title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Up to the year 2010, studies had not shown any effect on the risk of death, prostate cancer or cardiovascular disease; more recent studies, however, do raise concerns. A 2013 study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, reported "the use of testosterone therapy was significantly associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes." The study began after a previous, randomized, clinical trial of testosterone therapy in men was stopped prematurely "due to adverse cardiovascular events raising concerns about testosterone therapy safety."


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone in the presence of a slow-growing prostate cancer is assumed to increase its growth rate. However, the association between testosterone supplementation and the development of prostate cancer is unproven. Nevertheless, physicians are cautioned about the cancer risk associated with testosterone supplementation.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone may accelerate pre-existing prostate cancer growth in individuals who have undergone androgen deprivation. It is recommended that physicians screen for prostate cancer with a digital rectal exam and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level before starting therapy, and monitor PSA and hematocrit levels closely during therapy.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Ethnic groups have different rates of prostate cancer. Differences in sex hormones, including testosterone, have been suggested as an explanation for these differences. This apparent paradox can be resolved by noting that prostate cancer is very common. In autopsies, 80% of 80-year-old men have prostate cancer.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone is contraindicated in pregnancy and not recommended during breastfeeding. Androgens like testosterone are teratogens and are known to cause fetal harm, such as producing virilization and ambiguous genitalia.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: 5α-Reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride can slightly increase circulating levels of testosterone by inhibiting its metabolism. However, these drugs do this via prevention of the conversion of testosterone into its more potent metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and this results in dramatically reduced circulating levels of DHT (which circulates at much lower relative concentrations). In addition, local levels of DHT in so-called androgenic (5α-reductase-expressing) tissues are also markedly reduced, and this can have a strong impact on certain effects of testosterone. For instance, growth of body and facial hair and penile growth induced by testosterone may be inhibited by 5α-reductase inhibitors, and this could be considered undesirable in the context of, for instance, puberty induction. On the other hand, 5α-reductase inhibitors may prevent or reduce adverse androgenic side effects of testosterone like scalp hair loss, oily skin, acne, and seborrhea. In addition to the prevention of testosterone conversion into DHT, 5α-reductase inhibitors also prevent the formation of neurosteroids like 3α-androstanediol from testosterone, and this may have neuropsychiatric consequences in some men.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole prevent the conversion of testosterone into estradiol by aromatase. As only a very small fraction of testosterone is converted into estradiol, this does not affect testosterone levels, but it can prevent estrogenic side effects like gynecomastia that can occur when testosterone is administered at relatively high dosages. However, estradiol exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and, for this reason, prevention of its formation can reduce this feedback and disinhibit gonadal production of testosterone, which in turn can increase levels of endogenous testosterone. Testosterone therapy is sometimes combined with an aromatase inhibitor for men with secondary hypogonadism who wish to conceive children with their partners.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes like CYP3A4 have been associated with little or no effect on circulating testosterone levels.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Antiandrogens like cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, and bicalutamide can block the androgenic and anabolic effects of testosterone. Estrogens can reduce the effects of testosterone by increasing the hepatic production and in turn circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a carrier protein that binds to and occupies androgens like testosterone and DHT, and thereby reducing free concentrations of these androgens.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone is a high affinity ligand for and agonist of the nuclear androgen receptor (AR). In addition, testosterone binds to and activates membrane androgen receptors (mARs) such as GPRC6A and ZIP9. Testosterone is also potentiated via transformation by 5α-reductase into the more potent androgen DHT in so-called androgenic tissues such as the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, skin, and hair follicles. In contrast to the case of testosterone, such potentiation occurs to a reduced extent or not at all with most synthetic AAS (as well as with DHT), and this is primarily responsible for the dissociation of anabolic and androgenic effects with these agents. In addition to DHT, testosterone is converted at a rate of approximately 0.3% into the estrogen estradiol via aromatase. This occurs in many tissues, especially adipose tissue, the liver, and the brain, but primarily in adipose tissue. Testosterone, after conversion into DHT, is also metabolized into 3α-androstanediol, a neurosteroid and potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABA receptor, and 3β-androstanediol, a potent and preferential agonist of the ERβ. These metabolites, along with estradiol, may be involved in a number of the effects of testosterone in the brain, including its antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress-relieving, rewarding, and pro-sexual effects.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: The ARs are expressed widely throughout the body, including in the penis, testicles, epididymides, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, fat, skin, bone, bone marrow, muscle, larynx, heart, liver, kidneys, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and elsewhere throughout the brain. Through activation of the ARs (as well as the mARs), testosterone has many effects, including the following:


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone can be taken by a variety of different routes of administration. These include oral, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal (gels, creams, patches), rectal suppositories), by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (in oil or aqueous), and as a subcutaneous implant. The pharmacokinetics of testosterone, including its bioavailability, circulating testosterone levels, metabolism, biological half-life, and other parameters, differ by route of administration.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone is a naturally occurring androstane steroid and is also known by the chemical name androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one. It has a double bond between the C4 and C5 positions (making it an androstene), a ketone group at the C3 position, and a hydroxyl (alcohol) group at the C17β position.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone esters are substituted at the C17β position with a lipophilic fatty acid ester moiety of varying chain length. Major testosterone esters include testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone propionate, and testosterone undecanoate. A C17β ether prodrug of testosterone, cloxotestosterone acetate, has also been marketed, although it is little known and is used very rarely or no longer. Another C17β ether prodrug of testosterone, silandrone, also exists but was never marketed, and is notable in that it is orally active. In addition to ester and ether prodrugs, androgen prohormones or precursors of testosterone, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenediol, and androstenedione, exist as well, and convert into testosterone to variable extents upon oral ingestion. Unlike testosterone ester and ether prodrugs however, these prohormones are only weakly androgenic/anabolic.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: All synthetic AAS are derivatives of testosterone. Prominent examples include nandrolone (19-nortestosterone), metandienone (17α-methyl-δ-testosterone), and stanozolol (a 17α-alkylated derivative of DHT). Unlike testosterone, AAS that are 17α-alkylated, like metandienone and stanozolol, are orally active. This is due to steric hindrance of C17β-position metabolism during the first-pass through the liver. In contrast, most AAS that are not 17α-alkylated, like nandrolone, are not active orally, and must instead be administered via intramuscular injection. This is almost always in ester form; for instance, in the case of nandrolone, as nandrolone decanoate or nandrolone phenylpropionate.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone was first isolated and synthesized in 1935. Shortly thereafter, in 1937, testosterone first became commercially available as a pharmaceutical drug in the form of pellets and then in ester form for intramuscular injection as the relatively short-acting testosterone propionate. Methyltestosterone, one of the first synthetic AAS and orally active androgens, was introduced in 1935, but was associated with hepatotoxicity and eventually became largely medically obsolete. In the mid-1950s, the longer-acting testosterone esters testosterone enanthate and testosterone cypionate were introduced. They largely superseded testosterone propionate and became the major testosterone esters used medically for over half a century. In the 1970s, testosterone undecanoate was introduced for oral use in Europe, although intramuscular testosterone undecanoate had already been in use in China for several years. Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate was not introduced in Europe and the United States until much later (in the early to mid 2000s and 2014, respectively).


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: In the US in the 2000s, companies and figures in the popular media have heavily marketed notions of "andropause" as something parallel to menopause; these notions have been rejected by the medical community. Additionally, advertising from drug companies selling testosterone and human growth hormone, as well as dietary supplement companies selling all kinds of "boosters" for aging men, have emphasized the "need" of middle-aged or ageing men for testosterone. There is a medical condition called late-onset hypogonadism; according to Thomas Perls and David J. Handelsman, writing in a 2015 editorial in the "Journal of the American Geriatrics Society", it appears that this condition is overdiagnosed and overtreated. Perls and Handelsman note that in the US, "sales of testosterone increased from $324 million in 2002 to $2 billion in 2012, and the number of testosterone doses prescribed climbed from 100 million in 2007 to half a billion in 2012, not including the additional contributions from compounding pharmacies, Internet, and direct-to-patient clinic sales."


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: "Testosterone" is the generic name of testosterone in English and Italian and the , , , , and of the drug, while "testostérone" is its French name and the . It is also referred to in Latin as "testosteronum", in Spanish and Portuguese as "testosterona", and in German, Dutch, and Russian and other Slavic languages as "testosteron". The Cyrillic script of testosterone is "тестостерон".


