title: Martin Guptill

text: Guptill has only two toes on his left foot. At the age of 13, he was involved in a forklift accident and lost three toes. He is nicknamed "Two Toes" within the New Zealand cricket squad. He studied at Kelston Boys High School for 4 years and on his final year of secondary school he switched to Avondale College.


title: Martin Guptill

text: In domestic cricket, Guptill plays for Auckland, and for Suburbs New Lynn in club cricket. He made his first-class cricket debut in March 2006, scoring a four-ball duck in his first innings, and 99 in his second. In 2011 Guptill played in English county cricket during the second half of the season for Derbyshire County Cricket Club.


title: Martin Guptill

text: Guptill played for Mumbai Indians in the 2016 Indian Premier League as a replacement for the injured Lendl Simmons and for Kings XI Punjab in the 2017 Indian Premier League. In December 2018, he was bought by the Sunrisers Hyderabad in the player auction for the 2019 Indian Premier League.


title: Martin Guptill

text: In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Edinburgh Rocks in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament. However, the following month the tournament was cancelled. He was released by the Sunrisers Hyderabad ahead of the 2020 IPL auction.


title: Martin Guptill

text: In April 2021, he was signed by Karachi Kings to play in the rescheduled matches in the 2021 Pakistan Super League. In July 2022, he was signed by Kandy Falcons in 2022 Lanka Premier League


title: Martin Guptill

text: Guptill first represented New Zealand in the Under-19 Cricket World Cup held in Sri Lanka in 2006. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut for New Zealand on 10 January 2009 against the West Indies in Auckland, becoming the first New Zealander to score a century on his one-day debut – his score of 122 not out is the highest score on debut for New Zealand in an ODI, and second highest debut score ever in ODIs and he was the first New Zealander to carry the bat through a completed ODI innings. He made his Test cricket debut against India in the first Test at Hamilton in March 2009, scoring 14 and 48. For his performances in 2009, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.


title: Martin Guptill

text: For his performances in the 2011–12 season, he won the Sir Richard Hadlee Medal. He was awarded the T20 Player of the Year by NZC for the 2011–12 season.


title: Martin Guptill

text: In the New Zealand 2013 tour of England, Guptill scored back-to-back undefeated hundreds at Lord's and Southampton, scoring 189 not out, at the time the highest score by a New Zealander in an ODI, and contributed to the then fifth-highest team total in ODI history (359).


title: Martin Guptill

text: Guptill surpassed his best score in the 2015 World Cup, scoring an unbeaten 237 from 163 balls against West Indies in the quarter-finals at the Westpac Stadium in Wellington. He was the first player to score a double century in a knockout stage match as New Zealand scored 393, the best total in a World Cup knockout match. After scoring three ducks in group matches he ended the tournament with 547 runs, emerging as the highest scorer.


title: Martin Guptill

text: In May 2018, he was one of twenty players to be awarded a new contract for the 2018–19 season by New Zealand Cricket. In April 2019, he was named in New Zealand's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. In August 2021, Guptill was named in New Zealand's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. On 3 November 2021, in New Zealand's T20 World Cup match against Scotland, Guptill became the second batsman to score 3,000 runs in T20I cricket. Guptill has been released from his national contract after being omitted from the squad for the India T20 series, heralding the end of the veteran batsman's international career. As of December 18, 2022, Guptill has scored 7346 runs in One Day International cricket.


title: Martin Guptill

text: , Guptill has scored three Test, 16 ODI and two Twenty20 International centuries. In total he has made 14 first-class, 24 List A and four Twenty20 centuries . Two of his centuries have been double-centuries.


title: Martin Guptill

text: Guptill's first international century was made in his New Zealand debut in an ODI against the West Indies at Auckland in 2009. Guptil's innings of 122 not out was described as "one of the best I've seen in a long time" by the New Zealand captain Daniel Vettori. His century was the first by a New Zealander on their ODI debut. He went on to make the highest ODI score by a New Zealander at Southampton in June 2013, scoring 189 not out against England. At the time the score was the fifth highest in any ODI and equalled the highest individual score made against England.


title: Martin Guptill

text: Guptil went on to set a new ODI record for New Zealand when he made the highest score of his career, 237 not out in the 2015 World Cup against West Indies at Wellington. The innings was the second highest scoring individual innings in ODI history and remains Guptill's highest score in any form of cricket. His other double-century was made playing for Derbyshire in a 2015 County Championship match at Bristol. This is his only first-class double century .


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: Benjamin Fong-Torres (方振豪; Cantonese: Fong Chan Ho; born January 7, 1945) is an American rock journalist best known for his association with "Rolling Stone" magazine (until 1981) and the "San Francisco Chronicle" (from around 1982).


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: Due to the Chinese Exclusion Act, Fong-Torres's father Ricardo (born Fong Kwok Seung), changed his surname to Torres and posed as a Filipino in order to immigrate to the United States. The family later adopted the hyphenated surname, "Fong-Torres". Ben is the brother of the late Shirley Fong-Torres.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: Fong-Torres, who graduated from San Francisco State University in 1966 with a B.A. in radio-TV-film, was a writer and senior editor of "Rolling Stone" nearly from the magazine's inception.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: In 1972, Fong-Torres lost his older brother, Barry, a probation officer and community worker, when he was murdered. Barry was passionate about working with the Chinese community. In the Netflix documentary about Ben’s work with Rolling Stone, Ben states that some may have wrongly thought his brother was with law enforcement.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: He conducted interviews for "Rolling Stone" of entertainment figures including Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones, comedian Steve Martin and Linda Ronstadt's first cover story in 1975. He also profiled Marvin Gaye, Sly and the Family Stone, Bonnie Raitt, Paul McCartney and Rodney Dangerfield. A Fong-Torres interview with Ray Charles was awarded the Deems Taylor Award for Magazine Writing in 1974.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: Fong-Torres was also a rock DJ for San Francisco radio station KSAN-FM in the 1970s. He later hosted a live, weekly entertainment and talk show, "Fog City Radio," on NPR affiliate KQED-FM. On television, he is the five-time Emmy Award-winning co-anchor of the Chinese New Year Parade broadcast on KTVU (Fox) in San Francisco.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: He has published several books, including: "Hickory Wind", a biography of Gram Parsons; "The Rice Room", a memoir; "The Hits Just Keep on Coming", a history of Top 40 radio, and two compilations of past articles, "Not Fade Away" and "Becoming Almost Famous" (published in May 2006). His book with The Doors ("The Doors By The Doors") was published by Hyperion in November 2006, and he published "The Grateful Dead Scrapbook" (Chronicle Books) in 2009. The Rice Room was reprinted, with additional material and photographs, by the University of California Press in 2011. That year, Fong-Torres published "Eagles: Taking It to the Limit" (Running Press). In November 2013, "Willin': The Story of Little Feat" (Da Capo Press), was released. In 2020, Welbeck published an updated version of his Eagles book, and he signed with Audible to narrate his memoirs and his book on Little Feat.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: From July 2005 to April 2019, Fong-Torres wrote the bi-weekly column "Radio Waves" in the San Francisco Chronicle's Sunday Datebook. He has been a contributing editor to "Parade" magazine, and has served as Senior Editor for Qello, an app and site that streams music concerts and documentaries. In 2007 to 2008, he hosted "Backstage" Sundays on San Francisco's KFRC-FM, and he was a DJ on BossBossRadio.com until 2016, when he became program director and DJ for Moonalice Radio.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: He was portrayed in the 2000 film "Almost Famous" by actor Terry Chen. The fictional version of Fong-Torres is the lead character William Miller's editor at "Rolling Stone". He is depicted on a mural on the side of a building at Haight and Clayton Streets in San Francisco.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: Fong-Torres was inducted into the SF State Alumni Hall of Fame in 2004 and delivered the commencement address in 2005. Frequently called upon to MC community events, Fong-Torres has also sung at senior facilities, Broadcast Legends luncheons and weddings. As an officiant, he has married some 30 couples. Fong-Torres was also a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.


title: Ben Fong-Torres

text: In 2010, Suzanne Joe Kai, founder of production company StudioLA.TV, co-founder of the website AsianConnections.com, and a television and film producer, began work on a documentary on Fong-Torres titled "Like a Rolling Stone: The Life and Times of Ben Fong-Torres." The film was licensed to Netflix and released for streaming on May 6, 2022 to English speaking countries.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Gödel's ontological proof is a formal argument by the mathematician Kurt Gödel (1906–1978) for the existence of God. The argument is in a line of development that goes back to Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109). St. Anselm's ontological argument, in its most succinct form, is as follows: "God, by definition, is that for which no greater can be conceived. God exists in the understanding. If God exists in the understanding, we could imagine Him to be greater by existing in reality. Therefore, God must exist." A more elaborate version was given by Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716); this is the version that Gödel studied and attempted to clarify with his ontological argument.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Gödel left a fourteen-point outline of his philosophical beliefs in his papers. Points relevant to the ontological proof include


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: The first version of the ontological proof in Gödel's papers is dated "around 1941". Gödel is not known to have told anyone about his work on the proof until 1970, when he thought he was dying. In February, he allowed Dana Scott to copy out a version of the proof, which circulated privately. In August 1970, Gödel told Oskar Morgenstern that he was "satisfied" with the proof, but Morgenstern recorded in his diary entry for 29 August 1970, that Gödel would not publish because he was afraid that others might think "that he actually believes in God, whereas he is only engaged in a logical investigation (that is, in showing that such a proof with classical assumptions (completeness, etc.) correspondingly axiomatized, is possible)." Gödel died January 14, 1978. Another version, slightly different from Scott's, was found in his papers. It was finally published, together with Scott's version, in 1987.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: In letters to his mother, who was not a churchgoer and had raised Kurt and his brother as freethinkers, Gödel argued at length for a belief in an afterlife. He did the same in an interview with a skeptical Hao Wang, who said: "I expressed my doubts as G spoke [...] Gödel smiled as he replied to my questions, obviously aware that his answers were not convincing me." Wang reports that Gödel's wife, Adele, two days after Gödel's death, told Wang that "Gödel, although he did not go to church, was religious and read the Bible in bed every Sunday morning." In an unmailed answer to a questionnaire, Gödel described his religion as "baptized Lutheran (but not member of any religious congregation). My belief is "theistic", not pantheistic, following Leibniz rather than Spinoza."


