title: The Pregnancy Pact

text: Lorraine proposes a meeting of the school council to raise funds for the school's daycare. Sidney, in attendance, asks instead for birth control and reveals Sara's pregnancy, resulting in Lorraine resigning from the council. A news story in " Time" Magazine quotes the school's principal that the girls informed him of their hopes and starts a media frenzy. Jesse's father tells him he should focus on college and baseball instead of Sara which cause a fallout between them. Rose confirms the story to Sidney and they discuss why the girls wanted to become mothers. Sidney and Sara have a private conversation. Sara tells Sidney that her dream is to marry Jesse and have a family, not viewing a college education or a career as a priority; Jesse, in contrast, wants to attend college and pursue a career in professional baseball. A call from Karissa confirms that Rose gave birth to a baby girl; her friends are shocked by the difficulties of labor probably caused by her smoking during the pregnancy. She requires 37 stitches from vaginal tearing and the baby in an incubator.


title: The Pregnancy Pact

text: Jesse and Lorraine having overheard Sidney asking Sara to publish her revelation, Jesse rejects Sara. During a party, Karissa's mother confronts her, saying that she herself struggled hard as a single mother and wants a better future for her and not to make the same choice. At the party, Sara again apologizes to Jesse profusely but, he refuses to forgive her and confesses that he can never trust her again and does not want anything to do with the baby or her. Jesse also tearfully admits that she ruined all chances of them being together forever. Feeling rejected and hurt, Sara binge drinks which lead to her nearly succumbing to alcohol poisoning but later reconciles with her parents. Lorraine convinces the school council to keep her on the board and argues for the school to offer birth control and encourage abstinence.


title: The Pregnancy Pact

text: In an epilogue, Sidney reveals that the principal resigned as a scapegoat to the media and that the school's daycare center is full, likely causing most girls to leave school for a better daycare. She then stresses that parents must be particular when advising their children about love, family, and relationships, and wishes the new mothers 'the very best of luck.' Rose is miserable in new motherhood as her family ridicules her for having a baby too young. During the final months of her pregnancy, Sara sees Jesse with his new girlfriend. Although content with the baby, she is still sad to see what it would have been like if she was not pregnant and still be with him, planning for college. She eventually regrets getting pregnant so young and would have waited years rather than rushing into it to make Jesse stay. The film concludes with Sara happily raising her baby girl, with the support of her parents.


title: The Pregnancy Pact

text: Of the two hundred and fourteen Lifetime Original Movies released up to 2011, "The Pregnancy Pact" was ranked as the fourth highest rated movie on Lifetime television.


title: The Pregnancy Pact

text: The film uses actual news footage from the time of the story, including footage of Gloucester's then-mayor Carolyn Kirk accusing school principal Bachman of giving unverified information to "Time" magazine.


title: Pitch invasion

text: A pitch invasion (known in North America as field storming or rushing the field) occurs when a person or a crowd of people spectating a sporting event run onto the competition area, usually to celebrate or protest an incident, or sometimes as a publicity stunt. Much of the time, they can result in criminal charges, fines or prison time, and sanctions against the club involved, especially if they cause a disruption in play; although they may sometimes be more welcomed if a large portion of the spectators invades the pitch simultaneously outside of playing time.


title: Pitch invasion

text: This is especially common in college and high school football when a team pulls off a major upset, defeats a major rival, ends a long losing streak or notches a history-making win. With the widespread advent of artificial turf, some schools have become more lenient about students invading the pitch. In the last few years, goalposts are also taken down within moments of the end of the game as a cautionary measure to prevent fans from climbing atop them to cause damage to the standard holding them up, damage to television camera equipment on the posts, and spectator injury. In the National Football League, rushing the field usually results in a lifetime revocation of season tickets from the holder of them, even if given or sold to another person, along with a lifetime trespassing notice banning the rusher from the team and/or stadium property, or in cases of multiple rushes, other league stadiums.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Section 10.5 of the Southeastern Conference By-Laws has a progressive fine policy adopted in 2004 for major sports: $5,000 for the first offence, $25,000 for the second offence, and $50,000 for third and subsequent offences within a three-year period of the last pitch invasion. In May 2015, the fines increased to $50,000, $100,000, and $250,000 for the first, second, and third plus subsequent offences, respectively, with a period for past violations being increased from three years to five. Generally for an upset situation however, the fine (which in college sports is usually a donation to a conference's scholarship fund rather than a punitive payment, as is the course for the SEC) is taken as a "badge of honor" by the school and its fanbase that knows the cost of storming well in advance, and fans and the school's booster club proudly donate the funds to a school's athletic department needed to pay the fine, along with the secondary cost for the replacement of damaged or removed goalposts.


title: Pitch invasion

text: The Kentucky Wildcats were hit with "the triple" for three football pitch invasions within eleven months, involving upset wins against league powers and an in-state rival:


title: Pitch invasion

text: Vanderbilt, South Carolina and Missouri had been fined $25,000 for second offence violations, but most SEC schools were fined $5,000. Missouri's fine is notable in that their second violation occurred after only three years as a member of the SEC: both came when supporters flooded Faurot Field after the team clinched a trip to the SEC Championship Game, in 2013 and 2014.


title: Pitch invasion

text: LSU was fined $100,000 for a second offense following its victory 13 October 2018 vs. Georgia. Its first offense was 25 October 2014 following a victory over Ole Miss, drawing just a $5,000 fine. LSU fans twice tore down the goalposts in 2000, following victories over Tennessee and Alabama, but did not invade the Tiger Stadium pitch again until 2014. The goalposts remained intact during the 2014 and 2018 incidents.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Auburn became the first SEC institution to be fined the maximum of $250,000, following its football victory over Alabama on 25 November 2017. This came on top of violations following Auburn victories over Alabama in football in 2013 and Kentucky in men's basketball in 2016. Auburn was fined another $250,000 after fans stormed the field following its Iron Bowl victory on 30 November 2019.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Arkansas was fined $250,000 when its fans stormed the field after a victory over Texas on 11 September 2021. Two weeks later, Kentucky was hit with a $250,000 fine following a victory over Florida.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Other conferences have similar by-laws; in some conferences, the pitch invasion rule is reset to zero after five years without a pitch invasion, and the fine is doubled in the event that a player or official is injured as a result of the pitch invasion.


title: Pitch invasion

text: There has long been a tradition in American football – primarily in college football – under which fans celebrating a major victory will tear down the goal posts on the field after the game. No one knows for certain when or how the tradition started. The Boston Public Library has in its collection a photograph of fans tearing down a goal post in 1940.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Tearing down the goal posts can be dangerous, however, as people can be injured or killed by a falling goal post. Persons who sit or hang on the goal posts while they are being pulled down can be injured if they fall off or if they land hard on the ground when the goal posts collapse. Camera equipment from a game broadcaster attached to the goalposts results in another injury possibility. These dangers can create legal implications for the schools, the localities, and the venues where the games occur.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In Massachusetts, there is a state statute that specifically prohibits the unauthorized tearing down of goal posts on a football field. Chapter 266, Section 104A of the Massachusetts General Laws provides: "Whoever willfully and without right destroys, injures or removes a goal post on a football field shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty nor more than two hundred dollars." The Massachusetts state legislature enacted the statute in 1960 in response to a tragedy that occurred the previous year. On 26 November 1959 (Thanksgiving Day that year), a 14-year-old girl in Foxborough, Jane Puffer, was hit on the head by a falling goal post. She had been part of a crowd that was on the field after the conclusion of a high school football game while a group of fans was tearing down a goal post. The steel goal post suddenly toppled to the ground, and Puffer was hit as she was apparently trying to push another girl out of its way. She died of her injuries the next day. The state legislature enacted the statute the following year, and the law has remained unchanged ever since.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In spite of the law, on 22 December 1985, fans of the New England Patriots tore down a goal post in Sullivan Stadium (also in Foxborough) to celebrate the team's victory there in the regular season finale against the Cincinnati Bengals, which clinched a playoff berth (and eventual Super Bowl appearance) for the Patriots. Some fans carried the goal post outside of the stadium, where they caused it to come into contact with an overhead high-voltage power line. A man nearby, Jon Pallazola, was seriously injured. There was evidence that he was injured when he tried to protect himself from being hit by the falling goal post immediately after it became electrified. Pallazola subsequently sued a private security company that had been under contract to provide security at the stadium. He received a large jury verdict against the company, and then settled his claim against the company for $4.5 million. He also sued the Town of Foxborough but, in 1994, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that his claim against the town was barred by a state statute that gave municipalities immunity from claims that they failed to provide police protection or prevent crimes.


title: Pitch invasion

text: On 19 November 1983, an 18-year-old Harvard University student was critically injured when she was hit on the back of her head by a goal post that Harvard fans tore down to celebrate their team's victory over archrival Yale University at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut. The student, Margaret Cimino, subsequently filed a lawsuit in federal court against Yale, the City of New Haven, the City of West Haven, and a security company. She settled her claims against the City of West Haven and the security company. In 1986, a federal judge ruled that Cimino had sufficient evidence to take her claims against Yale and the City of New Haven to trial. The parties then reached a settlement before the trial occurred.


title: Pitch invasion

text: On 21 November 1998, a first-year student at Oregon State University was seriously injured when she was hit on the head by a falling goal post that fans tore down after the football team's 44-41 double overtime victory over the University of Oregon. She suffered a fractured skull and bleeding in her brain, but she eventually recovered from her injuries.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In November 2000, fans of the University of Texas at El Paso tore down a goal post after a victory. One fan claimed that he was injured when fans pulled the goal posts down while he was hanging on them. He sued the university and the University System of Texas. A Texas intermediate appellate court ruled in 2005 that the lawsuit was barred by governmental immunity.