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world. Major brand names of testosterone and/or its esters include Andriol, Androderm, AndroGel, Axiron, Delatestryl, Depo-Testosterone, Intrinsa, Nebido, Omnadren, Primoteston, Sustanon, Testim, TestoGel, TestoPatch, Testoviron, and Tostran.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: , unmodified (non-esterified) testosterone is available in the United States in the following formulations:


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: And the following ester prodrugs of testosterone are available in the United States in oil solutions for intramuscular injection:


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Unmodified testosterone was also formerly available for intramuscular injection but was discontinued.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate were formerly available in combination with estradiol cypionate and estradiol valerate, respectively, under the brand names Depo-Testadiol and Ditate-DS, respectively, as oil solutions for intramuscular injection, but these formulations have been discontinued.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Unlike in Europe, Canada, and much of the rest of the world, oral testosterone undecanoate is not available in the United States.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: , testosterone is available in Canada in the form of topical gels (AndroGel, Testim), topical solutions (Axiron), transdermal patches (Androderm), and intranasal gels (Natesto). Testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone, Testosterone Cypionate (generic)), testosterone enanthate (Delatestryl, PMS-Testosterone Enanthate), and testosterone propionate (Testosterone Propionate (generic)) are available as oil solutions for intramuscular injection and testosterone undecanoate (Andriol, PMS-Testosterone, Taro-Testosterone) is available in the form of oral capsules. Testosterone buccal tablets and pellet implants do not appear to be available in Canada.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone and/or its esters are widely available in countries throughout the world in a variety of formulations.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone and its esters, along with other AAS, are prescription-only controlled substances in many countries throughout the world. In the United States, they are Schedule III drugs under the Controlled Substances Act, in Canada, they are Schedule IV drugs under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, and in the United Kingdom, they are Class C drugs under the Misuse of Drugs Act.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: , a number of lawsuits are underway against manufacturers of testosterone, alleging a significantly increased rate of stroke and heart attack in elderly men who use testosterone supplementation.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: There are many known cases of doping in sports with testosterone and its esters by professional athletes.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone has been used to treat depression in men who are of middle age with low testosterone. However, a 2014 review showed no benefit on the mood of the men with normal levels of testosterone or on the mood of the older men with low testosterone. Conversely, a 2009 review found that testosterone had an antidepressant effect in men with depression, especially those with hypogonadism, HIV/AIDS, and in the elderly.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone replacement can significantly improve exercise capacity, muscle strength and reduce QT intervals in men with chronic heart failure (CHF). Over the 3 to 6-month course of the studies reviewed, testosterone therapy appeared safe and generally effective, and (ruling out prostate cancer) the authors found no justification to absolutely restrict its use in men with CHF. A similar 2012 review also found increased exercise capacity and reasoned the benefits generlizable to women. However, both reviews advocate larger, longer term, randomized controlled trials.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone, as esters such as testosterone undecanoate or testosterone buciclate, has been studied and promoted as a male contraceptive analogous to estrogen-based contraceptives in women. Otherwise considered an adverse effect of testosterone, reduced spermatogenesis can be further suppressed with the addition of a progestin such as norethisterone enanthate or levonorgestrel butanoate, improving the contraceptive effect.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone is under development in a low-dose intranasal formulation for the treatment of anorgasmia in women.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Testosterone therapy may improve the management of type 2 diabetes. Low testosterone has been associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.


title: Testosterone (medication)

text: Topical androgens like testosterone have been used and studied in the treatment of cellulite in women.


title: Helen Worth

text: Helen Worth (born Cathryn Helen Wigglesworth; 7 January 1951) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying the role of Gail Platt in the ITV soap opera, "Coronation Street", a role that she has played since 1974. In 2014, she received the Outstanding Achievement Award at the British Soap Awards.


title: Helen Worth

text: Cathryn Helen Wigglesworth was born to Alfred and Gladys Wigglesworth in Ossett and grew up in Morecambe, Lancashire. She was brought up in a middle-class family and attended private school. When she was eight her parents fostered Ghanaian-born Wilson Kpikpitse, who was sent to England as an overseas student at the age of eleven and remained with the family for eight years, but moved on following the death of Worth's mother, who was killed in a hit-and-run road accident while she was on a visit to Brighton.


title: Helen Worth

text: After graduating from drama school, Worth worked in repertory theatre, which included a year with the BBC Radio repertory company. She has had uncredited bit-parts in the films "Oliver!" (1968) and "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" (1969), and appeared on television in the "Doctor Who" story "Colony in Space" (1971), "The Doctors", "Helen: A Woman of Today" (1973), "Within These Walls" (1974) and "The Carnforth Practice" (1974). She joined "Coronation Street" in 1974 and has remained with the soap since then.


title: Helen Worth

text: Worth has stated that she does not plan to leave "Coronation Street", saying she's happy with Gail's never-ending drama, and that it's a job she loves. In an interview with "GMTV" in January 2010, Worth said she loves Gail's storylines and praised the writers for giving her some great plots over the years, and which she hopes will continue. On 9 June 2014, a one-off special about Worth, "Gail & Me", aired on ITV. The 30-minute documentary celebrated Worth's 40 years as Gail.


title: Helen Worth

text: Worth has a house in London. She married "Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends" narrator Michael Angelis in 1991. Worth forgave Angelis when he admitted to an affair in 1995, but they divorced in 2001 after he had another affair with model Jennifer Khalastchi. Following this, it was mistakenly reported by "The Sun" newspaper that Worth was dating London restaurant owner Simon Hopkinson.


title: Helen Worth

text: Worth is a patron of the Born Free Foundation, an international wildlife charity working throughout the world to stop individual wild animal suffering and protect threatened species in the wild. She appeared on television fronting campaigns and joined them at the House of Commons in 2006, to speak about the proposed changes to the Animal Welfare Bill and campaign for the retirement of Anne, the UK's last remaining circus elephant.


title: Helen Worth

text: She is a supporter of the charity ActionAid and has visited Sierra Leone in support of its work there.


title: Helen Worth

text: Worth has been honoured twice with the Outstanding Achievement Award at awards ceremonies for her performance as Gail in "Coronation Street". In September 2006, Worth won the "Outstanding Achievement Award" at the "Inside Soap" Awards. Then, on 25 May 2014, Worth won the "Outstanding Achievement Award" at The British Soap Awards 2014 Worth received the British Soap Award for Scene of the Year in 2019 for a monologue she performed, which was also nominated for a BAFTA TV Award.


title: Helen Worth

text: Worth was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to drama.


title: Dhu al-Kifl

text: Dhu al-Kifl (, "ḏū ʾl-kīfl", literally "Possessor of the ; also spelled Dhu l-Kifl, Dhul-Kifl, Zu al-Kifl, or Zu l-Kifl) is an Islamic prophet. Although his identity is unknown, his identity has been theorised and identified as various Hebrew Bible prophets and other figures, most commonly Ezekiel. Dhu al-Kifl is believed to have been exalted by Allah to a high station in life and is chronicled in the Quran as a man of the "Company of the Good". Although not much is known of Dhu al-Kifl from other historical sources, all the writings from classical commentators, such as Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Kathir, speak of Dhu al-Kifl as a prophetic, saintly man who remained faithful in daily prayer and worship.


title: Dhu al-Kifl

text: A tomb in the Ergani province of Diyarbakir, Turkey is believed by some to be the resting place of prophet Dhu al-Kifl. It is located 5 km from the city centre on a hill called "Makam Dağı".


title: Dhu al-Kifl

text: The name "Dhu al-Kifl" literally means "the possessor of , using a type of name where ذُو "dhū" ("possessor of") precedes some characteristically associated feature. Such names were used of other notable figures in the Quran, for example "Dhu al-Qarnayn" (), and "Dhu al-Nūn" (), referring to Yunus. "Kifl" is an archaic Arabic word meaning "double" or "duplicate", from a root meaning "to double" or "to fold"; it was also used for a fold of cloth. The name is generally understood to mean "one of a double portion". Some scholars have suggested that the name means "the man with the double recompense" or rather "the man who received recompense twice over", that is to say that it is a title for Job, as his family was returned to him according to the Quran and the Book of Job.


title: Dhu al-Kifl

text: According to one view, it means "the man of Kifl", as "the one of..." is another possible translation of the participle "dhū", and "Kifl" is allegedly the Arabic rendition of "Kapilavastu".


title: Dhu al-Kifl

text: In both cases, Dhu al-Kifl is mentioned in the context of a list of Qur'anic prophets, including many others not mentioned in the ayat quoted above.


title: Dhu al-Kifl

text: Some are of the opinion that Dhu al-Kifl could be Ezekiel. When the exile, monarchy, and state were annihilated, a political and national life was no longer possible. In conformity with the two parts of his book, his personality and his preaching are alike twofold, and the title Dhu al-Kifl means "the one to double" or "to fold".


title: Dhu al-Kifl

text: Al Kifl (Arabic: الكفل; "ul-Kifl") is a town in southeastern Iraq on the Euphrates River, between Najaf and Al Hillah. Variant names for the shrine within Al Kifl are: "Dhu'l Kifl Shrine, Marqad Dhu'l Kifl, Qubbat Dhu'l Kifl, Qabr al-Nabi Dhu al-Kifl, Dhu al-Kifl Shrine, Zul Kifl Shrine, Qabr Hazqiyal, Hazqiyal Shrine. Hazqiyal" is the Arabic transliteration of the Hebrew "Y'hezqel", which was mostly utilized by Sephardi Jews after they adopted Arabic. This indicates that the Jews equated Ezekiel and Dhu al-Kifl, and Muslim exegetes followed suit. The Iraqi authorities assert that in 1316 (715–16 AH) the Ilkhanid Sultan Uljaitu acquired the rights of guardianship over the tomb from the Jewish community. Consequently, the shrine was renamed according to the Islamic nomenclature for the same prophet. Sultan Uljaitu added to the structure by building a mosque and a minaret. As well he restored the shrine implementing some alterations made clear by comparing its present state with pre-Ilkhanid travelers' descriptions. The site remained a Muslim pilgrimage place until the beginning of the nineteenth century when Menahim Ibn Danyal, a wealthy Jew, successfully converted it back to a Jewish site and restored it. The minaret remained as the only witness to its tenure as an Islamic site. Although the mosque and minaret were built in the 14th-century, the antiquity of the shrine and grave cannot be determined.


title: Dhu al-Kifl

text: Islamic prophet Dhu al-Kifl has been identified with the Buddha based on Surah 95:1 of the Qur'an, which references a fig tree – a symbol that does not feature prominently in the lives of any of the other prophets mentioned in the Qur'an. It has meanwhile been suggested that the name "Al-Kifl" could be a reference to Kapilavastu, the home of Siddartha Gautama as a boy.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: Aur Pyar Ho Gaya (English: And Love Happened) is a 1997 Indian Hindi romance film directed by Rahul Rawail and starring Bobby Deol and Aishwarya Rai. This film marked the Hindi debut for Aishwarya Rai. The film's music was composed by the celebrated Qawwali singer, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan who also makes a cameo appearance in the film. He died only a day after the film's release.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: Ashi is a free-spirited young woman who was born and raised in a very traditional and conservative Indian family who prefer arranged marriages to love-marriages. Now, as she is twenty-five years old - her family has arranged her marriage to Rohit Malhotra, son of family friends, now established in business and thus, will be residing permanently in Switzerland as - Mr. & Mrs. Malhotra.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: Respecting her father's guidance and wishes/customs, Ashi agrees to the marriage proposal, on the condition that she be allowed to meet her fiancé Rohit anonymously and get a chance to closely observe his character and personality. Ashi's father obliges to this condition and Ashi soon sets off to Switzerland to meet the potential suitor - Rohit Malhotra.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: While she is there, she learns that Rohit is away on an emergency business meeting and nobody can say exactly when he is expected to return, so Ashi stays in Switzerland for a few months - waiting for him, and in the meanwhile she meets a man called Bobby, who is smitten by her beauty and makes friends with her. He soon finds out from her that she is frustrated in her failed attempt to meet Rohit. Later after a week, Bobby cannot help himself as his heart pines for her as his wife, so he disguises himself as Rohit and tells her that he is the Rohit she has been searching/waiting for all these months!


