary Magdalene), Kurt Yaghjian (Annas), Bob Bingham (Caiaphas), Larry Marshall (Simon), Josh Mostel (Herod), and choreographer Rob Iscove, in some cities. Carl Anderson was celebrated at each of the events.


title: Ted Neeley

text: Neeley's EP "Rock Opera" was released in April 2014. "Rock Opera" includes songs from "Jesus Christ Superstar" and "Tommy", along with vocal collaborations with friends and "Superstar" co-stars, including Yvonne Elliman in their duet "Up Where We Belong", and with the late Carl Anderson, featured in the re-imagined "God's Gift To The World". The EP also includes a live on-stage performance of "Gethsemane". Produced by Frank Munoz (Ace Frehley's Anomaly, Jason Newsted's METAL EP), "Rock Opera" was available on iTunes and his web site.


title: Ted Neeley

text: In the spring of 2014, Neeley was invited to Rome to perform as Jesus in the Peep Arrow Production of "Jesus Christ Superstar", directed by Massimo Romeo Piparo. The show also featured popular Italian rock band Negrita on stage during the performances along with a 12-piece orchestra. Negrita's frontman Pau played Pontius Pilate, along with Italian singer Simona Molinari (Mary Magdalene), and actor and lead singer of the Italian band Roke's, Shel Shapiro (Caiaphas). The show ran for a few months in Rome and with a positive response from fans, it went on to tour in Italy through May 2015. During the tour Ted reunited with his film co-stars Yvonne Elliman and Barry Dennen for a one-night performance in the Arena di Verona on October 12, 2014. The show sold out and they added a second show that night. In the summer of 2014, Neeley played the role of "The Publicist" in Darren Lynn Bousman and Terrance Zdunich's film "Alleluia! The Devil's Carnival". The film had its world premiere in Hollywood at the Egyptian Theatre August 11, 2015 and will be touring the US with a road show in the fall. Following the JCS Italy tour, Neeley was to continue the in-person anniversary JCS screenings with a tour of the California coast in September 2015. He was then to return to Italy for the next leg of the 2015–2016 Jesus Christ Superstar Tour, which was scheduled to tour Italy and into the Netherlands through February 2016. Some more dates of the tour were added in 2017 (April—Italy—and May—Netherlands).


title: Ted Neeley

text: Neeley met his wife, Leeyan Granger, during the making of the film "Jesus Christ Superstar", in which she can be seen as one of the dancers in Simon Zealotes and King Herod's Song. They have two children, Tessa and Zackariah.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: The Town of Breckenridge is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Summit County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 5,078 at the 2020 United States Census. Breckenridge is the principal town of the Breckenridge, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The town also has many part-time residents, as many people have vacation homes in the area. The town is located at the base of the Tenmile Range.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: Since ski trails were first cut in 1961, Breckenridge Ski Resort has made the town a popular destination for skiers. Summer in Breckenridge attracts outdoor enthusiasts with hiking trails, wildflowers, fly-fishing in the Blue River, mountain biking, nearby Lake Dillon for boating, white water rafting, three alpine slides, a roller coaster, and many shops and restaurants up and down Main Street. The historic buildings along Main Street with their clapboard and log exteriors add to the charm of the town. Since 1981, Breckenridge hosts the Breckenridge Festival of Film in September. In January each year since the 21st century there is a Backcountry Film Festival. That is held at about the same time as the Ullr Fest, a week of celebrating snow and honoring the Norse god Ullr. There are many summer activities, including an annual Fourth of July parade.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: The first prospectors in the area built a stockade known as Fort Mary B named after Mary Bigelow who was the only white woman in the party. The town of Breckenridge was founded in November 1859 and named for prospector Thomas Breckenridge. In 1860, General George E. Spencer persuaded the citizens to change the spelling the town's name to Breckinridge in honor of U.S. Vice President John Cabell Breckinridge in the hopes of gaining a post office. Spencer succeeded in his plan and the Breckinridge Post Office became the first post office between the Continental Divide and Salt Lake City. When Breckinridge accepted a commission as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army in 1861, the town promptly changed its name back to the original Breckenridge.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: Prospectors entered what is now Summit County (then part of Utah Territory) during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush of 1859, soon after the placer gold discoveries east of Breckenridge near Idaho Springs. Breckenridge was founded to serve the miners working rich placer gold deposits discovered along the Blue River. Placer gold mining was soon joined by hard rock mining, as prospectors followed the gold to its source veins in the hills. Gold in some upper gravel benches east of the Blue River was recovered by hydraulic mining. Gold production decreased in the late 1800s, but revived in 1908 by gold dredging operations along the Blue River and Swan River. The Breckenridge mining district is credited with production of about one million troy ounces (about 31,000 kilograms) of gold.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: The gold mines around Breckenridge are all shut down, although some are open to tourist visits. The characteristic gravel ridges left by the gold dredges can still be seen along the Blue River and Snake River, and the remains of a dredge are still afloat in a pond off the Swan River.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: Notable among the early prospectors was Edwin Carter, a log cabin naturalist who decided to switch from mining to collecting wildlife specimens. His log cabin, built in 1875, still stands today and has been recently renovated by the Breckenridge Heritage Alliance with interactive exhibits and a small viewing room with a short creative film on his life and the early days around Breckenridge.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: Harry Farncomb found the source of the French Gulch placer gold on Farncomb Hill in 1878. His strike, Wire Patch, consisted of alluvial gold in wire, leaf and crystalline forms. By 1880, he owned the hill. Farncomb later discovered a gold vein, which became the Wire Patch Mine. Other vein discoveries included Ontario, Key West, Boss, Fountain, and Gold Flake.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: The Breckenridge Heritage Alliance reports that in the 1930s, a women's group in Breckenridge stumbled upon an 1880s map that failed to include Breckenridge. They speculated that Breckenridge had never been officially annexed into the United States, and was thus still considered "No Man's Land". This was completely false—official US maps did include Breckenridge—but these women created an incredibly clever marketing campaign out of this one map. In 1936 they invited the Governor of Colorado to Breckenridge to raise a flag at the Courthouse officially welcoming Breckenridge into the union—and he came. There was a big party, and the entire event/idea of Breckenridge being left off the map made national news. The "No Man's Land" idea later morphed into a new theme of Breckenridge being referred to as "Colorado's Kingdom", and the theme of the town's independent spirit is still celebrated to today during the annual "Kingdom Days" celebrations every June.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: In December 1961, skiing was introduced to Breckenridge when several trails were cut on the lower part of Peak 8, connected to town by Ski Hill Road. In the 50-plus years since, the ski area was gradually expanded onto adjacent peaks, with trails opening on Peak 9 in the early 1970s, Peak 10 in 1985, Peak 7 in 2002, and Peak 6 in 2013.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: On November 3, 2009, voters passed ballot measure 2F by a nearly 3 to 1 margin (73%), which legalized marijuana possession for adults. The measure allows possession of up to an ounce of marijuana and also decriminalizes the possession of marijuana-related paraphernalia. Possession became legal January 1, 2010. Possession was still illegal by state law, however, until the passage of Colorado Amendment 64 in 2012.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: At the 2020 United States Census, the town had a total area of , all of it land. The ski area has a total area of of land. The elevation of Breckenridge is above sea level.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: The average humidity remains around 30% throughout the year. At the elevation of the weather station, the climate could be described as a variety of a subarctic climate (Dfc) since summer means are above in spite of the very cool nights. Winter lows are quite severe, but the days averaging around the freezing mark somewhat moderate mean temperatures.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: A weather station was run in the town from 1893 to 1913, and from 1948 to the present day. However, temperature measurements are mostly confined to the first period, and the temperature record is thus very sparse. Even so, a temperature of freezing or below was recorded for every single date of the year except July 26.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 2,408 people, 1,081 households, and 380 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 4,270 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 95.56% White, 0.37% African American, 0.33% Native American, 1.04% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.12% from other races, and 1.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.44% of the population.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: There were 1,081 households, out of which 13.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.9% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 64.8% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.61.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: In the town, the population was spread out, with 11.1% under the age of 18, 22.8% from 18 to 24, 45.3% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 2.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 160.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 164.2 males.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: The median income for a household in the town was $43,938, and the median income for a family was $52,212. Males had a median income of $29,571 versus $27,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $29,675. About 5.2% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: For 2009 the average price for a single family home in the Breckenridge area is $1,035,806 with a sold price per square foot of $314.00. For multifamily properties the average price is $560,689 with a sales price per square foot of $440. Land sales prices averaged $373,067.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: Every January, the International Snow Sculpture Championships are held in Breckenridge, where sculptors from around the world compete to create works of art from twenty-ton blocks of snow. The annual winter Ullr Fest parade pays homage to the Norse god of snow Ullr. The Backcountry Film Fest began in the 21st century, which happens in January. That is held about the same time as the Ullr Fest.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: Since winter of 2008-2009, the Freeway Terrain Park on Peak 8 hosts the Winter Dew Tour in December, featuring the biggest names in extreme snowboarding and skiing. Other events held on the mountain include the annual Imperial Challenge, Breck's version of a triathlon, The 5 Peaks, North America's longest ski mountaineering race, the Breck Ascent Series, with races up the mountain, as well as other competitions, festivals, and the annual Spring Fever month-long celebration at the end of the ski season with festivities and other celebrations around spring skiing.


