title: Bruce Bowen

text: The , Bowen played the small forward, and occasionally the shooting guard, position. He had a reputation for being one of the best perimeter defenders in the NBA, earning himself eight consecutive nominations for the NBA All-Defensive First and Second Teams from 2001 to 2008. From 2005 to 2007, he was second in voting for the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award, beaten only by centers Ben Wallace (2005 and 2006) and Marcus Camby (2007) who are both post defenders. His accolades for defense were accompanied by persistent allegations of dirty, dangerous play.


title: Bruce Bowen

text: Bowen was not known for his offensive production. He was seldom sought on offense, having never attempted more than 600 field goals in an entire 82-game regular season, and his career averages of 6.1 points, 2.8 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game, and .575 free throw shooting were considered mediocre, never earning him nominations for NBA All-Star or All-NBA First or Second Teams. His free throw shooting, in fact, was poor enough that he was at times been made the target of the Hack-a-Shaq defense. However, opposing teams could not leave Bowen wide open on offense, because he was also an accurate three-point shooter (.393 career average on 2,082 attempts), particularly from the corner. In addition, despite his age Bowen played 500 consecutive games between February 28, 2002, and March 12, 2008, leading "Sports Illustrated" to name him in 2007 the "Iron Man" of the NBA.


title: Bruce Bowen

text: Bowen often speaks out against child obesity. In 2004, he started the "GET FIT with Bruce and Buddy" program for children's healthy nutrition and daily sports activities. He runs the Bruce Bowen Foundation, an organization set up to provide scholarships and bursaries. In 2006, he received a college degree in communications from Cal State Fullerton; he had also taken classes at the University of Texas at San Antonio. He has stated that he wants to become a teacher. In 2011, Bowen was inducted into the Fresno County Athletic Hall of Fame.


title: Bruce Bowen

text: Bowen worked for ESPN as an NBA analyst after he retired. Bowen spent the 2017–18 season as a color analyst for Fox Sports West television broadcasts of the Los Angeles Clippers' games. He was relieved of his duties after making comments critical of Kawhi Leonard, a free agent and trade target of the Clippers.


title: Bruce Bowen

text: In April 2019, Bowen was hired as boys' basketball coach at Cornerstone Christian School in San Antonio.


title: Bruce Bowen

text: Bowen regards Robert and Sandra Thrash, a Los Angeles couple that he met in church during his college years, as his adoptive parents.


title: Bruce Bowen

text: In 2004, Bowen married Yardley Barbon, a Miami native of Cuban descent, and the couple had two sons. The two divorced in 2012.


title: Bruce Bowen

text: In 2006, he received a college degree in communications from Cal State Fullerton; he had also taken classes at the University of Texas at San Antonio.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Paolo Emanuele Borsellino (; ; 19 January 1940 – 19 July 1992) was an Italian judge and prosecuting magistrate. From his office in the Palace of Justice in Palermo, Sicily, he spent most of his professional life trying to overthrow the power of the Sicilian Mafia. After a long and distinguished career, culminating in the Maxi Trial in 1986–1987, on 19 July 1992, Borsellino was killed by a car bomb in Via D'Amelio, near his mother's house in Palermo.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Borsellino's life parallels that of his close friend Giovanni Falcone. They both spent their early years in the same neighbourhood in Palermo. Though many of their childhood friends grew up in the Mafia background, both men fought on the other side of the war against crime in Sicily as prosecuting magistrates. They were both killed in 1992, a few months apart. In recognition of their tireless effort and sacrifice during the anti-mafia trials, they were both awarded the Gold Medal for Civil Valor. They were also named as heroes of the last 60 years in the 13 November 2006 issue of "Time Magazine".


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Borsellino was born in a middle-class Palermo neighbourhood, Kalsa, a neighborhood of central Palermo which suffered extensive destruction by aerial attacks during the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943. His father was a pharmacist and his mother ran a pharmacy in the Via della Vetriera, next to the house where Paolo was born. As boys Borsellino and Giovanni Falcone – later a magistrate, who was born in the same neighbourhood – played football together on the Piazza Magione. The Mafia was present in the area but quiescent. Both had classmates who ended up as "mafiosi". The house where he was born was declared unsafe and the family was forced to move out in 1956. The pharmacy remained, while the neighbourhood around it crumbled.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Borsellino and Falcone met again at Palermo University. While Borsellino tended towards the right and became a member of the "Fronte Universitario d'Azione Nazionale" (FUAN), a right-wing university organization affiliated with the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement, Falcone drifted away from his parents' middle-class conservative Catholicism towards communism. However, neither joined a political party, and although the ideologies of those political movements were diametrically opposed, they shared a history of opposing the Mafia. Their different political leanings did not thwart their friendship. Both decided to join the magistrature.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Borsellino obtained a degree in law at the University of Palermo, with honours, in 1962. After his father's death, he passed the judiciary exam in 1963. During those years, he worked in many cities in Sicily (Enna in 1965, Mazara del Vallo in 1967, Monreale in 1969). After he married in 1968, he transferred to his native Palermo in 1975 together with Rocco Chinnici, where he got involved in investigation into Sicilian Mafia.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Neither Borsellino nor Falcone had intended to get involved in the struggle against the Mafia. They were assigned cases involving the Mafia that continued to expand and became disturbed by what they discovered. They saw colleagues murdered fighting the Mafia and it became increasingly impossible to turn back.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: One of his accomplishments was the arrest of six Mafia members in 1980, including Leoluca Bagarella, the brother-in-law of Mafia boss Salvatore Riina. His close co-investigator, Carabinieri captain Emanuele Basile, was murdered by the Mafia the same year. Borsellino was assigned to investigate the murder and became a special target when he signed the arrest warrant for Francesco Madonia on a charge of ordering the murder of Basile. He was assigned police protection.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: During those years, working together with magistrates Falcone and Chinnici, Borsellino continued his research about the Mafia and its links to political and economical powers in Sicily and Italy. He became part of Palermo's Antimafia Pool, created by Chinnici. The Antimafia pool was a group of investigating magistrates who closely worked together sharing information to diffuse responsibility and to prevent one person from becoming the sole institutional memory and solitary target. The group consisted of Falcone, Borsellino, Giuseppe Di Lello and Leonardo Guarnotta.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: In 1983, Rocco Chinnici was killed by a bomb in his car. His place in the Antimafia Pool was taken by Antonino Caponnetto. The group pooled together several investigations into the Mafia, which would result in the Maxi Trial against the Mafia starting in February 1986 and which lasted until December 1987. A total of 475 mafiosi were indicted for a multitude of crimes relating to Mafia activities. Most were convicted and, to the surprise of many, the convictions were upheld several years later in January 1992, after the final stage of appeal. The importance of the trial was that the existence of Cosa Nostra was finally judicially confirmed.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: In 1986, Borsellino became head of the Public Prosecution Office of Marsala, continuing his personal campaign against the Mafia bosses, in the most populated city of the province of Trapani. His links with Falcone, who remained in Palermo, allowed him to cover the entirety of Western Sicily for investigations. In 1987, after Caponnetto resigned due to illness, Borsellino was protagonist of a great protest about the unsuccessful nomination of his friend Falcone as head of the Antimafia Pool.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: On 23 May 1992, Falcone, his wife and three bodyguards were killed by a bomb planted under the highway outside of Palermo. Giovanni Brusca later claimed that 'boss of bosses' Salvatore Riina had told him that after the assassination of Falcone, there were indirect negotiations with the government. Former interior minister Nicola Mancino later said this was not true. In July 2012, Mancino was ordered to stand trial on charges of withholding evidence on 1992 talks between the Italian state and the Mafia and the killings of Falcone and Borsellino. Some prosecutors have theorized that Borsellino was killed because he had found out about the negotiations.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Borsellino failed to get himself appointed to the investigation into Falcone's murder. At a public meeting on 25 June 1992, he said that he had certain information which might explain why Falcone was killed. Borsellino unofficially asked Carabinieri Colonel Mario Mori to resume a previous investigation by Falcone into Mafia control of public works contracts. However, Mori, unbeknownst to Borsellino, was involved in secret meetings with Vito Ciancimino, who was close to Riina's lieutenant Bernardo Provenzano. Mori was later investigated on suspicion of posing a danger to the state after it was alleged he prevented the arrest of Provenzano and had taken a list of Riina's demands that Ciancimino had passed on. He maintained he had spoken to Ciancimino to further investigation of the Mafia, that Ciancimino had disclosed little beyond implicitly admitting he knew Mafia members, and that key meetings were after Borsellino's death. In 2014 Italy’s president, Giorgio Napolitano, testified in a trial in which 10 defendants including the former interior minister, Nicola Mancino, were accused of negotiating with the Mafia.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: On 17 July 1992 Borsellino went to Rome where he was told by Gaspare Mutolo, a Mafia member turned informer, of two allegedly corrupt officials: Bruno Contrada, former head of Palermo Flying Squad, now working for the secret service (SISDE), and anti-Mafia prosecutor Domenico Signorino. Borsellino considered Signorino a friend and was deeply troubled by the allegation. He was further disconcerted when the meeting was interrupted by a call from the Minister of the Interior, Nicola Mancino, requesting his immediate presence. Borsellino attended to discover that Contrada was there, and knew about the supposedly secret meeting with the informer.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: On 19 July 1992, Borsellino was killed by a car bomb in Via D'Amelio, near his mother's house in Palermo, less than two months after the death of his friend Falcone. The bomb attack also claimed the lives of five police officers: Agostino Catalano, Walter Cosina, Emanuela Loi (the first Italian policewoman to be killed in the line of duty), Vincenzo Li Muli and Claudio Traina.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: In his last video interview, given on 21 May 1992 to Jean Pierre Moscardo and Fabrizio Calvi, Borsellino spoke about the possible link between Cosa Nostra's mafiosi and rich Italian businessmen such as future Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. The interview received little coverage on Italian television; as of 2007, it has been aired on only one occasion, and that by a satellite channel RaiNews 24 in 2000, in an abridged version which is a mere 30 minutes long (it is 50 minutes long in its original form).


