title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: In 1559, John Knox, leader of the Scottish Reformation became the first Protestant minister of St Giles', serving intermittently until his death in 1572. Knox's successors were influential in opposing the religious reforms of James VI. Though St Giles' had been partitioned into smaller churches, ministers were only allocated to specific churches after the division of Edinburgh into parishes in 1598. Between 1633 and 1638 and again between 1661 and 1689, St Giles' served as the seat of the bishop of Edinburgh and was served by a dean and prebendaries. Notable ministers in St Giles' during the 18th century include the influential Covenanter and Whig, William Carstares; the evangelical preacher, Alexander Webster; and Hugh Blair, a leading figure of the Scottish Enlightenment.


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: The current parish of St Giles' (or the High Kirk) covers a portion of Edinburgh's Old Town bounded by the railway, George IV Bridge, the Cowgate, and St Mary's Street. Between 1641 and 1929, the High Kirk's parish covered the north side of the High Street. From the medieval period until 1598, St Giles' parish covered the entire burgh of Edinburgh. Prior to the Reformation, St Giles' was within the Deanery of Linlithgow in the Archdiocese of St Andrews.


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: Between 1561 and 1564, the west of the nave was partitioned: the upper floor served as a place of worship and the ground floor served as an extension to the Tolbooth. Around 1581, the choir was partitioned off to create the New or East Kirk, leaving the crossing, transepts, and the remainder of the nave to form Middle St Giles' or the Old or Great Kirk. Edinburgh's ministers alternated freely between these churches until 1598, when the Privy Council of Scotland ordered the following division of Edinburgh into four parishes, each with two ministers:


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: In 1620, the South West congregation moved to the newly built Greyfriars Kirk; the Upper Tolbooth partition remained unoccupied until 1634. In 1625, the Privy Council ordered the following rearrangement of these divisions; it is not, however, clear whether this was ever enforced:


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: In 1633, St Giles' became a cathedral and the partition between the Old and New Kirks was removed, the South East congregation moved to Upper Tolbooth, then occupied the Old Kirk between 1639 and 1647, when it moved to the Tron Kirk; during this period, the Old Kirk congregation occupied Parliament Hall. In 1641, a division of Edinburgh into six parishes was made; the following parishes were allocated to St Giles':


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: In 1699, the congregation of the New North Meeting House on the Lawnmarket occupied the northern half of the Tolbooth partition, after which it was named "Haddo's Hole Kirk". The Tolbooth Kirk vacated St Giles' in 1843; the Old Kirk was suppressed in 1860 and the Haddo's Hole congregation – by then known as West St Giles' – vacated St Giles' in 1881 to allow the removal of the internal partitions. Since 1883, the High Kirk congregation has occupied the entire church.


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: The real-life escape of condemned smuggler, George Robertson, from the Tolbooth Kirk during divine service in 1736 is fictionalised in "The Heart of Midlothian" by Walter Scott (1818).


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: St Giles' is referenced twice in "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" by Muriel Spark (1961): first as a location the title character and her "set" of pupils pass by on a walk around Edinburgh and again as one of the "emblems of a dark and terrible salvation" contemplated by the protagonist, Sandy Stranger.


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: In "Disorderly Knights" (1966), the fourth book of Dorothy Dunnett's Lymond Chronicles series, the protagonist, Sir Francis Crawford of Lymond, swears an oath in the Lauder Aisle of St Giles' and duels with Sir Graham Reid Malett on the steps of the church's High Altar.


title: St Giles' Cathedral

text: In "" (2018), St Giles' features as one of the locations of a fight between the heroes and Thanos' Black Order. The scenes were filmed around the cathedral in spring 2017.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: Japan maintains diplomatic relations with every United Nations member state except for North Korea, in addition to UN observer states Holy See, as well as Kosovo, Cook Islands and Niue.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: Japanese foreign relations had earliest beginnings in 14th century and after their opening to the world in 1854 with the Convention of Kanagawa. Japan rapidly modernized and built a strong military. It was imperialistic seeking control of nearby areas—with major wars against China and Russia. It gained control of parts of China and Manchuria, as well as Korea and islands such as Taiwan and Okinawa. It lost in World War II and was stripped of all of its foreign conquests and possessions. See History of Japanese foreign relations. American general Douglas MacArthur, acting for the Allied powers, supervised occupied Japan 1945–51. Since occupation ended diplomatic policy has been based on close partnership with the United States and seeking trade agreements, In the Cold War, Japan was demilitarized but it allied with the U.S. in the confrontation with the Soviet Union. It played a major support role in the Korean War (1950-1953). In the rapid economic developments in the 1960s and 1970s, Japan was one of the major economic powers in the world.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: By the 1990s Japan participated in the Peacekeeping operations by the UN, and sent troops to Cambodia, Mozambique, Golan Heights and the East Timor. After the 9/11 terror attacks in 2001, Japanese naval vessels have been assigned to resupply duties in the Indian Ocean to the present date. The Ground Self-Defense Force also dispatched their troops to Southern Iraq for the restoration of basic infrastructures.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: Beyond its immediate neighbors, Japan has pursued a more active foreign policy in recent years, recognizing the responsibility which accompanies its economic strength. Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda stressed a changing direction in a policy speech to the National Diet: "Japan aspires to become a hub of human resource development as well as for research and intellectual contribution to further promote cooperation in the field of peace-building." This follows the modest success of a Japanese-conceived peace plan which became the foundation for nationwide elections in Cambodia in 1998.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: Japan is increasingly active in Africa. In May 2008, the first Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize will be awarded at Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV), which signals a changing emphasis in bilateral relations.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: Japan has continued to extend significant support to development and technical assistance projects in Latin America.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: By 1990 Japan's interaction with the vast majority of Asia-Pacific countries, especially its burgeoning economic exchanges, was multifaceted and increasingly important to the recipient countries. The developing countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) regarded Japan as critical to their development. Japan's aid to the ASEAN countries totaled US$1.9 billion in Japanese fiscal year (FY) 1988 versus about US$333 million for the United States during U.S. FY 1988. As of the late 1980s, Japan was the number one foreign investor in the ASEAN countries, with cumulative investment as of March 1989 of about US$14.5 billion, more than twice that of the United States. Japan's share of total foreign investment in ASEAN countries in the same period ranged from 70 to 80 percent in Thailand to 20 percent in Indonesia.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: In the late 1980s, the Japanese government was making a concerted effort to enhance its diplomatic stature, especially in Asia. Toshiki Kaifu's much publicized spring 1991 tour of five Southeast Asian nations—Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines—culminated in a 3 May major foreign policy address in Singapore, in which he called for a new partnership with the ASEAN and pledged that Japan would go beyond the purely economic sphere to seek an "appropriate role in the political sphere as a nation of peace." As evidence of this new role, Japan took an active part in promoting negotiations to resolve the Cambodian conflict.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: In 1997, the ASEAN member nations and the People's Republic of China, South Korea and Japan agreed to hold yearly talks to further strengthen regional cooperation, the ASEAN Plus Three meetings. In 2005 the ASEAN plus Three countries together with India, Australia and New Zealand held the inaugural East Asia Summit (EAS).


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: In South Asia, Japan's role is mainly that of an aid donor. Japan's aid to seven South Asian countries totaled US$1.1 billion in 1988. Except for Pakistan, which received heavy inputs of aid from the United States, all other South Asian countries received most of their aid from Japan as of the early 1990s. Four South Asian nations—India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka—are in the top ten list of Tokyo's aid recipients worldwide as of the early 1990s. A point to note is that Indian Government has a no receive aid policy since the tsunami that struck India but Indian registered NGOs look to Japan for much investment in their projects.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu signaled a broadening of Japan's interest in South Asia with his swing through the region in April 1990. In an address to the Indian parliament, Kaifu stressed the role of free markets and democracy in bringing about "a new international order," and he emphasized the need for a settlement of the Kashmir territorial dispute between India and Pakistan and for economic liberalization to attract foreign investment and promote dynamic growth. To India, which was very short of hard currency, Kaifu pledged a new concessional loan of ¥100 billion (about US$650 million) for the coming year.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: In what became known as the Tenshō embassy, the first ambassadors from Japan to European powers reached Lisbon, Portugal in August 1584. From Lisbon, the ambassadors left for the Vatican in Rome, which was the main goal of their journey. The embassy returned to Japan in 1590, after which time the four nobleman ambassadors were ordained by Alessandro Valignano as the first Japanese Jesuit fathers.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: A second embassy, headed by Hasekura Tsunenaga and sponsored by Date Masamune, was also a diplomatic mission to the Vatican. The embassy left 28 October 1613 from Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, in the northern Tōhoku region of Japan, where Date was "daimyō". It traveled to Europe by way of New Spain, arriving in Acapulco on 25 January 1614, Mexico City in March, Havana in July, and finally Seville on 23 October 1614. After a short stop-over in France, the embassy reached Rome in November 1615, where it was received by Pope Paul V. After return travel by way of New Spain and the Philippines, the embassy reached the harbor of Nagasaki in August 1620. While the embassy was gone, Japan had undergone significant change, starting with the 1614 Osaka Rebellion, leading to a 1616 decree from the Tokugawa shogunate that all interaction with non-Chinese foreigners was confined to Hirado and Nagasaki. In fact, the only western country that was allowed to trade with Japan was the Dutch Republic. This was the beginning of "sakoku", where Japan was essentially closed to the western world until 1854.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: The cultural and non-economic ties with Western Europe grew significantly during the 1980s, although the economic nexus remained by far the most important element of Japanese – West European relations throughout the decade. Events in West European relations, as well as political, economic, or even military matters, were topics of concern to most Japanese commentators because of the immediate implications for Japan. The major issues centred on the effect of the coming West European economic unification on Japan's trade, investment, and other opportunities in Western Europe. Some West European leaders were anxious to restrict Japanese access to the newly integrated European Union, but others appeared open to Japanese trade and investment. In partial response to the strengthening economic ties among nations in Western Europe and to the United States–Canada–Mexico North American Free Trade Agreement, Japan and other countries along the Asia-Pacific rim began moving in the late 1980s toward greater economic cooperation.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: On 18 July 1991, after several months of difficult negotiations, Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu signed a joint statement with the Dutch prime minister and head of the European Community Council, Ruud Lubbers, and with the European Commission president, Jacques Delors, pledging closer Japanese – European Community consultations on foreign relations, scientific and technological cooperation, assistance to developing countries, and efforts to reduce trade conflicts. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials hoped that this agreement would help to broaden Japanese – European Community political links and raise them above the narrow confines of trade disputes.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: Japan has several territorial disputes with its neighbors concerning the control of certain outlying islands.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: Japan contests Russia's control of the Southern Kuril Islands (including Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group) which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945. South Korea's assertions concerning Liancourt Rocks (Japanese: "Takeshima", Korean: "Dokdo") are acknowledged, but not accepted by Japan. Japan has strained relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan) over the Senkaku Islands; and with the People's Republic of China over the status of Okinotorishima.