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: The proof uses modal logic, which distinguishes between "necessary" truths and "contingent" truths. In the most common semantics for modal logic, many "possible worlds" are considered. A truth is "necessary" if it is true in all possible worlds. By contrast, if a statement happens to be true in our world, but is false in another world, then it is a "contingent" truth. A statement that is true in some world (not necessarily our own) is called a "possible" truth.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Furthermore, the proof uses higher-order (modal) logic because the definition of God employs an explicit quantification over properties.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: First, Gödel axiomatizes the notion of a "positive property": for each property "φ", either "φ" or its negation ¬"φ" must be positive, but not both (axiom 2). If a positive property "φ" implies a property "ψ" in each possible world, then "ψ" is positive, too (axiom 1). Gödel then argues that each positive property is "possibly exemplified", i.e. applies at least to some object in some world (theorem 1). Defining an object to be Godlike if it has all positive properties (definition 1), and requiring that property to be positive itself (axiom 3), Gödel shows that in "some" possible world a Godlike object exists (theorem 2), called "God" in the following. Gödel proceeds to prove that a Godlike object exists in "every" possible world.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: To this end, he defines "essences": if "x" is an object in some world, then a property "φ" is said to be an essence of "x" if "φ"("x") is true in that world and if "φ" necessarily entails all other properties that "x" has in that world (definition 2). Requiring positive properties being positive in every possible world (axiom 4), Gödel can show that Godlikeness is an essence of a Godlike object (theorem 3). Now, "x" is said to "exist necessarily" if, for every essence "φ" of "x", there is an element "y" with property "φ" in every possible world (definition 3). Axiom 5 requires necessary existence to be a positive property.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Hence, it must follow from Godlikeness. Moreover, Godlikeness is an essence of God, since it entails all positive properties, and any non-positive property is the negation of some positive property, so God cannot have any non-positive properties. Since necessary existence is also a positive property (axiom 5), it must be a property of every Godlike object, as every Godlike object has all the positive properties (definition 1). Since any Godlike object is necessarily existent, it follows that any Godlike object in one world is a Godlike object in all worlds, by the definition of necessary existence. Given the existence of a Godlike object in one world, proven above, we may conclude that there is a Godlike object in every possible world, as required (theorem 4). Besides axiom 1-5 and definition 1-3, a few other axioms from modal logic were tacitly used in the proof.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: From these hypotheses, it is also possible to prove that there is only one God in each world by Leibniz's law, the identity of indiscernibles: two or more objects are identical (the same) if they have all their properties in common, and so, there would only be one object in each world that possesses property G. Gödel did not attempt to do so however, as he purposely limited his proof to the issue of existence, rather than uniqueness.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Most criticism of Gödel's proof is aimed at its axioms: as with any proof in any logical system, if the axioms the proof depends on are doubted, then the conclusions can be doubted. It is particularly applicable to Gödel's proof – because it rests on five axioms, some of which are considered questionable. A proof does not necessitate that the conclusion be correct, but rather that by accepting the axioms, the conclusion follows logically.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Many philosophers have called the axioms into question. The first layer of criticism is simply that there are no arguments presented that give reasons why the axioms are true. A second layer is that these particular axioms lead to unwelcome conclusions. This line of thought was argued by Jordan Howard Sobel, showing that if the axioms are accepted, they lead to a "modal collapse" where every statement that is true is necessarily true, i.e. the sets of necessary, of contingent, and of possible truths all coincide (provided there are accessible worlds at all). According to Robert Koons, Sobel suggested in a 2005 conference paper that Gödel might have welcomed modal collapse.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: There are suggested amendments to the proof, presented by C. Anthony Anderson, but argued to be refutable by Anderson and Michael Gettings. Sobel's proof of modal collapse has been questioned by Koons, but a counter-defence by Sobel has been given.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Gödel's proof has also been questioned by Graham Oppy, asking whether many other almost-gods would also be "proven" through Gödel's axioms. This counter-argument has been questioned by Gettings, who agrees that the axioms might be questioned, but disagrees that Oppy's particular counter-example can be shown from Gödel's axioms.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Religious scholar Fr. Robert J. Spitzer accepted Gödel's proof, calling it "an improvement over the Anselmian Ontological Argument (which does not work)."


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: There are, however, many more criticisms, most focusing on the question of whether these axioms must be rejected to avoid odd conclusions. The broader criticism is that even if the axioms cannot be shown to be false, that does not mean that they are true. Hilbert's famous remark about interchangeability of the primitives' names applies to those in Gödel's ontological axioms ("positive", "god-like", "essence") as well as to those in Hilbert's geometry axioms ("point", "line", "plane"). According to André Fuhrmann (2005) it remains to show that the dazzling notion prescribed by traditions and often believed to be essentially mysterious satisfies Gödel's axioms. This is not a mathematical, but a theological task. It is this task which decides which religion's god has been proven to exist.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Christoph Benzmüller and Bruno Woltzenlogel-Paleo formalized Gödel's proof to a level that is suitable for automated theorem proving or at least computer verification via proof assistants. The effort made headlines in German newspapers. According to the authors of this effort, they were inspired by Melvin Fitting's book.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: In the same paper, they suspected Gödel's original version of the axioms to be inconsistent, as they failed to prove their consistency.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: In 2016, they gave a computer proof that this version implies formula_2, i.e. is inconsistent in every modal logic with a reflexive or symmetric accessibility relation.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Moreover, they gave an argument that this version is inconsistent in every logic at all, but failed to duplicate it by automated provers. However, they were able to verify Melvin Fitting's reformulation of the argument and guarantee its consistency.


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: A humorous variant of Gödel's ontological proof is mentioned in Quentin Canterel's novel "The Jolly Coroner".


title: Gödel's ontological proof

text: Jeffrey Kegler's 2007 novel "The God Proof" depicts the (fictional) rediscovery of Gödel's lost notebook about the ontological proof.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: Cannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system a class of cell membrane receptors in the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. As is typical of G protein-coupled receptors, the cannabinoid receptors contain seven transmembrane spanning domains. Cannabinoid receptors are activated by three major groups of ligands: endocannabinoids; plant cannabinoids (such as Tetrahydrocannabinol, produced by the cannabis plant); and synthetic cannabinoids (such as HU-210). All of the endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids (plant based cannabinoids) are lipophilic.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: There are two known subtypes of cannabinoid receptors, termed CB and CB. The CB receptor is expressed mainly in the brain (central nervous system or "CNS"), but also in the lungs, liver and kidneys. The CB receptor is expressed mainly in the immune system, in hematopoietic cells, and in parts of the brain.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: The protein sequences of CB and CB receptors are about 44% similar. When only the transmembrane regions of the receptors are considered, amino acid similarity between the two receptor subtypes is approximately 68%. In addition, minor variations in each receptor have been identified. Cannabinoids bind reversibly and stereo-selectively to the cannabinoid receptors. Subtype selective cannabinoids have been developed which theoretically may have advantages for treatment of certain diseases such as obesity.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: Enzymes involved in biosynthesis/inactivation of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid signaling in general (involving targets other than CB1/2-type receptors) occur throughout the animal kingdom.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: The existence of cannabinoid receptors in the brain was discovered from in vitro studies in the 1980s, with the receptor designated as the cannabinoid receptor type 1 or CB1. The DNA sequence that encodes a G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor in the human brain was identified and cloned in 1990. These discoveries led to determination in 1993 of a second brain cannabinoid receptor named cannabinoid receptor type 2 or CB2.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: A neurotransmitter for a possible endocannabinoid system in the brain and peripheral nervous system, anandamide (from 'ananda', Sanskrit for 'bliss'), was first characterized in 1992, followed by discovery of other fatty acid neurotransmitters that behave as endogenous cannabinoids having a low-to-high range of efficacy for stimulating CB1 receptors in the brain and CB2 receptors in the periphery.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB) receptors are thought to be one of the most widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors in the brain. One mechanism through which they function is endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, a very common form of retrograde signaling, in which the depolarization of a single neuron induces a reduction in GABA-mediated neurotransmission. Endocannabinoids released from the depolarized post-synaptic neuron bind to CB receptors in the pre-synaptic neuron and cause a reduction in GABA release due to limited presynaptic calcium ions entry.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: They are also found in other parts of the body. For instance, in the liver, activation of the CB receptor is known to increase de novo lipogenesis.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: CB receptors are expressed on T cells of the immune system, on macrophages and B cells, in hematopoietic cells, and in the brain and CNS (2019). They also have a function in keratinocytes. They are also expressed on peripheral nerve terminals. These receptors play a role in antinociception, or the relief of pain. In the brain, they are mainly expressed by microglial cells, where their role remains unclear. While the most likely cellular targets and executors of the CB receptor-mediated effects of endocannabinoids or synthetic agonists are the immune and immune-derived cells (e.g. leukocytes, various populations of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver, astrocytes, etc.), the number of other potential cellular targets is expanding, now including endothelial and smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts of various origins, cardiomyocytes, and certain neuronal elements of the peripheral or central nervous systems (2011).