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Palermo police accused Vincenzo Scarantino, a petty offender, of carrying out the bombing while acting on the orders of Salvatore Riina. Riina, head of the Corleonesi Mafia Family and effective leader of Cosa Nostra at the time, served a life sentence in prison for sanctioning the murders of Borsellino and Falcone, along with Bernardo Provenzano, Pippo Calò, Salvatore Biondino, Pietro Aglieri, Michelangelo La Barbera, Raffaele and Domenico Ganci, Francesco Madonia, Giuseppe Montalto, Giuseppe and Filippo Graviano, Carlo Greco, Francesco Tagliavia, amongst others.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Despite Scarantino confessing, one prosecutor resigned because of her strong reservations about the veracity of his statements, which his family said he had been coerced into making. Police were also accused of giving him details of the crime to learn so he could provide those details in official statements to corroborate his testimony. Forty seven people were convicted on Scarantino's word nonetheless. The lead investigator who supposedly solved the case was made head of Rome CID soon afterward, but is now suspected of having fabricated the evidence to get promotion. He was also involved with the Italian secret service.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: As with many high-profile cases in Italy, the case was reopened. The prosecutor in Caltanissetta reopened investigations after Gaspare Spatuzza, a Mafia killer who became a state witness (pentito) in 2008, admitted he stole the Fiat 126 used for the car bomb in the Via D’Amelio attack. His admission contradicted the declarations of Vincenzo Scarantino, who had confessed earlier to stealing the car and whose testimony was the main evidence in previous trials. When confronted with Spatuzza’s statement, Scarantino admitted that he had repeated what some investigating officers had forced him to tell the magistrates. Spatuzza's declaration led to the re-opening of the trial on Borsellino’s murder, which had been concluded in 2003.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Spatuzza claims that his boss, Giuseppe Graviano, told him in 1994 that future Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi was bargaining with the Mafia, concerning a political-electoral agreement between Cosa Nostra and Berlusconi’s party Forza Italia, in exchange for certain guarantees – such as to stop the 1993 Mafia bomb terror campaign, to force state institutions to moderate their crackdown against the Mafia after the murders of Antimafia magistrates Falcone and Borsellino. Berlusconi had entered politics and won his first term as Prime Minister in 1994. Berlusconi’s right-hand man Marcello Dell'Utri was the intermediary, according to Spatuzza. Dell'Utri has dismissed Spatuzza's allegations as "nonsense".


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Spatuzza’s assertions back up previous statements of the pentito Antonino Giuffrè, who said that the Graviano brothers were the intermediaries between Cosa Nostra and Berlusconi. Cosa Nostra decided to back Berlusconi's Forza Italia party from its foundation in 1993, in exchange for help in resolving the Mafia's judicial problems. The Mafia turned to Forza Italia when its traditional contacts in the discredited Christian Democrat party proved unable to protect its members from the rigours of the law. "The statements given by Spatuzza about prime minister Berlusconi are baseless and can be in no way verified," according to Berlusconi’s lawyer and MP for the People of Freedom party ("Il Popolo della Libertà", PdL), Niccolò Ghedini.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: The alleged negotiations between Dell’Utri and the Mafia followed an earlier attempt with Vito Ciancimino, the local political link for the Corleonesi clan, who supposedly had contacted government officials after the killing of Falcone to negotiate a stop to the killing spree. Borsellino apparently had been informed of the machinations. Two former colleagues of Borsellino have told investigators about a meeting with Borsellino in Palermo shortly before his death during which he broke down in tears saying, "A friend has betrayed me, a friend has betrayed me." "My brother’s death was a State murder," Paolo’s brother Salvatore Borsellino claims. "My brother knew about the negotiations between the Mafia and the state, and this is why he was killed."


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: Borsellino today is considered as one of the most important magistrates killed by the Sicilian Mafia and he is remembered as one of the main symbols of the battle of the State against the Mafia. Many schools and public buildings were named after him, including Palermo International Airport (subsequently renamed "Falcone-Borsellino Airport") – a memorial by local sculptor Tommaso Geraci is there – and the Velodromo Paolo Borsellino multi-use stadium in Palermo. In recognition of their efforts in the anti-Mafia trials, he and Giovanni Falcone were named as heroes of the last 60 years in the 13 November 2006 issue of "Time".


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: His sister Rita ran as centre-left presidential candidate in the 2006 Sicilian regional election, after having won the regional primary election, but lost to incumbent Salvatore Cuffaro, who was later sentenced to seven years in prison for collusion with the Mafia.


title: Paolo Borsellino

text: His famous quote about Sicily, "she will become most beautiful", is the namesake of the Diventerà Bellissima party.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: Kylie Fausto Verzosa (; born February 7, 1992) is a Filipino actress, model, and beauty queen who was crowned Binibining Pilipinas International 2016 and Miss International 2016. She is the sixth Filipina to win the Miss International crown.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: Kylie Verzosa was born in Baguio, Philippines, to Filipino parents Ari and Racquel Verzosa. She graduated high school from Saint Louis University and she graduated from Ateneo de Manila University with a bachelor's degree in Business Management. She worked as a pre-school teacher at one point. She is an advocate of mental health, depression, and suicide awareness. Verzosa volunteered for the Natasha Goulbourn Foundation, which aims to educate people about depression and suicide. She later on created Mental Health Matters, an online support group which aims to give emotional support to people who are experiencing depression, anxiety disorder, and other forms of mental illnesses. She was also a member of the Professional Models Association of the Philippines. She has done ramp and print modeling.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: Verzosa first participated at the Binibining Pilipinas 2015 where she placed in the top 15. She joined Binibining Pilipinas once again and was crowned Binibining Pilipinas International 2016 on April 17, 2016 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum, Quezon City, Philippines. With this, she represented the Philippines at the Miss International 2016 pageant in Tokyo, Japan.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: Verzosa represented the Philippines at Miss International 2016 in Japan where she was eventually crowned as Miss International 2016 by Edymar Martínez of Venezuela. She is the 6th Miss International Winner from the Philippines.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: During the speech portion of the pageant, the girls were given a chance to express their plans if crowned Miss International and share their personal advocacies. Verzosa's speech read:


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: After the coronation, Verzosa and her court had some final things to do with the sponsors of the Miss International Organization such as Miss Paris' beauty school and Mikimoto pearl farm in Japan. Also, Miss International 2016 visited Toba International Hotel and Unicef where she met the National Directors of UNICEF in Denmark and Japan. Verzosa and her court also visited the Org's sponsor, Ash Salon in Yokohama before flying to Ishigaki. During their trip to Ishigaki, they were able to meet the local weavers and claypot makers of the island and have a parade.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: Several days after the Miss International Activities in Japan, Verzosa flew back to the Philippines wherein she had a media tour from all the biggest networks in the country and shared her experience in the competition and discussed her advocacy. On November 18, the Binibining Pilipinas Charities Incorporated together with the People of the Philippines threw a grand homecoming parade in Metro Manila for the newly crowned Filipina. She was also given a festive welcome parade in her hometown in Baguio and visited some colleges and universities where she discussed her advocacy. On December 5, she had a courtesy call from the President of the Philippines and formally met President Rodrigo Duterte.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: On January 3, Miss Paris' advertorial was displayed in Shibuya Station in Japan. That year, Kylie was named as one of the People of the Year by the People Asia Magazine and asked to speak at the Philippine Psychiatric Association. Kylie also became an ambassador for Samsung and was featured in some magazines such as Shape and StarStyle.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: On February 8, Kylie flew to Singapore for her first international trip and Miss International duties to spread awareness on her advocacy. She visited Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and Institute of Mental Health/Woodbridge Hospital. In the same month, Kylie went to Maguindanao and Bacolod to host an event. Together with the reigning Miss Earth 2016, Katherine Espin of Ecuador, Kylie went to Ilocos Sur for some promotional activities of a resort. As a product of Baguio, she was again invited for the Panagbenga Flower Festival 2017 and posed on the float of Tropicana. Versoza became the newest ambassador of Star Cruise Asia together with Male Top Model, LA Aguinaldo. She also posed in the cover of SM Shop Mag.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: Kylie also announced on the first day of March that she is the newest face/endorser of one of the Philippine brand Bayo. In celebration of Bayo's 25 years in the industry, they collaborated with fashion designer Francis Libiran (also the designer of Kylie's gown in the Miss International competition and some events). On March 4, Kylie went back to Japan to continue some Miss International duties. She went to Kyoto, Tokyo and Tokushima. During her visit in Tokushima, Kylie was able to support its local produce fruits such as strawberries. She was also able to visit Tokushima Commercial Highschool which is known for their outreach and exchange program with Cambodia. The reigning queen was also featured in a local Japanese newspaper. Before flying back to the Philippines, Kylie had a tour at the Naruto River together with the head of MIO. During the same month, Kylie announced her participation in Philippines' Next Top Model as a Model Mentor. March was also the month in which she was featured on the cover of Style Weekend.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: On April 5, Kylie became the newest endorser of Wilkins Delight together with Mateo Guidicelli for their new product. Kylie was invited on April 7 to speak about mental health for the United Nations by the World Health Organization. The next day, Kylie was also invited to speak in Miriam College for TEDxMiriamCollege. During the Holy Week vacation, Kylie travelled to Brunei to visit preschoolers in Bandar Seri Begawan. Kylie also received some endorsements / invitations such as for DrCRB Aesthetic and Laser Clinic. On the last day of the month Kylie crowned the newest Binibining Pilipinas International 2017.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: In May, Kylie was invited to the Senate of the Philippines for the final reading of the Mental Health Bill in the Archipelago. She also went to the presscon for the passing of the Mental Health Bill. During the month, Kylie was featured in the cover of Fair and Mega magazines and promoted business such as Havaianas Philippines.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: In September, she was invited to the coronation night of Reinas de Belleza del Paraguay 2017 where she crowned one of the winners as the new Miss International Paraguay, the event was held in the border city of Ciudad del Este, so she had a chance to visit the Iguazu Falls in neighbor Brazil too.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: On November 14, 2017, she crowned her successor Kevin Lilliana Junaedy from Indonesia as Miss International 2017 in Tokyo, Japan. She finished her reign at 1 year, 2 weeks, and 4 days.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: Kylie Verzosa co-manages the Philippine operations of the Japanese-funded real estate start-up PropertyAccess.