title: Foreign relations of Japan

text: These disputes are in part about irredentism; and they are also about the control of marine and natural resources, such as possible reserves of crude oil and natural gas.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: James Edison Darmody is a fictional character in the television show "Boardwalk Empire", played by Michael Pitt. He is one of the main characters in the first two seasons of the series. Unlike most of the other main characters in the series, Jimmy is not based on a historical figure, even though he may be inspired by Atlantic City politician and Atlantic City political boss Nucky Johnson's protégé, James H. "Jimmy" Boyd. Pitt is also the only actor besides Steve Buscemi to appear in every episode for which he is credited.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Jimmy is the son of Atlantic City political boss Commodore Louis Kaestner (Dabney Coleman) and showgirl Gillian Darmody (Gretchen Mol). His mother was only 13 at the time of his birth, while his father was 54. The Commodore's protégé, Enoch "Nucky" Thompson (Steve Buscemi), arranged for the Commodore to have sex with Gillian, at the Commodore's request. Jimmy was raised by his mother with support from Nucky, who became a father figure to Jimmy; the Commodore, meanwhile, was indifferent to his son. Nucky eventually took over the Commodore's political machine and set Jimmy up for great success when he grew up. Jimmy went to Princeton University, where he met his future wife Angela (Aleksa Palladino). He left school to fight in World War I, leaving behind his pregnant girlfriend. In Season 2, it is revealed that he joined the Army because he felt guilty about a drunken sexual encounter with his mother, and because he likely faced expulsion from college after assaulting a professor who had made a pass at her. Jimmy was stationed in France fighting on the Western Front against Germany. His leg is wounded by shrapnel from a German grenade, leaving him with a permanent limp.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: In January 1920, Jimmy has recently moved back to Atlantic City after recovering from his war injury. He displays signs of post-traumatic stress disorder from memories of the trench warfare he experienced, and refuses to go back to school. He ends up working for Nucky as his driver and bodyguard. Frustrated that he is not doing more, he hijacks a shipment of bootlegged liquor that Nucky sold to Arnold Rothstein (Michael Stuhlbarg) and shoots the deliverers. One of them survives and identifies Jimmy, but Nucky gets him out of trouble by blaming the hijacking on Hans Schroeder (Joseph Sikora) and sending Jimmy to Chicago. There, he works for Johnny Torrio (Greg Antonacci) alongside Al Capone (Stephen Graham), with whom he committed the hijacking. When Nucky faces trouble back home from Philadelphia gangsters hired by Rothstein, he takes Jimmy back into his operation.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Jimmy returns to Atlantic City with Richard Harrow (Jack Huston), a disfigured marksman whom he met in a military hospital in Chicago. They become close friends, with Richard becoming Jimmy's main ally in bootlegging. Jimmy also orders Richard to kill a rival gangster who had disfigured Pearl, a prostitute Jimmy was fond of, who become addicted to laudanum as a result of the attack and ultimately committed suicide while in Jimmy's care.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Jimmy reconciles with his father after the Commodore survives a poisoning attempt. Jimmy is deeply hurt when he finds out that it was Nucky who arranged for the rape of his mother by his father, and plots with his father and Nucky's brother Eli (Shea Whigham) to take back control of Atlantic City from Nucky.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: By the beginning of season two, Jimmy is married to Angela, with whom he raises their son, Tommy. The Commodore has the New Jersey District Attorney's office arrest Nucky for election fraud and recruits Nucky's political allies. He and Jimmy then work on controlling the illegal alcohol being made and sold in Atlantic City. When the Commodore suffers a stroke, Jimmy takes over his operations. Jimmy is put in a difficult position when his partners in the bootlegging business — Capone, Lucky Luciano (Vincent Piazza) and Meyer Lansky (Anatol Yusef) — pressure him to kill Nucky. Though hesitant, Jimmy agrees to order Nucky's murder. Nucky is shot in the hand, but Clifford Lathorp kills the assailant before he can finish Nucky off. Jimmy is left wondering if he is doing the right thing.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Jimmy enters a deal with Philadelphia gangster Manny Horvitz (William Forsythe) to supply him alcohol. Jimmy is short on cash and demands a $5,000 advance. However, Nucky has Owen Sleater (Charlie Cox), a former IRA assassin, blow up the warehouse where Jimmy's liquor is stored. Jimmy finds himself with no alcohol and thus no way to pay his debts. He ends up buying medicinal alcohol from George Remus (Glenn Fleshler) and uses it to make whiskey.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Nucky resigns as Treasurer of Atlantic County, and offers his surrender to Jimmy. However, this is all a part of Nucky's power-play. He has Chalky White (Michael K. Williams), the leader of the black community in Atlantic City, to get all the black workers in the city to go on strike. The strike cripples the tourist economy that the city runs on. With help from Owen, Nucky then buys whiskey from Ireland and starts selling it in Atlantic City. Nucky's bootlegging operation flourishes, while Jimmy and his partners are left with an inferior product and nobody to sell it to.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Meanwhile, Jimmy grows tired of Horvitz asking him to repay his debt and contacts Horvitz's rival Waxey Gordon (Nick Sandow) to have him killed. A few days later, Waxey's henchman attempts to kill Horvitz in his shop, and manages to wound him, but Horvitz fights back and kills the assailant by sinking a meat cleaver into his head. Figuring out Jimmy is responsible from a matchbook in the dead man's pocket, Horvitz plots his revenge. Torturing Mickey for an address, Horvitz enters Jimmy's house, expecting to find him there. Since Jimmy is out of town, he instead finds Angela with her lesbian lover and kills them both. Jimmy is devastated, and dulls the pain with alcohol and heroin. He attacks his mother when she talks about Angela's death nonchalantly. When the Commodore comes to Gillian's defense, Jimmy kills his own father, partially at Gillian's urging.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Jimmy tries to make amends with Nucky, and he and Harrow help him with his election fraud case by killing the main witness for the prosecution, Alderman Jim Neary (Robert Clohessy), and staging it to look like a suicide. After the case ends in a mistrial, Nucky calls Jimmy and tells him that he has kidnapped Horvitz. However, Jimmy knows that he is being lured to his death, and willingly goes unarmed to see Nucky. Jimmy tells Nucky that he truly died during the war, and even tries to talk him through the mechanics of shooting someone. Nucky shoots him twice in the head, killing him.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Sixteen months after Jimmy's death, Nucky has a nightmare where he shoots an adolescent Jimmy below the eye (the same place Nucky had actually shot him). By the beginning of season three, Gillian has not had Jimmy declared legally dead and runs the Commodore's mansion in Jimmy's absence. She turns the house into a high-class brothel and raises Tommy as her own. She eventually kills a man who resembles Jimmy and uses his body in place of Jimmy's, giving her control of the Commodore's estate until Tommy is an adult.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: In the season four finale, set two years after Jimmy's death, Gillian is put on trial for the murder of the man she claimed was her son in season three. Richard, trying to keep Tommy out of her custody, testifies against her. However, without a body, Gillian faces little chance of getting convicted. Richard then strikes a deal with Nucky to anonymously tip off where Jimmy was buried. Jimmy's corpse is dug up and Gillian is convicted of murder.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Series creator and showrunner Terence Winter said he always planned on killing off Jimmy, but did not think it would happen so soon in the series. Originally, Jimmy was supposed to survive after season two. The storyline was changed when Dabney Coleman, who played the Commodore, was being treated for cancer during filming. In order to accommodate Coleman's condition, the Commodore's screen time was reduced and Jimmy became the replacement leader of the rebellion against Nucky. The further they got in the writing process, the more the writers realized that Nucky killing Jimmy was the only logical conclusion to the story.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Winter has said that the decision to kill off Jimmy was made at the beginning of Season 2. "The idea was to try and push things to their absolute limit, even if it makes it difficult for yourself and your writing team. If you take things to their logical extreme with the situation we created, Jimmy has betrayed Nucky, he tried to have him killed. You want to be honest about the storytelling. In the pilot, Jimmy told Nucky: "You can’t be half a gangster anymore." We wanted with the first two seasons to follow that trajectory, where he goes full season from being the guy who doesn't want to get his hands dirty to actually pulling the trigger himself. And what's the strongest version of that? To pull the trigger on the very guy who told him, “You can’t be half a gangster anymore." It's like, "Guess what? You’re right. I can’t. And here’s me now fully becoming a gangster.” Anything short of Nucky doing it himself wouldn't feel real, it wouldn't be real. And it would be a cheat for us to say, "We want to keep our beloved character Jimmy Darmody alive."


