title: International Standard Serial Number

text: ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books. An ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an anonymous identifier associated with a serial title, containing no information as to the publisher or its location. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change.


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: Since the ISSN applies to an entire serial a new identifier, other identifiers have been built on top of it to allow references to specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable components (like the table of contents): the Publisher Item Identifier (PII) and the Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI).


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: Separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media (except reproduction microforms). Thus, the print and electronic media versions of a serial need separate ISSNs, and CD-ROM versions and web versions require different ISSNs. However, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats (e.g. PDF and HTML) of the same online serial.


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: This "media-oriented identification" of serials made sense in the 1970s. In the 1990s and onward, with personal computers, better screens, and the Web, it makes sense to consider only "content", independent of media. This "content-oriented identification" of serials was a repressed demand during a decade, but no ISSN update or initiative occurred. A natural extension for ISSN, the unique-identification of the articles in the serials, was the main demand application. An alternative serials' contents model arrived with the indecs Content Model and its application, the digital object identifier (DOI), an ISSN-independent initiative, consolidated in the 2000s.


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: Only later, in 2007, ISSN-L was defined in the new ISSN standard (ISO 3297:2007) as an "ISSN designated by the ISSN Network to enable collocation or versions of a continuing resource linking among the different media".


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: An ISSN can be encoded as a uniform resource name (URN) by prefixing it with "". For example, "Rail" could be referred to as "". URN namespaces are case-sensitive, and the ISSN namespace is all caps. If the checksum digit is "X" then it is always encoded in uppercase in a URN.


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: A unique URN for serials simplifies the search, recovery and delivery of data for various services including, in particular, search systems and knowledge databases. ISSN-L (see Linking ISSN above) was created to fill this gap.


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: The two standard categories of media in which serials are most available are "print" and "electronic". In metadata contexts (e.g., JATS), these may have standard labels.


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: "p-ISSN" is a standard label for "Print ISSN", the ISSN for the print media (paper) version of a serial. Usually it is the "default media" and so the "default ISSN".


title: International Standard Serial Number

text: "e-ISSN" (or "eISSN") is a standard label for "Electronic ISSN", the ISSN for the electronic media (online) version of a serial.


title: Moskal

text: Moskal, also known as Muscal, is a historical designation used for the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the 12th to the 15th centuries.


title: Moskal

text: It is now sometimes used in Belarus, Ukraine, and Poland, but also in Romania, as an ethnic slur for Russians. The term is generally considered to be derogatory or condescending and reciprocal to the Russian term "khokhol" for Ukrainians. Another ethnic slur for Russians is "kacap" in Polish, or "katsap" (Кацап) in Ukrainian.


title: Moskal

text: Initially, as early as the 12th century, "moskal" referred to the residents of "Moscovia", the word literally translating as "Muscovite" (differentiating the residents of the Grand Duchy of Moscow from other East Slavs such as people from White Ruthenia (Belarusians), Red Ruthenia (Ukrainians), and others). With time, the word became an archaism in all the East Slavic languages, and survived only as a family name in each of those languages—see below.


title: Moskal

text: The negative connotation, however, came in around the late 18th-early 19th centuries in the form of an ethnic slur labelling all Russians. At that time, soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army (and later those of the Soviet Army) stationed in parts of present-day Poland, Romania and Ukraine became known as muscals.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse (also transliterated as Rousse, Russe; ) is the fifth largest city in Bulgaria. Ruse is in the northeastern part of the country, on the right bank of the Danube, opposite the Romanian city of Giurgiu, approximately south of Bucharest, Romania's capital, from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and from the capital Sofia. Thanks to its location and its railway and road bridge over the Danube (Danube Bridge), it is the most significant Bulgarian river port, serving an important part of the international trade of the country.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse is known for its 19th- and 20th-century Neo-Baroque and Neo-Rococo architecture, which attracts many tourists. It is often called the Little Vienna. The Ruse-Giurgiu Friendship Bridge, until 14 June 2013 the only one in the shared Bulgarian-Romanian section of the Danube, crosses the river here.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse is the birthplace of the Nobel laureate in Literature Elias Canetti and the writer Michael Arlen.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse is on the right bank of the river Danube, which is the high bank, having two underwater terraces and three river terraces at , , and . The average altitude is AMSL. The urban area is an approximately 11-km ellipse running along the river. The city extends from the land-connected Matey () island and the mouth of Rusenski Lom on the west to Srabcheto () hill on the east. During the 20th century, the west end of the city was significantly modified by moving the mouth of Rusenski Lom to the west, as well as by moving the bank itself with its fairway considerably to the north. Sarabair (, from Turkish meaning "Yellow Slope") hill is to the south of the city and is high. The Rousse TV Tower is built there on the remains of Leventtabia, a former Turkish fortification.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse has a continental climate () with very hot summers and relatively cold winters. Owing to its position on the Danubian Plain, the city's winters can get windy.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Winter temperatures often dip below , sometimes even to . In summer, the average temperature is . Temperatures frequently reach in mid-summer in the city centre and stay as low as during the nights. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between , and precipitation during this time tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain. The highest temperature recorded was 44.0 C and the lowest was −22.8 C.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Scholars suggest that the city on the river bank derived its present name from the Finnish root "ruskea" meaning "blonde", or "*ru-" ("river", "stream") or from the Cherven fortress, meaning "red," through the root "rous", which is present in many Slavic languages.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: A popular legend claims that the name "Ruse" comes from Finnish ruskea, or the name of a female founder of the city, whose name was Rusa, meaning "blonde hair". In the 13th and 14th centuries, during the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire, a fortified settlement called "Rusi", first mentioned in 1380, emerged near the ruins of the earlier Roman town.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Other theories include settlement by people from the Rus era; a connection to the village of Rusokastro in Burgas Province; an unattested tribe of Getae with a name such as "Riusi", or; the pagan festival of Rosalia.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The city emerged from a Neolithic settlement of the 3rd to 2nd millennium BCE, when pottery, fishing, agriculture, and hunting developed. Excavations have revealed several layers, suggesting that the place was attacked by neighbouring tribes and suffered from natural disasters. Ancient sanctuaries were found nearby, where idols of a pregnant woman, a fertility goddess, were prevalent.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The later Thracian settlement developed into a Roman military and naval centre during the reign of Vespasian (69–70 CE), as part of the fortification system along the northern boundary of Moesia. Its name, "Sexaginta Prista", suggests a meaning of "a city of 60 ships" (from  — "60" and  — a special type of guard ship), based on the supposed 60 nearby berths.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The fortress was on the main road between Singidunum (modern Belgrade) and the Danube Delta and was destroyed in the 6th century by Avar and Slavic raids. Hungarian historian Felix Philipp Kanitz was the first to identify Sexaginta Prista with Ruse, but the Škorpil brothers demonstrated the link later through studying inscriptions, coins, graves, and objects of daily life. An inscription from the reign of Diocletian proves that the city was rebuilt as a "praesidium" (a large fortification) after it was destroyed by the Goths in 250 CE.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The settlement was mentioned as "Golyamo Yorgovo" in the Middle Ages, whose present successor is Giurgiu in Romania.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: During Ottoman rule, the invaders destroyed the town, reacting to a 1595 unsuccessful liberation attempt by a joint Vlach-Bulgarian army, led by Michael the Brave. After its rebuilding in the following years, Ruse was dubbed "Rusçuk" (Turkish for "little Ruse") and had again expanded into a large fortress by the 18th century. It later grew into one of the most important Ottoman towns on the Danube and an administrative centre of Tuna Vilayet, which extended from Varna and Tulcea to Sofia and Niš.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The "Dunav" newspaper appeared — it was the first printed in Bulgaria and in Bulgarian. Some Bulgarian schools were founded. The streets are renamed and numbered for the first time in Bulgarian lands. A post office, hospital, home for the aged were founded. Three empires met here for trading: Austro-Hungary, Russia, British Empire. France and Italy opened consulates in Ruse. The modern city arose from the shades of the settlement. In 1865 the Obraztsov Chiflik was founded on the place where the English Consul's farm was; it was the first modern farm on the territory of the whole Ottoman Empire of that time.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse developed into a centre of the Bulgarian National Revival and hosted the headquarters of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: After it became part of modern Bulgaria on 20 February 1878, Ruse was one of the key cultural and economic centres of the country. Intensive building during the period changed the city's architectural appearance to a typical Central European one. Ruse is known for the many first innovations in Bulgaria, including:


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse had the first Bulgarian factories for soda water, lemonade, and for neckties. The first aviator Simeon Petrov was born in Ruse.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: In the newly liberated Bulgaria of the late 19th century, Ruse was a cosmopolitan city with a multiethnic population. According to the first census conducted in 1883, ethnic Bulgarians made up 43% of the population, Turks 39%, and Jews 7%.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: "All façades on main streets of Russe shall have rich decorations with plastic stone", postulate the Regulations for Constructions of Private Buildings of 1893, issued by the Municipality of Russe.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: After knyaz Alexander Battenberg's 1886 abdication, and as a reaction to the regentship's course led by prime minister Stefan Stambolov, a group of Russophile (pro-Russian) military officers revolted in Ruse. The riot was violently crushed, and 13 of the leaders were quickly sentenced to death and executed near the city, which caused much public discontent. Decades later, in 1934, local citizens raised funds and built a monument at the place where the Russophile officers were executed. The monument was blown up in 1940 but rebuilt in 1966 at approximately the same spot.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Between World War I and II, after Southern Dobruja was lost to Romania, the economic significance of the city decreased. So did the population: Ruse was no longer the second-largest city in Bulgaria (after former East Rumelian capital Plovdiv), being quickly surpassed by Sofia and Varna. Foreign consulates were closed, except for the Russian one, which has remained functional since. Only for the period between 1919 and 1920 the capital loss is estimated at around 40 million leva.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The return of Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria in September 1940 fostered good conditions for the restoration of the city's leading role. It became a provincial centre, and economic activity revived. Typical for the post-war architecture of the city was the wide use of iron, concrete and glass as construction materials. Examples are the River port – 1931, the Freight station – 1935, Market Hall – 1939 and the Court house – 1940.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The construction of the Ruse-Giurgiu bridge in 1954 and the fast industrialization gave a new push to development. Ruse emerged again as an important economic, transport, cultural, and education hub. Engineering, chemical, and light industries expanded; a large harbor was built, and the city became a university centre. At the 1985 census, a population of more than 186,000 was reported.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: In the early 1980s, Ruse entered a dark period. The Verachim factory was built in Giurgiu, which polluted the air between 1980 and 1991, impacting the city's development. The population decreased, and 15,000 people moved out between 1985 and 1992. The first informal organization in Bulgaria under the communist regime was established here - The Public Committee for Environmental Protection of Ruse, which provoked the first nationwide demonstrations and strongly influenced the change to democracy. In 1991, the Romanian factory ceased the pollution, after the fall of the communist regime in Romania.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Like other post-socialist regimes in eastern Europe, Bulgaria found the transition to capitalism rather painful and not as easy as expected. State-owned enterprises lost their former markets and could not adapt to the now free-market competition. This led to massive unemployment in the city and emigration waves in the 90s. Since 2000, Ruse has been continually regaining its former leading status. The urban economics were positively influenced by the 2007's accession of Bulgaria and Romania in the European Union, which allowed deeper cross-border cooperation. The flow of investments through EU funds restarted long suspended projects which were finally completed.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: In 2011 the city's centre was renovated through an EU project, worth 10 million leva. Included in the project, a Dry Deck Fountain was introduced in an urban environment for the first time in Bulgaria. The exterior of the Rousse State Opera was reconditioned.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: In 2012 the Rousse Regional Historical Museum completed a project, which allowed the rehabilitation and display of the remains of the Roman city Sexaginta Prista.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ignat Kaneff, a Bulgarian-born Canadian business magnate, endowed about half of the amount necessary for the construction of a modern conference complex named after him, the Kaneff Centre, at the University of Ruse. It was officially opened on 10 October 2013.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: A safer and more efficient navigation in the inland waterways was accomplished with a new structure – the river information system BulRIS. A modern oncology centre is now operating.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Dohodno zdanie, an imposing Neoclassical edifice in the city centre convincingly won the National competition "Emblematic building of the year" in 2014. Ruse was a host city of the first of its kind in Bulgaria – an International Ice Figures Festival.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The Arena Ruse sports hall with more than 5100 seats opened on 23 July 2015 nearly 40 years after initial construction efforts began. The project was suspended on numerous occasions due to a lack of financing. An underground parking inside the sports hall has also been completed.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: On-going projects are the re-cultivation of the old landfill, worth 22,5 million leva. The biggest roundabout in the city with underpasses for pedestrians and cyclists, worth some 10 million leva was reconstructed.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse is one of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria. The city is known for its preserved buildings from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. There are 272 monuments of culture. Most of the sights of the city are located at the center of Ruse (museums, architectural landmarks, the theater, the opera, hotels, restaurants, cafes and souvenir shops). Among the sights the following are outstanding:


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Noted for its rich culture, Ruse hosts a philharmonic orchestra, the Rousse State Opera (founded in 1949) and the "Sava Ognianov" theater.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: In 1978, the "All Saints" Church was destroyed and the Pantheon of National Revival Heroes was built thereupon.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The Jewish community in Ruse built and consecrated a synagogue in 1797. It was destroyed in the 1810 fire, but two other synagogues were later built in 1826 and 1852.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The average number of employees under labour contract in 2016 is 68 603 people, while the average annual salary – 4 683 euro, 60% higher compared to the 2007's statistics. The employment rate for people from the age of 15 to 64 is 57.7%, whereas the unemployment is 12.5%.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The relative share of the population aged between 25 and 64 years with higher education is 23.6%, 3% higher than in 2007. The relative share of the population aged between 25 and 64 years with secondary education is 57.5%, 3.2% higher than in 2007. 147 300 is the number of nights spent by tourists in 2013. The total number of enterprises is 10 830.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Foreign direct investment in non-financial enterprises for 2013 is 197 million euro. The total economic output, manufactured in the city is assessed at about 1.84 billion euro, while the revenue increases with 916 000 euro compared to 2007 – to 3.1 million euro for 2013.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse is a large industrial centre. It has a duty-free zone and 2 industrial zones: East and West. Ruse Iztok Power Plant has an energy producing capacity of 400 MW and the "Ruse West Power Plant" has 41 MW. There are a logistics park and a business park in the city. The city's economy is dominated by light industry — tailoring, textiles and food processing. Big manufactures are "Fazan" (the first factory for socks in Bulgaria), "Fenix 94" (socks), "Ariston S" (women's fashion), Bordo (women's fashion), "Danini" (lady's fashion), "Top Man" (men's fashion), "Karina" (lady's fashion) and "Sirma Prista" (dairy products). The petroleum industry and the chemical industry are represented by companies, producing paints and motor oils – "Orgachim", "Prista Oil", "Lubrica", "Megachim", "EKON 91", "Ninachim" and "Polysan". The machinery industry and ships construction are well developed. Also, one of the world's leading companies in yacht design "Vripack" has an architecture and engineering studio in Ruse.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: There are 65 hotels and 1,769 beds in Ruse. The income from accommodations for the fourth quarter of 2011 г. is 1,661,294 lv.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: There are many hypermarkets such as Metro Cash & Carry, Kaufland, Mr. Bricolage, Praktiker, and some supermarket chains such as Billa, Lidl, and Carrefour. The market hall Gradski Hali, located in the city centre, is now operated by CBA, a Hungarian supermarket chain.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse is a major road and railway hub in Northern Bulgaria. Railway transportation in the city dates back to 1867 when it became a station of the first railway line in Bulgaria Ruse – Varna. There are railways to Southern Bulgaria, Sofia, Varna and Bucharest. Ruse has two railway stations for passenger services (Ruse Central and Ruse Razpredelitelna) and two for freight transport services. There are intercity buses that link Ruse with cities and towns all over the country, as well as in other European nations. They are based in two bus stations: South and East.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse has an extensive public transport system with around 30 bus and trolleybus lines, including the Ruse trolleybus system. Since the sale of all shares of the private Israeli transport holding Egged Ruse to the local municipality in 2017, trolleybus lines have been operated by the city's own public transport entity. Urban and suburban bus lines remain under concession to various private Bulgarian transport companies. A 14 kilometer bicycle network along the main boulevards of the city has been developed and is currently in the process of expansion.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Approximately southeast of Ruse is the village of Shtraklevo, near which is the former military and passenger Ruse Airport. It is owned by the municipality of Ruse, with an active license for small passenger and cargo flights (license issued on 21.12.2016). The runway is long enough for Boeing 747s (Jumbo Jets). The Henri Coandă International Airport in Otopeni, Romania is north of Ruse.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The Danube bridge is located east of Ruse. It was the only road and rail bridge between Bulgaria and Romania until the opening of a second bridge crossing to Romania on 14 June 2013 at Vidin.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse is the biggest Bulgarian port towns on the bank of the Danube River. After the opening of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal which covers and connects 13 European countries with Asia via the Black Sea, the river becomes the longest inland waterway on the planet. This key position has determined the 19th century-long co-existence of different cultures and religions in Ruse.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: There is one university in Ruse – "Angel Kanchev" University of Ruse with a capacity of 15 000 students. The university's structure includes a subsidiaries in Silistra, Vidin and Razgrad. There is also a subsidiary of the College of Agriculture – Plovdiv in the city.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse is the fifth largest city in Bulgaria by population. It was the most populated city of Bulgaria in 1880 with 26,163 people.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: The number of the residents of the city(not the municipality) reached its peak around 1990, numbering almost 200,000. According to the 2011 census, Ruse was inhabited by 149,642 people within the city limits, while the Ruse Municipality along with the legally affiliated adjacent villages had 167,585 inhabitants.


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:


title: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Ruse Peak (800 m) on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the city.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakhchivan ( ; ) is the capital of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, located west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of above sea level.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The city's official Azerbaijani spelling is Nakhchivan (). The name is transliterated from Persian as Nakhjavan (). The city's name is transliterated from Russian as Nakhichevan' () and from Armenian as Nakhijevan ().


