title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: From the 1840s, Adams became one of the finest historical editors of his era. He developed his expertise in part because of the example of his father, who in 1829 had turned from politics (after his defeated bid for a second presidential term in 1828) to history and biography. John Quincy Adams began a biography of his father, John Adams, but wrote only a few chapters before resuming his political career in 1830 with his election to the U.S. House of Representatives.


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: The younger Adams, fresh from his edition of the letters of his grandmother Abigail Adams, "Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams" (1840), took up the project that his father had left uncompleted and between 1850 and 1856, turned out not just the two volumes of the biography but eight further volumes presenting editions of John Adams's "Diary and Autobiography", his major political writings, and a selection of letters and speeches. The edition, titled "The Works of John Adams, Esq., Second President of the United States", was the only edition of John Adams's writings until the family donated the cache of Adams papers to the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1854 and authorized the creation of the Adams Papers project; the modern project had published accurate scholarly editions of John Adams's diary and autobiography, several volumes of Adams family correspondence, two volumes on the portraits of John and Abigail Adams and John Quincy and Louisa Catherine Adams, and the early years of the diary of Charles Francis Adams, who published a revised edition of the biography in 1871. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1857.


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: As a Republican, Adams was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1858, where he chaired the Committee on Manufactures. He was re-elected in 1860, but resigned to become U.S. minister (ambassador) to the Court of St James's (Britain), a post previously held by his father and grandfather, from 1861 to 1868. Powerful Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner had wanted the position and so became alienated from Adams. Britain had already recognized Confederate belligerency, but Adams was instrumental in maintaining British neutrality and preventing British diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy during the American Civil War.


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: Part of his duties included corresponding with British civilians, including Karl Marx and the International Workingmen's Association. Adams and his son, Henry Adams, who served as his private secretary, also were kept busy monitoring Confederate diplomatic intrigues and the construction of rebel commerce raiders by British shipyards (like "hull N°290", launched as "Enrica" from Liverpool but was soon transformed near the Azores Islands into sloop-of-war CSS "Alabama").


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: His main success as a diplomat was in keeping Britain neutral. He helped resolve the Trent Affair in 1861, in which an American naval officer had violated British rights. With the Union blockade of Confederate ports growing increasingly successful, little cotton now reached Europe except through Union channels. A strong element in Britain, including Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, wanted to intervene to help the Confederacy. Adams warned doing so would mean war with the United States, as well as the cutting off American food exports, which constituted about a fourth of the British food supply. The American Navy, increasingly strong, would try to sink British shipping.


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: The British government pulled back from talk of war when the Confederate invasion of the North was defeated at Antietam, and Lincoln announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Adams and his staff collected details on the shipbuilding issue, showing how warships built for the Confederacy caused widespread damage to the American merchant marine. The evidence became the basis of the postwar Alabama Claims. The claims went to arbitration, with Adams in charge of the American side. The British in 1872 agreed to pay $15 million in damages.


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: In 1844, while traveling with his cousin Josiah Quincy, Charles Francis Adams met Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints, in Nauvoo, Illinois, and received a copy of the Book of Mormon which had previously belonged to Smith's first wife, Emma Smith. The book is now in the archive collections of Adams National Historical Park. At the visit, Smith showed Adams and Quincy four Egyptian mummies and ancient papyri. Adams was not impressed by Smith, and wrote in his diary entry that day, "Such a man is a study not for himself, but as serving to show what turns the human mind will sometimes take. And herafter if I should live, I may compare the results of this delusion with the condition in which I saw it and its mountebank apostle."


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: Back in Boston, Adams declined the presidency of Harvard University, but became one of its overseers in 1869. In 1870 he built the first presidential library in the United States to honor his father John Quincy Adams. The Stone Library includes over 14,000 books written in twelve languages. The library is at Peacefield (also known as the "Old House") which is now part of Adams National Historical Park in Quincy, Massachusetts.


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: During the 1876 electoral college controversy, Adams sided with Democrat Samuel J. Tilden over Republican Rutherford B. Hayes for the White House.


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: On September 3, 1829, he married Abigail Brown Brooks (1808–1889), whose father was shipping magnate Peter Chardon Brooks (1767–1849). She had two sisters, Charlotte, who was married to Edward Everett, a Massachusetts politician, and Ann, who was married to Nathaniel Frothingham, a Unitarian minister. Together, they were the parents of:


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: Adams died in Boston on November 21, 1886, and was interred in Mount Wollaston Cemetery, Quincy. He was the last surviving child of John Quincy Adams.


title: Charles Francis Adams Sr.

text: His wife Abigail's "health and spirits" worsened after her husband's death, and she died at Peacefield on June 6, 1889.


title: Oviraptor

text: Oviraptor (; ) is a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. The first remains were collected from the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia in 1923 during a paleontological expedition led by Roy Chapman Andrews, and in the following year the genus and type species Oviraptor philoceratops were named by Henry Fairfield Osborn. The genus name refers to the initial thought of egg-stealing habits, and the specific name was intended to reinforce this view indicating a preference over ceratopsian eggs. Despite the fact that numerous specimens have been referred to the genus, "Oviraptor" is only known from a single partial skeleton regarded as the holotype, as well as a nest of about fifteen eggs and several small fragments from a juvenile.


title: Oviraptor

text: "Oviraptor" was a rather small feathered oviraptorid, estimated at long with a weight between . It had a wide lower jaw with a skull that likely had a crest. Both upper and lower jaws were toothless and developed a horny beak, which was used during feeding along the robust morphology of the lower jaws. The arms were well-developed and elongated ending in three fingers with curved claws. Like other oviraptorids, "Oviraptor" had long hindlimbs that had four-toed feet, with the first toe reduced. The tail was likely not very elongated, and ended in a pygostyle that supported large feathers.


title: Oviraptor

text: The initial relationships of "Oviraptor" were poorly understood at the time and was assigned to the unrelated Ornithomimidae by the original describer, Henry Osborn. However, re-examinations made by Rinchen Barsbold proved that "Oviraptor" was distinct enough to warrant a separate family, the Oviraptoridae. When first described, "Oviraptor" was interpreted as an egg-thief, egg-eating dinosaur given the close association of the holotype with a dinosaur nest. However, findings of numerous oviraptorosaurs in nesting poses have demonstrated that this specimen was actually brooding the nest and not stealing nor feeding on the eggs. Moreover, the discovery of remains of a small juvenile or nestling have been reported in association with the holotype specimen, further supporting parental care.


title: Oviraptor

text: The first remains of "Oviraptor" were discovered on reddish sandstones of the Late Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia, at the Bayn Dzak locality (also known as Flaming Cliffs), during a paleontological expedition in 1923. This expedition was led by the North American naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews and ended in the discovery of three new-to-science theropod fossil remains—including those of "Oviraptor". These were formally described by the North American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1924, who in the basis of the new material, named the genera "Oviraptor", "Saurornithoides" and "Velociraptor". The particular genus "Oviraptor" was erected with the type species "O. philoceratops" based on the holotype AMNH 6517, a partial individual lacking the back of the skeleton but including a badly crushed skull, partial cervical and dorsal vertebrae, pectoral elements including the furcula with the left arm and partial hands, the left ilium and some ribs. Accordingly, this specimen was found lying over a nest of approximately 15 eggs—a nest that has been catalogued as AMNH 6508—with the skull separated from the eggs by only of sediment. Given the close proximity of both specimens, Osborn interpreted "Oviraptor" as a dinosaur with egg-eating habits, and explained that the generic name, "Oviraptor", is Latin for "egg seizer" or "egg thief", due to the association of the fossils. The specific name, "philoceratops", is intended as "fondness for ceratopsian eggs" which is also given as a result of the initial thought of the nest pertaining to "Protoceratops" or another ceratopsian. However, Osborn suggested that the name "Oviraptor" could reflect an incorrect perception of this dinosaur. Furthermore, Osborn found "Oviraptor" to be similar to the unrelated—at the time, however, considered related—fast-running ornithomimids based on the toothless jaws, and assigned "Oviraptor" to the Ornithomimidae. Osborn had previously reported the taxon as ""Fenestrosaurus philoceratops"", but this was later discredited.


title: Oviraptor

text: In 1976, the Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold noted some inconsistencies regarding the taxonomic placement of "Oviraptor" and concluded that this taxon was quite distinct from ornithomimids based on anatomical traits. Under this consideration, he erected the Oviraptoridae to contain "Oviraptor" and close relatives. After Osborn's initial description of "Oviraptor", the egg nest associated with the holotype was accepted to have belonged to "Protoceratops", and oviraptorids were largely considered to have been egg-eating theropods. Nevertheless, in the 1990s, the discovery of numerous nesting and nestling oviraptorid specimens proved that Osborn was correct in his caution regarding the name of "Oviraptor". These findings showed that oviraptorids brooded and protected their nests by crouching on them. This new line of evidence showed that the nest associated with the holotype of "Oviraptor" belonged to it and the specimen was actually brooding the eggs at the time of death, not preying on them.


title: Oviraptor

text: After the naming of Oviraptoridae in 1976, Barsbold referred six additional specimens to "Oviraptor", including two particular specimens under the number MPC-D 100/20 and 100/21. In 1986, Barsbold realized that the latter two did not belong to the genus and instead they represented a new oviraptorid: "Conchoraptor". Most of the other specimens are also unlikely to belong to "Oviraptor" itself, and they have been assigned to other oviraptorids. A partial individual also with eggs from the Bayan Mandahu Formation of Mongolia was referred in 1996 by Dong Zhiming and Philip J. Currie, the specimen IVPP V9608. However, in 2010 Nicholas R. Longrich and the two latter paleontologist have expressed their uncertainties regarding this referral as there are several anatomical differences such as the hand phalangeal proportions. They concluded that this specimen was a different and indeterminate species not referrable to this taxon. In 1981, Barsbold referred the specimen MPC-D 100/42 to "Oviraptor", a very well-preserved and rather complete individual from the Djadokhta Formation. Since the known elements of "Oviraptor" were so fragmentary compared to other members, MPC-D 100/42 became the prime reference/depiction of this taxon being prominently labelled as "Oviraptor philoceratops" in scientific literature.