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Winter stated that his goal was to mislead the audience into thinking Jimmy and Nucky would reconcile and there would be a happy ending. "I wanted them to think right up to the very end that Nucky is going to forgive him and take him back. It was a really hard decision. You’re sort of blowing up your own show, in some ways. Now we’re back in the writers room trying to figure out where we go from here without Jimmy Darmody."


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: In October 2011, Pitt's agent fired him, saying that he was "really difficult on set and otherwise." After the season two finale, rumors began circulating that Jimmy was killed off because Pitt was difficult to work with. Both Pitt and Winter have denied this.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Michael Pitt, along with the rest of the cast of "Boardwalk Empire", won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2010 and 2011. Pitt was also nominated for a Monte-Carlo Television Festival Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series.


title: Jimmy Darmody

text: Soon after the show's debut, the "Los Angeles Times" reported an increased demand for Jimmy's hairstyle — a trimmed buzz-cut short on the sides, left long on the top and swept back from the forehead — at barber shops in the United States.


title: Kingston Technology

text: Kingston Technology Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, sells and supports flash memory products, other computer-related memory products, as well as the HyperX gaming division (now owned by HP). Headquartered in Fountain Valley, California, United States, Kingston Technology employs more than 3,000 employees worldwide as of Q1 2016. The company has manufacturing and logistics facilities in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, and China.


title: Kingston Technology

text: It is the largest independent producer of DRAM memory modules, owning approximately 68% of the third-party worldwide DRAM module market share in 2017, according to DRAMeXchange. In 2018 the company generated $7.5 billion in revenue and made #53 on the Forbes Lists of "America's Largest Private Companies 2019." Kingston serves an international network of distributors, resellers, retailers and OEM customers on six continents. The company also provides contract manufacturing and supply chain management services for semiconductor manufacturers and system OEMs.


title: Kingston Technology

text: Kingston Technology was founded on October 17, 1987, in response to a severe shortage of 1Mbit surface-mount memory chips, Chinese immigrant John Tu designed a new single in-line memory module (SIMM) that used readily available, older-technology through-hole components. In 1990 the company branched out into its first non-memory product line, processor upgrades. By 1992, the firm was ranked #1 by "Inc." as the fastest-growing privately held company in America. The company expanded into networking and storage product lines, and introduced DataTraveler and DataPak portable products. In September 1994, Kingston became ISO 9000 certified on its first assessment attempt.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 1995, Kingston opened a branch office in Munich, Germany to provide technical support and marketing capabilities for its European distributors and customers.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In October 1995, the company joined the "Billion-Dollar Club". After the company's 1995 sales exceeded $1.3 billion, ads ran thanking the employees ("Thanks a Billion!") with each individual employee-name in "The Wall Street Journal", "The Orange County Register" and "The Los Angeles Times". Ads also appeared in trade publications and "The Wall Street Journal" thanking the company's suppliers and distributors.


title: Kingston Technology

text: On August 15, 1996 SoftBank Corporation of Japan acquired 80 percent of Kingston for a total of $1.8 billion. In November of the same year, Kingston and Toshiba co-marketed memory upgrades for Toshiba PCs - the first time that a PC OEM and a memory manufacturer had teamed up to create a co-branded module. In 1999, Tu and Sun eventually bought back the 80 percent of Kingston owned by Softbank for $450 million.


title: Kingston Technology

text: On December 14, 1996 John Tu and David Sun allocated $71.5 million for employee bonuses as a result of the acquisition, averaging $130,000 for each of the company's 550 workers.


title: Kingston Technology

text: Kingston announced a 49% increase in unit sales for its memory module products in calendar year 1996 over calendar year 1995.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In January 1997, Kingston opened a manufacturing facility/office in Taiwan, a sales office in Japan, and a manufacturing facility and offices in Dublin, Ireland. The company also expanded its American manufacturing capacity by purchasing PC-OEM manufacturing buildings in Fountain Valley, California.


title: Kingston Technology

text: Kingston also introduced ValueRAM, which was a high-quality, low-cost memory designed for system integrators to use in white box systems.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 1999, Kingston launched Advanced Validation Labs, Inc. (AVL), a sister company that provides memory validation services.


title: Kingston Technology

text: Kingston began manufacturing removable disk drive storage products in 1989 in their Kingston Storage Products Division. By 2000, it was decided to spin off the product line and become a sister company, StorCase Technology, Inc. StorCase ceased operations in 2006 after selling the designs and rights to manufacture its products to competitor CRU-DataPort.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In June 2000, Kingston announced a new supply chain management model to its memory manufacturing process. Payton Technology Inc. was established to help support this new model.


title: Kingston Technology

text: "Forbes" listed Kingston as number 141 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S," with revenues of $1.5 billion for 1999.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In March 2001, Kingston announced the formation of the Consumer Markets Division (CMD), a new division focusing on the retail and e-tail channel.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2002 Kingston launched a patented memory tester and a new HyperX line of high-performance memory modules, and also patented EPOC chip-stacking technology.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In August of that year, Kingston made a $50 million investment in Elpida and launched a green initiative for module manufacturing.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In September, Kingston announced new DataTraveler Elite USB drives, with hardware-based security encryption. In October, Advanced Micro Devices named Kingston "Outstanding Partner" for contributions to the AMD Athlon 64 and Opteron launches. Kingston reported revenues of $2.4B for 2004.


title: Kingston Technology

text: They also announced a $26M investment in Tera Probe, the newest and largest wafer testing company in the world. They also opened the world's largest memory module manufacturing facility in Shanghai, China.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2006, Kingston reported revenues of $3.0B for 2005. In March, Kingston introduced the first fully secure 100% privacy USB drive with 128-bit hardware encryption, and later with 256-bit hardware encryption. The company also launched Fully Buffered Dimms (FBDIMMs), which broke the 16GB barrier. The company entered the portable media market with KPEX (Kingston Portable Entertainment eXperience).


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2007, Kingston reported revenues of $3.7B for 2006. "Forbes" listed Kingston as #83 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S". "Inc." ranked Kingston as the #1 Fastest Growing Private Company By Revenue.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In August, Inc.com's "Top 100 Inc. 5000 Companies" ranked Kingston #2 in both Gross Dollars of Growth and Overall Revenue.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2009, Kingston reported revenues of $4.0B for 2008. Volume increased 41% in memory units shipped from 2007. iSuppli ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the sixth consecutive year. In August, Inc.com's "Top 100 Inc. 5000 Companies" ranked Kingston #5 in Private Companies by Revenue and number 1 in the computer hardware category. In October, Forbes listed Kingston as number 97 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2010, Kingston reported revenues of $4.1B for 2009. iSuppli ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market with 40.3% market share, up from 32.8% in 2008 and 27.5% in 2007. In August, Inc.com's "Top 100 Inc. 5000 Companies" ranked Kingston #6 in Private Companies by Revenue and number 1 in the computer hardware category. In November, Forbes listed Kingston as number 77 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2011, Kingston reported revenues of $6.5B for 2010. iSuppli ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market, with 46% market share. Kingston also launched the Wi-Drive line of wireless storage products. Forbes ranked Kingston as the 51st largest private company in the US, up from #77. Inc. ranked Kingston #4 by revenue in the top 100 companies and #1 in computer hardware category. Gartner Research ranked Kingston as the #1 USB drive manufacturer in the world.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2012, Kingston celebrated 25 years in the memory business. iSuppli ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the 9th consecutive year. Kingston celebrated 10 years of HyperX gaming memory. Kingston releases HyperX branded SSD drives and releases the first Windows to Go USB drive.


title: Kingston Technology

text: Forbes lists Kingston as #48 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S." Gartner Research ranked Kingston #1 USB manufacturer in the world.


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2013, Kingston ships its fastest, world's largest-capacity USB 3.0 Flash Drive with DataTraveler HyperX Predator 3.0, available up to 1 TB. Kingston launches the MobileLite Wireless reader line of storage products for smartphones and tablets. iSuppli ranks Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the 10th consecutive year. Gartner Research ranks Kingston the no. 1 USB Flash drive manufacturer in the world for the 6th straight year. Forbes lists Kingston as #94 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2014, Kingston HyperX released the FURY memory line for entry-level overclocking and game enthusiasts. HyperX then released its Cloud headset. iSuppli (IHS) ranks Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the 11th consecutive year. HyperX sets DDR3 overclocking world record mark at 4620 MHz, using one 4GB HyperX Predator 2933 MHz DDR3 module.


title: Kingston Technology

text: Kingston ships M.2 SATA SSDs for new notebook platforms, small-form factor devices and Z97 motherboards. Kingston releases MobileLite Wireless G2, the second generation media streamer for smartphones and tablets. HyperX demos DDR4 memory at PAX Prime, allowing for faster speeds at a lower voltage. Forbes lists Kingston as #69 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2015, IHS ranks Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for the 12th consecutive year. In January, HyperX reclaimed the top DDR4 overclocking mark in the world at 4351 MHz. HyperX Launches High-Performance PCIe SSD with the highest-end SSD with the fastest speeds in the HyperX lineup. HyperX released the enhanced Cloud II headset with USB sound card audio control box and virtual 7.1 Surround Sound. HyperX creates the world's fastest DDR4 128GB memory kit running at an astoundingly fast 3000 MHz with HyperX Predator modules with ultra-tight timings. Gartner ranks Kingston as the #2 aftermarket PC SSD manufacturer in the world for 2014. Forbes lists Kingston as #54 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."