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: The existence of additional cannabinoid receptors has long been suspected, due to the actions of compounds such as abnormal cannabidiol that produce cannabinoid-like effects on blood pressure and inflammation, yet do not activate either CB or CB. Recent research strongly supports the hypothesis that the "N"-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) receptor GPR18 is the molecular identity of the abnormal cannabidiol receptor and additionally suggests that NAGly, the endogenous lipid metabolite of anandamide (also known as arachidonoylethanolamide or AEA), initiates directed microglial migration in the CNS through activation of GPR18. Other molecular biology studies have suggested that the orphan receptor GPR55 should in fact be characterised as a cannabinoid receptor, on the basis of sequence homology at the binding site. Subsequent studies showed that GPR55 does indeed respond to cannabinoid ligands. This profile as a distinct non-CB/CB receptor that responds to a variety of both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoid ligands, has led some groups to suggest GPR55 should be categorized as the CB receptor, and this re-classification may follow in time. However this is complicated by the fact that another possible cannabinoid receptor has been discovered in the hippocampus, although its gene has not yet been cloned, suggesting that there may be at least two more cannabinoid receptors to be discovered, in addition to the two that are already known. GPR119 has been suggested as a fifth possible cannabinoid receptor, while the PPAR family of nuclear hormone receptors can also respond to certain types of cannabinoid.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: Cannabinoid receptors are activated by cannabinoids, generated naturally inside the body (endocannabinoids) or introduced into the body as cannabis or a related synthetic compound. Similar responses are produced when introduced in alternative methods, only in a more concentrated form than what is naturally occurring.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: After the receptor is engaged, multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways are activated. At first, it was thought that cannabinoid receptors mainly inhibited the enzyme adenylate cyclase (and thereby the production of the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP), and positively influenced inwardly rectifying potassium channels (=Kir or IRK). However, a much more complex picture has appeared in different cell types, implicating other potassium ion channels, calcium channels, protein kinase A and C, Raf-1, ERK, JNK, p38, c-fos, c-jun and many more. For example, in human primary leukocytes CB displays a complex signalling profile, activating adenylate cyclase via stimulatory G alongside the classical G signalling, and induces ERK, p38 and pCREB pathways.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: Separation between the therapeutically undesirable psychotropic effects, and the clinically desirable ones, however, has not been reported with agonists that bind to cannabinoid receptors. THC, as well as the two major endogenous compounds identified so far that bind to the cannabinoid receptors —anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)— produce most of their effects by binding to both the CB and CB cannabinoid receptors. While the effects mediated by CB, mostly in the central nervous system, have been thoroughly investigated, those mediated by CB are not equally well defined.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: Prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) has been shown to perturb the fetal endogenous cannabinoid signaling system. This perturbation has not been shown to directly affect neurodevelopment nor cause lifelong cognitive, behavioral, or functional abnormalities, but it may predispose offspring to abnormalities in cognition and altered emotionality from post-natal factors. Additionally, PCE may alter the wiring of brain circuitry in foetal development and cause significant molecular modifications to neurodevelopmental programs that may lead to neurophysiological disorders and behavioural abnormalities.


title: Cannabinoid receptor

text: Synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is prescribed under the INN "dronabinol" or the brand name "Marinol", to treat vomiting and for enhancement of appetite, mainly in people with AIDS as well as for refractory nausea and vomiting in people undergoing chemotherapy. Use of synthetic THC is becoming more common as the known benefits become more prominent within the medical industry. THC is also an active ingredient in nabiximols, a specific extract of "Cannabis" that was approved as a botanical drug in the United Kingdom in 2010 as a mouth spray for people with multiple sclerosis to alleviate neuropathic pain, spasticity, overactive bladder, and other symptoms.


title: J. P. Manoux

text: Jean-Paul Christophe Manoux (born June 8, 1969) is an American actor, director and writer. He is perhaps best known for his work on multiple Disney television series. He played S.T.A.N. the android in "Aaron Stone", both Curtis the Caveman and Vice Principal Hackett in "Phil of the Future", and voiced Kuzco in "The Emperor's New School". Before fame, Manoux was a contestant on "Jeopardy!", "Family Feud", and "Wheel of Fortune".


title: J. P. Manoux

text: Manoux was born in Fresno, California on June 8, 1969. He grew up in Santa Barbara, California, the eldest of seven children. He attended Thacher School in Ojai, California and Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Upon graduating and moving to Hollywood, Manoux studied Improv and sketch comedy at L.A. Theatresports, ACME Comedy Theatre, The Groundlings School, and iO West.


title: J. P. Manoux

text: One of Manoux's early roles was as a regular performer on "The Wayne Brady Show". He went on from there to work extensively in television and commercials, including campaigns for Got Milk? and Fruit of the Loom. Manoux portrayed Dr. Dustin Crenshaw in two of the later seasons of "ER". Other memorable guest star roles in television series include "How I Met Your Mother", "Angel", "Smallville", "Charmed", "Scrubs", and "Community". He has also appeared in episodes of "Grey's Anatomy", "Shameless", "Will & Grace" and recurred on the HBO series "Veep" and the PopTV series "Swedish Dicks".


title: J. P. Manoux

text: Manoux has portrayed a character impersonating musician Moby on several occasions; in the "How I Met Your Mother" episode "The Limo", and for a four-episode run on "Community". He has also played a mime on more than one occasion, briefly on "ER" (1996), years before he became a recurring character there, and in "EuroTrip" (2004).


title: J. P. Manoux

text: He has also made small appearances in two Michael Bay films: "Transformers", where he was a man being interviewed on television, and in "The Island", where he portrayed a mentally underdeveloped clone.


title: J. P. Manoux

text: Manoux has also provided voice work in several films and animated television shows, including Scrappy Rex and Brainiac Scooby in "Scooby-Doo" and "" and most notably as the voice of Kuzco in various Disney projects, including "House of Mouse", "", "The Emperor's New School" and "The Emperor's New Groove: The Video Game".


title: J. P. Manoux

text: Manoux has directed episodes of "Aaron Stone", "Phil of the Future", "Mudpit" and "Spun Out". He has also written for "The Wayne Brady Show", "The X-Fools" video game, "Microshaft Winblows 98" and wrote the 1997 short film "Tights on a Wire" along with George Brant.


title: J. P. Manoux

text: He has authored and read two pieces for NPR's "All Things Considered". Back in 2000, he provided commentary on the Screen Actors Guild strike as a striking actor and he refused to do any scab work.


title: J. P. Manoux

text: In 2015, Manoux appeared in Canadian court after two people staying in his Toronto condo discovered a home security camera and told police officers about it. On July 30, 2015, the specific charge of voyeurism against him was dropped.


title: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Lake

text: Village Lake, previously named Alcohol and Drug Abuse Lake, is a reservoir in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. Construction of the reservoir was finished in 1973. The lake is on a tributary of the Crane Creek River.


title: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Lake

text: The lake is believed to be named after a place called Morris Village, a nearby residential treatment center for people with substance dependence. Before 2022, its owner, the South Carolina Department of Mental Health, used the name "the pond at Morris Village", sometimes "Morris Village Pond" or the "Village Lake". On June 9, 2022, the lake was officially renamed to Village Lake. Because of its location, it is fenced and not open to the public.


title: Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs

text: Riyad-us Saliheen (Russian: Риядус-Салихийн, also transliterated as "Riyadus-Salikhin", "Riyad us-Saliheyn" or "Riyad us-Salihiin") was the name of a small "martyr" ("shahid") force of suicide attackers. Its original leader ("amir") was the Chechen separatist commander Shamil Basayev. In February and March 2003, the group was designated by the United States and subsequently by the United Nations as a terrorist organization. After several years of inactivity, Riyad-us Saliheen was reactivated by the Caucasus Emirate in 2009 under the command of Said Buryatsky; following his death, Aslan Byutukayev became its new leader.


title: Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs

text: This highly autonomous, small (probably only 20 to 50 members at any given time) group was first founded and led by Shamil Basayev under the name of Riyadus Salihiin Reconnaissance and Sabotage Battalion of Chechen Martyrs (later also known as Islamic Brigade of Shaheeds) in October 1999 as a "special battalion to carry out acts of sabotage" in retaliation for the Grozny missile attack. Basayev took responsibility for a series of suicide attacks in Chechnya and Russia, including the truck bombing which destroyed the Chechen Republic's government headquarters in Grozny and killed over 80 in 2002, the truck bomb attack at Chechnya's FSB headquarters in Znamenskoye which killed more than 50 in 2003, the truck bomb attack at a Russian military hospital in Mozdok, North Ossetia, which killed at least 50 the same year, and a series of "Operation Boomerang" suicide bombings (many of them conducted by women) which have killed over 200 civilians in Moscow and elsewhere in Russian heartland, including 90 killed in the simultaneous aircraft bombings over two Russian regions in 2004. Riyad-us Saliheen also took responsibility for the involvement in the hostage crises in Moscow in 2002 and Beslan in 2004, which together have resulted in more than 500 hostage fatalities. In 2005 the group had been reportedly disbanded by Basayev under pressure from the Chechen separatist president Sheikh Abdul Halim, as a condition for Basayev to enter the official leadership of the separatist government. In any case it did not display any activity for more than four years after September 2004.


title: Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs

text: In early 2009, the leader of pan-Caucasian mujahideen, Dokka Umarov, announced the revival of the group as Riyad-us-Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs (without its "Chechen" part of the name, although the group is often referred by media as such anyway), saying he has 20 people fully prepared for "martyr operations". Since then the now much more ethnically-diversified group took responsibility for a series of suicide and other attacks in the Russian republics in North Caucasus and elsewhere, including the 2009 car bombing which killed at least 25 at police headquarters in Nazran, Ingushetia, a car bomb assassination attempt at the Ingush president Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, and the killing of scores of policemen in numerous smaller suicide attacks in Chechnya and Ingushetia, and since the beginning of 2010 eventually also in Dagestan. It also took responsibility for the 2009 Sayano-Shushenskaya hydro accident, was blamed by some for the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings, and has also been alleged to be behind the 2011 Domodedovo International Airport bombing.