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: Ashi is happy that at last, she gets a chance to meet Rohit before marriage, even though it was not as she planned (as anonymous), and after a few more weeks, Ashi begins to love this new character, but then she finds out from Rohit's accomplices that Rohit is still on his emergency trip and therefore, Bobby's real identity- that he is BOBBY, not ROHIT. Anyway, she does not care and laughs it all off as she is already in love with Bobby and is ready to move on in life.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: Upon their return to India, Ashi explains to her family that she met BOBBY instead of ROHIT and wants to marry BOBBY, not ROHIT. Ashi's family are at first, reluctant but then immediately after a few weeks, Bobby's family comes with a marriage proposal for Ashi.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: As the two families meet, greet and agree for the preparations of the soon-to-be marriage, Bobby's mother introduces herself as the BANK manager of the Bank in which ASHI's father (Kailashnath) is involved in a fraud/embezzlement, Bank robbery case for which a trial is on-going.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: In the coming months before the wedding takes place, Kailashnath is summoned to appear before the Court in relation to a major fraud case and scandal involving the Bank robbery - in which Bobby's mother testifies that Kailashnath is one of the ringleaders.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: When the story gets this far, Kailashnath immediately and furiously cancels his daughter Ashi's marriage to Bobby. Furthermore, he arranges Ashi's marriage to Rohit.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: After a whole other twist to the film, the story ends up happily with ASHI marrying her soulmate BOBBY, not ROHIT.


title: Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya

text: The music for all the songs were composed by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan with lyrics were penned by Javed Akhtar. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan died of a sudden cardiac arrest a day after the film's official release. Udit Narayan's "Meri Saanson Mein" song was the 'chartbuster' from the album.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: Harvard College has several types of social clubs. These are split between gender-inclusive clubs recognized by the college, and unrecognized single-gender clubs which are subject to College sanctions. The oldest, dating to 1791, are the traditionally all-male final clubs. Fraternities were prominent in the late 19th century as well, until their initial expulsions and then eventual resurrection off Harvard's campus in the 1990s. From 1991 onwards, all-female final clubs as well as sororities began to appear. Between 1984 and 2018, no social organizations were recognized by the school due to the clubs' refusal to become gender-inclusive.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: Beginning with the Spee Club in 2015, a number of formerly single-gender organizations began to admit new members regardless of gender. In 2016, Harvard announced sanctions on members of remaining single-gender clubs, aiming to push them to become coed. Eventually, on September 8, 2018, Harvard announced that it would recognize an initial list of fifteen social organizations that either already were gender-inclusive or had committed to becoming gender-inclusive. Eleven clubs remain single-gender, and remain unrecognized by the college.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: The historical basis for the name "final clubs" dates to the late 19th century, a time when Harvard had a variety of clubs for students of each class year. During that period, Harvard College freshmen could join a freshman club, then a "waiting club," and eventually, as they neared completion of their studies, a "final club." Hence, students of different years joined different clubs, and the "final clubs" were so named because they were the last social club a person could join before graduation.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: Many of the clubs were founded in the 19th century, after Harvard banned traditional fraternities in the 1850s. Of the final clubs still in existence (see below), only the Fox was initially founded as a final club. The Phoenix SK is the amalgam of three separate clubs: the Phoenix, the Sphinx, and the Kalumet.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: The Harvard men's final clubs trace their roots to the late 18th century, while the five formerly all-female social clubs were founded more recently. Another women's organization, the Seneca, distinguishes itself as a "501(c)(3) nonprofit women's organization that is often misidentified as a final club." Several other clubs are also 501(c)(3) organizations and engage in some community service. The Bee was founded in 1991, IC in 2000, Pleiades in 2002, Sab in 2002, and La Vie in 2008. (The co-ed Signet Society, "The Harvard Crimson", "The Harvard Advocate", "Hasty Pudding Theatricals", and "The Harvard Lampoon" also have selective membership, but their charters define them as something other than social organizations, based on their literary or artistic characteristics.)


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: Nine of the historically all-male clubs own real estate in Harvard Square, with the clubhouses usually including dining areas, libraries, and game rooms. Most are staffed with chefs, stewards, and other paid personnel, and serve lunch and dinner meals at regular schedules. The Delphic house boasts a regulation-size squash court.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: The Fly Club owns additional property at 45 Dunster Street, in a building that is currently home to the Hasty Pudding Club. The building was originally home to the D.U. Club (the "Duck") before its merger with the Fly Club in 1996, and it hosted the Bee Club until its subsequent merging with the Delphic Club. The Delphic has since dissolved its relationship with the Bee. The D.U. Club closed, in 1995, after an assault of a football recruit occurred at its clubhouse. The D.U. Club's graduate membership merged with the Fly in 1996. In a controversial move, the Fly did not allow former D.U. undergraduate members to integrate, and subsequently the undergraduate D.U. membership formed The Oak Club. La Vie Club rents a colonial style house on Garden Street.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: In the fall of 2015, Harvard President Drew Faust criticized the clubs for—as stated by C. Ramsey Fahs of "The Harvard Crimson"—their "gender exclusivity and the potential for alcohol abuse and sexual assault on the off-campus properties." The Spee Club began admitting women in later 2015, and the Fox Club followed suit but was then temporarily shut down as graduate board members sought to re-evaluate what it meant to be a "member of the Fox".


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: As part of an effort to marginalize organizations that "contribute to a social life and a student culture that for many on our campus is disempowering and exclusionary", a new policy provides that students entering in the fall of 2017 or later who join unrecognized single-sex organizations (such as single-sex final clubs, fraternities, and sororities) will be barred from campus leadership positions such as team captaincies, and from receiving recommendation letters from Harvard requisite for scholarships and fellowships.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: At least one club has protested that the new rule infringes students' right of free association, and enforcement may be stymied by the difficulty of establishing who the members of each club are. In 2016, the President and Vice President of the Undergraduate Council, Shaiba Rather and Daniel Banks spoke before the elected Faculty Council and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Harvard University to support the effort to curb gender-discrimination amongst student organizations. Their statement was the first official opinion of any elected members of the student body on the matter. As administrative officials endeavored to implement and rewrite the sanctions, Rather and Banks were drafted as hardliners against any gender discrimination between Final Clubs and the Harvard student body. However, in November 2016, 59% of undergraduate student voters on a referendum question were in favor of repealing the sanctions, while 30% were against repealing the sanctions and 9% abstained from voting. The vote had no immediate effect on the policy.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: In December 2017, the university's highest governing body, the Harvard Corporation, voted to approve the sanctions and confirm their permanence. Currently, members of the class of 2021 and beyond who are members of unrecognized (single-gender) social organizations are barred from "holding leadership positions in recognized student organizations, becoming varsity captains, or receiving College endorsement for prestigious fellowships," according to The Harvard Crimson. The university has faced questions about how it will enforce its sanctions policy, and the enforcement mechanism remains somewhat unclear. As the class of 2021 had its first opportunity to join single-gender organizations in fall of 2018 (and as members of that class will begin to seek on-campus leadership positions as juniors in 2019), it is expected that Harvard will face its first real test in enforcing the sanctions in 2019.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: In response to the policy, the all-female Sablière and Seneca societies instituted gender-neutral recruitment policies in 2016. The all-male Oak Club followed suit in January 2017 after reaching a "club-wide consensus". Former sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma announced it would form a new gender-inclusive group called the Fleur-de-Lis (FDL) beginning in February 2018.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: In September 2018, Harvard released a public list of organizations it would recognize, certifying their gender-inclusive status or their commitment to achieving gender-inclusive status. In addition to the Sab, Oak, Seneca, and FDL, this initial list included the Spee Club, the Fox Club, the Delphic Club and Bee Club Merged Group (The Delphic has since dissolved its relationship with the Bee Club), the Aleph (formerly Alpha Epsilon Pi), the La Vie Club, The IC Club, the K.S. (formerly Kappa Sigma, the Ivy (formerly Alpha Phi, the Pleaides Society, the Kali Praxi (formerly Delta Gamma), and the TA (formerly Kappa Alpha Theta).