title: Kingston Technology

text: In 2016, Kingston Digital, the Flash memory affiliate of Kingston Technology Company, acquired the USB technology and assets of IronKey from Imation Corp. Forbes lists Kingston as #51 on its list of "The 500 Largest Private Companies in the U.S."


title: Kingston Technology

text: Kingston Technology sold HyperX to HP Inc. in February 2021 for $425 million The deal only includes computer peripherals branded as HyperX, not memory or storage. Kingston retains ownership of the memory and storage products, which it has rebranded as Kingston FURY.


title: Kingston Technology

text: iSuppli (IHS) has ranked Kingston as the world's number-one memory module manufacturer for the third-party memory market for 12 consecutive years, the most recent being in June 2015. In 2007, "Inc." awarded Kingston Technology's founders with the Inaugural Distinguished Alumni Goldhirsh Award. In September 2006, Kingston received Intel's "Outstanding Supplier Award for Exceptional Support, Quality and Timely Delivery of FB-DIMM Products". In April 2003 Kingston received the "Diverse Supplier Award for Best Overall Performance" from Dell. It was also honored for "Excellence in Fairness" by the Great Place to Work Institute. The company also appeared on "Fortune"s list of "100 Best Companies to Work For" for five consecutive years (1998–2002). In 2001, it was listed by "IndustryWeek" as a "Top 5 Global Manufacturing Company". Forbes ranks Kingston as number 51 on its list of America's Largest Private Companies. The HyperX line of products is used by over 20% of professional gamers.


title: Daniel Wellington

text: Daniel Wellington is a Swedish brand founded in 2011 by Filip Tysander. Since its inception, Daniel Wellington has sold over 6 million watches; the company has gained this success through its digital strategy in social networks like Instagram. Headquartered in central Stockholm, the company's products are sold in over 25 countries.


title: Daniel Wellington

text: The watches are designed in Sweden, made in China and use quartz movements made by Miyota, a Japanese company. The leather watches are made of Italian leather. Their "Classic" range of watches are named after British toponyms.


title: Daniel Wellington

text: In February 2017 Daniel Wellington was named the fastest growing private company in Europe. The company made $230 million in revenue and $111.5 million in profit in 2016.


title: Microdosing

text: Microdosing, or micro-dosing, is a technique for studying the behaviour of drugs in humans through the administration of doses so low ("sub-therapeutic") they are unlikely to produce whole-body effects, but high enough to allow the cellular response to be studied. This is called a "Phase 0 study" and is usually conducted before clinical Phase I to predict whether a drug is viable for the next phase of testing. Human microdosing aims to reduce the resources spent on non-viable drugs and the amount of testing done on animals.


title: Microdosing

text: Less commonly, the term "microdosing" is also sometimes used to refer to precise dispensing of small amounts of a drug substance (e.g., a powder API) for a drug product (e.g., a capsule) and, when the drug substance also happens to be liquid, this can potentially overlap what is termed microdispensing. For example, cannabis microdosing and psychedelic microdosing.


title: Microdosing

text: The basic approach is to label a candidate drug using the radio isotope carbon-14, then administer the compound to human volunteers at levels typically about 100 times lower than the proposed therapeutic dosage (from around 1 to 100 micrograms but not above).


title: Microdosing

text: As only microdose levels of the drug are used, analytical methods are limited. Extreme sensitivity is needed. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry is the most common method for microdose analysis. AMS was developed in the late 1970s from two distinct research threads with a common goal: an improvement in radiocarbon dating that would make efficient use of datable material and that would extend the routine and maximum reach of radiocarbon dating. AMS is routinely used in geochronology and archaeology, but biological applications began appearing in 1990 mainly due to the work of scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. AMS service is now more accessible for biochemical quantitation from several private companies and non-commercial access to AMS is available at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Resource at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, or through the development of smaller affordable spectrometers. AMS does not measure the radioactivity of carbon-14 in microdose samples. AMS, like other mass spectrometry methods, measures ionic species according to mass-to-charge ratio.


title: Microdosing

text: Psychedelic microdosing is the practice of using sub-threshold doses (microdoses) of serotonergic psychedelic drugs in an attempt to improve creativity, boost physical energy level, emotional balance, increase performance on problems-solving tasks and to treat anxiety, depression and addiction, though there is very little evidence supporting these purported effects as of 2019. In this context, microdosing is considered an application of hormesis.


title: Microdosing

text: It is reported that 15 of the 20 largest pharmaceutical companies have now used microdosing in drug development, and the use of the technique has been provisionally endorsed by both the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration. It was once expected that by 2010, human microdosing would have gained a secure foothold at the discovery-preclinical interface, driven by early measurement of candidate drug behavior in humans and by irrefutable economic arguments.


title: Microdosing

text: In January 2006, the European Union Microdose AMS Partnership Programme (EUMAPP) was launched. Ten organizations from five different countries (United Kingdom, Sweden, Netherlands, France, and Poland) will study various approaches to the basic AMS technique. The study is set to be published in 2009.


title: Microdosing

text: One of the most meaningful potential outcomes of Phase-0/Microdosing studies is the early termination of development. In 2017, Okour et al published the first example in literature of a termination of an oral drug based on IV microdose data. This study provides an example of the application of microdosing in circumstances where pre-clinical data were not sufficient to provide accurate information to guide first-in-human (FIH) study design.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: Jack Crawford is a fictional character who appears in the "Hannibal Lecter" series of novels by Thomas Harris, in which Crawford is the Agent-in-Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico, Virginia. He is modeled after John E. Douglas, who held the same position.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: Jack Crawford first appears in the novel "Red Dragon", in which he calls upon Will Graham, his former protégé, for assistance in solving the murders being committed by a serial killer dubbed "The Tooth Fairy." Graham, as a profiler, has a reputation for being able to think like the criminals whom he hunts, thus assisting the FBI in a criminal's ultimate apprehension. Graham had retired after being attacked and nearly killed by Dr. Hannibal Lecter, a Baltimore psychiatrist who had previously treated the victim of a murder that Graham was investigating, after Graham intuited that Lecter was the killer he sought. Crawford convinces Graham to come out of retirement to help solve the "Tooth Fairy" murders, and soon they both realize that they would need Lecter's help again. Crawford helps shelter Graham and his family after Lecter sends the killer, Francis Dolarhyde, his old nemesis' address. With Crawford's help, Graham eventually solves the case, but Dolarhyde disfigures him before Graham's wife kills him. Crawford feels responsible for Graham's misfortune, and resents Lecter for the rest of his life.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: Jack Crawford appears again in the novel "The Silence of the Lambs", again investigating a serial killer. This time, the serial killer is called "Buffalo Bill", and his killing signature involves killing and skinning women. Crawford is stumped in trying to determine who Buffalo Bill is, and is forced to once again call upon Lecter for assistance. This time, however, Crawford sends an FBI trainee, Clarice Starling, to interview him. By way of information obtained from Lecter, Crawford and the FBI attempt to track down the killer, Jame Gumb. However, the address they obtain for him is out of date. Gumb had killed the employer of one of his former victims and moved into her house to use its large basement, which contains a disused and empty well. He uses the well as a makeshift holding space for his victims. Realizing that Buffalo Bill probably knew his first victim, Fredrica Bimmel, Starling sets about interviewing everyone close to her and ends up stumbling upon Gumb's house. By the time local police and firemen arrive to help, Starling has singlehandedly killed Gumb and rescued his intended victim.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: Throughout the novel, Crawford is struggling under a double burden, as he is caring for his terminally ill wife, Bella, at home while leading the investigation into the 'Buffalo Bill' case. Bella dies near the end of the novel.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: Crawford appears as a relatively minor character in the book "Hannibal". He is portrayed as very sympathetic toward Starling, yet increasingly distant due to failing health and his powerlessness against the corrupt bureaucrats set to destroy her career. Late in the novel, Crawford is forced into leave from the FBI, and soon dies of a heart attack.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: The Crawford character appears in the film adaptations of "Red Dragon" and "The Silence of the Lambs"; he does not appear in the adaptation of "Hannibal", although a deleted scene explains that he has died. He has been portrayed by four different actors:


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: The TV series portrays Crawford as deliberately pushing the limits of Graham's sanity in order to fully exploit his protegé's gift for profiling serial killers. At the end of the first season, he reluctantly arrests Graham after finding evidence that he is the serial killer known as "The Chesapeake Ripper"; he is unaware that Lecter had framed Graham.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: When Graham is exonerated in the second season, Crawford helps him with an elaborate plan to entrap and capture Lecter, which puts Crawford's career in jeopardy when his superiors at the FBI learn of it. In the second season finale, Crawford attempts to arrest Lecter, but Lecter escapes after severely injuring him.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: The third season reveals that Crawford survives his injuries, but is forced into retirement from the FBI. At about this time, Crawford's wife, Bella, dies of lung cancer. He tracks down Lecter in Florence, Italy, and engages him in brutal hand-to-hand combat. Lecter escapes and later forces Crawford to watch as he prepares to perform a craniotomy on Graham. They are interrupted by corrupt Italian detectives working for Lecter's surviving victim Mason Verger, who take Graham and Lecter away to Verger's estate. After Lecter and Graham escape from Verger's clutches, Crawford—who has been reinstated by the FBI—goes to Graham's house, where Lecter voluntarily surrenders to him.


title: Jack Crawford (character)

text: Three years later, Crawford asks Graham, who has retired from the FBI, to help catch a serial killer dubbed "The Tooth Fairy" who kills entire families. Along with Graham and Dr. Alana Bloom, Crawford arranges to use Lecter as bait for the killer, Francis Dolarhyde. Following Lecter's subsequent escape, a cut epilogue shows Crawford continuing to hunt for him.