title: Oviraptor

text: This conception was refuted by James M. Clark and colleagues in 2002, who noted that this tall-crested specimen has more features of the skull in common with "Citipati" than it does with "Oviraptor"—which in fact, does not preserve a crest—and it may represent a second species of the former, or, an entire new genus. In 1986, Barsbold described a second species of "Oviraptor", ""O. mongoliensis"", based on specimen MPC-D 100/32a which hails from the Nemegt Formation. However, a re-examination by Barsbold in 1997 found enough differences in this specimen to name the new genus "Rinchenia", but he did not describe it with formality and this new oviraptorid remained as a "nomen dubium". This was amended by the Polish paleontologist Halszka Osmólska and team in 2004 by formally naming the taxon "Rinchenia mongoliensis". The North American paleontologist Mark A. Norell and colleagues in 2018 reported a new specimen of "Oviraptor": AMNH 33092, which is composed of a tibia and two metatarsals of a nestling or very small juvenile. AMNH 33092 was found in association with the holotype and it was likely part of the nest. "Oviraptor" is now known from the holotype with associated eggs, and a juvenile/nestling.


title: Oviraptor

text: The holotype specimen has been estimated at in length with a weight ranging from . Though the holotype largely lacks the posterior region of the skeleton, it is likely that "Oviraptor" had two well-developed hindlimbs that ended in three functional toes with the first one being vestigial, as well as a relatively reduced tail. As evidenced in related oviraptorids, the arms were covered by elongated feathers, and the tail ended in a pygostyle, which is known to support a fan of feathers.


title: Oviraptor

text: The skull of "Oviraptor" was deep and shortened with large fenestrae (openings) compared to other dinosaurs, and measures about long as preserved. The actual length may actually be longer though, given that the holotype skull lacks several regions such as the premaxilla. The holotype skull lacks a crest in almost its entirety, however, the top surfaces of the fused parietal and frontal bones indicate that it likely had a well-developed crest, supported by the nasal and premaxilla bones (mainly the latter) of the rostrum. "Oviraptor" had an elongated maxilla and dentary, which may result into a more extended snout compared to the highly stocky jaws of other oviraptorids. The palate is rigid, extended below the jaw line and formed by the premaxillae, vomers, and maxillae. As in other oviraptorids, it may have had a pair of tooth-like projections on the palate that were directed downwards. As in other oviraptorids, the nares (external nostrils) would have been relatively small and placed high on the skull. "Oviraptor" had toothless jaws that ended in a robust, parrot-like rhamphotheca (horny beak). The curvature of the dentary tip was down-turned but less pronounced than other oviraptorids, such as "Citipati". As a whole, the lower jaw is a short and deep bone that covers .


title: Oviraptor

text: As in most oviraptords, the neural spines of the holotype cervical vertebrae were short, and the neural arches were X-shaped. However the spines become more pronounced in posterior vertebrae. The zygapophyses of the first cervical vertebrae are configured parallel to each other, and the postzygapophyses appear to not diverge significantly from the midline, mostly similar to "Citipati". The cervical ribs are fused to the vertebrae in the holotype. The neural spines are rectangular in the anterior series of the dorsal vertebrae when seen in a lateral view and larger than the spines of the cervicals. On the anteriormost dorsal vertebra several pleurocoels (small air-spaced holes) can be found, which are similar to those of "Khaan".


title: Oviraptor

text: The furcula of "Oviraptor" is very distinct from other oviraptorids in having a midline keel on the anterior surface of the hypocleidium−a downwards directed projection at the center of the furcula. This bone is V-shaped, rounded in cross-section, preserves an elongate spike-like hypocleidium, and the interclavicular angle is about 90°. The scapulocoracoid is fused in the holotype, however, the coracoid is badly damaged. The scapula is slightly bowed and measures in length. "Oviraptor" had a relatively elongated arm composed of the humerus, radius, ulna, and manus. The phalangeal formula of "Oviraptor" was 2-3-4, as seen in most other theropods and oviraptorids. The hand of "Oviraptor" had three skinny and bird-like fingers with each finger ended in side to side flattened and recurved unguals (claw bone). Unlike some oviraptorids, "Oviraptor" did not suffer a reduction of the second and third finger relative to the first one.


title: Oviraptor

text: The regarded juvenile "Oviraptor" AMNH 33092 preserves hindlimb material, comprising a right tibia with metatarsals III and IV. Its tibia is long, indicating a substantially smaller individual than the holotype. The nest AMNH 6508 preserves elongatoolithid eggs, with each egg being long (some are incomplete). Nevertheless, there is the possibility that taphonomical crushing may have compressed them by up to .


title: Oviraptor

text: "Oviraptor" was originally allied with the ornithomimids by Osborn due to its toothless beak. Osborn also found similarities with "Chirostenotes", which is still considered a close relative of "Oviraptor". In 1976, Barsbold erected a new family to contain "Oviraptor" and its close kin, making "Oviraptor" the type genus of the Oviraptoridae. During the redescription of the holotype skull in 2002 by Clark and colleagues, they noted that "Oviraptor" had a relatively elongated maxilla and dentary. These traits are less pronounced in derived oviraptorids and suggests that "Oviraptor" belongs to the near base of the Oviraptoridae.


title: Oviraptor

text: When first described in 1924 by Osborn, "Oviraptor" was originally presumed to have been ovivarous—an organism that has an egg-based diet—life-style, based on the association of the holotype with a nest thought to belong to "Protoceratops". In 1977, Barsbold proposed a crushing jaw hypothesis. He argued that the strength of the robust lower jaws and likely rhamphotheca (horny beak) was strong enough to break the shells of mollusks such as clams, which are found in the same geological formation as "Oviraptor". These bones form part of the main upper jaw bone or maxilla, which converge in the middle to form a pair of prongs. The rhamphotheca and lower jaws together with the extension of several bones from the palate, would have made a piercing tool. Barsbold also suggested that oviraptorids could have had a semiaquatic life-style based on the mollusk-based diet, the high location of nasal cavities, an augmented musculature of the tail, and the greater size of the first manual digit. In a 1990 conference abstract, David K. Smith presented an osteological reevaluation of "Oviraptor" where he rejected the statements made by Barsbold. He found no evidence indicating a forelimb specialized in aquatic locomotion, and the jaws, rather than preserve a crushing mechanism, preserve shearing surfaces. As the skull is toothless, lightly built and lacks several strong muscle insertion areas, Smith suggested that leaves may have been an important part in the diet of "Oviraptor". However, in 1995, Norell and colleagues reported the fragmented remains of a lizard in the body cavity of the holotype specimen, suggesting that "Oviraptor" was partially carnivorous.


title: Oviraptor

text: In 2008, Stig Olav K. Jansen compared the skull of several oviraptorid species to those of birds and turtles to investigate which properties can predict a rhamphotheca. He found the lower jaws of oviraptorids to be very similar to those of parrots, and the upper jaws to be more similar to those of turtles. Based on these observations, Jansen suggested that oviraptorids were omnivorous as the sharply-developed rhamphotheca together with the prominent forelimbs would have been adapted to catch and tear small prey. Moreover, the pointed projections of the palate would have contributed in holding prey. Jansen pointed out that a fully herbivorous diet in oviraptorids seems unlikely as they lacked flat and wide tomia (cutting edges of the mandibles) to chew, and were unable to move the lower jaws sideways. However, he considered the lower jaws strong enough to have at least crushed elements like eggs, nuts or other hard seeds.


title: Oviraptor

text: Longrich and colleagues in 2010 also rejected a durophagous (animals that practise shell-crushing) hypothesis, given that such animals typically develop teeth with broad crushing surfaces. The pointed shape of the dentary bones in the lower jaws suggests that oviraptorids had a sharp-edged rhamphotheca used for shearing food instead. The symphyseal (bone union) region at the front of the dentary may have given some ability for crushing, but as this was a relatively small area, it was probably not the main function of the jaws. Another argument against them having been eaters of mollusks is the fact that most oviraptorids have been found in sediments that are interpreted to represent mostly arid or semi-arid environments, such as "Oviraptor" in the Djadokhta Formation. The team also found that oviraptorids and dicynodonts share cranial features such as short, deep, and toothless mandibles; elongated dentary symphyses; elongated mandibular openings; and a pointed palate. Modern animals with jaws that resemble those of oviraptorids include parrots and tortoises; the latter group also has tooth-like projections on the palatal region. Longrich and colleagues concluded that due to the similarities between oviraptorids and herbivorous animals, the bulk of their diet would most likely have been formed by plant material. The jaws of oviraptorids may have been specialised for processing food, such as xerophytic vegetation−a vegetation that is adapted for environments with little water—that would have grown in their arid environments, but this is not possible to demonstrate, as little is known about the paleoflora of the Gobi Desert.


title: Oviraptor

text: In 2018 however, Funston and colleagues supported the crushing jaw hypothesis. They pointed out that the stocky rostrum and robust lower jaws of oviraptorids suggest, in fact, a strong and nipping bite, which is rather similar to those of parrots. Funston and colleagues considered these anatomical traits of oviraptorids to be consistent with a frugivorous diet that incorporated nuts and seeds.


title: Oviraptor

text: Since the description of the embryonic "Citipati" specimen in 1994, oviraptorids became more understood: instead of having been egg-eating animals, they actually brooded and cared for the nests. This specimen showed that the holotype of "Oviraptor" was likely a sexually mature individual that perished incubating the associated nest with eggs. This new behavior on oviraptorids became more clear with the report and short description of an adult nesting specimen of "Citipati" in 1995 by Norell and colleagues. The specimen was found on top of egg clutches, with its hindlimbs crouched symmetrically on each side of the nest and the forelimbs covering the nest perimeter. This brooding posture is found today only in modern avian dinosaurs and supports a behavioral link between the latter group and non-avian dinosaurs. In 1996, Dong and Currie described a new nesting oviraptorid specimen from the Bayan Mandahu Formation. It was found lying atop a nest composed by approximately 6 eggs as preserved, and these were laid in a mound-shaped structure with a circular pattern. As the specimen was found over the nest with its forelimbs covering the eggs and the partially preserved hindfoot near the center of the nest, Dong and Currie suggested that it was caught and buried by a sandstorm during incubation. They ruled out the possibility of oviraptorids being egg-thieves as they would have either consumed or instinctively abandoned the nest long before it was buried by a sandstorm or another meteorological phenomenon.