title: Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs

text: The most recent operation claimed by the Brigade was the assassination of the convicted Russian war criminal Yuri Budanov in Moscow on 10 June 2011. However, this was refuted by the rebel website Kavkaz Center the very next day, triggering confusion over the original claim.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Jane Margaret Byrne (née Burke; May 24, 1933November 14, 2014) was an American politician who was the first woman to be elected mayor of a major city in the United States. She served as the 50th Mayor of Chicago from April 16, 1979, until April 29, 1983. Byrne won the Chicago mayoral election on April 3, 1979, becoming the first female mayor of the city. Prior to her tenure as mayor, Byrne served as Chicago's commissioner of consumer sales from 1969 until 1977.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne was born Jane Margaret Burke on May 24, 1933, at John B. Murphy Hospital in the Lake View neighborhood on the north side of Chicago, Illinois, to Katherine Marie Burke (née Nolan), a housewife, and William Patrick Burke, vice president of Inland Steel. Raised on the city's north side, Byrne graduated from Saint Scholastica High School and attended St. Mary of the Woods for her first year of college. Byrne later transferred to Barat College, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry and biology in 1955. Byrne entered politics to volunteer in John F. Kennedy's campaign for president in 1960. During that campaign she first met then Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley. After meeting Daley, he appointed her to several positions, beginning in 1964 with a job in a city anti-poverty program In June 1965, she was promoted and worked with the Chicago Committee of Urban Opportunity.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In 1968, Byrne was appointed head of the City of Chicago's consumer affairs department. She served as a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention (DNC) and chairperson of the DNC resolutions committee in 1973. Byrne was appointed co-chairperson of the Cook County Democratic Central Committee by Daley, over the objection of a majority of Democratic leaders, in 1975. The committee ousted Byrne shortly after Daley's death in late 1976. Shortly thereafter, Byrne accused the newly appointed mayor Michael Bilandic of being unfair to citizens of the city by approving an increase in regulated taxi fares, which Byrne charged was the result of a "backroom deal". Byrne was then dimissed from her post of head of consumer affairs by Bilandic.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Months after her firing as head of the consumer affairs department, Byrne challenged Bilandic in the 1979 Democratic mayoral primary, the real contest in the heavily Democratic Chicago. Officially announcing her mayoral campaign in August 1977, Byrne partnered with Chicago journalist and political consultant Don Rose, who served as her campaign manager. At first, political observers believed her to have little chance of winning. A memorandum inside the Bilandic campaign said it should portray her as "a shrill, charging, vindictive person—and nothing makes a woman look worse". However, the Chicago Blizzard of 1979 in January paralyzed the city and caused Bilandic to be seen as an ineffective leader. Jesse Jackson endorsed Byrne. Many Republican voters voted in the Democratic primary to beat Bilandic. Infuriated voters in the North Side and Northwest Side retaliated against Bilandic for the Democratic Party's slating of only South Side candidates for the mayor, clerk, and treasurer (the outgoing city clerk, John C. Marcin, was from the Northwest Side). These four factors combined to give Byrne a 51% to 49% victory over Bilandic in the primary. Positioning herself as a reformer, Byrne then won the main election with 82.1% of the vote, still the largest margin in a Chicago mayoral election.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne made inclusive moves as mayor, such as shepherding the hiring the city's first African-American and female school superintendent Ruth B. Love, and she was the first mayor to recognize the gay community. Byrne helped to make Chicago more welcoming to the gay community. She ended the police department's practice of raiding gay bars, and declared the city's first official "Gay Pride Parade Day" in 1981. However, during her tenure, Byrne drifted away from many of the progressive tenets she had campaigned on. Byrne began to collaborate with aldermen such as Edward M. Burke and Ed Vrdolyak, who, during her 1979 campaign, she had denounced as an "evil cabal".


title: Jane Byrne

text: In 1982, she supported the Cook County Democratic Party's replacement of its chairman, County Board President George Dunne, with her city council ally, Alderman Edward Vrdolyak.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne and the Cook County Democratic Party endorsed Senator Ted Kennedy for president in 1980, but incumbent President Jimmy Carter won the Illinois Democratic Primary and even carried Cook County and the city of Chicago. Byrne's endorsement was later considered detrimental because of her controversial tenure, and Kennedy's loss in the city was a key moment in the 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries because of Chicago's role in delivering his brother John F. Kennedy the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination. When Byrne and Kennedy walked in the annual Saint Patrick's Day parade they were sometimes booed by hecklers.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Simultaneously, Byrne and the Cook County Democratic Party's candidate in the 1980 election for Cook County State's Attorney (chief local prosecutor), 14th Ward Alderman Edward M. Burke, lost in the Democratic primary to Richard M. Daley, and Daley then unseated GOP incumbent Bernard Carey in the general election.


title: Jane Byrne

text: The "Chicago Sun Times" reported that Byrne's enemies publicly mocked her as "that crazy broad" and "that skinny bitch" and worse.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In her first year in office, significant instances of turnover in prominent city positions led critics to accuse Byrne of running a "revolving door administration".


title: Jane Byrne

text: While Byrne initially made inclusive moves in regards to appointments as mayor, such as shepherding the hiring of the city's first African-American and female school superintendent Ruth B. Love, she later pivoted away from this. Among the later steps that Byrne took that upset many of the progressives and Blacks that had supported her in her 1979 mayoral campaign was replacing Black members of the Chicago Board of Education and Chicago Housing Authority board with White members, some of whom even held stances that critics viewed as racist.


title: Jane Byrne

text: During the 1979 mayoral election, Byrne pledged to fire Superintendent of the Chicago Police Department James E. O'Grady, accusing him of having "politicized" the department. Days after her inauguration as mayor, O'Grady resigned. Later that year, she relieved interim superintendent Joseph DiLeonardi of command. She appointed Samuel Nolan interim superintendent in his place, Nolan was the first African American to serve as head of the Chicago Police Department. In January 1980, Richard J. Brzeczek took office as permanent superintendent, having been appointed by Byrne. On her last day in office, after the resignation of Brzeczek as superintdendent, Byrne appointed James E. O'Grady as interim superintendent. By this time, Byrne had rescinded her past criticisms of O'Grady.


title: Jane Byrne

text: During her campaign for mayor, Byrne promised to provide strong support to the performing arts. "Chicago Tribune" art critic Richard Christiansen hailed Byrne for having made, "the arts and amusements of the city a most significant part of her" mayoral administration.


title: Jane Byrne

text: As mayor, she provided $200,000 to the Lyric Opera of Chicago for the express purposes of providing family-friendly entertainment. She provided a similar amount to the Auditorium Theatre for them to acquire a new lighting board.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne allowed films to use Chicago as a filming location, leading to such movies as "The Blues Brothers" to shoot in Chicago.


title: Jane Byrne

text: On March 26, 1981, Byrne decided to move into the crime-ridden Cabrini–Green Homes housing project on the near-north side of Chicago after 37 shootings resulting in 11 murders occurred during a three-month period from January to March 1981. In her 2004 memoir, Byrne reflected about decision to move into Cabrini–Green: "How could I put Cabrini on a bigger map? ... Suddenly I knew—I could move in there." Prior to her move to Cabrini, Byrne closed down several liquor stores in the area, citing the stores as hangout for gangs and murderers. Byrne also ordered the Chicago Housing Authority to evict tenants who were suspected of harboring gang members in their apartments, which totaled approximately 800 tenants. Byrne moved into a 4th floor apartment in a Cabrini extension building on North Sedgwick Avenue with her husband on March 31 at around 8:30 p.m. after attending a dinner at the Conrad Hilton hotel. Hours after Byrne moved into the housing project, police raided the building and arrested eleven street gang members who they learned through informants were planning to have a shootout in the mayor's building later that evening. Byrne described her first night there as "lovely" and "very quiet". Byrne stayed at the housing project for three weeks to bring attention to the housing project's crime and infrastructure problems. Byrne's stay at Cabrini ended on April 18, 1981, following an Easter celebration at the project which drew protests and demonstrators who claimed Byrne's move to the project was just a publicity stunt.


title: Jane Byrne

text: One of the crises that Byrne faced in her first year as mayor was a major shortage of funds in both the municipal government and by the Chicago Board of Education (the city's school board). This arose due to questionable past borrowing practices, and necessitated both budget cuts and further borrowing to resolve.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In January 1982, Byrne proposed an ordinance effectively banning new handgun registration, which was considered controversial. The ordinance was created to put a freeze on the number of legally owned handguns in Chicago and to required owners of handguns to reregister them annually. The ordinance was approved by a 6–1 vote in February 1982. The ordinance was struck down by the Supreme Court in the 2010 case "McDonald v. City of Chicago".


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne used special events, such as ChicagoFest, to revitalize Navy Pier and the downtown Chicago Theatre. ChicagoFest had first been held the year previous to her election. One of Byrne's first efforts as mayor had instead been an attempt to cancel future editions of the event. But, after facing complaints from citizens and unions, Byrne allowed the festival to continue as an annual event, and formally renamed it "Mayor Jane M. Byrne's ChicagoFest". Festivals inaugurated during her tenure included Taste of Chicago. Byrne held a number of smaller-scale events in neighborhoods across the city, titling them with the prefix "Mayor Byrne's". As mayor, Byrne was a strong supporter of the planned Chicago 1992 World's Fair.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In her first year in office, she faced strikes by labor unions as the city's transit workers, public school teachers and firefighters all went on strike.


title: Jane Byrne

text: There had been plans under Daley and Bilandic to demolish the Loop elevated rail and replace it with subway. Byrne appointed a commission that ultimately recommended that the Loop should be retained, with modernization.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In 1981, Byrne disbanded the Chicago Transit Authority's dedicated security force, transferring its duties instead to the Chicago Police Department.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In November 1981, the Chicago City Council approved a new redistricting map for the city's aldermanic wards which was drawn by Byrne's administration. The U.S. Court of Appeals would find, in 1984, that the map was in violation of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965.


title: Jane Byrne

text: On November 11, 1981, Dan Goodwin, who had successfully climbed the Sears Tower the previous spring, battled for his life on the side of the John Hancock Center. William Blair, Chicago's fire commissioner, had ordered the Chicago Fire Department to stop Goodwin by directing a full-power fire hose at him and by using fire axes to break window glass in Goodwin's path. Mayor Byrne rushed to the scene and ordered the fire department to stand down. Then, through a smashed out 38th floor window, she told Goodwin, who was hanging from the building's side a floor below, that though she did not agree with his climbing of the John Hancock Center, she certainly opposed the fire department knocking him to the ground below. Byrne then allowed Goodwin to continue to the top.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne initiated the idea for creating a unified lakefront museum campus, which was implemented subsequent to her tenure as Museum Campus, as well as the idea of renovating Navy Pier, also implemented subsequent to her tenure.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In August 1982, Byrne decided that she would seek a second term as mayor. At the beginning of her re-election campaign, she was trailing behind Richard M. Daley, then Cook County State's Attorney, by 3% in a poll done by the "Chicago Tribune" in July 1982. Unlike the 1979 mayoral election in which Byrne received 59.3% of the African-American vote, Byrne had lost half of that vote.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne was defeated in the 1983 Democratic primary for mayor by Harold Washington; the younger Daley ran a close third. Washington won the Democratic primary with just 36% of the vote; Byrne had 33%. Washington went on to win the general election.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne ran against Washington again in the 1987 Democratic primary, but was narrowly defeated. She endorsed Washington for the general election, in which he defeated two Democrats running under other parties' banners (Edward Vrdolyak and Thomas Hynes) and a Republican.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Early into her 1987 campaign, in October 1985, Byrne called for a feasibility study of the potential to construct a third major airport for the city on the site of the South Works. Soon after, Governor James R. Thompson endorsed the idea of immediately planning for a third major airport to serve Chicago. This would be the one of the impetuses of decades-long discussions and studies for a third major airport for the city, including the proposed Chicago south suburban airport.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne next ran in the 1988 Democratic primary for Cook County Circuit Court Clerk. She faced the Democratic Party's slated candidate, Aurelia Pucinski (who was endorsed by Mayor Washington and is the daughter of then-Alderman Roman Pucinski). Pucinski defeated Byrne in the primary and Vrdolyak, by then a Republican, in the general election. Byrne's fourth run for mayor became a rematch with Daley in the 1991 primary. She received only 5.9 percent of the vote, a distant third behind Daley and Alderman Danny K. Davis.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In 1956, she married William P. Byrne, a Marine. The couple had a daughter, Katherine C. Byrne (born 1957). On May 31, 1959, while flying from Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point to Naval Air Station Glenview in a Skyraider, Lt. Byrne attempted to land in a dense fog. After being waved off for landing twice, his plane's wing struck the porch of a nearby house and the plane crashed into Sunset Memorial Park, killing him. Byrne married journalist Jay McMullen in 1978, and they remained married until his death from lung cancer in 1992. Byrne lived in the same apartment building from the 1970s until her death in 2014. She has one grandchild, Willie. Her daughter, Kathy, is a lawyer with a Chicago firm. Mayor Byrne's book, "My Chicago" (1992) covers her life through her political career. In 2011, Byrne attended the inauguration of the city's new mayor, Rahm Emanuel.


