text: This refer to Mohammed Trik, the Dey of Algiers, who in an English report from 1676 is noted to have been married to his former slave concubine, described as a "cunning covetous English woman, who would sell her soule for a Bribe", with whom the English viewed it as "chargeable to bee kept in her favour… for Countrysake".


title: History of concubinage in the Muslim world

text: European accounts typically condemned European concubines who converted to Islam as apostates, while praising women who bravely resisted the "depravity" of their Muslim masters. This kind of writing would later give rise to the "harem fantasy" in the 19th century orientalism. French general Thomas Robert Bugeaud wrote that children of concubines in Algeria were treated the same as other children and slaves enjoyed the same lifestyle as their owners.


text: In Morocco, most slaves were black, and the 19th century American journalist Stephen Bonsal remarked that high ranking Moroccan officials were sons of black concubines. Most Moroccan men remained monogamous as it was too expensive to have a concubine (or second wife), while wealthy Moroccan men took concubines, and the sultans had large harems.


text: The Muslim Sultanates in India before the Mughal Empire captured large numbers of non-Muslims from the Deccan. The children of Muslim masters and non-Muslim concubines would be raised as Muslims. When Muslims would surround Rajput citadels, the Rajput women would commit jauhar (collective suicide) to save themselves from being dishonoured by their enemies. In 1296 approximately 16,000 women committed jauhar to save themselves from Alauddin Khalji's army. Rajput women would commit it when they saw that defeat and enslavement was imminent for their people. In 1533 in Chittorgarh nearly 13,000 women and children killed themselves instead of being taken captive by Bahadur Shah's army. For them sexual intercourse was the worst form of humiliation. Rajputs practised jauhar mainly when their opponents were Muslims.


text: Historical records show that numerous royal Timurid concubines were not slaves, but free women from prestigious Muslim families. The reason for that is men were only allowed a maximum of four wives, so instead they would secure additional marital alliances through concubinage instead. Likewise 15th century texts from the region advise princes to seek marital alliances through unions with noble women as opposed to with a female slave. Taking free women as concubines was condemned by some contemporaries.


text: Under the Mughal Empire, the royalty and nobility kept concubines in addition to wives. While concubines are often a feature of royal households, Mughal harems stood out for their elaborateness, size and pomp. Francisco Pelseart describes that noblemen kept both wives and concubines, who lived in extravagant quarters. Early Mughal harems were small, but Akbar had a harem of more than 5000 women and Aurangzeb's harem was even larger. Muslims and Hindus often took each other's female captives as concubines. Mughals attempted to suppress slavery, with emperor Akbar forbidding enslavement of women and children in 1562, prohibiting slave trade, and freeing thousands of his own slaves. However, Akbar wasn't always consistent and may have kept his own concubines. After Akbar's death there was a return to older patterns, such as Jahangir taking the wives and daughters of a rebel into his harem and soldiers enslaving women from rebellious villages, but the sale of slaves remained banned. Ahmad Shah Abdali's army captured Maratha women to fill Afghan harems. The Sikhs attacked Abdali and rescued 2,2000 Maratha girls. Ovington, a voyager who wrote about his journey to Surat, stated that Muslim men had an "extraordinary liberty for women" and kept as many concubines as they could afford. The nobles in India could possess as many concubines as they wanted. Ismail Quli Khan, a Mughal noble, possessed 1200 girls. Another nobleman, Said, had many wives and concubines from whom he fathered 60 sons in just four years.


text: Lower class Muslims were generally monogamous. Since they hardly had any rivals, women of the lower and middle class sections of society fared better than upper-class women who had to contend with their husbands' other wives, slave-girls and concubines. A wife could enforce that her husband remain monogamous, by stipulating in the Islamic marriage contract that the husband was not allowed to take another wife or concubine. Such conditions were "commonplace" among middle-class Muslims in Surat in the 1650s.


text: There is no evidence that concubinage was practiced in Kashmir where, unlike the rest of the medieval Muslim world, slavery was abhorred and not widespread. Except for the Sultans, there is no evidence that the Kashmiri nobility or merchants kept slaves. In medieval Punjab the Muslim peasants, artisans, small tradesmen, shopkeepers, clerks and minor officials could not afford concubines or slaves, but the Muslim nobility of medieval Punjab, such as the Khans and Maliks, kept concubines and slaves. Female slaves were used for concubinage in many wealthy Muslim households of Punjab.


text: Colonial court cases from 19th century Punjab show that the courts recognised the legitimate status of children born to Muslim zamindars (landlords) from their concubines. The Muslim rulers of Indian princely states, such as the Nawab of Junagadh, also kept slave girls. The Nawab of Bahawalpur, according to a Pakistani journalist, kept 390 concubines. He only had sex with most of them once. Marathas captured during their wars with the Mughals had been given to the soldiers of the Mughal Army from the Baloch Bugti tribe. The descendants of these captives became known as "Mrattas" and their women were traditionally used as concubines by the Bugtis. They became equal citizens of Pakistan in 1947.


text: The capture and enslavement of non-Muslim women is described in a matter-of-fact way in Muslim sources. However, the same practice was criticised when Christians captured Muslim women. In the eleventh century, Christians began an aggressive policy towards Muslims in Al-Andalus. Christian military leaders captured Muslim women and included eight-year-old Muslim virgins as part of their war booty. When Granada passed from Muslim rule to Christian rule, thousands of Moorish women were enslaved and trafficked to Europe. Muslim families tried to ransom their daughters, mothers and wives who had been captured and enslaved. Muslim women were kept as concubines by Christian men.


text: During the Almoravid period in Al-Andalus, for both Christians and Muslims, the capture of women from the other religion was a show of power, while the capture and sexual use of their own women by men of the other religion was a cause of shame. Many women would convert to their master's religion. In one case an Algerian woman, Fatima, was captured and enslaved. She converted to Christianity and refused the ransom which the Turks had sent for her release. Other enslaved Muslim women had more "harrowing" experiences in being converted to Christianity.


text: Islamic jurists had completely forbidden the enslavement of Muslims. However, Muslims have still at times enslaved Muslims from other ethnic groups. The Umayyad caliph Muhammad II of Córdoba gave orders that the Berber houses in Cordoba be looted and that Berber women be captured and sold in Dar-al Banat. In another case, the Andalusian ruler of Malaga, Ibn Hassun, unsuccessfully attempted to kill his female relatives before the Berber Almohads could capture them. He committed suicide but his daughters survived. These girls were then sold and some of them were taken as concubines by Almohad military commanders.


text: Kurds in the Ottoman–Persian frontier would enslave both Shias and Yazidis. The Ottoman jurist Ebu Su'ud upheld the permissibility of wars against the Shia but he forbade the taking of Shias as captives. In particular, he also declared that sexual intercourse with Shia female captives was unlawful. However, he endorsed enslavement of Shias in a later fatwa. In 1786–87 an Ottoman general enslaved the wives and children of Mamluk emirs. In the region of modern-day Chad, Muslim women and children from Bagirmi were enslaved by the ruler of Wadai around 1800.


text: While classical Islamic law permitted slavery, the abolition movement starting in the late 18th century in England and later in other Western countries influenced slavery in Muslim lands both in doctrine and in practice. According to Smith "the majority of the faithful eventually accepted abolition as religiously legitimate and an Islamic consensus against slavery became dominant", though this continued to be disputed by some literalists.


text: Colonial governments and independent Muslim states restricted slave raids and the slave trade in response to pressure from Western liberals and nascent Muslim abolitionist movements. Eliminating slavery was an even more difficult task. Many Muslim governments had refused to sign the international treaties against slavery which the League of Nations was co-ordinating since 1926. This refusal was also an issue at the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and at the 1956 Anti-Slavery Convention. It was mostly because of the pressure from European colonial powers and economic changes that slavery was abolished. While the institution was eventually abolished, there was no internally well-developed Islamic narrative against slave-ownership.


text: In the 1830s, a group of "ulama" led by Waji al-Din Saharanpuri issued a "fatwa"that it was lawful to enslave even those men and women "who sought refuge" after battle. Sayyed Imdad Ali Akbarabadi led "ulama" in publishing a lot of material in defence of traditional kinds of slavery. Sayyid Muhammad Askari condemned the idea of abolishing slavery. In the 19th century, some "ulama" in Cairo refused to allow slave girls, who had been freed under secular law, to marry unless they had obtained permission from their owner. After 1882 the Egyptian "ulama" refused to prohibit slavery on the grounds that the Prophet had never forbidden it. In 1899 a scholar from Al-Azhar, Shaykh Muhammad Ahmad al-Bulayqi implicitly defended concubinage and refuted modernist arguments. Most "ulama" in West Africa opposed abolition. They ruled that concubinage was still allowed with women of slave descent.


text: Ehud R. Toledano states that abolitionist views were very rare in Muslim societies and that there was no indigenous abolitionist narrative in the Muslim world. According to Toledano, the first anti-slavery views came from Syed Ahmad Khan in the subcontinent. The next anti-slavery texts are to be found, from the 1920s onwards, in the works of non-"ulema" who were writing outside the realm of Islamic tradition and "Shariah". According to Amal Ghazal, the abolitionist stances of modernist "ulema" in Egypt such as Muhammad 'Abduh and his disciples were strongly opposed by the majority of Islamic jurists. While 'Abduh took a stand in favour of abolition, he noted that only a gradualist approach, which encouraged manumission, would work because slavery itself was sanctioned in Islamic law.