title: Kylie Verzosa

text: Verzosa recently starred in her first major film, The Housemaid, a Filipino adaptation of a Korean movie with the same name. She acted alongside Albert Martinez and several veteran actors.


title: Aquaphor

text: Aquaphor is a brand of over-the-counter (OTC) skin care ointments manufactured by Beiersdorf Inc., an affiliate of Beiersdorf AG. Aquaphor is offered in four product ranges: There are two skin protectant ointments. Aquaphor Original Ointment, used as a compounding agent and Aquaphor Advanced Therapy Healing Ointment, sold in mass retail outlets. The other product ranges include: Aquaphor Lip Repair and Lip Repair + Protect SPF 30, and Aquaphor Baby.


title: Aquaphor

text: Aquaphor has been available in the United States market for over 90 years. In accordance with the Food and Drug Administration's OTC Skin Protectant Monograph Aquaphor, containing 41 percent petrolatum (or petroleum jelly), the active ingredient, temporarily protects minor cuts, scrapes, and burns; protects and helps relieve chapped or cracked skin and lips; helps protect from the drying effects of wind and cold weather.


title: Aquaphor

text: Aquaphor is used and recommended by health care professionals for minor post-operative wounds or defects.


title: Aquaphor

text: 1925: Aquaphor was developed in the Beiersdorf Inc laboratories in the USA. It was trademarked that year by Herman A. Metz, president of Beiersdorf Inc at that time.


title: Aquaphor

text: 1929: Beiersdorf sold Aquaphor’s trade marks to Duke Laboratories in order to manufacture products in the country.


title: Aquaphor

text: 1936: Aquaphor’s first product offering was sold to doctors, pharmacists and hospitals in 5 lb. containers.


title: Aquaphor

text: 1960: Aquaphor production was discontinued during World War II and restarted by Duke Laboratiories in 1960. One lb cans and 2 oz tubes were sold to medical professionals.


title: Aquaphor

text: 1991: A new formulation Aquaphor Advanced Therapy Healing Ointment was launched, an addition to the Aquaphor Original Ointment.


title: Aquaphor

text: In a study funded by Aquaphor's parent company, it was found that their "Healing Ointment" product was associated with (but did not cause) decreased redness around the wound but did not in any way perform better than other products clinically.


title: Aquaphor

text: Unlike Vaseline (100% petrolatum), which is occlusive, Aquaphor (41% petrolatum) claims to form a semi-occlusive barrier on the skin. If correct, this in theory should enable the transmission of water and oxygen, which is important for wound healing and the formation of a protective moist healing environment. However, no studies have been conducted using this brand to test these healing claims.


title: Aquaphor

text: An active ingredient and OTC skin protectant, petrolatum forms an occlusive barrier on the skin and helps retain moisture.


title: Aquaphor

text: A colorless, odorless, light oil, commonly obtained as a highly refined derivative of crude oil. Baby oil is a perfumed variety of mineral oil.


title: Aquaphor

text: A subfraction of lanolin (wool wax), a mixture of hydrocarbons that imparts emulsifying properties and provides emollient (skin smoothing) properties. Lanolin alcohol is composed of cholesterol, other sterols, and free fatty acids. Moisturizers containing Cholesterol and fatty acid mixtures have been shown to provide skin benefits. Since this ingredient is sourced from wool from animals, this product is not suitable for vegans.


title: Aquaphor

text: A moisturizing factor (NMF) and humectant that attracts and binds moisture in the stratum corneum (outer-most layer of epidermis), helping to keep it hydrated. It is commonly used as a moisturizing agent in lotions, creams, and cosmetics. Most glycerin used in products in the U.S. comes from animals. If it is natural glycerin, it will typically be labeled ‘plant derived’.


title: Aquaphor

text: Also known as pro- Vitamin B5, when applied topically, has humectant properties and conditions the skin.


title: Aquaphor

text: Derived from the Chamomile plant, bisabolol can have anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic and healing effects in-vivo.


title: Lyndon Smith

text: Lyndon Smith (born June 7, 1989) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Natalie in the NBC drama "Parenthood" (2013–2015) and Dierdre in the TNT police drama "Public Morals" (2015).


title: Lyndon Smith

text: Smith is from Pensacola, Florida and graduated from the University of Florida in 2012. She is married to actor Steve Talley. They were wed in Kauai, Hawaii.


title: Lyndon Smith

text: In 2013 Smith began playing the recurring role of Natalie on the NBC drama series "Parenthood", a role she played for the series' final two seasons. In 2014 she joined the cast of Ed Burns's 2015 TNT police drama series, "Public Morals".


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: Maud Angelica Behn (born 29 April 2003) is a member of the Norwegian Royal Family. She is the first child of Princess Märtha Louise of Norway and her late husband Ari Behn and the eldest grandchild of King Harald V of Norway and Queen Sonja.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: She came to national attention with the speech she gave at her father’s funeral, and since then has published her first book.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: Maud Angelica Behn was born on 29 April 2003 at The National Hospital, a University Hospital in Oslo, Norway, where her mother had also been born. Her great-great grandmother was Maud of Wales, youngest daughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: Maud was christened at Slottskapellet, Royal Palace, Oslo, Norway on 2 July 2003, the one-hundredth birthday of her great-grandfather, King Olav V of Norway. Her godparents are her grandfather King Harald V, her uncle Crown Prince Haakon, Princess Alexandra of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, her aunt Anja Sabrina Bjørshol, her mother's cousin Marianne Ulrichsen, the actor Kåre Conradi and the politician Trond Giske.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: She has two younger sisters, Leah Isadora Behn, born on 8 April 2005, and Emma Tallulah Behn, born on 29 September 2008.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: The web site of the Norwegian royal family names the members of the family as King Harald and Queen Sonja, Crown Prince Haakon, Crown Princess Mette-Marit, Princess Ingrid Alexandra, Prince Sverre Magnus, Princess Märtha Louise, her three daughters, and Princess Astrid.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: Princess Märtha Louise is the first child of King Harald and Queen Sonja, and Maud Angelica is their eldest grandchild. In 1990, the Norwegian constitution was changed, introducing full cognatic primogeniture to the Norwegian throne, so that the eldest child, regardless of sex, comes first in the line of succession. However, this change was made without displacing Crown Prince Haakon, as it only affects those born after 1989. Women born between 1971 and 1989 (in practice, only Märtha Louise), were given succession rights, but primogeniture would not apply. This was controversial, and if it were to be reversed Maud Angelica would be likely to inherit the throne in due course. At present, she is fifth in the line of succession to the Norwegian throne.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: The Behn family lived in Islington, London, then in New York, and finally in Lommedalen, a valley outside Oslo.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: In the autumn of 2009, Maud Angelica Behn was enrolled at the Bærum Waldorf School (""), an independent Steiner school in Bærum, a suburb west of Oslo.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: On 5 August 2016, Maud Angelica’s parents began divorce proceedings, which were finalized in 2017. Ari Behn died by suicide on Christmas Day, 2019, and was buried in Oslo Cathedral.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: Maud Angelica made a speech at her father’s funeral and later talked about his death. In an article devoted to the speech, "Aftenposten" commented "It does not get more powerful than this".


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: For her public thoughts on mental illness and suicide, she was awarded the Acute Psychiatry Prize for 2020. In October 2021, she published her first book, "Threads of Tears", her debut as a poet and illustrator, which tells the story of a girl whose life is dark but who learns to weave the threads she cries.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: Ten thousand copies were printed, and on release the book went straight to first place on the Norwegian Booksellers Association bestseller list.


title: Maud Angelica Behn

text: Maud regularly publishes her own drawings on Instagram. In 2021, Princess Märtha Louise stated that she was planning to move to the United States with her daughters when the COVID-19 pandemic was out of the way.


title: Thenali

text: Thenali is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language comedy film co-written and directed by K. S. Ravikumar. The film stars Kamal Haasan, Jayaram, Devayani and Jyothika, with Delhi Ganesh, Charle, Ramesh Khanna and Madhan Bob in supporting roles. It revolves around the title character who follows his psychiatrist Kailash on vacation to cure his numerous phobias. When Thenali becomes closer to Kailash's family, Kailash becomes increasingly obsessed with getting rid of him.


title: Thenali

text: "Thenali", inspired by the 1991 American film "What About Bob?", is the first film produced by Ravikumar's company R. K. Celluloids, and the dialogues were written by Crazy Mohan. It was photographed by Priyan and edited by K. Thanikachalam, while the music was composed by A. R. Rahman. The film was shot predominantly in Ooty and Kodaikanal, while some song sequences were shot in New Zealand.


title: Thenali

text: The film was released on 26 October 2000 to positive reviews and became a silver jubilee hit. The film won three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, including a Special Jury award for Jayaram's performance, and Ravikumar won the Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Tamil.


title: Thenali

text: Thenali Soman is a Sri Lankan Tamil refugee who has come to Chennai for psychiatric treatment. This is because of numerous phobias he has developed due to the Sri Lankan Civil War. Panchabhootham and his assistant, the doctors treating Thenali, are jealous of a relatively junior doctor Kailash getting all the media attention. They send Thenali over to him, believing his failure to cure Thenali of his phobias will derail his success. Soon after their first appointment, Kailash heads to his home in Kodaikanal on a vacation with his wife Jalaja and his two children. Kailash tells Thenali to wait until after the vacation before his therapy can begin, but Panchabhootham asks for Thenali to go meet Kailash while on vacation.


title: Thenali

text: Thenali reaches Kailash's house. He falls in love with Janaki, Kailash's younger sister, which is vehemently opposed by the latter. Kailash becomes increasingly mad with Thenali's antics and even begins to suspect that his wife has an affair with Thenali, as she has a soft corner for the latter. He even tries to kill Thenali by tying him to a tree with a time bomb. Thenali, thinking it is a fake bomb used only to relieve him from his fears, removes it and puts it in Kailash's house where it explodes. Seeing this, Kailash suffers a paralytic attack. Thenali later marries Janaki.