title: Pitch invasion

text: On 20 October 2001, a 21-year-old Ball State University student was rendered paraplegic when a goal post that fellow fans tore down to celebrate a victory landed on his back. The university had encouraged the fans to tear down the goal post, flashing a message on the scoreboard which said, "The goal post looks lonely." The student, Andrew Bourne, settled his subsequent claim against the university for $300,000, the maximum amount that he could recover from the school under Indiana state law. He also filed a product liability lawsuit against the manufacturer of the goal post, contending that the goal post was "defective and unreasonably dangerous". In 2006, a federal appeals court ruled that the manufacturer was not liable because the danger posed by the goal post was "obvious".


title: Pitch invasion

text: Now, in order to prevent injuries, there are collapsible goal posts that stadium staff can take down within seconds after the conclusion of a game to prevent fans from tearing them down. There are also goal posts that are constructed in such a manner that they cannot be taken down by fans.


title: Pitch invasion

text: On 2 November 2015, students at the University of Kansas illegally broke into Memorial Stadium and tore down the goalpost at the south end of the field following the Kansas City Royals' World Series clinching victory vs. the New York Mets at Citi Field. The goalposts at the stadium were also torn down after victories by the Jayhawks, vs. Nebraska in 2005, West Virginia in 2013, Iowa State in 2014 and Texas in 2016, Oklahoma State in 2022, and in 1994 by fans of archrival Kansas State.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Pitch invasions are not uncommon but not as frequent nowadays in top-level football, but historically it was common for the supporters of the winning team in a major match, such as a Cup Final, to flood onto the pitch after the final whistle. For example, in Kenneth Wolstenholme's famous "Some people are on the pitch, they think it's all over – it is now!" comment on the BBC's television coverage of the 1966 World Cup Final. "They" were fans who had encroached onto the pitch before the end of extra time.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Pitch invasions became less common after the 1970s and 1980s. Counterintuitively, in that period that fans were barricaded in the stands by fences yet invasions were common; after the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, the barricading form of supposed crowd control was abandoned, nevertheless pitch invasions became rarer. The decline may partly be due to the fact that in 1991 pitch invasions were criminalised in the UK under the Football Offences Act, partly due to the post-Hillsborough requirement to convert terraces into all-seater stands from which it is somewhat more difficult for spectators to physically rush down in order to reach the pitch, especially in large numbers from higher rows of seats, and partly because of a concurrent and substantial increase in the cost of tickets, especially for seating in the lower rows, leading to these seats being increasingly occupied by wealthier fans much less inclined to risk whatever legal, professional or other consequences could arise from invading the pitch. However, pitch invasions still occur, especially in the lower divisions where terraces are still permitted, tickets are much less expensive and where there is less policing and security.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Spectators on the playing field (i.e., rather than "pitch invasions") have long been a tradition of Australian rules football. At the end of an Australian rules match, it is traditional for supporters to run onto the field to celebrate the game and play games of kick-to-kick with their families.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Supporters were once also able to do this during the half-time break. In recent years, this was subject to stricter controls, and then finally banned altogether, in the elite Australian Football League. However, it is still common in suburban and state football leagues like the Victorian Football League.


title: Pitch invasion

text: It is also common for football fans to engage in "mid-match" field invasions when a player reaches a landmark achievement, typically a 100th goal in a season, a 1000th career goal, or in the case of Tony Lockett's 1300th career goal in 1999, breaking the all-time goal-kicking record. The AFL has not yet succeeded in preventing these mid-match invasions, but players are duly protected by bodyguards and stadium security while supporters flood onto the field.


title: Pitch invasion

text: The outlawed practice of "streaking" (running naked onto the ground) occurred in some big matches, most famously the performance of Helen d'Amico in the 1982 VFL Grand Final.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Although violent spectator playing field invasions both during and after matches were not uncommon in the early years of the VFL – and, "spectator behaviour" was one of the main reasons that the VFA team Port Melbourne was not invited to become one of the VFL's foundation clubs in 1897 – in more recent times there have been a few occasions of hostile pitch invasions; the most famous of these occurred in the 1967 Tasmanian State Premiership Final, when hundreds of Wynyard fans invaded the field and tore down the goalposts to prevent North Hobart full forward David Collins from kicking a goal after the final siren. The Tasmanian Football League declared the match a "no result" and withheld the 1967 State Premiership.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Another hostile pitch invasion occurred in an AFL night game between St Kilda and Essendon in 1996, when the floodlights at Waverley Park lost power during the third quarter; fans rioted in the darkness and, coincidentally, also took down the goalposts. After an AFL meeting, the final quarter of the game was played three days later.


title: Pitch invasion

text: On 9 May 1914, in the third quarter of the match between the Clayton Football Club, a Melbourne suburban team, and the Clyde Football Club, an enraged bull invaded the playing field. The players and spectators scattered, some vaulting fences into the next-door market garden, with the majority taking shelter in the dressing shed. The bull's first charge at the dressing sheds shook the building. Its second charge smashed the door, but the shed's doorway was too narrow for it to actually enter the room. Those inside maintained a barrage of boots, coats, and everything possible to scare the bull away. Eventually it was removed by a local farmer, who took it to a secure paddock.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In a more humorous modern incident, a pig named "Plugger" was let loose on the ground in round 18, 1993.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In modern baseball, the field is typically rushed by one or a small number of attention seeking fans or pranksters, rather than a large number of people although more-generalized riots have occurred. Almost universally, intruders will be ejected from the ballpark and potentially banned for life from it, and may also face criminal charges depending on the nature of the offence.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In cases when a game is broadcast on television and a person or small group runs onto the field, the broadcaster will cut to another camera shot elsewhere in the stadium, to the commentators in the press box, or to a commercial break instead of focusing on the intruders; this is to avoid giving attention to their behavior, and to discourage imitators who might try the same thing (and as, occasionally, the person is also a streaker, to avoid showing nudity). Radio play-by-play announcers however will look at it in amusement and add 'color' to the broadcast, as the rusher isn't visible in that medium; Kevin Harlan, who is the main play-by-play announcer for the NFL on Westwood One, has been lauded for his colorful descriptions of various field rushers.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Morganna, the Kissing Bandit became famous for rushing the field in baseball and other sports from the early 1970s through the 1980s. She rushed the field on numerous occasions and kissed many Major League Baseball players including Nolan Ryan, Pete Rose, Johnny Bench, George Brett (twice), Steve Garvey, and Cal Ripken Jr.


title: Pitch invasion

text: College basketball has a similar phenomenon, known as "storming the court". This happens for the same reasons any field is rushed.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In high school and some colleges, walking on the court is the only way to exit from the stands. However, there are usually officials and security personnel and laid-out security stanchions that limit how far spectators can walk onto the court, at least while players and game officials are still leaving the court.


title: Pitch invasion

text: The Indiana University men's basketball team defeated the #1 ranked Kentucky Wildcats 73–72 on 10 December 2011, after a three-point shot by Christian Watford with no time left on the clock. Fans at Indiana's Assembly Hall filled the court within seconds to create a series of iconic images. ESPN commentator Dick Vitale, who was covering the game for the network, said it was the "best game of the year" and that "[t]he atmosphere there was unreal, as I felt the building shaking after Watford hit the shot." Watford's shot won an ESPY Award for Best Play. Kentucky avenged their loss on their way to a National Championship later that season by defeating Indiana 102-90 during the Sweet Sixteen round of the 2012 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Hundreds of students from Iowa State University stormed the court after the No. 4-ranked Cyclones' 83-82 come-from-behind victory over in-state rival Iowa 11 December 2015, at Hilton Coliseum in Ames, Iowa. In the aftermath, "Des Moines Register" sports columnist Randy Peterson suffered a leg fracture. The incident raised awareness of the dangers of court storming, but when asked about it in a post-game interview, Iowa State coach Steve Prohm stated, "That's part of college athletics. That's a great moment. Those college kids ... they've been camping out here (for tickets) for three days. There's only probably 10 schools that do that in the country. Give them their 15 or 20 minutes to do that. I thought it was pretty cool."


title: Pitch invasion

text: Although not as well publicized as college incidents, fans storming the court after a big win is not uncommon at the high school level. The injuries suffered by several people following the Iowa State University men's basketball team's win over the University of Iowa in December 2015 prompted the Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union to issue a memorandum to athletic directors and coaches to remind fans that the organization and its sister organization, the Iowa High School Athletic Association, have policies prohibiting court storming after post-season games. "I have to wonder if the person injured was the star player, the coach, or one of the game officials if the attitude and need for 'storming the court' might change?" wrote IGHSAU executive director Mike Dick.


