title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: "Labatt 50" is a 5% abv ale launched in 1950 to commemorate 50 years of partnership between the grandsons of the brewer's founder. The first light-tasting ale introduced in Canada, Labatt 50 was Canada's best-selling beer until 1979, when, with the increasing popularity of lagers, it was surpassed by "Labatt Blue". Labatt 50 is fermented using a special ale yeast, in use at Labatt since 1933.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: "Labatt Blue" is a 5% abv pale lager. There are of beer in a bottle of "Labatt Blue". There are 355 mL of beer in a standard can of Labatt Blue/Bleue in Canada with other volumes available in specific regions of the country.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: Blue, the company's flagship brand, has entered a number of international beer ratings competitions and has always performed notably well. In 2003, "Labatt Blue" received a Gold Quality Award at the World Quality Selections, organized yearly by Monde Selection.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: Labatt had patented a specific method for making ice beer in 1997, 1998 and 2000: "A process for chill-treating, which is exemplified by a process for preparing a fermented malt beverage wherein brewing materials are mashed with water and the resulting mash is heated and wort separated therefrom. The wort is boiled cooled and fermented and the beer is subjected to a finishing stage, which includes aging, to produce the final beverage. The improvement comprises subjecting the beer to a cold stage comprising rapidly cooling the beer to a temperature of about its freezing point in such a manner that ice crystals are formed therein in only minimal amounts. The resulting cooled beer is then mixed for a short period of time with a beer slurry containing ice crystals, without any appreciable collateral increase in the amount of ice crystals in the resulting mixture. Finally, the so-treated beer is extracted from the mixture." The company provides the following explanation about "Labatt Ice" and "Maximum Ice" for the layman: "During this unique process, the temperature is reduced until fine ice crystals form in the beer. Then using an exclusive process, the crystals are removed. The result is a full flavoured balanced beer."


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: Labatt has sponsored the construction of many buildings in London, including Labatt Park, the John Labatt Centre, and the John Labatt Visual Arts Centre at the University of Western Ontario (UWO). Bessie Labatt's son Arthur Labatt was the 19th chancellor of UWO (2004–2008). In 1998 Labatt announced a 20-year sponsorship agreement with the now defunct Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals), which included naming rights for a downtown Montreal ballpark that was never built.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: They sponsored the English football team Nottingham Forest F.C. from 1992 (interchanging with Shipstones Brewery until 1994) to 1997.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: They also are the official beer and corporate sponsor of the OHL hockey franchise Plymouth Whalers. In the 1950s, the company sponsored a PGA Tour golf tournament, the Labatt Open.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: Labatt sponsored Gilles Villeneuve as well as being the main sponsor of the Formula One Canadian Grand Prix from 1972 to 1986, as well as Williams F1 racing team from 1991 to 1994.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: In 1983–1986, Labatt sponsored Ken Westerfield, Canadian Frisbee champion and world record holder, to perform Frisbee shows throughout Ontario, as well as sponsor the World Guts (Frisbee) Championships on Toronto Islands in 1986.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: Labatt is a beer partner of the NFL's Buffalo Bills, as well as the NHL's Buffalo Sabres, Carolina Hurricanes, Columbus Blue Jackets, Detroit Red Wings, New York Islanders, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Philadelphia Flyers.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: Labatt sponsors the annual Labatt Blue Buffalo Pond Hockey Tournament at Buffalo RiverWorks. The outdoor amateur hockey tournament features more than 800 players.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: In May 2009, Labatt gave their support to a seventh NHL team in Canada, which was pursued by Jim Balsillie.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: In November 2018, Labatt USA opened Labatt Brew House, a innovation brewery and tasting room in Buffalo, New York. Visitors may sample experimental beers or choose from a variety of established brews.


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: Labatt Blue is sold in all provinces of Canada; however, in Quebec it is sold under the French name Labatt Bleue, with a fleur-de-lis logo. Aside from the name, and containing 4.9% alcohol/volume instead of 5.0%, the red maple leaf on the logo has also been changed to a stylized red sheaf of wheat, which Labatt calls its symbol of "brewing quality."


title: Labatt Brewing Company

text: Labatt Blue is sold in most of the United States, with sales particularly strong in the Midwest and Northeast along the Canada–United States border.


title: Playrix

text: Playrix Holding Ltd., also known as Playrix Entertainment and Playrix Games, is a developer of free-to-play mobile games behind titles such as "Township", "Fishdom", "Homescapes", and "Gardenscapes". The company was founded in 2004 by Dmitry Bukhman and Igor Bukhman in Vologda, Russia, and moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ireland in 2013.


title: Playrix

text: Playrix was valued at $8 billion in 2021. As of 2022, Playrix was the fourth-biggest mobile game developer in the world in terms of revenue and employed 4,000 people across 100 cities, mainly in Eastern Europe, including 1500 in Russia and 1500 in Ukraine. In October 2022, the company said it was ceasing operations in Russia and Belarus due to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Playrix

text: Igor and Dmitry Bukhman started working on their first game in 2001 on a computer with a Pentium 100 processor. They released "Discovera" later that year, which was similar to the game "Xonix". The brothers sеt its price at $15 and uploaded it to two hundred app catalogs. The game brought in $60 in its first month. Six months later, the Bukhman brothers released their second game, which brought their monthly revenue up to $200 and allowed them to buy a second computer. They released another game six months after that and started selling screensavers that they bought from programmers.


title: Playrix

text: By 2004, Igor and Dmitry Bukhman had released three games and 30 screensavers, bringing their earnings to $10,000 a month. They founded Playrix, rented an office in Vologda, and hired ten employees. By the end of 2007, the company had released around 15 casual games and its first PC game, reaching a monthly revenue of $300,000.


title: Playrix

text: In 2009, Playrix became interested in developing free-to-play games for mobile phones while continuing to create PC games. In 2012, the company launched its first game on Facebook — "Township". In 2013, "Township" became the company’s first-ever game to be released on iOS and later on Android. Over the next seven years, the game would be downloaded about 250 million times.


title: Playrix

text: The mobile games developer, Perfect Play Studio, with studios in Moscow mainly and Bryansk, was founded in 2009 as WebGames, then changed its name to Perfect Play in 2020. It is a part of Playrix. They first entered the market in 2010, with the name Webgames.


title: Playrix

text: In April 2013, Playrix moved its headquarters to Dublin. The company started working remotely in 2015, and by 2016 it had more employees working remotely than at its central office.


title: Playrix

text: At the end of April 2015, the company announced the release of its second free-to-play mobile game — "Fishdom: Deep Dive". Playrix then released "Gardenscapes" (2016) and "Homescapes" (2017). The former brought the company $1.5 billion in revenue by the end of 2019. The company later released two more games — "Wildscapes" (2019) and "Manor Matters" (2020).


title: Playrix

text: According to App Annie, in September 2016, the company became the highest-grossing mobile game developer in the CIS and Baltic states region, the second in Europe in terms of revenue, and ranked in the Top 20 biggest mobile game developers in the world. In August 2017, the company became the leading mobile game publisher in Europe based on revenue from Google Play and the App Store.


title: Playrix

text: At the beginning of 2018, the Bukhman brothers considered selling the company but decided to invest in other video game companies instead. In 2018, Playrix acquired a 43% stake in Nexters, one of Europe's largest video game developers. In 2018 Playrix became the 9th highest-grossing game publisher globally on iOS and Android.


title: Playrix

text: In 2019, Playrix made approximately $1.7 billion. About $100 million was spent buying shares in European game studios. In August 2019, Playrix invested in the Belarusian company Vizor Games. In October of the same year, Playrix bought the Ukrainian company Zagrava Games and integrated the Russian game developer Alawar Games into the company as well. That December, they acquired the Serbian company Eipix Entertainment.


title: Playrix

text: In May 2020, Playrix acquired the Armenian studio Plexonic and the Croatian studio Cateia Games that June. As a result of this focus on acquisitions, the company grew at a rapid pace. As of 2020, more than 2,500 people were employed by Playrix in 25 offices around the world. In March of 2021, the company bought the Ukrainian studio Boolat Games.


title: Playrix

text: In October 2022, Playrix announced it was closing its offices and development operations in Russia and Belarus, due to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. The company said it would relocate employees living in the affected countries to other regions.


title: Playrix

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Playrix reported an increase in downloads and profits. In response to the pandemic, in April 2020, Playrix paid each of their 2,100 employees an additional one-off payment of $650 to aid in financial support.


title: Playrix

text: In 2020, according to App Annie, "Gardenscapes" and "Fishdom" were downloaded 190 million and 120 million times respectively. As a result, Playrix’s earnings from downloads and in-game purchases increased to $1.75 billion in just eight months. Profits from ads accounted for only 3% of the company’s total earnings. The number of monthly active players also increased to 180 million. As of 2021 the company's valuation was $8 billion. Playrix was the fourth-largest mobile game developer in the world based on revenue, earning $2.7 billion in 2021.


title: Playrix

text: In April 2019, Igor and Dmitry Bukhman first appeared in the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. Their net worth was $1.4 billion each. According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as of September 2020, each brother’s share was worth $3.9 billion.


title: Playrix

text: Playrix has been criticised for its use of deceptive or false advertisements on mobile advertisement platforms such as AdMob. Advertisements for many of their games like "Fishdom", "Gardenscapes", and "Homescapes" display gameplay that does not represent the actual gameplay of the product in question. For example, "Homescapes" advertisements represent the gameplay as repairing a home by selecting the correct tool, while in reality, it is a match-3 game. In September 2020, the United Kingdom's Advertising Standards Authority ruled that two advertisements for "Homescapes" and "Gardenscapes" were misleading and "must not appear again in the form complained of".


title: Playrix

text: Playrix was criticized by some employees after it removed discussion of the February 24, 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine from Slack. During the days following the invasion, the company deleted Slack posts by Ukrainian employees about the war. The company shut down Slack channels March 3, 2022 after “outbursts of uncontrolled hatred between employees.” Co-founder Igor Bukhman defended the decision, and told "Forbes" “The only thing we’re asking of our employees during this crisis is that they keep our few official work channels solely for business communication.”