title: Thenali

text: While Thenali, Kailash, and family are at a picnic, Thenali's long-lost wife whose name is also Janaki shows up and reunites with him. Enraged, Kailash jumps out of his wheelchair and berates Thenali for ruining his sister Janaki's life, but soon realises this was all a set-up by Thenali to cure Kailash's paralysis through a drama, which succeeded; the woman was actually actress Meena, who Thenali hired to pose as his wife. Kailash realises his mistake and thanks Thenali.


title: Thenali

text: After the success of K. S. Ravikumar's directorial "Padayappa" (1999), Kamal Haasan approached him, since production on Haasan's "Marudhanayagam" was delayed and he wanted to act in two films in a year. While Haasan planned to direct one himself ("Hey Ram"), he offered Ravikumar to direct the other, and Ravikumar agreed. Haasan later asked Ravikumar if he would also produce the film. Though Ravikumar was initially in a dilemma, with encouragement from Rajinikanth, who starred in Ravikumar's "Muthu" (1995) and "Padayappa", he agreed. The film thus became the first one produced by Ravikumar's company R. K. Celluloids, with his wife Karpagam handling production duties.


title: Thenali

text: Due to Haasan's commitments to "Hey Ram" lasting almost a year, Ravikumar spent the time by "writ[ing] a few stories" for him. The title "Thenali" was suggested by Rajinikanth for the story that was finalised. The core premise, that of the lead character following his reluctant psychiatrist on vacation, was inspired by the American film "What About Bob?" (1991), but Ravikumar opted against making a shot-for-shot adaptation. To emphasise the film's comedy, Crazy Mohan was hired to write the dialogues. Cinematography was handled by Priyan, art direction by Maniraj, dance choreography by Tarun Kumar and stunt choreography by Vikram Dharma.


title: Thenali

text: Kamal Haasan played the title character, Thenali Soman. He said he chose to do the film "mainly because it was a K. S. Ravikumar film. I knew his talent and was sure that he would spring a few surprises in the comedy". Ravikumar felt the film needed a unique selling point, and Haasan remembered the original script of "Anbe Sivam" (2003) he discussed with Ravikumar, in which Haasan's character was a Sri Lankan Tamil; hence the title character of "Thenali" was changed into one. To get the right accent, Haasan took lessons from the television host B. H. Abdul Hameed, who made a cameo appearance in the film.


title: Thenali

text: Mohanlal and Simran were considered for playing the psychiatrist Kailash and his sister Janaki, before Jayaram and Jyothika were cast. Simran has stated that, though she liked the script, to her dismay the role required body exposure; she therefore demanded an exorbitant fee so that she would be rejected, and succeeded. Ravikumar chose Jayaram because of his "ear for comedy", and Jyothika after seeing pictures of her from "Poovellam Kettuppar" (1999). Jyothika's casting caused widespread scepticism as she had acted only in a few films to that point, and was not yet an established star. Devayani, who portrayed Kailash's wife Jalaja, accepted to act in the film at Ravikumar's request, without asking about details such as the story or the lead actor; she later realised that she would not be paired opposite Haasan, but did not mind being side-lined by Jyothika.


title: Thenali

text: Vivek was offered the role of Diamond Babu and took an advance, but later left as he felt he "didn't have the best laugh lines"; the role later went to Madhan Bob. Delhi Ganesh and Ramesh Khanna were cast as the psychiatrist Panchabhootham and his assistant at Haasan's insistence. Meena, who had been approached by Ravikumar to star in some of his earlier films but declined due to unavailability of dates, was asked to do at least a cameo in "Thenali", and agreed. She portrays a fictional version of herself. Yugi Sethu has stated that he was offered to act in the film by Haasan, but was unable to accept due to his commitment to the TV series "Nayyandi Durbar".


title: Thenali

text: The film was launched at the Kalaivanar Arangam in Chennai on 22 March 2000 with Y. G. Mahendran as compere and with Rajinikanth as chief guest. Scenes were shot predominantly in Ooty and Kodaikanal, while some song sequences were shot in New Zealand. A scene required Jyothika and Haasan to kiss; in contrast to other Tamil film actresses at that time, Jyothika agreed without hesitation. While filming the scene where Panchabhootham and his assistant jump into a lake, Ganesh and Ramesh Khanna did so despite the "freezing temperature". Haasan later gave them self-made kashayam to prevent illness. While filming other scenes, Haasan was the only one wearing a coat; the other cast members including Devayani and Jyothika had to "brave the temperature and get wet in the rain for a sequence".


title: Thenali

text: Haasan would describe in detail on how to make his core audience of city-bred people laugh to Ravikumar, who would then add slapstick elements to make it applicable to rural audiences too. For one part of the "Porkalam Ange" song sequence, Jyothika and Jayaram dressed like African tribal people. Jyothika sported dreadlocks, and Jayaram's attire took 20 minutes to wear. The background artists had white paint applied throughout their body and wore plastic leaves. During the filming of the climax where Kailash slaps Thenali, Jayaram had no issues since he was "quite comfortable" with Haasan, the two having previously appeared together in the Malayalam film "Chanakyan" (1989). The shoot of the film was completed in 25 days.


title: Thenali

text: "Thenali" was edited by K. Thanikachalam. It is the first film where Haasan was credited as "Ulaga Nayagan" (Universal Hero). The idea to create a graphic title card containing this honorific was Ravikumar's, and Haasan relented after initial reluctance. Although Haasan had by then undergone a body transformation for acting in "Aalavandhan" (2001), Ravikumar was unfazed since he only needed Haasan's eyes to be filmed for the Ulaga Nayagan title card. Ravikumar recalled how the card was created: "We shot in high speed, and at the count of five, asked him to wink and smile. I took that footage to the CG department and came up with the visuals – we show his Alwarpet office, pull back to show Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and then the world, which becomes a small, black circle, which is his eyeballs, and he winks. The terms Universal Hero and Ulaga Nayagan flash on the screen". Jyothika's voice was dubbed by Savitha Reddy. "Thenali" is the 49th film for visual effects supervisor Madhu Sudhanan.


title: Thenali

text: The soundtrack of the film was composed by A. R. Rahman, and released under the label RPG Music. Rahman initially refused Ravikumar's offer to work on the film due to numerous Bollywood and international commitments. But after the Indo-Canadian film "Water" was delayed, he returned to "Thenali". Due to a rift between Rahman and his then usual lyricist Vairamuthu, Rahman chose six different lyricists: Ilayakamban, Kalaikumar, Arivumathi, Piraisoodan and Thamarai, all collaborating with Rahman for the first time. The song "Alangatti Mazhai" marks the singing debut of Sharanya Srinivas, who sang only one line. The song "Injerungo", written by Thamarai, features Jaffna slang. The song "Swasame" is set in Hamir Kalyani raga, and was re-used in the final scene of the 2009 American film "The Accidental Husband".


title: Thenali

text: "Thenali" was released on 26 October 2000, Diwali day. Despite being released alongside other Diwali releases such as "Seenu", "Priyamaanavale", "Vaanavil" and "Kannukku Kannaga", the film became a silver jubilee hit, and grossed over . In Malaysia, it was the most successful Tamil film of the year, grossing RM 1.35 million. The film also performed well in Sri Lanka.


title: Thenali

text: "Thenali" received positive reviews from critics. Malathi Rangarajan of "The Hindu" gave a verdict that the film was a "wholesome mix of rip-roaring action, witty dialogues and exotic locales". She was particularly appreciative of Jayaram's performance, Haasan's Sri Lankan diction and his comedic prowess, "both the physical and dialogue-oriented kind", adding, "Logic has no place in the story, which is only meant to make you laugh". Rajitha of "Rediff.com" stated, "The comedy is on a single track in "Thenali"" and that "it is more tiresome than humorous". She appreciated the technical aspects of the film, but was critical of the music. Visual Dasan of "Kalki" lauded Haasan's delivery of Sri Lankan accented Tamil, but said the real show stealer with regards to acting was Jayaram. He also appreciated the dialogues written by Mohan, but felt Jyothika was underutilised. "Tamil Star Online" wrote that Ravikumar, Mohan and Haasan "have offered an enjoyable comic fare", but criticised the music, though the reviewer said "it is to be commended that each lyricists has put in his best in his lyrics".


title: Thenali

text: Writing for "Chennai Online", Malini Mannath said, "Kamal's perfect timing for comedy, matched equally by Jairam, the antics of Delhi Ganesh and Ramesh Khanna, the humour, some situational, some slapstick, and Crazy Mohan's lines sustain the film for sometime. But then how long can one fool around with a one-line story? The second half has its dragging moments and some forced humour. Rehman's tunes are not very inspiring, the song picturisation too leaving much to be desired". "Indiainfo" lauded Haasan's "flawless" Sri Lankan accent, but felt the film had "nothing new to offer", criticised the music, dance choreography and cinematography. The critic added that Jayaram's performance "matches Kamal [Haasan] but otherwise the other artistes [Devayani] and Jyothika have nothing much to offer". Sandya Krishna wrote for "Indolink", "["Thenali"] might not be refined or polished in its technical aspects but shines like the top jewel in the crown when it comes to commercial masala/comedy filmmaking. A large portion of its success goes to three people, besides Crazy. Kamalahassan [...] and K.S.Ravikumar".


title: Thenali

text: "Thenali" was dubbed into Telugu as "Tenali" under the production of S. P. Balasubrahmanyam. In 2005, Haasan decided to produce a Hindi remake under his company Raaj Kamal Films International, but the project did not materialise. A year later, a Kannada remake supposed to star Ramesh Aravind, Jaggesh, Deepu and Manasi was announced, but later dropped.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: The Interregnum was the period between the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649 and the arrival of his son Charles II in London on 29 May 1660 which marked the start of the Restoration. During the Interregnum, England was under various forms of republican government (see Commonwealth of England; this article describes other facets of the Interregnum).