title: Pitch invasion

text: It used to be a common occurrence at the end of cricket Test matches for the crowd to invade the pitch to watch the presentation from the pavilion balcony. In the UK, this tradition ended in 2001 after a steward was injured in a pitch invasion at a one-day match between England and Pakistan. Invading the pitch can now warrant a £1,000 fine and a lifetime ban from the ground. Post-match presentations are now held on the field or in a room within the venue restricted from public access and displayed on a video scoreboard if available.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In August 1975, vandals protesting the imprisonment of alleged armed robber George Davis invaded the pitch of the Headingley Cricket Ground before the final day of the Third Ashes Test between England and Australia, digging holes in the field and covering one end of the pitch in oil. This led to the first-ever declaration of a Test ground being unfit for play, resulting in the match being abandoned and declared a draw. This was significant as it denied England a chance to tie the series and potentially retain the Ashes; Australia eventually took back the Ashes.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In 1982, a pitch invasion at the WACA led to Australian bowler Terry Alderman suffering a shoulder injury when attempting to apprehend one of the intruders.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Two One Day International matches at the Bourda ground in Georgetown, Guyana have had their results disrupted by pitch invasions. In 1993, the crowd invaded on the last ball of a match as the West Indies ran a second run to tie the score against Pakistan; then, in 1999, the crowd invaded on the last ball of a match as Australia ran a third run to tie the score against the West Indies. In both cases, the fielding team had been a chance of effecting a run-out to prevent the tying run, had the crowd not invaded; but in both cases, match referee Raman Subba Row declared the match to be tied.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In Gaelic football and hurling, both national sports of Ireland, pitch invasions were acceptable and most widely seen at Provincial and All-Ireland Finals. However, there has only been one occurrence at Croke Park, after the 2010 Leinster Senior Football Championship Final, due to a crackdown since 2009 by the GAA, though they still occur in other stadia around the country.


title: Pitch invasion

text: International rules football, a hybrid of Aussie Rules and Gaelic football is not known for pitch invasions; however, a famous one occurred in the first test of the 2006 International Rules Series at Pearse Stadium, Galway after Ireland defeated Australia.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In New South Wales Rugby League matches up until the 1980s, spectators often took to the field on the completion of the match within seconds after the final siren. This required the players to navigate through a crowd of people when coming off the field, and the cardboard corner posts were usually taken as "souvenirs".


title: Pitch invasion

text: This practice was discouraged when the publicly viewable game clock stopped with five minutes to play in order to ensure that spectators, not knowing when the game was about to finish, could not jump the gun and enter the playing arena with the game unfinished. Eventually the tradition died out, and spectators rarely, if ever, take the field in the present day National Rugby League; fines of $7000 and lifetime bans exist for those who do so.


title: Pitch invasion

text: In 2007, a match between Hull Kingston Rovers and Hull FC at Craven Park also known as the 'Hull Derby', the match ended at a score off 30 – 20 in favour of Hull FC. After the final whistle Hull FC fans raided the pitch to congratulate their players. The same happened in 2015 after Hull beat Rovers 22-12 which secured them a play-off spot


title: Pitch invasion

text: Pitch invasions have occurred throughout the history of rugby union, with some particular moments being the most infamous. In the past, additional security support has been constructed at stadiums due to foreseen trouble. An early example of this was at the 1924 Summer Olympics, when a wire fence was constructed to protect United States players.


title: Pitch invasion

text: Most arena sports (like ice hockey, arena football, and indoor soccer) take precautions to separate the spectators from the players and to ensure one cannot cross into the other. This is not only for the protection of the players but also the spectators as it also helps prevent pucks, balls, and other objects from flying at speed into spectators, along with the players themselves, and causing injury. Often, in addition to sidewalls, Plexiglas panels are used as a safety measure. Ice hockey uses the panels around the ice, team benches, and penalty boxes to enforce separation under the rules, and after the death of a young spectator in Columbus, Ohio in 2002, tall netting above the Plexiglas to protect spectators in each shooting end from flying hockey pucks. Furthermore, the iced surface means stepping onto a hockey rink without skates is dangerous. A few attempts to intrude in arena games have usually ended with physical player intervention.


title: Grace Randolph

text: Grace Randolph is an American reporter, film critic, YouTuber, and comic book writer. On YouTube, she hosts her channel "Beyond the Trailer". She has written numerous comics, among them issues of "Justice League Unlimited" and "", as well as creating the original comic book series "Supurbia".


title: Grace Randolph

text: Randolph studied at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, and was part of the Upright Citizens Brigade comedy group.


title: Grace Randolph

text: From 2008 to 2009, Randolph wrote for Tokyopop's manga adaptations of the "Warcraft" and "StarCraft" video game franchises.


title: Grace Randolph

text: In 2009 Randolph wrote DC Comics's "Justice League Unlimited" #41. She went on to write Boom! Studios' "Muppet Peter Pan", which was a reinterpretation of Peter Pan as a Muppet story. In 2010 she wrote "Her-oes", a comic book mini-series about the teenage years of some of Marvel Comics' most famous female Avengers. In 2011 she wrote for Archaia's "Fraggle Rock" comic.


title: Grace Randolph

text: In 2012 Randolph created and wrote the original comic book series "Supurbia", which was published by Boom! Studios. "Supurbia" is a "Real Housewives" interpretation of the superhero genre, which "explores the drama of superheroes' personal lives" within the context of a suburban lifestyle. It was initially intended to be a four-issue limited series, but its success led to a twelve-issue continuation.


title: Grace Randolph

text: In 2008 Randolph created "Beyond the Trailer", a YouTube channel which discusses film and the film industry. As of January 2022, the channel has 940 thousand subscribers. "Movie Math", a segment which covers box office performance, has since been spun off into its own, additional channel. In 2012 "Beyond the Trailer" became a part of Penske Media Corporation's digital network.


title: Grace Randolph

text: From 2010 to 2011, Randolph was the host of Marvel Comics' weekly web news show, "The Watcher". She revealed that she was fired by Marvel.


title: Grace Randolph

text: In 2011, in association with Bleeding Cool, she created the YouTube channel "Think About the Ink". The videos explore comic books and the comic book industry, as well as TV adaptations of comic book properties. The channel's last video was uploaded in March 2015.


title: Grace Randolph

text: From 2012 to 2013 she was associated with Movieline. In 2014 and 2015, she was an entertainment correspondent for WTNH NEWS8, appearing on "Good Morning Connecticut".


title: Grace Randolph

text: In 2019 Randolph appeared in a post-credits scene in the film "" in a cameo as an entertainment reporter alongside actor Bill Murray, who played a fictionalized version of himself.


title: Grace Randolph

text: In November 2012, Randolph was a primary advocate to fire James Gunn after seemingly sexist comments emerged from his blog despite Gunn apologizing for his remarks. In 2017, Randolph falsely claimed that Gunn did not give Thanos a large role in his "Guardians of the Galaxy" films because he did not find the character interesting; Gunn debunked her claim and later stated that "I’m gonna guess [Randolph] likes to just make up stuff I’ve said because it helps her get clicks." After Randolph defended claims of Bane appearing in Gunn's "Peacemaker", Gunn said that "That would, by my definition, mean he was technically in the show. He does not show up at the end or anywhere and has zero lines." In July 2022, after Randolph alleged that "Peacemaker" received "less than stellar" reaction, Gunn stated that "the earth revolves around the sun, mothers love their children, and Grace Randolph will spout bullshit."


title: Grace Randolph

text: In June 2020, Randolph reported that the film "Birds of Prey" underwent "massive reshoots" to take out an alleged dick pic storyline. Director Cathy Yan vehemently denied the allegation while downplaying the severity of the reshoots, criticizing Randolph for her lack of research. Randolph defended her report, leading to an exchange between the two on Twitter with Yan questioning Randolph's credibility as a journalist.