title: Breckenridge, Colorado

text: During the summer, Breckenridge is host to the National Repertory Orchestra and the Breckenridge Music Institute. Concerts are scheduled three to four nights a week. Full orchestra, ensembles, and contemporary artists perform at the Riverwalk Center, downtown near the Blue River. Several art fairs come to Breckenridge every summer, attracting many local artists and buyers. The town also puts on an annual Fourth of July celebration, featuring a parade in the morning and fireworks at night. In September each year since 1981, the Breckenridge Festival of film is held.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: Cedrick Wilson Jr. (born November 20, 1995) is an American football wide receiver for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Boise State.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: Wilson attended White Station High School, in Memphis, Tennessee. While there, he played quarterback for the football team. As a senior, he was named the starter, registering 731 passing yards, seven passing touchdowns, 268 rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns and five interceptions. He led his team to the Class 6A semifinals, while earning 6A All-State and second-team 16-AAA All-District honors.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: He attended Coffeyville Community College. As a freshman, he registered 629 yards and 10 touchdowns, receiving All-conference honors. As a sophomore, he posted 66 receptions, 1,045 receiving yards (second-highest in school history) and 17 touchdowns (fourth in the nation), while earning Junior College All-American honors.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: In 2016, he transferred to Boise State University. As a junior, he appeared in 12 games, of which he started five. He recorded 56 receptions (second on the team) for 1,129 yards (second on the team) and 11 touchdowns (led the team). He returned 13 punts for 132 yards (13.2-yard average), with a long of 73 yards against UNLV and 13 kickoffs for 277 yards (21.3-yard average). He threw a 61-yard touchdown pass against Utah State. He played most of the season with torn ligaments in his left ankle, which he injured in the fifth game of the season against New Mexico.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: As a senior, he started 13 games, posting 83 receptions (led the team) for 1,511 yards (led the team) and seven touchdowns (second on the team). He returned 18 kickoffs for 465 yards (25.8-yard average). Against Virginia, he set single-game career-highs in receptions (13) and receiving yards (209), while also scoring a touchdown. During the season he played through an ankle injury, including in the 38–28 win over Oregon at the Las Vegas Bowl, where he made 10 receptions for 221 yards and one touchdown whilst earning MVP honors.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: Wilson was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (208th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. On July 31, Wilson was placed on injured reserve after being diagnosed with a torn labrum in his shoulder.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: On August 31, 2019, Wilson was released after being passed on the depth chart by Devin Smith. He was signed to the practice squad on September 2. He was promoted to the active roster on September 13, to serve as the No. 5 receiver after fellow receiver Tavon Austin was ruled out for Week 2 after suffering a concussion in the season opener. He was placed on injured reserve with a knee injury on December 10. He appeared in six games and was declared inactive in six contests, posting five receptions for 46 yards. He played a role as both the kickoff and punt returner.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: In 2020, Cedrick appeared in 16 games, while posting 17 receptions for 189 yards, two receiving touchdowns, two passes for 23 yards and one touchdown pass. In the Week 3, 31-38 loss against the Seattle Seahawks, Wilson finished with five receptions for 107 receiving yards and two touchdowns, as the team was forced to play more four wide receiver sets. It was the first game in his professional career with at least 100 receiving yards in a single game. In Week 5 against the New York Giants, Wilson threw an 11-yard touchdown pass to quarterback Dak Prescott on a trick play during the 37–34 win.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: The Cowboys placed an original round restricted free agent tender on Wilson on March 17, 2021. He signed the one-year contract on April 22. 2021 saw Wilson more involved with the offense as a primary deep-ball threat due to teammate Michael Gallup missing half of the season because of injuries. In Week 8 against the Minnesota Vikings Wilson caught a 73-yard touchdown reception as the Cowboys would win the game 20-16. In Week 12 he had 104 yards on 7 receptions against the Las Vegas Raiders. Week 18 saw Wilson have his best game in his career against the Philadelphia Eagles, as he had 5 receptions for 119 yards and two touchdowns. Wilson finished the season with career highs in every statistical category; 602 yards and 6 touchdowns on 45 receptions.