title: Jane Byrne

text: Byrne had entered hospice care and died on November 14, 2014, in Chicago, aged 81, from complications of a stroke she suffered in January 2013. She was survived by her daughter Katherine and her grandson Willie. Her funeral Mass was held at St. Vincent de Paul Church on Monday, November 17, 2014. She was buried at Calvary Catholic Cemetery in Evanston, Illinois.


title: Jane Byrne

text: In a dedication ceremony held on August 29, 2014, Governor Pat Quinn renamed the Circle Interchange in Chicago the Jane Byrne Interchange. In July 2014, the Chicago City Council voted to rename the plaza surrounding the historic Chicago Water Tower on North Michigan Avenue the Jane M. Byrne Plaza in her honor.


title: Iftekhar

text: Sayedna Iftekhar Ahmed Sharif (22 February 1924 – 4 March 1995), often mononymously credited as Iftekhar, was an Indian actor who mainly worked in Hindi cinema. He is known for his role as a police officer.


title: Iftekhar

text: Iftekhar was born in Jalandhar and was the eldest among four brothers and a sister. After completing his matriculation, Iftekhar did a diploma course in painting from Lucknow College Of Arts. Iftekhar had a passion for singing and was impressed with the famous singer Kundanlal Sehgal. In his 20s, Iftekhar travelled to Calcutta for an audition conducted by the music composer Kamal Dasgupta, who was then serving for HMV. Dasgupta was so impressed by Iftekhar's personality that he recommended his name to M. P. Productions as an actor.


title: Iftekhar

text: Iftekhar made his debut in the 1944 film "Taqraar", which was made under the banner of Art Films-Kolkata.


title: Iftekhar

text: Many of Iftekhar's close relatives, including his parents and siblings, migrated to Pakistan during the partition. He would have preferred to stay in India, but rioting forced him to leave Calcutta. Along with his wife and daughters, he moved to Bombay, where they struggled to make ends meet. Iftekhar had been introduced to actor Ashok Kumar during his time in Calcutta and contacted him in Bombay, gaining a role in the Bombay Talkies movie "Muqaddar" (1950). Iftekhar acted in over 400 films in a career that spanned from the 1940s through to the early 1990s.


title: Iftekhar

text: Like many of the older character actors who populated the Bollywood universe of the 1960s and 1970s, Iftekhar had been a lead actor in his youth during the "golden age" of Bollywood, in the 1940s and 1950s. His roles ranged from father, uncle, great-uncle, grandfather, police officer, police commissioner, courtroom judge and doctor. He also did negative roles in "Bandini", "Sawan Bhadon", "Khel Khel Mein" and "Agent Vinod".


title: Iftekhar

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Iftekhar graduated to playing uncle, father, and what came to be his speciality: police inspector roles, doctor or senior advocate. Generally he played "sympathetic" characters but, on occasion, he played the heavy. One of his most memorable roles as a heavy was as Amitabh Bachchan's corrupt industrialist mentor in Yash Chopra's classic "Deewaar" (1975). Another of Iftekhar's classic roles was as the police inspector in Prakash Mehra's "Zanjeer". It was a small part, but the scene where Iftekhar reprimands the near-hysteric Amitabh Bachchan for taking the law into his own hands is incredibly powerful. Another important role as a police officer was played by him in the 1978 hit film "Don". Some of his major roles came in Rajesh Khanna films such as "Joroo Ka Ghulam", "Mehboob Ki Mehndi", "The Train" , "Khamoshi", "Safar", "Raja Rani", "Ittefaq", "Rajput" and "Awam".


title: Iftekhar

text: Besides "Deewaar" and "Zanjeer", Iftekar had character roles in many of the classics of 1960s, 1970s, 1980s Bollywood cinema: Bimal Roy's "Bandini", Raj Kapoor's "Sangam", Manoj Kumar's "Shaheed", "Teesri Manzil", "Teesri Kasam", "Johny Mera Naam", "Hare Rama Hare Krishna", "Don", "The Gambler (1971 film), Ankhiyon" Ke Jharokhon Se (1978) and "Sholay", to name but a few.


title: Iftekhar

text: Apart from Hindi films, he appeared in two episodes of the American TV series "Maya" in 1967 as well the English language films "Bombay Talkie" (1970) and "City of Joy" (1992).


title: Iftekhar

text: Iftekhar married Hannah Joseph, a Jewish lady from Calcutta, who changed her religion and name to Rehana Ahmed. They had two daughters; Salma and Sayeda. Daughter Sayeda died of cancer on 7 February 1995.


title: José Gayà

text: José Luis Gayà Peña (born 25 May 1995) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for La Liga club Valencia, whom he captains, and the Spain national team.


title: José Gayà

text: An academy graduate of Valencia, Gayà made his senior debut in 2012 and went on to play more than 300 competitive matches for the club, winning the Copa del Rey in 2019.


title: José Gayà

text: Gayà appeared in his first full match with the Spain national team in 2018, being selected for Euro 2020.


title: José Gayà

text: Born in Pedreguer, Alicante, Valencian Community, Gayà was a product of Valencia CF's youth system, where he started playing as a striker – scoring over 60 goals in one year – before switching to left-back. He made his senior debut with the reserves when he was not even 17, playing 21 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Andorra CF in the Segunda División B in what would be his only appearance of the season.


title: José Gayà

text: On 30 October 2012, Gayà appeared in his first official game with the main squad, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 away victory over UE Llagostera in the round of 32 of the Copa del Rey. He made his first appearance in the UEFA Europa League on 12 December of the following year, in a 1–1 group stage home draw with FC Kuban Krasnodar.


title: José Gayà

text: Gayà played his first game in La Liga with the "Che" on 27 April 2014, starting and featuring the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss against eventual champions Atlético Madrid. On 3 August, he scored the first goal in a 3–1 defeat of S.L. Benfica in that year's Emirates Cup.


title: José Gayà

text: Gayà was made a starter by new manager Nuno Espírito Santo in the 2014–15 campaign. He scored his first goal as a professional and in the Spanish top flight on 25 September 2014, grabbing his team's second in the 3–0 home victory against Córdoba CF. His second came in the domestic cup on 7 January of the following year, helping to a 2–1 win over RCD Espanyol also at the Mestalla Stadium. On 8 May 2015, he renewed his contract with the club, signing until 2020 with a €50 million buyout clause.


title: José Gayà

text: In May 2018, Gayà agreed to a further extension until 2023 with his release clause increasing to €100 million. That October, having been part of the side that kept a clean sheet against Manchester United in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League, "ESPN FC" put him into their Champions League Best XI. He finished the season with his first honour, assisting Kevin Gameiro's opener in a 2–1 defeat of FC Barcelona in the 2019 Copa del Rey Final.


title: José Gayà

text: In March 2020, Gayà and teammates Ezequiel Garay and Eliaquim Mangala tested positive for COVID-19 virus during the coronavirus pandemic in Spain. That August, due to the economic effects of the pandemic, the entire squad was put up for sale except him. Having previously filled in as captain in the absence of Dani Parejo, he took the role permanently as the midfielder was shipped to Villarreal CF.


title: José Gayà

text: Gayà skippered Valencia in the 2022 Copa del Rey Final, in which he scored in the penalty shootout that the team lost to Real Betis. He was suspended for the first four matches of the following league season for criticising the referee's decisions in a game against CA Osasuna; his appeal was rejected at the Court of Arbitration for Sport. On 19 October that year, he extended his contract to last until 2027.


title: José Gayà

text: Gayà earned 34 caps for Spain across all youth levels. On 26 May 2015, he was called to the full side for a friendly with Costa Rica and a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Belarus, but did not make his debut on either occasion.


title: José Gayà

text: Gayà played his first match on 11 September 2018, featuring the entire 6–0 home rout of Croatia in the UEFA Nations League. On 3 September 2020, for the same competition, he scored the equalising goal in the 97th minute of a 1–1 away draw against Germany.


title: José Gayà

text: On 24 May 2021, Gayà was included in Luis Enrique's 24-man squad for Euro 2020. His input for the semi-finalists consisted of 77 minutes in the 5–3 extra time victory over Croatia in Copenhagen.


title: José Gayà

text: Gayà was called up for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. In the pre-tournament training camp in Jordan, he suffered a right ankle sprain, and was replaced by Alejandro Balde.


title: He (letter)

text: He is the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Hē , Hebrew Hē , Aramaic Hē , Syriac Hē , and Arabic . Its sound value is the voiceless glottal fricative ().


title: He (letter)

text: The proto-Canaanite letter gave rise to the Greek Epsilon Ε ε, Etruscan 𐌄, Latin E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, Ё, Є, Э, and Ҩ. "He", like all Phoenician letters, represented a consonant, but the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic equivalents have all come to represent vowel sounds.