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The city was first mentioned in Ptolemy's "Geography" as "Naxuana" (, ). The older form of the name is "Naxčawan" (). According to philologist Heinrich Hübschmann, the name was originally borne by the city and later given to the surrounding region. Hübschmann believed the name to be composed of "Naxič" or "Naxuč" (probably a personal name) and "awan", an Armenian word (ultimately of Iranian origin) meaning "place, town".


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: In the Armenian tradition, the name of the city is connected with the biblical narrative of Noah's Ark and interpreted as meaning "place of the first descent" or "first resting place" (as if deriving from and ) due to it being regarded as the site where Noah descended and settled after the landing of the Ark on nearby Mount Ararat. It was probably under the influence of this tradition that the name changed in Armenian from the older "Naxčawan" to "Naxijewan". Although this is a folk etymology, William Whiston believed Nakhchivan/Nakhijevan to be the "Apobatērion" ("place of descent") mentioned by the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in connection with Noah's Ark, which would make the tradition connecting the name with biblical Noah very old, predating Armenia's conversion to Christianity in the early fourth century.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: In the Armenian tradition, Nakhchivan was founded by Noah after the Flood, and was the place of his death and burial. According to the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi, King Tigranes I of Armenia settled Median prisoners of war at Nakhchivan in the second century BC. Nakhchivan is first mentioned in Ptolemy's "Geographia" as Naxuana ().


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakhchivan was destroyed by "Shahanshah" Shapur II in 363 and its Armenian and Jewish population was deported to Iran. Emperor Heraclius travelled through the city en route to Atropatene in 623 during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The Arab siege of Nakhchivan in 650 led Theodore Rshtuni to conclude a truce. After the rebellion of 703, Muhammad ibn Marwan had the rebel nobles burnt alive in churches in Nakhchivan and Goghtn in 705. Nakhchivan temporarily came under the control of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in c. 900, but was swiftly taken by Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj. The city was the temporary refuge of "Atabeg" Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr after his defeat at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195, and Nakhchivan was conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia in 1197.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: In 1225, Nakhchivan was ruled by al-Maleka al-Jalāliya, daughter of "Atabeg" Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan. Genoese merchants were known to trade in the city by 1280. The city was conquered by Timur in 1401, but was taken by King George VII of Georgia in 1405.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakhchivan was conquered by "Shahanshah" Ismail I in 1503. "Shahanshah" Abbas I of Persia reconquered Nakhchivan from the Ottoman Empire in 1603–1604.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakhchivan was annexed to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828. The city became the centre of the Nakhichevan uezd of the Erivan Governorate in 1849. In 1896, Nakhchivan had a population of 7,433, roughly two-thirds of which were Azeri-speaking Muslims and one-third Armenian Christians. According to the 1897 census, Nakhchivan had the status of a county town ().


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: After the February Revolution of 1917, a soviet was formed in Nakhchivan, but the city was under the control of the Special Transcaucasian Committee from March to November 1917, and its successor the Transcaucasian Commissariat from November 1917 to March 1918. Turkey occupied Nakhchivan from June until November, after which the city was occupied by British soldiers in January 1919, and a military governor was appointed to administer Nakhchivan.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: It was decided that Nakhchivan would be granted to Armenia on 6 April 1919, and the city was annexed on 6 June 1919, however, some months later the city became the center of a regional Muslim uprising and pogrom against its Armenian inhabitants. Britain, France, Italy, and the US, with approval from Armenia and Azerbaijan, agreed on 25 October 1919 to appoint American Colonel Edmond D. Daily as General-Governor of Nakhchivan, elections would be held, and both Armenia and Azerbaijan would withdraw its forces from the territory. However, in March 1920, Turkish forces led by Kâzım Karabekir occupied Nakhchivan.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Soviet Russia took control of Nakhchivan on 28 July 1920, and the city became part of the newly formed Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Treaty of Moscow of 16 March 1921, and later the Treaty of Kars of 21 October 1921, between Soviet Union and Turkey agreed that Nakhicheva would be an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan and delimited its borders with Turkey. In February 1923, the city formed part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Krai within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR), but later became the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the ASSR in March 1924.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: When Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union, Nakhchivan remained part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, a trilateral ceasefire was signed between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia. According to the agreement, Azerbaijan will gain a road access to Nakhchivan through Armenia which will be secured by Russian peacekeepers.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Since 9 June 2009, the Bulqan, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul and Haciniyyət villages of the Babek District are included in the scope of the administrative-territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The bishop of Mardpetakan resided at Nakhchivan, and the Armenian historian Tovma Artsruni records Sahak Vahevuni as bishop of Nakhchivan and Mardpetakan and brother of Apusahak Vahevuni.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m (3,300 ft).


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks. As a result, reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk") with short but cold, snowy winters and long, dry, very hot summers.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: According to the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan, the number of population of city was 63,8 thousand in 2000.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Traditionally, Nakhchivan was home to trade industry, handicraft, shoemaking and hatmaking by Azerbaijanians. These industries have been largely replaced. The restoration enterprises and development industry, liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure, which has been largely responsible for Nakchivan's growth in the last two decades, are now major parts of Nakchivan's economy.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The city has a wide range of cultural activities, amenities and museums. Heydar Aliyev Palace, which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people, and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays, concerts, musicals and opera.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Many of the city's cultural sites were celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum, Gulustan Mausoleum, Noah's Mausoleum, Garabaghlar Mausoleum, Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum, Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum, also known as Atabek Gumbezi. Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan, ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate. The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script, it uses turquoise glazed bricks. It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect – Ajami Nakhchivani – and a bust of Heydar Aliyev. Also from the 12th century and by the same architect, is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb, known as "Atababa", half abandoned near the main cemetery.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: In 1993, the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built. The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre. Although being a recent construction, Huseyn Javid's mausoleum is of great iconic importance, representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites, UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova – president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOS—International Council on Monuments and Sites.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakchivan’s signature cuisine includes shirin plov (sweet rice with gravy; made with mutton, hazelnuts, almonds and dried fruits), dastana, komba, tendir lavash and galin.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Lavash is made with flour, water, and salt. The thickness of the bread varies depending on how thin it was rolled out. Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking. It is impossible to imagine any table without bread in Azerbaijan and also in Nakhchivan. In connection with this, the assortment of bread in Nakhchivan is different; the tendir lavash as thin as paper, galin (thick), dastana, and komba (ash cake). If prepared to saj it was called lavash, "Juha salmag" – spread Juha, lavash bread on saj, and if prepared in the tandir, the "llavash yapmag" lavash bread stick. The fact is that it was necessary to stick lavash bread on the hot inner walls of the tandir.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: it is impossible to fight with lavash bread, as the proverb reads "Gyaldi lavash – Bitdili Savas" – "Came lavash – the end of the war". There are many people’s ideological expressions about lavash "Yavash-yavash -pendir- lavash " "Quietly (slow) – cheese lavash " or "Khamrali hash – bagryna bass", "Khamraliev" (kind of bread) push to the chest, i.e. . lavash bread – eat slowly. "Of lavash folk sandwiches are made in a roll shape – durmek. In the village where children ran out to play or school they were supplied with these sandwiches. Inside durmeks – rolls was put butter and jam, cheese, cottage cheese and butter, cheese with herbs, potatoes, boiled eggs, etc."


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan, between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan, but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The city also has many historical museums, the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Nakhchivan State History Museum, The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum, and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli. There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street. The city has a few interesting mosques, particularly the Juma mosque, with its large dome.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air, Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum ("Xatıra Muzeyi"), dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The regional channels "Naxçıvan TV" and "Kanal 35", and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Araz Naxçivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakhchivan had one professional football team, Araz-Naxçıvan, which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football, the Azerbaijan Premier League.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakhchivan is known for its "Goyja" fruit, sort of a cherry-plum, and hosts a traditional Goyja festival at the Nakhchivangala Historical-Architectural Museum Complex. Products made from goyja—jam, compote (drink), pickles, dried, lavasha (bread) – are shown at the festival.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Another festival organized annually in Nakhchivan is associated with kata () – flat pie with greens, which is made with shomu (wild spinach), mixed greens, desert candle, pumpkin, asphodel, nettle, bean or lentil in a dough wrapped in the shape of an envelope and cooked in a tandir. Kata festival is aimed to show and promote the preparation manner of various types of the kata specific to different regions of NAR. The festival is held at the Historical-Architectural Museum Complex "Nakhchivangala" in April.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: There are 3 professional, 6 musical, 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakhchivan administered by the city council.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: Nakhchivan International Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan. The airport is connected by bus to the city center. There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey.


title: Nakhchivan (city)

text: The city's notable residents include: president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, Huseyn Javid – poet and playwright, founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature, writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, opera singer Azer Zeynalov, film director Rza Tahmasib, generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski, artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Energy in the United States came mostly from fossil fuels in 2021 as 36% of the nation's energy originated from petroleum, 32% from natural gas, and 11% from coal. Nuclear power supplied 8% and renewable energy supplied 12%, which includes hydroelectric dams, biomass, wind, geothermal, and solar.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The United States was the second-largest energy consumer in 2010 after China. The country is ranked seventh in energy consumption per capita after Canada and several small nations. As of 2006, the country's energy consumption had increased more rapidly than domestic energy production over the last 50 years in the nation (when they were roughly equal). This difference was largely met through imports. Not included is the significant amount of energy used overseas in the production of retail and industrial goods consumed in the United States.