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: In June 2020, following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination against LGBTQ workers, Harvard Corporation voted to rescind its approval of the sanctions.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: In July 2017, a Harvard committee pointed to Bowdoin College as a model for eradicating final clubs, sororities, and fraternities from campus social life. This preliminary recommendation would have taken effect with the incoming class of 2021, so all currently enrolled students would be exempt. The transition period would have extended into May 2022 before all such organizations and social clubs would be abolished.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: After the committee released its 22-page report, "The Harvard Crimson" reported that the committee, co-chaired by Danoff Dean of the College Rakesh Khurana, had not been transparent in its deliberations or conclusions. Members of the committee, speaking anonymously, described "a process ... marked by confusion, disagreement, and opacity, resulting in a report that did not necessarily capture the full committee's views." Moreover, according to "The Crimson", the report misrepresented the conclusions of the committee:


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: During the 2006 Senate hearings on the nomination of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court, Senator Ted Kennedy was among those highlighting Alito's membership in Concerned Alumni of Princeton, which had opposed admission of women into Princeton; when Kennedy's membership in the Owl Club was pointed out, Kennedy resigned from the club.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: That same year, Massachusetts gubernatorial candidate Deval Patrick's membership in the Fly Club was criticized as contradictory to his image as a champion of civil rights; Patrick responded that he had left the club in the early 1980s for that reason.


title: Harvard College social clubs

text: In December 2018, separate suits were filed in federal and Massachusetts courts by national fraternities and sororities which alleged that Harvard's policies against single-sex clubs were discriminatory. The lawsuits filed by the organizations were settled on undisclosed terms on August 21, 2020 in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: The sixth season of the television sitcom "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" premiered on January 10, 2019 on NBC and concluded on May 16, 2019. This is the first season to air on NBC (whose partner studio Universal Television produces the show), as the series was cancelled on May 10, 2018 by Fox. NBC picked it up for a sixth season shortly after the series had been cancelled on May 11, 2018. The season consists of 18 episodes.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: Holt finds out he lost the commissioner position to John Kelly and is sent into a deep depression until Jake and Amy encourage him to stand up to Kelly's regressive policies, resulting in the new commissioner retaliating against the Nine-Nine. Gina quits her job after deciding that her talents would be better spent elsewhere and becomes a successful internet celebrity. Amy and Jake debate on whether they want kids or not. Terry passes the Lieutenant's Exam, and wins the "Cinco de Mayo" Heist aka Halloween Heist for the first time. However the Nine-Nine doesn't have enough funds for him to stay and he finds out that he might be transferred to Staten Island.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: Jake and Holt discover that Kelly is using his new anonymous tip app to illegally wiretap the population, forcing them to recruit some of their old rivals to help expose his crimes. Thanks to Jake and Wuntch staging an arrest for a fake kidnapping, Kelly is suspended and Wuntch becomes the acting commissioner. She uses her new position to allow Terry to stay at the Nine-Nine and force Holt to make up for his missing patrol officer days.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: On May 10, 2018, it was announced that Fox had cancelled "Brooklyn Nine-Nine". Following the announcement, other networks including Netflix, Hulu, and TBS expressed interest in picking up the series for a sixth season. However, it was later announced that all three networks declined to pick up the series. A hashtag supporting the renewal of the series also became the number one trend on Twitter.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: On May 11, 2018, the day after the announcement of its cancellation, NBC officially picked up the series for a 13-episode sixth season. An NBC executive stated about the series, "Ever since we sold this show to Fox I've regretted letting it get away, and it's high time it came back to its rightful home." On September 7, 2018, NBC ordered five additional episodes for the season, increasing the episode total to 18.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: All current main cast members returned for the sixth season. On October 3, 2018 Chelsea Peretti announced that she would depart the series during the sixth season. Her final scene was filmed in the first full week of November 2018. Peretti's final episode as a main cast member was the fourth episode, entitled "Four Movements"; she returned to the series as a guest star in the fifteenth episode, "Return of the King."


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: Season 6 marks the first season that features episodes directed by a main cast member. Stephanie Beatriz directed the episode "He Said, She Said", which was inspired by the Me Too movement and focuses on the investigation of a sexual assault. Joe Lo Truglio directed the thirteenth episode, titled "The Bimbo" and Melissa Fumero directed "Return of the King", which focuses on the return of Chelsea Peretti's character, Gina Linetti.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: The season premiered as a mid-season replacement in the middle of the 2018–19 television season. It aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm from January 10, 2019.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 6)

text: The sixth season received generally positive reviews, who praised the many guest stars and the John Kelly storyline, although the increase in the pace of dialogues received a mixed response. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100% approval rating, with an average score of 8.32/10, based on 27 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Following a period of uncertainty and a shift to NBC, "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" reemerges with its cast and tone wholly intact."


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: The Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, in , are controlled by the Commander-in-Chief (the President) and a civilian Minister of Defense. In addition to the Army, Navy and Air Force, there are two security forces, controlled by the Ministry of Security, which can be mobilized in occasion of an armed conflict: the National Gendarmerie, a gendarmerie used to guard borders and places of strategic importance; and the Naval Prefecture, a coast guard used to protect internal major rivers and maritime territory.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: Traditionally, Argentina maintains close defense cooperation and military-supply relationships with the United States and to a lesser extent, with Israel, Canada, Germany, France, Spain, Belarus, Italy, and Russia.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: The oldest forces of the Argentinian military are the Argentinian Army and the Argentinian Navy, both created in 1810, during the Argentine War of Independence, while the Argentinian Air Force was established in 1945. The Argentine military played a role in the institutional life of the country, during a series of coups d'état that took place in the 20th century.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: After the Revolución Libertadora coup that deposed president Juan Domingo Perón in 1955, the armed forces split into opposing sectors named "Azules y colorados" ("Blues and Reds"). The fight would end in 1963 with military clashes and the defeat of the "reds" who were opposed to Perón.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: In 1965, the Argentine military conducted land military maneuvers on Antarctica under then-Colonel Jorge E. Leal. Nicknamed Operación 90, this was undertaken ten years before the Antarctic Treaty came into being and was conducted to cement Argentina's claims to a portion of those territories (still claimed as Argentine Antarctica).


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: In 1975 the armed forces started a massive operation in the Tucumán Province to crush the ERP ("Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo" or People's Revolutionary Army) guevarist guerrilla group which attempted to create a "revolutionary foco in this remote and mountainous province, in the north-west of Argentina."


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: The last military dictatorship, the National Reorganization Process, lasted from 1976 to 1983. As Isabel Perón was unable to defeat the terrorist organizations of Montoneros and ERP, the military took power during the 1976 Argentine coup d'état and exterminated the violent communist guerrillas by random detentions, torture or death. The current government of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner that sympathizes with Perón, antagonized the Armed Forces with the justification of the past junta and limits the powers of the current armed forced to avoid state terrorism of the past.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: During much of the 19th and the 20th century, relations between neighbour Chile chilled due to disputes over Patagonia, though in recent years relations have improved dramatically.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces invaded the British overseas territory of the Falkland Islands; this was followed by the invasion of South Georgia islands. Britain sent a big task force to recover the islands. Argentina incurred many losses and surrendered on 14 June. The political effects of the surrender were strong, leading to large protests against the dictatorship, which hastened its downfall.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: The democratic government of Raúl Alfonsín that took office in 1983 prosecuted the 1970s crimes and made the unprecedented (and only Latin American example) Trial of the Juntas and soon the Army was rocked by uprisings and internal infighting. Far-right sectors of the Army rebelled in the Carapintadas ("painted faces") movement. To contain the rebellions, Alfonsín promoted the Full stop law and the Law of due obedience. The following president, Carlos Menem, gave the presidential pardon to the military found guilty in the Trial of the Juntas. It would not be until 1990, when the last military uprising in Argentine history was crushed, that the political conflict within the Army finally subsided.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: In January 1989, during the subversive attack on La Tablada, the Army used white phosphorus in a violation of the Geneva Convention (according to a document presented by the human rights commission of the United Nations on January 12, 2001).


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War sending a destroyer and a corvette in first term and a supply ship and another corvette later to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the gulf. The success of "Operación Alfil" (English: "Operation Bishop") as it was known, with more than 700 interceptions and sailed on the operations theatre helped to overcome the so-called "Malvinas syndrome".


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: From 1990 to 1992, the Baradero-class patrol boats were deployed under UN mandate ONUCA to the Gulf of Fonseca in Central America. In 1994, the three Drummond-class corvettes participated on Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: Also, in the 1990s, Argentine Armed Forces began a close defense cooperation and friendship policy with neighbors Brazil and Chile, with emphasis on fulfillment of United Nations mandates.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: The Argentine military have been reduced both in number and budget, but became more professional, especially after conscription was abolished by president Menem. The British embargo due to the Falklands War () was officially eliminated and Argentina was granted Major Non-NATO ally status by United States President Bill Clinton.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: The modern Argentine Armed Forces are committed to international peacekeeping under United Nations mandates, humanitarian aid on emergencies relief and support the country's continuous presence at Antarctica.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: Democratic governments since 1983 streamlined the military budget and did not approve any large scale equipment purchases. Argentina military spending is one of the lowest of South America and as of 2010, its 0.9% of GDP only exceeds Suriname Within the defence budget itself funding for training and even basic maintenance was significantly cut, a factor contributing to the accidental loss of the Argentine submarine San Juan in 2017. The result has been a steady erosion of Argentine military capabilities, with some arguing that Argentina had, by the end of the 2010s, ceased to be a capable military power.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: The small-scale capability modernization that Argentina has attempted has been actively opposed by the United Kingdom. In 2019 the Argentine Air Force and government selected the Korean KAI FA-50 as its interim fighter to replace its aging Falklands-vintage aircraft. However, the deal was cancelled in early 2020 leaving the Air Force without a fighter replacement. British intervention was apparently a key factor in the cancellation with Britain stopping the export of the aircraft incorporating various British components. In October 2020, Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) confirmed that since major components of the aircraft were supplied by the U.K., the aircraft could not be exported to Argentina. Britain similarly blocked the potential sale of Brazilian license-built Saab Gripen aircraft to Argentina given avionics that were of British origin.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: In 2003, for the first time, the Argentine Navy (classified as a major non-NATO ally) interoperated with a United States Navy battlegroup when destroyer ARA Sarandí (D-13) joined the USS Enterprise Carrier Strike Group and Destroyer Squadron 18 as a part of Exercise Solid Step during their tour in the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: On June 12, 2006, President Néstor Kirchner brought into force the Defense Law, which had been passed in 1988 as a means to modernize the doctrine of the armed forces and define their role. The law states that the armed forces will only be used against foreign aggression, and reduces the powers of the heads of the armed services, centralizing whole operational and acquisitions decisions under the authority of the Armed Forces Joint General Staff (" – EMC" ) emphasizing Jointness.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: A combined Argentinian-Chilean force for future United Nations Mandates was created. Named Cruz del Sur (), the new force began assembly in 2008 with its headquarters alternating between the two countries each year.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: In 2009, UNASUR, the South American countries union, created the CDS ( Spanish: "Consejo de Defensa Sudamericano" (South American Defence council) in order to promote cooperation and transparency between their armed forces