title: He (letter)

text: In Proto-Northwest Semitic there were still three voiceless fricatives: uvular , glottal , and pharyngeal . In the Wadi el-Hol script, these appear to be expressed by derivatives of the following Egyptian hieroglyphs V28" "thread",


title: He (letter)

text: In the Phoenician alphabet, ' and ' are merged into Heth "fence", while " is replaced by "He" "window".


title: He (letter)

text: ' is used as a suffix (with the dictated by ') indicating possession, indicating that the noun marked with the suffix belongs to a specific masculine possessor; for example, ' ("book") becomes ' ('his book') with the addition of final "; the possessor is implied in the suffix. A longer example, , (, "he reads his book") more clearly indicates the possessor. Hāʾ is also used as the Arabic abbreviation for dates following the Islamic era AH.


title: He (letter)

text: In Nastaʿlīq the letter has a variant, gol he, with its own particular shapes. As Urdu and other languages of Pakistan are usually written in Nastaʿlīq, they normally employ this variant, which is given an independent code point (U+06C1) for compatibility:


title: He (letter)

text: For aspiration and breathy voice Urdu and other languages of Pakistan use the medial (in Nastaliq script) or initial (in Naskh script) form of "hāʾ", called in Urdu ('two-eyed he'):


title: He (letter)

text: Several Turkic languages of Central Asia like Uyghur as well as Kurdish also use this letter for fricative //.


title: He (letter)

text: Many Turkic languages of Central Asia like Uyghur as well as Kurdish use the modification of the letter for front vowels // or //. This has its own code point (U+06D5). To distinguish it from Arabic "hāʾ" /h/ the letter lacks its initial and medial forms:


title: He (letter)

text: By contrast, the letter used for /h/, appearing in loanwords, uses only the initial and medial forms of the Arabic "hāʾ", even in isolated and final positions. In Unicode, is used for this purpose.


title: He (letter)

text: In modern Hebrew, the letter represents a voiceless glottal fricative , and may also be dropped, although this pronunciation is seen as substandard.


title: He (letter)

text: Also, in many variant Hebrew pronunciations the letter may represent a glottal stop. In word-final position, "Hei" is used to indicate an "a"-vowel, usually that of qamatz (  ), and in this sense functions like Aleph, Vav, and Yud as a mater lectionis, indicating the presence of a long vowel.


title: He (letter)

text: "Hei", along with Aleph, Ayin, Reish, and Khet, cannot receive a dagesh. Nonetheless, it does receive a marking identical to the dagesh, to form "Hei-mappiq" (). Although indistinguishable for most modern speakers or readers of Hebrew, the mapiq is placed in a word-final "Hei" to indicate that the letter is not merely a mater lectionis but the consonant should be aspirated in that position. It is generally used in Hebrew to indicate the third-person feminine singular genitive marker. Today, such a pronunciation only occurs in religious contexts and even then often only by careful readers of the scriptures.


title: He (letter)

text: In gematria, "Hei" symbolizes the number five, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 5000 (i.e. התשנ״ד in numbers would be the date 5754).


title: He (letter)

text: "He", representing five in gematria, is often found on amulets, symbolizing the five fingers of a hand, a very common talismanic symbol.


title: He (letter)

text: "He" is often used to represent the name of God as an abbreviation for Hashem, which means "The Name" and is a way of saying "God" without actually saying the name of God (YHWH). In print, Hashem is usually written as "Hei" with a geresh: .


title: He (letter)

text: In the Syriac alphabet, the fifth letter is — Heh (). It is pronounced as an <nowiki>[</nowiki>h<nowiki>]</nowiki>. At the end of a word with a point above it, it represents the third-person feminine singular suffix. Without the point, it stands for the masculine equivalent. Standing alone with a horizontal line above it, it is the abbreviation for either "hānoh" (), meaning 'this is' or 'that is', or "halelûya" (). As a numeral, He represents the number five.


title: Mascara

text: Mascara is a cosmetic commonly used to enhance the upper and lower eyelashes. It is used to darken, thicken, lengthen, and/or define the eyelashes. Normally in one of three forms—liquid, powder, or cream—the modern mascara product has various formulas; however, most contain the same basic components of pigments, oils, waxes, and preservatives. The most common form of mascara is a liquid in a tube with an application brush.


title: Mascara

text: The "Collins English Dictionary" defines "mascara" as "a cosmetic substance for darkening, lengthening, curling, coloring, and thickening the eyelashes, applied with a brush or rod." The "Oxford English Dictionary" ("OED") adds that mascara is occasionally used on the eyebrows as well.


title: Mascara

text: The "OED" also references "mascaro" from works published in the late 19th century. In 1886, the "Peck & Snyder Catalogue" advertises, "Mascaro or Water Cosmetique... For darkening the eyebrow and moustaches without greasing them and making them prominent." In 1890, the "Century Dictionary" defined mascara as "a kind of paint used for the eyebrows and eyelashes by actors." And in 1894, N. Lynn advises in "Lynn's Practical Hints for Making-up", "to darken eyelashes, paint with mascara, or black paint, with a small brush."


title: Mascara

text: The source of the word "mascara" is unclear. The Spanish word "máscara" meaning 'mask' or 'stain', and the Italian word "maschera" meaning 'mask' are possible origins. A related Catalan word describes soot or a black smear, and the Portuguese word "máscara" means 'mask' and "mascarra" means dark stain or smut. There is even strong support for a possible source from the Arabic word "maskharah" or 'buffoon'. The Hebrew word משקרות (MaSQROTh) as relating to women's eyes is found in Isaiah 3:16.


title: Mascara

text: The name Mascara was given in reference to the city of that bears the same name. In the middle of the 19th century, the French discovered antimony powder during their conquest in the old town of Mascara in Algeria. The nomadic tribes used it as a beauty product but also to protect themselves from various trachomas and eye diseases.


title: Mascara

text: Aesthetic adornment is a cultural universal and mascara can be documented in ancient Egypt. Records from around 4000 BC refer to a substance called kohl that was used to darken eyelashes, eyelids, and eyebrows. Kohl was used to mask the eyes, believed to ward off evil spirits and protect the soul, by both men and women. Often composed of galena; malachite; and charcoal or soot, crocodile stool; honey; and water was added to keep the kohl from running. Through Egypt's influence, kohl usage persisted in the subsequent Babylonian, Greek and Roman empires. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, kohl fell into disuse on the European continent, where it had been considered solely a cosmetic; conversely, it continued to be widely used in the Middle East for religious purposes.


title: Mascara

text: During the Victorian era, social opinion shifted radically towards the promotion of cosmetics, and women were known to spend a majority of their day occupied with beauty regimens. Great efforts were made to create the illusion of long, dark eyelashes. Attempting this, Victorian women made a type of mascara in their own homes. They would heat a mixture of ash or lampblack and elderberry juice on a plate and apply the heated mixture to their eyelashes.


title: Mascara

text: The product that people would recognize as mascara today did not develop until the 19th century. A chemist named Eugène Rimmel developed a cosmetic using the newly invented petroleum jelly. The name Rimmel became synonymous with the substance and still translates to "mascara" in the Portuguese, Spanish, Greek, Turkish, Romanian, and Persian languages today.


title: Mascara

text: Across the Atlantic Ocean and at roughly the same time, in 1915, Thomas Lyle Williams created a remarkably similar substance for his sister Mabel. In 1917 he started a mail-order business from the product that grew to become the company Maybelline.


title: Mascara

text: The mascara developed by these two men consisted of petroleum jelly and coal in a set ratio. It was undeniably messy, and a better alternative was soon developed. A dampened brush was rubbed against a cake containing soap and black dye in equal proportions and applied to the lashes. Still it was extremely messy. No significant improvement occurred until 1957 with an innovation by Helena Rubinstein.


title: Mascara

text: The events leading to Rubinstein's improvement began in Paris in the early 20th century. There, at the fashion capital of the world, mascara was quickly gaining popularity and common usage. Elizabeth Arden and Helena Rubinstein, two giants in the American beauty industry, watched and kept abreast of its development. After the First World War, American consumers became eager for new products. Sensing an opportunity, both Rubinstein and Arden launched their own brands of cosmetics that included mascara. Through the efforts of these two rivals and public temperament, mascara finally gained respectability and favor in American society.


title: Mascara

text: The invention of the photograph and motion picture launched mascara's popularity and usage further forward in America. Motion pictures especially advertised a new standard of beauty and sex appeal. Famous actresses of the classic cinema era, such as Theda Bara, Pola Negri, Clara Bow, Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich, Bette Davis, and Jean Harlow, depended heavily upon mascara for their glamorized appearances, which the average woman sought to mimic.


title: Mascara

text: In 1933, a woman known on court records as Mrs. Brown consented to have her eyelashes permanently dyed. Unfortunately, the product, Lash Lure, used "para"-phenylenediamine, a chemical extremely toxic to the body, as the dyeing agent. At the time, cosmetics were unregulated by the Federal Drug Administration, and the dangers of paraphenylenediamine were unknown. Within hours of the treatment, Mrs. Brown began experiencing severe symptoms of stinging and burning eyes. By the next morning, Mrs. Brown's eyes had developed ulcers which oozed and had swollen shut. Use of Lash Lure resulted in blindness in Mrs. Brown and fifteen other women and also caused the death of another through a bacterial infection. It was only after the Lash Lure incident and several others like it, documented in Ruth deForest Lamb's book entitled "American Chamber of Horrors", that Congress granted the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the right to regulate cosmetics in 1938.


title: Mascara

text: Years later in 1957, Rubinstein created a formula that evolved mascara from a hard cake into a lotion-based cream. She packaged the new mascara in a tube to be sold with a brush. For use, the cream was squeezed onto the brush and applied to lashes. Although still messy, it was a step towards the modern mascara product.


title: Mascara

text: Soon, a grooved rod was patented. This device picked up the same amount of mascara for each use. Then the grooved rod was altered to the brush similar to the ones used today. The change in applicator led mascara to be even easier to use, and its popularity increased.


title: Mascara

text: Mascara is now trending towards multi-functional usage, with many mascaras including lash-boosting serums, botanicals, and pro-vitamin-enriched formulæ. Korean technology is at the forefront of the development, and a number of brands use tubing formulæ to coat the lash.


title: Mascara

text: The pigmentation for black mascara is similar to that used by the Egyptians and Victorian women. Black and brown mascaras typically are colored by use of iron oxides. Some mascaras contain ultramarine blue.