text: While in the late 19th century some Indian Muslim modernists had rejected the legitimacy of slavery in Islam, a reformist take on slavery was a part of regenerated Indian Muslim thinking in the 1860s and 1870s. Syed Ahmad Khan and Syed Ameer Ali were primarily concerned with refuting Western criticism of Islamic slavery. However, they did not directly refute the European criticism about female slavery and concubinage. According to Dilawar Husain Ahmad, polygamy and concubinage were responsible for "Muslim decline". Chiragh Ali denied the Qur'anic permission for concubinage. However, he accepted William Muir's view that Muslims would not abandon female slavery willingly, but he asserted that Islamic jurists did not allow concubinage with the female slaves being imported from Africa, Central Asia and Georgia in that time. However, he did not specify who these Islamic jurists were. Syed Ahmad Khan was opposed by the "ulama" on a number of issues, including his views on slavery.


text: In 1911 one "Qadi" in Mombasa ruled that no government can free a slave without the owner's permission. Spencer Trimingham observed that in coastal Arab areas masters continued to take concubines from slave families because the descendants of slaves are still considered to be enslaved under religious law even if they had been freed according to secular law. The Ottoman "ulama" maintained the permissibility of slavery due to its Islamic legal sanction. They rejected demands by Young Ottomans for "fatwas" to ban slavery.


text: In Pakistan, where the Deobandi Islamic revivalist movement is prevalent, the "ulama" called for the revival of slavery in 1947. The wish to enslave enemies and take concubines was noted in the Munir Commission Report. When Zia ul Haq came to power in 1977 and started applying "sharia", some argued that the reward for freeing slaves meant that slavery should not be abolished "since to do so would be to deny future generations the opportunity to commit the virtuous deed of freeing slaves." Similarly, many "ulama" in Mauritania did not recognise the legitimacy of abolishing slavery. In 1981 a group of "ulama" argued that only owners could free their slaves and that the Mauritanian government was breaking a fundamental religious rule. In 1997 one Mauritanian scholar stated that abolition


text: ... is contrary to the teachings of the fundamental text of Islamic law, the Koran... [and] amounts to the expropriation from Muslims of their goods, goods that were acquired legally. The state, if it is Islamic, does not have the right to seize my house, my wife or my slave.


text: The translator of Ibn Kathir's treatise on slaves, Umar ibn Sulayman Hafyan, felt obliged to explain why he published a slave treatise when slavery no longer exists. He states that just because slavery no longer exists does not mean that the laws about slavery have been abrogated. Moreover, slavery was only abolished half a century ago and could return in the future. His comments were a reflection of the predicament modern Muslims find themselves in.


text: Today, most ordinary Muslims ignore the existence of slavery and concubinage in Islamic history and texts. Most also ignore the millennia-old consensus permitting it and a few writers even claim that those Islamic jurists who allowed sexual relations outside marriage with female slaves were mistaken. Ahmed Hassan, a twentieth-century translator of Sahih Muslim, who prefaced the translated chapter on marriage by claiming that Islam only allows sex within marriage. This was despite the fact that the same chapter included many references to Muslim men having sex with slave-girls. Muhammad Asad also rejected the notion of any sexual relationship outside of marriage. Ali notes that one reason for this defensive attitude may lie with the desire to argue against the common Western media portrayal of "Islam as uniquely oppressive toward women" and "Muslim men as lascivious and wanton toward sexually controlled females".


text: Asifa Quraishi-Landes observes that most Muslims believe that sex is only permissible within marriage and they ignore the permission for keeping concubines in Islamic jurisprudence. Furthermore, the majority of modern Muslims are not aware that Islamic jurists had made an analogy between the marriage contract and sale of concubines and many modern Muslims would be offended by the idea that a husband owns his wife's private parts under Islamic law. She notes that "Muslims around the world nevertheless speak of marriage in terms of reciprocal and complementary rights and duties, mutual consent, and with respect for women's agency" and "many point to Muslim scripture and classical literature to support these ideals of mutuality — and there is significant material to work with. But formalizing these attitudes in enforceable rules is much more difficult." She personally concludes that she is "not convinced that sex with one's slave is approved by the Quran in the first place", claiming that reading the respective Quranic section has led her to "different conclusions than that held by the majority of classical Muslim jurists." She agrees "with Kecia Ali that the slavery framework and its resulting doctrine are not dictated by scripture".


text: Cognitive scientist Steven Pinker noted in "The Better Angels of Our Nature" that despite the "de jure" abolitions of slavery by Islamic countries in the 20th century, the majority of the countries where human trafficking still occurs are Muslim-majority, while political scientists Valerie M. Hudson and Bradley Thayer have noted that Islam is the only major religious tradition that still allows polygyny.


text: Since at least the early 20th century, there have been a number of examples of the revival of concubinage or slavery-like practices in the Muslim world. For instance, a large number of Baloch women were kidnapped in the first half of the 20th century by slave traders and sold for sex across the Persian Gulf in settlements such as Sharjah.


text: During the partition of India, some of the violence against women resembled concubinage with religious undertones, with some women being kept captives as forced wives and concubines. According to some accounts, non-Muslim women captured by the Pakistan Army would be forcibly converted to Islam to be "worthy" of their captors' harems. In Kashmir, Pashtun tribesmen allegedly captured a large number of non-Muslim girls from Kashmir and sold them as slave-girls in West Punjab. The violence was paralleled on both sides of the conflict, with Muslim girls in East Punjab also being taken by and distributed among the Sikh jathas, Indian military and police for sex and sold on multiple times. The governments of India and Pakistan later agreed to restore Hindu and Sikh women to India and Muslim women to Pakistan.


text: In Afghanistan, one of the atrocities committed by the Taliban was the enslavement of the Hazara women for use as concubines. In 1998, eyewitnesses in Mazar e Sharif reported the hundreds of Shia girls had been abducted by Taliban fighters. One source suggests that up to 400 Hazara women were involved.


text: During the 1983-2005 Second Sudanese Civil War, the Sudanese army also revived the use of enslavement as a weapon against the South, particularly against black Christian prisoners of war, on the purported basis that Islamic law allowed it. In raids by Janjaweed militias on black Christian villages, thousands of women and children were taken captive, with some (Dinka girls) kept in Northern Sudanese households for use as sex slaves, while others sold in slave markets as far afield as Libya.


text: In the 21st century, when Isil fighters attacked the city of Sinjar in 2014, they kidnapped and raped local women. Isil's extremist agenda extended to women's bodies and that women living under their control, with fighters being told that they were theologically sanctioned to have sex with non-Muslim captive women.


text: The justifications for modern reiterations of slavery and violence against women, most notably in the context of Isil, have been vocally condemned by Islamic scholars from around the world at the time.


text: In response to the Nigerian extremist group Boko Haram's Quranic justification for kidnapping and enslaving people, and ISIL's religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women as spoils of war as claimed in their digital magazine "Dabiq", 126 Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world signed an open letter in September 2014 to the Islamic State's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi decrying his group's interpretations of the Qur'an and "hadith". The letter also accused the group of committing sedition by re-instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.


text: Hayriye Melek Hunç was the first female author of Circassian descent. Melek wrote essay “Dertlerimizden: Beylik-Kölelik” (One of our troubles: Seigniory-Slavery) to encourage Ottoman palace to do away with slavery. Through her story “Altun Zincir” (Golden Chain) Melek narrates the story of sorrow of Caucasian concubines of the harem for missing their Caucasus homeland and pointed out that in spite of elite life opportunities for some of the concubines, end of the day they remain slaves and their existence as a woman gets ruined.


title: Nutraceutical

text: A nutraceutical or bioceutical is a pharmaceutical alternative which claims physiological benefits. In the US, "nutraceuticals" are largely unregulated, as they exist in the same category as dietary supplements and food additives by the FDA, under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.


title: Nutraceutical

text: Under Canadian law, a nutraceutical can either be marketed as a food or as a drug; the terms "nutraceutical" and "functional food" have no legal distinction, referring to "a product isolated or purified from foods that is generally sold in medicinal forms not usually associated with food [and] is demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against chronic disease."


title: Nutraceutical

text: The terms "nutraceutical" and 'bioceutical' are not defined by US law. Depending on its ingredients and the claims with which it is marketed, a product is regulated as a drug, dietary supplement, food ingredient, or food.


title: Nutraceutical

text: In the global market, there are significant product quality issues. Nutraceuticals from the international market may claim to use organic or exotic ingredients, yet the lack of regulation may compromise the safety and effectiveness of products. Companies looking to create a wide profit margin may create unregulated products overseas with low-quality or ineffective ingredients.


title: Nutraceutical

text: Nutraceuticals are products derived from food sources that are purported to provide extra health benefits, in addition to the basic nutritional value found in foods. Depending on the jurisdiction, products may claim to prevent chronic diseases, improve health, delay the aging process, increase life expectancy, or support the structure or function of the body.


title: Nutraceutical

text: In the United States, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 defined the term "dietary supplement": “A dietary supplement is a product taken by mouth that contains a 'dietary ingredient' intended to supplement the diet. The 'dietary ingredients' in these products may include: vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, glandulars, and metabolites. Dietary supplements can also be extracts or concentrates, and may be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, softgels, gelcaps, liquids, or powders.”