title: Energy in the United States

text: According to the Energy Information Administration's statistics, the annual per-capita energy consumption in the U.S. has been somewhat consistent from the 1970s to the present time. The average was about per person from 1980 to 2010. One explanation suggested that the energy required to increase the nation's consumption of manufactured equipment, cars, and other goods has been shifted to other countries producing and transporting those goods to the U.S. with a corresponding shift of green house gases and pollution. Meanwhile any gains made by increasing energy efficiency were at least partially consumed by the rebound effect. In comparison, the world average increased from per person per year between 1980 and 2008.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The United States has an installed summer electricity generation capacity of 1115.68 GW in 2020, up 16.5 GW from 2019.


title: Energy in the United States

text: From its founding until the late 19th century, the United States was a largely agrarian country with abundant forests. During this period, energy consumption overwhelmingly focused on readily available firewood. Rapid industrialization of the economy, urbanization, and the growth of railroads led to increased use of coal, and by 1885 it had eclipsed wood as the nation's primary energy source.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Coal remained dominant for the next seven decades, but by 1950, it was surpassed in turn by both petroleum and natural gas. The 1973 oil embargo precipitated an energy crisis in the United States. In 2007, coal consumption was the highest it has ever been, with it mostly being used to generate electricity. Natural gas has replaced coal as the preferred source of heating in homes, businesses, and industrial furnaces, which burns cleaner and is easier to transport.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Although total energy use increased by approximately a factor of 50 between 1850 and 2000, energy use per capita increased only by a factor of four.


title: Energy in the United States

text: As of 2009, United States per-capita energy use had declined to , 12% less than 2000, and in 2010, to levels not seen since the 1960s.


title: Energy in the United States

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, petroleum was a minor resource used to manufacture lubricants and fuel for kerosene and oil lamps.


title: Energy in the United States

text: One hundred years later it had become the preeminent energy source for the United States and the rest of the world.


title: Energy in the United States

text: This rise closely paralleled the emergence of the automobile as a major force in American culture and the economy.


title: Energy in the United States

text: While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other chemicals, and powers various industrial processes, today two-thirds of oil consumption in the U.S. is in the form of its derived transportation fuels.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Oil's unique qualities for transportation fuels in terms of energy content, cost of production, and speed of refueling all contributed to it being used over other fuels.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Primary energy use in the United States was or about per person in 2009. Primary energy use was less in the United States than in China in 2009. The share of energy import was 26% of the primary energy use. The energy import declined about 22% and the annual emissions about 10% in 2009 compared to 2004. In 2020, the U.S as a whole produced 87.79 exajoules of energy.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Wood energy is created by the incineration of rigid cellulose material found in trees and woody bushes captures Among the most significant renewable energy sources is wood energy. When examining the Renewable Energy as a Share of Total Primary Energy Consumption in 2011, wood consumption is 22% There are five main types/forms of wood resources that can be converted into fuel energy, the five are biomass, woody biomass, wood pellets, wood chips, and cordwood.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Biomass has been used since cavemen and hunter and gatherer societies. Biomass is organic, indicating it is constructed up of elements obtained from living organisms such as animals and plants. The most prevalent biomass sources used for energy are plants, wood, and waste. Biomass fuel sources are how they're referred to. Biomass energy is a nonrenewable energy source.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Woody biomass, which encompasses trees and other woody plants, is defined as a result of maintenance, regenerating, and hazardous fuel reduction initiatives, as well as natural disasters.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The average American family until the 1800s was most likely to use wood as the main source of energy consumption. Wood would be considered the predominant renewable energy source used until the mid to late 1800s. The consumption of wood continues to be a significant aspect of fuel in various different countries, for numerous reasons including cooking and heating, as well as lighting their houses. As mentioned, the second largest source of wood consumption was in the United States. Wood was used within homes as wood-burning appliances, wood in fireplaces, as well as pellets in pellet stoves. Ranging from 1776 up until 2012, the use of wood as an energy source has been steady, there has been a minuscule increase from 1836 to 1926, with a peak in the late 1880s.


title: Energy in the United States

text: As the 20th century progressed, petroleum gained increasing importance by providing heating and electricity to the commercial and industrial sectors. Oil was also used in transportation; first for railroads and later for motor vehicles.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Since the rise of the automobile industry, oil price, demand, and production have all increased as well. Between 1900 and 1980, fuel was directly correlated with Gross National Product (GNP). Furthermore, oil shocks have often coincided with recessions, and the government has responded to oil shocks in several ways. In the 1920s, oil prices were peaking and many commentators believed that oil supplies were running out. Congress was confronted by requests to augment supplies, so a generous depletion allowance was enacted for producers in 1926, which increased investment returns substantially. This change induced additional exploration activity, and subsequently the discovery of large new oil reservoirs.


title: Energy in the United States

text: In the next decade the situation was reversed with prices low and dropping. This resulted in demands for more "orderly" competition and set minimum oil prices. Rather than repealing the previous policies enacted in the 1920s, Congress enacted a price-support system. Similar cycles have occurred in the 1950s and 1970s.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Natural gas was the largest source of energy production in the United States in 2016, representing 33% of all energy produced in the country.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Natural gas has been the largest source of electrical generation in the United States since July 2015.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The United States has been the world's largest producer of natural gas since 2009, when it surpassed Russia. U.S. natural gas production achieved new record highs for each year from 2011 through 2015. Marketed natural gas production in 2015 was , a 5.4% increase over 2014, and a 52% increase over the production of per day in 2005.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Because of the greater supply, consumer prices for natural gas are significantly lower in the United States than in Europe and Japan.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The low price of natural gas, together with its smaller carbon footprint compared to coal, has encouraged a rapid growth in electricity generated from natural gas.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Between 2005 and 2014, U.S. production of natural gas liquids (NGLs) increased 70%, from per day in 2005 to per day in 2014.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The U.S. has been the world's leading producer of natural gas liquids since 2010, when U.S. NGL production passed that of Saudi Arabia.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Although the United States leads the world in natural gas production, it is only fifth in proved reserves of natural gas, behind Russia, Iran, Qatar, and Turkmenistan.


title: Energy in the United States

text: About 50% of electric power was produced by coal in 2005, declining to 30% in 2016 and 23% in 2019. Electric utilities buy more than 90% of the coal consumed in the United States.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The United States is a net exporter of coal. Coal exports, for which Europe is the largest customer, peaked in 2012 and have declined since.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The first AC power station was opened by General Electric in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania in 1902, servicing the Webster Coal and Coke Company.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The decline has been linked to the increased availability of natural gas, decreased consumption, renewable electricity, and more stringent environmental regulations.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The Environmental Protection Agency has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract mercury pollution, smog, and global warming.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Hydroelectricity was considered one of the largest sources of electricity until 2019. Hydroelectricity was responsible for about 6.3% of the U.S. utility-scale electricity generation, as well as about 31.5% of total utility-scale renewable electricity generation in 2021. Hydroelectric energy, also known as hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a type of energy that generates electricity by utilizing the potential energy of water, such as water running over a waterfall. For centuries, individuals have exploited this energy.


title: Energy in the United States

text: In many cases, hydroelectric energy or hydroelectric power plants' process to produce electricity can be compared to coal-fired power plants. Hydropower presently accounts for 37% of total renewable electricity output and 7% of overall electricity generation in the United States. The angle of inclination formed by a dam or diversion construction allows water to flow in and out on one side, therefore, generating electricity.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The cost of hydropower can be considered very affordable, due to the fact that the source of electricity and energy come from moving water, states within the United States that have more moving water such as Washington and Oregon have more affordable electricity bills. There are many advantages of hydropower, since it is fueled by water it is considered a clean source of energy. As well as it is a domestic source of energy, making it easier to reply to each state's sources rather than being reliant on international sources. Hydropower accounted for 17% of global energy generation in 2020, making it the third largest generator following coal and natural gas. Hydropower's overall production has grown by 70% internationally in the previous 20 years, but its percentage of overall generation has remained steady due to the rise of wind, solar PV, coal, and natural gas.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Hydroelectricity is mostly used for electricity production in the United States and in 2019 there were 1,460 utility scale hydropower facilities. These produced 274 billion kilowatt-hours. In 2019, it accounted for 6.6% of total electricity production and 38% of renewable electricity. The amount of electricity in the United States from hydropower has remained relatively the same since the 70's, however it's percentage has decreased due to more production from other sources. In 1950, 30% of total electricity production came from hydropower despite only 101 billion kilowatt-hours being produced.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Hydropower has been used to produce electricity in the United States since 1880 when it was used to power the Wolverine Chair factory in Grand Rapids, Michigan.