title: Mascara

text: Mascara is composed of a base mixture of pigments, waxes, and oils with varying supporting components. Mascara pigments most commonly include iron oxides and titanium dioxide which provide mascara with its desired color. Titanium dioxide (TiO) accounts for over 65% of inorganic pigments sales volume. TiO gives the pigment a white color while different iron oxides provide a variety of colors such as red, yellow, brown, and black. The particle size of opaque pigments ranges from 0.2-0.3 µm.


title: Mascara

text: Among the many oils used, linseed oil, castor oil, eucalyptus oil, lanolin, and oil of turpentine are found frequently. Sesame oil is also commonly used. Waxes usually found in mascara are paraffin wax, carnauba wax, and beeswax.


title: Mascara

text: The desired effects of the mascara account for most variations of ingredients. Water-resistant mascaras require hydrophobic ingredients, like dodecane. Non water-resistant mascaras have base ingredients that are water-soluble. Mascaras designed to lengthen or curl the eyelashes often contain nylon or rayon microfibers. Additionally, ceresin, gum tragacanth, and methyl cellulose are regular ingredients and serve as stiffeners.


title: Mascara

text: Mascara is often used on a daily basis around the world. In 2016 alone, U.S. consumers spent 335.6 million USD on the top 10 leading mascara brands.


title: Mascara

text: In one method of production, referred to as anhydrous, all waxes, oils, and pigments are mixed, heated, and agitated simultaneously. The alternative method, termed emulsion, starts by combining water and thickeners. Separately, waxes and emulsifiers are combined. Pigment is then added individually to both mixtures. Finally all is combined in a homogenizer, which acts as a high-speed agitator in order to thoroughly mix the oils, water, waxes, and emulsifiers—ingredients that naturally repulse each other.


title: Mascara

text: Smudged mascara has also become a symbolic way to show depression in photographs, such as the or "crying mascara" aesthetic on social media.


title: Mascara

text: Eye cosmetics containing "kohl", "kajal", "al-kahal", "surma", "tiro", "tozali", or "kwalli" often pose a lead poisoning risk. Products containing "kohl", "kajal", "surma", and similar materials are illegal color additives in the United States as defined by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, section 201(t).


title: Mascara

text: Mercury, as thiomersal, is widely used in the manufacture of mascara. In 2008, Minnesota became the first state in the United States to ban intentionally added mercury in cosmetics, giving it a tougher standard than the federal government.


title: Mascara

text: It is more common to develop a stye, or commoner still, swollen eyelids. Styes and swollen eyelids are better classified as allergic reactions. The allergic reactions can be stimulated by any of the components of mascara but is usually attributed to methylparaben, aluminum powder, ceteareth-20, butylparaben, or benzyl alcohol.


title: Mascara

text: A 2021 study tested 231 makeup and personal care products and found organic fluorine, an indicator of PFAS, in more than half of the samples. High levels of fluorine were most commonly identified in waterproof mascara (82% of brands tested), foundations (63%), and liquid lipstick (62%).<ref name="10.1021/acs.estlett.1c002402"></ref> As many as 13 types of individual PFAS compounds were found in each product. Since PFAS compounds are highly mobile, they are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts, and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFAS, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS.


title: Mizuno

text: Mizuno was founded in 1906 as Mizuno Brothers, Ltd. by Rihachi Mizuno and his younger brother Rizo, in Osaka. The shop sold Western sundries, including baseballs, and then in 1907 began to sell order-made athletic wear. In 1910 the shop moved to Umeda-Shinmichi and its name was changed to Mizuno Shop. In 1913 the firm began to manufacture baseballs and gloves. In 1933 Mizuno presented "Star Line", the first Japanese made golf clubs. By 1935 its golf club showroom was the world's largest. In 1941 the company name was changed to Mizuno Co., Ltd, and has remained the same since. During World War II, Mizuno manufactured military ordnance for Japan's war effort.


title: Mizuno

text: The first American factory was established in Los Angeles, under the denomination American Mizuno in 1961. During the following years, Mizuno signed sponsorship deals with some of the most prominent personalities in sports, such as track and field athlete Carl Lewis, the All Blacks rugby team, former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana, for most of his years in the NFL, the Manu Samoa rugby team, Czech tennis player Ivan Lendl, and golf player Nick Faldo and baseball Hall of Famer Rickey Henderson.


title: Mizuno

text: To gain a foothold in the baseball glove market in the United States, the mobile "Mizuno Baseball Workshop" was introduced in the late 1970s to service major league clubs during spring training in Arizona and Florida. The van contained extensive leather-working equipment, manned by two skilled Japanese craftsmen, to produce made-to-order gloves and repair all brands.


title: Mizuno

text: The company also expanded its operation centres opening new factories in Germany, France, China, Scotland and Hong Kong.


title: Mizuno

text: To commemorate the company's 30th anniversary, the company began manufacturing gliders in 1936. Among the company's military design efforts included the Mizuno Shinryu, a proposed rocket-powered interceptor that never left the prototyping stages, and the Mizuno MXZ1, a training glider.


title: Mizuno

text: Mizuno is a manufacturer of golf clubs and accessories. Tiger Woods used Mizuno golf clubs until he signed a deal with Titleist and turned professional in 1996, but continued to play with Mizuno clubs for his first pro year and a half while waiting for his ideal set of clubs from Titleist; notably, he won his first Masters Tournament victory in 1997 with his Mizuno clubs. Other players have played using Mizuno equipment during their careers, including 13 of the 24 players who have ever held a men's #1 ranking (as of 2022).


title: Comparison of high-definition smartphone displays

text: The following is a comparison of high-definition smartphone displays, containing information about their specific screen technology, resolution, size and pixel density. It is divided into three categories, containing smartphones with 720p, 1080p and 1440p displays.


text: The "p-display" nomenclature used in this article refers to the number of pixels displayed across the width of a given phone's screen. Earlier phones with lower than 720p (lower than HD ready resolution) are not included in this listing. The lists below are dynamic lists and may be sorted into alphabetical order by clicking on the "sort icons" at the top of the first column.


title: United States Flag Code

text: The United States Flag Code establishes advisory rules for display and care of the national flag of the United States of America. It is Chapter 5 of Title 4 of the United States Code ( "et seq"). Although this is a U.S. federal law, the code is not mandatory: it uses non-binding language like "should" and "custom" throughout and does not prescribe any penalties for failure to follow the guidelines.


title: United States Flag Code

text: Separately, Congress passed the Flag Protection Act of 1968 (amended in 1989) (), a since struck-down criminal statute, which prohibits mutilating, defacing, defiling or burning the flag. Although it remains part of codified federal law, it is not enforceable due to the Supreme Court of the United States finding it unconstitutional in "United States v. Eichman".


title: United States Flag Code

text: Additionally, the public law which includes the Flag Code (Pub. L. 105–225, largely codified in Title 36 of the U.S. Code), addresses conduct when the U.S. National Anthem is being played while the flag is present. That law suggests civilians in attendance should face the flag "at attention" (standing upright) with their hand over their heart.


title: United States Flag Code

text: The U.S. Flag is defined by , executive order and official government standards: The flag of the United States for the purpose of this chapter shall be defined according to sections 1 and 2 of this title and Executive Order 10834 issued pursuant thereto.Executive Order 10834 "Proportions And Sizes Of Flags And Position Of Stars" prescribes the design of the flag as well as Federal Specification DDD-F-416F


title: United States Flag Code

text: While the Flag Code itself does not directly address behavior during the playing of the National Anthem, the same public law codified elsewhere, covers suggested respectful conduct.


title: United States Flag Code

text: Prior to Flag Day, June 14, 1923, neither the federal government nor the states had official guidelines governing the display of the United States' flag. On that date, the National Flag Code was constructed by representatives of over 68 organizations, under the auspices of the National Americanism Commission of the American Legion. The code drafted by that conference was printed by the national organization of the American Legion and given nationwide distribution.


title: United States Flag Code

text: On June 22, 1942, the code became Public Law 77-623; chapter 435. Little had changed in the code since the Flag Day 1923 Conference. The most notable change was the removal of the Bellamy salute because of its similarities to the Hitler salute.


title: United States Flag Code

text: The Freedom to Display the American Flag Act of 2005 prohibits real estate management organizations from restricting homeowners from displaying the Flag of the United States on their own property.


title: United States Flag Code

text: The Army Specialist Greg L. Chambers Federal Flag Code Amendment Act of 2007 added a provision to allow governors, or the mayor of the District of Columbia, to proclaim that the flag be flown at half-staff upon the death of a member of the Armed Forces from any State, territory, or possession who died while serving on active duty. The provision directs federal facilities in the area covered by the governor or mayor of the District of Columbia to fly the flag at half-staff consistent with such proclamations.


title: United States Flag Code

text: The allows the military salute for the flag during the national anthem by members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and by veterans.


title: Jones fracture

text: A Jones fracture is a broken bone in a specific part of the fifth metatarsal of the foot between the base and middle part that is known for its high rate of delayed healing or nonunion. It results in pain near the midportion of the foot on the outside. There may also be bruising and difficulty walking. Onset is generally sudden.


title: Jones fracture

text: The fracture typically occurs when the toes are pointed and the foot bends inwards. This movement may occur when changing direction while the heel is off the ground such in dancing, tennis, or basketball. Diagnosis is generally suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with X-rays.


title: Jones fracture

text: Initial treatment is typically in a cast, without any walking on it, for at least six weeks. If, after this period of time, healing has not occurred, a further six weeks of casting may be recommended. Due to poor blood supply in this area, the break sometimes does not heal and surgery is required. In athletes, or if the pieces of bone are separated, surgery may be considered sooner. The fracture was first described in 1902 by orthopedic surgeon Robert Jones, who sustained the injury while dancing.


title: Jones fracture

text: A person with a Jones fracture may not realize that a fracture has occurred. Diagnosis includes the palpation of an intact fibularis brevis tendon, and demonstration of local tenderness distal to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal, and localized over the shaft of the proximal metatarsal.


title: Jones fracture

text: Diagnostic x-rays include anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral views and should be made with the foot in full flexion.