title: Cedrick Wilson Jr.

text: His father Cedrick Wilson Sr., was a wide receiver in the NFL for seven years with the San Francisco 49ers and the Pittsburgh Steelers.


title: Destiny's Child (album)

text: Destiny's Child is the debut studio album by American R&B group Destiny's Child, released by Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment on February 17, 1998. It features the singles "No, No, No" and "With Me", both of which preceded the album. The album spent twenty six weeks on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and peaked at number sixty-seven. To date the album has sold a total of 831,000 copies in America. In the United Kingdom, it reached the top fifty, peaking at number forty-five. It was re-packaged and re-released in several countries after the success of the follow-up album, "The Writing's on the Wall" (1999). The album was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics, including AllMusic and "Rolling Stone," and won a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year.


title: Destiny's Child (album)

text: "Rolling Stone" gave the album a mixed review. John Bush of the website AllMusic feels that "Destiny's Child isn't quite just another debut album from an R&B girl group... Their voices sound beautiful together. Still, much of the album sounds indistinguishable from all the other female groups out there.


title: Destiny's Child (album)

text: "Destiny's Child" was a moderate chart success. It peaked at number sixty-seven on the US "Billboard" 200 and at number fourteen on the US "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It was more successful outside the United States: it reached number sixteen on the Canadian Albums Chart, number nineteen on the Dutch MegaCharts albums chart and number forty-five on the UK Albums Chart. The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in July 1998, and later earned a platinum certification on July 11, 2000, for 1 million copies shipped to stores .