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: As of 2011, they perform with Chile the PARACACH (Patrulla de Rescate Antártica Combinada Argentina-Chile, Argentine Chilean Antarctic combined search and rescue patrol) with support from the German Space Agency which provided satellite imagery


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: The three branches of the Argentine Armed Forces are under the direct authority of the Defense Ministry, while the Argentine National Gendarmerie and the Argentine Naval Prefecture, as security forces, under the direct authority of the Ministry of Security.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: Argentina was the only South American country to send warships and cargo planes in 1991 to the Gulf War under UN mandate and has remained involved in peacekeeping efforts in multiple locations like UNPROFOR in Croatia/Bosnia, Gulf of Fonseca, UNFICYP in Cyprus (where among Army and Marines troops the Air Force provided the UN Air contingent since 1994) and MINUSTAH in Haiti.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: UNFICYP was also a precedent in the Latin American military as troops of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay are embedded in the Argentine contingent


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: Since 1999 and as of June 2006, Argentina is the only Latin American country to maintain troops in Kosovo during SFOR (and later EUFOR) operations where combat engineers of the Argentine Armed Forces are embedded in an Italian brigade.


title: Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic

text: In 2007, an Argentine contingent including helicopters, boats and water purification plants was sent to help Bolivia against their worst floods in decades. In 2010 the Armed Forces were also involved in Haiti and Chile humanitarian responses after their respective earthquakes.


title: Marc Brown (author)

text: Marc Tolon Brown (born November 25, 1946) is an American author and illustrator of children's books. Brown writes as well as illustrates the "Arthur" book series and is best known for creating that series and its numerous spin-offs. The names of his two sons, Tolon Adam and Tucker Eliot, have been hidden in all of the "Arthur" books except for one. He also has a daughter named Eliza, whose name appears hidden in at least two books. He is a three-time Emmy award winner; the "Arthur" TV series adapted from the books was named number one on PBS for three years (1997, 2000, 2001). He also served as an executive producer on the show during seasons ten through twenty-five. He currently lives in Hingham, Massachusetts.


title: Marc Brown (author)

text: While growing up in Erie, Pennsylvania, with his three sisters, Brown was told many stories by his grandmother Thora. This inspired Brown to write stories of his own in the later years of his life. An example of this was the "borrowing" of his 7th grade algebra teacher's name Mr. Rathbun for the character Mr. Ratburn. It was Grandma Thora who also fueled Brown's affinity for drawing, which was discovered at the age of six. While attending McDowell Senior High School, his art teacher, Nancy Bryan, introduced him to watercolors, which he now uses for the majority of his illustrations. Brown was inspired by other artists like Marc Chagall. Maurice Sendak, the author of the children's book "Where the Wild Things Are", also influenced Brown in deciding on a career choice.


title: Marc Brown (author)

text: With the help of his Grandma Thora, Brown was able to major in graphic design at the Cleveland Institute of Art. Even with the opposition from his colleagues, Brown continued with his dream to be a children's book illustrator. After graduating, Brown presented a sample of his drawings to the publishing company Houghton Mifflin, in Boston, Massachusetts, who offered him a USD$5,000 deal. This offer allowed Brown to confirm his decision of making professional illustrating his career. In 1969, he began part-time teaching at Garland Junior College in Boston and illustrated textbooks.


title: Marc Brown (author)

text: He had many different jobs before focusing solely on his writing career. He was a truck driver, a short-order cook, a TV art director, and finally a college professor. Brown said his professorship was short-lived as the college went bankrupt one semester into his hiring.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Kenneth George Doane (born March 16, 1986) is an American retired professional wrestler signed to WWE as a producer and as a trainer at the WWE Performance Center. During his past time in WWE, he was known as Kenny Dykstra and Kenny as a member of The Spirit Squad. Outside of WWE, his most significant appearance in a major promotion was for Major League Wrestling (MLW) in a tag team with Squad member Mike Mondo during 2019.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Doane was trained by Killer Kowalski and made his wrestling debut at the age of fifteen in 2001. He began working for Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), per WWE request. In May 2003, Doane made his WWE television debut as "Ken Phoenix". During his time in OVW, he won the Television Championship once. After losing the title, Doane became part of The Spirit Squad faction. The team debuted on Raw in January 2006 and won the World Tag Team Championship three months later.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Following the Spirit Squad's dissolution, he began working as "Kenny Dykstra", before being released from his WWE contract in November 2008. He later began working on the independent circuit, wrestling for promotions including Dragon Gate USA and Evolve.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Doane made his professional wrestling debut in 2001 at the age of fifteen. He started his professional wrestling career in the New England area under the name "Broadway" Kenn Phoenix. He was later trained by professional wrestler and trainer Killer Kowalski in Malden, Massachusetts. After being contacted by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), he was asked to make appearances for their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). Doane made his first national television appearance in WWE at the age of 17 on the May 12, 2003 episode of "WWE Raw" as Ken Phoenix. Along with his brother, Mike Phoenix, he was a participant in Rodney Mack's ongoing "5-Minute White Boy Challenge" where Mack defeated Caucasian wrestlers in under five minutes. Mack defeated the pair in 1:31, forcing them both to submit to his new Blackout finishing hold. He made another appearance, losing to Lance Storm on an episode of "Sunday Night Heat" before being officially signed to a developmental deal and to OVW full-time on June 4, 2004. On June 3, 2005, Doane had his first match, at the promotion, against Kenzo Suzuki, whom Doane defeated. Three weeks later, on June 25, 2005, he won the Television Championship from Deuce Shade. He had successful title defenses, but Doane lost the title to CM Punk on November 9, 2005.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: After losing the Television Championship, Doane became a part of the Spirit Squad, a faction using the in-ring personas of male cheerleaders, using the name "Kenny". On the January 23, 2006, episode of "Raw", the group helped Jonathan Coachman win a Royal Rumble qualifying match against Jerry "The King" Lawler by performing cheers for Coachman and distracting Lawler. They later became a part of the ongoing scripted feud between WWE chairman Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels. The villainous McMahon brought in the Squad to attack Michaels on numerous occasions, including placing them in multiple handicap matches.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: They also continued wrestling in the tag team division, and on April 3, on "Raw", the Squad won the World Tag Team Championship when Kenny and Mikey, with outside help from the other three Squad members, defeated the team of Big Show and Kane. After winning the championship, all five members of the team were recognized as the champions, allowing any combination of them to defend the championship. Also, Kenny became the second youngest wrestler to win a title in WWE at the age of 20 years and 18 days; he was surpassed by Tyler Bate in 2017.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Three weeks later, McMahon scheduled another handicap match, with the Spirit Squad facing Michaels. The match never started, however; instead the Spirit Squad brutally beat down Michaels, ripping apart his ring attire and, as part of the storyline, shattered his knee with a chair. McMahon then called Triple H to the ring to attack Michaels with a sledgehammer; however, Kenny snatched the sledgehammer away from him, disrespecting Triple H, which led to him attacking the group. Triple H and Michaels revived their former team, D-Generation X (DX), and began a feud with the Spirit Squad. DX played various sophomoric pranks on the team and the McMahons (Vince and his son Shane), as well as defeating the Spirit Squad in handicap tag team matches at Vengeance and a clean sweep in an elimination handicap match at "Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII".