title: Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)

text: Until the End of Time is the seventh studio album and third posthumous album by American rapper 2Pac. It follows his previous posthumous albums "R U Still Down? (Remember Me)" and "Still I Rise". The album consists of material recorded while the rapper was on Death Row Records from 1995 to 1996. The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 426,870 copies in its first week. The album was certified quadruple platinum by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


text: The album is the result of a collaboration between Afeni Shakur's Amaru Records and Suge Knight's Death Row Records, and features previously unreleased works by Shakur. The majority of the music compositions were remixed from their original state. Highly anticipated, "Until the End of Time" was ultimately one of the best selling hip hop albums of 2001. There were only three times references to Death Row Records were not censored. ("Until the End of Time" (both versions), "U Don't Have 2 Worry", and "All Out"). The core vocal tracks and some instrumentation was recorded during and after the "All Eyez On Me" and "" sessions.


text: "Until the End of Time" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 426,870 copies in its first week, which will be the last number one album released by Death Row Records. On June 10, 2014, the album was certified 4× platinum by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over four million copies in the United States.


text: On June 22, 2001, the album was certified Gold by British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. On May 24, 2001, the album was certified double platinum for sales of over 200,000 copies in Canada.


title: Seinfeld (season 9)

text: The ninth and final season of "Seinfeld" began airing on September 25, 1997, and concluded on May 14, 1998 on NBC.


title: Seinfeld (season 9)

text: "Seinfeld" was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment and distributed by Columbia TriStar Television and was aired on NBC in the US. The executive producers were Larry David, George Shapiro, and Howard West with Tom Gammill and Max Pross as supervising producers. Bruce Kirschbaum was the executive consultant. This season was directed by Andy Ackerman.


title: Seinfeld (season 9)

text: The series was set predominantly in an apartment block on New York City's Upper West Side; the ninth season was shot and mostly filmed in CBS Studio Center in Studio City, California. The show features Jerry Seinfeld as himself, and a host of Jerry's friends and acquaintances, which include George Costanza, Elaine Benes, and Cosmo Kramer, portrayed by Jason Alexander, Julia Louis-Dreyfus and Michael Richards, respectively.


title: Seinfeld (season 9)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 61% approval rating with an average rating of 5.9/10, based on 23 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "In its final season, the cynical show about nothing goes out defiantly on its own terms – even if means alienating fans who may have wanted things to end differently."


title: Contactless smart card

text: A contactless smart card is a contactless credential whose dimensions are credit-card size. Its embedded integrated circuits can store (and sometimes process) data and communicate with a terminal via NFC. Commonplace uses include transit tickets, bank cards and passports.


title: Contactless smart card

text: There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Contactless smart cards contain read-only RFID called CSN (Card Serial Number) or UID, and a re-writeable smart card microchip that can be transcribed via radio waves.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Contactless smart cards can be used for identification, authentication, and data storage. They also provide a means of effecting business transactions in a flexible, secure, standard way with minimal human intervention.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Since then, smart cards with contactless interfaces have been increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit. Globally, contactless fare collection is being employed for efficiencies in public transit. The various standards emerging are local in focus and are not compatible, though the MIFARE Classic card from Philips has a large market share in the United States and Europe.


title: Contactless smart card

text: In more recent times, Visa and MasterCard have agreed to standards for general "open loop" payments on their networks, with millions of cards deployed in the U.S., in Europe and around the world.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Smart cards are being introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and international levels. Citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient card schemes are becoming more prevalent. In Malaysia, the compulsory national ID scheme MyKad includes 8 different applications and is rolled out for 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are being integrated into ICAO biometric passports to enhance security for international travel.


title: Contactless smart card

text: With the COVID-19 pandemic, demand for and usage of contactless credit and debit cards has increased, although coins and banknotes are generally safe and this technology will thus not reduce the spread of the virus.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Contactless smart card readers use radio waves to communicate with, and both read and write data on a smart card. When used for electronic payment, they are commonly located near PIN pads, cash registers and other places of payment. When the readers are used for public transit they are commonly located on fare boxes, ticket machines, turnstiles, and station platforms as a standalone unit. When used for security, readers are usually located to the side of an entry door.


title: Contactless smart card

text: A contactless smart card is a card in which the chip communicates with the card reader through an induction technology similar to that of an RFID (at data rates of 106 to 848 kbit/s). These cards require only close proximity to an antenna to complete a transaction. They are often used when transactions must be processed quickly or hands-free, such as on mass transit systems, where a smart card can be used without even removing it from a wallet.


title: Contactless smart card

text: The standard for contactless smart card communications is ISO/IEC 14443. It defines two types of contactless cards ("A" and "B") and allows for communications at distances up to . There had been proposals for ISO/IEC 14443 types C, D, E, F and G that have been rejected by the International Organization for Standardization. An alternative standard for contactless smart cards is ISO/IEC 15693, which allows communications at distances up to .


title: Contactless smart card

text: Examples of widely used contactless smart cards are Seoul's Upass (1996), Malaysia Touch 'n Go card (1997), Hong Kong's Octopus card, Shanghai's Public Transportation Card (1999), Paris's Navigo card, Japan Rail's Suica Card (2001), Singapore's EZ-Link, Taiwan's EasyCard, San Francisco Bay Area's Clipper Card (2002), London's Oyster card, Beijing's Municipal Administration and Communications Card (2003), South Korea's T-money, Southern Ontario's Presto card, India's More Card, Melbourne's Myki card and Sydney's Opal card which predate the ISO/IEC 14443 standard. The following tables list smart cards used for public transportation and other electronic purse applications.


title: Contactless smart card

text: A related contactless technology is RFID (radio frequency identification). In certain cases, it can be used for applications similar to those of contactless smart cards, such as for electronic toll collection. RFID devices usually do not include writeable memory or microcontroller processing capability as contactless smart cards often do.


title: Contactless smart card

text: There are dual-interface cards that implement contactless and contact interfaces on a single card with some shared storage and processing. An example is Porto's multi-application transport card, called Andante, that uses a chip in contact and contactless (ISO/IEC 14443 type B) mode.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not have a battery. Instead, they use a built-in inductor, using the principle of resonant inductive coupling, to capture some of the incident electromagnetic signal, rectify it, and use it to power the card's electronics.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Since the start of using the Seoul Transportation Card, numerous cities have moved to the introduction of contactless smart cards as the fare media in an automated fare collection system.


title: Contactless smart card

text: In a number of cases these cards carry an electronic wallet as well as fare products, and can be used for low-value payments.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Starting around 2005, a major application of the technology has been contactless payment credit and debit cards. Some major examples include:


title: Contactless smart card

text: Roll-outs started in 2005 in the United States, and in 2006 in some parts of Europe and Asia (Singapore). In the U.S., contactless (non PIN) transactions cover a payment range of ~$5–$100.


title: Contactless smart card

text: In general there are two classes of contactless bank cards: magnetic stripe data (MSD) and contactless EMV.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Contactless MSD cards are similar to magnetic stripe cards in terms of the data they share across the contactless interface. They are only distributed in the U.S. Payment occurs in a similar fashion to mag-stripe, without a PIN and often in off-line mode (depending on parameters of the terminal). The security level of such a transaction is better than a mag-stripe card, as the chip cryptographically generates a code which can be verified by the card issuer's systems.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Contactless EMV cards have two interfaces (contact and contactless) and work as a normal EMV card via their contact interface. The contactless interface provides similar data to a contact EMV transaction, but usually a subset of the capabilities (e.g. usually issuers will not allow balances to be increased via the contactless interface, instead requiring the card to be inserted into a device which uses the contact interface). EMV cards may carry an "offline balance" stored in their chip, similar to the electronic wallet or "purse" that users of transit smart cards are used to.


title: Contactless smart card

text: A quickly growing application is in digital identification cards. In this application, the cards are used for authentication of identity. The most common example is in conjunction with a PKI. The smart card will store an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI along with any other relevant or needed information about the card holder. Examples include the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), and the use of various smart cards by many governments as identification cards for their citizens. When combined with biometrics, smart cards can provide two- or three-factor authentication. Smart cards are not always a privacy-enhancing technology, for the subject carries possibly incriminating information about him all the time. By employing contactless smart cards, that can be read without having to remove the card from the wallet or even the garment it is in, one can add even more authentication value to the human carrier of the cards.


title: Contactless smart card

text: The Malaysian government uses smart card technology in the identity cards carried by all Malaysian citizens and resident non-citizens. The personal information inside the smart card (called MyKad) can be read using special APDU commands.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Smart cards have been advertised as suitable for personal identification tasks, because they are engineered to be tamper resistant. The embedded chip of a smart card usually implements some cryptographic algorithm. There are, however, several methods of recovering some of the algorithm's internal state.


title: Contactless smart card

text: involves measuring the precise time and electric current required for certain encryption or decryption operations. This is most often used against public key algorithms such as RSA in order to deduce the on-chip private key, although some implementations of symmetric ciphers can be vulnerable to timing or power attacks as well.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Smart cards can be physically disassembled by using acid, abrasives, or some other technique to obtain direct, unrestricted access to the on-board microprocessor. Although such techniques obviously involve a fairly high risk of permanent damage to the chip, they permit much more detailed information (e.g. photomicrographs of encryption hardware) to be extracted.


title: Contactless smart card

text: Short distance (≈10 cm. or 4″) is required for supplying power. The radio frequency, however, can be eavesdropped within several meters once powered-up.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2020 video game)

text: Destroy All Humans! is an open world action-adventure video game developed by Black Forest Games and published by THQ Nordic. It is the fifth installment in the "Destroy All Humans!" franchise, and a remake of the 2005 original game. This remake is the first entry in the franchise since "Path of the Furon" (2008).