title: Interregnum (England)

text: The politics of the period were dominated by the wishes of the "Grandees" (Senior Officers) of the New Model Army and their civilian supporters. They encouraged (or at least tolerated) several republican regimes.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: From 1649 until 1653 executive powers lay with the Council of State, while legislative functions were carried out by the Rump Parliament.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: In 1653 the Grandees, with Oliver Cromwell in the lead, dismissed the Rump, and replaced it with a Nominated Assembly (nicknamed the Parliament of Saints or Barebone's Parliament) made up of 140 nominees, 129 from England and Wales, five from Scotland and six from Ireland. It proved to be as difficult for the executive to work with this parliament as it had with the Rump, so, after sitting for five months, members friendly to the Grandees engendered its dissolution on 12 December 1653.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: The "Instrument of Government" was adopted on 15 December 1653 and the pre-eminent "Grandee" Oliver Cromwell was installed as Lord Protector on the following day. The "Instrument of Government" granted executive power to the Lord Protector. Although this post was elective, not hereditary, it was to be held for life. It also required the calling of triennial Parliaments, with each sitting for at least five months.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: In January 1655, Cromwell dissolved the first Protectorate Parliament, ushering in a period of military rule by the Major Generals.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: The "Instrument of Government" was replaced in May 1657 by England's second, and last, codified constitution, the Humble Petition and Advice. However Oliver Cromwell died the next year and his nominated successor as Lord Protector, his son Richard, proved unable to govern effectively as various political parties strove to gain power.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: The Protectorate came to an end in May 1659 when the Grandees recalled the Rump Parliament, which authorised a Committee of Safety to replace Richard's Council of State. This ushered in a period of unstable government, which did not come to an end until February 1660 when General George Monck, the English military governor of Scotland, marched to London at the head of his troops, and oversaw the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: After the Parliamentarian victory in the Civil War, the Puritan views of the majority of Parliament and its supporters began to be imposed on the rest of the country. The Puritans advocated an austere lifestyle and restricted what they saw as the excesses of the previous regime. Most prominently, holidays such as Christmas and Easter were suppressed. Pastimes such as the theatre and gambling were also banned. However, some forms of art that were thought to be "virtuous", such as opera, were encouraged. These changes are often credited to Oliver Cromwell, though they were introduced by the Commonwealth Parliament; and Cromwell, when he came to power, was a liberalising influence.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: Rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel met Oliver Cromwell in 1655 in order to discuss the admission of Jews into England. Cromwell did not agree to all the rights that Ben Israel requested, but the opening of Jewish synagogues and burial grounds was tolerated under Cromwell's Protectorate. The Jewish faith was still not practised openly in England, since Cromwell's move had been controversial and many in England were still hostile toward Jews. Life for Jews in England improved in that they could no longer be prosecuted if caught worshipping, yet discrimination continued.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: Parliament had, to a large degree, encouraged the radical political groups which emerged when the usual social controls broke down during the English Civil War. It had also unwittingly established a new political force when it set up the New Model Army. Not surprisingly, all these groups had their own hopes for the new Commonwealth.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: Led by John Lilburne, Levellers drew their main support from London and the Army. In the Agreement of the People, 1649, they asked for a more representative and accountable parliament, to meet every two years; a reform of law so it would be available to and fair to all; and religious toleration. They wanted a more democratic society, although their proposed franchise did not extend to women or to the lowest orders of society.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: Levellers saw the Rump as little better than the monarchy it had replaced, and they showed their displeasure in demonstrations, pamphlets and mutinies. While their numbers did not pose a serious threat to the government, they scared the Rump into action and a Treasons Act was passed against them in 1649.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: Led by Gerrard Winstanley, Diggers wanted an even more coercively equal society than the Levellers (in the sense of "equality of outcome", not "equality of opportunity" which the Levellers were closer to espousing). They advocated a lifestyle that bore many similarities to later understandings of communism and anarchism, with communal ownership of land, and absolute equality for males and females in law and education. They existed in only very small numbers and faced a very strong opposition, even from the Levellers.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: The breakdown of religious uniformity and incomplete Presbyterian Settlement of 1646 enabled independent churches to flourish. The main sects ("see also English Dissenters") were Baptists, who advocated adult rebaptism; Ranters, who claimed that sin did not exist for the "chosen ones"; and Fifth Monarchy Men, who opposed all "earthly" governments, believing they must prepare for God's kingdom on earth by establishing a "government of saints".


title: Interregnum (England)

text: Despite greater toleration, extreme sects were opposed by the upper classes as they were seen as a threat to social order and property rights.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: Conservatives were still dominant in both central government and local government. In the former, the Rump was anxious not to offend the traditional ruling class whose support it needed for survival, so it opposed radical ideas. In the latter, that ruling class dominated through the influence of traditional regional gentry.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: The Interregnum was a relatively short but important period in the history of the British Isles. It saw a number of political experiments without any stable form of government emerging, largely due to the wide diversity in religious and political groups that had been allowed to flourish after the regicide of Charles I.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: The Puritan movement had evolved as a rejection of both real and perceived "Catholicisation" of the Church of England. When the Church of England was quickly disestablished by the Commonwealth Government, the question of what church to establish became a hotly debated subject. In the end, it was impossible to make all the political factions happy. During the Interregnum, Oliver Cromwell lost much of the support he had gained during the Civil War. Edward Sexby, previously a supporter of Cromwell's, felt disenfranchised by Cromwell's failure to abolish the aristocracy. In 1657, Silius Titus called for Cromwell's assassination in a co-authored pamphlet "Killing No Murder" under the pseudonym of William Allen. Sexby was captured when he returned to England and attempted to carry out the assassination described in Colonel Titus' book. Cromwell coerced Sexby into confessing authorship of the pamphlet and then imprisoned him in the Tower of London, where Sexby was driven to insanity, dying there less than a year later.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: High taxes required by the large standing army, kept due to the constant threats of Scottish and Irish rebellion, added to public resentment of Cromwell.


title: Interregnum (England)

text: After the fall of James II during the Glorious Revolution, an interregnum was declared and a Convention Parliament called to elect William III and Mary II joint monarchs.


title: Anastomosis

text: An anastomosis (, plural anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams. Such a connection may be normal (such as the foramen ovale in a fetus's heart) or abnormal (such as the patent foramen ovale in an adult's heart); it may be acquired (such as an arteriovenous fistula) or innate (such as the arteriovenous shunt of a metarteriole); and it may be natural (such as the aforementioned examples) or artificial (such as a surgical anastomosis). The reestablishment of an anastomosis that had become blocked is called a reanastomosis. Anastomoses that are abnormal, whether congenital or acquired, are often called fistulas.


title: Anastomosis

text: Anastomosis: medical or Modern Latin, from Greek ἀναστόμωσις, anastomosis, "outlet, opening", Gr ana- "up, on, upon", stoma "mouth", "to furnish with a mouth". Thus the "-stom-" syllable is cognate with that of "stoma" in botany or "stoma" in medicine.


title: Anastomosis

text: An anastomosis is the connection of two normally divergent structures. It refers to connections between blood vessels or between other tubular structures such as loops of intestine.


title: Anastomosis

text: In circulatory anastomoses, many arteries naturally anastomose with each other; for example, the inferior epigastric artery and superior epigastric artery, or the anterior and/or posterior communicating arteries in the Circle of Willis in the brain. The circulatory anastomosis is further divided into arterial and venous anastomosis. Arterial anastomosis includes actual arterial anastomosis (e.g., palmar arch, plantar arch) and potential arterial anastomosis (e.g. coronary arteries and cortical branch of cerebral arteries). Anastomoses also form alternative routes around capillary beds in areas that don't need a large blood supply, thus helping regulate systemic blood flow.


title: Anastomosis

text: Surgical anastomosis occurs when segments of intestine, blood vessel, or any other structure are connected together surgically (anastomosed). Examples include arterial anastomosis in bypass surgery, intestinal anastomosis after a piece of intestine has been resected, Roux-en-Y anastomosis and ureteroureterostomy. Surgical anastomosis techniques include Linear Stapled Anastomosis, Hand Sewn Anastomosis, End-to-End Anastomosis (EEA). Anastomosis can be performed by hand or with an anastomosis assist device. Studies have been performed comparing various anastomosis approaches taking into account surgical "time and cost, postoperative anastomotic bleeding, leakage, and stricture".


title: Anastomosis

text: Pathological anastomosis results from trauma or disease and may involve veins, arteries, or intestines. These are usually referred to as fistulas. In the cases of veins or arteries, traumatic fistulas usually occur between artery and vein. Traumatic intestinal fistulas usually occur between two loops of intestine (entero-enteric fistula) or intestine and skin (enterocutaneous fistula). Portacaval anastomosis, by contrast, is an anastomosis between a vein of the portal circulation and a vein of the systemic circulation, which allows blood to bypass the liver in patients with portal hypertension, often resulting in hemorrhoids, esophageal varices, or caput medusae.


title: Anastomosis

text: In evolution, anastomosis is a recombination of evolutionary lineage. Conventional accounts of evolutionary lineage present themselves as the branching out of species into novel forms. Under anastomosis, species might recombine after initial branching out, such as in the case of recent research that shows that ancestral populations along human and chimpanzee lineages may have interbred after an initial branching event. The concept of anastomosis also applies to the theory of symbiogenesis, in which new species emerge from the formation of novel symbiotic relationships.


title: Anastomosis

text: In mycology, anastomosis is the fusion between branches of the same or different hyphae. Hence the bifurcating fungal hyphae can form true reticulating networks. By sharing materials in the form of dissolved ions, hormones, and nucleotides, the fungus maintains bidirectional communication with itself. The fungal network might begin from several origins; several spores ("i.e." by means of conidial anastomosis tubes), several points of penetration, each a spreading circumference of absorption and assimilation. Once encountering the tip of another expanding, exploring self, the tips press against each other in pheromonal recognition or by an unknown recognition system, fusing to form a genetic singular clonal colony that can cover hectares called a genet or just microscopical areas.