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: At the same time as their feud with DX and their alignment with McMahon, the team also wrestled other teams in "Raw"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s tag division over the World Tag Team Championship. The group successfully defended the tag team championship against the teams of Jim Duggan and Eugene, Charlie Haas and Viscera, and Snitsky and Val Venis. They then entered a lengthy feud with The Highlanders, whom they eventually defeated to retain the title at Unforgiven.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: The Spirit Squad as a whole later began a losing streak with separate members losing singles matches to Ric Flair on consecutive episodes of "Raw". After two consecutive losses to the debuting Cryme Tyme, Kenny attacked Mikey on the October 23 episode of "Raw", and announced that he was going to defeat Flair. Kenny was successful, despite Flair attempting to even the odds by bringing other WWE Legends (Dusty Rhodes, Sgt. Slaughter, and "Rowdy" Roddy Piper) to the ring with him. It was then announced that Flair and a legend, selected by interactive voting, would wrestle the team for the World Tag Team Championship at the Cyber Sunday pay-per-view in early November. The fans chose Piper, and he and Flair defeated Kenny and Mikey to win the championship.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: The group disbanded on the November 27 "Raw" after losing a five-on-three match against Flair and DX. Later that night, DX placed all five members into a crate stamped "OVW, Louisville, Kentucky", a reference to the developmental territory from which the Squad had come.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: After the breakup of the Spirit Squad, he was repackaged as Kenny Dykstra – an homage to baseball player Lenny Dykstra – with new attire and entrance music. He became interested in joining the group Rated-RKO, which consisted of Edge and Randy Orton. In order to join, he was told to prove himself first. He continued the feud with Ric Flair, managing to pick up three straight victories before finally losing to him on the January 15, 2007, episode of "Raw". Dykstra competed in the 2007 Royal Rumble match and got eliminated by Edge. After his feud with Flair, Dykstra became a mainstay on "Raw"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s sister show "Heat", having feuds with both Eugene and Val Venis.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: He then formed a tag team with Johnny Nitro, but the duo split when Dykstra was drafted to the SmackDown! brand on June 17, 2007, as part of the WWE Supplemental Draft.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Dykstra made his debut on the July 6 episode of "SmackDown!" in a losing effort to the re-debuting Chuck Palumbo. On the July 20 episode of "SmackDown!", Dykstra participated in a 20-man battle royal for the World Heavyweight Championship and was eliminated by Chris Masters; later on that evening, he lost to Matt Hardy in singles competition.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Dykstra formed an on-screen relationship with Victoria on the July 27 episode of "SmackDown!". The two teamed together in mixed tag team matches, usually against Jimmy Wang Yang and Torrie Wilson or Chuck Palumbo and Michelle McCool. They also regularly accompanied each other to the ring for matches. After a leave of absence from television in the first half of 2008, Dykstra made his return on the August 15 episode of "SmackDown", losing to WWE Champion Triple H. On November 10, 2008, WWE announced Doane had been released from his contract.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: In late 2016, Doane, as Kenny, and Mikey returned to WWE for a short storyline with Dolph Ziggler (formerly Nicky in the Spirit Squad). On October 4, on "SmackDown", they utilised their Spirit Squad characters to taunt Ziggler about his time in the Spirit Squad, before attacking him at the behest of the Intercontinental Champion The Miz and Maryse. Five days later, at the No Mercy pay-per-view, he and Mikey tried to distract Ziggler in his career vs. title match under Maryse's command, but were unsuccessful in doing so. On the October 11 episode of "SmackDown", Kenny and Mikey faced Ziggler in a two-on-one handicap match; Ziggler won but was then attacked by The Miz and saved by Rhyno and Heath Slater. Kenny and Mikey unsuccessfully challenged Slater and Rhyno for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship on October 25. They appeared throughout November in tag team matches, before disappearing off television.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: In 2009, Doane began working for Dragon Gate USA under his real name. On December 3, 2009, it was announced that Doane would be joining recently opened promotion Evolve as Kenn Doane. He debuted at the promotions first show on January 16, 2010, in a loss to Jimmy Jacobs.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: On March 9, 2010, Doane, under his real name, wrestled in a tryout dark match for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, losing to Homicide. On November 15, 2011, Doane wrestled a dark match for WWE at the "SmackDown" tapings in Bridgeport, Connecticut, losing to Justin Gabriel. In September 2014, Doane took part in Chikara's 2014 King of Trios tournament, using his Spirit Squad character and teaming with Johnny and Mikey. After a win over Sinn Bodhi and the Odditorium (Qefka the Quiet and Sir Oliver Grimsly) on September 19, the Spirit Squad was eliminated from the tournament in the second round on September 20 by the Golden Trio (Dasher Hatfield, Icarus, and Mark Angelosetti).


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: On November 12, 2016, wrestling as The Spirit Squad, Doane along with Mikey captured the NYWC Tag Team Championship from Hounds of Hatred (Boo and Bam Sullivan) at Firestorm 3. 15 days later, Spirit Squad lost the titles back to Hounds of Hatred. At Ring of Honor television tapings in April 2017, Kenny and Mikey unsuccessfully challenged The Young Bucks for the ROH World Tag Team Championship. On July 24, 2019, it was announced that Squad members Dykstra and Mike Mondo were now signed to Major League Wrestling (MLW). They would go on to debut at that month's "Never Say Never" show. Kenny announced on April 20, 2021 through Twitter that he was retired from in-ring action.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: On October 6, 2021, Doane was reportedly rehired by WWE to work as a trainer at the WWE Performance Center. Two months later, he began working as a producer on "Raw" and "SmackDown".


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Doane appeared on "Seducing Cindy", a Fox Reality series that follows Cindy Margolis, once the most downloaded woman on the Internet, as she searches for a new love. The program premiered on January 30, 2010. Doane made it to the final five, one episode away from the season finale, but was eliminated.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: In 2013, while rehabbing a knee injury, Doane penned his first children's book entitled "Billy's Bully". The book was released in June 2013.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: Doane was born to Ken and Vickie Doane in Southbridge, Massachusetts. His parents were supportive of his decision in becoming a professional wrestler. He has an older brother named Mike. Doane attended Bay Path Regional Vocational Technical High School in Charlton, Massachusetts and Nichols College, Dudley, MA.


title: Kenny Dykstra

text: In 2012, Doane enrolled in Nichols College where he started playing football. He plays as a tight end and linebacker.


title: Human Capital Index

text: The Human Capital Index is a report prepared by the World Bank. The Index measures which countries are best in mobilizing the economic and professional potential of its citizens. The index measures how much capital each country loses through lack of education and health. The Index was first published in October 2018 and ranked 157 countries. The Human Capital Index ranges between 0 and 1, with 1 meaning maximum potential is reached.


title: Human Capital Index

text: The applications to measuring human capital are developed in research by Noam Angrist, Simeon Djankov, Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg and Harry Patrinos, in an article published in the leading scientific journal Nature. These findings are popularized in a 2021 Vox column. The Index is grounded on the following three pillars:


title: Human Capital Index

text: The Human Capital Index was first published as part of the World Bank's World Development Report 2019, directed by Simeon Djankov and Federica Saliola. Nobel Prize winner Paul Romer started the measurement.


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Aki Olavi Kaurismäki (; born 4 April 1957) is a Finnish film director and screenwriter. He is best known for the award-winning "Drifting Clouds" (1996), "The Man Without a Past" (2002), "Le Havre" (2011) and "The Other Side of Hope" (2017), as well as for the mockumentary "Leningrad Cowboys Go America" (1989). He is described as Finland's best-known film director.


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: After graduating in media studies from the University of Tampere, Kaurismäki worked as a bricklayer, postman, and dish-washer, long before pursuing his interest in cinema, first as a critic, and later as a screenwriter & director. He started his career as a co-screenwriter and actor in films made by his older brother, Mika Kaurismäki. He played the main role in Mika's film "The Liar" (1981). Together they founded the production company Villealfa Filmproductions and later the Midnight Sun Film Festival. His debut as an independent director was "Crime and Punishment" (1983), an adaptation of Dostoyevsky's novel set in modern Helsinki. He gained worldwide attention with "Leningrad Cowboys Go America" (1989). In 1989 he emigrated with his wife, Paula Oinonen, to Portugal, saying "in all of Helsinki there is no place left where I could place my camera". In 1992, the New York Times film critic Vincent Canby declared Kaurismäki “an original ... one of cinema’s most distinctive and idiosyncratic new artists, and possibly one of the most serious... [He] could well turn out to be the seminal European filmmaker of the ’90s.”


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Kaurismäki is known for his extremely minimalistic style. He has been called an auteur, since he writes, directs, produces and usually edits the films himself, and thus introduces his personal "drollery and deadpan" style. The camera is usually still. Events are shown in a plain manner and characters are usually left alone facing the consequences. However, despite their tragedies and setbacks, the characters don't give up and eventually survive.


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Much of Kaurismäki's work is centred on Helsinki, such as the film "Calamari Union", the Proletariat trilogy ("Shadows in Paradise", "Ariel" and "The Match Factory Girl") and the Finland trilogy ("Drifting Clouds", "The Man Without a Past" and "Lights in the Dusk"). His vision of Helsinki is critical and singularly unromantic. Indeed, his characters often speak about how they wish to get away from Helsinki. Some end up in Mexico ("Ariel"), others in Estonia ("Shadows in Paradise", "Calamari Union", and "Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatjana"). Kaurismäki also uses, on purpose, characters, elements and settings that hark back to the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Kaurismäki has been influenced by the French directors Jean-Pierre Melville, Jacques Becker, and Robert Bresson, the Japanese director Yasujirō Ozu, the American director John Cassavetes, and some critics have also inferred the influence of Rainer Werner Fassbinder. His movies have a humorous side that can also be seen in the films of Jim Jarmusch, who has a cameo in Kaurismäki's film "Leningrad Cowboys Go America". Jarmusch used actors who have appeared frequently in Kaurismäki's films in his own film "Night on Earth", part of which takes place in Helsinki.


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Kaurismäki has been a vocal critic of digital cinematography, calling it "a devil's invention" and saying he "won't make a digital film in this life". In March 2014, however, he reconciled, saying that "in order to maintain my humble film oeuvre accessible to a potential audience, I have ended up in rendering it to digital in all its present and several of its as yet unknown forms."


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: In Helsinki, Kaurismäki is the co-owner of a complex, Andorra, that incorporates a cinema, several bars and a pool hall featuring a giant poster for Robert Bresson’s "L’Argent." It also features the jukebox from "Leningrad Cowboys Meet Moses."


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Kaurismäki's film "Ariel" (1988) was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Prix FIPRESCI.