title: Destroy All Humans! (2020 video game)

text: The game was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on July 28, 2020 and later on Stadia December 8, 2020. The game received mixed reviews upon release, with its graphics and faithfulness to the original game receiving praise while criticism was directed in regards to the retention of the original game's issues. A Nintendo Switch port was announced on April 8, 2021 and was released on June 29, 2021.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2020 video game)

text: The game is played from a third-person perspective. The player controls Cryptosporidium 137 ("Crypto" for short), an alien who arrives on Earth in 1950s America to harvest human DNA. Crypto is equipped with a vast arsenal of alien weapons such as the Zap-O-Matic and Anal Probe, to defeat enemies. He also has superhuman skills such as psychokinetic powers and the ability to disguise himself as humans. Crypto can use a jetpack to quickly navigate the environment. He can also command the flying saucer, which is equipped with a death ray to kill opponents. Players can perform movements such as gliding and dashing, and they can chain actions together such as shooting enemies while levitating them. The game introduces the Focus Mode, which allows players to lock onto other enemies. Crypto is protected by a shield, which informs players the direction of hostile attacks. The game features six sandbox locations which can be explored freely. Each location offers unique challenges for players to complete.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2020 video game)

text: A team of 60 people in Black Forest Games served as the game's developer. The original game's dialogue and humor remained intact, though the team enhanced them by updating the character models and cutscenes and introducing motion capture. Instead of re-recording the lines, the team used the audio from the original game and improved its quality for the remake. The game also includes a mission named "Lost Mission of Area 42" that was scrapped during the development of the original game. Black Forest considered developing the remake as a "natural continuation" of their work after finishing the development of "Fade to Silence" as they learned more about utilizing the technology and designing large, open areas.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2020 video game)

text: THQ Nordic acquired the intellectual property rights from THQ in 2013. In 2017, the firm reaffirmed that the company realized the demand for a new game in the series and added that they were exploring options to revitalize the franchise. The game was officially announced in June 2019. An extended gameplay demo was launched at E3 2019. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Stadia. A standalone multiplayer spin-off, titled "Destroy All Humans! Clone Carnage" was released for Microsoft Windows via Steam, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on May 31, 2022.


title: Destroy All Humans! (2020 video game)

text: "Destroy All Humans!" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Sales on the game have exceeded THQ Nordic's expectations. As of May 19, 2021, the game sold more than 1 million copies.


title: Jiggle Jiggle

text: "Jiggle Jiggle" is a 2022 single by British-American journalist and documentary maker Louis Theroux, produced by Manchester-based DJ duo Duke & Jones (Isaac McKelvey and Luke Conibear). The song was created based on a rap trend that Theroux had been involved in, featuring a snippet of him rapping on the ""Gangsta Rap"" episode of the show "Weird Weekends".


title: Jiggle Jiggle

text: In 2000 while filming the series 3 finale of "Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends", Theroux tried his hand at rapping, being assisted by rappers on local New Orleans radio station WQUE-FM. The rap features an interpolation of the song "Red Red Wine", originally written and performed by Neil Diamond. In 2022, Theroux, on an interview with YouTuber Amelia Dimoldenberg on her web series "Chicken Shop Date" revisited some of his rapping from the show.


title: Jiggle Jiggle

text: Manchester-based duo Duke & Jones, who had created other autotune remixes to random audio clips, posted an autotuned version of the interview on 16 March 2022. The clip quickly went viral on TikTok and other social media platforms, garnering 50 million views on TikTok as of 14 May. More footage was eventually revealed of Theroux rapping, leading to the BBC calling him "a massive hip-hop head".


title: Jiggle Jiggle

text: The trend has seen many TikTok users dance to the autotuned version of the lyric "My money don't jiggle jiggle, it folds..." The song as of 17 May 2022, has been used in 2.6 million TikTok videos.


title: Jiggle Jiggle

text: On 12 April 2022, Duke & Jones released an extended version of the rap from "Chicken Shop Date". As of 11 May 2022, the song has garnered 14.5 million views on YouTube.


title: Jiggle Jiggle

text: On 12 May 2022, Duke & Jones posted an Instagram video of Theroux recording "Jiggle Jiggle" in a studio, hinting at the release of a new single by Theroux. "Jiggle Jiggle" was released the next day on 13 May.


title: Jiggle Jiggle

text: On 15 July 2022, a remix featuring American singer Jason Derulo and Amelia Dimoldenberg, credited as Amelia Dimz, was released.


title: Jiggle Jiggle

text: On 12 August 2022, Chris Martin of the British rock band Coldplay performed a piano ballad version of the song at the band's Music of the Spheres concert at Wembley Stadium in London.


title: Balun

text: A balun (from "balanced to unbalanced", originally, but now dated from "balancing unit") is an electrical device that allows balanced and unbalanced lines to be interfaced without disturbing the impedance arrangement of either line. A balun can take many forms and may include devices that also transform impedances but need not do so. Sometimes, in the case of transformer baluns, they use magnetic coupling but need not do so. Common-mode chokes are also used as baluns and work by eliminating, rather than rejecting, common mode signals.


title: Balun

text: In classical transformers, there are two electrically separate windings of wire coils around the transformer's core. The advantage of transformer-type over other types of balun is that the electrically separate windings for input and output allow these baluns to connect circuits whose ground-level voltages are subject to ground loops or are otherwise electrically incompatible; for that reason they are often called "isolation transformers".


title: Balun

text: This type is sometimes called a "voltage balun". The "primary" winding receives the input signal, and the "secondary" winding puts out the converted signal. The core that they are wound on may either be empty (air core) or, equivalently, a magnetically neutral material like a porcelain support, or it may be a material which is good magnetic conductor like ferrite in modern high-frequency (HF) baluns, or soft iron as in the early days of telegraphy.


title: Balun

text: The electrical signal in the primary coil is converted into a magnetic field in the transformer's core. When the electrical current through the primary reverses, it causes the established magnetic field to collapse. The collapsing magnetic field then induces an electric field in the secondary winding.


title: Balun

text: The ratio of loops in each winding and the efficiency of the coils' magnetic coupling determines the ratio of electrical potential (voltage) to electrical current and the total power of the output. For idealized transformers, although the ratio of voltage to current will change in exact proportion to the square of the winding ratio, the power (measured in watts) remains identical. In real transformers, some energy is lost inside to heating of the metallic core of the transformer, and lost outside to the surrounding environment because of imperfect magnetic coupling between the two coils.


title: Balun

text: An ideal balun consists of two wires (primary and secondary) and a core: the current in the primary wire generates a magnetic field in the core, which in turn induces an electric field in the secondary wire.


title: Balun

text: An autotransformer balun has only one coil, or is made of two or more coils that have an electrical connection, wound around a core. One can also make an autotransformer from an ordinary transformer by cross-wiring the primary and secondary windings. Baluns made with autotransformer windings are also called "voltage baluns", since they produce balanced output voltage, but not necessarily balanced current.


title: Balun

text: In all autotransformers, the single winding must have at least one extra electrical connection – called a "tap" or "tap point" – between the two ends of the winding. The current sent into the balun through one pair of connections acts as if it were a primary coil, and magnetizes the entire core. When the electric current in the input segment of the coil changes, the induced magnetic field collapses and the collapse of the magnetic field in the core induces an electric current in the entire coil. Electrical connections to parts of the coil different from the input connections have higher or lower voltages depending on the length of the coil that the output is tapped from.


title: Balun

text: Unlike transformer-type baluns, an autotransformer balun provides a path for DC current to ground from every terminal. Since outdoor antennas are prone build-up of static electric charge, the path for the static to drain to ground through an autotransformer balun can be a distinct advantage.


title: Balun

text: Transmission line or "choke" baluns can be considered as simple forms of transmission line transformers. This type is sometimes called a "current balun", since it ensures equal current on both sides of its output, but not necessarily equal voltage. These are normally called ununs, because they go from unbalanced to unbalanced or un-un. Baluns are balanced to unbalanced or bal-un.


title: Balun

text: A more subtle type results when the transformer type (magnetic coupling) is combined with the transmission line type (electro-magnetic coupling). Most typically the same kind of transmission line wires are used for the windings as carry the signal from the radio to the antenna, although these baluns can be made using any type of wire. The resulting devices have very wideband operation. "Transmission line transformers" commonly use small ferrite cores in toroidal rings or two-hole, binocular, shapes.


title: Balun

text: The Guanella transmission line transformer (Guanella 1944) is often combined with a balun to act as an impedance matching transformer. Putting balancing aside a transformer of this type consists of a 75 Ω transmission line divided in parallel into two 150 Ω cables, which are then combined in series for 300 Ω. It is implemented as a specific wiring around the ferrite core of the balun.


title: Balun

text: Although baluns are designed as magnetic devices – each winding in a balun is an inductor – all transformers made of real materials also have a small capacitance between the primary and secondary windings, as well as between individual loops in any single winding, forming unwanted "self-capacitance".


title: Balun

text: The electrical connection of capacitance and inductance leads to a frequency where the electrical reactance of the self-inductance and self-capacitance in the balun are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign: that is, to resonance. A balun of any design operates poorly at or above its self-resonant frequency, and some of the design considerations for baluns are for the purpose of making the resonant frequency as far above the operating frequency as possible.


title: Balun

text: An RF choke can be used in place of a balun. If a coil is made using coaxial cable near to the feed point of a balanced antenna, then the RF current that flows on the outer surface of the coaxial cable can be attenuated. One way of doing this would be to pass the cable through a ferrite toroid. The end result is exactly the same as a 1:1 current balun (or Guanella-type balun). (Straw 2005, 2526)


title: Balun

text: A balun's function is generally to achieve compatibility between systems, and as such, finds extensive application in modern communications, particularly in realising frequency conversion mixers to make cellular phone and data transmission networks possible. They are also used to send an E1 carrier signal from coaxial cable (BNC connector, 1.0/2.3 connector, 1.6/5.6 connector, Type 43 connectors) to UTP CAT-5 cable or IDC connector.