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The Xbox 360 technical specifications describe the various components of the Xbox 360 video game console.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The console features a port on the top when vertical (left side when horizontal) to which a custom-housed hard disk drive unit can be attached in sizes of either 20, 60, 120, 250, 320, 500 GB; and as of April 2015 all 2.5" SATA Hard Drives up to 2 TB, the user can use the format option from system settings to utilize the new HDD. Inside, the Xbox 360 uses the triple-core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU, with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads, and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once. Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos, which has 10 MB of eDRAM. Its main memory pool is 512 MB in size.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: Xbox 360 took a different approach to hardware compared to its predecessor. The XCPU, named Xenon at Microsoft and "Waternoose" at IBM, is a custom triple-core 64-bit PowerPC-based design by IBM. The CPU emphasized high floating point performance through multiple FPU and SIMD vector processors in each core.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The SIMD vector processor (VMX128) was modified for the Xbox to include a dot-product instruction. The dot-product instruction took far less latency than discrete instructions. The VMX128 was also modified by the addition of direct 3D (D3D) compressed data format. This led to an approximate 50 percent savings in required band-width and memory footprint making the CPU having a theoretical peak performance of 115.2 GFLOPS, being capable of 9.6 billion dot products per second. Each core of the CPU was capable of simultaneous multithreading and was clocked at 3.2 GHz. However, to reduce CPU die size, complexity, cost, and power demands, the processor used in-order execution in contrast to the Intel Coppermine 128-based Pentium III used in the original Xbox, which used more complex out-of-order execution. The original chip used a 90 nm process, although a newer 65 nm process SOI revision was implemented on later models, which was in-turn superseded by a 45 nm combined CPU and GPU chip. A 21.6 GB/s front side bus, aggregated 10.8 GB/s upstream and downstream, connected Xenon with the graphics processor/northbridge. Xenon was equipped with an 8th way set associative 1 MB Level 2 cache on-die running at half CPU clock speed. This cache was shared amongst the three CPU cores. Each core had separate L1 caches, each containing a two-way set associative 32-Kbyte L1 instruction cache and a four-way set associative 32-Kbyte L1 data cache. The write-through data cache did not allocate cache lines on writes. The CPU also contained ROM storing Microsoft private encrypted keys, used to decrypt game data. The heat sink implemented to cool the Xenon CPU was composed of aluminum fins with a copper base, and a heat pipe. Newer revisions, which had a smaller core, do not feature the heat pipe or copper base. The heat sink was cooled by two 70 mm fans at the rear of the console on original-style consoles, while a single fan mounted on the side of the consoles was used in Xbox 360 S consoles. There were several types of fan used in Xbox 360s, which were produced by Nidec, Sunon, and Delta Electronics.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: During read streaming into the CPU, a custom prefetch instruction, extended data cache block touch (xDCBT) prefetches data directly to the L1 data cache of the intended core, which skips putting the data in the L2 cache to avoid thrashing the L2 cache. Writes streaming from each core skip the L1 cache, due to its no-write allocation (avoids thrashing of high-bandwidth, transient, write-only data streams on the L1 cache), and goes directly to the L2 cache.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The system allows for the GPU to directly read data produced by the CPU without going to main memory. In this specific case of data streaming, called Xbox procedural synthesis (XPS), the CPU is effectively a data decompressor, generating geometry on-the-fly for consumption by the GPU 3D core.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: While the first Xbox's graphics processing unit was produced by Nvidia, the Xbox 360 had a chip designed by ATI called Xenos. The chip was developed under the name "C1" and "R500" was often used to refer to it. The GPU package contains two separate silicon dies, each built on a 90 nm process with a clock speed of 500 MHz; the GPU proper, manufactured by TSMC and a 10 MB eDRAM daughter-die, manufactured by NEC. Thanks to the daughter die, the Xenos can do 4× MSAA, z-buffering, and alpha blending with no appreciable performance penalty on the GPU. The GPU also houses additional capabilities typically separated into a motherboard chipset in PC systems, effectively replacing the northbridge chip. It has a theoretical peak of 240 GFLOPS. Due to the GPU frequently overheating in early motherboard models, Microsoft revised the GPU heat sink in order to eliminate thermal throttling.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The console features 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM clocked at 700 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.4 GHz on a 128-bit bus. The memory is shared by the CPU and the GPU via the unified memory architecture. This memory is produced by either Samsung or Qimonda.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: According to Mark Rein of Epic Games, Microsoft had originally planned on using only 256 MB of RAM, but the decision to increase it was based on Epic's upcoming "Gears of War" title. Epic had been arguing for Microsoft to increase the memory for some time, and Tim Sweeney had sent Microsoft screenshots of what "Gears" would look like at 256 MB, and then at their proposed 512 MB. Shortly thereafter, Epic was the first studio told of new 512 MB size specification and claimed it cost them a billion dollars but felt it was better for gamers.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The Xbox 360 has an extensive amount of bandwidth in comparison to its competition; however, this statistic includes the eDRAM logic to memory bandwidth, and not internal CPU bandwidths. The eDRAM internal logic to its internal memory bandwidth is 256 GB/s. The high bandwidth is used primarily for z-buffering, alpha blending, and antialiasing; it saves time and space on the GPU die. Between the eDRAM die and the GPU, data is transferred at 32 GB/s. The memory interface bus has a bandwidth of 22.40 GB/s and the Southbridge a bandwidth of 0.5 GB/s.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: All games made for the Xbox 360 are required to support at least Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound. The console works with over 256 audio channels and 320 independent decompression channels using 32-bit processing for audio, with support for 48 kHz 16-bit sound. Sound files for games are encoded using Microsoft's XMA audio format. An MPEG-2 decoder is included for DVD video playback. VC-1 or WMV is used for streaming video and other video is compressed using VC-1 at non-HD NTSC and PAL resolutions or WMV HD. The Xbox 360 also supports H.263 and H.264 MPEG-4 videos. Unlike the original Xbox, voice communication is handled by the console, not by the game code, allowing for cross-game communication. There is no voice echo to game players on the same console; voice only goes to remote consoles.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: Initially there were no digital video outputs such as DVI or HDMI on the Xbox 360; instead, HD-quality output could only be produced over component video (used by both the 3 RCA component cable and the Japanese D-terminal cable) and later VGA (via a software update). An HDMI port was introduced to the Xbox 360 by July 2007 with the introduction of the "Elite" model. All Xbox 360 SKUs currently manufactured feature an HDMI port. A wide array of SDTV and HDTV resolutions are supported by the console hardware; up to 1080p after the October 2006 software upgrade. While most games are rendered natively at 720p, the video from all games can be scaled by the hardware to whatever resolution the user has set in the console's settings; from 480i NTSC and 576i PAL all the way to 1080p HDTV.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: Xbox 360 is equipped with a 12× DVD drive, with a data transfer rate of 16.5 MB/s. The original production DVD drives were manufactured by LG, Samsung, and Sony. Beginning in November 2006, a new model the BenQ VAD6038 was introduced, which is said to run faster than the previous models and, in addition, is much quieter. There is a new drive by LiteOn.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: Games are stored on standard 8.5 GB dual-layer DVD-ROMs; however initially only 7.3 GB (6.8 GiB) were allocated to be used for games on the "Xbox Game Disc 2" (XGD2) early format. With the XGD3 later format introduced in 2011, the usable space was brought up to 8.3 GB (7.8 GiB). This marked an increase in available space for games from 85% to nearly 98%. In both formats, the unallocated space for games is used for anti-piracy security software.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The option to apply a regional lockout to games is available to publishers, although DVD region codes are always enforced for movies. Microsoft has implemented methods to prevent hacking through the drive. Later drive models have the external debug triggering removed and black hard glue added to cover all the chip and controller pins. The drive is able to read both DVD±R and DVD±RW in addition to being able to play DVD-Video out of the box, unlike its predecessor, which required the purchase of an add-on remote. The system is also capable of playing standard CDs along with CD-R/RW, CD-DA, CD-ROM XA, CD-Extra, WMA-CD, MP3-CD, and JPEG Photo CD. Some users reported problems with the disc drive, as when a user changes the console's orientation, the inserted disc may brush against the drive's pickup assembly and incur scratches to it. The users manual advises against changing the console's position while there is a disc in the drive. Other users report experiencing disc scratching during normal horizontal usage.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: Announced at CES 2006 and first publicly shown at E3 2006, an external HD DVD drive was released in North America on November 7, 2006 (for US$199.99) and in Japan on November 17, 2006 (for ¥19,800). In the UK, France and Germany, the HD DVD drive was released for €199.99/£129.99. The HD DVD drive was bundled for a limited time with an Xbox 360 Universal Media Remote, as well as an HD DVD copy of Peter Jackson's "King Kong". The drive plays HD DVD movies, although all Xbox 360 games will remain on the DVD format. Microsoft had no plans to include an internal HD DVD player in future Xbox 360 designs. The drive connects to the Xbox 360 via USB and contains two integrated USB ports on the rear. Games can not be played on the HD DVD drive. Microsoft has since discontinued the HD DVD add-on since the format was officially dropped by Toshiba.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The Xbox 360 uses standard 2.5" SATA hard disk drives (HDDs) held within custom enclosures. These units have a custom connector to facilitate connection to the Xbox 360 and the drives themselves feature custom firmware (making stand-alone drives incompatible). The drives are detachable, making it possible to move data from one console to another, and to upgrade the size of drive on a console. The hard drives themselves are manufactured by various companies, including Fujitsu, Seagate, Samsung, Hitachi and Western Digital. Certain Western Digital hard disk drives can be modified with a program called HDDHackr to be used with the Xbox 360.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: Approximately 7 GB are reserved for system use (4 GB of that portion are reserved for game title caching and other hard drive specific elements in games that support the hard drive, and an additional 2 GB are reserved for use by the Xbox 360 backwards-compatibility software). The original "Pro" configuration of the system came with a 20 GB hard drive, which was also available to purchase separately (for the "Core" model, and later the "Arcade" model, which did not include a HDD). This was upgraded to 60 GB in September 2008, and the 60 GB HDD was also made available at retail. In April 2007, Microsoft released the "Elite" console, which included a black 120 GB HDD; a grey 120 GB drive was also later made available at retail. In November 2009, Microsoft released the "Super Elite" console, as a bundle with the highly anticipated game . This console was like the typical black "Elite", but with "Call of Duty" graphics added and for the first time included a 250 GB hard drive (which holds up to 228 GB of data after system information is stored). This was followed by various other 250 GB special/limited edition bundles. No standard (non-special edition) configuration of the original console ever included a 250 GB drive, but they were later made available at retail.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: In June 2010, Microsoft announced a new version of the console, the Xbox 360 S, which used a new form factor for its 250 GB hard drives. As such, original style hard drives cannot be used in Xbox 360 S consoles, and vice versa, without modification. In June 2011, Microsoft announced a specially branded "Gears of War 3 Limited Collector's Edition" Xbox 360 S console to coincide with the launch of "Gears of War 3". At 320 GB, the included hard drive is the largest available for/with the original Xbox 360 model.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: In August 2014, Microsoft announced and released a new 500 GB hard drive for the Xbox 360 S console model, currently the largest hard drive available for or with any Xbox 360 model.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: All versions of the Xbox 360 come with a built-in 10 to 100Mbit/s wired Ethernet network adapter. The "Xbox 360 Wireless Adapter" (identifiable as white with one antenna) connects via a USB port and adds support for 802.11a and 802.11b/g Wi-Fi. This was replaced by the "Wireless N Adapter" (black with two antennas), which added support for 802.11n on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The original Xbox 360 model features a pair of notches on the rear of the console, above the USB socket, to which the adapter can be attached. Alternatively, a pair of fold-out feet on the adapter can be used to stand it up separately.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E consoles feature built-in support for 802.11b/g/n but on the 2.4 GHz band only. The Wireless and Wireless N Adapters can be used on these models to add support for the 5 GHz band (albeit the former losing support for 802.11n over 2.4 GHz) and will, in some cases, offer "... better range and bandwidth compared with the internal wireless feature ..." If this adapter is connected, the internal wireless adapter is disabled. The S and E models lack the notches for the adapter.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: Microsoft avoids outright announcements of new motherboard production runs and their subsequent appearance in the market in part due to uneven distribution causing buyer's remorse and to prevent purchaser delay. However, several major (and many minor) motherboard revisions are introduced to reduce costs and to allow them to run cooler while consuming less power. Note that there is no clear divide between the appearance of motherboard revisions in retail. Due to individual stock production, distribution and rotation, it may become difficult to find specific versions.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The power connectors on the back of these systems incorporate a "keying" system that will prevent plugging a (newer) lower-rated power supply into an older system (which needs more power). The keying system does, however, allow older power supplies to be connected to newer systems, as this poses no problem. The initial motherboard version was known as "Xenon" and used a 203 watt power supply, and lacked an HDMI video port. Later models had an improved GPU heatsink. The "Zephyr" revision was a redesigned motherboard adding the HANA and HDMI, but used the same 90 nm CPU as the Xenon. It did however, move to an 80 nm GPU and eDRAM, with an improved GPU heatsink. The "Falcon" incorporated a newer 65 nm CPU, and required less power so it came packaged with a 175 watt power supply. "Jasper" (released late November 2008) used both a 65 nm CPU and GPU, as well as 16, 256 or 512 MB of on-board flash memory. (This was to help run a then-recent Dashboard update. Without the addition of this internal memory, a hard disk drive or memory card is required.) The "Jasper" revision required even less power, and so the power supply was also reduced to 150 watts. The "Kronos" revision is a minor upgrade of the "Jasper", moving to a new "Kronos1" GPU with a 65 nm eDRAM, and adding a new Ring of Light/RF board called "XFreedom". Due to all dies now being at 65 nm, the GPU heatsink returned to the original one used on the "Xenon". Xbox 360 S introduced a new motherboard version called "Trinity" with a 45 nm integrated CPU, GPU, and eDRAM. It consisted of 2 dies, one for the XCGPU, and one for the eDRAM. In 2011 a second model of the Xbox 360 S motherboard has been released known as "Corona" which integrates the HANA chip into the southbridge chip, and used either the traditional 16MB NAND, or a 4GB "Phison" eMMC. "Corona" was used in both the Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E. In August 2014, the "Winchester" model was released, with a new XCGPU. This chip removes the heatspreader and integrated the eDRAM into the main die on the XCGPU. This version also patches the "Reset Glitch Hack".