title: Grace Randolph

text: In September 2020, Randolph claimed in a reaction video on "Beyond the Trailer" that "The Mandalorian" star Pedro Pascal had quit halfway through filming the second season over being denied more screen time without the titular character's helmet on. Randolph further alleged that Pascal's behavior led to Lucasfilm killing his character off and replacing him with Boba Fett (played by Temuera Morrison) for the third season. When Pascal was asked about these reports in an interview with "The One Show", he categorically denied Randolph's claims, while Pascal's stunt double confirmed Pascal's involvement with the entire third season in an Instagram post. Randolph refused to retract her story, arguing that the post-credits scene from "The Mandalorian" , which foreshadowed "The Book of Boba Fett", corroborated her claims. Jon Favreau, the showrunner of "The Mandalorian", later clarified that "The Book of Boba Fett" was separate from the third season of "The Mandalorian". Randolph's handling of the Pascal story was criticized by other journalists, who described her report as clickbait and singled out her lack of reliable sources; they also asserted that her claims of Pascal being uncooperative on set could have potentially damaged his reputation and career.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: The 7.5×55mm Swiss or 7,5mm GP 11 (or unofficially 7.5×55mm Schmidt–Rubin) is a cartridge developed for the Swiss Army. It originated from the "Gewehrpatrone 1890" (7.5×53.5mm) developed in 1898 by mechanical engineer Lt. Col. Eduard Rubin for rifles based on Rudolf Schmidt's action design. The 7.5×55mm Swiss GP 11 cartridge is similar in appearance to the slightly smaller 7.5×54mm French round though the two are not interchangeable.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: The "Gewehrpatrone 1890" cartridge has been in Swiss Army service since 1889 in their Schmidt–Rubin Model 1889 rifles. The previous generation of the military calibres used in Europe at the time were 10 to 14 mm (and black powder) as opposed to 7.5 mm of the Schmidt–Rubin ammunition, but the transition was underway in late 1880s (e. g., 8×50mmR Lebel was adopted in 1886 and 7.65×53mm Mauser in 1889). It was one of the first with 7.5 mm copper-jacketed rounds similar to those used today. Originally using PC 88 ("powder composition-88") "" ("low smoke" - equivalent to "smokeless") cut tubular smokeless single-base powder relying on nitrocellulose as its propellant ingredient, it was known as the Gewehrpatrone 1890. The "Gewehrpatrone 1890" round was loaded with a paper-patched lead hollow based heeled steel-capped round-nose bullet. Starting from the rear of the nose section the bullets were wrapped around by two turns of paper, much like cotton patches were placed around the bullet of a musket. This paper patching reduced metallic fouling of the barrel and was supposed to aid in the gas seal of the bullet.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: It was discovered that the primer was far too corrosive, so it was updated in 1903 to the "Gewehrpatrone 1890/03" cartridge.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Long after the discontinuation of the Schmidt–Rubin Model 1889 rifle in the Swiss armed forces, the GP 90/03 cartridge was updated in 1923 and designated the "Gewehrpatrone" 1890/23 (officially abbreviated GP 90/23 after ca. 1961), for use in shooting competitions. The GP 90/23 was a 7.5×54.5mm round developed to be able to be used in arms chambered for "Gewehrpatrone 1890" and GP 11 ammunition. The GP 90/23 operating chamber pressure was slightly higher compared to "Gewehrpatrone 1890" ammunition and significantly lower compared to GP 11 ammunition. The GP 90/23 dispensed with the paper patching around the bullet and was loaded with a full metal jacket (FMJ) non-heeled round-nose bullet. The PC 88 propellant shape was changed to square flakes.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: "Gewehrpatrone 1890", "Gewehrpatrone 1890/03" and GP 90/23 ammunition were available in nine different variants.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: In 1911 the metallurgy and bolt design in Swiss military rifles had advanced enough that a more powerful cartridge could be used in the Model 1911 rifles and Schmidt–Rubin 1896/11 rifles. The 7.5mm Swiss round was updated to the completely non-corrosive 7.5×55mmm "Gewehrpatrone 1911" (GP 11). The bolt thrust of the GP 11 round is relatively high compared to many other service rounds used in the early 20th century. Besides being used in the Model 1911 and Schmidt–Rubin 1896/11 rifles, GP 11 ammunition was also used in the MG 11 machine gun, K11 and K31 carbines as well as in the Stgw 57 battle rifles. The cartridge saw extensive service until the early 1990s with the standard rifles of Swiss servicemen, and still sees use by Swiss Army reservists and sport shooters, of which there are many. Furthermore, it is still the standard ammunition for the MG 51 general purpose machine gun used on many Swiss armored vehicles, such as the Pz 87 "Leopard 2" tank and the MOWAG Eagle reconnaissance vehicle. In this role, it is usually belt fed with GP 11 full metal jacket and GP 11 tracer rounds.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: The GP 11 cartridge used double-base powder combining nitrocellulose (gun cotton) with about 30% nitroglycerin as propellants and is loaded to a significantly higher operating chamber pressure compared to GP 90 ammunition.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: The full metal jacket GP 11 boat tail spitzer bullet was when adopted an innovative bullet design. The GP 11 bullet contained a lead-antimony core and its jacket was made of plated steel or tombac. Depending on the year of production the plating was made of copper, brass, nickel or copper-nickel. The GP 11 cartridge cases were made of brass (72% of copper and 28% zinc) or, from May 1943 to January 1947, due to supply shortages in Switzerland, of aluminum or steel. The GP 11 bullet offered good aerodynamic efficiency and ballistic performance with a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of 0.505 to 0.514. At muzzle velocity the standard GP 11 ball bullet retained supersonic velocity up to (V ≈ Mach 1.1) under ICAO Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m). Even by 2011 standards, typical effective range is quite remarkable for a standard military rifle round that is more than a century old.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Maximum range with the GP 11 under Swiss chosen atmospheric conditions (altitude = , air pressure = Hg, temperature = ) equaling ICAO Standard Atmosphere conditions at (air density ρ = 1.150 kg/m) is acquired when the barrel is elevated 37° and is muzzle velocity dependent.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: The GP 11 bullet set off the militaries of countries like Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom at the onset of and after World War I to develop and field similar full metal jacket boat tail spitzer bullets to improve the maximum usefull range and long-range performance of the full metal jacket flat-based spitzer bullet designs they used. The useful maximum range is defined by the maximum range of a small-arms projectile while still maintaining the minimum kinetic energy required to put unprotected personnel out of action, which is generally believed to be 15 kilogram-meters (147 J / 108 ft⋅lbf).


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Since its introduction in 1911 the GP 11 cartridge featured some technical development. The projectile-seating in the cartridge case neck was improved by adding a cannelure on the bullet and crimping the case neck over time, resulting in (1911), (1929 modification), (1942 modification) extraction force. In 1942 the square flake-shaped double-base propellant was replaced by tubular shaped double-base propellant. Further, there were minor developments regarding the projectiles, sealing and primers. GP 11 cartridges were mass-produced for the Swiss military in the ammunition factories in Altdorf and in Thun until 1994. The last 1994 produced ammunition had lot No. 349-94. Previously GP 11 was also produced in Rotenburg and Solothurn as other municipalities in Switzerland. In 2016 GP 11 production was resumed by RUAG to fulfill Swiss military needs.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: GP 11 is regarded as highly accurate and well-manufactured service ammunition. For Swiss military service ammunition the primer-type is Berdan. Berdan-primed ammunition is not easy for reloading previously fired cartridges.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: In addition to the standard full metal jacket GP 11 rounds, specialty rounds were produced as well for the Swiss military. Armor-piercing steel-core rounds can be identified by their violet bases. These rounds can easily pierce 5 mm (0.2 in) of steel plate at 500 m (550 yards). Tracer rounds burn out to 800 m (875 yards), and can be identified by their red tips.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: When all modifications are combined GP 11 ammunition was available in a total of 40 different versions.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Due to the greater pressures produced by the GP 11 rounds, they are not fired in Model 1889 Schmidt–Rubin rifles.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: The 7.5×55mm Swiss / GP 11 cartridge (designated as the "7.5 × 55 Suisse" by the C.I.P.) has 4.22 ml (65 grains) HO cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 30.5 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 270 mm (1 in 10.63 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = , Ø grooves = , land width = , and the primer type is Berdan or large rifle.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: According to the official Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (C.I.P.) rulings, the 7.5×55mm Swiss can handle up to P piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 7.5×55mm Swiss / GP 11 chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2016) proof tested at PE piezo pressure.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Switzerland is not a C.I.P. member state and therefore does not recognize any C.I.P. rulings and proofed its military 7.5×55mm rifles chambered in the GP 11 version of their service cartridge at 150% of the GP 11 load pressure of 313.717 MPa (45,500 psi). This means a Swiss military proof test would be executed at 1.5 * 313.717 = 470.57 MPa (68,250 psi) and a C.I.P. proof test would be executed at (68,892 psi). Swiss 7.5×55mm GP 11 proof tests are therefore not recognized in C.I.P. member states in their turn.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Due to the uncommon diameter bolt face the 7.5×55mm Swiss GP 11 was and is rarely chambered in civilian target or hunting guns made outside Switzerland.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Due to the availability of surplus K31 rifles on the civilian market, a number of cartridge manufacturers, such as Prvi Partizan, produce 7.5×55mm GP 11-like rounds in full metal jacket, soft-tip, and ballistic tip configurations. Civilian manufacturers also produce similar cartridge cases with Boxer large rifle primers for easier reloading.


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: Despite its nomenclature, the 7.5×55mm Swiss can use the same 7.62 mm (.308 in) bullets as conventional 7.62 mm (.308 in) cartridges that have slightly wider land and groove diameters. This allows for ease of handloading and custom competition or hunting loads, as nearly any .308 diameter bullet may be used. However, most Swiss match shooters use standard GP 11 surplus ammunition, a testament to the quality of the factory loading


title: 7.5×55mm Swiss

text: While the scarcity of reloadable cartridge cases previously made the 7.5 mm Swiss problematic for US shooters, reloadable cases are easily produced by reforming .284 Winchester brass. Case rims are slightly undersized, but this presents no problems so long as the rifle's extractor is in good condition. This allows the handloader to produce a GP90 load that is safe for the Schmidt–Rubin Model 1889 rifle. Prvi Partizan has been producing new made brass for reloaders as well as loaded ammunition so supplies of reloadable brass are less difficult to obtain.


title: Dany Boon

text: Dany Boon (; born Daniel Farid Hamidou on 26 June 1966) is a French actor, film director, screenwriter and producer.


title: Dany Boon

text: Starting out as a comedian during the 1990s, he found success in 2008 as an actor and director in the film comedy "Welcome to the Sticks". Since then he has been involved as screenwriter or director or both in the films "Nothing to Declare" (2011), "Supercondriaque" (2014), "Raid dingue" (2017) and "La Ch'tite famille" (2018).


title: Dany Boon

text: Boon was born Daniel Farid Hamidou in a middle-class family in northern France. His father was born in 1930 in Issers, Algeria, and was Muslim, and died in Lille, France in 1992. He was a boxer and a chauffeur. Boon's mother, Danièle Ducatel, is from northern France. A Catholic, she was a stay-at-home mother.


title: Dany Boon

text: Boon arrived in Paris in 1989, where he was a mime in the streets for a living while appearing frequently on open mic nights at places like the Treviso theatre. He borrowed his stage name from a hero in the American television series "Daniel Boone", which was about an American trapper.


title: Dany Boon

text: Boon is also a musician; he has done a version of ""Piensa en mí"" ("Think of me").  He also writes his own songs, for example, ""Le Blues du 'tiot poulet"" ("The Chicken Blues").


title: Dany Boon

text: After small roles in movies during the 1990s, he landed a role in the 1998 satire "Bimboland", directed by Ariel Zeitoun. Boon is deeply attached to his native region, Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In 2003, he made a whole show in the local dialect of "ch'ti", also known as Picard. Despite the use of dialectal language, 600,000 copies of the DVD (which included French subtitles) were sold. No previous DVD featuring a one-man show had sold as well in France. In 2004, he was part of the main cast in "Pédale Dure", directed by Gabriel Aghion, a critical and commercial flop. He was then offered several roles in movies, notably in the film "Joyeux Noël" ("Merry Christmas"), which was released internationally in 2005.