title: Anastomosis

text: For fungi, anastomosis is also a component of reproduction. In some fungi, two different haploid mating types – if compatible – merge. Somatically, they form a morphologically similar mycelial wave front that continues to grow and explore. The significant difference is that each septated unit is binucleate, containing two unfused nuclei, i.e. one from each parent that eventually undergoes karyogamy and meiosis to complete the sexual cycle.


title: Anastomosis

text: Also the term "anastomosing" is used for mushroom gills which interlink and separate to form a network.


title: Anastomosis

text: The growth of a strangler fig around a host tree, with tendrils fusing together to form a mesh, is called anastomosing.


title: Anastomosis

text: In geology, anastomosis refers to quartz (or other) veins displaying this property, which is often related to shearing in metamorphic regions.


title: Anastomosis

text: Anastomosing streams consist of multiple channels that divide and reconnect and are separated by semi-permanent banks formed of cohesive material, such that they are unlikely to migrate from one channel position to another. They can be confused with braided rivers based on their planforms alone, but braided rivers are much shallower and more dynamic than anastomosing rivers. Some definitions require that an anastomosing river be made up of interconnected channels that enclose floodbasins, again in contrast with braided rivers. Rivers with anastomosed reaches include the Magdalena River in Colombia, the upper Columbia River in British Columbia, Canada, the Drumheller Channels of the Channeled Scablands of the state of Washington, USA, and the upper Narew River in Poland. The term anabranch has been used for segments of anastamosing rivers.


title: Scott Twine

text: Scott Edward Twine (born 14 July 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Burnley.


title: Scott Twine

text: Born in Swindon, Twine started with the youth team of Royal Wootton Bassett Town before joining the academy of Southampton.


title: Scott Twine

text: In 2013 he joined Swindon Town where he progressed through the academy system. He signed professional terms with the club in March 2017, and made his first team debut on the final day of the 2016–17 campaign as a 69th-minute substitute during Swindon’s 3–0 defeat away to Charlton Athletic.


title: Scott Twine

text: During the following 2017–18 season, Twine enjoyed two loan spells with National League South club Chippenham Town, before being recalled for a second time to Swindon in March 2018. At the conclusion of the season, the club exercised an option to extend his contract further.


title: Scott Twine

text: On 10 November 2018, Twine scored his first Swindon Town goal in a 2–1 home FA Cup third round victory over York City. After featuring regularly during the first half of the 2018–19 season, Twine joined League of Ireland Premier Division club Waterford on loan, and went on to score twice in 15 appearances. The following season he re-joined Chippenham Town on loan once again for a short period, this time scoring 6 goals in just 8 appearances.


title: Scott Twine

text: In September 2020, Twine joined League Two club Newport County on a season-long loan deal. He enjoyed further success during this period and began to grow his reputation for scoring long range goals, including one in a 2–1 defeat away to Cambridge United, which was later named the EFL League Two Goal of the Month for October 2020.


title: Scott Twine

text: With Swindon struggling in League One, Twine was recalled by his parent club from his loan in January 2021. Despite Swindon later being relegated to League Two at the end of the 2020–21 season, Twine had scored 14 goals in 49 appearances for both clubs, and was named Newport County’s Young Player of the Season.


title: Scott Twine

text: On 8 June 2021, Twine joined League One club Milton Keynes Dons on free transfer, signing a long-term contract after declining a new deal with Swindon. Due to being under the age of 24, Swindon were later awarded compensation which was set by a tribunal to be £300,000 in addition to a 20% sell-on clause for any future transfer.


title: Scott Twine

text: He scored his first goal for the club - a free-kick on his league debut - in a 3–3 draw away to Bolton Wanderers on 7 August 2021.


title: Scott Twine

text: On 28 September 2021, Twine scored his first career hat-trick in a 3–3 draw at home to Fleetwood Town, with two of the goals long range efforts, including a free-kick. On 10 December 2021, Twine was named EFL League One Player of the Month for November 2021 following seven goal contributions in four appearances.


title: Scott Twine

text: On 30 April 2022, the final day of the regular season, Twine scored 4 goals in a 5–0 win away over Plymouth Argyle, becoming only the second player in the club's history after Will Grigg to score four in a match. A day later, Twine was named both Young Player of the Year and Player of the Year at the club's annual end of season awards.


title: Scott Twine

text: Following an impressive first season with the club in which he scored 20 goals and made 13 assists, Twine was named the EFL League One Player of the Season for the 2021–22 campaign at the annual EFL Awards ceremony, and was included in both the EFL's League One Team of the Season and PFA Team of the Year alongside teammate Harry Darling.


title: Scott Twine

text: On 26 June 2022, Twine joined EFL Championship club Burnley on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee.


title: Scott Twine

text: Twine has a reputation for scoring long range goals from both open play and free-kicks. Primarily a number ten throughout his career to date, Twine can also operate as a left-winger or striker.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Perseus (Персей) was the code name of a hypothetical Soviet atomic spy that, if real, would have allegedly breached United States national security by infiltrating Los Alamos National Laboratory during the development of the Manhattan Project, and consequently, would have been instrumental for the Soviets in the development of nuclear weapons.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Among researchers of the subject there is some consensus that Perseus was actually a creation of Soviet intelligence. Hypotheses include that "Perseus" was created as a composite of several different spies, disinformation to distract from specific spies, or may have been invented by the KGB to promote itself to the Soviet leadership to obtain more state funding.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: There were, however, multiple confirmed Soviet spies on the Manhattan project. They included Theodore Hall, George Koval, Morton Sobell, David Greenglass, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Klaus Fuchs, and Harry Gold.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: A reference to the profile of a spy who can be identified with Perseus describes them as an American scientist of young age at the time of the Manhattan Project.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: If they were real, Perseus would have supposedly been of age to participate in the Spanish Civil War.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In the early 1940s Perseus would have been in New York City visiting his sick parents. During his stay in that city, they would have managed to be recruited by the GRU after looking for and contacting Morris Cohen, an American who joined the Communist Party during the Great Depression and worked as a Soviet spy.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: The meeting with Cohen must have been between September 1941 and July 1942, before Cohen enlisted in the army and left for the Western Front in Europe.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Perseus reportedly introduced themself to Cohen as a physicist who had been invited to join the work at Los Alamos research center. By 1942, Perseus was supposedly already working at Los Alamos, being that they would have started sometime at least 18 months before German physicist and also atomic spy Klaus Fuchs, who joined the Manhattan Project in mid-1944. However, Perseus appears to have been recruited by the Soviets around the same (or at least a nearby) time as Fuchs.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: According to articles published in Russia by "The New Times", Perseus would have collaborated with the Soviet government for purely ideological reasons to the point that they refused any financial rewards in exchange for classified information, since they were convinced that the United States would use the atomic bomb against the Soviet Union, allegedly claiming that:


title: Perseus (spy)

text: With Morris Cohen in Europe, his wife, Lona Cohen, took it upon herself to travel to Albuquerque on one or two occasions (depending on the source consulted) to serve as a carrier.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Once there, Lona Cohen would have received information allegedly directly from Perseus, and took it to the Soviet consul in New York City, Anatoli Yatskov. This information allegedly included crucial details about the Trinity Test, which was detonated in July 1945.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Perseus was also allegedly referred by or identified with the code names of «Mr. X», «Youngster», FOGEL, PERS and «Mlad».


title: Perseus (spy)

text: This name is also given to a spy at White Sands Missile Range, located further south near Las Cruces, New Mexico.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In April 1991, KGB colonel and public relations officer Vladimir Chikov published articles in the Russian weekly "The New Times" in which he commented on the existence of a Russian spy who worked in the Manhattan Project under the code name of Perseus, giving details of his recruitment and achievements.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Regarding the information published by Chikov in "The New Times", an article in The Washington Post comments:


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In an interview published in 1992, the former Soviet consul in New York, Anatoli Yatskov, confirmed the existence of Perseus, as an important figure among scientists working on the Manhattan Project.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: During his tenure as consul, Yatskov used the pseudonym Anatoly Yakovlev and served as a Soviet intelligence agent, coordinating atomic spies in the United States.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Yatskov gave details about Perseus' recruitment, how he sent information from New Mexico to New York (through Morris Cohen's wife), and confirmed that the Soviet Union received information from both Klaus Fuchs and Perseus.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In an interview given before his death in 1995, the American-born Soviet spy Morris Cohen confirmed that in addition to Karl Fuchs, there was a second physicist in the Manhattan Project who worked as a Soviet spy.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: The details in Cohen's story coincide with the statements of Colonel Vladimir Chikov a few years earlier, such as the recruitment of people close to the Manhattan Project as spies, the existence (suspected by American intelligence) of an unidentified scientist who collaborated with Soviet intelligence, and the interaction of said scientist with Lona Cohen (Morris Cohen's wife) to transport stolen information.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: According to Cohen, by the fall of 1994 there were very few people left in Soviet intelligence ("two or maybe three") who knew the real name of the second spy scientist.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: For her part, shortly before her death in 1992, Lona Cohen had a telephone interview with historian Walter Schneir. In that interview, Lona Cohen confirmed that she had made at least one trip between Albuquerque and New York to transport classified information stolen from the United States, but she could not quite remember who she had interviewed with in New Mexico, saying that it was probably a scientist or physicist.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program run by the Signal Intelligence Service that (later became part of the National Security Agency,) started in the Second World War and was active since February 1943 to October 1980.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: The objective of the program was to intercept and decrypt messages from diplomats, intelligence agencies (such as the NKVD and the KGB), business representatives and other actors of the Soviet government.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Despite the fact that only a fraction of the messages intercepted by Venona were suitable for decryption, the project left an archive of around 3000 decrypted and translated messages.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Although there is no mention of Perseus in the Venona files, there are references to a spy under the code name PERS or FOGEL. Apparently, at some point the codename PERS was turned into Perseus by mistake.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: PERS was identified in the Venona files as part of the group of four Soviet spies (of which only 3 had been identified) who infiltrated the Manhattan Project.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Despite the fact that by 2012 a publication by NSA's Center for Cryptologic History described PERS as ""important, but still unidentified"", the references in the Venona files have been questioned or even used to confirm that Perseus never existed.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: From the early 1950s till 1995, three Soviet spies had been confirmed to have infiltrated Los Alamos: Klaus Fuchs (German physicist), David Greenglass (military man and brother-in-law of Julius Rosenberg) and Theodore Hall (American physicist).


