title: ChromeOS

text: Chrome Enterprise, launched in 2017, includes ChromeOS, Chrome Browser, Chrome devices and their management capabilities intended for business use. Businesses can access the standard ChromeOS features and unlock advanced features for business with the Chrome Enterprise Upgrade. Standard features include the ability to sync bookmarks and browser extensions across devices, cloud or native printing, multi-layered security, remote desktop, and automatic updates. Advanced features include Active Directory integration, unified endpoint management, advanced security protection, access to device policies and Google Admin console, guest access, kiosk mode, and whitelisting or blacklisting third-party apps managed on Google Play.


title: ChromeOS

text: The education sector was an early adopter of Chromebooks, ChromeOS, and cloud-based computing. Chromebooks are widely used in classrooms and the advantages of cloud-based systems have been gaining an increased share of the market in other sectors as well, including financial services, healthcare, and retail. "The popularity of cloud computing and cloud-based services highlights the degree to which companies and business processes have become both internet-enabled and dependent." IT managers cite a number of advantages of the cloud that have motivated the move. Among them are advanced security, because data is not physically on a single machine that can be lost or stolen. Deploying and managing cloud-native devices is easier because no hardware and software upgrades or virus definition updates are needed and patching of OS and software updates are simpler. Simplified and centralized management decreases operational costs.


title: ChromeOS

text: Employees can securely access files and work on any machine, increasing the shareability of Chrome devices. Google's Grab and Go program with Chrome Enterprise allows businesses deploying Chromebooks to provide employees access to a bank of fully charged computers that can be checked out and returned after some time.


title: ChromeOS

text: In an early attempt to expand its enterprise offerings, Google released Chromebox for Meetings in February 2014. Chromebox for Meetings is a kit for conference rooms containing a Chromebox, a camera, a unit containing both a noise-cancelling microphone and speakers, and a remote control. It supports Google Hangouts meetings, Vidyo video conferences, and conference calls from UberConference.


title: ChromeOS

text: Several partners announced Chromebox for Meetings models with Google, and in 2016 Google announced an all-in-one Chromebase for Meetings for smaller meeting rooms. Google targeted the consumer hardware market with the release of the Chromebook in 2011 and Chromebook Pixel in 2013, and sought access to the enterprise market with the 2017 release of the Pixelbook. The second-generation Pixelbook was released in 2019. In 2021 there are several vendors selling all-in-one Chromebase devices.


title: ChromeOS

text: Google has partnered on Chrome devices with several leading OEMs, including Acer, ASUS, Dell, HP, Lenovo, and Samsung. In August 2019, Dell announced that two of its popular business-focused laptops would run Chrome OS and come with Chrome Enterprise Upgrade. The Latitude 5300 2-in-1 Chromebook Enterprise and Latitude 5400 Chromebook Enterprise were the result of a two-year partnership between Dell and Google. The machines come with a bundle of Dell's cloud-based support services that would enable enterprise IT managers to deploy them in environments that also rely on Windows. The new laptop line "delivers the search giant's Chrome OS operating system in a form tailored for security-conscious organizations." Other OEMs that have launched devices with Chrome Enterprise Upgrade include Acer and HP.


title: ChromeOS

text: With a broader range of hardware available, ChromeOS became an option for enterprises wishing to avoid a migration to Windows 10 before Windows 7 support was discontinued by Microsoft.


title: ChromeOS

text: Laptops running ChromeOS are known collectively as "Chromebooks". The first was the CR-48, a reference hardware design that Google gave to testers and reviewers beginning in December 2010. Retail machines followed in May 2011. A year later, in May 2012, a desktop design marketed as a "Chromebox" was released by Samsung. In March 2015 a partnership with AOPEN was announced and the first commercial Chromebox was developed.


title: ChromeOS

text: In early 2014, LG Electronics introduced the first device belonging to the new all-in-one form factor called "Chromebase". Chromebase devices are essentially Chromebox hardware inside a monitor with a built-in camera, microphone and speakers.


title: ChromeOS

text: The Chromebit is an HDMI dongle running ChromeOS. When placed in an HDMI slot on a television set or computer monitor, the device turns that display into a personal computer. The first device, announced in March 2015 was an Asus unit that shipped that November and which reached end of life in November 2020.


title: ChromeOS

text: Chromebook tablets were introduced in March 2018 by Acer with their Chromebook Tab 10. Designed to rival the Apple iPad, it had an identical screen size and resolution and other similar specifications, a notable addition was a Wacom-branded stylus that doesn’t require a battery or charging.


title: ChromeOS

text: ChromeOS supports multi-monitor setups, on devices with a video-out port, USB 3.0 or USB-C, the latter being preferable.


title: ChromeOS

text: On February 16, 2022, Google announced a development version of ChromeOS Flex—a distribution of ChromeOS that can be installed on conventional PC hardware to replace other operating systems such as Windows and macOS. It is similar to CloudReady, a distribution of ChromiumOS whose developers were acquired by Google in 2020.


title: ChromeOS

text: The software and updates are limited in their support lifetime. Each device model manufactured to run ChromeOS has a different end-of-life date, with all new devices released in 2020 and beyond guaranteed to receive a minimum of eight years from their date of initial release.


title: ChromeOS

text: As of Version 78, the device's end-of-life date for software updates is listed in "About ChromeOS"-"Additional Details".


title: ChromeOS

text: Initially, ChromeOS was a pure thin client operating system that relied primarily on servers to host web applications and related data storage. Google gradually began encouraging developers to create "packaged applications", and later, Chrome Apps by employing HTML5, CSS, Adobe Shockwave, and JavaScript to provide a user experience closer to a native application.


title: ChromeOS

text: In September 2014, Google launched App Runtime for Chrome (beta), which allowed certain ported Android applications to run on ChromeOS. Runtime was launched with four Android applications: Duolingo, Evernote, Sight Words, and Vine. In 2016, Google made Google Play available for ChromeOS, making most Android apps available for supported ChromeOS devices.


title: ChromeOS

text: In 2018, Google announced plans for ChromeOS support for desktop Linux applications. This capability was released to the stable channel (as an option for most machines) with Chrome 69 in October 2018, but was still marked as beta. This feature was officially released with Chrome 91.


title: ChromeOS

text: From 2013 until January 2020, Google encouraged developers to build not just conventional Web applications for ChromeOS, but Chrome Apps (formerly known as Packaged Apps). In January 2020, Google's Chrome team announced its intent to phase out support for Chrome Apps in favor of "progressive web applications" (PWA) and Chrome extensions instead. In March 2020, Google stopped accepting new public Chrome Apps for the web store. According to Google, general support for Chrome Apps on ChromeOS will remain enabled, without requiring any policy setting, through June 2022.


title: ChromeOS

text: From a user's perspective, Chrome Apps resemble conventional native applications: they can be launched outside of the Chrome browser, are offline by default, can manage multiple windows, and interact with other applications.


title: ChromeOS

text: Google integrated a media player into both ChromeOS and the Chrome browser, enabling users to play back MP3s, view JPEGs, and handle other multimedia files without connectivity. The integration also supports DRM videos.


title: ChromeOS

text: ChromeOS also includes an integrated file manager, resembling those found on other operating systems, with the ability to display directories and the files they contain from both Google Drive and local storage, as well as to preview and manage file contents using a variety of Web applications, including Google Docs and Box. Since January 2015, Chrome OS can also integrate additional storage sources into the file manager, relying on installed extensions that use the File System Provider API.


title: ChromeOS

text: In June 2010, Google's software engineer Gary Kačmarčík wrote that ChromeOS would access remote applications through a technology unofficially called ""Chromoting"", which would resemble Microsoft's Remote Desktop Connection. The name has since been changed to ""Chrome Remote Desktop"", and is like "running an application via Remote Desktop Services or by first connecting to a host machine by using RDP or VNC". Initial roll-outs of ChromeOS laptops (Chromebooks) indicate an interest in enabling users to access virtual desktops.


title: ChromeOS

text: At Google I/O 2014, a proof of concept showing Android applications, including Flipboard, running on ChromeOS was presented. In September 2014, Google introduced a beta version of the App Runtime for Chrome (ARC), which allows selected Android applications to be used on ChromeOS, using a Native Client-based environment that provides the platforms necessary to run Android software. Android applications do not require any modifications to run on ChromeOS, but may be modified to better support a mouse and keyboard environment. At its introduction, ChromeOS support was only available for selected Android applications.


title: ChromeOS

text: In 2016, Google introduced the ability to run Android apps on supported ChromeOS devices, with access to Google Play in its entirety. The previous Native Client-based solution was dropped in favor of a container containing Android's frameworks and dependencies (initially based on Android Marshmallow), which allows Android apps to have direct access to the ChromeOS platform, and allow the OS to interact with Android contracts such as sharing. Engineering director Zelidrag Hornung explained that ARC had been scrapped due to its limitations, including its incompatibility with the Android Native Development Toolkit (NDK), and that it was unable to pass Google's own compatibility test suite.


title: ChromeOS

text: All Chromebooks made since 2018, and many earlier models, can run Linux apps. As with Android apps, these apps can be installed and launched alongside other apps. Google maintains a list of devices that were launched before 2019, which support Linux apps.