title: Jones fracture

text: Other proximal fifth metatarsal fractures exist, although they are not as problematic as a Jones fracture. If the fracture enters the intermetatarsal joint, it is a Jones fracture. If, however, it enters the tarsometatarsal joint, then it is likely an avulsion fracture caused by pull from the fibularis brevis tendon. An avulsion fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal is sometimes called a "dancer's fracture" or a "pseudo Jones fracture", and usually responds readily to non-operative treatment.


title: Jones fracture

text: The x-ray appearance of the developmental "apophysis" in this area may have some resemblance of a fracture, but is not a fracture; it is the secondary ossification center of the metatarsal bone. It is a normal finding that occurs at this site in adolescents. If an injury to that area has occurred, the physician is often able to interpret certain radiographic clues to make the differentiation. An avulsion fracture at this location is typically extra-articular and oriented transversally as compared to the longitudinal orientation of an unfused apophysis.


title: Jones fracture

text: Initial treatment is typically in a cast, without any weight being placed on it, for at least six weeks. If after this period of time healing has not occurred a further six weeks of casting may be recommended. Up to half, however, may not heal after casting.


title: Jones fracture

text: In athletes or if the pieces of bone are separated by more than 2 mm surgery may be considered. In a study of all players who entered the NFL Scouting Combine from 2009 to 2015, the incidence of Jones fracture was 3.2% and all had received surgery to repair the fracture with a metal screw. For persons who are not athletes, surgery might not be recommended unless healing does not occur after a trial of cast treatment.


title: Jones fracture

text: For several reasons, a Jones fracture may not unite. The diaphyseal bone (zone II), where the fracture occurs, is an area of potentially poor blood supply, existing in a watershed area between two blood supplies. This may compromise healing. In addition, there are various tendons, including the fibularis brevis and fibularis tertius, and two small muscles attached to the bone. These may pull the fracture apart and prevent healing.


title: Jones fracture

text: Zones I and III have been associated with relatively guaranteed union and this union has taken place with only limited restriction of activity combined with early immobilization. On the other hand, zone II has been associated with either delayed or non-union and, consequently, it has been generally agreed that fractures in this area should be considered for some form of internal immobilization, such as internal screw fixation.


title: Jones fracture

text: These zones can be identified anatomically and on x-ray adding to the clinical usefulness of this classification.


title: Jones fracture

text: Surgical intervention is not, by itself, a guarantee of cure and has its own complication rate. Other reviews of the literature have concluded that conservative, non-operative, treatment is an acceptable option for the non-athlete.


title: Jean-Xavier de Lestrade

text: Jean-Xavier de Lestrade (born 1 July 1963) is a French writer, director and producer of films and television series.


title: Jean-Xavier de Lestrade

text: Lestrade was born in Mirande, Gers, in southwestern France. He studied law and journalism in Paris, and turned to making documentaries which scrutinize the mechanisms of society.


title: Jean-Xavier de Lestrade

text: Lestrade won an Oscar for Best Documentary for his ninth feature, "Murder on a Sunday Morning", in 2001. He is also known for his film "The Staircase", about the murder trial against author Michael Peterson, who was accused of killing his wife. He is an executive producer for the TV series "Sin City Law" (2007), which has been shown on the Sundance Channel in the US. His miniseries "Laetitia", based on the tragic case of Laetitia Perrais, aired on HBO and HBO Max in late August 2021.


title: Legend (Bob Marley and the Wailers album)

text: Legend is a compilation album by Bob Marley and the Wailers. It was released in May 1984 by Island Records. It is a greatest hits collection of singles in its original vinyl format and is the best-selling reggae album of all-time, with over 12 million sold in the US, over 3.3 million in the UK (where it is the seventeenth best-selling album) and an estimated 25 million copies sold globally. In 2003, the album was ranked number 46 in "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time", maintaining the ranking in a 2012 revised list, but dropping to number 48 in the 2020 revised list.


text: As of 13 December 2022, "Legend" has spent a total of 760 nonconsecutive weeks on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart—the second longest run in history. Also, as of 9 December 2022, it has spent 1,059 weeks in the top 100 of the UK Albums Chart—the third longest run in the chart's history.


text: The album contains all ten of Bob Marley's Top 40 hit singles in the UK up to the time, plus three songs from the original Wailers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Livingston in "Stir It Up," "I Shot the Sheriff," and "Get Up, Stand Up," along with the closing song from the album "Uprising", "Redemption Song." Of the original tracks, only four date from prior to the "Exodus" album.


text: The cassette tape release of the album featured two extra songs, "Punky Reggae Party," the B-side to the "Jamming" single, and "Easy Skanking" from the "Kaya" album. A second generation compact disc remastered by Barry Diament appeared in 1990 on the Tuff Gong label. Although the disc includes the same 14 songs, the tracks are in their original album lengths rather than the edited versions for single release.


text: On 12 February 2002, the expanded 14-track edition with songs at album lengths were remastered for compact disc with a bonus disc consisting of 1984-vintage remixes for extended dance club singles and dub versions. In 2004, the "Legend" double-disc deluxe edition was reissued with the music DVD of the same name in the sound + vision deluxe edition. In 2010, "Legend" was made available as downloadable content for "Rock Band". However, it was released without "Get Up, Stand Up", which was later included on "Rock Band 3". In June 2012, a high fidelity audiophile version of the album was released on HDtracks in 96 kHz/24bit and 192 kHz/24bit resolutions.


text: "Legend" has peaked at number 5 on the "Billboard" 200, making it Marley's highest-charting album in the US. It also holds the distinction of being the second longest-charting album in the history of "Billboard" magazine. Combining its chart life on the "Billboard" 200 and the "Billboard" Catalog Albums charts, "Legend" has had a chart run of 2165 nonconsecutive weeks, surpassed only by Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon" at 2166 nonconsecutive weeks. As of the "Billboard" issue dated 17 December 2022, the album has charted on the "Billboard" 200 for 760 nonconsecutive weeks. As of December 2017, "Legend" has sold 12.3 million copies in the US since 1991 when SoundScan started tracking album sales, making it the ninth best-selling album of the Nielsen SoundScan era. The RIAA has certified "Legend" for selling 15 million copies, a total that includes purchases before 1991.


text: In the United Kingdom, "Legend" has been certified 13× Platinum, and is the 16th best-selling album in that country of all time, with sales of over 3,380,000 as of July 2016.


text: Despite its generally positive reception, "Legend" has been criticized for being a deliberately inoffensive selection of Marley's less political music, shorn of any radicalism that might damage sales. In 2014 in the "Phoenix New Times", David Accomazzo wrote "Dave Robinson, who constructed the tracklist for "Legend", [said that] the tracklist for "Legend" deliberately was designed to appeal to white audiences. Island Records had viewed Marley as a political revolutionary, and Robinson saw this perspective as damaging to Marley's bottom line. So he constructed a greatest-hits album that showed just one face of the Marley prism, the side he deemed most sellable to the suburbs. [...] If you're looking for mass-market appeal to secular-progressive America, you don't include songs that invoke collective guilt over the slave trade, nor do you address the inconvenient truth that the bucolic Jamaican lifestyle of reggae, sandy beaches, and marijuana embraced by millions of college freshmen, exists only because of the brutal slave trade. [...] the songs on "Legend" offer just a brief glimpse into his music. The definitive album of the most important reggae singer of all time is a hodgepodge collection of love songs, feel-good sentiment, and mere hints of the fiery activist whose politics drew bullets in the '70s." Vivien Goldman wrote in 2015, "when he does get played on the radio now, it's the mellow songs, not the angry songs, that get heard – the ones that have been compiled on albums such as "Legend"."


text: When first released in the US in 1984, pressings contained remixes of "No Woman, No Cry," "Buffalo Soldier," "Waiting In Vain," "Exodus" and "Jammin'," done in 1984 by Eric Thorngren. (International pressings substituted the remixes for either album versions or 7" edits.) Two versions of the CD were released in Europe in 1984; one used the same mastering as the US pressing, the other (mastered by Barry Diament) used original full length versions for all the tracks. Pressings from 1986 on used the international version of the release until 2002, when a two-disc deluxe version released by Universal replaced all tracks with their respective album versions (except for "No Woman, No Cry," which is the full length version from the "Live!" album) and included the two extra tracks from the cassette release as bonus tracks. That version was released individually as part of ""The Definitive Remasters"" series. When track No. 13 [Exodus, released on the album "Exodus" by Bob Marley & The Wailers in 1977 by Tuff Gong/Island] begins, the noise at the ending of Bob Marley's "Satisfy My Soul" [released on the album "Kaya" by Bob Marley & The Wailers in 1978 by Tuff Gong/Island] plays at the start.


text: In celebration of the 30th anniversary, the compilation was re-released (as its ""The Definitive Remasters"" form) in two formats:


title: Isaac II Angelos

text: Isaac II Angelos or Angelus (, ; September 1156 – January 1204) was Byzantine Emperor from 1185 to 1195, and again from 1203 to 1204.


title: Isaac II Angelos

text: His father Andronikos Doukas Angelos was a military leader in Asia Minor (c. 1122 – aft. 1185) who married Euphrosyne Kastamonitissa (c. 1125 – aft. 1195). Andronikos Doukas Angelos was the son of Constantine Angelos and Theodora Komnene (b. 15 January 1096/1097), the youngest daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina. Thus Isaac was a member of the extended imperial clan of the Komnenoi.


title: Isaac II Angelos

text: Niketas Choniates described Isaac's physical appearance: "He had a ruddy complexion and red hair, was of average height and robust in body".


title: Isaac II Angelos

text: During the brief reign of Andronikos I Komnenos, Isaac was involved (alongside his father and brothers) in the revolt of Nicaea and Prousa. Atypically, the Emperor did not punish him for this disloyalty, and Isaac remained at Constantinople.


title: Isaac II Angelos

text: On 11 September 1185, while Andronikos was absent from the capital, his lieutenant Stephen Hagiochristophorites moved to arrest Isaac. Isaac killed Hagiochristophorites and took refuge in the church of Hagia Sophia. Andronikos was a capable ruler in some ways but was hated for his cruelty and his efforts to keep the aristocracy obedient. Isaac appealed to the populace, and a tumult arose that spread rapidly over the whole city. When Andronikos returned he found that he had lost popular support, and that Isaac had been proclaimed emperor. Andronikos attempted to flee by boat but was apprehended. Isaac handed him over to the people of the city, and he was killed on 12 September 1185.