title: Oviraptor

text: In 1999 Clark and team described in detail the previously reported "Citipati" nesting specimen and briefly discussed the holotype specimen of "Oviraptor" and its association with the nest AMNH 6508. They pointed out that the exact position in which the holotype was found over the nest is unclear as they were separated during preparation, and the nest appears to be not entirely complete with about 15 eggs preserved of which two damaged. Moreover, the semicircular arrangement of the nest indicates that the eggs were laid in pairs and in at least three rings, and this nest was originally circular, similar to a mound.


title: Oviraptor

text: Thomas P. Hopp and Mark J. Orsen in 2004 analyzed the brooding behavior of extinct and extant dinosaur species, including oviraptorids, in order to evaluate the reason for the elongation and development of wing and tail feathers. Given that the most complete oviraptorid nesting specimen—at the time, the 1995 "Citipati" nesting specimen—was found in a very avian-like posture, with the forelimbs in a near-folded posture and the pectoral region, belly, and feet in contact with the eggs, Hopp and Orsen indicated that long pennaceous feathers and a feather covering were most likely present in life. The "wings" and tail of oviraptorids would have granted protection for the eggs and hatchlings against climate factors like the sunlight, wind, and rainfalls. However, the arms of this specimen were not extremely folded as in some modern birds, instead, the are more extended resembling the style of large flightless birds like the ostrich. The extended position of the arm is also similar to the brooding behavior of this bird, which is known to nest in large clutches like oviraptorids. Based on the forelimb position of nesting oviraptorids, Hopp and Orsen proposed brooding as the ancestral reason behind wing and tail feather elongation, as there was a greater need to provide optimal protection for eggs and juveniles.


title: Oviraptor

text: In 2005, Tamaki Sato and team reported an unusual oviraptorid specimen from the Nanxiong Formation. This new specimen was found preserving mainly the pelvic region with two eggs inside and thereby indicating a female. The size and position of the eggs suggest that oviraptorids retained two functional oviducts, but had reduced the number of eggs ovulated to one per oviduct. David J. Varricchio and colleagues in 2008 found that the relatively large egg clutch-size of oviraptorids and troodontids is most similar to those of modern birds that practice polygamous mating and extensive male parental care, such as ratite birds, suggesting similar habits. This reproductive system is most likely to represent the ancestral condition for modern birds, with biparental care (where both parents participate) being a later development. In 2014, W. Scott Persons and colleagues suggested that oviraptorosaurs were secondarily flightless and several of the traits in their tails may indicate a propensity for display behaviour, such as courtship display. The tail of several oviraptorosaurs and oviraptorids ended in pygostyles, a bony structure at the end of the tail that, at least in modern birds, is used to support a feather fan. Furthermore, the tail was notably muscular and had a pronounced flexibility, which may have aided in courtship movements.


title: Oviraptor

text: In 2018, Tzu-Ruei Yang and colleagues identified cuticle layers on several egg-shells of maniraptoran dinosaurs including those of oviraptorids. These particular layers are composed of proteins, polysaccharides and pigments, but mainly of lipids and hydroxyapatite. In modern birds they serve to protect the eggs from dehydration and invasion of microorganisms. As most oviraptorid specimens have been found in formations of caliche-based sedimentation, Yang and colleagues suggested that the cuticle-coated eggs would have been a reproductive strategy adapted for enhancing their hatching success in such arid climates and environments.


title: Oviraptor

text: In 2019 Yang and colleagues re-evaluated the hypothesis of thermoregulatory contact incubation using complete oviraptorid nests from the Nanxiong Formation, and provided a detailed reconstruction of the architecture of the oviraptorid clutch. They noted that adult oviraptorid specimens in association with nest were not necessarily incubating the eggs as they could represent a female in the process of laying eggs, and the multi-ring clutch prevented sufficient heat transfer from the parent to the inner rings of eggs. An average oviraptorid nest was built as a gently-inclined mound with a highly organized architecture: the eggs were likely pigmented and arranged in pairs with each pair arranged in three to four elliptical rings. As the parent was likely operating from the nest center, this region was devoid of eggs. Yang and colleagues concluded the oviraptorid nesting style was so unique that they lack modern analogs, therefore, using oviraptorid reproduction may not be the best example to inform about the evolution of bird reproductive strategies. However, the team was unable to determinate if the juvenile "Oviraptor" AMNH 33092 had hatched from the nest associated with the holotype.


title: Oviraptor

text: "Oviraptor" is known from the Bayn Dzak locality of the Djadokhta Formation in Mongolia, a formation that dates back to the Late Cretaceous about 71 million to 75 million years ago. The paleoenvironment of the Djadokhta Formation is interpreted as having a semiarid climate, with sand dune and alluvial settings similar to the modern Gobi Desert. The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by intermittent streams and was sometimes affected by dust and sandstorms, and moisture was seasonal. Though this formation is largely considered to preserved highly arid environments, several short-lived water bodies have been reported from the Ukhaa Tolgod locality, based on fluvial sedimentation. Furthermore, it is thought that later in the Campanian age and into the Maastrichtian, the climate would shift to the more humid fluvial environment seen in the Nemegt Formation.


title: Oviraptor

text: The Djadokhta Formation is separated into a lower Bayn Dzak Member and an upper Turgrugyin Member. The known remains of "Oviraptor" have been produced by the Bayn Dzak member, which has also yielded the dinosaurs "Bainoceratops", "Pinacosaurus", "Protoceratops", "Saurornithoides", "Velociraptor", and "Halszkaraptor". Further dinosaur fauna from this member includes that of the Ukhaa Tolgod locality, composed of "Apsaravis", "Byronosaurus", "Citipati", "Gobipteryx", "Khaan", "Khol", "Shuuvuia", "Tsaagan", and "Minotaurasaurus".


title: Oviraptor

text: The pose of the holotype of "Oviraptor" along with the association of eggs, suggest that it was trapped over the nest during a sandstorm, and burial was relatively rapid given that the body had no opportunity to become fully disarticulated or scavenged by predators. The paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter also agreed in that sandstorms may have been the most likely event that the eggs found in the deposits were buried. Among elements, the skull have become particularly flattened and distorted during the fossilization process.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: "Boyz-n-the-Hood" is the debut single by Eazy-E, then leader of a new rap group, N.W.A. Released in March 1987, the single was a local hit, reissued, by year's end, on N.W.A's EP titled "N.W.A." and on the unauthorized compilation album "N.W.A. and the Posse".


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Eric Wright, who founded Ruthless Records in 1986, had tasked the Ruthless songcrafting team—record producer Dr. Dre, aided by DJ Yella and Arabian Prince, and ghostwriter Ice Cube—to draft the song in line with Wright's vision. But once a rap group signed from New York City rejected it, Wright rapped it himself, dubbed Eazy-E. In 1988, having gained rapper MC Ren, N.W.A released its official debut album, "Straight Outta Compton".


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: While N.W.A's "Straight Outta Compton" album spurred the Los Angeles area's hip hop to drop electro and rapidly go hardcore, the rappers still called it "reality rap", whereas news media would soon call it "gangsta rap". Meanwhile, also in 1988, a "Boyz-n-the-Hood" remix arrived on an N.W.A companion album cheekier, Eazy's debut album "Eazy-Duz-It". After N.W.A's disbanding in 1991, Eazy's EP titled "It's On (Dr. Dre) 187 Killa", released in 1993, brings another remix, "Boyz N tha Hood (G-Mix)".


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Yet in 1991, the title became iconic instead through director John Singleton, who borrowed this song's title for his film "Boyz n the Hood". The song, rather, took altogether nearly 30 years to hit the pop chart. Released in August 2015, the film "Straight Outta Compton" had renewed interest in N.W.A when, on September 5, "Boyz-n-the-Hood" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100. That week, at #50, it was the chart's third-highest debut, behind the 1988 title track "Straight Outta Compton" (the other song being "Hit the Quan"), originally too incendiary for wide radio play.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: In 1986, in Compton, a city in Los Angeles county, Eric Wright, a Kelly Park Compton Crip and local drug dealer, founded Ruthless Records via industry knowledge and connections of music manager Jerry Heller and via musical talent and recording facilities brought by Dr. Dre and Arabian Prince, two DJs, record producers, and recording artists successful locally. The team drew Ice Cube, member of the local rap trio C.I.A., to ghostwrite lyrics. In early 1987, Wright invited to the Audio Achievements recording studio, in nearby city Torrance, the rap group H.B.O., or Home Boys Only, signed from New York City, to record the Ruthless songcrafting team's song "Boyz-n-the-Hood".


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: With a rough instrumental draft already recorded by Dr. Dre, assisted by DJ Yella and Arabian Prince, H.B.O., appraising the lyrics still on paper, rejected the song and walked out. Left sitting in the studio without Ice Cube present to start with, Dre and Yella encouraged Wright to rap the song himself. To get each line rapped in timing with its bar, they recorded line by line across two days, recalls DJ Yella. Still, the first-time rapper, dubbed Eazy-E, brought a distinctive voice and persona. As released, the single musically samples rap group Whodini's song "I'm a Ho". And it vocally samples rap group the Beastie Boys' song "Hold It, Now Hit It" as well as two soul classics, Jean Knight's song "Mr. Big Stuff" and, in closing, The Staple Singers' song "I'll Take You There".