title: Dany Boon

text: In February 2008, he acted and directed a movie titled "Welcome to the Sticks" ("Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis"), which was a success in France and in other countries. This comedy based on prejudices held about the region, went on to break French box office records. Two weeks after its release, the film had already been seen by five million people. After its fourth week, the figure had risen to 15 million, and by 11 April, the film had surpassed the viewing audience of "La Grande Vadrouille", having been watched by more than 17.4 million people. He was the highest-paid actor in European film history, netting 26 million Euro (c. 33 million dollars). He was the president of the 40th César Awards ceremony in 2015. Boon was on the council of directors of the Pathé production company and has produced several films as actor, co-producer, screenwriter or director. Boon had several production companies, including 26 DB Productions, in Los Angeles, California. They produce and distribute films and TV content.


title: Dany Boon

text: Boon was also directed by French filmmakers such as Jean-Pierre Jeunet in the 2009 movie "Micmacs"; Danièle Thompson in 2009 "Change of Plans"; "A Perfect Plan" 2012 film directed by Pascal Chaumeil, Julie Delpy's movie "Lolo" (2015) and Yvan Attal in 2016 film "The Jews".


title: Dany Boon

text: "Raid Dingue" was a 2016 comedy that was a big success with the viewers but failed to convince film critics. He was both screenwriter and director on this movie, and also starred in it. For this film Boon received the first  César du public in the history of French cinema: this new award is given to the French film with the biggest box office of the year. After "Raid Dingue", Boon did his sixth movie, "(La Ch’tite Famille)" "Family is Family". It came out in 2018, the 10 year anniversary of "Bienvenue chez les Ch’tis".


title: Dany Boon

text: In 2016 Boon starred in a film about anti-semitism in France, "The Jews". In 2018,  his Netflix show, "Des-hauts-de-France" premiered on Netflix. Boon voices the character of Olaf in the French dubbings of the Disney movies "Frozen", "Frozen 2", and "The Adventures of Olaf" ""."


title: Dany Boon

text: He has four sons and a daughter from three different unions. With his first wife, he had Mehdi, his eldest son, born in 1997. With his second wife, Judith Godrèche, he had Noé, born on 4 September 1999. With his third wife, Yaël Harris, for whom he converted to Judaism in 2002, he had Eytan, born 23 June 2005; Elia, born 20 December 2006 and Sarah, born 1 March 2010.


title: Dany Boon

text: In July 2022 Boon stated that that he was defrauded of €6 million by Irishman Terry Birles and was taking court action.


title: James McCaffrey (actor)

text: James McCaffrey (born 1959) is an American actor best known for his voice role as Max Payne in the "Max Payne" video game series, Jimmy Keefe on "Rescue Me" (2004–2011), and Captain Arthur O'Breun in "New York Undercover" (1994–1997). He has also had main roles and recurring roles in a number of television series as well as appearing in feature films.


title: James McCaffrey (actor)

text: McCaffrey's first role was as a mentally challenged teen in ""Bill II: on His Own: The Bill Sackter Story". He played the lead in the first and last seasons of the series "Viper", and the short-lived series "Swift Justice", and has appeared on "As the World Turns" and "Sex and the City". Additionally, McCaffrey is known for playing deceased New York City firefighter Jimmy Keefe on "Rescue Me", as well as Ryan Huntley on "Revenge".


title: James McCaffrey (actor)

text: McCaffrey is known as the voice of Thomas Zane in the video game "Alan Wake" and the title character in the video games "Max Payne", "", and "Max Payne 3"; he appeared in a cameo role in the film adaptation of the video game, playing an FBI agent brought in to assist in the capture of Payne. He also starred as Father Thomas in the mystery thriller film "A Cry from Within".