title: Nutraceutical

text: Dietary supplements do not have to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before marketing, but companies must register their manufacturing facilities with the FDA and follow current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs). With a few well-defined exceptions, dietary supplements may only be marketed to support the structure or function of the body, and may not claim to treat a disease or condition, and must include a label that says: “These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.” The exceptions are when the FDA has reviewed and approved a health claim. In those situations the FDA also stipulates the exact wording allowed.


title: Nutraceutical

text: Functional foods are fortified or enriched during processing and then marketed as providing some benefit to consumers. Sometimes, additional complementary nutrients are added, such as vitamin D to milk.


title: Nutraceutical

text: Health Canada defines functional foods as “ordinary food that has components or ingredients added to give it a specific medical or physiological benefit, other than a purely nutritional effect.” In Japan, all functional foods must meet three established requirements: foods should be (1) present in their naturally occurring form, rather than a capsule, tablet, or powder; (2) consumed in the diet as often as daily; and (3) should regulate a biological process in hopes of preventing or controlling disease.


title: Nutraceutical

text: The word "nutraceutical" is a portmanteau of the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical", coined in 1989 by Stephen L. DeFelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine.


title: Nutraceutical

text: Indians, Egyptians, Chinese, and Sumerians are just a few civilizations that have used food as medicine. "Let food be thy medicine." is a common misquotation attributed to Hippocrates, who is considered by some to be the father of Western medicine.


title: Nutraceutical

text: The modern nutraceutical market began to develop in Japan during the 1980s. In contrast to the natural herbs and spices used as folk medicine for centuries throughout Asia, the nutraceutical industry has grown alongside the expansion and exploration of modern technology.


title: Nutraceutical

text: One example is a traditional Japanese drug called 'Kampo' which is derived from many medicinal plants. This test was done to investigate the pharmacological effects of functional foods and Kampo medicine. The experiments were performed using disease models. When extracts were taken from Kampo and functional foods and were administered there was a lowered pro-inflammatory rate.


title: Nutraceutical

text: Because nutraceuticals are unregulated, these supplements are sold by marketing hype rather than being based on actual clinical evidence. There is no compelling evidence for efficacy in nutraceuticals. After scientists disputed the benefits of nutraceuticals like probiotics in yogurt, Danone was forced to pay millions for falsely claiming its products Actimel and Activia boosted the immune system.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: Weather Underground is a commercial weather service providing real-time weather information over the Internet. Weather Underground provides weather reports for most major cities around the world on its Web site, as well as local weather reports for newspapers and third-party sites. Its information comes from the National Weather Service (NWS), and over 250,000 personal weather stations (PWS). The site is available in many languages, and customers can access an ad-free version of the site with additional features for an annual fee. Weather Underground is owned by The Weather Company, a subsidiary of IBM.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: The company is based in San Francisco, California and was founded in 1995 as an offshoot of the University of Michigan Internet weather database. The name is a reference to the 1960s radical left-wing militant organization the Weather Underground, which also originated at the University of Michigan.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: Jeff Masters, a doctoral candidate in meteorology at the University of Michigan working under the direction of Professor Perry Samson, wrote a menu-based Telnet interface in 1991 that displayed real-time weather information around the world. In 1993, they recruited Alan Steremberg and initiated a project to bring Internet weather into K–12 classrooms. Weather Underground president Alan Steremberg wrote "Blue Skies" for the project, a graphical Mac Gopher client, which won several awards. When the Mosaic Web browser appeared, this provided a natural transition from "Blue Skies" to the Web.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: In 1995 Weather Underground Inc. became a commercial entity separate from the university. It has grown to provide weather for print sources, in addition to its online presence. In 2005, Weather Underground became the weather provider for the Associated Press; Weather Underground also provides weather reports for some newspapers, including the "San Francisco Chronicle" and the Google search engine. Alan Steremberg also worked on the early development of the Google search engine with Larry Page and Sergey Brin.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: In October 2008, Jeff Masters reported that the site was No. 2 for Internet weather information in 2008.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: In February 2010, Weather Underground launched FullScreenWeather.com, a full screen weather Web tool with integrated mapping and mobile device use in mind.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: On July 2, 2012, The Weather Channel announced that it would acquire Weather Underground, which would become operated as part of The Weather Channel Companies, LLC, which was later renamed "The Weather Company". The Weather Underground Web site continues to operate as a separate entity from The Weather Channel primary site, weather.com, with its existing staff retained. Third-party Web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb rate the site as the 117th and 98th most-visited site in the United States, respectively, as of July 2015. SimilarWeb rates the site as the second most visited weather website globally, attracting more than 47 million visitors per month. The Weather Company also uses the site's San Francisco headquarters as a regional office.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: The site popularity also helped launch a television show hosted by meteorologist Mike Bettes, which airs on The Weather Channel from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. ET.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: On October 28, 2015, Jeff Masters noted that IBM had officially announced an agreement to acquire The Weather Company business-to-business, mobile and cloud-based Web properties, including Weather Underground, WSI, weather.com, and also the Weather Company brand. The Weather Channel television service remained a separate entity, later sold to Entertainment Studios in 2018. The deal was finalized on January 29, 2016.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: Web logs (blogs) were one of the main features in Weather Underground, allowing users of the site to create blogs about weather, everyday life and anything else. Jeff Masters started the first blog on April 14, 2005, and he posts blog entries nearly every day. From 2007 through early 2017 Richard B. Rood wrote blogs on climate change and societal response, with new entries on a weekly basis.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: On October 14, 2016, the Wunderblog announced that it would be changing their name to Category 6, a name suggested by Jeff Masters. They decided on the name, because it "alludes to our deep fascination with all types of weather and climate extremes, including the many important facets of our changing climate", and "will provide all the insight and expert analysis needed to put the extreme events of our evolving 21st-century climate into context."


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: On April 3, 2017 Weather Underground ended all Member blogs, WUMail, SMS alerts, NOAA Weather Radio rebroadcast and Aviation.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: Weather Underground also uses observations from members with automated personal weather stations (PWS). Weather Underground uses observations from over 250,000 personal weather stations worldwide.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: The Weather Underground's WunderMap overlays weather data from personal weather stations and official National Weather Service stations on a Mapbox Map base and provides many interactive and dynamically updated weather and environmental layers. On November 15, 2017, users were notified by email that their worldwide, user-provided weather cameras would cease to be available on December 15, 2017. However, on December 11, 2017 users received another email from Weather Underground announcing that they were reversing their position and would not be discontinuing the service based on significant user feedback.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: The service previously distributed Internet radio feeds of NOAA Weather Radio stations from across the country, as provided by users, and had a Weather Underground Braille Page.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: Weather Underground has several Google Chrome extensions and applications for iPhone, iPad and Android including FullScreenWeather.com, a redirect to a full screen weather viewer tied into OpenStreetMap. There was an app developed for Roku devices, which has been deleted.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: In February 2015, Weather Underground released an iOS app called Storm. This app is universal, and can be used on both iPhone and iPad. Other apps by Weather Underground include WunderStation for iPad and WunderMap for iOS and Android. In 2017, Weather Underground removed support for "Storm," in favor of the "Storm Radar" app released by The Weather Channel Interactive in June 2017.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: On December 31, 2018, Weather Underground ceased offering its popular application programming interface (API) for weather data, further reducing the breadth of its services.


title: Weather Underground (weather service)

text: On September 10, 2019, Weather Underground announced the discontinuation of its Email Forecast Program as of October 1, 2019, continuing the reduction in services noted above.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Trump v. Hawaii, No. 17-965, 585 U.S. ___ (2018), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case involving Presidential Proclamation 9645 signed by President Donald Trump, which restricted travel into the United States by people from several nations, or by refugees without valid travel documents. Hawaii and several other states and groups challenged the Proclamation and two predecessor executive orders also issued by Trump on statutory and constitutional grounds. Citing a variety of statements by Trump and administration officials, they argued that the proclamation and its predecessor orders were motivated by anti-Muslim animus.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: A U.S. district court issued a preliminary injunction preventing the ban from coming into effect, finding that plaintiffs were likely to succeed on their argument that the proclamation violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and exceeded the president's powers under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). This injunction was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which ruled that the proclamation was likely a violation of INA; the court of appeals did not reach the constitutional issue.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On June 26, 2018, the Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals in a 5–4 decision, ruling that plaintiffs did not have "likelihood of success on the merits" on either their INA or their Establishment Clause claims. The court vacated the injunction and remanded the case to lower courts for further proceedings. The decision of the Court, written by Chief Justice John Roberts, applied rational basis review and emphasized deference to the executive branch. In addressing the travel ban, the Court also repudiated the infamous decision of "Korematsu v. United States", , which had justified the President's powers to establish internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: In dissent, Justice Sotomayor wrote that the majority's decision "redeploys the same dangerous logic underlying "Korematsu" and merely replaces one gravely wrong decision with another." Responding to this dissent, Roberts wrote for the majority that ""Korematsu" has nothing to do with this case. The forcible relocation of U.S. citizens to concentration camps, solely and explicitly on the basis of race, is objectively unlawful and outside the scope of Presidential authority." It is not agreed upon among legal scholars as to whether this statement actually overturned "Korematsu" or was merely a "disapproving dictum" of it.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: As part of his immigration policy, United States President Donald Trump had sought to limit foreigners from certain countries from traveling into the United States. Initially he signed Executive Order 13769 (EO 13769) on January 27, 2017, which among its provisions banned entry to citizens of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for a 90-day period regardless of their visa status, and suspended the United States Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) for 120 days. Because the countries affected have large Muslim populations and Trump repeatedly called for banning Muslim immigration during his Presidential campaign, EO 13769 was commonly referred to as the "Muslim ban", and was heavily criticized by many state legislatures and federal lawmakers. Several lawsuits were filed to challenge the order, and in "Washington v. Trump", heard in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, a restraining order was placed on enforcement of EO 13769 on February 3, 2017.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: President Trump then signed Executive Order 13780 (EO 13780) on March 6, 2017, replacing EO 13769 to acknowledge the findings from the Ninth Circuit. It did not outright ban travel from citizens of Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen, but required significant additional scrutiny before they would be able to enter the United States and banned new visas for these countries for 90 days. It also continued to suspend USRAP for 120 days.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: As with EO 13769, EO 13780 was immediately criticized and was legally challenged in several cases. Of note was a challenge from the State of Hawaii, which formed the basis of the Supreme Court case. Hawaii brought a civil action challenging the executive order on March 7, asking for declaratory judgment and an injunction halting the order. The State of Hawaii moved for leave to file an Amended Complaint pertaining to Executive Order 13780. Doug Chin, Hawaii's Attorney General, publicly stated, "This new executive order is nothing more than Muslim Ban 2.0. Under the pretense of national security, it still targets immigrants and refugees. It leaves the door open for even further restrictions." Hawaii's legal challenge to the revised ban cites top White House advisor Stephen Miller as saying the revised travel ban is meant to achieve the same basic policy outcome as the original.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On March 15, 2017, Judge Derrick Watson of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii issued a temporary restraining order preventing sections 2 and 6 of executive order 13780 from going into effect. In his order, Judge Watson ruled that the State of Hawaii showed a strong likelihood of success on their Establishment Clause claim in asserting that Executive Order 13780 was in fact a "Muslim ban". Judge Watson stated in his ruling, "When considered alongside the constitutional injuries and harms discussed above, and the questionable evidence supporting the Government's national security motivations, the balance of equities and public interests justify granting the Plaintiffs. Nationwide relief is appropriate in light of the likelihood of success on the Establishment Clause claim." He also stated, concerning the Order's neutrality to religion, that the government's position that Courts may not look behind the exercise of executive discretion and must only review the text of the Order was rejected as being legally incorrect, and that:


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: In drawing its conclusion, the Court further quoted the Ninth Circuit appeal ruling on the original Executive Order (13769): "It is well established that evidence of purpose beyond the face of the challenged law may be considered in evaluating Establishment and Equal Protection Clause claims", and quoted in support of its findings, previous rulings that "Official action that targets religious conduct for distinctive treatment cannot be shielded by mere compliance with the requirement of facial neutrality" ("Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah"); "a facially neutral statute violated the Establishment Clause in light of legislative history demonstrating an intent to apply regulations only to minority religions" ("Larson v. Valente"); and that "circumstantial evidence of intent, including the historical background of the decision and statements by decisionmakers, may be considered in evaluating whether a governmental action was motivated by a discriminatory purpose" ("Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing"); ending with a comment that "the Supreme Court has been even more emphatic: courts may not 'turn a blind eye to the context in which [a] policy arose ("McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky", ruled that a law becomes unconstitutional under the Establishment Clause if its "ostensible or predominant purpose" is to favor or disfavor any religion over any other). The Court also took into account numerous statements by the President and his team prior to and since election, which had directly stated that he sought a legal means to achieve a total ban on Muslims entering the United States, and a "dearth" of substantive evidence in support of the stated security benefits.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: After Judge Watson's ruling a Department of Justice spokeswoman said the administration would continue to defend the executive order in the courts. President Trump denounced the ruling as "an unprecedented judicial overreach", and indicated that the decision would be appealed, if necessary to the Supreme Court, stating that, "We're talking about the safety of our nation, the safety and security of our people. This ruling makes us look weak."


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: There were 5 opinions attached to the order denying en banc. Stephen Reinhardt and Marsha Berzon each wrote concurring opinions, while Alex Kozinski, Carlos Bea, and Jay Bybee each filed a dissenting opinion. Judge Kozinski of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals filed a late dissent on March 17, 2017, to the Ninth Circuit's opinion in "Washington v. Trump" arguing against the State of Washington's Establishment Clause claims on grounds that Trump's speech during the campaign was political speech protected by the First Amendment. Even though the Ninth Circuit had declined to address that issue in reaching its ruling on "Washington v. Trump" and U.S. courts do not typically rule on issues that are not before them, Kozinski argued it was appropriate for him to address the issue because Judge Watson in Hawaii had cited the Ninth Circuit opinion in reaching its Establishment Clause ruling.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On March 29, 2017, Judge Watson extended his order blocking the ban for a longer duration. The DOJ appealed this ruling. On May 15, a panel of the Ninth Circuit heard arguments on whether to uphold the nationwide injunction. Acting Solicitor General of the United States Jeffrey Wall and Hawaii's attorney, Neal Katyal, appeared before Circuit Judges Ronald M. Gould, Michael Daly Hawkins, and Richard Paez for an hour of oral arguments in Seattle's William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On June 12, 2017, a unanimous panel of the Ninth Circuit partially upheld Judge Watson's injunction. In its anonymous per curiam decision, the court found President Trump's order violated the relevant statute, and so must be enjoined. However, the court found Judge Watson should have avoided the constitutional question, and that he should not have enjoined the purely internal government vetting review.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On June 19, 2017, Judge Watson complied with the decision of the Ninth Circuit and curtailed the injunction such that the injunction would exempt "internal review procedures that do not burden individuals outside of the executive branch of the federal government".