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: In the "Boyz-n-the-Hood" lyrics, Eazy-E is the protagonist and tells a story of an ordinary day “in the hood.” The song details E seeing a friend Kilo G after Kilo has stolen a car. Kilo brags to E about committing grand theft auto. E then relates a story of a prior friend, JD who became addicted to crack and attempted to steal E's car radio. E chases JD to call a truce, but JD pulls a .22 calibre pistol on E. Unbeknownst to JD, E has a 12 gauge and he ends up killing JD. Eazy, "bored as hell", went to a spot where his friends gather. There E drinks alcohol and then goes to get his girlfriend for sex. At her home, they get into an altercation and E slaps his girlfriend. Her father witnesses this and jumps up yelling at E. E then hits her father knocking him unconscious.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Later, Eazy wrecked his own car and as he was walking witnessed the arrest of Kilo G. E attempted to bail Kilo out, but bail was denied due to a riot Kilo started while he was in lock up. At Kilo's trial, Kilo G was given a six-year sentence for his crimes as this was Kilo's fourth offense. Probably anticipating a long jail sentence, Kilo had planned to have his girlfriend Suzy help him to escape. At the code word “fire” which Kilo yelled out, Suzy entered the court room with a sub machine Uzi. The plan did not work and Suzy was shot. Kilo and Suzy were then both charged with attempted murder.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: The original version of the song, which was released on 1987's "N.W.A. and the Posse" contained only the five verses, starting with the line 'Cruisin down the street in my six-fo'. Slight lyric changes are also present in the album version.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: The remix version, which was released on Eazy-E's 1988 debut album "Eazy-Duz-It", contains a prologue that has Eazy-E describing playing "Gangsta Gangsta", a track from N.W.A's 1988 album "Straight Outta Compton", then announcing he will be playing his own song, which is in fact the rest of the song "Boyz-n-the-Hood", and the song continues.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Both the original version and the remix versions of "Boyz-n-the-Hood" appear on the 1989 12" maxi-single. They are featured on side A, while the original and remixed versions of "Dopeman" appear on side B.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: The song was played on the Up In Smoke Tour. Dr. Dre played this song as a tribute to Eazy-E, with the crowd singing the chorus.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Jeff Chang describes "Boyz-n-the-Hood" as "an anthem for the fatherless, brotherless, state-assaulted, heavily armed West Coast urban youth" and Eazy-E's rap style as "a deadpan singsong...perhaps as much a result of self-conscious nervousness as hardcore fronting."


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: "Rolling Stone" ranks the song as among the 20 greatest West Coast rap songs that preceded N.W.A's "Straight Outta Compton". Critic David Drake commented: "It was a day-in-the-life record that was less concerned with commentary or critique than simply conveying a lifestyle." Also writing for "Rolling Stone", Brian Hiatt compares the subject matter in "Boyz-n-the-Hood" to "6 in the Mornin'" by Ice-T and "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" by Schoolly D.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Red Hot Chili Peppers often covered the song live as an intro jam to their own song, "Special Secret Song Inside" on their 1989-90 Mother's Milk tour.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: In 2004, the song was re-imagined and sampled by rapper Jim Jones on his debut album "On My Way to Church". His version was called "Certified Gangstas", and featured Bezel and Cam'ron.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Besides Jim Jones' song there have been many remakes, most notably a cover by alternative rock band Dynamite Hack, which hit #12 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks in 2000. The last line of this version, "Punk ass trippin in the dead of night", is sung to the tune of The Beatles' "Blackbird": "Blackbird singing in the dead of night". However, some of the words, as well as the "Blackbird" melody, were altered for the music video version of the song.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Hispanic rap group Brownside did a remake to the song called "Vatos in the Barrio". The instrumental of the original is remade, and the lyrics are slightly different but keep the main structure of the Eazy-E version.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Underground Memphis rapper Koopsta Knicca of Three 6 Mafia made his own version called "Back in da Hood".


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Shwayze uses one of the lines from "Boyz-n-the-Hood" in his song "Lost My Mind" on his album "Shwayze"; the line he uses is "Woke up at about noon just thought that I had to be in Compton Soon".


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: It is sampled in "Front Back" by UGK (as well as its remix by T.I.), "My 64" by Mike Jones (featuring Bun B, Snoop Dogg and Lil' Eazy-E), "Pojat On Huudeilla" by Eurocrack, "Them Boys Down South" by Big Chance.


title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Yelawolf made a song called "Boyz-n-the-Woodz" for his 2008 mixtape, "Ball of Flames: the Ballad of Slick Rick E. Bobby". The song interpolates the original chorus but is made to have a "white trash" feel.


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl" are characters found in Chinese mythology and characters appearing eponymously in a romantic Chinese folk tale. The story tells of the romance between Zhinü (; the weaver girl, symbolizing the star Vega) and Niulang (; the cowherd, symbolizing the star Altair). Their love was not allowed, and thus they were banished to opposite sides of the heavenly river (symbolizing the Milky Way). Once a year, on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, a flock of magpies would form a bridge to reunite the lovers for a single day. Though there are many variations of the story, the earliest-known reference to this famous myth dates back to a poem from the Classic of Poetry from over 2600 years ago.


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl" originated from people’s worship of natural celestial phenomena, and later developed into the Qixi Festival since the Han Dynasty. It has also been celebrated as the Tanabata festival in Japan and the Chilseok festival in Korea. In ancient times, women would make wishes to the stars of Vega and Altair in the sky during the festival, hoping to have a wise mind, dexterous hand (in embroidery and other household tasks), and a good marriage.


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: The story was selected as one of China's Four Great Folktales by the "Folklore Movement" in the 1920s—the others being the Legend of the White Snake, Lady Meng Jiang, and Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai—but Idema (2012) also notes that this term neglects the variations and therefore diversity of the tales, as only a single version was taken as the true version.


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: The Cowherd and Weaver Girl and the two main characters of the story is popular in various parts of Asia, and elsewhere, with differing variations. Some historical and cross cultural similarities to other stories have also been observed. The story is referenced in various literary and popular culture sources.


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: The tale has been alluded to in many literary works. One of the most famous was the poem by Qin Guan (1049–1100) during the Song dynasty:


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: The story is popular in other parts of Asia, with variations in different locations. In Southeast Asia, the story has been conflated into a Jataka tale detailing the story of Manohara, the youngest of seven daughters of the Kinnara King who lives on Mount Kailash and falls in love with Prince Sudhana.


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: In Korea, the story focuses on Jingnyeo, a weaver girl who falls in love with Gyeonu, a herder. In Japan, the story revolves around the romance between the deities, Orihime and Hikoboshi. In Vietnam, the story is known as "" and revolves around the story of Chức Nữ, the weaver, and Ngưu Lang, the herder of buffalos. The Vietnamese version is also titled "The Weaver Fairy and the Buffalo Boy".


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: Chinese folklorist and scholar classified the versions of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl under the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index ATU 400, "The Quest for the Lost Wife". The tale also holds similarities with widespread tales of the swan maiden (bird maiden or bird princess). There are also distinct similarities to the Mesopotamian tale of Dumuzid and Inanna.


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: Similar to the Chang'e space program being named after the Chinese goddess of the moon, the "Queqiao" relay satellite of Chang'e 4 is named after the "bridge of magpies" from the Chinese tale of the cowherd and weaver girl. The Chang'e 4 landing site is known as Statio Tianhe, which refers to the heavenly river in the tale. The nearby far-side lunar craters Zhinyu and Hegu are named after Chinese constellations associated with the weaver girl and the cowherd.


title: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: In Japan, the Engineering Test Satellite VII mission was an automated rendezvous and docking test of two satellites nicknamed "Orihime" and "Hikoboshi."


title: Tata Nexon

text: The Tata Nexon is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by the Indian automaker Tata Motors since 2017. It is the first crossover SUV from the brand, and occupies the sub-4 metre crossover SUV segment in India.


title: Tata Nexon

text: The Nexon made its debut as a prototype exhibited at the Auto Expo 2014. The final model was presented in February 2016.


title: Tata Nexon

text: The Nexon is based on the revised Tata X1 platform debuted in 1998 with the Indica model and adopted by other Indian brand cars. It uses independent MacPherson dual-path strut with coil spring front suspensions and rear twist-beam with coil spring and shock absorber. The wheelbase is measured at . It is characterised by two-tone paint, LED headlamps and large chrome bands along the side.


title: Tata Nexon

text: The engines are developed by Tata Motors and Austrian engineering company AVL: the petrol engine is the 1.2 L "Revotron" three-cylinder turbo 12-valve that delivers and of maximum torque combined with a 6-speed manual or automatic transmission; the diesel engine is a 1.5 L "Revotorq" four-cylinder common rail 16-valve that delivers and of maximum torque, also paired with a 6-speed manual or automatic transmission. Tata Nexon is available in seven variants – XE, XM, XMA, XZ, XZ+, and XZA+. The automatic versions have 3 different driving settings. In 2018, Tata added a sunroof option.


title: Tata Nexon

text: Production at the FCA India Ranjangaon plant under a joint venture agreement started in July 2017 and sales in India started since September of the same year. As of December 2018, Tata Motors has not exported the car outside India. The company has not confirmed if the car will be exported to Europe either. In August 2018 the 50,000th Nexon rolled out of the factory.


title: Tata Nexon

text: Tata Motors launched the facelifted Nexon with feature additions and Bharat Stage 6-compliant engines in January 2020, and showcased to the general public in the Auto Expo 2020. The Nexon received major changes on the exterior, now based on the Impact 2.0 design language. The new vehicle is equipped with a Bharat Stage 6-compliant 1.5-litre turbocharged "Revotorq" diesel engine producing and a 1.2-litre turbocharged "Revotron" petrol engine with .


title: Tata Nexon

text: Tata Nexon Dark edition was launched on July 7, 2021. It is available in the XZ+ and XZ+(O) trim in both diesel and petrol engine. It is finished in Atlas Black paint, and also has darkened cosmetic elements such as the leatherette upholstery, alloy wheels and trim inserts. This edition is also available in the Electric Version.


title: Tata Nexon

text: Tata Nexon Kaziranga edition was launched on 23 February 2022. Comes equipped with an air purifier, ventilated front seats, and an auto-dimming IRVM. For exterior design, the model gets a Grassland Beige paint with contrast black elements such as the ORVMs and the roof. It also features Rhino badging on the front fenders.


title: Tata Nexon

text: Tata Nexon Jet Edition Was Launched on 27 August 2022. It Feels like Business Jet Comes equipted in Air Purifier and Ventilated Front Seated. Exterior Colour Was Starlight with White Roof. Wheels Colour Was Jet Black Alloy Wheels. It features #JET badging on the front fenders. This edition is also available in the Electric Version in Normal and Long Range.


title: Tata Nexon

text: The Nexon was first crash-tested by Global NCAP in August 2018 and scored four stars for adult occupant protection and three stars for child occupant protection.