title: Energy in the United States

text: In 2019, the top five Hydroelectricity producing states produced 65% of the United States total hydroelectricity. This includes Washington state with 24%, California with 15%, New York with 11%, Oregon, with 11% and, Alabama with 4%. The largest hydroelectric power plant in the United States, which is also the largest overall power, is the Grand Coulee Dam built in Washington state in 1942 with a generating capacity of 6,809 Megawatts.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The U.S. Department of Energy tracks national energy consumption in four broad sectors: industrial, transportation, residential, and commercial. The industrial sector has long been the country's largest energy user, currently representing about 33% of the total. Next in importance is the transportation sector followed by the residential and commercial sectors.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Household energy use varies significantly across the United States. An average home in the Pacific region (consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington) consumes 35% less energy than a home in the South Central region. Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate. The heavily populated coastal areas of the Pacific states experience generally mild winters and summers, reducing the need for both home heating and air conditioning. The warm, humid climates of the South Central and South Atlantic regions lead to higher electricity usage, while the cold winters experienced in the Northeast and North Central regions result in much higher consumption of natural gas and heating oil. The state with the lowest per-capita energy use is New York, at per year, and the highest is Wyoming, at slightly over per year.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Other regional differences stem from energy efficiency measures taken at the local and state levels. California has some of the strictest environmental laws and building codes in the country, leading its per-household energy consumption to be lower than all other states except Hawaii.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The land-use decisions of cities and towns also explain some of the regional differences in energy use. Townhouses are more energy efficient than single-family homes because less heat, for example, is used per person. Similarly, areas with more homes in a compact neighborhood encourage walking, biking and transit, thereby reducing transportation energy use. A 2011 U.S. EPA study found that multi-family homes in urban neighborhoods, with well-insulated buildings and fuel-efficient cars, use less than two-thirds of the energy used by conventionally built single-family houses in suburban areas (with standard cars).


title: Energy in the United States

text: The United States is the world's second largest producer and consumer of electricity. It consumes about 20% of the world's electricity supply. This section provides a summary of the consumption and generation of the nation's electric industry, based on data mined from U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2018 files. Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) files. Consumption is detailed from the residential, commercial, industrial, and other user communities. Generation is detailed for the major fuel sources of coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, hydro, and the other renewables of wind, wood, other biomass, geothermal, and solar. Changes to the electrical energy fuel mix and other trends are identified. Progress in wind and solar contributing to the energy mix are addressed.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Electricity consumption in this section is based upon data mined from U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2018 files In 2018 the total U.S. consumption of electricity was 4,222.5 terawatt-hours (TWh) or 15201 PJ. Consumption was up from 2017, by 131.9 TWh (475 PJ) or +3.2%. This is broken down as:


title: Energy in the United States

text: A profile of the electric energy consumption for 2018 is shown in one of the above graphs. The April minimum of to the July peak of shows the monthly range of consumption variations.


title: Energy in the United States

text: In addition to consumption from the electrical grid, the U.S. consumers consumed an estimated additional 35.04 TWh from small scale solar systems. This will be included in the per capita data below.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Electricity consumption per capita is based upon data mined from U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2018 files Population data is from Demographics of the United States. Per-capita consumption in 2018 is . This is up from 2017, down 4.6% from a decade ago, and down 6.4% from its peak in 2007. The following table shows the yearly U.S. per-capita consumption from 2013 to 2019.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The United States has an installed summer electricity generation capacity of 1115.68 GW in 2020, up 16.5 GW from 2019. The U.S. electricity generation was 4,007.14TWh (14,429.7 PJ because 1TWh=3.6 PJ) in 2020 and down 120.7TWh (2.9%) from 2019 (pre-pandemic). The U.S. also imported; 61.45 TWh and exported 14.13 TWh, for a total of 4,054.45 TWh of electrical grid energy use in the U.S. This was down 112.5 TWh (2.7%) from 2019. Electrical energy generated from coal was 773.39 TWh (19.48%); natural and other gases, 1,635.985 TWh (40.35%); nuclear, 789.879 TWh (19.11%); hydro, 285.274 TWh (7.04%); Renewables (other than hydro), 497.729 TWh (12.28%); imports less exports, 47.314 TWh (1.17%) petroleum, 17.341 TWh (0.43%); and miscellaneous (including pumped storage), 7.534 TWh (0.19%).


title: Energy in the United States

text: The United States' renewable sources (hydro reported separately) are wind, 337.938 TWh (8.33%); wood, 36.21 TWh (0.89%); other biomass, 18.493 TWh (0.46%); geothermal, 15.89 TWh (0.39%) and solar, 89.199 TWh (2.20%). Small-scale solar is estimated to have produced an additional 41.522 TWh . Natural gas electricity generation exceeded generation from coal for the first time in 2016 and continued its expansion. Wind exceeded Hydro in 2019 for the first time. Nuclear exceeded coal for the first time in 2020.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The following tables summarize the electrical energy generated by fuel source for the United States. Electric Power Annual for 2020 data and preliminary data from Electric Power Monthly for the 2021 data[ was used throughout the rest of this section.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Note: Biomass includes wood and wood derived fuel, landfill gas, biogenic municipal solid waste and other waste biomass.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Individual states have very diverse electric generation systems, and their new initiatives to expand their generation base are equally diverse. Coupled with consumption disparages, it leads to a mix of "have" and "have not" electric energy states. Using the data from the U.S. DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2017 files. Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) full year files. Full use of the excellent EIA data browser permits easy access to the plethora of data available.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The following table, derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual, identifies those states which must import electrical energy from neighboring states to meet their consumption needs. Each state's total electric generation for 2018 is compared with the state's consumption, and its share of the system loss and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption (including its share of the system loss) is the amount of energy it imports. For Hawaii, total consumption equals generated energy. For the other states, multiplying their direct consumption by 1.082712997 (4168280574/3849848100), results in the United States' supply (including net imports) being equal to its total consumption.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The following table, derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual, identifies those states which generate more electrical energy than they need to meet their consumption needs. They supply those that need additional energy. Each state's total electric generation for 2018 is compared with the state's consumption, and its share of the system losses and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption (including its share of the system losses) is the amount of energy it exports. For Hawaii, total consumption equals generated energy. For the other states, multiplying their direct consumption by 1.082712997 (4168280574/3849848100) results in the United States' supply (including net imports) being equal to its total consumption usage. A state's exported energy is determined by subtracting the state's total consumption from its generation.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Renewable energy in the United States accounted for 13.2% of the domestically produced electricity in 2014, and 11.2% of total energy generation. As of 2014, more than 143,000 people work in the solar industry and 43 states deploy net metering, where energy utilities buy back excess energy generated by solar arrays.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011, when it contributed 11.7% of total U.S. energy production ( of energy), surpassing nuclear energy production (). 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in total U.S. energy production.


title: Energy in the United States

text: Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable energy in the U.S. It produced around 6.2% of the nation's total electricity in 2010 which was 60.2% of the total renewable energy in the U.S. The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China, Canada, and Brazil. The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world.


title: Energy in the United States

text: U.S. wind power's installed capacity now exceeds 65,000 MW and supplies 4% of the nation's electric power. Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development followed by Iowa and California.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The United States has some of the largest solar farms in the world. Solar Star is a 579-megawatt (MW) farm near Rosamond, California. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550-megawatt solar power plant in Riverside County, California and the Topaz Solar Farm, a 550 MW photovoltaic power plant, is in San Luis Obispo County, California. The solar thermal SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert has a total generating capacity of 354 MW. Rooftop solar has also become a growing contributor to overall solar power generation, with overall generated capacity at 26 GW in 2022 (around 1% of total generation capacity), with the states of California, Texas, Florida experiencing the fastest growth.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The Geysers in Northern California is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world.


title: Energy in the United States

text: The development of renewable energy and efficient energy use marks "a new era of energy exploration" in the United States, according to President Barack Obama. Studies suggest that if there is enough political will, it is feasible to supply the whole United States with 100% renewable energy by 2050.


title: Energy in the United States

text: In 2015, electrical energy usage in the United States was 1.6% more than in 2005 and 1% less than the peak in 2007. Per-capita consumption has decreased about 7% since its peak in 2007 and every year since has shown a decrease in individual consumption. Conservation efforts are helping. At least, for the next decade, coal, natural gas, and nuclear will remain the top three fuels for electric energy generation in the United States. Coal will continuously decrease its contribution, with natural gas increasing its contribution. Nuclear will have some downs (decommissionings) and ups (new online plants) but probably remain about constant. Hydro will maintain. Petroleum will continue to decrease in importance. Wind and solar will continue to grow in importance; their combined generation was 5.29% of U.S. electric generation for 2015 or 5.20% of total U.S. consumption.


title: Energy in the United States

text: From the beginning of the United States until 1973, total energy (including electrical) use increased by about 3% per year, while population increased an average of 2.2% per year. Per-capita energy use from 1730 to 1870 was about per person. In the 20th century this increased to around ( per person per year in 1981).