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On June 26, 2017, in an unsigned "per curiam" decision, the United States Supreme Court stayed the lower court injunctions as applied to those who have no "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States". The Court also granted certiorari and set oral arguments for the fall term. The Court did not clarify what constitutes a bona fide relationship. Justice Clarence Thomas, joined by Justices Samuel Alito, and Neil Gorsuch, partially dissented, writing that the lower courts' entire injunctions against the executive order should be stayed.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On June 29, President Trump sent out a diplomatic cable to embassies and consulates seeking to define what qualifies as a "bona fide relationship", excluding connections with refugee resettlement agencies, and clarifying that step-siblings and half-siblings are close family while grandparents and nephews are not.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On July 14 in Honolulu, Judge Watson found that the President's limitations on refugee resettlement agencies and family definitions violated the Supreme Court's order, writing "grandparents are the epitome of close family members". On July 19, the Supreme Court left in place Judge Watson's order on family definitions, but it stayed while on appeal the part of his injunction on refugee resettlement agencies. Justices Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch said they would have stayed Judge Watson's entire order. The Court also scheduled oral arguments in the case for October 10. After Judge Watson's order allowing refugee resettlements was then affirmed on appeal, the Supreme Court, on September 12, 2017, issued a stay blocking the order indefinitely.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On September 24, 2017, Trump signed the new Presidential Proclamation replacing and expanding the March Executive Order. The Supreme Court canceled its hearing, and Solicitor General Noel Francisco then asked the Court to declare the case moot and also vacate the lower courts' judgments. On October 10, 2017, the Supreme Court did so with regard to the Fourth Circuit case. Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissented, saying the Court should not vacate the judgment below but only dismiss their review as improvidently granted. The Court took no action on the Ninth Circuit case, which addressed the President's refugee ban that expired on October 24.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: The Supreme Court allowed the travel ban to go into full effect on December 4, pending legal challenges. Seven of the nine justices lifted the injunctions imposed by the lower courts, while two justices wanted the order to be blocked.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: On December 22, 2017, a three-judge panel of United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, ruled that President Trump's Executive Order "exceeds the scope of his delegated authority", to deem classes of people by their national origin ineligible to enter the country under the Immigration and Nationality Act. In response, the Trump administration petitioned the Supreme Court for writ of certiorari to challenge the Ninth Circuit's findings, which the Court granted on January 22, 2018.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: The Court heard oral arguments in "Trump v. Hawaii" (Docket 17-965) for an hour on April 25, 2018, during which Noel Francisco, the Solicitor General of the United States, personally appeared for the federal government and Neal Katyal appeared for the state. It was the first time that the Supreme Court had a hearing on any version of the travel ban. Observers of the session believed that the five conservative judges sided with the government in enforcing the ban, though the Court as a whole asked whether the ban equated to religious discrimination and whether it were within presidential power to impose such a ban.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Prior to issuing its ruling in "Trump v. Hawaii", the Court ruled on "Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission" (Docket 16-111), a case involving the intersection of anti-discrimination laws and the free exercise of religion. Amongst considerations informing the decision of the Court was a finding that the defendant's ruling was based on statements made by public officials which evinced "clear and impermissible hostility" and were not religiously neutral towards the petitioner; the Court reversed the officials' ruling on this basis. Justice Anthony Kennedy had referenced his majority opinion of "Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah" which similarly dealt with the neutrality of language that legislators used to justify an otherwise neutrally-worded law, which the Court deemed impermissible and therefore declared the law unconstitutional. Some analysts believed that this part of the majority opinion would affect "Trump v. Hawaii"; analysts noted "clear and impermissible hostility" in language used to support the ban by public officials, including President Trump.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: The Court delivered its opinion on June 26, 2018, ruling in a 5–4 decision split along ideological lines that upheld the validity of the travel ban as within the President's powers. Justices Breyer and Sotomayor both read aloud versions of their dissents from the bench. The decision lifted the current injunction against the travel ban's enforcement and remanded the case to lower courts for review of other arguments raised by the plaintiffs.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Delivering the majority opinion, Chief Justice John Roberts concluded that the language of 8 U. S. C. §1182(f) of the Immigration and Nationality Act was clear in giving the President broad authority to suspend the entry of non-citizens into the country and that Trump's Presidential Proclamation 9645 did not exceed any textual limit on the President's authority. Under 8 U. S. C. §1182(f), a President may limit alien entry when he finds that such entry "would be detrimental to the interests of the United States." Trump determined that alien entries from some countries would be detrimental because those countries do not share adequate information with the U.S. for an informed decision on entry, and that entries from other countries are detrimental because their citizens create national security risks. Trump showed that the limits he put in place were tailored to protect American interests. The only prerequisite set forth in §1182(f) is that the President "find" that the entry of the covered aliens would be detrimental to the interests of the U.S. The Supreme Court rule: "The President has undoubtedly fulfilled that requirement here." According to Roberts, Trump acted within his powers.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Roberts pointed out that even though five of the seven nations have a Muslim majority, that fact alone "does not support an inference of religious hostility, given that the policy covers just 8% of the world's Muslim population and is limited to countries that were previously designated by Congress or prior administrations as posing national security risks." Additionally, three Muslim-majority countries have since been dropped from the original Travel Ban upon Trump's inauguration. Similarly, there are waiver exemptions such as medical that people from banned nations are eligible for. In conclusion, Roberts says the White House had shown a "sufficient national security justification". The plaintiffs had standing because they had been separated from their families.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: The main issue was whether the travel ban violated the Establishment Clause to the US Constitution which prohibits the government from making any law "respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Plaintiffs argued that it did due to the President's statements regarding Islam, which may have cast doubt as to the federal objective being free from specifically targeting religion, and if religion is targeted intentionally, then strict scrutiny review applies which requires the government to show that the act was necessary to meet a compelling governmental interest. The court held that the President's travel ban did not violate the Free Exercise Clause where the statements he makes are reasonably understood to result from justification independent of unconstitutional grounds. That independent justification here was national security. Thus, the court applied rational basis review and upheld the travel ban.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Part of the majority's decision referenced "Korematsu v. United States", , which upheld the constitutionality of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order, which forced Japanese-American citizens into concentration camps during World War II. The dissenting opinions in "Trump" had raised the case among their arguments, leading Roberts to write for the majority that "[t]he dissent's reference to "Korematsu", however, affords this Court the opportunity to make express what is already obvious: "Korematsu" was gravely wrong the day it was decided, has been overruled in the court of history, and – to be clear – 'has no place in law under the Constitution (citing Justice Robert H. Jackson's dissent from "Korematsu"). Scholars disagree on whether this statement "constitutes an actual overturning of "Korematsu" or merely disapproving dictum" of the decision.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Justice Anthony Kennedy and Justice Clarence Thomas filed concurring opinions. Kennedy concurred with the majority in finding that the President does have the authority to issue the ban, but emphasized the need for the lower courts to review the ban to make sure it itself is constitutional. In addition, Justice Kennedy went on to discuss the need for United States officials to keep the Constitution in mind when speaking, even if their statements are not able to be adjudicated using judicial review. Justice Thomas's concurrence questioned the need and immediacy of a nationwide injunction against the EO, and the ability of a District Court to issue such an injunction, supporting the decision to reverse the District Court's order.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Justice Stephen Breyer wrote one dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Elena Kagan, where he agreed with the majority that the case should be remanded to the lower court for further review, but believed the injunction on the ban should remain. He took issue with the standards of how waivers and exemptions to the EO were being made, noting that previous Executive Orders on immigration have used consistent standards for waivers, such as Executive Order 12172 under President Jimmy Carter banning immigrants from Iran. If the current EO ban was following its waiver system, that would strengthen the government's position that the ban was religiously neutral. However, he documented several cases where the waiver process under the EO had seemingly been inconsistent, weakening the government's position. Justice Breyer concluded that Declarations, anecdotal evidence, facts, and numbers taken from amicus briefs are not judicial fact findings. The Government has not had an opportunity to respond, and a court has not had an opportunity to decide. But, given the importance of the decision in this case, the need for assurance that the Proclamation does not rest upon a 'Muslim ban', and the assistance in deciding the issue that answers to the 'exemption and waiver' questions may provide, I would send this case back to the District Court for further proceedings. And, I would leave the injunction in effect while the matter is litigated.<br>


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: If this Court must decide the question without this further litigation, I would, on balance, find the evidence of antireligious bias...a sufficient reason to set the Proclamation aside.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Justice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote a more scathing dissent, fully critical of the majority's opinion: The United States of America is a Nation built upon the promise of religious liberty. Our Founders honored that core promise by embedding the principle of religious neutrality in the First Amendment. The Court's decision today fails to safeguard that fundamental principle. It leaves undisturbed a policy first advertised openly and unequivocally as a "total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States" because the policy now masquerades behind a façade of national-security concerns.


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Justice Sotomayor took issue with a perceived double standard that the Court held with the decision in "Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission", , which found that government officials had treated a defendant's freedom of religious exercise with hostility, demanding the case be reheard on a more neutral basis. She wrote that "Unlike in "Masterpiece", where the majority considered the state commissioners' statements about religion to be persuasive evidence of unconstitutional government action, the majority here completely sets aside the President's charged statements about Muslims as irrelevant".


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: Sotomayor further noted the parallels between this case and "Korematsu", acknowledging the legacy of that decision and the cautions that the dissenting judges there had made towards the threat to the Constitution as a result. Although she welcomed that the majority opinion had effectively jettisoned "Korematsu", she feared the decision of "Trump" "redeploys the same dangerous logic underlying "Korematsu" and merely replaces one 'gravely wrong' decision with another."


title: Trump v. Hawaii

text: After the Supreme Court decision, various protests were held around the United States, including one in front of the Supreme Court building in Washington, D.C. Additional protests were held in New York City, Seattle, Portland, and Atlanta.


title: A Hit Is a Hit

text: "A Hit Is a Hit" is the 10th episode of the HBO original series "The Sopranos". Written by Joe Bosso and Frank Renzulli, and directed by Matthew Penn, it originally aired on March 14, 1999.


title: A Hit Is a Hit

text: Paulie, Chris, and Pussy rob and kill a Colombian drug dealer. They get a huge amount of cash — as Tony says, a once-in-a-lifetime score.


title: A Hit Is a Hit

text: Chris and Adriana get to know Massive Genius, a rich gangster rapper, and Chris arranges a sit-down for him with Hesh Rabkin. Massive says he is acting on behalf of the mother of a deceased black singer whose royalties Hesh stole, and now claims $400,000. Hesh refuses, and later threatens a counterclaim: there is an unauthorized sampling by Massive's record label of a song that Hesh's label still controls. Massive says he will see Hesh in court. When the conversation is over, Tony and his crew jeer at this modern-day gangster who goes through the law.


title: A Hit Is a Hit

text: Adriana proposes that she should pursue a career as a music producer and that Massive can help. Chris, flush with money, agrees to finance a demo for the band Visiting Day, whose singer, Richie Santini, is Adriana's ex-boyfriend. The demo recording progresses slowly and badly and eventually, Chris smashes Richie's guitar over his back. Chris is told by Hesh that the band is not good, and realizes that Massive is helping them only because of his interest in Adriana. When he tells her this, she accuses him of trying to hold her back and storms out.


title: A Hit Is a Hit

text: Carmela wonders whether she and the children will be all right if anything happens to Tony, but he reassures her. A friend introduces her to the stock market and gives her a tip; she buys and profits.


title: A Hit Is a Hit

text: Tony would like to mix with "meddigans", White Americans not of Italian descent. After some hesitation, he accepts an invitation from Dr. Cusamano (his physician) to play a round of golf at his country club along with friends of his. Cusamano's friends pester and embarrass Tony with questions about organized crime. As he tells Dr. Melfi, he felt he was being "used for somebody else's amusement, like a dancing bear."


title: Millfield

text: Millfield is a public school (English independent day and boarding school for pupils aged 13–18) located in Street, Somerset, England. It was founded in 1935.


title: Millfield

text: Millfield is a registered charity and is the largest co-educational boarding school in the UK with approximately 1,200 students, of whom over 900 are full boarders of over 70 nationalities. Millfield Development and the Millfield Foundation raise money to fund scholarships and bursaries. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group and a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. The Millfield campus is based over 240 acres in Somerset, in and around Street, in the South West of England.


title: Millfield

text: Millfield has its own pre-prep and preparatory school, Millfield Preparatory School (also known as Edgarley) in nearby Glastonbury, which takes children from 2 to 13 years old. The prep school shares some of Millfield's facilities. It acts as a feeder school, with over 90% of its pupils typically moving up to Millfield each year.


title: Millfield

text: Millfield was founded in 1935 by Jack Meyer (referred to at Millfield as "Boss"), following his return from India with seven Indian boys, six of whom were princes. The school started in the mansion built and originally owned by the Clark family, who owned and ran the shoe manufacturer Clarks.


title: Millfield

text: Meyer, educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College, adhered to the philanthropic aim, known at the school as The Millfield Mix: "...to nurture talent by providing the very best facilities, teaching, coaching and opportunities in which young people can exercise and explore their abilities; and to give awards to those in financial need."