title: Tata Nexon

text: Tata presented kneemapping data to have some penalties removed, and made a seatbelt reminder for the front passenger a standard fitment for production from December 7, 2018. They then funded a reassessment, including evaluation of the added seatbelt reminder and a basic ECE Regulation 95 side impact test required for the maximum five star rating for adult protection.


title: Tata Nexon

text: In December 2018, the Nexon became the first ever car model sold in India to achieve the maximum five star rating for adult protection in the tests (similar to Latin NCAP 2013).


title: Tata Nexon

text: The electric version of the Nexon was revealed on 19 December 2019. The Nexon EV uses components from Tata Motors' electric vehicle technology brand Ziptron. The electric motor produces and of torque and 0 - 100 under 9.9 seconds. It has a 30.2 kWh battery with an ARAI rated range of up to 312 km.


title: Tata Nexon

text: The battery can be fully charged in under 8 hours using a complimentary AC charger. It can also be charged using a 15-ampere power cable that can be used at any place with the necessary power socket. DC 25 kW fast charging can be used to charge the battery from 0 to 80% in 1 hour.


title: Tata Nexon

text: Tata started a subscription plan for the Nexon EV in August 2020. It was reported that Nexon EV was the best-selling electric vehicle in India in 2020.


title: Tata Nexon

text: Tata Motors has updated the name of the standard Tata Nexon EV to Tata Nexon EV Prime. This is done to differentiate with higher range model Nexon EV Max. Nexon Ev Prime now gets four-stage regen braking, cruise control and iTPMS.


title: Tata Nexon

text: In May 2022, Tata launched the long range version of the Nexon EV's the Nexon EV Max. The electric motor produces and of torque and 0–100 under 9 seconds. It has a 40.5 kWh battery with an ARAI rated range of up to .


title: Tata Nexon

text: Tata has not released sales breakup of its EV model and only release total count of ev sales across all model.In February 2022, Tata has made 2,264 EV sales of the total 2,352 units of total EV (4 wheeler) sales in India, with either the Nexon EV or Tigor EV and hence Nexon EV and Tigor EV comprised 96 percent of all EV sales in February 2022.


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: Marcin Patrzałek (; born October 6, 2000), known mononymously as Marcin, is a Polish percussive fingerstyle guitarist, composer and producer. He is known for combining fingerstyle, percussive guitar techniques with modern electronic and orchestral production. He first gained popularity in 2015 after winning the ninth edition of Polish talent show "Must Be The Music", the prize for which was 100,000 Polish złoty and an additional 100,000 złoty for promotion of his music on Polish radio station RMF FM. After local success he went on to release his debut record "HUSH", the release of which was accompanied by singles including Patrzalek's percussive arrangement of Isaac Albéniz's "Asturias"; the video of the arrangement was released through fingerstyle label CandyRat Records. In subsequent years Patrzałek's popularity grew rapidly beyond Polish borders due to multiple viral releases online. His videos were posted and discussed by notable publishers such as Rolling Stone, Metal Hammer, Classic FM, Guitar World, Billboard as well as independently. Patrzalek's performances have amassed over 150 million views online, the main contributors to this number being his solo acoustic guitar arrangements of major classical pieces such as Moonlight Sonata or Beethoven's 5th Symphony, as well as popular music, rock arrangements, and original compositions.


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: In 2018 Patrzałek became an official endorser of Ibanez acoustic guitars. At the end of the same year he won the 5th edition of major Italian TV talent show "Tu Si Que Vales", broadcast by Canale 5, receiving a standing ovation from the judges for the first time ever in the show. The prize for winning was €100,000. Later he competed in America's Got Talent which contributed to his popularity overseas, as well as produced multiple viral performances. Marcin's continued prolific output on Instagram and TikTok led to him being praised by guitar figures such as Tom Morello, Paul Stanley, Dweezil Zappa, Tosin Abasi and Vernon Reid.


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: In early 2020 it was announced that Marcin signed an exclusive recording contract with Sony Music branch - Sony Masterworks, 2 singles soon followed. He is currently working on his major label debut album.


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: Patrzałek started playing the guitar at age 10 when he picked up classical guitar under the guidance of local teacher Jerzy Pikor. After two years he started studying flamenco techniques, being taught by Spanish guitarist Carlos Pinana. Later, at age 13, Patrzalek started playing fingerstyle on an acoustic guitar. It quickly became his main instrument and after around a year of self-taught practice in 2015 he won the ninth edition of Polish talent-show "Must Be The Music". Around that time he started creating electronic music on his computer and combining it with guitar playing, which later resulted in the creation of his debut record "HUSH."


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: In 2016, at age 16, Patrzałek released his debut LP, "HUSH." The album is composed of ten pieces: six original tracks (acoustic guitar with electronic and orchestral production elements), two arrangements and two electronic remixes. The album was released independently on October 7, 2016, with distribution in Poland by Polish label My Music. In the same year Patrzałek became a finalist in the International Fingerstyle Competition Guitar Masters and next year won first prize in the International Classical Guitar Joaquin Rodrigo Competition. In March 2018 it was announced that Patrzałek had become an official endorser of Ibanez guitars - he plays the AE900-NT model. Around this time he started gaining notoriety due to his solo guitar arrangement videos he posted on YouTube. His 2016 arrangement of "Toxicity" by System of a Down became his first video to amass tens of millions of views on YouTube and Facebook. Other endorsements such as Fishman and Elixir Strings were soon to follow.


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: In 2018 Marcin Patrzałek became the winner of a major talent show for the second time. He was victorious in the fifth edition of "Tu Si Que Vales" in Italy. During his audition Patrzałek played his viral Beethoven's 5th Symphony arrangement and received four positive votes from the judges as well as 100% "yes" votes from the live studio audience; the judges gave Patrzałek a "golden buzzer" pass to the final. There he performed original arrangements of "Asturias" combined with "Innuendo" by Queen. Patrzalek competed against three other contestants in the final and won with over 50 percent of votes from the television audience.


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: On November 12, 2018, Patrzałek released his first EP titled "revAMP", a compilation record of his most popular arrangements. Earlier in the year an original single was released titled "Baba Yaga".


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: After gaining more international recognition between his videos and talent show performances Marcin toured multiple countries and continents in 2018 and 2019.


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: In 2019, he auditioned for season 14 of "America's Got Talent". During the judge cuts round, he was one of seven acts that successfully advanced to the live shows round but eventually eliminated at semi-finals. His performances broadened his audience and led to him signing an exclusive contract with Sony Masterworks, a division of Sony Music. So far, two singles were released under the imprint: "Moonlight Sonata," and "Snow Monkey". Both tracks were produced by Marcin and include additional modern electronic elements. The former quickly became one of Patrzałek's most popular releases, while the latter includes heavy reggaeton influences uncharacteristic for his previous work and fingerstyle guitar in general. During the coronavirus pandemic he gathered millions of followers on social media platforms Instagram and TikTok due to his increased activity.


title: Marcin Patrzalek

text: In March of 2022 Patrzałek was a special guest at a series of 7 concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London, as part of the "Classical Spectacular" show. Soon after, he released his first official collaboration on YouTube - a duet with Japanese guitarist Ichika Nito.


title: Family Fortunes

text: Family Fortunes is a British television game show based on the American game show "Family Feud". The programme ran on ITV from 6 January 1980 to 30 December 2002. A celebrity version, "All Star Family Fortunes", followed from 2006 to 2015. In 2020, the original version of the show returned after 18 years with Gino D'Acampo as host.


title: Family Fortunes

text: The game involves two families providing answers to 'everyday questions' that were surveyed by 100 members of the British public before the show (e.g., 'Name something usually done in the dark.') to win cash prizes (and sometimes mystery prizes for giving a correct answer). The top answers to the surveys are displayed on a large electronic board, christened by Bob Monkhouse as "Mr. Babbage".


title: Family Fortunes

text: Monkhouse was responsible for changing the name of the show to "Family Fortunes" as he felt that "feud" sounded too aggressive.


title: Family Fortunes

text: "Family Fortunes" was first hosted by comedian Bob Monkhouse (1980–83), followed by singer and entertainer Max Bygraves (1983–85). The show returned on 27 June 1987 with Les Dennis as presenter and remained on air for the next 15 years. It was then moved to a daily daytime slot, hosted by Andy Collins.


title: Family Fortunes

text: The most well-known aspects of the show are the large computer screen (named "Mr Babbage" by original host Bob Monkhouse) and the famous computerised sound used when wrong answers are given. The computer screen name, "Mr Babbage", was in recognition of the English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer Charles Babbage, who originated the concept of a programmable computer. During the Monkhouse and Bygraves era, the board was also used to show the closing credits at the end of the episode. In 1987, a completely different board was used for the first Dennis series, however a board similar to the original Mr Babbage one (using flip discs instead) was used from the following year.


title: Family Fortunes

text: Two family teams, each consisting of five members, are asked to guess the results of surveys in which 100 people would be asked open-ended questions (e.g., "We asked 100 people to name something associated with the country Wales" or "We asked 100 people to name a breed of dog"). Although rarely acknowledged during the programme, the 100 people surveyed are invariably audience members who have volunteered before the show or the families themselves who would be asked questions for the next series.


title: Family Fortunes

text: Each round begins with a member of each family (in rotation, meaning all players do this at least once) approaching the podium. As the question is read, the first of the two nominees to hit the buzzer gives an answer. If it is not the most popular answer, the other nominee is asked. If both nominees fail to give an answer that is on the board, the next members of each family are chosen to answer the question, starting in the same order as the first two nominees. The family with the more popular answer then chooses whether to "play" the question or "pass" control to the other family.


title: Family Fortunes

text: The host then passes down the line of the controlling team, asking for an answer from each member. After each answer, the board reveals whether it features. If not or if they can not come up with an answer in time, the family is charged with a strike (marked with an X), losing control of the board upon their third strike (officially known as striking out in the official rules) in the round. If a family manages to come up with all the answers before striking out, they win the amount in pounds of the total number of people who had given the answers.


title: Family Fortunes

text: If a family strikes out, the opponent is given the chance to "steal" by coming up with an answer that may be amongst those missing. Only the head family member (the first family member or the designated captain) may give the answer after consultation. If the answer is present, this family wins the round and is said to have "stolen" the money. Otherwise, the family that plays the board keeps the money.