title: Playrix

text: Hours after the invasion, Playrix put its approximately 1,500 Ukrainian-based staff on paid leave, and in the following days the company provided hotlines to help Ukrainian employees evacuate the country. By February 28th, Playrix gave its 4,000 employees, including the 1,500 in Russia, a bonus equivalent to a month’s salary.


title: Playrix

text: On March 11, 2022, Playrix’s Ukraine-based subsidiary Hit Games donated $500,000 to the Ukrainian Red Cross.


title: Playrix

text: In October 2022, Playrix announced it was closing its offices and development operations in Russia and Belarus due to the war in Ukraine.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: Just Cause is a 2006 third-person action-adventure game set in an open world environment. It is developed by Swedish developer Avalanche Studios and published by Eidos Interactive, and is the first game in the "Just Cause" series. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Xbox 360. The area explored during the game is described as being over in size, with 21 story missions and over 300 side missions to complete.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: As of 23 April 2009, it has sold more than one million copies. A sequel to the game developed by Avalanche Studios, published by Eidos Interactive and distributed by Square Enix, titled "Just Cause 2", was released in March 2010. "Just Cause 3" was revealed in November 2014 and released in December 2015. "Just Cause 4" was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in December 2018.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: "Just Cause" begins in 2006 with Rico Rodriguez, an operative for an organization known only as the "Agency", being dropped into a Caribbean island nation called San Esperito to link up with his mentor and Agency superior, Tom Sheldon, and help him overthrow San Esperito's dictator, President Salvador Mendoza, whom the Agency believes to be in possession of weapons of mass destruction. After his arrival, Rico meets up with Sheldon and fellow agent Maria Kane, and they ally themselves with a guerrilla group staging a rebellion against both Mendoza and the Rioja drug cartel, which has exploited the corruption of the regime to expand its operations throughout San Esperito. Most of the game focuses on Rico's efforts to dismantle Mendoza's regime, eliminate the Black Hand mercenaries hired to oppress the people of San Esperito, and fight back against the cartels. Rico can also assist in the liberation of various territories to further destabilize the government's rule over the island.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: Eventually, Sheldon discovers that Mendoza does, indeed, have control of WMDs, and with San Esperito lost to his control, the president is forced to retreat to his private island just off the mainland. To stop him from using the weapons, Sheldon and Kane fly Rico to the island, causing Mendoza to attempt an escape by jet. However, Rico boards the jet and kills Mendoza and his remaining bodyguards, ending his reign over the islands and allowing the Agency to secure the WMDs.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: The core gameplay consists of elements of a third-person shooter and a driving game, with a large, open world environment in which to move. On foot, the player's character is capable of walking, swimming, and jumping, as well as utilizing weapons and basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can take control of a variety of vehicles, including cars, boats, aircraft, helicopters, and motorcycles. Players can also perform stunts with their cars in which they can stand on the roof and jump to another car, or choose to open their parachute while still in motion on the roof. Other key features of the game include skydiving, base jumping, and parasailing (by latching onto a moving car or boat while one's parachute is deployed).


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: The open, non-linear environment allows players to explore and choose how they wish to play the game. Although storyline missions are necessary to progress through the game, players can complete them at their own leisure. When not taking on a storyline mission, players can roam freely. However, doing so can attract unwanted and potentially fatal attention from the authorities.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: The player can partake in a variety of optional side missions, for example, liberating a village or taking over a drug cartel hideout. These are necessary to gain points with certain factions.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: The PC version of "Just Cause" received "generally favourable reviews", while the rest of the console versions received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the Xbox 360 version was ported for release under the name "Just Cause: Viva Revolution" and published by Electronic Arts on 8 November 2007, "Famitsu" gave it a score of 31 out of 40, while "Famitsu Xbox 360" gave it a score of one seven, one eight, one nine, and one eight for a total of 32 out of 40.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: IGN noted that the gameplay of the same console version lacked depth and that the side quests are boring and repetitive. The game suffers from its share of bug-related issues though, as noted by many reviewers, who felt the game may have been "rushed" to market without sufficient time to fix certain problems. The PlayStation 2 version, in particular, suffers from a number of 'game-killing' bugs that render certain missions impossible to complete, or the entire game unplayable until it is reset. Eidos had not released a patch for the PC or Xbox 360 versions of the game.


title: Just Cause (video game)

text: "The Times" gave the game all five stars and said, "Fans of the Nintendo SNES classic "Pilotwings" will literally jump at the chance to parachute from any of the aircraft for spectacular views of the vast landscape below. There is bound to be a sequel, because this original is so good." "Edge" gave the Xbox 360 version seven out of ten and said, "For all its quirks, the overriding impression of "Just Cause" is favourable. There's an almost childish enthusiasm at work here – and an unparalleled sense of freedom that can be enjoyed just as easily as it can be criticised." However, 411Mania gave the same console version 6.5 out of 10 and called it "a fun game but only a must-own by a wide stretch of the imagination." "The Sydney Morning Herald" gave the game three stars out of five and said, "Sloppy vehicle handling, some bugs in the design of the missions and the endless travel means it doesn't hit the same high notes as "Grand Theft Auto" and others, but the mindless action is still good dumb fun."


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: The 1715 Treasure Fleet was actually a combination of two Spanish treasure fleets returning from the New World to Spain, the "Nueva España Fleet", under Capt.-General Don Juan Esteban de Ubilla, and the "Tierra Firme Fleet", under Don Antonio de Echeverz y Zubiza. At two in the morning on Wednesday, July 31, 1715, seven days after departing from Havana, Cuba, all eleven ships of the fleet were lost in a hurricane along the east coast of Florida. A 12th ship, the French frigate "Le Grifon", had sailed with the fleet. Its captain was unfamiliar with the Florida coastline and elected to stay further out to sea. The "Grifon" safely returned to Europe.


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: Because the fleet was carrying silver, it is also known as the 1715 Plate Fleet ("plata" being the Spanish word for silver). Some artifacts and even coins still wash up on Florida beaches from time to time. According to Cuban records, around 1,500 sailors perished while a small number survived in lifeboats. Many ships, including pirates, took part in the initial salvage. Initially a privateer, Henry Jennings was first accused of piracy for attacking such salvage ships and claiming their salvages.


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: Treasure hunter Kip Wagner's team built an exhibit held at National Geographic "Explorers Hall" in Washington, D.C. that was featured in the January 1965 issue of "National Geographic". This was the beginning of a fine collection of 1715 plate fleet treasure that brought hundreds of visitors from around the world. Wagner published his book "Pieces of Eight" (Recovering The Riches Of A Lost Spanish Fleet) in 1966. This is a detailed account of the finding and exploration of many of these shipwrecks along the Florida "Treasure Coast." An exhibit was set up with a grand opening on May 1, 1967, at the First National Bank of Satellite Beach, Florida.


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: In 1987, another ship in the fleet, the "Urca de Lima", became the first shipwreck in the Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves.


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: Mel Fisher's company, Mel Fisher's Treasures, sold the rights to the 1715 Fleet shipwreck to Queens Jewels, LLC.


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: In 2015, 1715 Fleet - Queens Jewels, LLC and their founder Brent Brisben discovered $4.5 million in gold coins off the coast of Vero Beach, Florida; the coins come from the 1715 Fleet shipwreck site known as the Corrigans wreck.


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: New evidence (see Jorge Proctor, 2021) shows that the Douglass Beach Wreck, long believed to be the "Nuestra Señora de las Nieves", is in fact the "Santa Rita y Las Animas", bought by Ubilla in Cuba and renamed "Nuestra Señora de Regla", like his flagship.


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: In the 2008 movie "Fool's Gold", the protagonists are searching for the location of one of the sunken ships of the treasure fleet (along with its treasure).


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: The treasure fleet was used as the backdrop for a scene in the video game "". The main character, Edward Kenway, is aboard one of the ships in the fleet as a prisoner, and manages to escape with the help of his future quartermaster, Adéwalé, recruiting other captive pirates as a crew. The pirates eventually manage to escape the fleet and the hurricane by stealing the twelfth ship, the brig "El Dorado", which Edward keeps and renames the "Jackdaw", becoming the player's ship for the rest of the game. Edward later makes reference to the event when Blackbeard inquires as to how he got the Jackdaw, and the latter then suggests visiting the site to salvage some of the lost treasure.