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Fuchs voluntarily confessed to British MI5 authorities in January 1950 and this subsequently lead to Greenglass in June of that same year. Finally, Hall's involvement was not identified until the release of documents from Venona in 1995, a few years before his death in 1999.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, publications like those by Chikov and Yatskov strengthened the theory of a possible fourth spy in Los Alamos, who would have been identified as Perseus (the PERS in the Venona files) or FOGEL.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In 1994 the lieutenant general and Soviet agent Pavel Sudoplatov published a book titled "Special Tasks".


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In the book, Sudoplatov referred to the statements made by Anatoly Yatskov, and stated that he did not remember that code name and, that in his opinion, it could be that Yatskov or his associates created Perseus to cover the true identities of Soviet informants.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: However, Sudoplatov also acknowledged that the codename Perseus was used to refer to or cover a number of agents and anonymous sources.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Sudoplatov misidentified Bruno Pontecorvo as the spy codenamed "Mlad", who is now identified as Ted Hall by researchers.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: United States Cold War historian John Earl Haynes concluded that Perseus was an invention, relying on the research of authors Joseph Albright, Marcia Kunstel and Gary Kern.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In an index of false names, pseudonyms, and real names of spies, Haynes notes under the Perseus entry that:


title: Perseus (spy)

text: However, Haynes acknowledges that although Perseus was an invention, there must have been a 4th Soviet spy operating in Los Alamos during the development of the Manhattan Project in addition to the 3 spies identified until 1995: Klaus Fuchs, David Greenglass and Theodore Hall.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In their book "Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy", authors Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel dedicate the twentieth chapter to Perseus under the title of "The Perseus Myth" in which they conclude that the spy never existed.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: According to the authors, the KGB may have created Perseus for the purposes of self-promotion, justify its own existence, and even to secure more state funding.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In 2006 mail that was made public, author Gary Kern explained why he believed Perseus was an invention. Kern believes that Perseus was an extremely risky disinformation operation with multiple objectives, including:


title: Perseus (spy)

text: In April 1999 American scientist, activist, and president of the Federation of American Scientists from 1970 to 2000, Jeremy Stone, published his memoirs under the title "Every Man Should Try: Adventures of a Public Interest Activist".


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Motivated by an article in The Washington Post about Vladimir Chikov's publications in Russia, Stone decided to take on the subject, and in his book he disclosed conversations and visits he had with someone he knew personally and only identified with the pseudonym "Scientist X" (or "Dr. X" ), and explained why he believed that this "Scientist X" was the real Perseus.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Despite the use of a pseudonym, thanks to the information in the book, the "Scientist X" was easily identified as Philip Morrison, a physicist from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: To all of the above, Stone accepted Morrison's rebuttal, stating that: "In the light of these facts, which I certainly cannot contradict, [...] I can only accept your denial that you are Perseus."


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Finally, thanks to the controversy raised by the event, several academics and people close to the Federation of American Scientists expressed their wishes for Stone to apologize, and even expressed the idea of calling Stone to present his resignation as head of the Federation.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: According to historian John Earl Haynes and academic Harvey Klehr, thanks to FBI documents that were declassified in the 2010s, they were able to confirm the existence of a suspected fourth spy who they identified as Oscar Seborer.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Seborer was an American engineer who was drafted into the United States Army in 1942 and, like all his siblings, had sympathy for the Communist Party USA.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Given his education as an engineer, Seborer was assigned to the Special Engineer Detachment, a program that identified members of the army with specific skills or technical training, and funneled them to the Manhattan Project.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: However, Haynes and Klehr are emphatic that Seborer should not be identified with Perseus, since while Perseus would have been an invention probably based on Theodore Hall, Seborer's life and profile have no relation to the characteristics attributed to Perseus.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: According to historian John Earl Haynes and academic Harvey Klehr, although Perseus never really existed, some aspects of his character were based on or coincide with the American Soviet spy and physicist Theodore Hall. These aspects include:


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Born in New York City, Hall was an American physicist who was considered a prodigy from an early age, and graduated from Harvard University at 18. Concerned about the advance of fascism at the time, Hall developed sympathies for socialism.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: Although Haynes and Klehr noted that the agent identified as Perseus (or sometimes as "Mlad") has attributes and characteristics that do not match Hall, they still concluded that Perseus must have actually been an invention, the result of a misinformation operation with the goal of protecting Hall, who was still alive in the early 1990s. This could explain the presence of attributes that coincide between both at the same time of others that do not.


title: Perseus (spy)

text: On August 19, 2020, Perseus was first referenced in the worldwide teaser trailer for "". He was later confirmed as the main antagonist in the game's which is set in the 1980s and flashbacks of the Vietnam War. Perseus is an international spy ring made up of various individuals. Perseus was shown in the final scenes of the Pro-Soviet ending of the game as the main party involving the detonation of nuclear weapons in major European cities. The main figure head of Perseus who is referred to as "Perseus" is voice acted by American actor William Salyers.


title: Exposition (narrative)

text: Narrative exposition is the insertion of background information within a story or narrative. This information can be about the setting, characters' backstories, prior plot events, historical context, etc. In literature, exposition appears in the form of expository writing embedded within the narrative. Exposition is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as "modes of discourse"), along with description, persuasion, and narration, as elucidated by Alexander Bain and John Genung.


title: Exposition (narrative)

text: An expository paragraph presents facts, gives directions, defines terms, and so on. It should clearly inform readers about a specific subject.


title: Exposition (narrative)

text: An expository essay is one whose chief aim is to present information or to explain something. To "expound" is to set forth in detail, so a reader will learn some facts about a given subject. However, no essay is merely a set of facts. Behind all the details lies an attitude, a "point of view". In exposition, as in other rhetorical modes, details must be selected and ordered according to the writer's sense of their importance and interest. Although the expository writer isn't primarily taking a stand on an issue, they can't—and shouldn't try to—keep their opinions completely hidden.


title: Exposition (narrative)

text: An information dump (or infodump) is a large drop of information by the author to provide background they deem necessary to continue the plot. This is ill-advised in narrative and is even worse when used in dialogue. There are cases where an information dump can work, but in many instances it slows down the plot or breaks immersion for the readers. Exposition works best when the author provides only the bare minimum of surface information and allows the readers to discover as they go.


title: Exposition (narrative)

text: Indirect exposition, sometimes called incluing, is a technique of worldbuilding in which the reader is gradually exposed to background information about the world in which a story is set. The idea is to "clue" the readers in to the world the author is building without them being aware of it. This can be done in a number of ways: through dialogues, flashbacks, characters' thoughts, background details, in-universe media, or the narrator telling a backstory.


title: Exposition (narrative)

text: Indirect exposition has always occurred in storytelling incidentally, but is first clearly identified, in the modern literary world, in the writing of Rudyard Kipling. In his stories set in India like "The Jungle Book", Kipling was faced with the problem of Western readers not knowing the culture and environment of that land, so he gradually developed the technique of explaining through example. But this was relatively subtle, compared to Kipling's science fiction stories, where he used the technique much more obviously and necessarily, to explain an entirely fantastic world unknown to any reader, in his Aerial Board of Control universe.


title: Exposition (narrative)

text: Kipling's writing influenced other science fiction writers, most notably the "Dean of Science Fiction", Robert Heinlein, who became known for his advanced rhetorical and storytelling techniques, including indirect exposition.


title: Exposition (narrative)

text: The word "incluing" is attributed to fantasy and science fiction author Jo Walton. She defined it as "the process of scattering information seamlessly through the text, as opposed to stopping the story to impart the information." "Information dump" (or info-dump) is the term given for overt exposition, which writers want to avoid. In an "idiot lecture", characters tell each other information that needs to be explained for the purpose of the audience, but of which the characters in-universe would already be aware. Writers are advised to avoid writing dialogues beginning with "As you well know, Professor, a prime number is..."


title: Novi Pazar

text: Novi Pazar (, lit. "New Bazaar"; ) is a city located in the Raška District of southwestern Serbia. As of the 2011 census, the urban area has 66,527 inhabitants, while the city administrative area has 100,410 inhabitants. The city is the cultural center of the Bosniaks in Serbia and the region of Sandžak. A multicultural area of Muslims and Orthodox Christians, many monuments of both religions, like the Altun-Alem Mosque and the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, are found in the region which has a total of 30 protected monuments of culture.


title: Novi Pazar

text: During the 14th century under the old Serbian fortress of Stari Ras, an important market-place named "Trgovište" started to develop. By the middle of the 15th century, in the time of the final Ottoman Empire conquest of Old Serbia, another market-place was developing some 11 km to the east. The older place became known as "Staro Trgovište" (Old Trgovište, ) and the younger as "Novo Trgovište" (New Trgovište, ). The latter developed into the modern city of Novi Pazar.


title: Novi Pazar

text: The name "Novi Pazar" (meaning 'New Bazaar') was derived from the Serbian name "Novo Trgovište", via the Turkish name "Yeni Pazar", which is itself derived from "bazaar" (; ). The city is known as "Pazari i Ri" or "Tregu i Ri" in Albanian and simply Novi Pazar in Bosnian. Aside from that it is still known as "Yeni Pazar" in modern-day Turkey.


title: Novi Pazar

text: Novi Pazar is located in the valleys of the Jošanica, Raška, Deževska, and Ljudska rivers. It lies at an elevation of 496m, in the southeast Raška region. The city is surrounded by the Golija and Rogozna mountains, and the Pešter plateau lies to the west. The total area of the city administrative area is 742 km². It contains 100 settlements, mostly small and spread over hills and mountains surrounding the city. The largest village is Mur, with over 3000 residents.


title: Novi Pazar

text: Novi Pazar has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: "Dfb") typical of the hilly Raška region. It is generally cooler than Serbia's other major cities, though still significantly warmer than the neighboring town of Sjenica.