title: Energy in the United States

text: A concentrating solar array (CSP) with thermal storage has a practical capacity factor of 33% and could provide power 24 hours a day. Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations. To streamline consideration of applications, the BLM produced a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). By the subsequent Record of Decision in October 2012, the BLM withdrew 78% of its land from possible solar development, leaving still open to applications for solar installations, an area nearly as large as South Carolina. Of the area left open to solar proposals, the BLM has identified in highly favorable areas it calls Solar Energy Zones. In Spain, with natural gas backups, CSP has reached a capacity factor of 66%, with 75% being a theoretical maximum.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Armand Carlos Netsing Takam (born 6 December 1980) is a Cameroonian-born French professional boxer. He has challenged once for the unified WBA (Super), IBF, and IBO heavyweight titles against in 2017. As an amateur, he represented Cameroon at the 2004 Olympics.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Carlos Takam was born in Douala, Cameroon. He competed as an amateur boxer for his home country of Cameroon. He later moved to France and holds both French and Cameroonian citizenship.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Takam competed at the 2003 All-Africa Games in Abuja, Nigeria, Takam captured the bronze medal in his weight division.


title: Carlos Takam

text: In 2004 he represented his native country, Cameroon, at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece but was beaten in the round of sixteen by Egypt's Mohamed Aly. Takam qualified for the Athens Games by winning the gold medal at the 1st AIBA African 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Casablanca, Morocco. In the decisive final of the event he defeated Angolan fighter Georgio Cabta.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Takam made his professional debut in France on 10 December 2005, when he defeated Zine Eddine Benmakhlouf of Belgium. He went on to build up a record of 17-0 by the end of 2008. His first loss as a professional came in June 2009, when he lost to undefeated French prospect Grégory Tony by unanimous decision over eight rounds. Following this loss Takam went on to gain four knockout wins by the end of 2010. Takam’s first fight of 2011 was against Gbenga Oluokun of Nigeria. Takam won the bout by stoppage in the sixth round after Oluokun retired on his stool. Takam picked up the vacant WBO Africa heavyweight title by beating Oluokun. He went on to beat Samir Kurtagić on 2 December 2011.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Takam next fought on 31 March 2012, when he faced former world title challenger Frans Botha. Takam won the fight by knockout in the 11th round to retain his WBO Africa heavyweight title and also pick up to vacant WBF International heavyweight title. Takam went on to fight two more times in 2012, defeating Thomas Mrazek and Ivica Perkovic.


title: Carlos Takam

text: On 24 May 2013, Takam took on former world title challenger Michael Grant. Takam knocked Grant out in the eighth round to claim the WBF heavyweight title. Takam fought again in December 2013, when he knocked out Jakov Gospic in three rounds.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Takam made his HBO debut on 18 January 2014 against Cuban Mike Perez. The fight started slowly, with little action in the first five rounds, however, Takam took over starting in round six, as he planted his feet inside and was able to work Perez over. The Cuban's arms got heavier and heavier as the fight went on, and he didn't seem to have his usual snap or speed . Takam was able to hurt Perez in round six and round ten.


title: Carlos Takam

text: BLH had the fight 97–93 for Takam, giving him rounds six through ten after a 3–2 start in Perez's favour. Official scores were 96–94 (Michael Buffer did not announce who got that card) and 95–95 two times for the majority draw.


title: Carlos Takam

text: On 6 June 2014 Takam took on Tony Thompson, (39-5-0, 26KOs) at the Palais des Sport Marcel Cerdan in Paris, France. The 33-year-old Takam aggressively took the fight to the 42-year-old Thompson. Thompson had some success counter-punching, but Takam’s relentless work-rate overwhelmed Thompson at times. Takam dominated the fight and began to punish Thompson more and more as the bout progressed. Takam won the fight by unanimous decision with scores of 117–111, 117–111, and 119–109 to win the vacant WBC Silver heavyweight title.


title: Carlos Takam

text: In October 2014 Takam faced Russian Alexander Povetkin (27-1-0, 19KOs) at the Luzhiniki Palace of Sports in Moscow, Russia. In a close fight that was a contender for fight of the year, Takam lost the fight via 10th round KO after Poventkin landed a left hook to the head of Takam.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Takam fought three times in 2015, defeating Marcelo Luiz Nascimento and Michael Sprott by knockout and George Arias by unanimous decision in an eight round bout.


title: Carlos Takam

text: On 21 May 2016 Carlos Takam fought Joseph Parker in an IBF heavyweight title eliminator. The winner would be required to fight for the world title against the reigning champion, Anthony Joshua of Britain. Prior to the fight being announced, Parker and his handlers twice avoided fighting Takam the previous year because of the risk involved. The fight took place with Parker winning a unanimous decision after twelve rounds, in front of a vocal home crowd at South Auckland's Vodafone Events Centre in New Zealand. Two judges scored it 116–112, and one at 115–113. Despite the result the fight was very close until the end with Takam landing painful and dangerous combinations of shots.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Takam’s first fight of 2017 took place on 29 January, when he faced Marcin Rekowski of Poland. Takam won the fight by fourth round knockout. He next fought in June 2017, Defeating Ivica Bacurin by knockout in the second round.


title: Carlos Takam

text: On 16 October 2017, Takam was made a late replacement to fight Anthony Joshua on 28 October at the Principality Stadium, Cardiff, after Joshua's original opponent Kubrat Pulev pulled out of their fight with a shoulder injury. Takam gave a brave performance and took Joshua 10 rounds before the referee stepped in and waved the fight off after Joshua landed a flurry of punches.


title: Carlos Takam

text: On 15 June 2018, it was confirmed that Takam would face Derek Chisora on 28 July at The O2 Arena, London, England, on the undercard of Dillian Whyte vs. Joseph Parker. Chisora knocked out Takam in the 8th round in an exciting battle, although Takam had dominated the early rounds and was ahead on the judges' scorecards when he was knocked out.


title: Carlos Takam

text: On 22 December, 2018, Takam fought Senad Gashi. Takam was outlanding Gashi for most of the fight. In the eighth, Takam managed to drop Gashi three times, the third time also being the final one that prompted the referee to wave off the fight.


title: Carlos Takam

text: Following his victory against Gashi, Takam would go on to record three consecutive ten-round unanimous decision victories. The first came on 14 September 2019 against Craig Lewis in Monticello, New York, with Takam winning via scores of 99–91, 99–91, 96–94. His next fight on 28 February 2020 also took place in the state of New York, this time in Huntington against Fábio Maldonado, which he won by shutout unanimous decision. On 9 July 2020, Takam fought Jerry Forrest. Takam stepped in to fight Forrest on short notice, which was noticeable especially in the later rounds. Takam was able to build up an early lead, however, which was enough to win an all three judges' scorecards, 98–92, 97–93 and 96–94.


title: Carlos Takam

text: On 16 June 2021, it was announced that Takam's next fight would be against undefeated Joe Joyce on 24 July at the SSE Arena, London. After a slow start from Joyce on the night, in which Takam landed numerous punches to the head and body of Joyce in the opening rounds, Takam was staggered by his opponent at the start of the sixth round, overwhelmed with a barrage of punches which forced referee Steve Gray to halt the fight. The official result was a sixth-round technical knockout victory for Joyce.


title: Kabuto

text: Note that in the Japanese language, the word is an appellative, not a type description, and can refer to any combat helmet.


title: Kabuto

text: Japanese helmets dating from the fifth century have been found in excavated tombs. Called (visor-attached helmet), the style of these kabuto came from China and Korea and they had a pronounced central ridge.


title: Kabuto

text: , which is now known as a samurai helmet, first appeared in the 10th century Heian period with the appearance of "ō-yoroi". Until the early Muromachi period, were made by combining dozens of thin iron plates. Generally, only daimyo and samurai at the rank of commander wore ornaments called , which were shaped like a pair of hoes. In the middle of the Muromachi period, as the number of large-scale group battles increased, ordinary samurai wore in the shape of hoe, sun, moon or flag on their to show their courage or to distinguish friend from foe.


title: Kabuto

text: In the Sengoku period in the 16th century, when the war became extremely large-scale and the guns called became popular, the armor styles called and became outdated and the armor style called was born. are made by combining three to four pieces of iron plates, and they are more bulletproof than the conventional style, enabling mass production, and the became more eccentric and huge. Some of these were made of iron, but for safety reasons on the battlefield, they were sometimes made by putting paper on a wooden mold, coating it with lacquer and curing it, and extracting the mold. In the Azuchi–Momoyama period, had a simple yet more unique and bold design in accordance with the popularity of Momoyama culture.


title: Kabuto

text: In the Edo period, when the Tokugawa shogunate defeated the Toyotomi clan at Summer Siege of Osaka and the society became peaceful, armor with a revival of the medieval times became popular, and and style were made again.


title: Kabuto

text: The kabuto was an important part of the equipment of the samurai, and played a symbolic role as well, which may explain the Japanese expressions, sayings and codes related to them. One example is (lit. "Tighten the string of the kabuto after winning the war"). This means don't lower your efforts after succeeding (compare to "not to rest on one's laurels"). Also, (lit. "to take off the kabuto") means to surrender.