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: In the 1977 movie "The Deep" "David Sanders (Nick Nolte) and his British girlfriend Gail Berke (Jacqueline Bisset) recover a number of artifacts (from a diving expedition off the coast of Bermuda), including an ampule of amber-colored liquid and a medallion bearing the image of a woman and the letters 'S.C.O.P.N' (an abbreviation of the Latin 'Santa Clara Ora Pro Nobis' that translates to English as 'Saint Clara Pray For Us') and a date, 1714. St. David's Lighthouse keeper and treasure-hunter Romer Treece (Robert Shaw), believes the medallion had come from the wreckage of the surviving twelfth ship [of the 1715 Treasure Fleet], thought to be a French tobacco ship that was being protected by the 1715 fleet and named "Grifon" (spelt "El Grifón" in Peter Benchley's novel "The Deep"). The ship was thought to be returning to Havana, Cuba for repairs but instead sank off the coast of Bermuda."


title: 1715 Treasure Fleet

text: The plot of the Starz show "Black Sails" revolves heavily around the 1715 Treasure Fleet in its first season. The largest of the ships, the "Urca de Lima", is wrecked during the hurricane off the coast of Florida, carrying five million Spanish dollars' worth in gold, silver and other precious materials, pursued by Captain Flint and his crew. The treasure, colloquially referred to as "the Urca gold", is an important plot device throughout the series.


title: Bill Perkins (businessman)

text: William O. Perkins III (born February 2, 1969) is an American hedge fund manager, film producer and high stakes poker player from Houston, Texas. Perkins focuses on venture capital and energy markets. He founded Small Ventures USA, L.P in 1997 and later joined Centaurus Energy in 2002. He currently manages Houston-based energy hedge fund, Skylar Capital.


title: Bill Perkins (businessman)

text: Perkins grew up in Jersey City, New Jersey the son of football player and politician Bill Perkins and graduated from St. Peter's Preparatory School in 1986. In 2016, he contributed $1.5 million towards the construction of the William O. Perkins III '86 Athletic Center at his alma mater.


title: Bill Perkins (businessman)

text: Bill Perkins is also the author of the book "Die with Zero" and hosts a website with tips and tricks related to his philosophy.


title: Bill Perkins (businessman)

text: Perkins studied Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the University of Iowa. After graduation he worked under natural gas trader John D. Arnold for several years before starting his own hedge fund. During his 12-year career, Perkins directed NorthernStar Natural Gas and was the CEO of Cutuco Energy Central America. Perkins actively traded the stock market turning a $1.25 million profit trading Goldman Sachs in September 2008. In 2009 Perkins became involved in film production, producing various films including "After.Life" (2009), "Unthinkable" (2010), and "Cat Run" (2011).


title: Bill Perkins (businessman)

text: Perkins is a poker player and has entered multiple events including the World Series of Poker, Big One for One Drop, "PokerStars Big Game", PokerStars Caribbean Adventure and "High stakes poker" as well as "Poker Night On Wall Street". Perkins is friends with Dan Bilzerian and they are often seen together.


title: Bill Perkins (businessman)

text: As of 2019, his total live tournament winnings exceed $5,400,000 of which $1,965,163 have come from his One Drop cash at the WSOP.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Dana Michelle Nessel (born April 19, 1969) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the 54th Attorney General of Michigan since January 2019. She is a member of the Democratic Party.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel is the second openly lesbian person elected attorney general of a state in the United States (after Maura Healey of Massachusetts) and the first openly LGBT person elected to statewide office in Michigan. She is also the first Jewish person to be elected Attorney General of Michigan.


title: Dana Nessel

text: In 2014, Nessel successfully argued for the plaintiffs in "DeBoer v. Snyder", which challenged Michigan's ban on the statewide legal recognition of same-sex marriage; the case was eventually combined with others and appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States as "Obergefell v. Hodges," which led to the nationwide legal recognition of same-sex marriage. In 2016, she founded Fair Michigan, a nonprofit organization that works to prosecute hate crimes against the LGBT community.


title: Dana Nessel

text: In 1987, Nessel graduated from West Bloomfield High School in West Bloomfield Township, Michigan. She played soccer and was named All-State. She earned her bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan and her Juris Doctor from Wayne State University Law School.


title: Dana Nessel

text: After graduating law school, Nessel worked as an assistant prosecutor in the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office for eleven years. She was the primary attorney on over 1,665 cases dealing with homicides, armed robberies, child abuse, sex crimes, carjackings and drug cases.


title: Dana Nessel

text: In 2005, Nessel opened her own legal firm, Nessel and Kessel Law, where she handled criminal defense cases, civil rights actions, family law matters, and general tort litigation. While in private practice, she successfully represented the plaintiffs in "DeBoer v. Snyder" (2014).


title: Dana Nessel

text: In 2018, Nessel won the Democratic Party nomination for Michigan Attorney General over former U.S. Attorney for Western Michigan Patrick Miles Jr., and narrowly defeated Republican state House Speaker Tom Leonard and three other candidates in the general election. She succeeded term-limited Republican Bill Schuette who ran unsuccessfully for the office of Governor.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel was sworn into office on January 1, 2019. She is the first openly gay person and first openly LGBTQ person elected to statewide office in Michigan. She is the first Democrat to serve as attorney general since Jennifer Granholm left the office in 2003, a gap of 16 years.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel immediately withdrew Michigan from several federal lawsuits initiated by Schuette involving the separation of church and state, LGBTQ discrimination, environmental protection, and abortion.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Since taking office, Nessel created a number of special units and projects in the Michigan Department of Attorney General.(no source)


title: Dana Nessel

text: After a rise of hate crimes in Michigan for two years in a row, Nessel launched a Hate Crimes Unit within the Criminal Division of the Department of Attorney General that is charged with investigating and prosecuting hate crimes. Before Nessel took office, the Michigan Department of Attorney General did not have any prosecutors or investigators assigned solely to hate crime issues.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel launched a new Conviction Integrity Unit within the Department of Attorney General's Criminal Appellate Division. The unit investigates credible claims of innocence and rectifies wrongful convictions. To do this, officials work with county prosecutors, law enforcement officials, defense attorneys, and innocence clinic projects.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Under her Consumer Protection Division, Nessel launched the state's first Payroll Fraud Enforcement Unit to investigate Michigan establishments that illegally misclassify workers or  withhold wages and benefits. She also established the Department's Auto Insurance Fraud Unit, which received over 3,000 cases after only four months.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Keeping her promise to protect and defend consumers and ratepayers, Nessel saved utility customers $3.6 million after intervening in SEMCO Energy's gas recovery plan case. As of the end of 2019, Nessel has helped save Michigan utility ratepayers a combined $355,809,700.


title: Dana Nessel

text: In collaboration with the Michigan Supreme Court, Nessel launched the Michigan Elder Abuse Task Force to combat physical abuse, financial exploitation, emotional abuse, and neglect of senior citizens. Nearly 50 different organizations including law enforcement, state agencies, the Michigan House of Representatives, Michigan Senate, Michigan Congressional delegation, and advocacy groups, have joined the task force. The task force initiatives include requiring professional guardians to become certified, developing statutory basic rights for families, reviewing the process of a guardian removing a ward from their home, and limiting the number of wards per guardian.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel started a state-wide campaign to crack down on illegal robocalls targeting Michigan residents. This campaign includes initiatives to educate the public, toughen enforcement, and update state law. As of March 2020, over 2,400 caller complaints of illegal robocalls had been received by Nessel's office.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Additionally, Nessel joined a bipartisan group of state attorneys general in filing a brief with the United States Supreme Court for the case "Barr et al. v. American Association of Political Consultants Inc. et al." arguing to preserve the anti-robocall provisions of the federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel took over the department's investigation into sex abuse allegations against the Catholic Church from former Attorney General Bill Schuette. As of December 2019, the Department of Attorney General has received 641 tips on its clergy abuse hotline, identified 270 priests alleged to be abusers from dioceses in Marquette, Gaylord, and Grand Rapids, and received allegations involving 552 victims of clergy sexual abuse since the beginning of the investigation. So far, 1.5 million paper documents and 3.5 million electronic documents have been seized. The investigation team has reviewed 130 cases for potential charges, 50 of which were closed because the statute of limitations barred prosecution or the priest in question had died. Twenty-five cases have been referred back to the diocese for action because the priests were in active ministry. As of January 2020, nine priests have been charged and two have pleaded guilty. In October 2020, Nessel released the results of a two-year investigation she conducted which accused 454 priests of sexually abusing 811 people in the state of Michigan.


title: Dana Nessel

text: In light of the Larry Nassar scandal, The Michigan Department of Attorney General launched an investigation into Michigan State University (MSU). Nessel has charged three former university employees with ties to Nassar. Kathie Klages, the head coach for MSU's gymnastics team while Nassar was team doctor; Lou Anna Simon, who was MSU president during the investigation; and William Strampel, former dean of the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel says that there is still more to investigate, but that the department is at an impasse with MSU as they continue to withhold more than 6,000 documents under the claim of attorney-client privilege. Nessel, survivors, and activists continue to call on the university to release the documents.


title: Dana Nessel

text: In 2018, Michigan passed legislation approved under former Governor Rick Snyder codifying an agreement between the state and Enbridge Energy to replace the Enbridge Line 5, sitting on the lakebed underneath the Straits of Mackinac with a tunnel below the bedrock. Despite a judge's ruling upholding the law in March 2019, Nessel issued an opinion that month stating the law was unconstitutional “because its provisions go beyond the scope of what was disclosed in its title.”. After Enbridge filed a lawsuit, a Michigan Court of Claims judge ruled in favor of Enbridge and rejected Nessel's reasoning, stating, "the argument advanced by defendants misses the mark."


title: Dana Nessel

text: Upon appeal to the Michigan Court of Appeals, Nessel's request to overturn the Court of Claims decision was denied and her opinion was again overruled, allowing Enbridge to continue work on the tunnel and requiring the state to process the necessary permits.


title: Dana Nessel

text: In June 2019, Nessel filed suit independently in Ingham County Circuit Court for a Line 5 shut down “after reasonable notice” and a permanent decommissioning of the controversial oil and gas pipeline. The lawsuit argues that the operation of Line 5 violates the public trust doctrine, is a common law public nuisance, and violates the Michigan Environmental Protection Act because of its likeliness to cause pollution to and destruction of the Great Lakes and other natural resources. The attorneys general of Minnesota, Wisconsin and California have filed friend-of-the-court briefs in support of Nessel's lawsuit.


title: Dana Nessel

text: In January 2020, Nessel filed suit against seventeen companies, including 3M and DuPont, alleging the toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) chemical manufacturers “intentionally hid” known health and environmental risks from the public and state while continuing to sell the PFAS chemicals since the 1950s. The suit seeks to hold the companies financially responsible for all past and future costs associated with the contamination at dozens of sites across the state of Michigan.


title: Dana Nessel

text: While campaigning to become Attorney General for Michigan, Nessel made a series of statements regarding the Flint Water Crisis and its investigation leading up to the 2018 Michigan Attorney General election which took place on November 6, 2018.


title: Dana Nessel

text: After assuming office and taking over the investigation of the Flint Water Crisis from former Attorney General Bill Schuette, Nessel announced that she would be handling the settlements of the 79 Flint civil lawsuits while Solicitor General Fadwa Hammoud and Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy would handle the criminal cases.