title: ChromeOS

text: Since 2013, it has been possible to run Linux applications in ChromeOS through the use of Crouton, a third-party set of scripts that allows access to a Linux distribution such as Ubuntu. However, in 2018 Google announced that desktop Linux apps were officially coming to ChromeOS. The main benefit claimed by Google of their official Linux application support is that it can run without enabling developer mode, keeping many of the security features of ChromeOS. It was noticed in the ChromiumOS source code in early 2018. Early parts of Crostini were made available for the Google Pixelbook via the dev channel in February 2018 as part of ChromeOS version 66, and it was enabled by default via the beta channel for testing on a variety of Chromebooks in August 2018 with version 69.


title: ChromeOS

text: Google's project for supporting Linux applications in ChromeOS is called "Crostini", named for the Italian bread-based starter, and as a pun on Crouton. Crostini runs a virtual machine through a virtual machine monitor called "crosvm", which uses Linux's built-in KVM virtualization tool. Although crosvm supports multiple virtual machines, the one used for running Linux apps, Termina, contains a basic Chrome OS kernel based on Gentoo and userland utilities, in which it runs containers based on LXD.


title: ChromeOS

text: ChromeOS is built on top of the Linux kernel. Originally based on Ubuntu, its base was changed to Gentoo Linux in February 2010. For Project "Crostini", as of ChromeOS 80, Debian 10 (Buster) is the default container base image. In preliminary design documents for the ChromiumOS open-source project, Google described a three-tier architecture: firmware, browser and window manager, and system-level software and userland services.


title: ChromeOS

text: In March 2010, Google software security engineer Will Drewry discussed ChromeOS security. Drewry described ChromeOS as a "hardened" operating system featuring auto-updating and sandbox features that would reduce malware exposure. He said that ChromeOS netbooks would be shipped with Trusted Platform Module (TPM), and include both a "trusted boot path" and a physical switch under the battery compartment that activates a "developer mode". That mode drops some specialized security functions but increases developer flexibility. Drewry also emphasized that the open-source nature of the operating system would contribute greatly to its security by allowing constant developer feedback.


title: ChromeOS

text: At a December 2010 press conference, Google declared that ChromeOS would be the most secure consumer operating system due in part to a verified boot ability, in which the initial boot code, stored in read-only memory, checks for system compromises. In the following nine years, ChromeOS has been affected by 55 documented security flaws of any severity, compared with over 1,100 affecting Microsoft Windows 10 in the five years to the end of 2019 and over 2,200 affecting Apple OS X in 20 years.


title: ChromeOS

text: ChromeOS includes the Chrome Shell, or "crosh", which documents minimal functionality such as ping at crosh start-up.


title: ChromeOS

text: In developer mode, a full-featured bash shell (which is supposed to be used for development purposes) can be opened via VT-2, and is also accessible using the crosh command codice_1. To access full privileges in shell (e.g. sudo) a root password is requested. For some time the default was "chronos" in ChromeOS and "facepunch" in ChromeOS Vanilla and later the default was empty, and instructions on updating it were displayed at each login.


title: ChromeOS

text: ChromeOS is partially developed under the open-source Chromium OS project. As with other open-source projects, developers can modify the code from ChromiumOS and build their own versions, whereas ChromeOS code is only supported by Google and its partners and only runs on hardware designed for the purpose. Unlike ChromiumOS, ChromeOS is automatically updated to the latest version.


title: ChromeOS

text: On Windows 8, exceptions allow the default desktop web browser to offer a variant that can run inside its full-screen "Metro" shell and access features such as the Share charm, without necessarily needing to be written with Windows Runtime. Chrome's "Windows 8 mode" was previously a tablet-optimized version of the standard Chrome interface. In October 2013, the mode was changed on Developer channel to offer a variant of the ChromeOS desktop.


title: ChromeOS

text: Early in the project, Google provided publicly many details of ChromeOS' design goals and direction, although the company has not followed up with a technical description of the completed operating system.


title: ChromeOS

text: Design goals for ChromeOS' user interface included using minimal screen space by combining applications and standard Web pages into a single tab strip, rather than separating the two. Designers considered a reduced window management scheme that would operate only in full-screen mode. Secondary tasks would be handled with "panels": floating windows that dock to the bottom of the screen for tasks like chat and music players. Split screens were also under consideration for viewing two pieces of content side by side. ChromeOS would follow the Chrome browser's practice of leveraging HTML5's offline modes, background processing, and notifications. Designers proposed using search and pinned tabs as a way to quickly locate and access applications.


title: ChromeOS

text: On April 10, 2012, a new build of ChromeOS offered a choice between the original full-screen window interface and overlapping, re-sizable windows, such as found on Microsoft Windows and Apple's macOS. The feature was implemented through the Ash window manager, which runs atop the Aura hardware-accelerated graphics engine. The April 2012 upgrade also included the ability to display smaller, overlapping browser windows, each with its own translucent tabs, browser tabs that can be "torn" and dragged to new positions or merged with another tab strip, and a mouse-enabled shortcut list across the bottom of the screen. One icon on the task bar shows a list of installed applications and bookmarks. Writing in CNET, Stephen Shankland argued that with overlapping windows, "Google is anchoring itself into the past" as both iOS and Microsoft's Metro interface are largely or entirely full-screen. Even so, "ChromeOS already is different enough that it's best to preserve any familiarity that can be preserved".


title: ChromeOS

text: Google Cloud Print is a Google service that helps any application on any device to print on supported printers. While the cloud provides virtually any connected device with information access, the task of "developing and maintaining print subsystems for every combination of hardware and operating system—from desktops to netbooks to mobile devices—simply isn't feasible." The cloud service requires installation of a piece of software called proxy, as part of the ChromeOS. The proxy registers the printer with the service, manages the print jobs, provides the printer driver functionality, and gives status alerts for each job.


title: ChromeOS

text: In 2016, Google included "Native CUPS Support" in ChromeOS as an experimental feature that may eventually become an official feature. With CUPS support turned on, it becomes possible to use most USB printers even if they do not support Google Cloud Print.


title: ChromeOS

text: Google announced that Google Cloud Print would no longer be supported after December 31, 2020, and that the online service would not be available as of January 1, 2021.


title: ChromeOS

text: ChromeOS was designed to store user documents and files on remote servers. Both ChromeOS and the Chrome browser may introduce difficulties to end-users when handling specific file types offline; for example, when opening an image or document residing on a local storage device, it may be unclear whether and which specific Web application should be automatically opened for viewing, or the handling should be performed by a traditional application acting as a preview utility. Matthew Papakipos, ChromeOS engineering director, noted in 2010 that Windows developers have faced the same fundamental problem: "Quicktime is fighting with Windows Media Player, which is fighting with Chrome."


title: ChromeOS

text: ChromeOS uses the same release system as Google Chrome: there are three distinct channels: Stable, Beta, and Developer preview (called the "Dev" channel). The stable channel is updated with features and fixes that have been thoroughly tested in the Beta channel, and the Beta channel is updated approximately once a month with stable and complete features from the Developer channel. New ideas get tested in the Developer channel, which can be very unstable at times. A fourth canary channel was confirmed to exist by Google Developer Francois Beaufort and hacker Kenny Strawn, by entering the ChromeOS shell in developer mode, typing the command to access the bash shell, and finally entering the command . It is possible to return to the verified boot mode after entering the canary channel, but the channel updater disappears and the only way to return to another channel is using the "powerwash" factory reset.


title: ChromeOS

text: At its debut, ChromeOS was viewed as a competitor to Microsoft, both directly to Microsoft Windows and indirectly the company's word processing and spreadsheet applications—the latter through ChromeOS' reliance on cloud computing. But ChromeOS engineering director Matthew Papakipos argued that the two operating systems would not fully overlap in functionality because ChromeOS is intended for netbooks, which lack the computational power to run a resource-intensive program like Adobe Photoshop.


title: ChromeOS

text: Some observers claimed that other operating systems already filled the niche that ChromeOS was aiming for, with the added advantage of supporting native applications in addition to a browser. Tony Bradley of "PC World" wrote in November 2009:


title: ChromeOS

text: In 2020, Chromebooks became the second most-popular end-user oriented OS (growing from 6.4% in 2019 to 10.8% in 2020). The majority of growth came at Windows' expense (which fell from 85.4% in 2019 to 80.5% in 2021).


title: ChromeOS

text: Google's offering of two open-source operating systems, Android and ChromeOS, has drawn some criticism despite the similarity between this situation and that of Apple Inc.'s two operating systems, macOS and iOS. Steve Ballmer, Microsoft CEO at the time, accused Google of not being able to make up its mind. Steven Levy wrote that "the dissonance between the two systems was apparent" at Google I/O 2011. The event featured a daily press conference in which each team leader, Android's Andy Rubin and Chrome's Sundar Pichai, "unconvincingly tried to explain why the systems weren't competitive". Google co-founder Sergey Brin addressed the question by saying that owning two promising operating systems was "a problem that most companies would love to face". Brin suggested that the two operating systems "will likely converge over time". The speculation over convergence increased in March 2013 when ChromeOS chief Pichai replaced Rubin as the senior vice president in charge of Android, thereby putting Pichai in charge of both.