title: Balun

text: In television, amateur radio, and other antenna installations and connections, baluns convert between impedances and symmetry of feedlines and antennas.


title: Balun

text: For example, transformation of 300-Ω twin-lead or 450-Ω ladder line (balanced) to 75-Ω coaxial cable (unbalanced), or to directly connect a balanced antenna to unbalanced coaxial cable. To avoid feed line radiation, baluns are typically used as a form of common mode choke attached at the antenna feed point to prevent the coaxial cable from acting as an antenna and radiating power. This typically is needed when a balanced antenna (for instance, a dipole) is fed with coax; without a balun, the shield of the coax could couple with one side of the dipole, inducing common mode current, and becoming part of the antenna and unintentionally radiating.


title: Balun

text: In measuring the impedance or radiation pattern of a balanced antenna using a coaxial cable, it is important to place a balun between the cable and the antenna feed. Unbalanced currents that may otherwise flow on the cable will make the measured antenna impedance sensitive to the configuration of the feed cable, and the radiation pattern of small antennas may be distorted by radiation from the cable.


title: Balun

text: Baluns are present in radars, transmitters, satellites, in every telephone network, and probably in most wireless network modem/routers used in homes. It can be combined with transimpedance amplifiers to compose high-voltage amplifiers out of low-voltage components.


title: Balun

text: Baseband video uses frequencies up to several megahertz. A balun can be used to couple video signals to twisted-pair cables instead of using coaxial cable. Many security cameras now have both a balanced unshielded twisted pair (UTP) output and an unbalanced coaxial one via an internal balun. A balun is also used on the video recorder end to convert back from the 100 Ω balanced to 75 Ω unbalanced. A balun of this type has a BNC connector with two screw terminals.


title: Balun

text: VGA/DVI baluns are baluns with electronic circuitry used to connect VGA/DVI sources (laptop, DVD, etc.) to VGA/DVI display devices over long runs of CAT-5/CAT-6 cable. Runs over 130 m (400 ft) may lose quality because of attenuation and variations in the arrival time of each signal. A skew control and special low skew or skew free cable is used for runs over 130 m (400 ft).


title: Balun

text: In audio applications, baluns serve multiple purposes: they can convert between high-impedance unbalanced and low impedance balanced lines. Another application is decoupling of devices (avoidance of earth loops).


title: Balun

text: A third application of baluns in audio systems is in the provision of balanced mains power to the equipment. The common-mode rejection of interference characteristic of balanced mains power, eliminates a wide range of noise coming from the wall plug, e.g. mains-borne interference from air conditioner/furnace/refrigerator motors, switching noise produced by fluorescent lighting and dimmer switches, digital noise from personal computers, and radio frequency signals picked up by the power lines/cords acting as antennae. This noise infiltrates the audio/video system through the power supplies and raises the noise floor of the entire system.


title: Balun

text: Except for the connections, the three devices in the image are electrically identical, but only the leftmost two can be used as baluns. The device on the left would normally be used to connect a high impedance source, such as a guitar, into a balanced microphone input, serving as a passive DI unit. The one in the centre is for connecting a low impedance balanced source, such as a microphone, into a guitar amplifier. The one at the right is not a balun, as it provides only impedance matching.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Duncan Keith (born July 16, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 17 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Blackhawks and Edmonton Oilers. He won three Stanley Cup championships with Chicago in 2010, 2013 and 2015. In 2017, Keith was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Following his freshman year at Michigan State University, Keith was selected in the second round, 54th overall, by Chicago in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. After splitting the next year between Michigan State and the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL), he spent two seasons with the Norfolk Admirals of the American Hockey League (AHL). In 2005–06, he played his NHL rookie season with the Blackhawks. Four years later, he won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the NHL's best defenceman. He won a second Norris in 2014 and received the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs by a unanimous vote.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Keith was known as a two-way defenceman, capable in both shutdown and offensive roles. He is a two-time gold medallist in international competition, having appeared with Team Canada at the 2010 Vancouver and 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Keith is the middle child of Dave and Jean Keith; older brother Cameron (born in 1981) and younger sister Rebecca (born in 1984). His father was in Winnipeg working at the local Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) branch when he transferred to Fort Frances, Ontario, in 1985 for an assistant manager position. Keith's mother worked in the health field at Rainycrest Home for the Aged in Fort Frances.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Keith grew up as a Boston Bruins fan, singling-out defenceman Ray Bourque and forward Cam Neely as his favourite players, as well as Wayne Gretzky. Keith played minor hockey in the Fort Frances Minor Hockey Association along with his brother. Initially beginning as a forward with the Fort Frances Times Tigers, he has recalled switching to defence at the age of eight or nine. He went on to play AA Atom with Pinewood Sports and Marine Ltd and PeeWee with the Knights of Columbus. After Keith established himself in the NHL, the town of Fort Frances recognized his success by declaring July 21, 2008, "Duncan Keith Day."


title: Duncan Keith

text: While Keith began to be recruited for AAA Bantam in Thunder Bay, Ontario, his father obtained a managerial position at a CIBC branch in Summerland, British Columbia. At age 15, his family moved to nearby Penticton, where he finished his last two years of minor hockey. He then earned a spot on the local Junior A team, the Penticton Panthers of the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL), as a 16-year-old.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Keith played three years for the Penticton Panthers from 1999–00 through 2000–01, scoring 78 goals and 148 assists for 226 points in 163 games. He was recruited by Michigan State University and played college hockey there for two years with the Michigan State Spartans of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA). He scored a goal in his Spartans debut in the Cold War, an outdoor game at Spartan Stadium against the state-rival University of Michigan Wolverines on October 6, 2001, the game set a record for attendance at their hockey games. He completed his freshman year with 3 goals and 15 points in 41 games, ranked fourth among team defencemen behind John-Michael Liles, Brad Fast and Andrew Hutchinson. During Keith's second college season, he left the Spartans after 15 games to join the major junior ranks. He returned to British Columbia to play for the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and amassed 46 points (11 goals and 35 assists) over 37 regular season games with a +32 plus-minus in his single season there. He also added 14 points in 19 playoff games.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Keith was selected by the Chicago Blackhawks in the second round, 54th overall, of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He signed with Chicago prior to the 2003–04 season and spent his first two seasons after junior in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the team affiliate Norfolk Admirals. He recorded seven goals and 25 points over 75 games in his professional rookie season in 2003–04. Keith's chances of earning a spot with the Blackhawks the following season were eliminated due to the 2004–05 NHL lock-out. Remaining with the Admirals, he continued his pace with 26 points in 79 games.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Following two seasons in the AHL, Keith made the Blackhawks squad out of the 2005 training camp. He played in his first NHL game on October 5, 2005, against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. He made an immediate impact on the club, scoring 9 goals and 21 points, while averaging over 23 minutes of ice time in 81 games during his 2005–06 NHL rookie season. The Blackhawks re-signed him in the off-season to a four-year contract extension.


title: Duncan Keith

text: In 2006–07, he played in all 82 games for the Blackhawks and once again led the team in average ice time at 23 minutes. He had 2 goals and 31 points while leading the team in blocked shots with 148. For the 2007–08 season, Keith saw even more ice time as injuries wracked the Blackhawks' defensive corps. He began the season on the top-defensive pairing with Brent Seabrook. By mid-January, he was averaging 24:31 minutes of ice time and had a team leading plus-minus of +14. He was rewarded for this effort by a selection to his first NHL All-Star Game in 2008. Keith went on to finish the season with 12 goals and 32 points, along with a +30 plus-minus rating, despite being on a non-playoff team.


title: Duncan Keith

text: On October 8, 2008, Keith was named an alternate captain along with forward Patrick Sharp to the start the 2008–09 season. He helped a rejuvenated Blackhawks team, led by second-year forwards Jonathan Toews and Patrick Kane, back into the Stanley Cup playoffs, recording 8 goals and 44 points, second among team defencemen to Brian Campbell. He added 6 points in 17 playoff games as the Blackhawks advanced to the Western Conference Finals, where they were eliminated by Central Division rivals, the Detroit Red Wings.


title: Duncan Keith

text: With Keith having established himself with Seabrook as one of the top shutdown pairings in the league, he made significant offensive improvement in 2009–10. On December 3, 2009, the Blackhawks announced having extended Keith's contract simultaneously with Jonathan Toews and Patrick Kane. At $72 million over 13 years, Keith's contract was the most lucrative in team history, surpassing Marián Hossa's 12-year, $62.8 million contract signed several months prior in July 2009. He completed the season with 14 goals and 69 points, ranked second among league defencemen behind Mike Green of the Washington Capitals. It was also the highest total for a Blackhawks defenceman since Chris Chelios' 72-point season in 1995–96. His 26:35 minutes of average ice time was the second highest in the league. Entering the 2010 playoffs as the second seed in the Western Conference, the Blackhawks eliminated the Nashville Predators, Vancouver Canucks and San Jose Sharks in the first three rounds. During Game 4 of the Western Conference Finals against the Sharks, Keith had seven teeth knocked out by a puck. He returned minutes after the incident to help the Blackhawks complete a four-game sweep of the Sharks and advance to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1992. Matched against the Philadelphia Flyers, they won the Stanley Cup in six games. Keith finished the post-season with 17 points (2 goals and 15 assists) over 22 contests. Nominated for the James Norris Memorial Trophy for his regular season performance, he outvoted Mike Green and Drew Doughty of the Los Angeles Kings to earn the award as the NHL's best defenceman in the off-season.