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs is a home rule municipality that is the county seat of Garfield County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 9,963 at the 2020 United States Census. Glenwood Springs is located at the confluence of the Roaring Fork River and the Colorado River, threading together the Roaring Fork Valley and a series of smaller towns up and down the Colorado River.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs is a historic destination for vacationers with diverse natural amenities, most particularly the hot springs.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: For centuries the area that is now Glenwood Springs was populated by Indigenous people before the colonization of the Americas. The oral history of the Kapuuta and Mouache bands recall that Glenwood Springs is located within the "traditional "Nuuchiu tuvupu" (The People's Land) of the Subuagan and Parianuche bands." Fred Conetah's "History of the Northern Utes" states that the Yampa or White River bands used the area, which is now in the Ute ancestral jurisdiction. The Utes were nomadic hunter-gatherers who seasonally used the natural hot springs in the area. The U.S. government surveyed the land in the mid-19th century, although they had no claim on the land. An 1868 treaty negotiated by the Tabeguache Ute Chief Ouray preserved the hunting grounds in the area of present-day Glenwood Springs.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: For a short time in the 19th century, Glenwood Springs was known as "Defiance", a name sometimes still used by local teams or businesses. Defiance was established in 1883, as a camp of tents, saloons, and brothels with an increasing amount of cabins and lodging establishments. It was populated with gamblers, gunslingers, and prostitutes. Isaac Cooper was the founder of the town. His wife Sarah was having a hard time adjusting to the frontier life and, in an attempt to make her environment somewhat more comfortable, persuaded the founders to change the name to Glenwood Springs, Colorado, after her hometown of Glenwood, Iowa.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs, then a small encampment, was not the original county seat of Garfield County. Rather, a larger mining town that had been seeded with silver in order to attract miners on top of the Flat Tops mountains named Carbonate was the original county seat. Carbonate briefly had a post office, but the mail courier who won the contract to deliver mail to Carbonate found only one miner living there on his first delivery, which took 65 km horizontally and 1.5 km vertically. In the end, the courier paid the miner $100 in 1880s dollars to move out so that the post office could be closed and he would not have to make the journey again. Carbonate remained the county seat for only four months before Glenwood Springs was selected by voters as the new location.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: The location of Glenwood Springs, and its railroad stop, established a center of commerce in the area. The city has seen well-known visitors, including President Teddy Roosevelt, who spent a summer vacation living out of the historic Hotel Colorado. Doc Holliday, who was known for the O.K. Corral gunfight, spent the final months of his life in Glenwood Springs and is buried in the town's original Pioneer Cemetery above Bennett Avenue. Kid Curry is buried in the same location. The serial killer Ted Bundy was imprisoned in the Glenwood Springs jail until he escaped on the night of December 30, 1977, an escape which went undetected for 17 hours.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs was one of the first places in the United States to have electric lights. The original lighting was installed in 1897 inside of the Fairy Caves in Iron Mountain. Later, a dam was built in Glenwood Canyon, providing water for the Shoshone power plant. The plant began producing power on May 16, 1909, and retains the largest and oldest water rights to the Colorado River, the "Shoshone Call", which is valuable for the protection of Colorado River water rather than the minimal electricity produced.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: In 2015, the town was named the "Most Vibrant Small Town Arts Environment in the United States" by Southern Methodist University and the 5th Best Place to Live in America by "Outside" magazine. It was named the "Most Fun Town in America" by Rand McNally and "USA Today" in 2011.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs is located in the narrow mountain valleys that host the confluence of the Colorado River and the Roaring Fork River. The surrounding terrain is steeply contoured on all sides, containing several caves. The geology of the area includes geothermal activity, such as the local hot springs, but it is also evidenced through other features such as the Dotsero maar. Occasional proposals to leverage the geothermal energy for other purposes arise. Glenwood Springs has experienced several mudslides throughout its history, a threat mitigated somewhat by public works.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs is considered a walkable town by PBS and Walking Magazine, including in the Walking Town Hall of Fame. Though the town's geography makes it a natural environment for pedestrians and cyclists; there are also trails running throughout and around the city that resulted from planning efforts that began in the 1980s in response to congestion and traffic.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Due to civic planning during the early years of the city, Glenwood Springs owns some senior water rights to tributaries of the Colorado River. Glenwood Springs water supply is sufficient for its population, unlike some areas of the American West, conservation plans have been enacted anyway for largely environmental reasons. The town's drinking water is supplied primarily through senior rights to major watersheds in the Flat Tops Wilderness Area, and the tap water is generally of safe quality.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Mineral deposits exist further up the Crystal River and in the Roaring Fork area, and petroleum resources are ample in western Garfield County, which brings tax revenue to Glenwood Springs. However, the town itself lies outside of the Colorado Mineral Belt, and there are no mineral or oil and gas sources near Glenwood Springs proper or its watersheds. While the paucity of minerals and oil was disastrous for early miners hoping to strike it rich, modern Glenwood Springs has none of the typical Colorado mountain town legacy of resource extraction, generally good air quality, water, and land. however, Valley inversions and heavy traffic to Aspen can lead to air quality problems during exceptionally cold spells of winter.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs has a generally continental steppe climate, much more consistently stable than that of the Front Range and most of Colorado, though still decidedly continental and prone to periods of extreme weather. Microclimates dominate Glenwood Springs, with areas close to the rivers often much more damp and cool than hillsides.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Local food production has seen a revival in recent years. While not as consistently fecund as the extensive agricultural and viticultural areas at lower altitude such as Palisade, most types of fruit and vegetable grow well in the light and soil if well watered. Stonefruit such as cherries, peaches, and plums, pomaceous fruit such as apples and pears, and grapes are suited to the climate and terrain.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: In 1904, apples and peaches from the nearby town of Silt won first place at the St. Louis World's Fair, and strawberries did so well in Garfield County that Glenwood Springs first hosted the Strawberry Days Festival in 1898, which is Colorado's oldest festival and the oldest continuously held civic celebration west of the Mississippi River. A special 3 day celebration was held to commemorate the 125th Strawberry Days Festival in 2022. Nearby, Carbondale became known for its potatoes.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Nearby farms surrounding and in Glenwood Springs grow different fruit throughout the year. A ranch located in Glenwood Springs named Orchard Creek Ranch is best known for their sweet Red Delicious apples. Apart from their apples they also offer their community fresh pressed cider, vinegar, and apple chips.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 7,736 people, 3,216 households, and 1,926 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,353 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.42% White, 0.23% African American, 0.71% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 5.82% from other races, and 1.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.30% of the population. 13.9% were of German, 13.3% English, 12.9% Irish, 7.6% American and 7.0% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: There were 3,216 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.97.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: The median income for a household in the city was $43,934, and the median income for a family was $52,903. Males had a median income of $38,506 versus $29,272 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,449. About 3.5% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Despite being an expensive area in which to live, Glenwood Springs has the highest life expectancy in America for 40-year-olds making working wages.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs' economy has centered on hospitality for vacationers since its foundation, unlike many of Colorado's mountain towns, which were generally settled for mining or railroad purposes. While early railroad access and inclusion on main lines and proximity to Aspen catalyzed the city's growth, Glenwood Springs continued to attract visitors, and thus has not experienced the bust or quiet years most mountain towns endured.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Much of the tourism, particularly during the summer months, typically involves local outdoor sports or the amenities of the town. In the winter, the proximity of Glenwood Springs to multiple major ski resorts and its hot springs draw visitors. Autumn is scenic as the gambel oaks studding the hillsides change color, and spring brings a tide of violas and other flowers, particularly bulbs, from traditional daffodils to native sego lilies.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood does not primarily serve as a bedroom community. In 2020, it received stimulus money. Due to severe geographic constraints, if further population growth is to be accommodated, it must come primarily from multifamily infill development.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Bloomberg Business named Glenwood Springs the 7th wealthiest small town in America in 2015, due principally to the influence of Aspen. Glenwood Springs and Aspen share a micropolitan statistical area, and businesses often serve the entire Valley. Many small businesses start in the area due to the ambient wealth and a strong preference for local business, but they typically relocate to larger metropolitan areas after successful growth leads to needs for more affordable labor and physical resources.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Comcast provides cable modem access over coax to the entire city along with television and mobile service, while CenturyLink offers DSL service to all residents. In 2020, Glenwood Springs was locally installing 140 miles of fiber-optic networking to serve the city as a participating member of Project THOR, an initiative by the Northwest Colorado Council of Governments to bring networking to towns throughout northwest Colorado.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs hosts two of the campuses and the administrative offices of the Colorado Mountain College system. The town is the headquarters of the Roaring Fork RE-1 school district. In all, the city has 5 public K-12 schools: Glenwood Springs High School, Yampah Mountain High School (an alternative school not part of RE-1), Glenwood Springs Middle School, Glenwood Springs Elementary School, and Sopris Elementary School. St. Stephen's Catholic School, which was founded in 1982, is K-8.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Yampah High was a finalist for a $10M grant from XQ Super Schools, a philanthropic project run by Laurene Powell Jobs, the widow of Steve Jobs.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs' principal news source is the "Post Independent", a local daily newspaper created by the merger of the "Glenwood Post", with a history stretching back in various forms to 1889, and a newer competitor, the "Glenwood Independent". It has received numerous awards over the years, including the 2016 American Society of News Editors' Osborne Award for Editorial Leadership. The newspaper and many of its reporters have been recognized by the Colorado Associated Press for a variety of distinctions.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: KMTS provides local country radio along the Colorado River, and KSNO-FM serves the Roaring Fork Valley.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: The town is also served by local television KREG-TV, alongside K42EV-D, a repeater of Grand Junction ABC affiliate KJCT-LP and K32NO-D, a repeater of Rocky Mountain PBS.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Amtrak's "California Zephyr", operating daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville, California, serves Glenwood Springs, the second busiest station in Colorado, behind only Denver's Union Station. The first commercially successful dome cars were built for the "Zephyr" family, inspired by Glenwood Canyon.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Due to the scenery, timetables designed for maximum sunlight in Glenwood Canyon, the proximity of downtown, and local tourism, Glenwood Springs receives more passenger traffic than some major cities on the "Zephyr" line, including Lincoln, Omaha, Grand Junction, and Salt Lake City.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: The "Zephyr" takes a scenic route through the mountains between Denver and Glenwood Springs. Much of the route follows the Colorado River and is away from roads and major development.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Starting in August 2021, the Canada-based luxury rail excursion company Rocky Mountaineer has provided direct passenger rail service between Moab, Utah and Denver, Colorado (with an overnight stop in Glenwood Springs, Colorado) on its "Rockies to the Red Rocks" route. The route has received widespread critical acclaim.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: The local transportation authority is Roaring Fork Transportation Authority (RFTA, pronounced "rafta"). RFTA retains ownership of the land previously used for rail traffic to Aspen, a source of occasional consternation in balancing development needs. Proposals to introduce light rail to the valley remain unrealized but were not found economically feasible. VelociRFTA service described below currently serves that role, but RFTA remains committed to realizing the light-rail vision.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: RFTA provides bus transit in Glenwood Springs and throughout the Roaring Fork Valley. VelociRFTA(pronounced "Veloci-rafta", a pun on velociraptor) BRT service, the first rural BRT in the United States, began in September 2013, offering connections between south Glenwood Springs and Aspen roughly every 15 minutes with a 60-minute total travel time. Timetables vary by season, with different frequencies offered during spring, summer, autumn, and winter, to accommodate shifting seasonal demands.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: The city also operates an intracity bus service, Ride Glenwood. Ride Glenwood offers a main route from the west side of town along the 6&24 corridor, through downtown, to the south part of Glenwood along Hwy 82.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Bus service is provided twice daily by Bustang and runs from Glenwood Springs to both Grand Junction and Denver.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs lies along I-70 at exit 116 (main exit), about west of Denver and east of Grand Junction. I-70 is one of the main east–west routes through the Rocky Mountains. Colorado State Highway 82 leads southeast from Glenwood Springs up the Roaring Fork Valley to Carbondale and to Aspen.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs Airport (KGWS), a municipal airport, was built in the early 1940s. The airport was named the 4th most challenging mountain airport by the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA). The main reasons cited were the airport's mountainous location, the runway, and the unpredictable wind gusts, which caused a crash in 2007. In 2004 a Cessna crashed into an apartment near the airport due to engine problems. Visitors to Glenwood Springs more often depart and arrive from Aspen, Eagle, or Denver.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs is known for outdoor recreation, today joined by cultural facilities and the emergence of Glenwood Springs and the Roaring Fork Valley as a whole as a gastronomical destination for foodies. Activities include whitewater rafting, kayaking, caving, cycling, rock climbing, horseback riding, all-terrain vehicle (ATV) tours, off-road Hummer tours, Segway tours, tandem paragliding flights, fishing, and lodge stays in Glenwood Canyon.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: There are numerous hot springs in the area, including several facilities in town that range from to with varying mineral content. The hot springs were used by local indigenous people long before the colonization of the Americas, most recently by the Utes. The hot springs were used by Native Americans for the medicinal properties of the water. Before 1800, the area was considered to be of "sacred status" to the Ute people.<ref name="NPS/BLM"></ref>


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Yampah Hot Springs vapor caves are historic underground geothermal steam baths. They were historically used by the Ute people as a source of rejuvenation and healing. There have been tensions between the local Ute people in relation to the use of the caves. Today, the vapor caves consist of three connecting rock chambers. Cave temperatures average .


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Iron Mountain Hot Springs features smaller mineral water soaking pools. The underlying geothermal resources and land have been developed and closed several times.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Sunlight Ski Area operates a brick and mortar store for lift tickets, rentals, repairs, and equipment in downtown Glenwood. The ski resort itself lies south of town on County Road 117, also known as Four Mile Road. Sunlight Mountain Resort is well known to families due to a variety of terrain that leads to a single main base. It offers cross-country skiing in a "Nordic area", sharing the scenery and dense aspen trees that mark other, better-known resorts in the area. There are multiple very steep open grove runs for experts who enjoy tree skiing and powder, including the Heathen with comes in at a 52 degree pitch, one of the steepest runs in Colorado.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Two of the largest rivers in Colorado, the Colorado River and the Roaring Fork River, converge in Glenwood Springs. Both are used for recreation by locals, visitors and commercial outfitters. The waters of the Roaring Fork flowing through Glenwood Springs proper are "Gold Medal" fishing waters, formally so designated by Colorado Parks and Wildlife. There is a dedicated Glenwood Whitewater Park.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: While Carbondale, just upvalley, is already well known as a mountain biking destination, Glenwood Springs has its own plans to make the rugged terrain surrounding town available to riders. There are already many mountain bike trails in the Roaring Fork Valley, most requiring significant fitness and stamina for enjoyment due to the steep slopes and rocky outcroppings.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Glenwood Springs is home to a 9-hole golf course referred to by locals as "The Hill" and is within driving distance of mountain golf. Lakota Canyon in nearby New Castle received "Golf Magazine"'s "Best of America's New Courses" list. Ironbridge golf course is located south of Glenwood Springs and River Valley Ranch golf course is located in nearby Carbondale.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Two scenic trails host Glenwood Springs as one of the endpoints. The Glenwood Canyon Recreational Trail winds through Glenwood Canyon.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: The Rio Grande Trail runs roughly along the former local Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, reaching all the way to Aspen in a rails-to-trails project featured by the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy as the Trail of the Month in April 2016.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Principal attractions are the caverns and a number of imported thrill rides, including an alpine coaster, the Giant Canyon Swing, which spins riders out over the cliff-edge of Glenwood Canyon to reflect on the Colorado River some 1300 ft below, and the Cliffhanger, a roller coaster which is literally bolted to the mountain.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: The Glenwood Vaudeville Revue offers a dinner theater show performing comedy skits, dances, and songs. An old downtown movie theater was purchased and renovated into a dedicated performance venue. The revue has been in professional performance since 2009.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Hanging Lake is located in Glenwood Canyon about east of Glenwood Springs. The lake is reached via a trailhead located near I-70 in the bottom of the canyon. In the summer of 2010 the boardwalk at the lake was replaced. Due to environmental concerns, access to the trail to the lake is permissible only by a shuttle operating in partnership between the U.S. Forest Service and Glenwood Springs from downtown Glenwood Springs from the Community Center from May 1 to Oct. 31.