title: ChromeOS

text: The relationship between Android and ChromeOS became closer at Google I/O 2014, where developers demonstrated native Android software running on ChromeOS through a Native Client-based runtime. In September 2014, Google introduced a beta version of the App Runtime for Chrome (ARC), which allows selected Android applications to be used on ChromeOS, using a Native Client-based environment that provides the platforms necessary to run Android software. Android applications do not require any modifications to run on ChromeOS, but may be modified to better support a mouse and keyboard environment. At its introduction, ChromeOS support was only available for selected Android applications. In October 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that ChromeOS would be folded into Android so that a single OS would result by 2017. The resulting OS would be Android, but it would be expanded to run on laptops. Google responded that while the company has "been working on ways to bring together the best of both operating systems, there's no plan to phase out ChromeOS".


title: ChromeOS

text: In 2016, Google introduced the ability to run Android apps on supported ChromeOS devices, with access to Google Play in its entirety. The previous Native Client-based solution was dropped in favor of a container containing Android's frameworks and dependencies (initially based on Android Marshmallow), which allows Android apps to have direct access to the ChromeOS platform, and allow the OS to interact with Android contracts such as sharing. Engineering director Zelidrag Hornung explained that ARC had been scrapped due to its limitations, including its incompatibility with the Android Native Development Toolkit (NDK), and that it was unable to pass Google's own compatibility test suite.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Bacteria are economically important as these microorganisms are used by humans for many purposes. The beneficial uses of bacteria include the production of traditional foods such as fudge, yogurt, cheese, and vinegar. Microbes are also important in agriculture for the compost and fertilizer production. Bacteria are used in genetic engineering and genetic changes.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Sourdough bread is made to rise by fermentation, with a leaven that consists of bacteria, often combined with wild yeast enzymes. The milk-souring bacterial genus "Lactobacillus" is used to make yogurt and cheese. Bacteria are also used to form organic acids in pickles and vinegar.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Biotechnology involves using microrganisms including bacteria in the manufacturing and services industries. These include chemical manufacturing such as ethanol, acetone, organic acid, enzymes, and perfumes. Bacteria are important in the production of many dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. For example, "Escherichia coli" is used for commercial preparation of riboflavin and vitamin K. "E. coli" is also used to produce D-amino acids such as D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine, an important intermediate for synthesis of the antibiotic amoxicillin.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Genetic engineering is the manipulation of genes. It is also called recombinant DNA technology. In genetic engineering, pieces of DNA (genes) are introduced into a host by a variety of techniques, one of the earliest being the use of a virus vector. The foreign DNA becomes a permanent feature of the host and is replicated and passed on to daughter cells along with the rest of its DNA. Bacterial cells are transformed and used in production of commercially important products. Examples include presentation of human insulin (used to treat diabetes) and human growth hormone (somatotrophin used to treat pituitary dwarfism).


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Bacteria such as "Clostridium butyricum" are used to separate fibres of jute, hemp and flax in the process of retting. The plants are immersed in water and when they swell, are inoculated with bacteria which hydrolyze pectic substances of the cell walls and separate the fibers. Alternatively, the plants are spread out on the ground and ret naturally because dew provides moisture. These separated fibers are used to make ropes, sacks, etc.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Bacteria can also be used in the place of pesticides in biological pest control. This commonly uses "Bacillus thuringiensis" (BT), a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium. This bacterium is used as a Lepidopteran-specific insecticide under trade names such as Dipel and Thuricide. Because of their specificity, these pesticides are regarded as environmentally friendly, with little effect on humans, wildlife, pollinators, or other beneficial insects.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Bacteria can be used to remove pollutants from contaminated water, soil and subsurface material. During the "Mega Borg" Oil Spill, for example, 100 pounds of bacteria were sprayed over an acre of the oil slick to break down the hydrocarbons present into more benign by-products.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Bacteria living in the gut of cattle, horses and other herbivores, for example "Ruminococcus" spp., help to digest cellulose by secreting the enzyme cellulase. This is how herbivores are able to get the energy they need from grass and other plants.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Also, "Escherichia coli", part of the intestinal microbiota of humans and other herbivorous animals, converts consumed food into vitamin K. This is absorbed in the colon and, in animal models, is sufficient to meet their daily requirement of the vitamin.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Bacteria are used to create multiple antibiotics such as Streptomycin from the bacteria streptococcus. Bacteria can also be used to create vaccines to prevent several diseases.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Some bacteria are harmful and act either as disease-causing agents (pathogens) both in plants and animals, or may play a role in food spoilage.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Bacteria cause a wide range of diseases in humans and other animals. These include superficial infections (e.g. impetigo), systemic infections (e.g. typhoid fever), acute infections (e.g. cholera) and chronic infections (e.g. tuberculosis).


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Plant diseases caused by bacteria are commercially important worldwide for agriculture. Besides bacterial pathogens that are already established in many areas, there are many instances of pathogens moving to new geographic areas or even the emergence of new pathogen variants. In addition, bacterial plant pathogens are difficult to control because of the shortage of chemical control agents for bacteria.


title: Economic importance of bacteria

text: Saprotrophic bacteria attack and decompose organic matter. This characteristic has posed a problem to mankind as food such as stored grains, meat, fish, vegetable and fruits are attacked by saprotrophic bacteria and spoiled. Similarly milk and products are easily contaminated by bacteria and spoiled.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: Latvian Air Force () is the aviation branch of the National Armed Forces. The first air force (AF) units were established 1992. It has no air combat capability, thus the defense of Latvian air space is maintained by NATO, with rotating detachments of four aircraft to Lithuania at four-monthly intervals (see Baltic Air Policing).


title: Latvian Air Force

text: The Latvian Air Force was first founded during the Latvian War of Independence. On 7 June 1919 an Air Group was formed, commanded by Lt. Alfrēds Valleika. The first aircraft were former Bolshevik Nieuport 24bis and Sopwith 1½ Strutter, both seized from German forces. They first flew on 5 August 1919, and accomplished the first bombing mission on 26 August 1919. From September the air force had three aircraft, and took part in fighting against the Germans and White Russians. Another 7–8 aircraft were seized and repaired after defeating of Russo-German forces, and 7 Sopwith Camels and 3 Sopwith 1½ Strutters were received from the British in December 1919. The Latvian air force flew 69 missions during the war of independence. In the years to follow many more aircraft were added to the inventory and the Air Group was eventually renamed the Aviation Regiment in 1926. An interesting feat of the Latvian naval aviation was a 6000-km trip to England and back, by three Fairey Seal floatplanes, in 1936.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: In 1939, the Aviation Regiment consisted of three fighter squadrons, armed with 24 Gloster Gladiator and 6 Bristol Bulldog (a fourth squadron was in organization), three reconnaissance squadrons, armed with up to 12 Letov Š-16LS, 2 Hawker Hind and 10 Stampe SV.5, and a naval reconnaissance squadron with 4 Fairey Seal and two other planes. In 1939, Latvia ordered and paid for 30 British Hawker Hurricane fighters, but due to the country being overrun, they were never delivered. By 1940, there were almost 130 aircraft in service.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: A separate, mostly light aircraft Aviation Regiment of the Aizsargi organization also existed parallel to the air force until the Soviet occupation. In addition to biplanes, it also purchased planes locally-produced by the VEF factory, e.g. at least four I-12 trainers in 1938.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: In 1940, the Aviation Regiment and the Latvian armed forces were dissolved after the Soviet occupation of Latvia.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: The post-Soviet Latvian Air Force was formed on 24 February 1992 at Spilve Airport. In August 1994 the air force moved to the ex-Soviet Lielvārde Air Base. As the withdrawing Soviet Air Force did not leave any aircraft in Latvia, the first aircraft operated by the air force were four Polish PZL Mi-2U helicopters that were received from civilian aviation in 1992. These were supplemented with two Let L-410UVP utility planes donated by Germany in 1993, however, one was lost in a 1995 accident in Lielvārde. Six PZL-104 Wilga-35A trainer aircraft from ex-DOSAAF stocks were mostly used by the Aviation Component of the Latvian National Guard since 1993. Similarly, the component acquired around 20 LET L-13 Blaník, three SZD-48-3 Jantar Standard 3 and three LAK-12 gliders.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: In the beginning of the 21st century two new and heavier Mi-8MTV Hip helicopters were bought. Both helicopters are fitted with search and rescue equipment, but are also used for transportation of troops, evacuation and support of the Special Forces. In 2000, the Aviation Component of the National Guard was merged into the air force.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: In 2004 the Ministry of Defense bought two more Mi-8MTV's at the Russian Ulan Ude helicopter (rework) factory. These two might replace the first two, because of the limited flying time left on the first two examples. One Mi-8MTV is normally at SAR stand-by in Riga, which is closer to the sea than Lielvārde.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: In 2004, the air force has commenced the modernization of the surface air defense capabilities by signing a contract regarding procurement of RBS-70 missiles.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: In 2005, soldiers of the Air Force Air Defense Wing started the respective training course. One Air Defense Battery was to be supplied with the armament; and the personnel training of the Air Defense Wing was completed by the end of 2007.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: It was planned to accommodate all the air force units at the Lielvārde military base in the near future. AF Air Operations Center was opened in 2009. Renovation of the air base was finished by 2014.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: In July 2018, it was reported that the Ministry of Defence was planning to buy four helicopters to perform search and rescue, evacuation, and firefighting operations. On August 3, 2018, the US State Department issued a news release, which stated that it had approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of four UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters to Latvia. On September 11, 2018, an intergovernmental agreement with the United States for the acquisition of four UH-60M helicopters was concluded by the Cabinet of Ministers. The first deliveries would take place at the end of 2022.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: In May 2020, Ministry of Defence announced plans to renovate three of four An-2. One aircraft is already in use, which was completely refurbished in 2016. The second refurbished An-2 was received in August 2020 and the third in December 2021, with plans to modernize the fourth An-2 within two years. In September 2021, the air force signed a contract for the purchase of two locally made ultralight Pelegrin Tarragons with delivery planned in 2022 and 2023.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: The air force carries out Latvian airspace surveillance, control and defense, provides air defense support to the Land Forces units and participates in search and rescue operations over the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Riga and dry land. They also transport NAF soldiers and cargo, provide transport for the State President, as well as other high-level Latvian and foreign officials during their visits to Latvia and abroad. AF aircraft also assist other NAF units, the Interior Ministry and the Crisis Medicine Centre. The air force carries out the national airspace surveillance by military radars included in its armament.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: One of the key priorities for the development of the AF is their integration into the NATO Air Defense System. The modernization of air defense equipment and the training of personnel is carried out with this purpose in mind. Enhancing the Air Space Surveillance System, developing a search and rescue helicopter subdivision and personnel training are also included on this list of priorities.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: air force helicopters in co-operation with the Disaster Medicine Center also transport patients in grave condition, persons injured in accidents and persons injured in traffic accidents from rural regions to Riga hospitals.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: Development of the Lielvārde military base will ensure centralization of air force units and establishment of an efficient command and control system, which will result in a reduction of the maintenance costs of the air force units.