title: Dana Nessel

text: On June 13, 2019, Michigan Attorney General Nessel's office dismissed all pending criminal cases tied to the Flint water crisis. Under Michigan's previous attorney general, a Republican, 15 people were charged with crimes related to the water crisis. Several pleaded no contest and were convicted. Prosecutorial overreach possibly tainting the judicial process plagued the investigation from the beginning.


title: Dana Nessel

text: The dismissal effectively ended prosecutions of eight current and former officials accused of neglecting their duties and allowing Flint residents to drink tainted, dangerous water. Children of Flint drank poisoned water with dangerous quantities of lead. At least 12 people died in a Legionnaires’ outbreak that prosecutors linked to the water change. Among the officials whose charges were dropped: the former director of the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, a state epidemiologist, a former Flint public works director and emergency managers who had been appointed to oversee the city. Some defendants had faced charges as serious as involuntary manslaughter. The defence lawyer for Howard Croft, the former Flint public works director who was charged with involuntary manslaughter, said the "attorney general’s decision validated his concerns about the investigation" and credited Nessel's "courage" in deciding to dismiss all criminal charges.


title: Dana Nessel

text: The decision to dismiss all charges was met with considerable outrage from Michiganders, clean water activists, and residents of Flint, the latter who felt their crisis was being forgotten. Prosecutors Fadwa Hammoud and Kym Worthy, who oversaw the case, blamed missteps by the previous prosecution team for their office's decision, citing "immediate and grave concerns about the investigative approach and legal theories." Hammoud and Worthy noted they were not precluded from refiling charges against the defendants or adding new charges and defendants.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel defended her prosecutors’ decision to drop the charges, but also sought to assuage the concerns of Flint residents, stating "justice delayed is not always justice denied."


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel has since opened the first ever satellite location of the Attorney General's Office in Flint. Two victim advocates reside in the office along with the Flint Water Crisis prosecution team.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel filed a lawsuit on behalf of the state of Michigan in December 2019 against opioid distributors using a law to pursue drug dealers. Nessel said that Michigan is the first state to sue drug manufacturers in this way. The companies involved in the suit are Illinois-based Walgreens, Ohio-based Cardinal Health Inc., Texas-based McKesson Corporation, and Pennsylvania-based AmerisourceBergen Drug Corporation. According to the suit, the defendant drug companies sold opioids “in ways that facilitated and encouraged their flow into the illegal, secondary market” without proper safeguards, and they failed to monitor or report suspicious orders, including by knowingly selling pain pills to so-called pill mills. The damages against the defendants are projected to exceed $1 billion.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Shortly after taking office, Nessel changed state policy to require that contracts with adoption agencies refusing to work directly with LGBT couples be terminated; previously, such agencies had been allowed (and been required) to refer LGBT couples to different adoption agencies. The St. Vincent adoption agency, a Catholic organization, sued Nessel, asking to be allowed to continue operating under state contract as before the new policy. U.S. District Judge Robert Jonker ruled in favor of the adoption agency, writing that "the state's new position targets St. Vincent's religious beliefs." Nessel requested a stay of the ruling, but Jonker denied this as well, stating, "the state has offered nothing new and has failed to come to grips with the factual basis on the preliminary injunction record that supports the inference of religious targeting in this case." In March 2022, the state agreed to pay $550,000 to reimburse St. Vincent's legal fees, along with an additional $250,000 to Catholic Charities of West Michigan, also to reimburse legal fees in a similar case.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Throughout her tenure as Attorney General for Michigan, Nessel has been accused of engaging in a pattern of anti Catholic actions and making denigrating remarks about Catholicism. In her lawsuit involving Catholic adoption agencies, Nessel publicly referred to both the agencies and their supporters, as ‘hate mongers,” and has been accused of harboring an "animus" towards the Catholic agencies. Nessel has suggested that she thinks retired Judge Michael Talbot is unfit to help Michigan State University overhaul its Title IX hearing procedures, due to the fact that he is Catholic and previously worked with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw. In her prosecution of sex abuse cases involving Catholic clergy, Nessel stated "If an investigator comes to your door and asks to speak with you, please ask to see their badge and not their rosary," a statement that commentators condemned as an insensitive barb aimed at the Catholic devotional practice of praying the rosary. Michigan State Representative Beau LaFave remarked that there is a "clear pattern of anti-Catholic religious bigotry coming out of our attorney general, and somebody needs to do something about it." Commentators Dawud Walid and Paul Long spoke out against the remarks by Nessel, stating "Articles of faith and sacred symbols of Michiganians should not be disrespected or denigrated by any elected official in our state irrespective of political party, much less the person who has been entrusted to uphold justice and fairness for everyone regardless of their religious affiliation. Regrettably, Nessel has yet to apologize for her statement about the rosary beads." She has also spoken out condemning the Catholic Church's doctrine on birth control.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Shortly after assuming office, Nessel joined a coalition of other attorneys general in a lawsuit to support the Affordable Care Act. Nessel cites the “hundreds and thousands” of residents in Michigan who would lose access to healthcare, particularly those with pre-existing conditions, as her reason for joining the suit. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in 2021.


title: Dana Nessel

text: Nessel met her wife Alanna Maguire while they were both working on the legal case "DeBoer v. Snyder" which was ultimately successful in striking down Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage. Nessel proposed to Maguire in 2015 outside of the United States Supreme Court. The couple married in July 2015 with the marriage being officiated by Judge Bernard Friedman, the judge who had originally struck down Michigan's same-sex marriage ban in March 2014.


title: House of Drăculești

text: The House of Drăculești () were one of two major rival lines of Wallachian voivodes of the House of Basarab, the other being the House of Dănești. These lines were in constant contest for the throne from the late fourteenth to the early sixteenth centuries. Descendants of the line of Drăculești would eventually come to dominate the principality, until its common rule with Transylvania and Moldavia by Mihai Viteazul in 1600.


title: House of Drăculești

text: The line of the Drăculești began with Vlad II, the Dragon, son of one of the most important rulers of the Basarab dynasty, Mircea the Elder. According to some historians, the name "Drăculești" is derived from the membership of Vlad II, Dracul (in Old Romanian and related languages, "drac" meant "dragon") in the Order of the Dragon (founded in 1408 A.D.). The Order's purpose was to make a strong solidarity among Central and South-Eastern Europe's Christians, in their fight against Ottoman and Tartar (from the Golden Horde and Crimean Khanate) Muslims.


title: House of Drăculești

text: "Trașcă Drăculescu" – Wallachian boyar, inhabitant of Oltenia, the "last legitimate" descendent of the dynasty, who died in the 18th century.


title: Scott Norton

text: Scott Norton (born June 15, 1961) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler and author. He is best known for his tenures in World Championship Wrestling and New Japan Pro-Wrestling, in which he was a member of the New World Order and nWo Japan. He is a two-time world champion, having won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship twice.


title: Scott Norton

text: Norton started out as a professional arm wrestler. He won over 30 championships during his days as an arm wrestler, including four U.S. National championships, and gained the nickname "Flash" due to his quickness in winning matches. His status in the arm wrestling world earned him a role in Sylvester Stallone's arm wrestling movie, "Over the Top". While touring the arm wrestling circuit in Japan, Norton was approached by New Japan Pro-Wrestling about becoming a professional wrestler, but he turned it down initially. In addition to his professional arm wrestling career, Norton also worked as a bodyguard for Prince during the musician's 1999 and Purple Rain Tours.


title: Scott Norton

text: After finally deciding to enter professional wrestling, Norton was trained to wrestle by former Olympic wrestler Brad Rheingans. Despite Norton's inexperience, Verne Gagne decided to debut him before he was totally finished with his training, putting him on television as a regular performer for the American Wrestling Association in 1989. He sometimes teamed with John Nord as the Yukon Lumberjacks. He challenged then World Champions Hulk Hogan, Ric Flair and Larry Zbyszko to a televised arm wrestling match. If anyone beat him, he would pay them (kayfabe) $1,000,000. Nothing became of the challenge. By the end of 1989, Norton left the AWA and went to the Pacific Northwest territory to further his career. In PNW, Norton wrestled as a face with a lumberjack gimmick and the nickname "Flapjack". He briefly reformed his tag team with John Nord to reprise their lumberjack gimmick from the AWA. In 1990, Norton became a singles competitor. He won the Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship from Brian Adams on May 12, 1990, but was stripped of the title two weeks later after attacking several wrestlers.


title: Scott Norton

text: In 1990, Norton signed with New Japan Pro-Wrestling. Upon debuting for the promotion, Norton alternated between tag team and mid-card singles matches. Norton appeared at both joint NJPW/World Championship Wrestling Starrcade in Egg Dome shows, giving him exposure to WCW executives.


title: Scott Norton

text: The working agreement between NJPW and WCW meant that The Steiner Brothers would tour Japan on a regular basis, often wrestling against Scott Norton alongside a variety of partners. On November 5, 1991 Norton acted as a substitute for the injured Scott Steiner in an IWGP Tag Team Championship match. Norton and Rick Steiner were unsuccessful on the night and lost the tag-team titles to Hiroshi Hase and Keiji Mutoh. About a year after losing the title he never technically held, Norton won the Tag Team Title properly when he and Tony Halme beat the Steiner Brothers for the gold on November 22, 1992. The powerhouse team only held on to the title for a little over three weeks before losing them to the Hell Raisers (Road Warrior Hawk and Power Warrior).


title: Scott Norton

text: After splitting up with Halme, Norton started to team with Hercules Hernandez in March 1993. Hercules was a fellow powerhouse wrestler and the two formed The Jurassic Powers, a team that won the IWGP Tag Team Championship from the Hell Raisers. The Powers held the title for about four months before losing them back to the Hell Raisers at NJPW's January 4 Dome Show. While holding the title, the Jurassic Powers successfully defended against teams such as Keiji Mutoh and Hiroshi Hase, The Nasty Boys, Takayuki Iizuka and Akira Nogami, Jake "The Snake" Roberts and Brutus Beefcake, Masa Saito and Manabu Nakanishi and The Barbarian and Haku in non-title competition. The team also and made it to the finals of the 1993 Super Grade Tag League, where they lost to Keiji Mutoh and Hiroshi Hase.