title: Family Fortunes

text: Following three rounds before a commercial break (two rounds in series 1), "Double Money" is played. Gameplay is the same as in the first rounds, but each answer is now worth £2 for each person who said it, and there are generally fewer possible answers. The family who passed £300 (£200 in series 1) first goes through to play "Big Money" (known in some overseas versions as "Fast Money") for the jackpot. On the 2020 revival, the fifth and sixth questions score double points and the losing family receives £2 per point and a "Family Fortunes buzzer" doorbell. The winning family would be guaranteed ten times their winning score.


title: Family Fortunes

text: This involves two contestants (out of the five in the family team) answering five questions that fit with those given by the "100 people surveyed", with the questions asked within a narrow time limit. The first contestant answers the five questions within 15 seconds (20 in the revival). Then the second contestant (who was out of earshot) answers within 20 seconds (25 in the revival). Each point gives the family £2 (£10 per point in the revival), up to £398 (£1,990 in the revival), and those points would be added to their earlier winnings. If they get 200 points or more from the ten answers, they then win the top cash prize.


title: Family Fortunes

text: From 1994 onwards, a bonus star prize was available for naming all five "top" (most popular) answers and scoring 200 points.


title: Family Fortunes

text: In the 2020 revival, the top answers were not revealed until after the second contestant gave their answers and their point values were shown, an element that was previously seen in the "All-Stars" version of the show.


title: Family Fortunes

text: The top cash prize in "Big Money" during the first series (1980) was £1,000. From the second series (1981), the prize started at £1,000, then rose by £500 weekly if no one won, to a limit of £3,000 (£2,500 from 1981 to 1982), which it could stay at for more than one week if it still was not won. Once the prize was won, it reverted to £1,000 for the next edition. In the 1987 series, it started at £1,000 and, if not won, rose by £1,000 per week to a maximum of £3,000. From the 1988 series, the prize was fixed at £3,000. After the abolition of the IBA's prize limits, the top prize rose to £5,000 from 1996. The money had to be shared out between contestants.


title: Family Fortunes

text: The bonus star prize was always a family car between 1994 and 1998. From 1998 to 2002, contestants had the choice of either a car or a holiday for up to twelve people. The car suppliers were Honda in 1994, SEAT in 1995 and Daewoo between 1996 and 2002. On the all-star specials, 200 points along with all five top responses donated £5,000 to both teams.


title: Family Fortunes

text: During the programme's brief daytime run in 2002, the prize values were reduced significantly. If the contestants scored over 200 points, they won £1,000 and if they found five top answers, it was increased to £3,000. As with the previous prizes, the £3,000 could only be won if the family scored 200+ points.


title: Family Fortunes

text: In the 2020 revival, 200 point wins £10,000, which would be tripled to £30,000 if one or both contestants named all of the top answers.


title: Family Fortunes

text: From the second series in 1981 onward, spot prizes were available in the main game, turning up seemingly at random when certain answers were found.


title: Family Fortunes

text: A celebrity revival of the show presented by Vernon Kay began airing on 28 October 2006 and ended on 14 June 2015 after its eleventh series.


title: Family Fortunes

text: In this version, the game ends after four rounds (five during the hour-long series with two or three Single and two Double), ignoring the 'first to 300 points' rule that the previous incarnations employed, and the losing family receives a consolation prize of the greater of £1,000 or £10 times their score (£3 per point in series 1). Also in Big Money, the celebrity automatically plays the final, meaning that only one other member needs to be picked. If they get 200 points or more from the ten answers, they win £10,000 for their chosen charity, which would be tripled if they get all five top answers, and if they score less than 200 points, those points plus their earlier score would be multiplied by £10 (£3 per point in series 1).


title: Marilyn Munster

text: Marilyn Munster is a fictional character in the CBS sitcom "The Munsters", originally played by Beverley Owen and later by Pat Priest. In the original series, she is the daughter of Lily Munster's sister, with Herman alluding to her "plain" looks coming from Lily's side of the family. She was played by Hilary Van Dyke in the 1988 series "The Munsters Today".


title: Marilyn Munster

text: Played first by Beverley Owen and then by Pat Priest, Marilyn lives with the Munsters throughout the series run. It never is made clear why Marilyn lives with the Munsters rather than with her parents, who are said to still be in Transylvania. Although she is Lily's niece, she always is referred to as Marilyn Munster. Marilyn states in the first aired episode that she has lived with the Munsters since she was a baby.


title: Marilyn Munster

text: Marilyn is a fetching young woman and the only family member who is not ghoulish in appearance; by the Munsters' aesthetic standards, she is distressingly unattractive. The family views Marilyn's appearance as an affliction, but still treat her with kindness and love. Marilyn is all too aware of her "homeliness" and laments that she keeps scaring potential boyfriends, having no clue that the young men are frightened away by her monstrous family.


title: Marilyn Munster

text: She attends Westbury College in Mockingbird Heights. She is devoted to her family, and the surest way for a suitor to alienate Marilyn (rather than vice versa) is to disparage them. She considers her Uncle Herman and Grandpa the "two [finest] men [who ever] walked this earth."


title: Marilyn Munster

text: Despite being a “normal” beauty by society standards, the Munsters’ strange subculture of vampires, werewolves, and mad scientists, et al., have made her a ghoul at heart (she regularly assists Lily in cooking oddities and festooning the house with cobwebs). Like the rest of her family, she believes that the Munster lifestyle is normal, and dissenters are out of step. In one episode, Herman temporarily was transformed into a normal, clean-cut man. The family, including Marilyn, was appalled and physically repulsed by the tragic event.


title: Marilyn Munster

text: Despite standing out among the cast more than any other character, Marilyn was the least developed character in the series. She usually served as an ear for Lily's expeditions or a subject for Grandpa's foiled potions.


title: Marilyn Munster

text: Marilyn originally was played by Beverley Owen, who was 27 years old at the time and had to wear a blonde wig to resemble Marilyn Monroe. As a Universal Studios contract player, Owen was obliged to appear in the pilot, and then the series once it was picked up by CBS. This required her to move from New York to California and, on occasion, she was seen depressed and even cried in the studios. The role was taken over in episode 14 by Pat Priest after Owen left to marry future "Sesame Street" writer and director Jon Stone. According to Al Lewis in a 2001 interview with Pittsburgh radio's Doug Hoerth, Beverley Owen was troubled by the separation from her boyfriend, who stayed in New York City, and on petitions from Al Lewis and Fred Gwynne, she was let go by the studio. According to Michael Davis' book "Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street", Owen's problems on the set were acts, staged by both her and Stone to get her released from the series, so she could move to New York permanently.


title: Marilyn Munster

text: In the original series, Marilyn attends Westbury College in Mockingbird Heights. Subsequently as explained for the 22-year gap in "The Munsters Today", Marilyn, this time played by Hilary Van Dyke, is revealed to be a high school student, with a slight rebellious streak. In the 1966 film "Munster, Go Home!", she was played by Debbie Watson. In the 1981 film "The Munsters' Revenge", she was portrayed by Jo McDonnell.


title: Marilyn Munster

text: In "Here Come the Munsters", Marilyn is the daughter of Herman's sister (Elsa). In this version, her name is said to be Marilyn Hyde. The role was played by Christine Taylor.


title: Marilyn Munster

text: In NBC's 2012 pilot "Mockingbird Lane", a darker reformatting of the series, Marilyn is the daughter of Lily's sister but was raised by her aunt, uncle and grandfather after her mother attempted to eat her.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: Tujhse Hai Raabta ( My heart knows) is an Indian Hindi-language television series that airs on Zee TV and is digitally available on ZEE5. It premiered on 3 September 2018 and focuses on the unspoken connections and bonds between people. It stars Reem Shaikh, Sehban Azim, Poorva Gokhale, Arzaan Shaikh and Rajat Dahiya.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: Kalyani Deshmukh lives in Pune with her parents. Her mother Madhuri slips on the balcony and dies, and her father Atul is jailed and gives her custody to his caring ex-wife, Anupriya who is dominated by her family. Sampada, Kalyani's cousin loves Atharv but was forced to marry ACP Malhar Rane. She delivers a son, later named Moksh and elopes with Atharv. Malhar marries and troubles Kalyani, believing she was behind Sampada and Atharv's elopement.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: Kalyani raises Moksh. Atharv and Sampada live poorly. He marries the landlady, Mugdha, proclaiming she is mentally unstable and takes over her property. Atharv and Sampada try to create problems for Kalyani but fail. Anupriya's brother, Keshav takes revenge on her by kidnapping Moksh, but Malhar finds him. After learning his mother Kavita died due to an accident by Atul's father Sayajirao, Malhar is angry. Sayajirao kills himself. Atul returns from jail.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: Malhar and Kalyani reacquire Moksh's custody from Sampada. Atharv turns mentally unstable due to an accident. He befriends a man, in fact Malhar's father, Madhav. Kalyani introduces him to Malhar. A dead body is found. Madhav's brother, Sarthak reveals he killed the man. Malhar's sister Swara tells the man was Radheshyam, a transgender man whom she fell in love with and married him. Kalyani realises Sarthak isn't responsible for Radheshyam's death.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: Soon, it turns out Malhar's half-brother Aahir killed Radhe Shyam. He kidnaps Moksh but is jailed after Malhar and Kalyani save Moksh. Her friend Rachit enters. In a taxi, Malhar realises the driver is Aahir and saves Kalyani. Aahir escapes. Kalyani meets Madhuri's twin sister Mamta, who lost her right hand and works for the Naxals. Rachit reveals he loves Kalyani. Diagnosed with cancer, Moksh needs an urgent bone marrow transplant.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: Rachit tries to molest and later kill Kalyani, but Malhar saves her. Atharv, disguised, kidnaps Atul's mother Ahilya and tries to kill the child. Kalyani faints. Malhar learns her health is deteriorating, and abortion is necessary. Kalyani sends Divya in car. The car explodes, and she dies. Kalyani and Malhar realise Moksh was also in it and assume him dead. Kalyani blames Malhar who shoots her, and she is presumed dead.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: Malhar is now Sub-Inspector and lives in guilt for having lost Kalyani. She is now District Magistrate of the area. Swara is married to Vivek. Anupriya no longer considers Kalyani, her daughter. During her engagement to Minister Damini Deshpande's son, Vikram, Kalyani is caught in a fire, and Malhar saves her. Vikram rejects Kalyani after seeing her face. But Kalyani removes her bandages, thus revealing that she has only minor burns. But Kalyani refuses to marry Vikram due to his attitude.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: On Avni's baby shower, it is revealed that Avni is not Malhar's wife. Ahir had left Avni when she became pregnant with his child. Madhav's dying wish was that Malhar would take care of Avni and her child in his name. Meanwhile, Kalyani finds out that Mukku is none other than Moksh. Moksh accidentally kills Ahir. Kalyani hides Moksh from Malhar, fearing that if Malhar finds Moksh, he will send him to the correction home. Meanwhile, Vivek accidentally burns Swara and is arrested.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: To save Vivek from Sarthark's wrath, Anupriya tells him that Mukku is her and Sarthark's daughter. Avni tries to separate the family and turn them against each other fortunately Malhar discovers that Mukku is his son Moksh and is elated but Sarthark becomes depressed and the case of Ahir's death is opened and Malhar, Kalyani and Anupriya try to save Moksh but Malhar is shot by Avni and Anupriya is blamed and Moksh becomes mute as he is the witness to the incident of Malhar's death. After this malhar returned as he was not died and moksh says that Anupriya is innocent and Avini had shot Malhar so Anupriya is proved innocent and Malhar, kalyani, moksh and sarthak live happily.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak in India. Because of the outbreak, the filming of television series and films was halted on 19 March 2020 and expected to resume on 1 April 2020 but could not and the series was last broadcast on 24 March 2020 when the remaining episodes were aired. The filming resumed on 28 June 2020 and with airing to resume on 13 July 2020.