title: Latvian Air Force

text: Previous aircraft flown were the Let L-410 Turbolet, PZL-104 Wilga, and the PZL Mi-2 helicopter. A number of glider/trainer aircraft were used by the Air Component of the Latvian National Guard from 1993 to 2000, when it was merged into the Air Force.


title: Sample space

text: In probability theory, the sample space (also called sample description space, possibility space, or outcome space) of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results of that experiment. A sample space is usually denoted using set notation, and the possible ordered outcomes, or sample points, are listed as elements in the set. It is common to refer to a sample space by the labels "S", Ω, or "U" (for "universal set"). The elements of a sample space may be numbers, words, letters, or symbols. They can also be finite, countably infinite, or uncountably infinite.


title: Sample space

text: A subset of the sample space is an event, denoted by formula_1. If the outcome of an experiment is included in formula_1, then event formula_1 has occurred.


title: Sample space

text: For example, if the experiment is tossing a single coin, the sample space is the set formula_4, where the outcome formula_5 means that the coin is heads and the outcome formula_6 means that the coin is tails. The possible events are formula_7, formula_8, and formula_9. For tossing two coins, the sample space is formula_10, where the outcome is formula_11 if both coins are heads, formula_12 if the first coin is heads and the second is tails, formula_13 if the first coin is tails and the second is heads, and formula_14 if both coins are tails. The event that at least one of the coins is heads is given by formula_15.


title: Sample space

text: For tossing a single six-sided die one time, where the result of interest is the number of pips facing up, the sample space is formula_16.


title: Sample space

text: A well-defined, non-empty sample space formula_17 is one of three components in a probabilistic model (a probability space). The other two basic elements are: a well-defined set of possible events (an event space), which is typically the power set of formula_17 if formula_17 is discrete or a σ-algebra on formula_17 if it is continuous, and a probability assigned to each event (a probability measure function).


title: Sample space

text: A sample space can be represented visually by a rectangle, with the outcomes of the sample space denoted by points within the rectangle. The events may be represented by ovals, where the points enclosed within the oval make up the event.


title: Sample space

text: A set formula_21 with outcomes formula_22 (i.e. formula_23) must meet some conditions in order to be a sample space:


title: Sample space

text: For instance, in the trial of tossing a coin, one possible sample space is formula_30, where formula_5 is the outcome where the coin lands heads and formula_6 is for tails. Another possible sample space could be formula_33. Here, formula_34 denotes a rainy day and formula_35 is a day where it is not raining. For most experiments, formula_36 would be a better choice than formula_37, as an experimenter likely do not care about how the weather affects the coin toss.


title: Sample space

text: For many experiments, there may be more than one plausible sample space available, depending on what result is of interest to the experimenter. For example, when drawing a card from a standard deck of fifty-two playing cards, one possibility for the sample space could be the various ranks (Ace through King), while another could be the suits (clubs, diamonds, hearts, or spades). A more complete description of outcomes, however, could specify both the denomination and the suit, and a sample space describing each individual card can be constructed as the Cartesian product of the two sample spaces noted above (this space would contain fifty-two equally likely outcomes). Still other sample spaces are possible, such as right-side up or upside down, if some cards have been flipped when shuffling.


title: Sample space

text: Some treatments of probability assume that the various outcomes of an experiment are always defined so as to be equally likely. For any sample space with formula_38 equally likely outcomes, each outcome is assigned the probability formula_39. However, there are experiments that are not easily described by a sample space of equally likely outcomes—for example, if one were to toss a thumb tack many times and observe whether it landed with its point upward or downward, there is no physical symmetry to suggest that the two outcomes should be equally likely.


title: Sample space

text: Though most random phenomena do not have equally likely outcomes, it can be helpful to define a sample space in such a way that outcomes are at least approximately equally likely, since this condition significantly simplifies the computation of probabilities for events within the sample space. If each individual outcome occurs with the same probability, then the probability of any event becomes simply:


title: Sample space

text: For example, if two fair six-sided dice are thrown to generate two uniformly distributed integers, formula_41 and formula_42, each in the range from 1 to 6, inclusive, the 36 possible ordered pairs of outcomes formula_43 constitute a sample space of equally likely events. In this case, the above formula applies, such as calculating the probability of a particular sum of the two rolls in an outcome. The probability of the event that the sum formula_44 is five is formula_45, since four of the thirty-six equally likely pairs of outcomes sum to five.


title: Sample space

text: If the sample space was the all of the possible sums obtained from rolling two six-sided dice, the above formula can still be applied because the dice rolls are fair, but the number of outcomes in a given event will vary. A sum of two can occur with the outcome formula_46, so the probability is formula_47. For a sum of seven, the outcomes in the event are formula_48, so the probability is formula_49.


title: Sample space

text: In statistics, inferences are made about characteristics of a population by studying a sample of that population's individuals. In order to arrive at a sample that presents an unbiased estimate of the true characteristics of the population, statisticians often seek to study a simple random sample—that is, a sample in which every individual in the population is equally likely to be included. The result of this is that every possible combination of individuals who could be chosen for the sample has an equal chance to be the sample that is selected (that is, the space of simple random samples of a given size from a given population is composed of equally likely outcomes).


title: Sample space

text: In an elementary approach to probability, any subset of the sample space is usually called an event. However, this gives rise to problems when the sample space is continuous, so that a more precise definition of an event is necessary. Under this definition only measurable subsets of the sample space, constituting a σ-algebra over the sample space itself, are considered events.


title: Sample space

text: An example of an infinitely large sample space is measuring the lifetime of a light bulb. The corresponding sample space would be .


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: Stephanie Anne Birkitt (born January 7, 1975) is an American attorney and former assistant to David Letterman on the "Late Show with David Letterman". Although Birkitt frequently appeared on the program as a character named "Vicki", Letterman often referred to her by various other nicknames such as "Smitty", "Kitty", "Monty", "Gunther", and "Dutch".


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: Birkitt was born in Plymouth, New Hampshire. Her mother is an assistant principal and her father is a dentist. She graduated from Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in 1997, with a bachelor's degree in history and a minor in communications.


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: She graduated from Yeshiva University's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in June 2008 with a juris doctor. In February 2009, Birkitt passed the New York State and Connecticut bar examinations. Birkitt has been a licensed attorney in California since 2011. She also has had an active Connecticut lawyer license since 2009.


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: Birkitt's career at CBS started before she graduated from college, when she worked as an intern for CBS News, "48 Hours", and the "Late Show" in early 1996. After graduation she became a member of the CBS page program and worked briefly as an associate producer at "48 Hours" on segments for correspondent Erin Moriarty. Deciding she was not "much of a news hound", she applied for a job as an office worker for David Letterman, helping to handle his charities and his Indy car racing team.


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: Her spring internship led to Birkitt's first appearance on the "Late Show", on May 24, 1996. Her next appearance was not until over four years later, on December 26, 2000, when Letterman called her in her office during the show. Very soon following this appearance, Letterman began to call her regularly as an on-air feature of the show, beginning in January 2001. Birkitt said that "He started talking to me more, and we developed a "rapport"."


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: By 2002, Birkitt began to be featured on the "Late Show" as a character outside of her role as Letterman's assistant. She appeared during the "CBS Mailbag" segment numerous times, sometimes donning costumes that related to a specific ongoing festival or event. She interviewed "Survivor" castoffs, asking them "Did you see or touch any monkeys?" much to the feigned displeasure of Letterman. In 2002, she was named No. 21 in "USA Today's" "Pop Candy's 100 People of the Year!" list. As herself, she gave on-air reports from the sites of the Winter Olympics in 2002 and 2006. In all, she made more than 250 appearances on the program between 1996 and 2008. By the time of her final appearances on the show, in late 2008, she had completed her law school education.


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: In addition to her appearances on the "Late Show with David Letterman", Birkitt co-hosted "The Tony Mendez Show", a spin-off program with Tony Mendez (also known as "The Cue Card Boy") that was hosted on the "Late Show" website.