title: Scott Norton

text: After breaking up with Hernandez, Norton failed to achieve much notoriety in the singles ranks nor in the tag team division, where he teamed with a variety of partners such as Mike Enos, Ron Simmons, Masahiro Chono, Osamu Kido, and Road Warrior Hawk.


title: Scott Norton

text: Norton returned to the U.S. and signed with World Championship Wrestling in 1993. The promoters first tried to get Norton over with the fans as a villain by feuding with Sting, but Norton quit before Slamboree 1993 and was replaced by The Prisoner.


title: Scott Norton

text: Norton made an appearance on a WWF house show in Sunrise, Florida on October 9, 1994. He was defeated by Thurman "Sparky" Plugg.


title: Scott Norton

text: Norton returned to WCW in September 1995, where he briefly feuded with Shark, after the latter inadvertently helped Randy Savage defeat Norton on the September 11 edition of "WCW Monday Nitro".


title: Scott Norton

text: During a WCW "Saturday Night" taping, Norton squared off against Ice Train. The bout ended in a double count out when both men clotheslined the other, knocking each out. After the match, the two shook hands and Norton explained to announcer Gene Okerlund that he felt that they would make a formidable tag team because of their similar wrestling styles. The team was quickly named Fire and Ice. At Slamboree, Norton and Ice Train were randomly drawn to be on the same team and easily defeated the makeshift team of Big Bubba Rogers and Stevie Ray. The team advanced to the "Lord of The Ring" battle royal, but neither won the match.


title: Scott Norton

text: At The Great American Bash, Fire and Ice came head to head with Norton's long-time rivals, the Steiner Brothers. The two teams were engaged in a mini-feud of sorts, as the two teams tried to show who was better powerhouse team. On that night the Steiner Brothers won, but Fire and Ice were not deterred. After a pre-PPV loss to The Rock 'n' Roll Express at Bash at the Beach, dissension started to appear between the two, a dissension that turned into battle as Norton attacked Ice Train after another team loss. Norton defeated Ice Train at Hog Wild in a submission match, but lost to Ice Train in a rematch a month later.


title: Scott Norton

text: After Fire and Ice ended, Norton split his time between WCW and NJPW, achieving more success in NJPW than WCW most notably in the tag team division. Norton and Shinya Hashimoto teamed up and won the Super Grade Tag League in 1996 after beating Keiji Mutoh and Rick Steiner in the finals.


title: Scott Norton

text: In late 1996, Norton joined the New World Order (nWo), which gave his WCW career some direction after the breakup of Fire and Ice. In the nWo, Norton teamed with Buff Bagwell as Vicious and Delicious. They feuded with the Steiner Brothers, but were never able to win the World Tag Team Championship.


title: Scott Norton

text: During his nWo days, Norton traveled back and forth to NJPW, where he was a member of nWo Japan, and became NJPW's gaijin ace while also becoming one of the few wrestlers to be a regular member of both factions. On September 23, 1998, he won the vacant IWGP Heavyweight Championship by defeating Yuji Nagata. Norton's title win was mentioned only once in America on a broadcast of "Nitro" while he was seen holding the belt, but Norton's standing in the WCW version of the nWo never changed from this fact mostly due to the nWo's leader being Hollywood Hogan, who was the WCW World Heavyweight Champion. Norton held the IWGP Heavyweight Title for four months before losing the title to Keiji Mutoh. Norton is one of nine foreigners who ever held the IWGP Championship, the others being Big Van Vader, Salman Hashimikov, Bob Sapp, Kurt Angle (IGF version, not actual NJPW-recognized version), Brock Lesnar, AJ Styles, Kenny Omega, and Jay White.


title: Scott Norton

text: Norton soon began playing a smaller role in WCW, becoming part of the nWo "B-Team", which often placed him in mid-lower card matches; although he would continue to squash jobbers frequently in singles competition. While in NJPW, however, Norton was seen as a main eventer and constant threat to world champions. He left WCW completely in 1999 after losing a match against Goldberg on the September 30 episode of "Thunder" and began focusing his efforts on NJPW, where he was part of Masahiro Chono's Team 2000.


title: Scott Norton

text: On March 17, 2001, Norton defeated Kensuke Sasaki in Nagoya, Japan to capture the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship a second time. His second reign was shorter than his first, and he lost to Kazuyuki Fujita on his first defense. After the loss, Norton started to team with fellow WCW alumnus Rick Steiner whenever Steiner toured Japan, but otherwise he was planted solidly in the mid-card as a test any hopeful world title challenger would have to pass. After briefly retiring in 2004, Norton returned later that year and resumed teaming with Steiner. Following the 2006 New Japan Cup, he left NJPW after 16 years, becoming a freelancer in the process.


title: Scott Norton

text: In mid-2006, Norton started his own independent promotion, Wild West Championship Wrestling, based in the southwest of United States, where he acted as both a booker and wrestler until its closure later that year.


title: Scott Norton

text: After wrestling for Hustle from mid to late 2007, Norton took a near-year long hiatus before returning on October 24, 2008, where he and Masahiro Chono defeated Don Frye and Yoshihiro Takayama in the first part of the Pro Wrestling Expo. The next day, Norton, Frye and Dick Togo lost to Chono, Eric Young and Kohei Sato. Since then, Norton has been inactive from wrestling.


title: Scott Norton

text: In an August 2010 interview, Norton revealed that he would be interested in a run with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. At the time, Norton lived in Brentwood, Tennessee, which is located minutes outside of TNA's headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee and commented that wrestling is, "something I enjoy doing. You miss it. I can still perform at a high level. I’m still a big, strong man. I would like to give it another shot. If I can get a couple-year run, I'll fold up my tent and call it a day."


title: Scott Norton

text: On October 7, 2012, Norton teamed with Keiji Mutoh to defeat the team of Masanobu Fuchi and Taiyo Kea in a tag team match on the first event of All Japan Pro Wrestling's 40th Anniversary Tour.


title: Scott Norton

text: Norton returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, taking part in the New Japan Rumble, from which he was eliminated by Michael Elgin. The following day, Norton teamed with Cheeseburger and former nWo Japan stablemates Hiro Saito, Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima in a ten-man tag team, where they defeated Bullet Club (Bad Luck Fale, Bone Soldier, Kenny Omega, Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa).


title: Scott Norton

text: On April 29, 2017, Norton faced NYWC Heavyweight Champion Bull James at April Reign in a losing effort.


title: Scott Norton

text: Norton is married to his wife Tammy. His book, "Scott Norton: Strong Style", with assistance from Adam Randis, who has been a longtime fan of Norton, was released on May 25, 2019.


title: Scott Norton

text: Growing up in Minnesota, Norton became friends with a number of future fellow professional wrestlers, including Road Warrior Hawk, Curt Hennig, Rick Rude, John Nord and Wayne Bloom.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Uppum Mulakum () is an Indian Malayalam-language sitcom, that has been broadcast on Flowers since 14 December 2015. Created and directed by R. Unnikrishnan, the sitcom depicts the everyday life of Balachandran Thampi, his wife Neelima, and their five children. The main cast includes Biju Sopanam, Nisha Sarang, Rishi S. Kumar, Juhi Rustagi, Al Sabith, Shivani Menon and Baby Ameya. Baby Ameya joined the show as the newborn baby of the family in May 2018.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: It crossed 1,000 episodes in 2019. The first season of the show aired from 14 December 2015 to 15 January 2021, consisting of 1206 episodes. The second season of the show began broadcast on 13 June 2022. Juhi Rustagi, who previously had left the show in January 2020 when it reached 1013 episodes came back to the show in the second season. Uppum Mulakum is one of the most popular and longest running Malayalam sitcoms that has been acclaimed throughout its run. The show won the Kerala State Television Award for Best Comedy Show in 2017.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: The sitcom revolves around the family of Balu; a self-employed electronics technician, his wife Neelu, who works as an accountant in a private firm, and their five children: Vishnu who's called "Mudiyan" by his family's due to his hair, Lakshmi "Lechu", Keshav "Keshu", Shivani "Shiva" and Parvathi "Parrukutty". The family is usually referred to as Paramada Veedu.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Vishnu is a new-generation, lively dancer. Earlier he was often teased by his siblings for failing in his BSc examinations. He is Neelu's eldest and favorite son. He has a dance group. His hairstyle makes him a popular character. He even took care of his baby sister when no one was at home. In episode 803, he passed his BSc, which made the family happy, and thanks to Meenu his friend, Vishnu got a job at an advertisement company with an income. He lost the job later and currently works in a private bank.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Lechu is the lazy, beauty-conscious eldest daughter of the family. She often teases her younger siblings. She loves writing poems and singing. She is always seen chatting with her friends. Later she joined for B.Com. She married a naval officer, Sidharth in episode 1011 and was last seen in season 1 during the 1013th episode (This was due to Juhi Rustagi leaving the show). She came back in season 2 and it was revealed that Lechu's husband now works abroad so that she can stay with her parents.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Keshu and Shiva are the school-going kids of the house. Keshu is a foodie while Shiva doesn't enjoy eating. Both are naughty but they share an unbreakable bond with each other. They make naughty plans together and Lechu always gets threatened by them. All of them love each other even though they keep fighting all day.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: They are eventually joined by Parrukutty, the baby of the family. She is an adorable baby who has won the hearts of her family members. She was born in episode 604.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: They are occasionally visited by Balu's brother Surendran Thambi, his parents Madhavan Thambi and Sharada, his aunt, his cousin Rema, Rema's husband Jayanthan, Rema's father (Balu's relative) Shankaran Thambi, Neelu's parents Kuttan Pillai and Bhavani Amma. Their neighbors Bhasi, Nawas, Shukoor, newspaper boy Kannan, auto-rickshaw driver Chandran, Chandran's wife Kanakam (who is the daughter of Balu's distant relative) also make appearances. Neelima's brother Sreekkuttan (played by S. P. Sreekumar) also made appearances during the early episodes of the show. Vishnu's friends Jerry, Meenakshi, and Jennah along with Lechu's friend Gayathri also make certain appearances.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: They visit Paramada Veedu and sometimes stay there. Some episodes are even taking place at their places called Shoolamkudi house at Neyyattinkara in Thiruvananthapuram and Padavalam Veedu at Piravom in Ernakulam. This too highlights Trivandrum vs Kochi in a comic manner as it is seen in common disputes between Balu and Neelu