title: Tujhse Hai Raabta

text: In April 2019, the series and the channel was sent notice by Election Commission for promoting the then Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government scheme of Mudra Loan which violated the code of conduct for which the channel replied, "As a responsible national television network, ZEE has always created content basis its stringent content guidelines. The mention of certain government schemes and initiatives in some of the episodes of the television shows was a creative call taken purely in the interest of the public."


title: Allium tuberosum

text: Allium tuberosum (garlic chives, Oriental garlic, Asian chives, Chinese chives, Chinese leek) is a species of plant native to the Chinese province of Shanxi, and cultivated and naturalized elsewhere in Asia and around the world.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: "Allium tuberosum" is a rhizomatous, clump-forming perennial plant growing from a small, elongated bulb (about , across) that is tough and fibrous. Unlike either onion or garlic, it has strap-shaped leaves with triangular bases, about wide. It produces many white flowers in a round cluster (umbel) on stalks tall. It grows in slowly expanding perennial clumps, but also readily sprouts from seed. In warmer areas (USDA zone 8 and warmer), garlic chives may remain green all year round. In cold areas (USDA zones 7 to 4b), leaves and stalks completely die back to the ground, and resprout from roots or rhizomes in the spring.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: Originally described by Johan Peter Rottler, the species name was validly published by Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel in 1825. "A. tuberosum" is classified within "Allium" in subgenus "Butomissa" , section "Butomissa" , a group consisting of only "A. tuberosum" and "A. ramosum" , which have been variously regarded as either one or two genetic entities.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: "Allium tuberosum" originated in the Siberian–Mongolian–North Chinese steppes, but is widely cultivated and naturalised. It has been reported as growing wild in scattered locations in the United States (Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Nebraska, Alabama, Iowa, Arkansas, and Wisconsin). However, it is believed to be more widespread in North America because of the availability of seeds and seedlings of this species as an exotic herb and because of its high aggressiveness. This species is also widespread across much of mainland Europe and invasive in other areas of the world.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: A late summer- to autumn-blooming plant, "A. tuberosum" is one of several "Allium" species known as wild onion and/or wild garlic that, in various parts of the world, such as Australia, are listed as noxious weeds or as invasive "serious high impact environmental and/or agricultural weeds that spread rapidly and often create monocultures".


title: Allium tuberosum

text: Often grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, several cultivars are available. "A. tuberosum" is distinctive by blooming later than most native or naturalised species of "Allium". It is cold-hardy to USDA zones 4–10 (). Garlic chives are regarded as easy to grow in many conditions and may spread readily by seeds or can be intentionally propagated by dividing their clumps.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: A number of varieties have been developed for either improved leaf ("e.g." 'Shiva') or flower stem ("e.g." 'Nien Hua') production. While the emphasis in Asia has been primarily culinary, in North America, the interest has been more as an ornamental. 'Monstrosum' is a giant ornamental cultivar.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: Uses have included as ornamental plants, including cut and dried flowers, culinary herbs, and Garlic chives have been widely cultivated for centuries in East Asia for their culinary value. The flat leaves, the stalks, and immature, unopened flower buds are used as flavouring. Another form is "blanched" by regrowing after cutting under cover to produce white-yellow leaves and a subtler flavor.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: The leaves are used as a flavoring in a similar way to chives, scallions as a stir fry ingredient. In China, they are often used to make dumplings with eggs, shrimp, and/or pork. A Chinese flatbread similar to the scallion pancake may be made with garlic chives instead of scallions. Garlic chives are also one of the main ingredients used with yi mein dishes. Its flowers are fermented to make garlic chive flower sauce (韭花酱). When grown in dark environments, it is known as "jiuhuang" (韭黄) and is used in various stir fry dishes.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: In Manipur and other northeastern states of India, it is grown and used as a substitute for garlic and onion in cooking and is known as "maroi nakuppi" in Manipuri.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: In Japan, where the plant is known as "nira", it is used for both garlic and sweet flavors, in miso soups and salads, stir-fries with eggs, and Japanese dishes such as gyōza dumplings and fried liver.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: In Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where the plant has been introduced through cultivation by Dungan farmers and ties with neighboring China, garlic chives are known by transliterations of their name. Used in cooking, it is sometimes added as a filling to manty, samsa, laghman, yuta, ashlan-fu, and other typical dishes.


title: Allium tuberosum

text: Known as "buchu" (), garlic chives are widely used in Korean cuisine. They can be eaten fresh as "namul", pickled as kimchi and "jangajji", and pan-fried in "buchimgae" (pancake). they are also one of the most common herbs served with "gukbap" (soup with rice), as well as a common ingredient in "mandu" (dumplings).


title: Allium tuberosum

text: In Vietnam, the leaves of garlic chives, known as "hẹ", are cut up into short pieces and used as the only vegetable in a broth with sliced pork kidneys.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: "Zero" is the usual name for the number 0 in English. In British English "nought" is also used. In American English "naught" is used occasionally for zero, but (as with British English) "naught" is more often used as an archaic word for nothing. "Nil", "love", and "duck" are used by different sports for scores of zero.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: There is a need to maintain an explicit distinction between digit zero and letter O, which, because they are both usually represented in English orthography (and indeed most orthographies that use Latin script and Arabic numerals) with a simple circle or oval, have a centuries-long history of being frequently conflated. However, in spoken English, the number 0 is often read as the letter "o" ("oh"). For example, when dictating a telephone number, the series of digits "1070" may be spoken as "one zero seven zero" or as "one oh seven oh", even though the letter "O" on the telephone keypad in fact corresponds to the digit 6.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: In certain contexts, zero and nothing are interchangeable, as is "null". Sporting terms are sometimes used as slang terms for zero, as are "nada", "zilch" and "zip".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: "Zero" and "cipher" are both names for the number 0, but the use of "cipher" for the number is rare and only literary in English today. They are doublets, which means they have entered the language through different routes but have the same etymological root, which is the Arabic "صفر" (which transliterates as "sifr"). Via Italian this became "zefiro" and thence "zero" in modern English, Portuguese, French, Catalan, Romanian and Italian ("cero" in Spanish). But via Spanish it became "cifra" and thence "cifre" in Old French, "cifră" in Romanian and "cipher" in modern English (and "chiffre" in modern French).


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: "Zero" is more commonly used in mathematics and science, whereas "cipher" is used only in a literary style. Both also have other connotations. One may refer to a person as being a "social cipher", but would name them "Mr. Zero", for example.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: In his discussion of "naught" and "nought" in "Modern English Usage" (see below), H. W. Fowler uses "cipher" to name the number 0.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: In English, "nought" and "naught" mean zero or nothingness, whereas "ought" and "aught" (the former in its noun sense) strictly speaking mean "all" or "anything", and are not names for the number 0. Nevertheless, they are sometimes used as such in American English; for example, "aught" as a placeholder for zero in the pronunciation of calendar year numbers. That practice is then also reapplied in the pronunciation of derived terms, such as when the rifle caliber .30-06 Springfield (introduced in 1906) is accordingly referred to by the name "thirty-aught-six".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: The words "nought" and "naught" are spelling variants. They are, according to H. W. Fowler, not a modern accident as might be thought, but have descended that way from Old English. There is a distinction in British English between the two, but it is not one that is universally recognized. This distinction is that "nought" is primarily used in a literal arithmetic sense, where the number 0 is straightforwardly meant, whereas "naught" is used in poetical and rhetorical senses, where "nothing" could equally well be substituted. So the name of the board game is "noughts & crosses", whereas the rhetorical phrases are "bring to naught", "set at naught", and "availeth naught". The Reader's Digest "Right Word at the Right Time" labels "naught" as "old-fashioned".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: Whilst British English makes this distinction, in American English, the spelling "naught" is preferred for both the literal and rhetorical/poetic senses.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: "Naught" and "nought" come from the Old English "nāwiht" and "nōwiht", respectively, both of which mean "nothing". They are compounds of "no-" ("no") and "wiht" ("thing").


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: The words "aught" and "ought" (the latter in its noun sense) similarly come from Old English "āwiht" and "ōwiht", which are similarly compounds of "a" ("ever") and "wiht". Their meanings are opposites to "naught" and "nought"—they mean "anything" or "all". (Fowler notes that "aught" is an archaism, and that "all" is now used in phrases such as "for all (that) I know", where once they would have been "for aught (that) I know".)