title: Millfield

text: In 1939, the school became one of the first independent schools to become co-educational. Over the years, the school acquired land and houses around the locale, and as a result there were many boarding houses within a 10-mile (16-kilometre) radius of the original site; this resulted in boarders living at houses or billets in the outlying villages – being bussed in and out for lessons and meals. The girls' boarding house was at Ashcott House from 1967 until 1984.


title: Millfield

text: Over recent years, many of these houses have been sold and the proceeds invested in new on-campus boarding houses. There are currently three remaining country boarding houses occupied by male pupils.


title: Millfield

text: In the 1990s the school gained a reputation for drug and alcohol use among the pupils and a teacher was charged with assaulting a female pupil. In response, the school says that it takes a pragmatic approach to dealing with these problems; the school offers drugs counselling where appropriate, and for periodical visits to the school by police officers with sniffer dogs. Any pupils who are found with any illegal substances are immediately expelled.


title: Millfield

text: In 2005 the school was one of fifty independent schools which were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, exposed by "The Times", which had allowed them to drive up fees for thousands of parents. Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.


title: Millfield

text: In 2018, the school made national news when allegations of bullying arose after a student reported that Year 10 pupils were beaten with cricket bats and belts for an initiation ceremony. After the parent of the student reported these allegations to the headmaster, an investigation was conducted and two pupils were suspended. Headmaster Gavin Horgan said: “I believe passionately in pupils having a voice and their wellbeing continues to be our top priority. Our rigorous safeguarding procedures mean any concerns that arise at school are dealt with quickly, transparently and fairly.”


title: Millfield

text: Millfield is predominantly a boarding school, having around 75% of its pupils as boarders. The school operates a house system, which is based on sex and status as a day pupil or boarder. With the introduction of 'Nine at Millfield' in 2014, Year 9 is now treated as a transitional year with the school having 'Year 9 only' day and boarding houses. All of the other houses are Years 10–13 boarders, and two are exclusively for Sixth Formers (i.e. Years 12 and 13). The boarding houses are supervised by house parents, assisted by assistant house parents, tutors, and matrons. Each house generally has around 40 to 50 pupils.


title: Millfield

text: There are fourteen boys' and nine girls' houses; the oldest house is Millfield House, which is the original building in which the school first began operating. The house opened when the school was established in 1935 and is now one of Year 9 boarding houses. The house used to be the mansion of the Clark family, whose shoe business, C. & J. Clark, is based in the town.


title: Millfield

text: Millfield is known for its sporting prowess and has produced many international and Olympic athletes; its campus houses a wide range of sports facilities. 130 staff sports coaches oversee the 28 different sports on offer, including athletics, badminton, basketball, chess, clay shooting, cricket, cross country, dance, equestrian, fencing, football, golf, hockey, karate, modern pentathlon, netball, outdoor activities, rowing, rugby, ski racing, squash, swimming, tennis and trampolining.


title: Millfield

text: Millfield has been represented at every Olympic Games since 1956. At the London 2012 Games, Millfield was the most represented UK school. At the Rio Games in 2016, eight Millfieldians took part and won a total of four medals in rowing, swimming and rugby sevens.


title: Millfield

text: Millfield has an indoor riding arena and golf courses, as well as a 50 metre swimming pool, which appeared as a venue in the official London 2012 Pre-Games Training Camp Guide. The Russian swimming team used the school as its training base before the London Olympics, and the Great Britain modern pentathlon squad also used the school's facilities in preparation for the games.


title: Millfield

text: Millfield Preparatory School is a coeducational preparatory school in Glastonbury and is the feeder for the senior school. Currently there are 442 pupils attending the school, 231 boys and 211 girls. 146 of the pupils are boarders and 296 are day pupils.


title: Millfield

text: The school was founded in 1946, by Jack 'Boss' Meyer who also founded and ran Millfield and later became the headteacher. He bought Edgarley Hall and its grounds from the Thomas-Ferrands, following use by the army in World War II.


title: Millfield

text: Meyer's philosophy was "...to nurture talent by providing the very best facilities, teaching, coaching and opportunities in which young people can exercise and explore their abilities; and to give awards to those in financial need."


title: Millfield

text: A pre-preparatory department was initially started at the 19th-century house, The Hollies, in the centre of Glastonbury in the mid-1980s, later moving to the main preparatory school site.


title: Millfield

text: The curriculum includes English, mathematics, sciences, design and technology, information and communications technology, history, geography, religious studies, modern languages, arts, music, drama and media studies and chess. Extracurricular activities include sport, music and 80 clubs.


title: Millfield

text: The Learning Development Centre (LDC) is staffed by four full-time and two part-time members of staff to support pupils who have identified learning difficulties, including dyslexia.


title: Millfield

text: Around 43% of pupils are boarders. Boarding has been an integral part of the school for most of its history. There are three boys' boarding houses and two girls' houses, each housing between 30 and 40 pupils. Flexi-boarding is also available.


title: Millfield

text: There are 24 sports on offer and over 70 co-curricular activities. Sports facilities include: a 50m swimming pool, an equestrian centre, sports halls, cricket nets, putting green, squash courts, Astro-turf hockey pitch, outdoor tennis courts, netball courts and a 9-hole golf course.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: The Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood (, "Tserkovʹ Spasa na Krovi") is a Russian Orthodox church in Saint Petersburg, Russia which currently functions as a secular museum and church at the same time. The structure was constructed between 1883 and 1907. It is one of Saint Petersburg's major attractions.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: The church was erected on the site where political nihilists assassinated Emperor Alexander II in March 1881. The church was funded by the Romanov imperial family in honor of Alexander II, and the suffix "on [Spilled] Blood" refers to his assassination.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: Construction began in 1883 during the reign of Alexander III, two years after the assassination of his father Alexander II. The church was consecrated as a memorial to his father. Estimates suggest that the construction cost 4.5 million rubles. The construction was completed during the reign of Nicholas II in 1907. Funding was provided by the Imperial family with the support of many private donors.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: The church is prominently situated along the Griboedov Canal; paved roads run along both sides of the canal. On March 13, 1881 (Julian date: March 1), as Alexander II's carriage passed along the embankment, a grenade thrown by an anarchist conspirator exploded. The tsar, shaken but unhurt, got out of the carriage and started to remonstrate with the presumed culprit. A second conspirator took the chance to throw another bomb, killing himself and mortally wounding the tsar. The tsar, bleeding heavily, was taken back to the Winter Palace, where he died a few hours later.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: A temporary shrine was erected on the site of the attack while plans and fundraising for a more permanent memorial were undertaken. In order to build a permanent shrine on the exact spot where the assassination took place, it was decided to narrow the canal so that the section of road on which the tsar had been driving could be included within the walls of the church. An elaborate shrine, in the form of a ciborium, was constructed at the end of the church opposite the altar, on the exact place of Alexander's assassination. It is embellished with topaz, lazurite and other semi-precious stones, making a striking contrast with the simple cobblestones of the old road, which are exposed in the floor of the shrine.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: Architecturally, the cathedral differs from Saint Petersburg's other structures. The city's architecture is predominantly Baroque and Neoclassical, but the Savior on Blood harks back to medieval Russian architecture in the spirit of romantic nationalism. It intentionally resembles the 17th-century Yaroslavl churches and the celebrated St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: The church contains over 7500 square meters of mosaics—according to its restorers, more than any other church in the world. This record may be surpassed by the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, which houses 7700 square meters of mosaics.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: The interior was designed by some of the most celebrated Russian artists of the day—including Viktor Vasnetsov, Mikhail Nesterov and Mikhail Vrubel — but the church's chief architect, Alfred Alexandrovich Parland, was relatively little-known (born in Saint Petersburg in 1842 in a Baltic-German Lutheran family). Perhaps not surprisingly, the church's construction ran well over budget, having been estimated at 3.6 million rubles but ending up costing over 4.6 million. The walls and ceilings inside the church are completely covered in intricately detailed mosaics — the main pictures being biblical scenes or figures — but with very fine patterned borders setting off each picture.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, the church was ransacked and looted, badly damaging its interior. The Soviet government closed the church in 1932. During the Second World War when many people were starving due to the Siege of Leningrad by Nazi German military forces, the church was used as a temporary morgue for those who died in combat and from starvation and illness. The church suffered significant damage. After the war, it was used as a warehouse for vegetables, leading to the sardonic name of "Saviour on Potatoes".


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: In July 1970, management of the church passed to Saint Isaac's Cathedral and it was used as a museum. The proceeds from the Cathedral funded the restoration of the church. It was reopened in August 1997, after 27 years of restoration, but has not been reconsecrated and does not function as a full-time place of worship. The Church of the Saviour on Blood is a museum of mosaics. In the pre-Revolution period it was not used as a public place of worship. The church was dedicated to the memory of the assassinated tsar and only panikhidas (memorial services) took place. The church is now one of the main tourist attractions in Saint Petersburg.


title: Church of the Savior on Blood

text: In 2005, the State Museum of St. Isaac's Cathedral began the recreation of the Holy Gates (permanently lost in the 1920s during the Soviet period). Entirely produced with enamels and based on the pictures and lithographies of the time, the new Holy Gates were designed by V. J. Nikolsky and S. G. Kochetova and reified by the famous enamel artist L. Solomnikova and her atelier. Orthodox bishop Amvrosij of Gatchina celebrated the consecration of these new Holy Gates on 14 March 2012, the 129th anniversary of Alexander II's assassination.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: Super Mario Bros. 35 was a 2020 online multiplayer platform game with battle royale elements. Developed by Arika and published by Nintendo, the game was part of the celebration of the 35th anniversary of "Super Mario Bros." in 2020. It was released on the Nintendo Switch as a free downloadable game for members of the Nintendo Switch Online service on October 1, 2020. Its servers were shut down on April 1, 2021, following the end of the Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary celebrations. The game was similar in concept to "Tetris 99".