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Balu's brother Surendran who runs a grocery shop in Neyyattinkara is a soft person and Balu often ridicules him.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Shankaran (Shankara Annan)is a drunkard who is loved by everyone in the family. His daughter Rema is Balu's cousin and is married to Jayanthan who is a jobless politician. Both of them have silly fights which are often resolved by Balu and Neelu.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: In episode number 368, the character of Autodriver Chandran was introduced. He later becomes a close friend of the Paramada family. Eventually, in episode 850, he marries Kanakam, a distant relative of Balu who hails from Tamil Nadu.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: During the lockdown period due to COVID-19, the family started a YouTube channel named Padavalam vs Shoolamkudi and their first video became viral and created two more videos of which one was a story and the other one was a dance by Chittappan. Eventually, in episode 1091 a new character named Pooja Jayaram was introduced. She is a fan of Mudiyan, who loves him and she wants to marry him. In episode 1164, the character named Sreeraj who was mentioned since the beginning of the show was introduced. Sreeraj is the eldest brother of Neelu who is settled in Chennai with his family.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Nisha Sarang was offered the role of Neelima when she was doing the cookery show "Kuttikkalavara" on Flowers. Except for Sarang, all other principal actors were beginners in television. Theatre actor Biju Sopanam had earlier acted under R. Unnikrishnan's directorial in "Back Benchers", a comedy serial on Amrita TV. He was offered the role of Balachandran Thampi. Biju was keen on working with Unnikrishnan ever since he watched his directorial sitcom "Marimayam" on Mazhavil Manorama, he wanted to do such roles that are close to reality. "Uppum Mulakum" was his second television appearance and the first leading role. Unnikrishnan called Rishi S. Kumar for the role of Vishnu after seeing him in the reality TV show "D 4 Dance" on Mazhavil Manorama, in which he was a contestant. It was Unnikrishnan's son who recommended him. Al Sabith and Shivani Menon were also picked from reality TV show, they were both contestants on the show "Kuttikkalavara" on Flowers. Shivani is one month elder than Al Sabith, but it is the other way in the show. Juhi Rustagi was Unnikrishnan's son's friend, they first met on his son's birthday party and few days later she was offered the role of Lachu.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Biju's real-life brother, Binoj, who is five years younger than him, portrays his brother Surendran Thambi on the show. Biju's real-life daughter Gouri Lakshmi portrays his niece Kanmani, Surendran's daughter. The show was filmed at a house named Paramada Veedu in Vazhakkala, Kochi. In July 2018, R. Unnikrishnan was replaced by cinematographer S.J Sinu as the show's director. Later Pradheep Madhav was choosen as the director of the show.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Uppum Mulakum's rating began to drop slightly when Juhi Rustagi left the show in January 2020. When the show started back its production after several months of lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic, a new character called Pooja Jayaram was introduced. Still the show did not managed to get back the rating like that of in its earlier days. Around the same time, Flowers TV launched another sitcom called "Chakkappazham" in August 2020. After airing the last episode on 15 January 2021, Uppum Mulakum stopped its broadcast. Flowers TV managing director Sreekandan Nair later announced that the show would undergo an hiatus for an extended period of time. But in February 2021, it was unofficially confirmed by the fans that the show is not on hiatus and has been cancelled. Later in March 2021, Biju Sopanam and Nisha Sarang finally revealed through social media that the show has been officially cancelled by the channel thus making the 1206th episode aired on 15 January as its final episode.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: During the 1 June 2022 episode of "Flowers Oru Kodi", Nair announced that the second season of Uppum Mulakum is under development and will start broadcast on 13 June 2022. They also released a teaser of the second season on the channel and social media announcing the same. The show's creator and initial director R. Unnikrishnan was bought back in the director role. Juhi Rustagi, who left the show in January 2020 also made a comeback. The first episode of the second season was premiered on 13 June 2022 and it became number one trending topic on YouTube.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Uppum Mulakum is one of the most popular sitcoms in Malayalam. The show has one of the biggest fan base for a Malayalam TV show and is acclaimed by the audience for its realistic touch.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Indian express stated; "Uppum Mulakum presents the simple things in daily life without losing its originality. Behind the show's popularity is that the audience can feel that the house and its family members may have been living somewhere else in the real life".


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: In July 2018, Nisha Sarang raised allegations of sexual harassment against the serial director R. Unnikrishnan, after which the Kerala Women's Commission registered a case against him. Later, she decided to continue in the serial after the channel assured that the director will be replaced.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: In February 2020, the main cast actors had some issues in the set against the scriptwriter due to which they all walked away, much to the disappointment of the fans. Sooner than later, all the issues were solved by the changing of the scriptwriter and the crew was back in action.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Flowers TV subsequently started a behind-the-scenes programme of "Uppum Mulakum" named "Uppile Mulaku", which was hosted by Nandini Nair.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: Uppum Mulakum is dubbed into Tamil as "Uppum Karavum" on Flowers Tamil YouTube channel. They also put up special episodes during festivals like Onam.


title: Uppum Mulakum

text: In October 2021, Zee Keralam started developing a new spiritual reboot of the sitcom, with the idea of reimagining the original series. The show titled "Erivum Puliyum" featuring the actors of the "Uppum Mulakum" playing new characters started airing from 17 January 2022 However the show went off-air on 13 May 2022 due to low TRP Ratings and negative reviews from the fans.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era (AD) to the present. Question marks ('?') on dates indicate approximate dates.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: The year one is the first year in the "Christian calendar" (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: Jesus begins his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Nisan 14th (, , Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), entombment by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, Resurrection by God and Resurrection appearances of Jesus to Mary Magdalene and other women (, ), Simon Peter (), and others, (), Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age.


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: Shortly after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ (Nisan 14 or 15), the Jerusalem church is founded as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (), followed by Pentecost (Sivan 6), the Ananias and Sapphira incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of the Apostles (), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see also Persecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersion of the Apostles (, also ) which leads to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (), and also an Ethiopian eunuch (). Paul's "Road to Damascus" conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in , cf. . Peter baptizes the Roman Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (). The Antioch church is founded, where the term Christian was first used ().


title: Timeline of Christianity

text: Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to unify Christology, also called the first great Christian council by Jerome, the first ecumenical, decreed the Original Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarians such as Arius, Theonas, Secundus of Ptolemais, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Theognis of Nicaea who were excommunicated, also addressed Easter controversy and passed 20 Canon laws such as Canon VII which granted special recognition to Jerusalem.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: "I Need a Doctor" is a single by American rapper Dr. Dre featuring fellow American rapper Eminem and American singer Skylar Grey. The song was produced by Alex da Kid and released for digital download through the American iTunes Store on February 1, 2011.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: Musically, "I Need a Doctor" is predominantly a rap song, backed by a "spacey", drum-heavy production, with extra piano keys featured in the introduction and the chorus. Lyrically, the song is largely about Dr. Dre and Eminem's close friendship, and how they have often needed and inspired each other in the past.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: Even though the song was leaked onto the Internet several months in advance of its release, it became a significant commercial success on its official release, particularly in the United States, where it peaked at number 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it Dr. Dre's second highest peaking song on the chart ever. It also peaked in the upper regions of many other national charts. As of October 2011, it had sold over 2,206,000 digital copies in the United States alone, thus making it a double platinum record as certified by the RIAA.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: Skylar Grey said that she and da Kid came to the studio with the hook and "the track" prepared; [Dre and Eminem] loved it. Eminem had then gone into the back room, and came out two hours later, and said that he was done writing his verses. Grey also said that she was in tears when she heard Eminem's verses for the first time and that da Kid initially proposed featuring Lady Gaga on the hook, but Eminem insisted on having Grey's vocals, and said that they were not taking her voice off the track. In the song Eminem raps two verses about his mentor, thanking Dre for believing in him in his early days and returning the favor, before Dre delivers the song's final verse. The song's theme is about Dre's life, how it affected him, and that Eminem would be there for him since he was always there for Eminem.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: The video for "I Need a Doctor" was shot with Allen Hughes, the director of "Menace II Society", "From Hell" and "The Book of Eli". The video premiered on February 24, 2011.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: The video begins with an introduction of Dr. Dre's music career, such as when he and fellow N.W.A member DJ Yella were in the 1980s funk group World Class Wreckin' Cru. There are also scenes of Dr. Dre and his family, such as him hugging his daughter and son and getting married. There are also snippets from past music videos. It includes many rappers such as Eazy-E, 2Pac, The D.O.C, Snoop Dogg, Warren G, Nate Dogg, Eminem, Xzibit and all the rest of the members from N.W.A. The video then features Dr. Dre driving down Pacific Coast Highway in a Ferrari 360, with flashbacks of his life, crashing his car and the last thing heard was his daughter say "Good night Daddy." Then he is transported to a medical facility. The date at the beginning of the video is February 18, 2001 (his 36th birthday). They fast-forward to present day ten years later, where he has been hospitalized and is on life support. The Marin County Civic Center stands in for the medical facility. HP Touchstone / Touch-to-Share technology is featured as the way medical data is transferred from the doctor's phone to the medical tablet. Eminem raps next to him as he is floating in an isolation tank, during which the figure of the Pythia (played by Canadian actress Estella Warren) is singing as a hologram behind and over Dre, mouthing the words to Skylar Grey's vocal part in the song. Skylar Grey herself appears as one of the doctors in the video, but never actually appears singing her part. Dre eventually wakes up and goes through rehab, and the video ends with him standing next to the grave of Eazy-E, a rapper who had launched Dre's music career by founding N.W.A and was also a member along with Ice Cube, MC Ren and DJ Yella. A ticking clock is heard midway through the video. The music video received complaints of being an "act of advertising" for a variety of product placements, such as Ferrari, G-Shock, HP, Gatorade, and Dr. Dre's signature headphones, Beats by Dr. Dre.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: On August 17, 2012 the music video was VEVOCertified after receiving more than 100,000,000 views on YouTube.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: Dr. Dre, Eminem and Skylar Grey performed the song at the 2011 Grammy Awards as part of a medley with "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)" performed by Rihanna, Adam Levine and Eminem.