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The Xbox 360 features three USB 2.0 ports (two on the front, one on the back). The Xbox 360 S, however, has five USB 2.0 ports (two on the front, three in the back) along with a dedicated Kinect port. The Xbox 360 E has four ports (two on the front, two on the back) and a dedicated Kinect port. These are used for connection of accessories such as wired controllers, the wireless networking adapter, the Xbox Live Vision camera and USB storage devices. Although the number of wired controllers is limited by the number of ports, up to four may be used through the use of a USB hub.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The Xbox 360 also features wireless connectivity of accessories via a proprietary 2.4 GHz radio system. This is mainly used to connect the official wireless controllers, but is also used for other devices such as the wireless racing wheel and wireless headsets. With the exception of some rhythm game controllers, and the Fanatec CSR wheel, this wireless connectivity is limited to first-party Microsoft accessories. The console can connect to Xbox Live over the Internet through a variety of networking interfaces.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: Original style consoles also have two front-mounted memory card slots for the system's proprietary Memory Unit. These can be used to transfer profile and game data from one Xbox 360 to another. Memory Units up to 512 MB are available from Microsoft. The "Arcade" model formerly came with a 256 MB Memory Unit, but with the Jasper motherboard revision of September 2008, the "Arcade" model began to include 256 MB of built-in flash memory. This was later increased to 512 MB. The memory card slots were replaced with USB ports on the newer Xbox 360 S models.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The Universal Media Remote can be used to control several functions of the console, including the Windows Media Center functions if connected to the network. It communicates with the console via infrared through a receiver port on the front of the console. All standard controllers for the system feature a 2.5 mm headset jack to allow the use of wired headsets for voice chatting. The 2.5mm jack can also accept the chatpad accessory. Various other accessories for the console exist, such as decorative faceplates to change the physical appearance of the console.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The physical outline of the original style Xbox 360 is and is similar in form factor to its predecessor. It is slightly slimmer in every dimension and is slightly concave, while the original Xbox was noticeably convex.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: It comes as standard in either black or white, with other colors available as special editions. It was designed by Astro Studios in cooperation with Hers Experimental Design Laboratory. The original case has a concaveness to it; Astro Studios' president Brett Lovelady said that part of this was to keep an "X" shape to the console when looked at from the front, while it also served to help with cooling the system components, as the narrower section helped the console to "inhale" more air, particularly when placed in the vertical orientation.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: In June 2010 a redesign of the console, known as the Xbox 360 S, was announced. This version of the console retains the same basic shape but is noticeably smaller and more angular than the original version. It comes as standard in either matte or glossy black; like its predecessor, other colors are available as special editions.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The front of the console features a "ring of light" that displays four illuminated quadrants in either red or green (Some special editions replaced the green for blue). When the lights turn red, the console has encountered an error, with the number of sectors illuminated informing the user what category the error falls into. Since the redesign of the console removed the red LEDs, this error reporting system is no longer used.