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: Birkitt described her relationship with Letterman in an interview with the "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" in 2004. In the article, titled "Letterman Aide is Dave's Main Tease", Birkitt stated, "[Letterman is] just playful. We play catch sometimes in the office, and we all go to screenings together. We eat food together, we sit around and watch TV together and goof on people. And he teases me in real life, too, but I give it back a lot more in real life."


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: In a statement released on October 7, 2009, Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants, announced that Birkitt had been placed on a "paid leave of absence" from the "Late Show".


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: On October 1, 2009, Letterman announced on-air that he had been the victim of an extortion attempt in which an alleged blackmailer—since identified by police as CBS television producer Joe Halderman—threatened to reveal that Letterman had engaged in sexual affairs with multiple female employees. Letterman admitted on television that the allegation was true, but did not reveal the names of, or any identifying information about, the female employees. Soon afterward, the extortionist was identified by media as a former lover of Birkitt, and anonymous sources alleged that Birkitt and Letterman also had a sexual relationship.


title: Stephanie Birkitt

text: Birkitt reportedly was neither aware of nor involved in the blackmail attempt. According to CBS News, Birkitt and Halderman lived together in Halderman's home in Norwalk, Connecticut, until August 2009, when she reportedly moved out; she was also romantically linked to Letterman during the same time. The "New York Post" broke a story on October 6 that Birkitt had an affair with Letterman, which continued during her relationship with Halderman. Copies of entries in Birkitt's diary, as well as emails between her and Letterman, were reportedly the basis of the blackmail evidence allegedly placed in Letterman's car by Halderman. Halderman was sentenced to six months in jail for the attempted extortion.


title: Roppongi

text: The name "Roppongi", which appears to have been coined around 1660, literally means "six trees". Six very old and large zelkova trees used to mark the area; the first three were cleared, and the last were destroyed during World War II. Another legend has it that the name comes from the fact that six "daimyōs" lived nearby during the Edo period, each with the kanji character for "tree" or a kind of tree in their names. Roppongi was not extensively populated until after the Meiji Restoration, although the area was trafficked for centuries and served as the site of the cremation of Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada's wife in 1626.


title: Roppongi

text: In 1890, the Third Imperial Guard of the Imperial Japanese Army was moved to a site near Roppongi (now home to the Pacific bureau of "Stars and Stripes"). The influx of soldiers led to the area's rise as a nightlife district, briefly interrupted by the Great Kanto earthquake which flattened the area in 1923. Roppongi was administratively part of Azabu Ward from 1878 to 1947.


title: Roppongi

text: After World War II, during which the area was again destroyed, this time by aerial bombing raids, the United States Army and Allied government officials occupied several facilities in the area, beginning Roppongi's reputation as a neighborhood with large numbers of non-Japanese. Several large US military installations were located in the nearby area, with Hardy Barracks probably the most significant (the US Embassy Housing Compound and Akasaka Press Center including Hardy Barracks Recreational Lodging, "Stars and Stripes" office and heliport are still there). Surrounding the military installations were many Japanese-owned restaurants, pool halls, bars, and brothels which catered to US military personnel but were also often frequented by Japanese customers.


title: Roppongi

text: Starting in the late 1960s, Roppongi became popular among Japanese people and foreigners alike for its disco scene, which attracted many of Tokyo's entertainment elites. Contributing to the international scene was the location of several foreign embassies and foreign corporate offices in the Roppongi area. However, many dance clubs shut down in the recession following the market crash of 1989.


title: Roppongi

text: The Roppongi area received a major economic boost in 2002–2003 when the Izumi Garden Tower and the Roppongi Hills high-rise complexes were completed. These projects brought high-end office and condominium space to Roppongi for the first time. The Tokyo Midtown project in neighbouring Akasaka, which was completed in 2006, and includes the first Tokyo Ritz-Carlton Hotel, continued this trend.


title: Roppongi

text: The area features numerous bars, nightclubs, strip clubs, restaurants, hostess clubs, cabarets, and other forms of entertainment. Among the expatriate community, the area tends to be favored by business people, students, and off-duty US military personnel. Overall, the neighborhood caters to a younger crowd.


title: Roppongi

text: Clubs can range from large, multi-level establishments, to smaller one-room clubs located in upper levels of buildings.


title: Roppongi

text: In the past, Roppongi had a reputation as an area with high Yakuza presence, whether as customers at Roppongi establishments, conducting business, or managing or owning clubs and bars in the area. Although still exerting some influence in Roppongi, in recent times they appear to have shifted much of their presence to other districts in the Tokyo area.


title: Roppongi

text: In 2006, Nigerian immigrants to Japan began opening a number of bars and nightclubs in the area, following an earlier group of innovators who had been in business in Roppongi for many years. The Nigerians were noted for using visible, high-pressure tactics to draw customers to their bars. In 2009 and 2010 a series of drink-spiking incidents, in which customers reported being drugged and robbed, were linked to Nigerian-owned bars. The incidents resulted in the United States embassy in Japan warning US citizens to avoid certain bars and clubs in Roppongi. An investigation by "The Japan Times" in July 2011 found that though drink spiking occurred, most of the incidents did not involve criminal activity. Many customers claimed unusually severe hangovers after nights spent in Nigerian-run establishments. Similar complaints are often made about non-Nigerian bars in Roppongi that offer unlimited drink packages and often lace drinks with hard liquor to minimize customer consumption and increase profit.


title: Roppongi

text: Mori Building Company and The Pokémon Company have their headquarters in the Roppongi Hills Mori Tower.


title: Roppongi

text: Public elementary and middle schools are operated by the Minato City (the Minato Ward) Board of Education. Roppongi Junior High School () is located at Imoarai-Zaka, in Roppongi.


title: Roppongi

text: Roppongi 1-chōme, 3-chōme, and 4-chōme, as well as 1-8 and 15-18 ban of 5-chōme, and 1-22 ban of 7-chōme, are zoned to Azabu Elementary School (). 2-chōme is zoned to Akasaka Elementary School (). 9-14 ban of 5-chōme and 6-chōme are zoned to Nanzan Elementary School (). 23-ban of 7-chōme is zoned to Kōgai Elementary School ().


title: Roppongi

text: The majority of Roppongi is zoned to Roppongi Junior High School. However 2-chōme is instead zoned to Akasaka Junior High School (). Roppongi 7-chome 23-ban is instead zoned to Koryo Junior High School ().


title: Roppongi

text: Public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education. Roppongi High School is located in Roppongi.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: The World Union of National Socialists (WUNS) is an organisation founded in 1962 as an umbrella group for neo-Nazi organisations across the globe.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: The movement came about when the leader of the American Nazi Party, George Lincoln Rockwell, visited England and met with National Socialist Movement chief Colin Jordan and the two agreed to work towards developing an international link-up between movements. This resulted in the 1962 Cotswold Declaration, which was signed by neo-Nazis from the United States, the United Kingdom, France (Savitri Devi), West Germany (Bruno Ludtke), Austria and Belgium. More member nations would join later throughout the decade, including Argentina, Australia, Chile, Ireland, South Africa, and Japan.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: Following Rockwell's assassination in 1967, control of the WUNS passed to Matt Koehl, who attempted to extend the influence of the group by appointing Danish neo-Nazi Povl Riis-Knudsen as general secretary. However a split began to develop over the insistence of Koehl that Nazism should also serve as a religion, and eventually he broke away from the WUNS to lead his own version of Nazi mysticism. The split fundamentally weakened the WUNS and its influence declined strongly, despite attempts by Jordan to reinvigorate it. Jordan remained the nominal leader of the organization until his death in 2009, when he was succeeded by Koehl, who was the titular leader until his own death in 2014.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: A number of groups have become members of the WUNS or accepted association to the group down the years.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: Given the leadership of Rockwell and Koehl, the American Nazi Party and its successor the National Socialist White People's Party were the main constituent groups of the WUNS.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: In Canada the group was represented by the Canadian Nazi Party, whose leader William John Beattie was chief of the WUNS in the country.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: It was also active in South America through the "Partido Nacionalsocialista Chileno", a group set up in Chile by former 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Standartenführer Franz Pfeiffer.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: WUNS was represented in Denmark by the National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, a rump group of the old pre-war movement affiliated under Sven Salicath, a close follower of Rockwell, and by its replacement, the National Socialist Movement of Denmark.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: Bernhard Haarde formed a WUNS group in Iceland, claiming around 300 supporters. Bernhard was the brother of future Prime Minister Geir Haarde.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: A minor party in the Republic of Ireland, the National Socialist Irish Workers Party, was affiliated.


title: World Union of National Socialists

text: The National Socialist Party of New Zealand and the National Socialist Party of Australia were affiliated to the WUNS.


title: Rhodopsin

text: Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the RHO gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is the opsin of the rod cells in the retina and a light-sensitive receptor protein that triggers visual phototransduction in rods. Rhodopsin mediates dim light vision and thus is extremely sensitive to light. When rhodopsin is exposed to light, it immediately photobleaches. In humans, it is regenerated fully in about 30 minutes, after which the rods are more sensitive. Defects in the rhodopsin gene cause eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and congenital stationary night blindness.


title: Rhodopsin

text: The name rhodospsin derives from Ancient Greek () for "rose", due to its pinkish color, and () for "sight". It was coined in 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne (1837-1900).