title: I Need a Doctor

text: Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song a very positive review - rating the song five stars out of five; "Why is 'I Need a Doctor' such a brilliant single? Well, first of all there's the production from British knob-twiddling whizz Alex da Kid, which has a similar gravitas and bone-rattling bombast to his work on 'Love the Way You Lie' and 'Airplanes'. Then there's the haunting chorus, delivered by Diddy's 'Coming Home' bud Skylar Grey, which inhabits you from first listen. However, what elevates 'I Need A Doctor' from "very good" to "a little bit special" are the performances of Dre and Em. [...] That single manly tear dribbling down your cheek? Entirely, entirely justified."


title: I Need a Doctor

text: On November 30, 2011, "I Need a Doctor" was nominated for the Grammy Awards for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration and Best Rap Song, both of which Kanye West won for his single "All of the Lights" from "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" (2010).


title: I Need a Doctor

text: The track first appeared on the UK Singles Chart, at number 21 on February 6, 2011—being Dr. Dre's sixth highest-charting single in the UK and his ninth Top 40 single. It has since peaked at #8 as of March 27, 2011. It debuted at number-5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with sales of 226,000, becoming his first top-ten single as lead artist on the chart in 16 years, since "Keep Their Heads Ringin" reached #10 in 1995, also that number of sales was enough to earn a #1 in the chart Hot Digital Songs in February, 19. It is also his second highest peak on the chart ever as lead artist, behind only "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang" which peaked at #2 in 1993. It has since peaked at #4 after selling 283,000 in its third week on the charts, the resurgence in sales seemingly due to its performance at the 2011 Grammy Awards.


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: The idiom "the straw that broke the camel's back" describes the minor or routine action that causes an unpredictably large and sudden reaction, because of the cumulative effect of small actions. It alludes to the proverb "it is the last straw that breaks the camel's back".


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: This gives rise to the phrase "the last straw", or "the final straw", meaning that the last one in a line of unacceptable occurrences causes a seemingly sudden, but strong reaction.


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: The earliest known version of the expression comes in a theological debate on causality by Thomas Hobbes and John Bramhall in 1654–1684:


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: An essay of 1724 emphasizes not the fact of being the "last" cause, but rather of being a "least" cause, that is, a "minor" one:


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: The same sentiment is also expressed by the phrase "the last drop makes the cup run over", first found in English as "When the Cup is brim full before, the last (though least) superadded drop is charged alone to be the cause of all the running over" (1655).


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: The phrase has been compared with Seneca's discussion on why death is not to be feared. Starting with a mention of the commonplace "we do not suddenly fall on death, but advance towards it by slight degrees; we die every day" ("non repente nos in mortem incidere, sed minutatim procedere; cotidie morimur"), Seneca compares life to a water-clock:


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: It is not the last drop that empties the water-clock, but all that which previously has flowed out; similarly, the final hour when we cease to exist does not of itself bring death; it merely of itself completes the death-process. We reach death at that moment, but we have been a long time on the way.


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: "Quemadmodum clepsydram non extremum stillicidium exhaurit, sed quicquid ante defluxit, sic ultima hora, qua esse desinimus, non sola mortem facit, sed sola consummat; tunc ad illam pervenimus, sed diu venimus."


title: Straw that broke the camel's back

text: In contrast to the imagery of the "last straw", which emphasizes dramatic final result, Seneca emphasizes the continuity of the final hour of life with all the hours that have come before.


title: Concrete slab

text: A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner "mud slabs" may be used for exterior paving .


title: Concrete slab

text: In many domestic and industrial buildings, a thick concrete slab supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor. These slabs are generally classified as "ground-bearing" or "suspended". A slab is ground-bearing if it rests directly on the foundation, otherwise the slab is suspended.


title: Concrete slab

text: On technical drawings, reinforced concrete slabs are often abbreviated to "r.c.c. slab" or simply "r.c.". Calculations and drawings are often done by structural engineers in CAD software.


title: Concrete slab

text: Energy efficiency has become a primary concern for the construction of new buildings, and the prevalence of concrete slabs calls for careful consideration of its thermal properties in order to minimise wasted energy. Concrete has similar thermal properties to masonry products, in that it has a relatively high thermal mass and is a good conductor of heat.


title: Concrete slab

text: In some special cases, the thermal properties of concrete have been employed, for example as a heatsink in nuclear power plants or a thermal buffer in industrial freezers.


title: Concrete slab

text: Thermal conductivity of a concrete slab indicates the rate of heat transfer through the solid mass by conduction, usually in regard to heat transfer to or from the ground. The coefficient of thermal conductivity, "k", is proportional to density of the concrete, among other factors. The primary influences on conductivity are moisture content, type of aggregate, type of cement, constituent proportions, and temperature. These various factors complicate the theoretical evaluation of a "k"-value, since each component has a different conductivity when isolated, and the position and proportion of each components affects the overall conductivity. To simplify this, particles of aggregate may be considered to be suspended in the homogeneous cement. Campbell-Allen and Thorne (1963) derived a formula for the theoretical thermal conductivity of concrete. In practice this formula is rarely applied, but remains relevant for theoretical use. Subsequently, Valore (1980) developed another formula in terms of overall density. However, this study concerned hollow concrete blocks and its results are unverified for concrete slabs.


title: Concrete slab

text: The actual value of "k" varies significantly in practice, and is usually between 0.8 and 2.0 W m K. This is relatively high when compared to other materials, for example the conductivity of wood may be as low as 0.04 W m K. One way of mitigating the effects of thermal conduction is to introduce insulation .


title: Concrete slab

text: The second consideration is the high thermal mass of concrete slabs, which applies similarly to walls and floors, or wherever concrete is used within the thermal envelope. Concrete has a relatively high thermal mass, meaning that it takes a long time to respond to changes in ambient temperature. This is a disadvantage when rooms are heated intermittently and require a quick response, as it takes longer to warm the entire building, including the slab. However, the high thermal mass is an advantage in climates with large daily temperature swings, where the slab acts as a regulator, keeping the building cool by day and warm by night.


title: Concrete slab

text: Typically concrete slabs perform better than implied by their R-value. The R-value does not consider thermal mass, since it is tested under constant temperature conditions. Thus, when a concrete slab is subjected to fluctuating temperatures, it will respond more slowly to these changes and in many cases increase the efficiency of a building. In reality, there are many factors which contribute to the effect of thermal mass, including the depth and composition of the slab, as well as other properties of the building such as orientation and windows.


title: Concrete slab

text: Thermal mass is also related to thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and insulation. Concrete has low thermal diffusivity, high heat capacity, and its thermal mass is negatively affected by insulation (e.g. carpet).


title: Concrete slab

text: Without insulation, concrete slabs cast directly on the ground can cause a significant amount of extraneous energy transfer by conduction, resulting in either lost heat or unwanted heat. In modern construction, concrete slabs are usually cast above a layer of insulation such as expanded polystyrene, and the slab may contain underfloor heating pipes. However, there are still uses for a slab that is not insulated, for example in outbuildings which are not heated or cooled to room temperature . In these cases, casting the slab directly onto a substrate of aggregate will maintain the slab near the temperature of the substrate throughout the year, and can prevent both freezing and overheating.


title: Concrete slab

text: A common type of insulated slab is the beam and block system (mentioned above) which is modified by replacing concrete blocks with expanded polystyrene blocks. This not only allows for better insulation but decreases the weight of slab which has a positive effect on load bearing walls and foundations.


title: Concrete slab

text: Ground-bearing slabs, also known as "on-ground" or "slab-on-grade", are commonly used for ground floors on domestic and some commercial applications. It is an economical and quick construction method for sites that have non-reactive soil and little slope.


title: Concrete slab

text: For ground-bearing slabs, it is important to design the slab around the type of soil, since some soils such as clay are too dynamic to support a slab consistently across its entire area. This results in cracking and deformation, potentially leading to structural failure of any members attached to the floor, such as wall studs.


title: Concrete slab

text: Levelling the site before pouring concrete is an important step, as sloping ground will cause the concrete to cure unevenly and will result in differential expansion. In some cases, a naturally sloping site may be levelled simply by removing soil from the uphill site. If a site has a more significant grade, it may be a candidate for the "cut and fill" method, where soil from the higher ground is removed, and the lower ground is built up with fill.


title: Concrete slab

text: In addition to filling the downhill side, this area of the slab may be supported on concrete piers which extend into the ground. In this case, the fill material is less important structurally as the dead weight of the slab is supported by the piers. However, the fill material is still necessary to support the curing concrete and its reinforcement.


title: Concrete slab

text: Proper curing of ground-bearing concrete is necessary to obtain adequate strength. Since these slabs are inevitably poured on-site (rather than precast as some suspended slabs are), it can be difficult to control conditions to optimize the curing process. This is usually aided by a membrane, either plastic (temporary) or a liquid compound (permanent).


title: Concrete slab

text: Ground-bearing slabs are usually supplemented with some form of reinforcement, often steel rebar. However, in some cases such as concrete roads, it is acceptable to use an unreinforced slab if it is adequately engineered .