title: Kabuto

text: A typical features a central dome constructed of anywhere from three to over a hundred metal plates riveted together. These were usually arranged vertically, radiating from a small opening in the top. The rivets securing these metal plates to each other could be raised (a form known as ) or hammered flat (a form known as ); another form, called , had the rivets filed flush. Some of the finer were signed by their makers, usually from one of several known families, such as the Myochin, Saotome, Haruta, Unkai, or Nagasone families.


title: Kabuto

text: A small opening in the top of the , called the or (seat of the war god, Hachiman), was thought to be for passing the warrior's top knot through. Although this practice was largely abandoned after the Muromachi period, this opening may have been retained for purposes of ventilation or simply as an artifact of how the plates were riveted together. The was usually decorated with , which were rings of intricately worked, soft metal bands often resembling a chrysanthemum. and were two helmet forms that did not usually have an opening at the top.


title: Kabuto

text: The was secured to the head by a chin cord called , which would usually be tied to posts or hooks on the (facial armour) or simply tied under the chin.


title: Kabuto

text: is a multiple-plate type of Japanese helmet with raised ridges or ribs showing where the helmet plates come together; the rivets may be filed flat or they may be left showing, as in the .


title: Kabuto

text: (star helmet bowl) with protruding rivet heads, have large rivets (), small rivets () and a rivet with a chrysantemoid-shaped washer at its base (). could also be if there were raised ribs or ridges showing where the helmet plates came together.


title: Kabuto

text: is multiple-plate Japanese with no ribs or ridges showing where the helmet plates come and the rivets are filed flush.


title: Kabuto

text: A great number of simpler, lightweight, folding, portable armours for lower-ranking samurai and foot soldiers () were also produced. These were called armour, and some featured collapsible (also called ), made from articulated lames. did not use rivets in their construction; instead, lacing or chain mail was used to connect the pieces to each other.


title: Kabuto

text: were war hats made in a variety of shapes, worn by (foot soldiers) and samurai, which could be made from leather or metal.


title: Kabuto

text: During the Momoyama period of intense civil warfare, kabuto were made to a simpler design of three or four plates, lacking many of the ornamental features of earlier helmets. To offset the plain, utilitarian form of the new helmet, and to provide visibility and presence on the battlefield, armorers began to build fantastic shapes on top of the simple helmets in (papier-mâché mixed with lacquer over a wooden armature), though some were constructed entirely of iron. These shapes mimicked forms from Japanese culture and mythology, including fish, cow horns, the head of the god of longevity, bolts of silk, head scarves, Ichi-no-Tani canyon, and axe heads, among many others. Some forms were realistically rendered, while others took on a very futuristic, modernist feel.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) is one of the best known species of gazelles. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and is sometimes referred to as a "tommie". It is considered by some to be a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle and was formerly considered a member of the genus "Gazella" within the subgenus "Eudorcas", before "Eudorcas" was elevated to genus status.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: Thomson's gazelles can be found in numbers exceeding 200,000 in Africa and are recognized as the most common type of gazelle in East Africa. A small fast antelope, the Thomson's gazelle is claimed to have top speeds up to . It is the fourth-fastest land animal, after the cheetah (its main predator), pronghorn, and springbok.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: The current scientific name of Thomson's gazelle is "Eudorcas thomsonii". It is a member of the genus "Eudorcas" and is classified under the family Bovidae. Thomson's gazelle was first described by British zoologist Albert Günther in 1884. The relationships between Thomson's gazelle and the congeneric Mongalla gazelle ("E. albonotata") remain disputed; while some authors such as Alan W. Gentry of the (Natural History Museum, London) consider the Mongalla gazelle to be a subspecies of Thomson's gazelle, others (such as Colin Groves) consider the Mongalla gazelle to be a full species. Zoologist Jonathan Kingdon treated Heuglin's gazelle, sometimes considered a species of "Eudorcas" ("E. tilonura") or a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle ("E. r. tilonura"), as a subspecies of Thomson's gazelle. Thomson's gazelle is named after the Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson; the first recorded use of the name dates to 1897. Another common name for the gazelle is "tommy".


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: "Antilope", "Eudorcas", "Gazella", and "Nanger" form a clade within their tribe Antilopini. A 1999 phylogenetic analysis showed that "Antilope" is the closest sister taxon to "Gazella", although the earliest phylogeny, proposed in 1976, placed "Antilope" as sister to "Nanger". In a more recent revision of the phylogeny of the Antilopini on the basis of nuclear and mitochondrial data in 2013, Eva Verena Bärmann (of the University of Cambridge) and colleagues constructed a cladogram that clearly depicted the close relationship between "Nanger" and "Eudorcas". "Antilope" and "Gazella" were found to have a similar relationship.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: Thomson's gazelle is a relatively small gazelle; it stands at the shoulder. Males weigh , while the slightly lighter females weigh . Facial characteristics of the gazelle include white rings around the eyes, black stripes running from a corner of the eye to the nose, rufous stripes running from the horns to the nose, a dark patch on the nose, and a light forehead.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: The coat is sandy brown to rufous; a black band runs across the flanks, from the upper foreleg to just above the upper hind leg. A buff band occurs above the black stripe. Short, black streaks mark the white rump. The black tail measures . Males have well-developed preorbital glands near the eyes, which are used for scent-marking territories. Both sexes possess horns that curve slightly backward with the tips facing forward. The horns, highly ringed, measure in males and in females. However, females have more fragile horns; some are even hornless. Grant's gazelle is very similar to Thomson's gazelle, but can be differentiated by its larger size and the white patch on the rump extending top over the tail.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: The two subspecies differ in their appearance. The eastern Thomson's gazelle is the larger of the two, with fainter facial markings. The Serengeti Thomson's gazelle has a whiter face with more conspicuous markings. The horns of females are shorter than those of males to a greater degree in the eastern Thomson's gazelle and the horns are more divergent in the eastern Thomson gazelle.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: Thomson's gazelle lives in East Africa's savannas and grassland habitats, particularly the Serengeti region of Kenya and Tanzania. It has narrow habitat preferences, preferring short grassland with dry, sturdy foundation. It does, however, migrate into tall grassland and dense woodland. Gazelles are mixed feeders. In the wet seasons, they eat mainly fresh grasses, but during the dry seasons, they eat more browse, particularly foliage from woody plants bushes and herbaceous forbs.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: Thomson's gazelles are dependent on short grass. Their numbers can be highly concentrated at the beginning of the rains when the grass grows quickly. In the Serengeti, they follow the larger herbivores, such as plains zebras and blue wildebeests as they mow down the taller grasses. In the wild, Thomson's gazelles can live 10–15 years. Their major predators are cheetahs, which are able to attain higher speeds, but gazelles can outlast them in long chases and are able to make turns more quickly. This small antelope can run extremely fast, up to , and zigzag, an adaptation which often saves it from predators. Sometimes, they are also taken by leopards, lions, African wild dogs, hyenas, Nile crocodiles and African rock pythons, and their fawns are sometimes the prey of eagles, jackals, and baboons. A noticeable behaviour of Thomson's gazelles is their bounding leap, known as stotting or pronking, used to startle predators and display strength.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: During the wet season, a time when grass is abundant, adult male gazelles graze extensively. They spread out more and establish breeding territories. Younger males usually spend their time in bachelor groups, and are prevented from entering the territories. Females form migratory groups that enter the males' territories, mostly the ones with the highest-quality resources. As the female groups pass through and forage, the territorial males may try to herd them, and are usually successful in preventing single females from leaving, but not whole groups. Subadult males usually establish dominance through actual combat, while adults are more likely to do rituals. If a bachelor male should be passing through a territorial male's region, the male will chase the offender out of his territory.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: When patrolling his territory, a male may use his horns to gore the grass, soil, or a bush. Males also mark grass stems with their preorbital glands, which emit a dark secretion. Territories of different males may share a boundary. When territorial males meet at the border of their territories, they engage in mock fights in which they rush towards each other as if they are about to clash, but without touching. After this, they graze in a frontal position, then in parallel and then in reverse, and move away from each other while constantly grazing. These rituals have no victor, but merely maintain the boundaries of the territories. Territorial males usually do not enter another male's territory. If a male is chasing an escaping female, he will stop the chase if she runs into another territory, but the neighboring male will continue the chase.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: A male gazelle follows a female and sniffs her urine to find out if she is in estrus, a process known as the Flehmen response. If so, he continues to court and mount her. Females leave the herd to give birth to single fawns after a five- to six-month gestation period. Birthing predominantly occurs after the rainy season, with newborn fawns weighing . They give birth twice yearly with one or two fawns. When giving birth, a female gazelle crouches as the newborn fawn drops to the ground, tearing the umbilical cord. The mother then licks the fawn clean of amniotic fluid and tissues. In addition, licking possibly also serves to stimulate the fawn's blood circulation, or to "label" it so its mother can recognize it by scent.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: In the first six hours of the fawn's life, it moves and rests with its mother, but eventually spends more time away from its mother or hides in the grass. The mother stays in the vicinity of the fawn and returns to nurse it daily. Mother and fawn may spend an hour together before the fawn goes and lies back down to wait for the next nursing. Mother gazelles may associate with other gazelle mothers, but the fawns do not gather into "kindergartens". Mothers defend their young against jackals and baboons, but not against larger predators. Sometimes, a female can fend off a male baboon by headbutting him with her horns to defend her fawn.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: Females exhibit pre-retrieval peaks in maternal vigilance. This behavior is conspicuous. Females all but cease other activities in favor of vigilance. They move slowly in the direction of the fawn’s hiding spot, stopping frequently to scan the environment. Several females in our observations engaged in “sham” feeding behavior, in which they lowered their heads to the ground as if to feed before quickly raising them back up to scan. In one instance, a female appeared to actively search for predators by climbing to the top of a slight hill to scan prior to approaching her fawn’s hiding spot.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: As the fawn approaches two months of age, it spends more time with its mother and less time hiding. Eventually, it stops hiding. Around this time, the fawn starts eating solid food, but continues to nurse from its mother. The pair also joins a herd. Young female gazelles may associate with their mothers as yearlings. Young males may also follow their mothers, but as they reach adolescence, they are noticed by territorial males, so cannot follow their mothers into territories. The mother may follow and stay with him, but eventually stops following him when he is driven away; the male will then join a bachelor group.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: In an experiment studying the effects of dehydration and heat stress on food intake and dry matter digestibility, Thomson’s gazelle exhibited metabolic adaptations for desert environments. When exposed to heat stress alone, neither the food intake nor digestion of Thomson’s gazelle was affected. Compared to some other East African ruminant species that did change their food intake and digestion in response to heat stress, Thomson’s gazelle appears relatively well-adapted to periodic heat stress. However, Thomson’s gazelle is a water-dependent species, and when exposed to dehydration, its food intake decreased. Food intake was further depressed when gazelles were exposed to dehydration in addition to heat stress. Some of this reduction can be attributed to decreased metabolism, which can help the animals conserve water. In another study comparing Thomson’s gazelles and Grant’s gazelles in foraging and behaviors to avoid predators, it was found that Thomson’s gazelle adjusted its diet during drought to eat more trees and shrubs of Acacia species rather than undigestible dried grasses. Acacia species are high in tannins, anti-nutritional factors that can decrease metabolic performance. However, gazelles appear to have the ability to detoxify and metabolize some tannins and moderate levels of condensed tannins may even be beneficial to ruminants by increasing amino acid absorption in the gut.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: The population estimate is around 550,000. The population had declined 60% from 1978 to 2005. Threats to Thomson's gazelles are habitat modification, fire management, and road development. Surveys have reported steep declines (60-70%) over periods of about 20 years dating from the late 1970s in several places, including the main strongholds for the species: Serengeti, Masai Mara, and Ngorongoro.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: References to the Thomson's gazelle were an occasional running gag in "Monty Python's Flying Circus".