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The original Xbox 360 weighs approximately , about 350 grams heavier than the new Xbox. The new version weighs in at .


title: Xbox 360 technical specifications

text: The console uses an external power supply with a 10 A/100–120 V or 5 A/220-230 V (AC) input and DC output rated at 203/175/150/130/115 W (depending on revision). An estimated 2 W of power are used while the older versions of console are in standby mode giving a yearly usage of approximately 17.5 kWh. The new version uses around 0.5W while in standby. Saving the console size and weight, the power supply displaces . Xbox 360 power supplies are designed with keys in the plug to be forwards, but not backwards compatible. For example, a 203 watt supply would fit and work on a 175 watt console, but not the other way around.


title: Incident on Hill 192

text: The incident on Hill 192 refers to the kidnapping, gang rape, and murder of Phan thi Mao, a young Vietnamese woman on 19 November 1966 by an American squad during the Vietnam War. Though news of the incident reached the U.S. shortly after the soldiers' trials, the story gained widespread notoriety through Daniel Lang's 1969 article for "The New Yorker" and a subsequent book. In 1970 Michael Verhoeven made the film "o.k.", based on the incident. In 1989 Brian De Palma directed the film "Casualties of War", which was based on Lang's book.


title: Incident on Hill 192

text: On 17 November 1966, Sergeant David Edward Gervase (aged 20) and Private First Class Steven Cabbot Thomas (21)—both members of C Company, 2nd Battalion (Airborne), 8th Cavalry, 1st Cavalry Division—talked to three other squad members (Privates First Class Robert M. Storeby, 22; cousins Cipriano S. Garcia, 21, and Joseph C. Garcia, 20) about plans to kidnap a "pretty girl" during their reconnaissance mission planned for the next day, and "at the end of five days we would kill her." Storeby also recalled that Gervase claimed it would be "good for the morale of the squad."


title: Incident on Hill 192

text: At approximately 05:00 on the morning of 18 November, the squad entered the tiny village of Cat Tuong, in the Phu My District, looking for a woman. After finding Phan Thi Mao (21), they bound her wrists with rope, gagged her, and took her on the mission. Later, after setting up camp in an abandoned hooch, four of the soldiers (excluding Storeby) took turns raping Mao. The following day, in the midst of a firefight with the Viet Cong, Thomas and Gervase became worried that the woman would be seen with the squad. Thomas took Mao into a brushy area, and although he stabbed her three times with his hunting knife, he failed to kill her. When she tried to flee, three of the soldiers chased after her. Thomas caught her and shot her in the head with his M16 rifle.