title: Concrete slab

text: For a suspended slab, there are a number of designs to improve the strength-to-weight ratio. In all cases the top surface remains flat, and the underside is modulated:


title: Concrete slab

text: Unreinforced or "plain" slabs are becoming rare and have limited practical applications, with one exception being the mud slab . They were once common in the USA, but the economic value of reinforced ground-bearing slabs has become more appealing for many engineers. Without reinforcement, the entire load on these slabs is supported by the strength of the concrete, which becomes a vital factor. As a result, any stress induced by a load, static or dynamic, must be within the limit of the concrete's flexural strength to prevent cracking. Since unreinforced concrete is relatively very weak in tension, it is important to consider the effects of tensile stress caused by reactive soil, wind uplift, thermal expansion, and cracking. One of the most common applications for unreinforced slabs is in concrete roads.


title: Concrete slab

text: Mud slabs, also known as "rat slabs", are thinner than the more common suspended or ground-bearing slabs (usually 50 to 150 mm), and usually contain no reinforcement. This makes them economical and easy to install for temporary or low-usage purposes such as subfloors, crawlspaces, pathways, paving, and levelling surfaces. In general, they may be used for any application which requires a flat, clean surface. This includes use as a base or "sub-slab" for a larger structural slab. On uneven or steep surfaces, this preparatory measure is necessary to provide a flat surface on which to install rebar and waterproofing membranes. In this application, a mud slab also prevents the plastic bar chairs from sinking into soft topsoil which can cause spalling due to incomplete coverage of the steel. Sometimes a mud slab may be a substitute for coarse aggregate. Mud slabs typically have a moderately rough surface, finished with a float.


title: Concrete slab

text: A "one-way slab" has moment-resisting reinforcement only in its short axis, and is used when the moment in the long axis is negligible. Such designs include corrugated slabs and ribbed slabs. Non-reinforced slabs may also be considered one-way if they are supported on only two opposite sides (i.e. they are supported in one axis). A one-way reinforced slab may be stronger than a two-way non-reinforced slab, depending on the type of load.


title: Concrete slab

text: The calculation of reinforcement requirements for a one-way slab can be extremely tedious and time-consuming, and one can never be completely certain of the best design. Even minor changes to the project can necessitate recalculation of the reinforcement requirements. There are many factors to consider during the structural structure design of one-way slabs, including:


title: Concrete slab

text: A "two-way slab" has moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. This may be implemented due to application requirements such as heavy loading, vibration resistance, clearance below the slab, or other factors. However, an important characteristic governing the requirement of a two-way slab is the ratio of the two horizontal lengths. If formula_1 where formula_2 is the short dimension and formula_3 is the long dimension, then moment in both directions should be considered in design. In other words, if the axial ratio is greater than two, a two-way slab is required.


title: Concrete slab

text: Prefabricated concrete slabs are built in a factory and transported to the site, ready to be lowered into place between steel or concrete beams. They may be pre-stressed (in the factory), post-stressed (on site), or unstressed. It is vital that the wall supporting structure is built to the correct dimensions, or the slabs may not fit.


title: Concrete slab

text: On-site concrete slabs are built on the building site using formwork - a type of boxing into which the wet concrete is poured. If the slab is to be reinforced, the rebars, or metal bars, are positioned within the formwork before the concrete is poured in. Plastic-tipped metal or plastic bar chairs, are used to hold the rebar away from the bottom and sides of the form-work, so that when the concrete sets it completely envelops the reinforcement. This concept is known as concrete cover. For a ground-bearing slab, the formwork may consist only of side walls pushed into the ground. For a suspended slab, the formwork is shaped like a tray, often supported by a temporary scaffold until the concrete sets.


title: Concrete slab

text: The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and boards, plastic, or steel. On commercial building sites, plastic and steel are gaining popularity as they save labour. On low-budget or small-scale jobs, for instance when laying a concrete garden path, wooden planks are very common. After the concrete has set the wood may be removed, or left there permanently.


title: Concrete slab

text: In some cases formwork is not necessary - for instance, a ground slab surrounded by brick or block foundation walls, where the walls act as the sides of the tray and hardcore (rubble) acts as the base.


title: José

text: José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced differently in each language: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ).


title: José

text: In French, the name "José", pronounced , is an old vernacular form of Joseph, which is also in current usage as a given name. José is also commonly used as part of masculine name composites, such as José Manuel, José Maria or Antonio José, and also in female name composites like Maria José or Marie-José. The feminine written form is "Josée" as in French.


title: José

text: In Netherlandic Dutch, however, "José" is a feminine given name and is pronounced ; it may occur as part of name composites like Marie-José or as a feminine first name in its own right; it can also be short for the name "Josina" and even a Dutch hypocorism of the name "Johanna".


title: José

text: In England, Jose is originally a Romano-Celtic surname, and people with this family name can usually be found in, or traced to, the English county of Cornwall, where it was especially frequent during the fourteenth century; this surname is pronounced , as in the English names Joseph" or Josephine". According to another interpretation "Jose" is cognate with "Joyce"; "Joyce" is an English and Irish surname derived from the Breton personal name "Iodoc," which was introduced to England by the Normans in the form "Josse". In medieval England the name was occasionally borne by women but more commonly by men; the variant surname "Jose" is local to Devon and Cornwall.


title: José

text: The common spelling of this given name in different languages is a case of interlingual homography. Similar cases occur in English given names (Albert, Bertrand, Christine, Daniel, Eric, and Ferdinand) that are not exclusive to the English language and can be found namely in French with a different pronunciation under exactly the same spelling.


title: José

text: The Spanish pronunciation is . In Castilian Spanish, the initial is similar to the German in the name Bach and Scottish Gaelic and Irish in "loch", though Spanish varies by dialect.


title: José

text: Historically, the modern pronunciation of the name "José" in Spanish is the result of the phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives since the fifteenth century, when it departed from Old Spanish. Unlike today's pronunciation of this name, in Old Spanish the initial was a voiced postalveolar fricative (as the sound ""je"" in French), and the middle stood for a voiced apicoalveolar fricative /z̺/ (as in the Castilian pronunciation of the word "mismo"). The sounds, from a total of seven sibilants once shared by medieval Ibero-Romance languages, were partly preserved in Catalan, Galician, and Occitan, and have survived integrally in Mirandese and in the dialects of northern Portugal.


title: José

text: In those regions of north-western Spain where the Galician and Asturian languages are spoken, the name is spelt "Xosé" and pronounced .


title: José

text: The Portuguese given name "José" is pronounced as . Examples of this are for instance former President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso and football coach José Mourinho.


title: José

text: Historically, the conventional Portuguese spelling of the name was "Joseph", just as in English, though variants like "Jozeph" were not uncommon. Following the 1910 revolution, the Portuguese spelling was modernized. The first Reform of Portuguese orthography of 1911 elided the final mute consonants and from Biblical anthroponyms and toponyms (e.g. "Joseph", "Nazareth") and replaced them with the diacritic on the final , indicating the stress vowel (e.g. "José", "Nazaré"). In Portuguese, the pronunciation of vowels varies depending on the country, regional dialect or social identity of the speaker: in the case of the ranging from /u/ to /o/; and in the case of , from /e/ to /ɛ/.


title: José

text: The Portuguese phonology developed originally from thirteenth-century Galician-Portuguese, having a number of speakers worldwide that is currently larger than French, Italian and German. In Portuguese the pronunciation of the graphemes and is in fact phonetically the same as in French, where the name "José" also exists and the pronunciation is similar, aside from obvious vowel variation and language-specific intonation.


title: José

text: The French given name "José", pronounced , is an old vernacular form of the French name "Joseph", and is also popular under the feminine form "Josée". The masculine form is current as a given name, or as short for Joseph as is the case of French politician José Bové. The same masculine form is also commonly used as part of feminine name composites, as is the case of French athlete Marie-José Pérec. In turn, the feminine form "Josée" is only used customarily either as a feminine first name or as part of a feminine name composite, with respective examples in French film director and Canadian actress Marie-Josée Croze.


title: José

text: A number of prominent Jewish men, including sportsmen, entertainers and historical figures, are known publicly as "Joseph" or Jose, another form of "Yossi" (Hebrew: יֹוסִי), and a diminutive of "Yosef" or "Yossef" (Hebrew: יוֹסֵף).


title: José

text: Both the Spanish and Portuguese feminine written forms of the name are Josefa, pronounced in Spanish, and in Portuguese. The name "José" also occurs in feminine name composites (e.g. "Maria José", "Marie-José").


title: José

text: "Josée" is a French feminine first name, pronounced , relates to the longer feminine form of "Joséphine" , and may also be coupled with other names in feminine name composites.


title: José

text: Similarly, in Flemish, "José" is a male given name, for which the feminine written form is "Josée", with both forms being pronounced , but the spelling stems originally from neighboring French-speaking influence.


title: José

text: In Dutch, however, "José" is pronounced , which is a feminine given name in its own right, sometimes also used as short for the feminine name "Josina". Examples are Olympic swimmer José Damen and pop singer José Hoebee.


title: José

text: "Josephine" and "Joséphine" are in use in English-speaking countries, while "Josefine" is popular in Western Europe.


title: José

text: One of the common Spanish diminutives of the name is "Pepe", which is a repetition of the last syllable of the earlier form "Josep". (Popular belief attributes the origin of Pepe to the abbreviation of "pater putativus", P.P., recalling the role of St Joseph in predominantly Catholic Spanish-speaking countries.) In Hispanic America, the diminutives "Cheché" and "Chepe" also occur, as in Colombian soccer player and Mexican soccer player .


title: José

text: In Portuguese, the most widely used diminutive form of the name is "Zé", and less used forms include "Zeca", "Zezé", "Zezinho", "Zuca", and "Juca". The augmentative of the diminutive may occur as in "Zezão", as well as the diminutive of the diminutive "Zequinha", Zezinho, Josesito.