title: Duncan Keith

text: As a result of several Blackhawks players, including Keith, entering the first year of lucrative contracts in the 2010–11 season, the team was forced to deal away several components of their Stanley Cup winning team to fit under the salary cap. With a diminished roster, Chicago qualified for the playoffs by two points as the eighth and final seed in the West. Keith's production decreased to 7 goals and 45 points over 82 games. Facing the Canucks in the first round, the Blackhawks were eliminated in seven games. Keith recorded four goals and two assists during the series.


title: Duncan Keith

text: On March 23, 2012, Keith was suspended five games for delivering an elbow to the head of Canuck forward Daniel Sedin. Head of the Department of Player Safety Brendan Shanahan observed that the hit was "dangerous, reckless, and caused injury" in his video release.


title: Duncan Keith

text: On June 4, 2013, Keith received a one-game suspension for a slash to the face of Los Angeles Kings' forward Jeff Carter during Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals. The league, in announcing the suspension, referred to the slash as "a one handed upward swing" which struck Carter directly in the face causing a laceration which required 20 stitches to close.


title: Duncan Keith

text: In the following season, Keith tallied 6 goals and 55 assists while maintaining a +22 plus-minus rating over 79 games. He was with gold-medallist Team Canada at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. Keith recorded four goals and seven assists in the 2014 playoffs, but lost to Los Angeles Kings in the Western Conference Finals, the eventual champions.


title: Duncan Keith

text: After the season's conclusion, Keith was awarded his second Norris Trophy as the NHL's top defenceman.


title: Duncan Keith

text: On June 15, 2015, Keith won his third Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks. His 2015 playoffs performance resulted in the Conn Smythe Trophy for playoffs MVP, after scoring the winning goal on Tampa Bay Lightning goaltender Ben Bishop. He joins Henrik Zetterberg in having achieved scoring the Cup-winning goal and receiving the Conn Smythe Trophy in the same year in 2008.


title: Duncan Keith

text: On March 29, 2016, Keith was checked to the ice by Minnesota Wild forward Charlie Coyle and retaliated with his stick—Coyle required medical attention having blood dripping from his nose. Keith was penalized for intent to injure. A review would lead to his suspension from the last five games of the regular season and the first game of the 2016 playoffs – causing Keith to forfeit $148,883.35 in salary under the terms of the NHL collective bargaining agreement.


title: Duncan Keith

text: On December 11, 2018, Keith and teammate Brent Seabrook became the first pair of defencemen, and the seventh duo in NHL history, to play 1,000 games together.


title: Duncan Keith

text: At the end of June 2021, it was reported that Keith had requested a trade from the Blackhawks to Western Canada or the Pacific Northwest of the United States to be closer to his family (who live in Penticton, British Columbia) as he finished out his career. On July 12, Keith's sixteen season run with the Blackhawks came to an end when he, along with Tim Söderlund, were traded to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Caleb Jones and a conditional third-round pick in 2022. Keith left the Chicago organisation holding numerous distinctions, including the second most games played in team uniform, second most points by a blueliner (behind only Doug Wilson) and having led the team in ice time for every season he played. Oilers general manager Ken Holland's decision to trade for Keith was controversial, with many faulting the decision to agree to the trade without Chicago retaining any portion of Keith's salary against the salary cap. At the time of the trade, a number of analytical models rated Keith as one of the worst defencemen in the NHL.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Despite the controversy, Keith was generally regarded as having performed solidly in his debut season in Edmonton, recording 1 goal and 20 assists in 64 games played, largely on the second pair. He spent much of the second half of the season partnered with Evan Bouchard, who credited him as a valuable mentor. The Oilers finished the season second in the Pacific Division, advancing into the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs. The team defeated the Los Angeles Kings and the Calgary Flames in the first two rounds, meeting the Colorado Avalanche in the Western Conference Finals before being defeated in four games.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Following the end of the season, the Oilers reportedly asked Keith to clarify by July 1, 2022 whether he intended to play another season or retire. Keith officially announced his retirement on July 12.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Keith debuted internationally for Canada at the 2008 IIHF World Championship. He contributed two assists in nine games as Canada won a silver medal, losing in the gold medal game to Russia.


title: Duncan Keith

text: On December 30, 2009, Keith was selected to play for Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He was named to the squad along with Blackhawks teammates Brent Seabrook and Jonathan Toews. Although Keith was expected to retain Seabrook as his defensive partner from the NHL to Canada, Seabrook ended up as the designated seventh defenceman while Keith formed a pairing with Drew Doughty. Keith finished the tournament with six assists, leading Canada in ice time, as Canada won the gold medal over the United States 3–2 in overtime on February 28, 2010. It was Keith's first international gold medal.


title: Duncan Keith

text: Keith also played on Canada's gold medal-winning team at the Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament in Sochi.


title: Duncan Keith

text: On February 25, 2014, Keith, along with Blackhawks teammate Brent Seabrook, made a cameo appearance on the NBC drama "Chicago Fire".


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: "Where the Wild Roses Grow" is a murder ballad by Australian rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and pop singer Kylie Minogue. It is the fifth song and lead single from the band's ninth studio album, "Murder Ballads" (1996), released on Mute Records. It was written by the band's frontman Nick Cave and produced by Tony Cohen and Victor Van Vugt.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: The song received a positive reception from music critics and became the band's most successful single worldwide reaching No. 3 in Norway, the top five in Australia, and the top twenty in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany and New Zealand. It also received a limited promotional release in the United States. The song was certified Gold in Germany in 1996 for 250,000 copies sold, despite never reaching the top ten in that country. It charted again at the bottom of the German Top 100 in 2008 because of digital downloads after it was used in a soap opera. "Where the Wild Roses Grow" was also certified Gold in Australia for selling 50,000 copies.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: Cave was inspired to write "Where the Wild Roses Grow" after listening to the traditional song, "Down in the Willow Garden", a tale of a man courting a woman and killing her while they are out together. Cave arranged this tale as second of two B-sides, "The Ballad of Robert Moore & Betty Coltrane" / "The Willow Garden", released on the CD-Maxi single version.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: Although the song does not feature on a Minogue studio album, it can be found on her compilations "Hits+", "Greatest Hits 1987–1999", "Ultimate Kylie", "The Abbey Road Sessions" and "". Minogue performed a chorus of the song during her and tours.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: It reached number eight in Triple J's Hottest 100 1995. In 2012, "NME" listed the song in their 100 Best Songs of the 1990s list at number 35, while in 2014, "NME" placed it at number 378 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: A CD of the track—which had Blixa Bargeld singing Minogue's lines—was sent to Minogue's parents' house (as she was staying there at the time) prior to her recording the song.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue first performed the song publicly on 4 August 1995 in Cork, Republic of Ireland.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: According to the sheet music edition published by SheetMusicNow.com, "Where The Wild Roses Grow" is written in the compound time signature of 6/8 and is set in the key signature of G minor, at a tempo of 56 beats per minute.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "This is not a joke. Not since Debbie Gibson contributed backing vocals on the Circle Jerk's cover of the Soft Boys' "I Wanna Destroy You" has there been such an odd collaboration of musical talent. Australia's queen of bubble-gum pop meets the underground art rock of Nick Cave on this moody track. Forget "Loco-Motion": Minogue carries her own, as Cave catapults his vocals into a moody pit of musical melancholy and lyrical despair. Brilliant." Another editor, Paul Verna complimented it as a "ghostly beautiful duet". James Masterton for Dotmusic described the song as "a gorgeous, mellow 1940s-sounding ballad." Pan-European magazine "Music & Media" commented, "Written especially for Minogue, the diminutive singer forms an unlikely but stunning combination with Cave. A brooding and haunting song that finds Cave in a sombre, Leonard Cohen-type of mood against Minogue's declaring diction. The tension gradually builds up as each tells their own version of a tale of murder." A reviewer from "Music Week" rated it four out of five, adding, "Nick croons while Kylie purrs in this folksy foretaste of the album of murder ballads".


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: The music video for "Where the Wild Roses Grow", commissioned by Emma Davies for Mute Records, shot by director Rocky Schenck and produced by Nick Verden for Atlas Films, shows Kylie Minogue in character, apparently having been murdered by Nick Cave's character. We see her in ghost-like form and also in a river in a pose reminiscent of Millais' painting "Ophelia" (1851–52). The video ends with Cave's character putting a rose in Minogue's mouth and closing her eyelids.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: Cave and Minogue performed the song together live on stage in London on 3 June 2018 when Kylie made a surprise appearance during the Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds set at All Points East festival.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: Minogue appeared as a surprise guest at Coldplay's Enmore Theatre show in Sydney, Australia on 19 June 2014, where they performed the song as a duet. Cave and Minogue performed the song at the Glastonbury Festival 2019.


title: Where the Wild Roses Grow

text: A guide track with the Bad Seeds guitarist, Blixa Bargeld, singing Kylie Minogue's vocal part was released on the compilation "B-Sides & Rarities".


title: The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov

text: The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov (), formerly The Other Russia (), is an unregistered National Bolshevik political party in Russia, founded on 10 July 2010 by Eduard Limonov. The Other Russia was reorganized in September 2020 and changed its name to "The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov", in honor of their deceased founder who had died the same year.


title: The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov

text: The Other Russia was established on 10 July 2010 by former members of the banned National Bolshevik Party during their congress in Moscow. On 21 January 2011, The Other Russia was denied registration by the Federal Registration Service because they did not have enough popular support among the Russian people.


title: The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov

text: In 2010, three members of the party were arrested and beaten for their role in the Manezhnaya Square riots. These arrests were flagged by human rights organizations as politically motivated by the members' involvement in The Other Russia.