title: Rhodopsin

text: When George Wald discovered that rhodopsin is a holoprotein, consisting of retinal and an apoprotein, he called it opsin, which today would be described more narrowly as apo-rhodopsin. Today, the term opsin refers more broadly to the class of G-protein-coupled receptors that bind retinal and as a result become a light sensitive photoreceptor, including all closely related proteins. When Wald and colleges later isolated iodopsin from chicken retinas, thereby discovering the first known cone opsin, they called apo-iodopsin "photopsin" (for its relation to photopic vision) and apo-rhodopsin "scotopsin" (for its use in scotopic vision).


title: Rhodopsin

text: Rhodopsin is a protein found in the outer segment discs of rod cells. It mediates scotopic vision, which is "monochromatic" vision in dim light. Rhodopsin most strongly absorbs green-blue light (~500 nm) and appears therefore reddish-purple, hence the archaic term "visual purple".


title: Rhodopsin

text: Several closely related opsins differ only in a few amino acids and in the wavelengths of light that they absorb most strongly. Humans have, including rhodopsin, nine opsins, as well as cryptochrome (light-sensitive, but not an opsin).


title: Rhodopsin

text: Rhodopsin, like other opsins, is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). GPCRs are chemoreceptors that embed in the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes and have seven transmembrane domains forming a binding pocket for a ligand. The ligand for rhodopsin is the vitamin A-based chromophore 11-"cis"-retinal, which lies horizontally to the cell membrane and is covalently bound to a lysine residue (lys296) in the seventh transmembrane domain through a Schiff-base. However, 11-"cis"-retinal only blocks the binding pocket and does not activate rhodopsin. It is only activated when 11-"cis"-retinal absorbs a photon of light and isomerizes to all-"trans"-retinal, the receptor activating form, causing conformal changes in rhodopsin (bleaching), which activate a phototransduction cascade. Thus, a chemoreceptor is converted to a light or photo(n)receptor.


title: Rhodopsin

text: The retinal binding lysine is conserved in almost all opsins, only a few opsins having lost it during evolution. Opsins without the lysine are not light sensitive, including rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is made constitutively (continuously) active by some of those mutations even without light. Also wild-type rhodopsin is constitutively active, if no 11-"cis"-retinal is bound, but much less. Therefore 11-"cis"-retinal is an inverse agonist. Such mutations are one cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Artificially, the retinal binding lysine can be shifted to other positions, even into other transmembrane domains, without changing the activity.


title: Rhodopsin

text: The rhodopsin of cattle has 348 amino acids, the retinal binding lysine being Lys296. It was the first opsin whose amino acid sequence and 3D-structure were determined. Its structure has been studied in detail by x-ray crystallography on rhodopsin crystals. Several models (e.g., the "bicycle-pedal mechanism", "hula-twist mechanism") attempt to explain how the retinal group can change its conformation without clashing with the enveloping rhodopsin protein pocket. Recent data support that rhodopsin is a functional monomer, instead of a dimer, which was the paradigm of G-protein-coupled receptors for many years.


title: Rhodopsin

text: In rhodopsin, the aldehyde group of retinal is covalently linked to the amino group of a lysine residue on the protein in a protonated Schiff base (-NH=CH-). When rhodopsin absorbs light, its retinal cofactor isomerizes from the 11-cis to the all-trans configuration, and the protein subsequently undergoes a series of relaxations to accommodate the altered shape of the isomerized cofactor. The intermediates formed during this process were first investigated in the laboratory of George Wald, who received the Nobel prize for this research in 1967. The photoisomerization dynamics has been subsequently investigated with time-resolved IR spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy. A first photoproduct called photorhodopsin forms within 200 femtoseconds after irradiation, followed within picoseconds by a second one called bathorhodopsin with distorted all-trans bonds. This intermediate can be trapped and studied at cryogenic temperatures, and was initially referred to as prelumirhodopsin. In subsequent intermediates lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I, the Schiff's base linkage to all-trans retinal remains protonated, and the protein retains its reddish color. The critical change that initiates the neuronal excitation involves the conversion of metarhodopsin I to metarhodopsin II, which is associated with deprotonation of the Schiff's base and change in color from red to yellow.


title: Rhodopsin

text: The product of light activation, Metarhodopsin II, initiates the visual phototransduction second messenger pathway by stimulating the G-protein transducin (G), resulting in the liberation of its α subunit. This GTP-bound subunit in turn activates a cGMP phosphodiesterase. The cGMP phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes (breaks down) cGMP, lowering its local concentration so it can no longer activate cGMP-dependent cation channels. This leads to the hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cells, changing the rate at which they release transmitters.


title: Rhodopsin

text: Meta II (metarhodopsin II) is deactivated rapidly after activating transducin by rhodopsin kinase and arrestin. Rhodopsin pigment must be regenerated for further phototransduction to occur. This means replacing all-trans-retinal with 11-cis-retinal and the decay of Meta II is crucial in this process. During the decay of Meta II, the Schiff base link that normally holds all-trans-retinal and the apoprotein opsin (aporhodopsin) is hydrolyzed and becomes Meta III. In the rod outer segment, Meta III decays into separate all-trans-retinal and opsin. A second product of Meta II decay is an all-trans-retinal opsin complex in which the all-trans-retinal has been translocated to second binding sites. Whether the Meta II decay runs into Meta III or the all-trans-retinal opsin complex seems to depend on the pH of the reaction. Higher pH tends to drive the decay reaction towards Meta III.


title: Rhodopsin

text: Mutations in the rhodopsin gene contribute majorly to various diseases of the retina such as retinitis pigmentosa. In general, the defect rhodopsin aggregates with ubiquitin in inclusion bodies, disrupts the intermediate filament network, and impairs the ability of the cell to degrade non-functioning proteins, which leads to photoreceptor apoptosis. Other mutations on rhodopsin lead to X-linked congenital stationary night blindness, mainly due to constitutive activation, when the mutations occur around the chromophore binding pocket of rhodopsin. Several other pathological states relating to rhodopsin have been discovered including poor post-Golgi trafficking, dysregulative activation, rod outer segment instability and arrestin binding.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: Andrew Charles Farriss (born 27 March 1959) is an Australian rock musician and multi-instrumentalist best known as the keyboardist, backing vocalist, and main composer for rock band INXS. Farriss released his debut studio album in 2021.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: Andrew Charles Farriss was born on 27 March 1959 in Perth, Western Australia, to Dennis and Jill Farriss, and is the second oldest of four children: he has two brothers, Tim (born 1957) and Jon (born 1961), and a sister, Alison. At the age of five years, Farriss, and his family had a holiday in London where they saw a performance by The Beatles. In 1971 the Farriss family relocated to Sydney, where he attended Davidson High School. With Tim taking up guitar lessons, Farriss "had instinctively taken to playing piano", and Jon played drums. At school Farriss met Michael Hutchence after preventing a fight with another student. The two became friends and in 1976 Hutchence, on lead vocals, joined his band, Doctor Dolphin. The line up included two other classmates, Kent Kerny and Neil Sanders and, from the nearby Forest High School a bass guitarist, Garry Beers, and Geoff Kennely.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: Farriss is credited solely with keyboards on the band's earliest albums, but by 1984's "The Swing", he was listed as playing guitar as well. On stage, he also plays harmonica and various hand-held percussion instruments.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: While INXS' early albums credit the band as songwriters, by their third album, "Shabooh Shoobah", the team of Farriss as composer and Hutchence as lyricist was well established. While there were some INXS songs written by other members of the group, or by Farriss alone, it was this combination that brought INXS the majority of their international success in the 1980s and 1990s. In fact, Farriss co-wrote all but one of the band's top-40 hits in the US.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: Despite extensive writing, recording and touring commitments with INXS, Farriss collaborated with many other Australian artists in a songwriting or production capacity. His most significant early collaboration was with Jenny Morris, a New Zealand singer who had sung back-up vocals on INXS' 1985 hit album, "Listen Like Thieves". Farriss has also co-written and produced with the Australian Aboriginal band Yothu Yindi, Australian country singer Tania Kernaghan and Scottish rockers Gun. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1990 he won Producer of the Year for his work on the Jenny Morris album "Shiver".


title: Andrew Farriss

text: In 2005, INXS launched a reality TV show, "", a worldwide search for a new lead singer. While all of INXS knew it would be impossible to replace Michael Hutchence, who died in 1997, they wished to carry on bringing their music to the world.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: In 2019, Farriss released his debut solo single "Come Midnight". In January 2020 he released his second single "Good Momma Bad". He has performed solo at the Hay Mate drought relief concert, the Gympie Muster, the Tamworth Country Music Festival, and the Bluebird Cafe in Nashville. On 28 August 2020 Farriss released his single "All the Stars Are Mine" and announced his EP "Love Makes the World", which was released on 2 October 2020.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: In the official INXS autobiography "Story to Story", Farriss describes his dislike of touring and being away from his family.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: Farriss married Marlina Neeley in October 2013. The couple live on a cattle farm in the Tamworth Region of New South Wales.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: The Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame was established in 2004 to honour the lifetime achievements of some of Australia's greatest songwriters.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: "Countdown" was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974–1987, it presented music awards from 1979–1987, initially in conjunction with magazine "TV Week". The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.


title: Andrew Farriss

text: The West Australian Music Industry Awards (WAMIs) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on annually by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM).