title: Incident on Hill 192

text: Storeby initially reported the crime. At first, the chain of command, including the company commander, took no action. Despite threats against his life by the soldiers who took part in the rape and murder, Storeby was determined to see the soldiers punished. His persistence in reporting the crime to higher authorities eventually resulted in general courts-martial against his four fellow squad mates. It was during those proceedings that the victim was identified by her sister as Phan thi Mao.


title: Incident on Hill 192

text: Thomas, Cipriano Garcia, and Joseph Garcia were each convicted of unpremeditated murder in March and April 1967. Gervase was found guilty on the count of premeditated murder. At the trial of Thomas, who committed the actual stabbing and shooting, the prosecutor asked the jury to impose a death sentence. The court, however, sentenced Thomas to life imprisonment with hard labor. This sentence was first commuted to 20 years, then reduced to eight, which made him eligible for parole after half that time. He was paroled on June 18, 1970.


title: Incident on Hill 192

text: Likewise, Gervase's initial sentence of ten years with hard labor was reduced to eight. He was paroled on August 9, 1969. In 1968, Joseph Garcia was acquitted on the appeal of his initial 15-year sentence and his dishonorable discharge was reversed after it was determined that his Fifth Amendment rights were violated, and his confession was ruled as inadmissible. Cipriano Garcia's 4-year sentence was shortened to 22 months. All soldiers (excluding Storeby) were dishonorably discharged from the Army.


title: Incident on Hill 192

text: In 1992, former PFC Thomas gained further notoriety when he was charged with being an accessory after the fact in the murder trial of George Loeb, who was charged with the 17 May 1991 shooting death of an African-American USS "Saratoga" sailor named Harold J. Mansfield. Both Thomas and Loeb were leaders of the white supremacist World Church of the Creator. Thomas remained free on bond during the trial, and court records showed that in exchange for his testimony he would only serve one year's probation.


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: The 52nd Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1979 and took place on April 14, 1980, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 22 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Howard W. Koch and directed by Marty Pasetta. Comedian and talk show host Johnny Carson hosted the show for the second consecutive year. Three days earlier, in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California, on April 11, the Academy Scientific and Technical Awards were presented by hosts Cloris Leachman and William Shatner.


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: "Kramer vs. Kramer" won five awards, including Best Picture, Best Director for Robert Benton, Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman, and Best Supporting Actress for Meryl Streep. Sally Field received Best Actress honors for "Norma Rae", and Melvyn Douglas won Best Supporting Actor for "Being There". The telecast received a mixed reception with critics praising Carson's hosting performance but criticising the pacing and predictability of the ceremony. It garnered 49 million viewers in the United States which was a 6% increase on the previous year.


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: The nominees for the 52nd Academy Awards were announced on February 25, 1980, by Academy president Fay Kanin and actors Ed Asner and Yvette Mimieux. "All That Jazz" and "Kramer vs. Kramer" tied for the most nominations with nine each. The winners were announced at the awards ceremony on April 14. At age eight, Best Supporting Actor nominee Justin Henry became the youngest person nominated for an Oscar.


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: The award recognizes individuals whose humanitarian efforts have brought credit to the motion picture industry.


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: The award honors "creative producers whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high quality of motion picture production".


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: In September 1979, the Academy hired film producer Howard W. Koch to produce the telecast for the sixth time. Upon being named producer, Koch responded in a press release stating, "I plan to involve all the professional and creative talents of the motion picture community in this program, as the Academy Awards, in the public's mind, represents the entire field of filmmaking." Two months later, it was announced that comedian and "The Tonight Show" host Johnny Carson would preside over emceeing duties for the 1980 ceremony. "Johnny Carson is one of our national treasures. He was selected as this year's host because his wit and verve made him an outstanding master of ceremonies at last year's show," said Koch in a statement justifying his selection for host.


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: Several other people were involved with the production of the ceremony. Marty Pasetta was hired as director of the telecast. Henry Mancini served as musical director and conductor for the ceremony where he conducted an overture performed by the orchestra at the beginning of the show. A song-and-dance number featuring actor and singer Donald O'Connor paid tribute to choreography in film.


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: The ceremony received a mixed reception from critics. "The Arizona Republic" columnist Michael Maza wrote, "Watching last night's 52nd Annual Academy Award ceremonies was like sitting through three hours and 15 minutes of near-flawless close order drill. It wasn't long before the feet seemed to blur." Jack Mathews of the "Detroit Free Press" commented, "In any event, the 52nd Academy Awards presentation will stand as one of the smoothest, most predictable, most reasonable Oscar nights in history. Also, alas, one of the most boring." "The Baltimore Sun" television critic Bill Carter quipped, "We found out Monday night when this year's edition of the Oscarcast streamlined to the point of emaciation (and still more than three hours long), thudded along like some awards dinner of the meat-packing industry." He praised Carson's hosting performance, but said, "For all the excitement this parade of stars provided, they might as well have sent in their stand-ins, or maybe some robot, or well dressed mannequins from a boutique on Rodeo Drive. This just wasn't a little boring, this was mind-numbingly boring."


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: Others received the broadcast more positively. "Los Angeles Times" film critic Charles Champlin mused, "As a show, the Marty Pasetta-Howard Koch special revealed again a gift for all that pizzazz." He added, "If nobody in fact was dozing, it was thanks to Carson's own relaxed and engaging presence. Among his virtues, he is an emcee who seems to love the movies." Film critic Gene Siskel from the "Chicago Tribune" commented, "The show was a visual delight, thanks to special electronic effects that presented scenes from each nominated film as its title was announced." Columnist Patrick Taggart of the "Austin American-Statesman" wrote, "Aren't we entitled to at least one upset victory among the nominees? The 52nd running of the Academy Awards was distinguished by the utter lack of any such color; but somehow, in spite of its slickness, Monday's show was a relatively good one."