title: Glenwood Springs, Colorado

text: Hanging Lake and its immediate surroundings were spared during the Grizzly Creek Fire that scorched much of Glenwood Canyon in 2020, along with the trail leading up to it. In the summer of 2021, significant rain events on the burn scar caused rockslides and debris flows throughout the Glenwood Canyon. The Hanging Lake Trail was severely damaged and has been closed indefinitely while the City of Glenwood Springs and the Forest Service contemplate trail repairs.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Tourism is an important sector for Philippine economy. The travel and tourism industry contributed 5.2%% to the country's GDP in 2021; this was lower than the 12.7% recorded in 2019 prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The country is known for having its rich biodiversity as its main tourist attraction. Popular destinations among tourists include Boracay, Palawan, and Siargao. Despite potential, the Philippines has lagged in tourism industry behind some of its Southeast Asian neighbors due to political and social problems.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: As of 2019, 5.7 million Filipinos have been employed in the tourism sector. In 2015, the Philippine government collected P227.62 billion pesos from foreign tourists, almost 25% of which came from Boracay. The country attracted a total of 5,360,682 foreign visitors in 2015 through its successful tourism campaign of "It's More Fun in the Philippines". In 2019, foreign arrivals peaked at 8,260,913.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The country is also home to one of the New7Wonders of Nature, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, and one of the New7Wonders Cities, the Heritage City of Vigan. It is also home to six UNESCO world heritage sites scattered in nine different locations, three UNESCO biosphere reserves, three UNESCO intangible cultural heritage, four UNESCO memory of the world documentary heritage, one UNESCO creative city, two UNESCO world heritage cities, seven Ramsar wetland sites, and eight ASEAN Heritage Parks.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: In 2011, the Department of Tourism (DOT) recorded 3.9 million tourists visiting the country, 11.2 percent higher than the 3.5 million registered in 2010. Tourist arrivals jumped to 4.27 million in 2012, after the DOT launched a widely publicized tourism marketing campaign entitled "It's More Fun In the Philippines".


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The 2017 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum ranked the Philippines 79th out of 136 countries overall. The country's best-rated features were price competitiveness (22nd) and natural resources (37th).


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The tourism industry employed 3.8 million Filipinos, or 10.2 per cent of national employment, in 2011, according to data gathered by the National Statistical Coordination Board.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The official heritage properties of the Philippines are listed under the National Government's Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP), "Pinagmulan: Enumeration from the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage", and the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS). Properties registered among those lists are heralded as possible nominations to the UNESCO World Heritage List, where at least 16 declarations containing 19 properties have been recognized by UNESCO through its 4 different lists (UNESCO World Heritage List, UNESCO Memory of the World Register, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Registry).


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Tourism in the Philippines traces its origins during the ancient times when the first set of people chose to migrate through land bridges, followed by the other sets of migrations from the Malayan archipelago in the south and Taiwan in the north. Trade also became part of the tourism as Arabs, Indians, Japanese, Chinese, Malays, and other ethnic groups in mainland Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and Ryukyu traded goods with the natives. When the islands became part of the territory of Spain, an influx of Spanish people migrated into the country, though still few compared to the Spanish migrations in South America as the Philippines was farther from Spain.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The tourism industry first truly flourished during the late 19th to early 20th century due to the influx of immigrants from Europe and the United States. It was listed as one of the best countries to visit in Asia aside from Hong Kong and Japan, earning the nickname "Pearl of the Orient Seas". The tourism declined during and after the World War II, leaving the country with a completely devastated economy, and a landscape filled with destroyed heritage towns. The second wave of tourist influx flourished in the 1950s but declined drastically during the dictatorship era. After the People Power Revolution, the tourism industry continued to decline due to the domino effect caused by the Marcos dictatorship. The industry only managed to cope in 1991 and 1992, where 1.2 million tourists visited the Philippines. It afterwards waned again after a decade due to corrupt practices in government.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The tourism industry flourished again at the early part of the 2010s under the ""It's More Fun in the Philippines"" slogan, which was regarded as an international success. The country saw an influx of foreign tourists, with the aid of social media and the creative tagline. Tourism reached its peak in 2015 with 5,360,682 foreign tourists arrivals recorded. The industry continued to grow in 2017, but the growth rate from Western tourists drastically decreased due to the drug war and the declaration of martial law in Mindanao. Nonetheless, the growth continued due to an influx of Asian and Russian tourists.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: 8,260,913 international visitors arrived from January to December 2019, up by 15.24% for the same period in 2018. of these came from East Asia, came from North America, and came from other ASEAN countries.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The tourism industry was severely affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, when tourist arrivals dropped to only 1.48 million in 2020 due to government pandemic-related lockdowns to control the spread of the virus, and when Super Typhoon Odette ravaged tourism-dependent remote islands, including Siargao, in central and southern Philippines in December 2021. The country was reopened to international tourists starting February 10, 2022, after nearly two years of border closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Under the National Tourism Development Plan (NDTP), the Duterte administration set aside $23 billion to develop tourist infrastructure that was "not only sustainable and highly competitive in the region, but also socially responsible to propel inclusive growth". In 2018, the Department of Tourism recorded 7.1 million foreign tourists to the Philippines that year, despite the closure of popular destination Boracay for cleanup. A total of 8.26 million international tourists visited the country throughout 2019, breaking the department's record and exceeding the NDTP target.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: In January 2021, the Department of Public Works and Highways reported 120 billion was allocated from 2016 to 2021 for the construction and improvement of of roads leading to tourist destinations, of which were completed. Following a decline in tourism due to a COVID-19 border closure of two years, the administration reopened the Philippines to international tourists and stopped requiring RT-PCR tests of fully-vaccinated passengers upon arrival.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The island of Luzon is considered the political and economic center of the Philippines. The economy of Luzon is centered in Metro Manila, the national capital region. Manila was ranked 11th most attractive city for American shoppers out of 25 Asia Pacific cities by a Global Blue survey in 2012. Shopping malls can be found around the metropolis, especially in the business and financial districts of Makati, Ortigas and Bonifacio Global City.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The most popular destinations in the Visayas are Cebu and Boracay known for their white sand beaches and has been favorite island destinations for local and foreign visitors. In 2012, Boracay received the "best island" award from the international travel magazine "Travel + Leisure". Boracay is also a popular destination for relaxation, tranquility and an exciting nightlife. In 2018, three Philippine islands, Siargao Island, Boracay, and Palawan, were listed on Condé Nast Traveler's list of Asia's best islands. The three islands were ranked first, second, and third, respectively.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Mindanao, the southernmost island of the Philippines, is home to the country's highest mountain, Mount Apo. The mountain has become a popular hiking destination for mountain climbers. On average, it takes two days to reach the summit. The mountain has a wide range of flora and fauna, including over 272 bird species, 111 of which are endemic to the area, including the national bird, the Philippine eagle.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The Philippines has six UNESCO World Heritage Sites scattered in nine different locations: Vigan, Baroque Churches of the Philippines (comprising Santa Maria Church, Paoay Church, San Agustin Church, Miagao Church), Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras which includes five different rice terrace clusters, Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, and Mount Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: There country has one UNESCO World Heritage City, Vigan, and one UNESCO Creative City, (Baguio). There are three UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (Palawan Biosphere Reserve, Albay Biosphere Reserve, and Puerto Galera Biosphere Reserve), and eight ASEAN Heritage Parks (Mount Apo National Park, Mounts Iglit–Baco National Park, Mount Kitanglad National Park, Mount Makiling National Park, Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Mount Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary, and Timpoong-Hibok-Hibok National Park).