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Kaurismäki's most acclaimed film has been "The Man Without a Past", which won the Grand Prix and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Foreign Language Film category in 2003. However, Kaurismäki refused to attend the Oscar ceremony, asserting that he did not feel like partying in a country that was in a state of war. Kaurismäki's next film "Lights in the Dusk" was also chosen to be Finland's nominee for best foreign-language film, but Kaurismäki again boycotted the awards and refused the nomination, as a protest against U.S. President George W. Bush's foreign policy. In 2002 Kaurismäki also boycotted the 40th New York Film Festival in a show of solidarity with the Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami, who was not given a US visa in time for the festival.


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Kaurismäki's 2017 film "The Other Side of Hope" won the Silver Bear for Best Director award at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. At the same festival he also announced that it would be his last film as a director.


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text:
Silver Bear
2016 "The Other Side of Hope"
Cannes Grand Prix
2002 "The Man Without a Past"
Cannes Ecumenical Jury Special Mention
1996 "Drifting Clouds"
Cannes Prize of the Ecumenical Jury
2002 "The Man Without a Past"
FIPRESCI Award
2011 "Le Havre"
Jussi for Best Film
2006 "Lights in the Dusk"
Jussi for Best Debut Film
1983 "Crime and Punishment"
Jussi for Best Script
1983 "Crime and Punishment"
1996 "Drifting Clouds"
2002 "The Man Without a Past"
2011 "Le Havre"
Jussi for Best Direction
1990 "The Match Factory Girl"
1992 "La vie de bohème"
1996 "Drifting Clouds"
2002 "The Man Without a Past"
São Paulo Audience Award for Best Feature
1996 "Drifting Clouds"


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, Kaurismäki signed a letter endorsing the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership in the 2019 general election. The letter stated that "Labour's election manifesto under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership offers a transformative plan that prioritises the needs of people and the planet over private profit and the vested interests of a few."


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: Kaurismäki deals with the European migrant crisis without avoiding difficult aspects of reality. "I would like to change the Finns' attitude," said the filmmaker in Berlin. When 20,000 Iraqis came to Finland, many people in the country "perceived that as an attack, like a war." He was alarmed by their reaction and decided to make a film dealing with the issue. "I respect Mrs. Merkel," he also said of the German chancellor, who was harshly criticized for her open-door refugee policy, "She is the only politician who seems to be at least interested in the problem."


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: In a 2007 interview with the film scholar Andrew Nestingen, Kaurismäki said: "The real disgrace here is Finland’s refugee policy, which is shameful. We refuse refugee status on the flimsiest of grounds and send people back to secure places like Darfur, Iraq, and Somalia. It’s perfectly safe, go ahead. Our policy is a stain among the Nordic nations. Shameful."


title: Aki Kaurismäki

text: The political context of Kaurismäki's work is very much influenced by his attitude to Finland's treatment of the working class. In his view, the social and political ramifications of class structures and lack of economic parity render lower-class workers replaceable cogs in an outdated machine.


title: Weber test

text: The Weber test is a screening test for hearing performed with a tuning fork. It can detect unilateral (one-sided) conductive hearing loss (middle ear hearing loss) and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (inner ear hearing loss). The test is named after Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795–1878). Conductive hearing ability is mediated by the middle ear composed of the ossicles: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. Sensorineural hearing ability is mediated by the inner ear composed of the cochlea with its internal basilar membrane and attached cochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). The outer ear consisting of the pinna, ear canal, and ear drum or tympanic membrane transmits sounds to the middle ear but does not contribute to the conduction or sensorineural hearing ability save for hearing transmissions limited by cerumen impaction (wax collection in the ear canal).


title: Weber test

text: The Weber and the Rinne test ( ) are typically performed together with the results of each combined to determine the location and nature of any hearing losses detected. In the Weber test a vibrating tuning fork (Typically 256 Hz or 512 Hz used for Weber vibration test; 512 Hz used for Rinne hearing test) is placed in the middle of the forehead, above the upper lip under the nose over the teeth, or on top of the head equidistant from the patient's ears on top of thin skin in contact with the bone. The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder. A normal Weber test has a patient reporting the sound heard equally in both sides. In an affected patient, if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder, the finding indicates a conductive hearing loss in the defective ear. Also in the affected patient, if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better, there is sensorineural hearing loss on the other (defective) ear. However, this assumes that it is known which ear is defective and which is normal (e.g. by the patient telling the clinician that they cannot hear as well in one ear as in the other), with the testing is being done to characterize the type, conductive or sensorineural, of hearing loss that is occurring. In the case where the patient is unaware or has acclimated to their hearing loss, the clinician has to use the Rinne test in conjunction with the Weber to characterize and localize any deficits. That is, an abnormal Weber test is only able to tell the clinician that there is a conductive loss in the ear which hears better or that there is a sensorineural loss in the ear which does not hear as well.


title: Weber test

text: For the Rinne test, a vibrating tuning fork (typically 512 Hz) is placed initially on the mastoid process behind each ear until sound is no longer heard. Then, without re-striking the fork, the fork is then quickly placed just outside the ear with the patient asked to report when the sound caused by the vibration is no longer heard. A normal or positive Rinne test is when sound is still heard when the tuning fork is moved to air near the ear (air conduction or AC), indicating that AC is equal or greater than (bone conduction or BC). Therefore, AC > BC; which is how it is reported clinically for a normal or positive Rinne result. In conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is better than air or BC > AC, a negative Rinne, and the patient will report that they do not hear the fork once it is moved. The Rinne test is not ideal for distinguishing sensorineural hearing loss, as both sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing report a positive Rinne test (though the sensorineural patient will have a decreased duration of hearing sound once the fork is moved to air).


title: Weber test

text: In a normal patient, the Weber tuning fork sound is heard equally loudly in both ears, with no one ear hearing the sound louder than the other (lateralization). Similarly, a patient with symmetrical hearing loss will hear the Weber tuning fork sound equally well, with diagnostic utility only in asymmetric (one-sided) hearing losses. In a patient with hearing loss, the Weber tuning fork sound is heard louder in one ear (lateralization) than the other. This clinical finding should be confirmed by repeating the procedure and having the patient occlude one ear with a finger; the sound should be heard best in the occluded ear.


title: Weber test

text: The results of both tests are noted and compared accordingly below to localize and characterize the nature of any detected hearing losses. Note: the Weber and Rinne are screening tests that are not replacements for formal audiometry hearing tests. Reported test accuracy measurements are very variable for clinical screening, surgical candidacy assessments, and estimation of hearing loss severity.


title: Weber test

text: A patient with a unilateral conductive hearing loss would hear the tuning fork loudest in the affected ear. This is because the ear with the conductive hearing loss is only receiving input from the bone conduction and no air conduction, and the sound is perceived as louder in that ear. This finding is because the conduction problem of the middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes, and external auditory meatus) masks the ambient noise of the room, while the well-functioning inner ear (cochlea with its basilar membrane) picks the sound up via the bones of the skull, causing it to be perceived as a louder sound in the affected ear. Another theory, however, is based on the occlusion effect described by Tonndorf et al. in 1966. Lower frequency sounds (as made by the 256 Hz fork) that are transferred through the bone to the ear canal escape from the canal. If an occlusion is present, the sound cannot escape and appears louder on the ear with the conductive hearing loss.


title: Weber test

text: Conductive hearing loss can be mimicked by plugging one ear with a finger and performing the Rinne and Weber tests, which will help clarify the above. Humming a constant note and then plugging one ear is a good way to mimic the findings of the Weber test in conductive hearing loss. The simulation of the Weber test is the basis for the Bing test.


title: Weber test

text: If air conduction is intact on both sides (therefore no CHL), the patient will report a quieter sound in the ear with the sensorineuronal hearing loss. This is because the ear with the sensorineuronal hearing loss is not converting input from either the air or bone conduction, and the sound is perceived as louder in the normal ear.


title: Weber test

text: This Weber test is most useful in individuals with hearing that is different between the two ears. It cannot confirm normal hearing because it does not measure sound sensitivity in a quantitative manner. Hearing defects affecting both ears equally, as in presbycusis will produce an apparently normal test result.


title: Weber test

text: The Weber test reflects "conduction loss" in the ipsilateral ear because, in the event of impaired conduction, ipsilateral sensorineural hearing is perceived as louder; this is the same reason humming becomes more salient when covering the ears. If the Weber-lateralized ear has a positive Rinne test (AC>BC), that generally means the absence of conduction loss in that ear, and the reason sound had been perceived as louder on that side is because a sensorineural loss is present contralaterally; an ipsilateral negative Rinne test (BC>AC), on the other hand, would confirm ipsilateral conductive hearing loss (although contralateral sensorineural hearing loss may "still" be present. If the Weber-lateralized ear has a positive Rinne test and the contralateral ear has a negative Rinne test, then both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss are present in the contralateral ear. This is because sensorineural deficits always take auditory precedence over conductive ones, so even though conductive hearing loss is present in the contralateral ear, it is the sensorineural deficit that is responsible for the ipsilateral perceived elevation of volume. This also means that a Weber-lateralized ear with bilateral negative-Rinne corresponds to only sensorineural hearing on the ipsilateral side "not" being affected.


title: Weber test

text: Although no replacement for formal audiometry, a quick screening test can be made by complementing the Weber test with the Rinne test.