title: 52nd Academy Awards

text: The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 49 million people over the length of the entire ceremony, which was a 6% increase from the previous year's ceremony. However, the show drew lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 33.7% of households watching with a 55% share. Furthermore, the ceremony presentation received five nominations at the 32nd Primetime Emmys, but failed to win any of its nominations.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: Oobi is an American children's television series produced by Little Airplane Productions for the Noggin channel. The show's concept is based on a training method used by puppeteers, in which they use their hands and a pair of glass eyes instead of a full puppet. The main character is a bare hand puppet named Oobi. The first season was a series of two-minute shorts. For its second and third seasons, it became a long-form series, with episodes lasting 13 minutes each. The show originally aired from 2000 to February 11, 2005, with reruns continuing until March 18, 2013.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: The series was created by Josh Selig, a former writer and actor for "Sesame Street". He came up with the idea for "Oobi" while watching bare-handed puppeteers audition for "Sesame Street". All of the show's puppeteers were veteran Muppet performers. The main characters were played by Tim Lagasse, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Noel MacNeal, and Tyler Bunch.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: The puppets' designs include glass eyes and accessories like hats and hairpieces. The puppeteers' thumbs are used to represent mouth movement, and their fingers flutter and clench to show emotions. The characters talk in simple sentences, using only two to three words at a time. The show's ending credits feature a montage of families making and playing with their own bare-hand Oobi puppets.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: "Oobi" was a breakout success for Noggin. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise for the puppeteers' performances, the visual style, and the show's appeal toward multiple age groups. "The Age" reported that the show developed a strong cult following among older viewers, and Noel MacNeal has said that the show's fans range from amateur puppeteers to "college-age stoners." The show received a variety of awards, including from the Television Academy and Parents' Choice. "Oobi" had a Nielsen rating of 2.35 among Noggin viewers by 2004, becoming the highest-rated series ever to air on Noggin. It is the most widely distributed Noggin show, having aired in over 23 markets worldwide by 2005. A foreign adaptation titled "" premiered in 2012 and ran for 78 episodes, airing in the Middle East and countries across Asia.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: The show takes place in a quaint, old-fashioned neighborhood where hand puppets live and act like people. The main character is a curious four-year-old named Oobi who likes to explore the outside world. He lives in a single-story house with his little sister, Uma, and his grandfather, Grampu. Uma is very overdramatic and, depending on the day, she can be either excited or completely stressed out. Grampu is laid-back and encourages the kids to learn new things, but he is also rather unlucky and always has to clean up the kids' messes. Oobi has a best friend, Kako, who lives across the street and likes to visit.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: Most episodes are about Oobi learning about something for the first time, like a new place, a new game, or a holiday. According to Noggin, the show was meant to mirror the stage of early childhood "when everything in [the] world is new and incredible" and "when each revelation helps build a sense of mastery and self-confidence." The characters use basic vocabulary, and they use simple sentences based on the speech structure of a child just starting to talk. For example, "Uma, school, first day" is said in place of "It's my first day of school." The show was meant to help develop social skills, early literacy, and logical thinking.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: In season one, the episodes are simple shorts about Oobi making new discoveries. In season two, the episodes were extended and followed a format made up of three parts. The first part is a story like the earlier shorts. The second part is a set of interviews between the puppets and human families, centering on the main story's topic. The last part is an interactive game (usually rhyming, guessing, or memory). When "Oobi" started a third season in 2004, the game segments were dropped and replaced with longer stories. Interviews were still an important part of the show, but instead of being shown after the story, these segments were shortened and played as transitions between scenes.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: Josh Selig was inspired to create the show after watching puppeteers perform with their bare hands on the set of "Sesame Street". Each puppeteer used their hand and a pair of ping pong balls in place of a puppet. This is a common technique among puppeteers in training, as it helps them learn the basics of lip-syncing and focusing the eyes of a puppet. Selig noted the amount of expression conveyed by the more skilled actors' hands, and it gave him the idea for a series that showcased the "raw emotion" of bare-handed puppetry.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: In 1999, Nickelodeon and Sesame Workshop created a cable channel called Noggin. At its launch, the channel mainly aired reruns from Sesame Workshop's library, so both companies started to seek pitches for original shows. Selig had recently left "Sesame Street" when he was given the opportunity to propose his own show to Noggin. He pitched "Oobi" to them under the working title "Pipo", which he wanted to name the main character. He decided to rename the show "Oobi" after he found out that "Pipo" was already trademarked by an Italian brand of jeans. The new name was meant to mirror the characters' eyeballs with two O's.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: Selig's pitch was successful, and "Oobi" entered production. For the first season, Noggin ordered a collection of about 50 interstitials, which lasted 1 to 2 minutes each and would play during commercial breaks. The season was made as an experiment to see whether or not Selig wanted to continue his own production studio, Little Airplane Productions. Of the season, he said, "I set up a shop to produce that series. So we just signed a one-year lease, it was really an experiment for us... and after the first year we found that we loved having a company." The first season of shorts was filmed in 1999 and started airing in 2000 on Noggin.


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: Tim Lagasse was chosen to play Oobi because of his previous bare-handed puppetry in "A Show of Hands", a series of short films he made in the early 1990s. The show's main cast and crew members were all Sesame Workshop alumni. Kevin Clash, best known for being the original performer of Elmo, was an ensemble puppeteer on "Oobi" and guest-starred as Randy in the "Babysitter!" episode. Matt Vogel, the current puppeteer for Kermit the Frog and Big Bird, played Oobi's friend Angus. Martin Robinson, who plays Telly Monster on "Sesame Street", built the puppets' glass eyes and accessories on "Oobi". Lisa Simon, who won 20 Daytime Emmys for her work as a director of "Sesame Street", was the producer for "Oobi".


title: Oobi (TV series)

text: The show's background music was created by Sacred Noise, a music production company in New York. Additional music was composed by pianist Marianna Rosett and Christopher North Renquist. A few other composers were brought onto the crew for special songs. Jared Faber wrote the theme song. Broadway orchestrator Larry Hochman wrote songs for the "Theater!" episode, which was a ten-minute musical.