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: However, "aught" and "ought" are also sometimes used as names for 0, in contradiction of their strict meanings. The reason for this is a rebracketing, whereby "a nought" and "a naught" have been misheard as "an ought" and "an aught".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: Samuel Johnson thought that since "aught" was generally used for "anything" in preference to "ought", so also "naught" should be used for "nothing" in preference to "nought". However, he observed that "custom has irreversibly prevailed in using 'naught' for 'bad' and 'nought' for 'nothing'". Whilst this distinction existed in his time, in modern English, as observed by Fowler and The Reader's Digest above, it does not exist today. However, the sense of "naught" meaning "bad" is still preserved in the word "naughty", which is simply the noun "naught" plus the adjectival suffix "-y". This has never been spelled "noughty".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: The words "owt" and "nowt" are used in Northern English. For example, "if tha does owt for nowt do it for thysen": if you do something for nothing do it for yourself.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: The word "aught" continues in use for 0 in a series of one or more for sizes larger than 1. For American Wire Gauge, the largest gauges are written 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, and 4/0 and pronounced "one aught", "two aught", etc. Shot pellet diameters 0, 00, and 000 are pronounced "single aught", "double aught", and "triple aught". Decade names with a leading zero (e.g., 1900 to 1909) were pronounced as "aught" or "nought". This leads to the year 1904 ('04) being spoken as "[nineteen] aught four" or "[nineteen] nought four". Another acceptable pronunciation is "[nineteen] oh four".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: While "2000s" has been used to describe the decade consisting of the years 2000–2009 in all English speaking countries, there have been some national differences in the usage of other terms.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: On January 1, 2000, the BBC listed the noughties (derived from "nought" a word used for zero in many English-speaking countries), as a potential moniker for the new decade. This has become a common name for the decade in the U.K. and Australia, as well as some other English-speaking countries. However, this has not become the universal descriptor because, as Douglas Coupland pointed out early in the decade, "[Noughties] won't work because in America the word 'nought' is never used for zero, never ever".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: The American music and lifestyle magazine Wired favoured "Naughties", which they claim was first proposed by the arts collective Foomedia in 1999. However, the term "Naughty Aughties" was suggested as far back as 1975 by Cecil Adams, in his column The Straight Dope.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: In scores for sporting events, in particular tennis and association football, the number 0 has the very specialized names "love" and "nil". This can cause difficulty for radio and television newsreaders, because the reader must be aware of which name to use, when the score is often written as the digit "0" in the script. (McLeish recommends to readers that they write the number out on the script in words if necessary.) In cricket, a batsman who is out without scoring is said to have scored "a duck", but "duck" is not used as a synonym for zero in the same way that "love" or "nil" are: it is always accompanied by the indefinite article and is not usually used in a formal reading of a team's scoresheet.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: There is no definitive origin for the tennis score name for 0, "love". It first occurred in English, is of comparatively recent origin, and is not used in other languages. The most commonly believed hypothesis is that it is derived from English speakers mis-hearing the French ("the egg"), which was the name for a score of zero used in French because the symbol for a zero used on the scoreboard was an elliptical zero symbol, which visually resembled an egg. There is tangential support for this in the use of "duck" as the name for a score of zero by a batsman in cricket, which name derives from the full name "the duck's egg" for that score. The following cricketer's rhyme illustrates this:


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: A name related to the "duck egg" in cricket is the "goose egg" in baseball, a name whose origin is a description in "The New York Times" of 1886 where the journalist states that "the New York players presented the Boston men with nine unpalatable goose eggs", i.e., nine scores of zero.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: However, the hypothesis has several problems, not the least of which is that in court tennis the score was not placed upon a scoreboard, and there is scant evidence that the French ever used as the name for a zero score in the first place, that name being as anecdotal as the hypothesis that "love" is then derived from it. (Jacob Bernoulli, for example, in his "Letter to a Friend", used to describe the initial zero–zero score in court tennis, which in English is "love-all".) Some alternative hypotheses have similar problems. For example: The assertion that "love" comes from the Scots word "luff", meaning "nothing", falls at the first hurdle, because there is no authoritative evidence that there has ever been any such word in Scots in the first place.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first use of the word "love" in English to mean "zero" was to define how a game was to be played, rather than the score in the game itself. Gambling games could be played for stakes (money) or "for love (of the game)", i.e., for zero stakes. The first such recorded usage quoted in the OED was in 1678. The shift in meaning from "zero stakes" to "zero score" is not an enormous conceptual leap, and the first recorded usage of the word "love" to mean "no score" is by Hoyle in 1742.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: BBC Radio 5 Live has broadcast spin-off versions of its football phone-in 6-0-6 (""six-oh-six"") focused on cricket and tennis, branded as "6-Duck-6" and "6-Love-6" respectively, in the summer months during the soccer off-season.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: Another name for 0 that is used in sports is "nil". This is derived from the Latin word "nihil", which means "nothing". Although common in British English, in football results and the like, it is only used infrequently in U.S. English. The British "nil" is not slang, and occurs in formal contexts including technical jargon (e.g. "nil by mouth") and voting results.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: In spoken English, the number 0 is often read as the letter "o", often spelled oh. This is especially the case when the digit occurs within a list of other digits. While one might say that "a million is expressed in base ten as a one followed by six zeroes", the series of digits "1070" can be read as "one zero seven zero", or "one oh seven oh". This is particularly true of telephone numbers (for example 867-5309, which can be said as "eight-six-seven-five-three-oh-nine"). Another example is James Bond's designation, 007, which is always read as "double-o seven", not "double-zero seven".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: The letter "o" ("oh") is also used in spoken English as the name of the number 0 when saying times in the 24-hour clock, particularly in English used by both British and American military forces. Thus 16:05 is "sixteen oh five", and 08:30 is "oh eight thirty".


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: The use of O as a number can lead to confusion as in the ABO blood group system. Blood can either contain antigen A (type A), antigen B (type B), both (type AB) or none (type O). Since the "O" signifies the lack of antigens, it could be more meaningful to English-speakers for it to represent the number "oh" (zero). However, "blood type O" is properly written with a letter O and not with a number 0.


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: In certain contexts, zero and nothing are interchangeable, as is "null". However, in mathematics and many scientific disciplines, a distinction is made (see null). The number 0 is represented by zero while null is a representation of an empty set {}. Hence in computer science a zero represents the outcome of a mathematical computation such as 2−2, while null is used for an undefined state (for example, a memory location that has not been explicitly initialised).


title: Names for the number 0 in English

text: Sporting terms (see above) are sometimes used as slang terms for zero, as are "nada", "zilch" and "zip".


title: Surya Sen

text: Surya Sen, also called Surya Kumar Sen (22 March 189412 January 1934), was an Indian revolutionary who was influential in the Indian independence movement against British rule in India and is best known for leading the 1930 Chittagong armoury raid.


title: Surya Sen

text: Sen was a school teacher by profession and was popularly known as Master Da ("da" is an honorific suffix in Bengali language). He was influenced by the nationalist ideals in 1916 while he was a student of B.A. in Berhampore College (Now MES College). In 1918, he was selected as president of the Indian National Congress's Chittagong branch. Sen was known for recruiting a group of young and passionate revolutionaries known as the Chittagong group. The group included Ananta Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Lokenath Bal, and fought against the British stationed in Chittagong.


title: Surya Sen

text: He was an active participant in the Non-co-operation movement and was later arrested and imprisoned for 2 years from 1926 to 1928 for his revolutionary activities. A brilliant and inspirational organiser, Sen was fond of saying "Humanism is a special virtue of a revolutionary."


title: Surya Sen

text: After the Chittagong raid in 1930 and a fierce battle where over 80 British Indian Army soldiers and 12 revolutionaries were killed, Sen and other surviving revolutionaries dispersed into small groups and hid in neighbouring villages, launching raids on government personnel and property. Sen was arrested on 16 February 1933, tried and was hanged on 12 January 1934. Many of his fellow revolutionaries were also caught and sentenced to long periods of imprisonment.


title: Surya Sen

text: Sen was born on 22 March 1894 in a Baidya family at Noapara, under Raozan Upazila in Chittagong. His father Ramaniranjan Sen was a teacher. In 1916, when he was a B.A. student in Berhampore College (now CAMLIN University) of Panvel he learned about Indian freedom movement from one of his teachers Shatishchandra Chakrabarti. When Sen came to Chittagong in 1918, he started teaching at the local National School, becoming famous with the honorific "Master da". Later, he left his job and became the president of the Chittagong branch of the Indian National Congress.


title: Surya Sen

text: Sen actively participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement. He looted the treasury of Assam-Bengal Railway for cash money to fuel the movement, for which he was imprisoned with fellow revolutionary Ambika Chakrabarty for two years. Both were released towards the end of 1928 and resumed their activities.


title: Surya Sen

text: Sen led a group of revolutionaries on 18 April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury. The plan was elaborate and included seizing of arms from the armoury as well as destruction of communication system of the city (including telephone, telegraph and railway), thereby isolating Chittagong from the rest of British Raj. However, although the group gained the arms, they failed to capture the ammunition. They hoisted the Indian National Flag on the premises of the armoury, and then escaped. A few days later, a large fraction of the revolutionary group was cornered in the nearby "Jalalabad Hills" by a British Indian Army detachment. In the ensuing fight, twelve revolutionaries died, many were arrested, while some managed to flee, including Sen.


title: Surya Sen

text: Sen stayed in hiding, and kept moving from one place to another. Sometimes he took up a job as a workman, a farmer, a priest, a house worker or even hid as a pious Muslim. This is how he avoided being captured by the British.


title: Surya Sen

text: He hid in the house of a friend. His relative named Netra Sen lived not far away. But Netra Sen informed the British of his hiding place, and the police came and captured him in February 1933. Before Netra Sen could be rewarded by the British, a revolutionary named Kironmoy Sen came into his house and beheaded him with "da" (a long knife). As Netra Sen's wife was a big supporter of Surya Sen, she never disclosed the name of the revolutionary who killed Netra Sen. Before his eventual hanging on 12 January 1934 with another revolutionary named Tarakeswar Dastidar, both Sen and Dastidar underwent torture at the hands of the police.