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: The 2016 Disney film "Zootopia" features an anthropomorphic Thomson's gazelle pop star, voiced by Shakira.


title: Thomson's gazelle

text: The Thomson's gazelle served as the inspiration for Alexander McQueen's 1997 Autumn/Winter collection, "It's a Jungle Out There".


title: Oli McBurnie

text: Oliver Robert McBurnie (born 4 June 1996) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Sheffield United and the Scotland national team.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: After playing youth football for Leeds United, McBurnie began his career with Bradford City, spending two loan spells at Chester. He later signed for Swansea City, spending time on loan at Newport County, Bristol Rovers and Barnsley.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: Born in England to a Scottish father and mother, he represents Scotland at international level, making his senior debut in March 2018.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: McBurnie was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire. He grew up in the suburb of Garforth, attending Garforth Academy. He still lived in Garforth as of July 2020.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: McBurnie started at Leeds United's academy from a young age, playing with the likes of Lewie Coyle and Tyler Denton in the youth setup, before he was released at under 14s level. He joined Bradford City's academy, but played for Manchester United in the 2013 Milk Cup.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: McBurnie was given a three-year professional contract by Bradford on 23 August 2013. In November 2013, Bradford City manager Phil Parkinson stated that he was considering involving McBurnie with the club's first team squad. He made his professional debut on 9 November 2013, in the FA Cup, appearing as a substitute. He later spoke about his desire for further first-team action, and made his first senior start on 26 December 2013, at the age of 17.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: He was offered a new contract by the club at the end of the 2013–14 season. McBurnie later spoke about his first season as a professional, describing it as "ridiculous." He also spoke about his excitement ahead of the 2014–15 season. In September 2014 manager Phil Parkinson told McBurnie to "step up to the plate" and make the most of the first-team appearances he was making following an injury to regular started James Hanson. In October 2014 Parkinson hinted that McBurnie would be sent out on loan.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: McBurnie joined Chester on a one-month loan deal on 22 January 2015. He was recalled early, returning to Bradford on 20 February following injuries to first-team players. Manager Phil Parkinson thought the loan spell had been beneficial to McBurnie's development. He re-joined Chester on loan on 6 March.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: On 13 July 2015, McBurnie joined Swansea City on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee, later revealed to be £250,000. Later that month he made his first appearances for Swansea in under-21 matches in Holland.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: In November 2015 he joined League Two club Newport County on an initial one-month loan. McBurnie made his debut for Newport on 28 November in a league game against Luton Town, scoring a hat-trick after coming on as a 58th-minute substitute. While the loan had been earlier extended until January 2016, he was recalled by Swansea on 24 December 2015. On 7 March 2016, he joined Bristol Rovers on loan for the remainder of the 2015–16 season.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: On 23 August 2016, McBurnie scored twice on his debut for Swansea's first team in the second-round 2016–17 EFL Cup tie against Peterborough United. The match finished 1–3 in Swansea's favour. His performance was praised by ex-Swansea player Warren Feeney. McBurnie won the Premier League 2 'Player of the Month' award for January 2017. In November 2016, McBurnie signed a one-year contract extension at the Liberty Stadium until June 2019.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: McBurnie appeared as a substitute in Swansea's first three matches of the 2017–18 Premier League. On 31 August 2017, the last day of the English summer transfer window, a loan to Championship club Barnsley for the rest of the season was agreed. However, despite training with Barnsley the transfer was not completed, due to an issue with the paperwork and he returned to Swansea. Upon returning to Swansea under Paul Clement he played for Swansea's Under 23's scoring 10 goals in 7 games, before earning a recall to the first team under new manager Carlos Carvalhal, where he made 12 appearances including starting against Liverpool and Newcastle.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: On 31 January 2018, he moved on loan to Barnsley, then managed by Paul Heckingbottom. He scored his first goal for Barnsley in a 1–1 draw with Sheffield Wednesday on 10 February 2018. After scoring six goals in his first eight games at Barnsley, McBurnie was named the Championship Player of the Month for February and also received a call up to the Scotland squad for his form. On 28 April 2018, McBurnie won Barnsley's Player Of The Year award.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: McBurnie returned to Swansea at the end of the season, and stated that he would use his Championship experience to help fire them to promotion. After speculation strongly linking him with moves to either Leeds United or Rangers, on 12 July 2018 he signed a new three-year contract extension at Swansea City with the option of a fourth year. McBurnie scored his first league goal for Swansea in their first match of the 2018–19 season a 2–1 victory against Sheffield United.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: In July 2019, McBurnie was the subject of a transfer bid from Sheffield United, which was rejected by Swansea. Later that month Sheffield United increased their bid, which Swansea accepted.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: On 2 August 2019, McBurnie signed for Sheffield United on a four-year deal for a fee of £17.5 million, potentially rising to £20 million. The fee set a new club record for Sheffield United and a new record for a transfer involving a Scottish player, until it was beaten a few days later by Kieran Tierney's £25 million move from Celtic to Arsenal. McBurnie's former club Bradford City were set to receive a "windfall" from his sale, later confirmed to be around £2 million.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: On 24 November 2019, he scored the equaliser as Sheffield United drew 3–3 with Manchester United at Bramall Lane. The goal was challenged by VAR but upheld. He finished the 2019–20 season as Sheffield United's joint highest goalscorer along with Lys Mousset on six goals. In April 2022 he suffered a foot injury and was ruled out for "months".


title: Oli McBurnie

text: On 26 August 2022 he scored his first league goal in 43 games (since December 2020), and his first in any competition for 11 months, scoring the equaliser in a 1–1 draw away at Luton Town.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: In September 2013, McBurnie was called up for a training camp by the Scotland under-19 national team. McBurnie was called up to the Scotland under-19 squad in November 2014. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw against the Netherlands. in April 2015 he was praised by under-19 manager Ricky Sbragia, and subsequently by club manager Phil Parkinson. He scored 1 goals in 4 appearances for the under-19s.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: McBurnie moved up to the under-21 team in 2015, and he made 12 appearances at that level, scoring 2 goals.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: McBurnie was selected for the senior national squad for the first time in March 2018, by new Scotland manager Alex McLeish. He made his full international debut on 23 March, in a 1–0 defeat to Costa Rica. He then took part in Scotland's mini tour of Latin America (defeats to Peru and Mexico) two months later.


title: Oli McBurnie

text: In March 2019, following "his breakthrough campaign for Swansea", McBurnie said he was ready to "stake a claim for a Scotland striking role".