title: Superman (Eminem song)

text: "Superman" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album, "The Eminem Show" (2002), featuring guest vocals from Eminem's frequent collaborator, singer Dina Rae. Written by Eminem, Jeff Bass and Steve King, the song was released as the third single from "The Eminem Show" on January 27, 2003 in the United States only. It peaked at number 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart on the issue dated March 15, 2003 and received a Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Superman (Eminem song)

text: "Superman" is about the rocky relationships and promiscuous nature of the girls Eminem has had in his life and how he plans to deal with it. In his 2008 autobiography, "The Way I Am", Eminem revealed that the song is, to an extent, about his alleged relationship with American singer Mariah Carey. "Superman" is very similar to Eminem's song "Drug Ballad" and D12's song "Pimp Like Me".


title: Superman (Eminem song)

text: "Entertainment Weekly" editor described "In the creepy-crawly, mesmerizing 'Superman', he depicts himself as both sexual predator and commitment-phobic single guy." "HipHopDX" named the production "the southern bounce", lyrics as dealing with groupies and called the chorus "cheesy". Steve Juon described: "'Superman' features Eminem playing with his flow in a stuttered cadence, but he's done the gimmick before and his beat on this one inspires only partial attention to his flow." "Rolling Stone" concluded that his divorce fuels the slow Southern bounce of the hypermisogynist "Superman".


title: Superman (Eminem song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Superman" features pornographic actress Gina Lynn. Shannon Elizabeth was Eminem's first choice, although this never came to fruition as they could not come to terms. The video can only be found on the "8 Mile" DVD and contains an edit different from the album version. The uncensored video contains nudity and is rarely shown on MTV or BET, although it is available on YouTube and Vevo and Dailymotion


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: Because matrix multiplication is such a central operation in many numerical algorithms, much work has been invested in making matrix multiplication algorithms efficient. Applications of matrix multiplication in computational problems are found in many fields including scientific computing and pattern recognition and in seemingly unrelated problems such as counting the paths through a graph. Many different algorithms have been designed for multiplying matrices on different types of hardware, including parallel and distributed systems, where the computational work is spread over multiple processors (perhaps over a network).


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: Directly applying the mathematical definition of matrix multiplication gives an algorithm that takes time on the order of field operations to multiply two matrices over that field ( in big O notation). Better asymptotic bounds on the time required to multiply matrices have been known since the Strassen's algorithm in the 1960s, but the optimal time (that is, the computational complexity of matrix multiplication) remains unknown. , the best announced bound on the asymptotic complexity of a matrix multiplication algorithm is time, given by Duan, Wu and Zhou announced in a preprint. This improves on the bound of time, given by Josh Alman and Virginia Vassilevska Williams. However, this algorithm is a galactic algorithm because of the large constants and cannot be realized practically.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: The definition of matrix multiplication is that if for an matrix and an matrix , then is an matrix with entries


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: From this, a simple algorithm can be constructed which loops over the indices from 1 through and from 1 through , computing the above using a nested loop:


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: This algorithm takes time (in asymptotic notation). A common simplification for the purpose of algorithms analysis is to assume that the inputs are all square matrices of size , in which case the running time is , i.e., cubic in the size of the dimension.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: The three loops in iterative matrix multiplication can be arbitrarily swapped with each other without an effect on correctness or asymptotic running time. However, the order can have a considerable impact on practical performance due to the memory access patterns and cache use of the algorithm;


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: which order is best also depends on whether the matrices are stored in row-major order, column-major order, or a mix of both.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: In particular, in the idealized case of a fully associative cache consisting of bytes and bytes per cache line (i.e. cache lines), the above algorithm is sub-optimal for and stored in row-major order. When , every iteration of the inner loop (a simultaneous sweep through a row of and a column of ) incurs a cache miss when accessing an element of . This means that the algorithm incurs cache misses in the worst case. , the speed of memories compared to that of processors is such that the cache misses, rather than the actual calculations, dominate the running time for sizable matrices.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: The optimal variant of the iterative algorithm for and in row-major layout is a "tiled" version, where the matrix is implicitly divided into square tiles of size by :


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: In the idealized cache model, this algorithm incurs only cache misses; the divisor amounts to several orders of magnitude on modern machines, so that the actual calculations dominate the running time, rather than the cache misses.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: An alternative to the iterative algorithm is the divide-and-conquer algorithm for matrix multiplication. This relies on the block partitioning


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: which works for all square matrices whose dimensions are powers of two, i.e., the shapes are for some . The matrix product is now


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: which consists of eight multiplications of pairs of submatrices, followed by an addition step. The divide-and-conquer algorithm computes the smaller multiplications recursively, using the scalar multiplication as its base case.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: accounting for the eight recursive calls on matrices of size and to sum the four pairs of resulting matrices element-wise. Application of the master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences shows this recursion to have the solution , the same as the iterative algorithm.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: A variant of this algorithm that works for matrices of arbitrary shapes and is faster in practice splits matrices in two instead of four submatrices, as follows.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: Splitting a matrix now means dividing it into two parts of equal size, or as close to equal sizes as possible in the case of odd dimensions.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: The cache miss rate of recursive matrix multiplication is the same as that of a tiled iterative version, but unlike that algorithm, the recursive algorithm is cache-oblivious: there is no tuning parameter required to get optimal cache performance, and it behaves well in a multiprogramming environment where cache sizes are effectively dynamic due to other processes taking up cache space.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: The number of cache misses incurred by this algorithm, on a machine with lines of ideal cache, each of size bytes, is bounded by


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: Algorithms exist that provide better running times than the straightforward ones. The first to be discovered was Strassen's algorithm, devised by Volker Strassen in 1969 and often referred to as "fast matrix multiplication". It is based on a way of multiplying two -matrices which requires only 7 multiplications (instead of the usual 8), at the expense of several additional addition and subtraction operations. Applying this recursively gives an algorithm with a multiplicative cost of formula_10. Strassen's algorithm is more complex, and the numerical stability is reduced compared to the naïve algorithm, but it is faster in cases where or so and appears in several libraries, such as BLAS. It is very useful for large matrices over exact domains such as finite fields, where numerical stability is not an issue.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: It is an open question in theoretical computer science how well Strassen's algorithm can be improved in terms of asymptotic complexity. The "matrix multiplication exponent", usually denoted formula_11, is the smallest real number for which any formula_12 matrix over a field can be multiplied together using formula_13 field operations. The current best bound on formula_11 is formula_15, by Josh Alman and Virginia Vassilevska Williams. This algorithm, like all other recent algorithms in this line of research, is a generalization of the Coppersmith–Winograd algorithm, which was given by Don Coppersmith and Shmuel Winograd in 1990. The conceptual idea of these algorithms are similar to Strassen's algorithm: a way is devised for multiplying two -matrices with fewer than multiplications, and this technique is applied recursively. However, the constant coefficient hidden by the Big O notation is so large that these algorithms are only worthwhile for matrices that are too large to handle on present-day computers.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: Freivalds' algorithm is a simple Monte Carlo algorithm that, given matrices , and , verifies in time if .


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: In 2022, DeepMind introduced AlphaTensor, a neural network that used a single-player game analogy to invent thousands of matrix multiplication algorithms, including some previously discovered by humans. Operations were restricted to the finite field formula_16. The best "practical" (explicit low-rank decomposition of a matrix multiplication tensor) algorithm found ran in O(n). Finding low-rank decompositions of such tensors (and beyond) is NP-hard; optimal multiplication for even 3x3 matrices remains unknown. On 4x4 matrices, AlphaTensor unexpectedly discovered a solution with 47 multiplication steps, an improvement over the 49 required with Strassen’s algorithm of 1969, albeit restricted to mod 2 arithmetic. Similarly, AlphaTensor solved 5x5 matrices with 96 rather than Strassen's 98 steps. Based on the surprising discovery that such improvements exist, other researchers were quickly able to find a similar independent 4x4 algorithm, and separately tweaked Deepmind's 96-step 5x5 algorithm down to 95 steps.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: The divide-and-conquer algorithm sketched earlier can be parallelized in two ways for shared-memory multiprocessors. These are based on the fact that the eight recursive matrix multiplications in


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: can be performed independently of each other, as can the four summations (although the algorithm needs to "join" the multiplications before doing the summations). Exploiting the full parallelism of the problem, one obtains an algorithm that can be expressed in fork–join style pseudocode:


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: Here, "fork" is a keyword that signal a computation may be run in parallel with the rest of the function call, while "join" waits for all previously "forked" computations to complete. achieves its goal by pointer manipulation only.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: This algorithm has a critical path length of steps, meaning it takes that much time on an ideal machine with an infinite number of processors; therefore, it has a maximum possible speedup of on any real computer. The algorithm isn't practical due to the communication cost inherent in moving data to and from the temporary matrix , but a more practical variant achieves speedup, without using a temporary matrix.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: On modern architectures with hierarchical memory, the cost of loading and storing input matrix elements tends to dominate the cost of arithmetic. On a single machine this is the amount of data transferred between RAM and cache, while on a distributed memory multi-node machine it is the amount transferred between nodes; in either case it is called the "communication bandwidth". The naïve algorithm using three nested loops uses communication bandwidth.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: Cannon's algorithm, also known as the "2D algorithm", is a communication-avoiding algorithm that partitions each input matrix into a block matrix whose elements are submatrices of size by , where is the size of fast memory. The naïve algorithm is then used over the block matrices, computing products of submatrices entirely in fast memory. This reduces communication bandwidth to , which is asymptotically optimal (for algorithms performing computation).