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: The game featured the classic platforming of "Super Mario Bros.", with the addition of 35 players competed in real-time in a battle royale format. Enemies that the player defeated were sent to other opponents using one of four targeting options. The game featured power-ups that could be obtained by spending collected coins on an "item roulette" and a timer that was extended by defeating enemies and completing levels. "Super Mario Bros. 35" received generally positive reviews from critics, praising the game's unique concept of combining "Super Mario Bros." with battle royale gameplay and innovation, while criticizing the game's repetition and simplicity.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: "Super Mario Bros. 35" combined run-and-jump platforming with battle royale elements. Thirty-five players each controlled the protagonist Mario, with Luigi being unlockable as a playable character through an easter egg, and simultaneously traversed through the original set of thirty-two two-dimensional levels from Super Mario Bros. These courses contained items, such as coins and power-ups, and enemies that were to be defeated. A player won once all other players were defeated.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: Different enemies appeared in certain levels, with different ways of defeating them. Goombas were the most common enemies. Most enemies could be defeated by jumping onto them. Other enemies would drop a projectile when stomped on, such as the Koopa Troopa, which dropped a shell that could be kicked left or right and would ricochet when it comes in contact with an object. Bowser appeared as a boss in the fourth stage of each world. Enemies defeated by the player were sent to other opponents in real-time, appearing in their levels as an additional hindrance. Players could either manually target their opponents or choose from four types of opponents to attack: players who collected the most coins, players who had the least amount of time remaining, players who attacked the player themselves, or random players. Each player would be assigned a timer that started at 35 seconds. They were awarded additional seconds by eliminating enemies, and doing so in rapid succession yielded higher rewards. Letting the timer run out caused the player to lose.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: Players could earn a bounty of coins if they knocked out any opponents during a match. If a player collected 20 coins, they would have the option to spend them to spin the "item roulette". This provided the player with one of four items: Super Mushrooms, a mushroom that made Mario larger, gave him the ability to destroy bricks, and gave him an additional hitpoint; Fire Flowers, which gave Mario the ability to shoot bouncing fireballs at enemies; Starmen, which made Mario invincible to enemies for a brief period of time; and POW Blocks, which cleared all enemies on the screen.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: At the start of each game, each player could vote for which level to start on. All of the selected levels would be placed in a queue, along with some randomly-chosen levels. Beyond the first level, each player could only vote for levels they had completed. In this pre-game screen, players could also choose to spend 50 coins to start with a power-up of their choice. In limited-time "Special Battle" events, players could compete in a fixed list of courses and conditions that had a different theme every week. These conditions included starting with coins, a power-up, or more time on the in-game timer.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: The game also featured a variety of player icons that could be unlocked by meeting various requirements, as well as daily challenges such as placing fifth or better three games in a row.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: "Super Mario Bros. 35" was developed by Arika, starting before the release of the company's previous game, "Tetris 99", in February 2019. "Super Mario Bros. 35" was announced on September 3, 2020, as part of the "Super Mario Bros." 35th Anniversary. Following the game's announcement, comparisons were drawn between "Super Mario Bros. 35" and "Mario Royale", a fan project by InfernoPlus that Nintendo had ordered to be removed one year prior due to copyright infringement. Arika denied cloning the project, stating that the game had been in development before "Mario Royale" was released. "Super Mario Bros. 35" was released on October 1 for free for Nintendo Switch Online members; One week after the release, the game received an update fixing minor bugs and connection stability. To celebrate Halloween, the Special Battle mode only had courses that were underground and night themed from October 20 to November 2, 2020. For the final Special Battle, which ran from March 30 to April 1, all courses were in circulation in order. Some players were accused of hacking to obtain 99,999 coins in a single round to gain an easy supply of power-ups, allowing them to top the leaderboards. Nintendo took action by removing videos published online showing gameplay that was suspected of demonstrating hacking.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: "Super Mario Bros. 35" was discontinued on April 1, 2021. According to the president of Nintendo of America, Doug Bowser, the 35th-anniversary products were discontinued due to the 35th anniversary being a celebration that was intended to be unique. He considered the concept successful, mentioning how "Super Mario 3D All-Stars" sold over 2 million copies in the time frame. He stated how limited-time events were not planned to be used as a marketing strategy for future anniversaries. In June 2021, Hackaday reported that a reverse engineered game server has been implemented.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: "Super Mario Bros. 35" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to the review aggregator website Metacritic. The website calculated a normalized rating of 75/100 based on 28 reviews. The game remained playable until April 1, and was removed from the Nintendo eShop the day before.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: Critics praised the game for its innovation and gameplay, while criticizing its repetition and simplicity. Chris Button from "GameSpot" noted how the game introduced a new competitive twist to the classic version. Chris Scullion from "Nintendo Life" stated that it took the classic game and "dials it to 11". Kirstin Swalley from "Hardcore Gamer" believed the concept was creative and "silly in the best kind of way". "Kotaku"s Ethan Gach appreciated the concept, calling the late-game a "true gauntlet of death", but felt that the "novelty doesn't last long". Seth Macy of "IGN" reiterated the latter sentiment, noting that "the repetition of the early levels in "Super Mario Bros. 35" definitely makes it feel less super".


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: Major complaints from critics focused on the repetition of early levels. Players start with only one level available to play and unlock more throughout gameplay, causing many players to be forced to play through the beginning levels because beginners have yet to have more levels unlocked. Zachary Cuevas from "iMore" stated that the method to unlock new levels was unclear, and Chris Carter from "Destructoid" wrote that not enough players were choosing different levels before a match, which he believes is due to the lack of an in-game tutorial. Button observed that the repetition creates a lack of pacing and little intensity, but that Special Battle was a good competitive alternative.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: Other minor complaints come from the final moments of rounds, where gameplay regularly results in two players going through levels under a test of endurance of the standard platforming. "Shacknews"s Ozzie Mejia stated that the final two players would "find themselves in a deadlock after playing the same levels over and over", but appreciated how the in-game timer would speed up to fit the moment. Gach thought the ending competition revolved only around the standard platforming but could be challenging for skilled players. Scullion stated the game went back and forth with the final players until someone won. Aubin Gregoire from "Jeuxvideo.com" commented that the face-to-face battles could last up to five minutes, and the gameplay started to loop.