title: Novi Pazar

text: One of the oldest monuments of the area is the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul first built in the Roman era. The capital city of the Principality of Serbia, Ras, which was ruled by the Vlastimirović dynasty from 768 to 980, was near the modern city and has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Novi Pazar

text: In the next centuries, the region of modern Novi Pazar served as the principal province of the Serbian realm. It was an administrative division, usually under the direct rule of the monarch and sometimes as an appanage. It was the crownland, seat or appanage of various Serbian states throughout the Middle Ages, including the Serbian Kingdom (1217-1345) and the Serbian Empire (1345-1371). In 1427, the region and the remnant of Ras, as part of the Serbian Despotate, was ruled by Serbian despot Đurađ Branković. One of the markets was called "despotov trg" (Despot's square). In 1439, the region was captured by the Ottoman Empire, but was reconquered by the Serbian Despotate in 1444. In the summer of 1455, the Ottomans conquered the region again, and named the settlement of Trgovište "Eski Bazar" (Old Market). Novi Pazar was formally founded as a city in its own right in 1461 by Ottoman general Isa-Beg Ishaković, the Bosnian governor of the district (sanjak) who also founded Sarajevo. Ishaković decided to establish a new town on the area of Trgovište as an urban center between Raška and Jošanica, where at first he built a mosque, a public bath, a marketplace, a hostel, and a compound.


title: Novi Pazar

text: It was the chief town of the Ras province (vilayet) until its disestablishment in 1463, when it became part of the Jeleč Vilayet. The first written document which mentions Novi Pazar dates from the 15th century, and describes the decision of the Republic of Ragusa to appoint a consul there. The town was well developed by this time, being at the intersection of important routes leading to Dubrovnik, Niš, Sofia, Constantinople, Salonica, Sarajevo, Belgrade and Budapest. The town also remained the capital of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, which continued until the 20th century as a constitutive unit of Bosnia Eyalet. The sanjak was occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary from 1878. In 1908 it was returned to the Ottoman Empire as part of the Kosovo Vilayet, but taken over by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, during the First Balkan War.


title: Novi Pazar

text: The area has traditionally had a large number of Albanians and Muslim Slavs with a different culture from the Orthodox Serbs. A contemporary report stated that when the Serb forces entered the Sandjak of Novi Pazar, they "pacified" the Albanians. In 1913, Novi Pazar officially became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, and as such, became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918. From 1929 to 1941, Novi Pazar was part of the Zeta Banovina of the Yugoslavia.


title: Novi Pazar

text: In the Battle for Novi Pazar, fought at the end of 1941 during the Second World War, the Chetniks, initially supported by the Partisans, unsuccessfully tried to capture the city. Following the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević on 5 October 2000, newly elected Prime Minister of Serbia Zoran Đinđić made considerable efforts to help economically the whole area of Novi Pazar. Also, with the help of Đinđić, the International University of Novi Pazar was founded in 2002. He made close relations with the leaders of Bosniaks, as part of his wider plan to reform Serbia. Twelve years following his assassination, the Novi Pazar Assembly decided to rename one street in his name.


title: Novi Pazar

text: According to the last official census done in 2011, the municipality of Novi Pazar has 100,410 inhabitants, while the city itself has 68,749 inhabitants. A total of 68.47% of population live in urban area of the city. The population density is 135.32 inhabitants per square kilometer.


title: Novi Pazar

text: Religion structure in the city of Novi Pazar is predominantly Muslim (82,710), with Serbian Orthodox (16,051), Atheists (71), Catholics (51), and other minority groups. Most of the population speaks either Bosnian (74,501) or Serbian (23,406).


title: Novi Pazar

text: A total of 33,583 citizens (older than 15 years) have secondary education (44.41%), while the 7,351 citizens have higher education (9.72%). Of those with higher education, 5,005 (6.62%) have university education.


title: Novi Pazar

text: From the 15th century to the Balkan Wars, Novi Pazar was the capital of the sanjak of Novi Pazar. Typically, like other centres of the wider area, its composition was multiethnic, with Albanians, Serbs and Slavic-speaking Muslims as the largest ethnic groups of the city. The Ottoman travel writer Evliya Çelebi noted that it was one of the most populated towns in the Balkans in the 17th century. Jews also lived in the city until World War II. The entire Jewish population of Novi Pazar - 221 individuals, were imprisoned, sent to the concentration camp Staro Sajmište and killed during the rule of Aćif Hadžiahmetović.


title: Novi Pazar

text: Aside from the urban area of Novi Pazar (54,604), the city administrative area includes the following settlements, with population from the 2002 census:


title: Novi Pazar

text: Novi Pazar is governed by a city assembly composed of 47 councillors, a mayor and vice-mayor. After the last legislative election held in 2020, the local assembly is composed of the following groups:


title: Novi Pazar

text: Lying on crossroads between numerous old and new states, Novi Pazar has always been a strong trade center. Along with the trade, the city developed manufacturing tradition. During the 20th century, it became a center of textile industry.


title: Novi Pazar

text: Paradoxically, during the turbulent 1990s and, Novi Pazar prospered, even during the UN sanctions, boosted by the strong private initiative in textile industry. Jeans of Novi Pazar, first of forged trademarks, and later on its own labels, became famous throughout the region. However, during the relative economic prosperity in Serbia of the 2000s, the Novi Pazar economy collapsed, with demise of large textile combines in mismanaged privatization, and incoming competition from the import.


title: Novi Pazar

text: The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2019):


title: Novi Pazar

text: The old Serbian Orthodox monastery of Sopoćani, the foundation of St King Uroš I, built in the second half of the 13th century and located west of Novi Pazar, is a World Heritage Site since 1979 accompanying with Stari Ras (Old Ras), a medieval capital of the Serbian great župan Stefan Nemanja.


title: Novi Pazar

text: The city also houses the oldest intact church in Serbia and one of the oldest ones in the region which dates from the 9th-century, the Church of St Peter. The church's walls were defaced with graffiti on 6 April 2008. The police have not officially concluded why the incident occurred.


title: Novi Pazar

text: On a hilltop overlooking Novi Pazar is the 12th century monastery of "Đurđevi stupovi", long left in ruin, but recently restored and with a monastic community using it, with plate glass to keep out the weather and preserve the fine frescos. The main mosque of the city, the Altun-Alem Mosque, was built in the first half of the 16th century by architect Abdul Gani.


title: Novi Pazar

text: There are various other historic Ottoman buildings, such as the 17th-century Amir-agin Han, a 15th-century Hammam, and the 15th-century Turkish fortress (all gone but the walls, the site of which is now a walled park in the city centre).


title: Novi Pazar

text: Novi Pazar is home to two universities, the International University of Novi Pazar and the State University of Novi Pazar.


title: Novi Pazar

text: The city's football club FK Novi Pazar was founded in 1928, under the name "FK Sandžak", which later changed to "FK Deževa". The club has played under its current name since 1962, when Deževa and another local football club, FK Ras, unified under this name. The club was a SFRJ amateur champion, and a member of the Yugoslav Second League. FK Novi Pazar qualified for a promotional play-off twice, but lost both times (to FK Sutjeska Nikšić in 1994, and to FK Sloboda Užice in 1995). FK Novi Pazar finally promoted to Serbian SuperLiga in 2011-12 season. FK Novi Pazar is the oldest second-league team in Serbia. Football is still an extremely popular sport in Novi Pazar and the city stadium is always full.


title: Novi Pazar

text: The Handball club is in the second league and used to have the name "Ras" but it was changed to RK Novi Pazar in 2004.


title: Novi Pazar

text: Famous athletes from the city include Turkish basketball national team player Mirsad Jahović Türkcan, former football player of Besiktas Sead Halilagić, handball-player Mirsad Terzić (who represents Bosnia and Herzegovina) and young football players Adem Ljajić, Ediz Bahtiyaroğlu, Armin Đerlek and alpinist Basar Čarovac who climbed all seven continents' highest peaks.


title: Lily Tomlin filmography

text: Lily Tomlin is an American actress and entertainer who has had various performances on stage and screen throughout a career spanning almost seven decades since 1965; various of which earned her recognition and honor.


title: Right to property

text: The right to property, or the right to own property (cf. ownership) is often classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their possessions. A general recognition of a right to private property is found more rarely and is typically heavily constrained insofar as property is owned by legal persons (i.e. corporations) and where it is used for production rather than consumption.


title: Right to property

text: A right to property is recognised in Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but it is not recognised in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The European Convention on Human Rights, in Protocol 1, article 1, acknowledges a right for natural and legal persons to "peaceful enjoyment of his possessions", subject to the "general interest or to secure the payment of taxes."


title: Right to property

text: The right to property is one of the most controversial human rights, both in terms of its existence and interpretation. The controversy about the definition of the right meant that it was not included in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Controversy centres upon who is deemed to have property rights protected (e.g. human beings or also corporations), the type of property which is protected (property used for the purpose of consumption or production) and the reasons for which property can be restricted (for instance, for regulations, taxation or nationalisation in the public interest). In all human rights instruments, either implicit or express restrictions exist on the extent to which property is protected. Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) enshrines the right to property as follows:


title: Right to property

text: The object of the right to property as it is usually understood nowadays consists of property already owned or possessed, or of property acquired or to be acquired by a person through lawful means. Not in opposition but in contrast to this, some proposals also defend a universal right to private property, in the sense of a right of every person to effectively receive a certain amount of property, grounded in a claim to Earth's natural resources or other theories of justice.


title: Right to property

text: The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) protects the right to property most explicitly in Article 14, stating:


title: Right to property

text: Property rights are furthermore recognised in Article 13 of the ACHPR, which states that every citizen has the right to participate freely in the government of his country, the right to equal access to public services and "the right of access to public property and services in strict equality of all persons before the law". Article 21 of the ACHPR recognises the right of all peoples to freely dispose of their wealth and natural resources and that this right shall be exercised in the exclusive interest of the people, who may not be deprived of this right. Article 21 also provides that "in case of spoliation the dispossessed people shall have the right to the lawful recovery of its property as well as to adequate compensation".