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The Philippines possesses numerous significant movable tangible heritage, both in cultural and natural terms. Many are declared as national treasures and are highly protected by the law. The country has four documentary heritage inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, namely, the José Maceda Collection, Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buhid, Tagbanua, and Pala’wan), Presidential Papers of Manuel L. Quezon, and Radio Broadcast of the Philippine People Power Revolution. Many of the cultural objects of the country are housed in government and private museums and libraries throughout the archipelago, such as the National Museum of the Philippines and the National Library of the Philippines. Aside from movable heritage under Philippine possession, there are also Philippine-originated artifacts and art pieces that have been looted or bought by foreigners and are now housed by other countries. Such pieces include the Golden Tara, the two existing copies of Doctrina Cristiana, the Boxer Codex, and many others.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The country currently possesses at least three UNESCO intangible cultural heritage elements, one of which, the "Hudhud Epic Chants of the Ifugao", was declared by UNESCO as one of the eleven great traditions of humanity. The other two elements inscribed by UNESCO are the "Darangen Chant of the Maranao people of Lake Lanao" and the "Punnuk tug-of-war Game of the Ifugao". Education concerning Philippine mythology is also a notable intangible heritage of the country.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Filipino cuisine is the polymerization of 144 distinct cuisines in the Philippines, coming from separate ethno-linguistic groups. The style of cooking and the food associated with it have evolved over many centuries from their Austronesian origins (shared with Malaysian and Indonesian cuisines) to a mixed cuisine of Indian, Chinese, Spanish, and American influences, in line with the major waves of influence that had enriched the cultures of the archipelago, as well as others adapted to indigenous ingredients and the local palate. Well-known Filipino food include adobo, sinigang, kare-kare, pinakbet, lumpia, pancit, lechon, sisig, halo-halo, pandesal, puto, chicharrón, bibingka, dinengdeng, suman, and balut. Adobo and ube are the most internationally known.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Various beaches in the Philippines have landed in multiple magazine rankings. Among the most popular beach and diving choices in the country include Boracay, El Nido, Coron, Cebu, and Siargao. In 2018, Canadian-based travel agency Flight Network listed Hidden Beach in Palawan (No. 1) as the best beach in all of Asia. The beach was also cited by Travel+Leisure as among the 13 places to see the bluest water in the world. Other beaches ranked from the Philippines were Guyam White Sand Beach in Siargao (No. 13), Palaui Beach in Cagayan Valley (No. 22), Caramoan Island Beach in Camarines Sur (No. 29), Dahican Beach in Mati, Davao Oriental (No. 41), Gumasa Beach in Sarangani (No. 45), Alona Beach in Panglao, Bohol (No. 46), Kalanggaman Island in Cebu (No. 49), and Paliton Beach in Siquijor (No. 50).


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Among the most famous hiking areas in the country are Mount Apo, Mount Pinatubo, Mount Halcon, Mount Banahaw, Mount Makiling, and Mount Pulag. Online magazine, Culture Trip, cited Mount Batulao in Batangas, Masungi Georeserve in Rizal, Tarak Ridge in Bataan, Mount Daraitan and Maynoba in Rizal, Kibungan Circuit in Benguet, and Mount Pulag in Nueva Vizcaya for having the most spectacular hiking trails in the country in 2017.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Due to the diverse number of flora and fauna of the country, researchers from around the world have flocked various biodiversity sites in Philippine environmental corridors. Among the big draws for environmental researchers include Mount Mantalingajan, Sibuyan Island, Dinagat Islands, Mount Hamiguitan, Central Panay Mountain Range, Verde Island Passage, Tubbataha Reef, Mount Malindang, Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, and Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi. Local and foreign archaeologists and anthropologists have also flocked the country's archaeological sites, such as Cagayan Valley, Butuan, Tabon Cave, Callao Cave, Banton, Ifugao, Cebu, Lanao del Sur, and many others.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Common nationals that seek graduate degrees or reviewer sessions in the Philippines usually come from India, South Korea, and Palau. Language schools with English language programs are also popular among Asian foreigners from South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Japan. Government-approved institutions that teach Philippine mythology and suyat scripts, such as baybayin, have also become popular among locals and foreigners.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Arts and crafts tourism in the Philippines has recently expanded following several attempts to establish a cultural renaissance. The country was conferred its first UNESCO Creative City through Baguio in 2016. Other arts and crafts centers are in Manila, Quezon City, San Fernando City, Iloilo City, Angono, Santiago, Cebu City, Basey, Davao City, Lake Sebu, Angeles City, Vigan, Basco, Zamboanga City, Marawi, Tugaya, Cotabato City, Sariaya, Tagbilaran, and Dumaguete.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The Philippines is the Catholic pilgrimage capital of Asia, possessing hundreds of olden churches, most of which were established between the 15th to 19th centuries through the earthquake baroque architecture. Historic mosques, temples, and indigenous places of worship such as dambanas are also present throughout the country. Popular pilgrimage sites in the country include Paoay Church, Quiapo Church, Manaoag Church, Taal Basilica, and Naga Cathedral.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The country has thousands of festivals, most of which are annual spectacles. Each of the festivals, locally known as "fiesta", have different traditions at play, and may be religious or secular in nature. Among the most popular include the Ati-Atihan Festival of Aklan, Sinulog Festival of Cebu, the Dinagyang Festival of Iloilo, the Panagbenga Festival of Baguio, the Moriones Festival of Marinduque, and the MassKara Festival of Bacolod.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The Philippines is home to numerous heritage towns and cities, many of which have been intentionally destroyed by the Japanese through fire tactics in World War II and the Americans through bombings during the same war. After the war, the government of the Empire of Japan withheld from giving funds to the Philippines for the restoration of the heritage towns they destroyed, effectively destroying any chances of restoration since the pre-war Philippines' economy was devastated and had limited monetary supply. On the other hand, the United States gave minimal funding for only two of the hundreds of cities they destroyed, namely, Manila and Baguio. Today, only the centres (poblacion or downtown areas) of Filipino heritage towns and cities remain in most of the expansive heritage cities and towns in the country. Yet, some heritage cities in their former glory prior to the war still exist, such as the UNESCO city of Vigan which was the only heritage town saved from American bombing and Japanese fire and kamikaze tactics. The country currently lacks a city/town-singular architectural style law. Due to this, unaesthetic cement or shanty structures have taken over heritage buildings annually, destroying many former heritage townscapes. Some heritage buildings have been demolished or sold to corporations, and have been replaced by commercial structures such as shopping centers, condominium units, or newly-furnished modern-style buildings, completely destroying the old aesthetics of many former heritage towns and cities. Only the heritage city of Vigan has a town law that guarantees its singular architecture (the Vigan colonial style) shall always be used in constructions and reconstructions. While Silay, Iloilo City, and San Fernando de Pampanga have ordinances giving certain tax exemptions to owners of heritage houses. In 2010, the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act passed into law, effectively giving protection to all cultural heritage properties of the Philippines. However, despite its passage, many ancestral home owners continue to approve the demolition of ancestral structures.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The visa policy of the Philippines is governed by Commonwealth Act No. 613, also known as the Philippine Immigration Act, and by subsequent legislation amending it. The Act is jointly enforced by the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) and the Bureau of Immigration (BI).


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Most foreign nationals are visa-free for 14 days, 30 days, or 59 days. Of more than 200 countries and territories, 39 need visas to enter the Philippines.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Nationals from countries who are travelling to the Philippines for business and tourism purposes are allowed to enter the Philippines obtaining visa on arrival for a stay not exceeding 30 days, provided they hold valid tickets for their return journey to port of origin or next port of destination. However, immigration officers at ports of entry may exercise their discretion to admit holders of passports valid for at least sixty days beyond the intended period of stay.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Upon arriving, visitors are allowed to bring in duty-free personal belongings, two cartons of cigarettes or two tins of pipe tobacco and up to one liter of alcohol. Exceeding this is illegal. Balikbayans have separate rules and should check with the embassy or consulate in their home city.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: It is illegal for any incoming or outgoing passenger to bring in or out Philippine pesos in excess of P10,000.00 without prior authority from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Any violation of this rule may lead to its seizure and civil penalties and / or criminal prosecution.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The transportation of foreign currency or monetary instruments is legal. However, the carrying of foreign currency in excess of US$10,000.00 or its equivalent in other foreign currencies must be declared to a Customs Officer or the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Violation of this rule may lead to seizure and sanctions, fines and / or penalties.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Currently, there are 16 airports classified by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines as "International Airports". There are also hundreds of principal domestic airports and community airports throughout the country. The international airports include:


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: The country traditionally used sea vehicles since pre-colonial times. The archipelagic country has four areas of ports concentration, as administered by the Philippine Ports Authority. These areas are the South China Sea ports area, Philippine Sea ports area, Celebes Sea ports area, and Inland Seas ports area. Each area has hundreds of ports serving local and international ships and other sea vehicles.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Every town and city in the Philippines has at least one tourism office. The country has also established numerous tourism offices in various foreign countries. The international tourism offices include:


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Embassies and consulates of the Philippines throughout the world also serve as "de facto" international tourism offices.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Terrorism may pose the greatest threat to tourists' safety in the Philippines, notably in the southern regions bordering Malaysia. The far-southern region is widely known as a no-go zone for foreign visitors. Areas surrounding Marawi and other parts of the island are considered unsafe due to violent activities of rebel groups which include the Maute Group and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Certain militant Islamist groups such as Abu Sayyaf and Jema'ah Islamiyah are particularly dangerous, since they are responsible for the majority of recent attacks, which have included bombings, piracies, kidnappings and killings of foreign nationals if their government failed to pay the demanded ransom. The New People's Army of the Communist Party of the Philippines has been listed as a rebel or terrorist group by the Philippines and the United States.


title: Tourism in the Philippines

text: Other threats include cultural heritage destruction due to damage, demolition, or looting of heritage structures, and urbanization of younger generations away from indigenous traditions, causing various rituals and practices to fade away. Threats to natural heritage include mining, severe population growth, urbanization, introduction of invasive species, deforestation, water pollution, air pollution, climate change, irresponsible tourists, and a lack of initiative in proper waste disposal among poor brackets in society.


title: 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war

text: On 8 March 2020, Saudi Arabia initiated a price war on oil with Russia, facilitating a 65% quarterly fall in the price of oil. In the first few weeks of March, US oil prices fell by 34%, crude oil fell by 26%, and Brent oil fell by 24%. The price war was triggered by a break-up in dialogue between the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Russia over proposed oil-production cuts in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Russia walked out of the agreement, leading to the fall of the OPEC+ alliance. Oil prices had already fallen 30% since the start of the year due to a drop in demand. The price war is one of the major causes and effects of the ensuing global stock-market crash.