title: Weber test

text: The Rinne test is used in cases of unilateral hearing loss and establishes which ear has the greater bone conduction. Combined with the patient's perceived hearing loss, it can be determined if the cause is sensorineural or conductive. For example, if the Rinne test shows that air conduction (AC) is greater than bone conduction (BC) in both ears and the Weber test lateralizes to a particular ear, then there is sensorineural hearing loss in the opposite (weaker) ear. Conductive hearing loss is confirmed in the weaker ear if bone conduction is greater than air conduction and the Weber test lateralizes to that side. Combined hearing loss is likely if the Weber test lateralizes to the stronger ear and bone conduction is greater than air conduction in the weaker ear.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Héctor Alfredo Moreno Herrera (born 17 January 1988) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Liga MX club Monterrey and the Mexico national team.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno ascended the youth ranks of Club Universidad Nacional, making his senior debut in 2006 at the age of 18. He moved abroad a year later, joining Dutch side AZ Alkmaar, with whom he won his first league title. He joined Spanish side Espanyol in 2011, playing with the side for four years before returning to the Netherlands with PSV Eindhoven. In 2017, Moreno had a short spell with Roma before moving back to Spain with Real Sociedad.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno was a member of the Mexico national under-17 team that won the 2005 World Championship held in Peru. He has also represented Mexico at the 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022 FIFA World Cup, as well as the 2011 and 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup, the Copa América Centenario, and the 2013 and 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Héctor Moreno joined Club Universidad Nacional's youth system in 2003 at age 15, and made his way into the first team after winning the FIFA U-17 World Championship with Mexico in 2005.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno made his professional debut during the Clausura 2006 tournament, coming on as an 88th-minute substitute for Gerardo Galindo in the 1–0 victory over Santos Laguna on 22 January. He played his first full 90 minutes on 12 February in a 2–0 win over Veracruz, and scored his first goal the following week in a 1–3 defeat to Cruz Azul. Moreno would end the Clausura making six appearances in total. He would eventually secure his position as a regular starter.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: For the Apertura 2007, Moreno would play in his first, and only, league final with UNAM, losing to Atlante 2–1 on aggregate.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 13 December 2007, it was announced Moreno was transferred to Dutch club AZ in a US$4.5 million deal. He made his Eredivisie debut on 1 March 2008 in a 1–1 draw against Roda JC, playing the full 90 minutes. In April 2009, Moreno won his first Eredivisie title with AZ. On 22 April, it was reported Moreno had signed a contract extension with AZ which would tie him to the club until 2014.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 25 July, AZ won the Johan Cruyff Shield after defeating Heerenvecen 5–1 in the final. Moreno made his debut in the UEFA Champions League on 16 September in a 0–1 defeat to Olympiacos. On 7 February 2010, Moreno gave Alkmaar a 2–1 victory over Feyenoord by scoring a header from a corner-kick in the 87th minute. He scored his third goal of the season in a 6–2 victory over RKC Waalwijk on 13 March 2010. He would score his fourth goal in a 3–0 victory over Willem II on 18 April.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 22 June 2011, it was announced Moreno would transfer to Spanish La Liga club Espanyol on a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee. On 28 August, he made his debut in La Liga against Mallorca. On 26 September, he scored his first goal in a 1–3 loss to Levante. On 3 December, he would score his second league goal in a 1–2 loss to Valencia. Moreno scored his third goal of the season in a 3–1 home win against Racing de Santander.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 4 October 2012, Moreno was named Espanyol's Player of the Year for the 2011–12 season, his debut season, playing 35 league matches (for a total of 3,295 minutes played) and scoring three goals with one assist.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Prior to the start of the 2014–15 season, it was announced Moreno would be out of action for up to six months due to a broken left tibia he suffered while playing for Mexico at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which would require surgery and rehabilitation. It was rumoured the injury prevented him from signing for Manchester United during the summer transfer window. Moreno made his return after four months on 14 November in a friendly against Marseille, replacing Felipe Caicedo in the 68th minute in an eventual 2–1 win.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno made his official return with Espanyol on 2 December, coming off the bench to replace Álvaro in the 73rd minute in the 2–0 victory over Alavés in the first leg of the round of 32 of the Copa del Rey.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 15 August 2015, PSV Eindhoven announced the signing of Moreno. Upon his return to the Eredivisie, Moreno signed a four-year contract for €5 million with the club.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno was handed a starting berth on his debut and played all 90 minutes in the 6–0 win over Cambuur on 12 September. Three days later, during PSV's opening 2015–16 UEFA Champions League match against Manchester United, Moreno broke the leg of Luke Shaw as the result of a two-footed challenge. He was not sanctioned for the tackle on Shaw, and Moreno went on to score the 47th-minute equaliser for PSV as they defeated Manchester United 2–1 in the match. He was later named UEFA Man of the Match.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 17 January 2016, Moreno scored in PSV's 2–0 win over Feyenoord. A week later, he scored his first double as PSV defeated Twente 4–2 with assists provided by fellow Mexico national teammate, Andrés Guardado.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 8 May, Moreno played all 90 minutes in PSV's defeat of PEC Zwolle 3–1 on the final matchday to be crowned 2015–16 Eredivisie champions.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: The following season, Moreno played in 39 matches across all competitions, and scored seven goals, a career-high tally, though PSV failed to defend the league as they finished in third place.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 13 June 2017, Moreno joined Italian side Roma on a four-year contract. He made his Serie A debut on 16 September in Roma's 3–0 win over Hellas Verona, replacing Kostas Manolas in the 73rd minute.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 31 January 2018, Spanish club Real Sociedad announced the transfer of Moreno from Roma for €6 million, signing with the club until 2021. On 15 February, he made his competitive debut for "La Real" against Red Bull Salzburg in the Europa League, playing 76 minutes in the team's 2–2 draw. During midweek training, however, Moreno suffered a grade 1 injury to his internal obturator, meaning he would be ruled out for an undisclosed period of time. He returned and made his debut in La Liga with Real Sociedad on 1 March in a scoreless draw against Real Betis. Three days later, he scored his first goal against Deportivo Alavés, giving his team the lead at the 6th minute, in an eventual 2–1 victory.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: He transferred to Al-Gharafa in July 2019, making him the first Mexican international player to play in Qatar Stars League. He made his debut the following month on 22 August in a 3–0 victory over Al-Shahania. On 9 November, he would score his first goal for the team in a 2–0 victory over Umm Salal SC.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno was called up to participate at the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Peru. Mexico would go on to win the tournament, beating Brazil in the final 3–0.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: During Mexico's first match at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup against Gambia, Moreno played as a defensive midfielder and scored Mexico's third goal in a 3–0 victory. Mexico would win their group but would be eliminated in the quarter-finals by Argentina.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno made his senior national team debut on 17 October 2007 under Hugo Sánchez in a friendly against Guatemala.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno was included by Javier Aguirre to be a part of the 23-man squad that would participate in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He made his debut in the Group A match against France on 17 June, which Mexico won 2–0. Moreno would also start against Uruguay.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno was called up by José Manuel de la Torre to be part of the national team that won the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He played in all of Mexico's matches, as well as the final against the United States, which Mexico won 4–2.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 12 June 2012, Moreno scored the winning goal for Mexico in a 2–1 game over El Salvador in a 2014 World Cup qualifying match, the first of his career.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: He was called up for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. He appeared in every match as Mexico finished 3rd in the group stage.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 5 June 2014, national team coach Miguel Herrera named Moreno in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 World Cup. On 29 June, in the round of 16 match against the Netherlands, Moreno suffered a fractured tibia after a collision with Dutch striker Arjen Robben inside his own penalty area. Moreno was stretchered off the field a few minutes before half-time and was substituted by Diego Reyes. It was later reported Moreno was expected to be ruled out of action for up to six months.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 27 June 2015, during Mexico's friendly match against Costa Rica, Moreno was substituted off at half-time after complaining of pain. On 1 July, the Mexican Football Federation announced Moreno would be ruled out of the upcoming 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournament after a successful surgery on his right foot, which stemmed from complications related to a procedure he underwent six years prior following an injury to his fifth metatarsal. He was replaced in the squad by Oswaldo Alanís. As Mexico won the tournament, he was called up by interim manager Ricardo Ferretti to participate in the subsequent CONCACAF Cup – a play-off match to determine CONCACAF's entry into the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup – against the United States. Mexico won the match 3–2 during overtime.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: He was called up for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. He would score the late equalizer in the 2–2 group-stage draw against Portugal. He would go on to appear all five matches of the tournament.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: In May 2018, Moreno was named in Mexico's preliminary 28-man squad for the World Cup, and in June, was ultimately included in the final 23-man roster. He would appear in all group stage matches but accumulated two yellow cards during the group stage, making him miss out on the round-of-16 0–2 loss against Brazil.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: On 6 June 2019, Moreno was called up by coach Gerardo Martino to participate in the CONCACAF Gold Cup. Three days later, in a warm-up match against Ecuador, he would pick up an injury following a clearance. He would return to the field on 29 June in the quarter-final match against Costa Rica, coming in as an overtime substitute at the 106th minute and managing to score in the penalty shoot-out. On 2 July, Moreno played his 100th match with Mexico against Haiti, in a 1–0 win in the semi-finals of the Gold Cup. The team would go on to win the tournament, defeating the United States 1–0 in the final.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: As "Tri" captain Andrés Guardado withdrew from the 2021 Gold Cup roster due to injury, Moreno was expected to wear the captain armband, but did not appear until the final group stage match due to being unfit. In the final against the United States, Moreno withdrew during the first half of the match due to injury, being replaced by Carlos Salcedo. Mexico lost the match 1–0.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: In October 2022, Moreno was named in Mexico's preliminary 31-man squad for the World Cup, and in November, was ultimately included in the final 26-man roster.


title: Héctor Moreno

text: Moreno is a left-footed defender who is capable of starting attacks from the back and "with excellent passing that characterizes the modern center back." Writing for Bleacher Report, Allan Jiang described him as being able to "read and quickly react in adverse situations", as well as having positional awareness. He described Moreno's playing style as retaining the dominant defensive position, jockeying and forcing the opposing player into a mistake.