title: Super Mario Bros. 35

text: While critics believed the game had a complex strategy, reviewers found cases where the overwhelming difficulty could be cleared by simply using a fire flower or an invincibility star. Nadia Oxford from "USgamer" called the game unpredictable, and liked how randomly occurring enemies gave her a new experience from her original experience with the game. "Ars Technica"s Kyle Orland believed the fire flower was overpowered, and made getting through large groups of enemies too easy. He claimed that certain enemies, such as Bloopers and Buzzy Beetles, would be more of a nuisance, but were uncommon sights.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: Kim Kyong-hui (; born 30 May 1946) is the aunt of current North Korean leader, Kim Jong-un. She is the daughter of the founding North Korean leader Kim Il-sung and the sister of the late leader Kim Jong-il. She currently serves as Secretary for Organization of the Workers' Party of Korea. An important member of Kim Jong-il's inner circle of trusted friends and advisors, she was director of the WPK Light Industry Department from 1988 to 2012. She was married to Jang Song-thaek, who was executed in December 2013 in Pyongyang, after being charged with treason and corruption.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: Kim Kyong-hui was born in Pyongyang on 30 May 1946 to Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-suk. Her mother died when she was four. After her father remarried, she was raised by various surrogates away from the family.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: After a brief period spent in Jilin Province, China due to the Korean War, she returned to Pyongyang with her brother, Kim Jong-il. She entered Kim Il-sung University in 1963, studying political economy, where she met her future husband, Jang Song-thaek. She and Jang continued dating after he relocated to Wonsan, allegedly because the Kim family opposed their relationship. The two eventually married in 1972. She attended the Kim Il-sung Higher Party School in 1966, and went to study at Moscow State University in 1968.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: Kim and Jang had a daughter, Jang Kum-song (1977–2006), who lived overseas in Paris as an international student; she refused an order to return to Pyongyang and then reportedly committed suicide in September 2006 due to her parents' opposition to her relationship with her boyfriend.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: Kim Kyong-hui's political career began in 1971 with a position in the Korean Democratic Women's Union, and in 1975 she was transferred to the post of vice-director of the International Liaison Department of the Workers' Party of Korea, promoted to first vice-director in 1976. It was the period when North Korea was establishing diplomatic relations with a number of capitalist countries, like Thailand and Singapore, as well as the United Nations. She oversaw the placement of qualified diplomatic personnel during her tenure as International Department vice-director.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: In 1988, she was promoted to WPK Central Committee member and director of the Light Industry Department. In 1990, she was elected deputy to the Supreme People's Assembly for the first time. Her role was particularly significant as she led the Economic Policy Inspection Department, then again the Light Industry Department during the "Arduous March" period after Kim Il-sung's death.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: Kim Kyong-hui disappeared from the limelight in 2003, in the same period when Jang Song-thaek was apparently purged as well. However, while her husband resurfaced with a high-level position in 2007, she did not appear in public until 2009, playing a more and more prominent role, accompanying Kim Jong-il to several inspection tours and attending official events. On 27 September 2010, it was announced that she was made a general in the Korean People's Army, the first woman in North Korea to achieve this military rank. This coincided with her nephew Kim Jong-un's promotion to the same rank. A day later, the 3rd Conference of the Workers' Party elected her as a member of the Political Bureau, which is the central organization of the party. Kim Kyong-hui later continued to pose as a prominent member of the North Korean leadership under Kim Jong-un. She was elected member of the WPK Secretariat and a leading figure of the WPK Organization and Guidance Department (the foremost party department led by her uncle Kim Yong-ju until 1974, and by Kim Jong-il himself from 1974 till his death) at the 4th Party Conference in April 2012.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: According to South Korean sources, she also worked as Kim Jong-il's personal aide. Her influential position in North Korean echelons (also confirmed by Kenji Fujimoto) allowed her to maintain close relations with president Kim Yong-nam of the SPA Presidium, WPK Secretaries Choe Thae-bok and Kim Ki-nam, and Director Kim Yang-gon of the WPK United Front Department. Her post as head of the Light Industry Department gave her a prominent role in shaping North Korean economic policy as it was shifting its focus on developing light industry.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: On 8 December 2013, her husband, Jang Song-thaek, was publicly expelled from the ruling Workers' Party of Korea. Jang was accused of factionalism, corruption, and a range of misbehaviour that included affairs with other women. On 13 December, it was reported that he had been executed for treason.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: On 14 December, the Korean Central News Agency released a roster of six top officials appointed to a national committee in charge of organizing a state funeral for Kim Kuk-tae, a former Workers' Party official. The roster included the name of Kim Kyong-hui, indicating she had survived the purge and remained in favour. The status of Kim Kyong-hui's relationship with Jang had been a subject of frequent speculation. Analysts believe that Jang and Kim Kyong-hui had been estranged. Yoon Sang-hyun, a National Assembly of South Korea deputy floor leader of the governing Saenuri Party, said that Kim had been "separated" from Jang and did not oppose his purge.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: In 2010s, Kim Kyong-hui had been rumored to be either dead or very ill. According to a report by the "Daily NK" in August 2012, she has suffered from ill health due to alcoholism. According to Paul Fischer, she has suffered from this disease every so often since at least the late 1970s. This has prompted at least one trip into China for rehabilitation. It was suggested that she had a fatal stroke or a heart attack. Some reports claimed she had committed suicide. According to other reports, she underwent surgery for a brain tumour in 2013 and was left in a vegetative state. In 2015, an unnamed source, described as a high-ranking defector, claimed that Kim Jong-un had ordered Kim Kyong-hui to be poisoned. In February 2015 the South Korean National Intelligence Service stated she was still alive. In 2016, historical footage of her was aired on North Korean television, indicating that she had not been removed from official history. In 2017, the South Korean Yonhap News Agency reported that she was alive but receiving medical treatment.


title: Kim Kyong-hui

text: In January 2020, Kim appeared in North Korean media for the first time in over six years, attending a lunar new year concert with Kim Jong-un.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: Nolan James Patrick (born September 19, 1998) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted second overall by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: As Patrick became more involved in hockey, his father transformed their family garage into a home gym and he trained with his uncle during the summer. He played AAA Bantam Hockey League Division 1 ice hockey with the Winnipeg Hawks during its 2012–13 season, where he recorded 75 points in 19 games. He missed nearly half of the season due to a shoulder injury, but nonetheless was regarded as a highly touted prospect.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: Patrick was selected in 1st round, fourth overall, by the Brandon Wheat Kings in the 2013 WHL Bantam Draft. In December 2013, during the midst of the Wheat Kings' 2013–14 season, a high number of injuries to the roster caused him to be called up from the Midget AAA Winnipeg Thrashers. He was initially unavailable upon being called up due to a shoulder injury, and did not play during the call-up. He eventually played three games with the Wheat Kings at the conclusion of his Winnipeg Thrashers' season. He began his rookie season in the 2014–15 season, where he scored 30 goals and 56 points in 55 games. Between mid-February and mid-March 2015, Patrick missed 12 games with an upper-body injury, although initial reports were that it was a lower-body injury. He was subsequently awarded the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as the WHL's rookie of the year despite missing a total of 17 games that season.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: During the 2015–16 season, Patrick finished fifth in league scoring and was the first 17-year old Wheat King to score over 100 points since 1976–77 when Ray Allison and Brian Propp both eclipsed the century mark. He played an integral part in winning the Ed Chynoweth Cup, leading all players in post-season points and was named the WHL Playoff MVP. After the season, it was revealed that Patrick had suffered a sports hernia injury on April 27, 2016 during Game 4 of the WHL's Eastern Conference Final series against the Red Deer Rebels and had played through the WHL Finals and 2016 Memorial Cup with the injury. Following the 2015–16 campaign, he received sports hernia surgery.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: For the 2016–17 season, Patrick was named captain of the Wheat Kings. Beginning the season, Patrick was widely considered the top prospect of the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Dan Marr, NHL director of Central Scouting said "Patrick is as complete an NHL package as you are going to find. From his pedigree, his skills, and assets, to his performance impact to date, he has everything any NHL team is looking for in a top prospect." After playing six games to begin the season, however, the Wheat Kings announced on October 14, 2016 that Patrick had once again been sidelined with an upper-body injury. Despite initially being diagnosed as day-to-day, the injury continued through November, when it was revealed to be a complication of the previous season's sports hernia injury. On December 5, 2016, Hockey Canada announced that Patrick had not been medically cleared to participate in Team Canada's 2017 World Junior training camp and thus would not play in the 2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: Despite missing most of the regular season and all four playoff games due to injuries, Patrick was ranked the No. 1 North American skater by NHL Central Scouting. Dan Marr stated "He has more than proven over the last three years that he is the real deal and he will be an impact NHL player". On June 23, 2017, Nolan Patrick was selected 2nd overall by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 2017 NHL Draft. On July 17, 2017, Patrick was signed to a three-year, entry-level contract with the Philadelphia Flyers. Before the Flyers development camp started, it was announced Patrick would not participate because he was recovering from abdominal surgery performed on June 13, 2017.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: Patrick made his NHL debut on October 4, 2017 against the San Jose Sharks. He registered his first NHL point in his third game with an assist on sophomore Ivan Provorov's goal against the Anaheim Ducks in a 3–2 OT victory. He scored his first NHL goal against the Nashville Predators in his fourth game on October 10, 2017. Patrick scored his first goal with 9:25 remaining in the second period. Patrick was hit by Anaheim Ducks player Chris Wagner on October 24, 2017 and missed 9 games to recover from the injury. Patrick ended the regular season with 30 points in 73 games.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: In his rookie season, the Flyers made the Stanley Cup playoffs and faced the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round. In Game 2 of the series, Patrick notched his first NHL Playoff goal. Patrick ended the post-season with 2 points in 6 games. On July 21, 2018, Patrick was selected as the number 1 breakout player for 2018–19 by NHL Network.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: While exercising during the 2019 off-season, Patrick began to feel headaches and felt his performance suffer as a result. He was initially diagnosed with an "upper-body injury" at the Flyers' training camp, and in September, a neurologist from the University of Michigan diagnosed Patrick with a migraine disorder. When Fletcher announced Patrick's diagnosis, he clarified that the migraines were not believed to be related to hockey, and that the condition ran in Patrick's family. He began skating with the team in February 2020, and had hoped to start playing before the end of the regular season. The 2019–20 NHL season was suspended indefinitely on March 12, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When the NHL began their "Return to Play Plan" in July, Patrick was not on the Flyers' training camp roster.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: On October 16, 2020, Patrick accepted a one-year qualifying offer from the Flyers, with a value of $874,125. Going into the Flyers' 2020–21 training camp, Patrick cleared all medical protocols and began practicing on a line with Travis Konecny and Carsen Twarynski. Patrick scored a goal in the Flyers' season opener, a 6–3 rout of the Pittsburgh Penguins. It was his first NHL game in 650 days. He failed to carry that momentum through the rest of the pandemic-shortened season; Patrick played in 52 of the Flyers' 56 games, scoring only four goals and five assists and putting up a -30 plus-minus in the process. Patrick told reporters afterwards that he felt "like I came in behind the eight-ball", and that, at the start of the season, he had avoided strong contact due to his migraine disorder. He missed two games in the middle of April after taking a shot from teammate Philippe Myers off of the ear, an injury that Patrick worried would amplify his headaches.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: After the 2020–21 season, Patrick acquired a new agent, leading to rumors that he was going to request a trade from the Flyers. On July 17, 2021, shortly before the 2021 NHL Expansion Draft, the Flyers traded Patrick and Philippe Myers to the Nashville Predators in exchange for defenceman Ryan Ellis. While Myers remained in Nashville, the Predators immediately flipped Patrick to the Vegas Golden Knights to acquire forward Cody Glass. Two months later, Vegas signed Patrick to a two-year, $2.4 million contract. The Golden Knights suffered a rash of injuries through the first few games of its 2021–22 season, and Patrick was sidelined with an upper body injury on October 22, following his first goal of the season in a loss to the Edmonton Oilers.


title: Nolan Patrick

text: Patrick was not medically cleared to play for Team Canada at the 2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, although he was later invited to Team Canada's World Junior Summer Showcase prior to the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.