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: In a distributed setting with processors arranged in a by 2D mesh, one submatrix of the result can be assigned to each processor, and the product can be computed with each processor transmitting words, which is asymptotically optimal assuming that each node stores the minimum elements. This can be improved by the "3D algorithm," which arranges the processors in a 3D cube mesh, assigning every product of two input submatrices to a single processor. The result submatrices are then generated by performing a reduction over each row. This algorithm transmits words per processor, which is asymptotically optimal. However, this requires replicating each input matrix element times, and so requires a factor of more memory than is needed to store the inputs. This algorithm can be combined with Strassen to further reduce runtime. "2.5D" algorithms provide a continuous tradeoff between memory usage and communication bandwidth. On modern distributed computing environments such as MapReduce, specialized multiplication algorithms have been developed.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: There are a variety of algorithms for multiplication on meshes. For multiplication of two "n"×"n" on a standard two-dimensional mesh using the 2D Cannon's algorithm, one can complete the multiplication in 3"n"-2 steps although this is reduced to half this number for repeated computations. The standard array is inefficient because the data from the two matrices does not arrive simultaneously and it must be padded with zeroes.


title: Matrix multiplication algorithm

text: The result is even faster on a two-layered cross-wired mesh, where only 2"n"-1 steps are needed. The performance improves further for repeated computations leading to 100% efficiency. The cross-wired mesh array may be seen as a special case of a non-planar (i.e. multilayered) processing structure.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: Cardona was born in Popayán, Cauca, Colombia on April 25, 1977. At the age of seven, Cardona's family nicknamed him "Manolo," which later became his stage name. He moved to Cali, Colombia when he was eighteen to study finance and international relations, but later moved to Spain to study film. Manolo's mother, Nancy Molano, is a psychologist, merchant, and astrologer. His father, Enrique Javier Cardona, was a politician and was the mayor of Popayán. Cardona has three brothers and one sister. One of his greatest passions is playing football (soccer).[1]


title: Manolo Cardona

text: Cardona began modeling at an early age after his elder brother introduced him to the modeling agency where he signed his first contract. At the age of fourteen he shot his first television commercial and began modeling professionally for TV commercials, photography, and runways for several agencies in Colombia. When Cardona was eighteen, in 1995, he began his acting career on a popular Colombian Television series called "Padres e Hijos" in which he starred for three years. Then in 1998 he won his first lead role in the television soap opera "Carolina Barrantes". A year later he starred in soap opera "¿Por qué Diablos?", portraying a young man who becomes part of a drug organization so he can avenge his friend's death. Later in 2001 came "Amor a Mil", a soap opera in Colombia. In 2002 he signed an exclusive contract with Telemundo and Argos Comunicación, and a year later in 2003 he starred in his first Mexican soap opera, "Ladrón de Corazones," where he portrayed Gustavo Velazco, a man who returns to his home town in Mexico after ten years to avenge his father's death and clear his name. He was the host of Telemundo's Spanish version of "Temptation Island". He also played Sebastián on the Mexican telenovela "Gitanas". In 2005, the film "Rosario Tijeras", Cardona's big-screen debut, was released in Colombia. The film was based on Jorge Franco's book of the same name. Cardona worked opposite Flora Martínez (playing Rosario Tijeras) and Unax Ugalde and was directed by Emilio Maille. The film was nominated for a Goya Award for best foreign film. In 2005 the film had its North American premiere at the American Film Institute Festival, in Hollywood.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: In 2005 he starred in the film "La mujer de mi hermano" opposite Bárbara Mori and Christian Meier which was released in the United States in 2006. In 2006 he finished filming "Madrid-Mexico" with director Enrique Renteria.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: After a two year absence, Cardona returned to work for Telemundo and Argos on the Telemundo soap opera production "Marina", replacing Mauricio Ochmann as Ricardo. The soap opera was filmed in Acapulco, Mexico.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: On September 27, 2007, Cardona was awarded the "Latin Pride Award" in the Back Bay Events Center in Boston. The award honors the accomplishments of Hispanics of different areas and is a production of the Latin Pride Magazine. Cardona appeared in the 2008 Disney film "Beverly Hills Chihuahua".


title: Manolo Cardona

text: In 2008, Cardona was in a series, "El Cartel de los Sapos" for Caracol TV where he played a drug dealer. The series was filmed in Miami, New York, Colombia, Panamá and Madrid. The series was followed by a film of the same name. The series and film were based on a book written by Andres Lopes alias Florecita, who wrote the book while in prison. The series was screened at the LA Screenings and the series aired in 2008 in Colombia. Caracol TV will air the series of 40 episodes starring Cardona, Karen Martinez, Diego Cadavid and Robinson Diaz. The series debuted on Caracol TV on June 5, 2008, continuing until October 2008. Since it premiered in July 2008, "El Cartel" was the highest rated show on Colombian television. When it premiered on Telemundo in December 2008, it was the highest rated show in the history of the network.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: In November 2008, Cardona played a lead role in "Undertow" (Spanish title "Contracorriente") in Peru. Cardona plays the character of Santiago, a gay painter who arrives in a small town and falls in love with Miguel, a married fisherman played by Cristian Mercado who is torn between his love for Santiago and his love for his pregnant wife Mariela (Tatiana Astengo). The film is produced by Dynamo Capital (Colombia) and Calvo Films (Peru), and is directed by Javier Fuentes-León. "Contracorriente" also premiered at the San Sebastian Film Festival on September 23, 2010. The film also had great reception in Sundance Film Festival winning the Audience Award for World Cinema Drama.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: Cardona appeared in an episode of "Tiempo Final" titled "La entrega" in the second season of the show which also co-starred his girlfriend Katarina Sacht. "Tiempo Final" was a remake of the Chilean series of the same name, and aired on Fox.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: He acted in "La Ultima Muerte" alongside Kuno Becker, in 2009. The film premiered in Mexico in November 2009.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: Cardona was in the third season of Spain's version of "Sin tetas no hay paraiso", which aired on Telecinco. In it, he played a policeman named Martin La Roca. The series premiered in Spain in fall 2010.


title: Manolo Cardona

text: He produced and directed a short film called "Risas Inocentes" (Innocent laughter) with his brother Juan. The short premiered in Colombia in 2009 and was produced by his company "11:11 (onceonce) films".


title: Manolo Cardona

text: He starred in Netflix's "Who Killed Sara?" as the main character Alex Guzmán. More recently, his 11:11 Film company has struck a deal with Viacom International Studios.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: A Black Hat (Black Hat Hacker or Blackhat) is a computer hacker who usually violates laws or typical ethical standards. The term originates from the 1950s westerns, when bad guys typically wore black hats and good guys white hats. Black hat hackers aim to hack into any system for their own profit or out of malice. Black hat is contrasted with white hat. A third category is sometimes added, the gray hat, who hacks with good intentions but at times without permission.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: The terms "Black hat" come from the color scheme used in westerns from the 1950s, in which the bad guys wore black hats, and the good guys wore white or other light colors. Criminals who intentionally enter computer networks are known as "black hat hackers". They may also distribute malware that steals passwords, credit card numbers, and other personal information, holds computers hostage, or destroys files. Even though hacking has become an important tool for governments to gather intelligence, Black Hats still tend to work alone or with organized crime groups to make easy money.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: One example is the WannaCry ransomware which was released in May 2017. Around 400,000 computers in 150 countries were infected by it in the first two weeks of its release. Decryption tools were made available by security experts within days of WannaCry's appearance, limiting extortion payments to approximately $120,000, or slightly more than 1% of the potential haul.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: Black hat hackers, like all hackers, usually know a lot about getting into computer networks and getting around security protocols. They also create malware, which is software that lets them access computer networks, monitor their victims' online activities, or lock their victims' devices. Black hat hackers can be involved in cyber espionage or protest, in addition to pursuing personal or financial gain. Cybercrime may be an addictive experience for some. Black hat hackers can be novices just getting their feet wet by spreading malware to experienced criminals who steal data, particularly login credentials, financial information, and personal information. This information is then sold by many on the dark web. Other hackers modify or destroy data in addition to stealing it. The big data breaches that make headlines every year are the work of black hat hackers. In a data breach, hackers steal the credit card, login, and Social Security numbers of customers, patients, and constituents, as well as their financial and personal information. The hackers can then use this information to smear a business or government agency, sell it on the dark web, or extort money from businesses, government agencies, or individuals. The United States experienced a record number of 1,862 data breaches in 2021, according to the Identity Theft Resource Center's 2021 Data Breach Report. Data breaches have been on the rise for some time. From 2013 to 2014, black hat hackers broke into Yahoo and stole 3 billion customer records, possibly the largest ever. In addition, the adult website Adult Friend Finder was hacked in October 2016 and over 412 million customer records were taken. A data breach that occurred between May and July of 2017 exposed more than 145 million customer records, making the national credit bureau Equifax another victim of black hat hackers.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: One of the most famous black hat methods is to utilize nasty "entryway pages," which are intended for watchwords just, and accordingly, the substance of these entryway pages is stowed away from both the clients and the web indexes. Doorway pages are designed to deceive search engines so that they cannot index or rank your website for keywords or phrases that are synonymous.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: Another form of black hat SEO is known as keyword stuffing, which involves repeatedly using the same keywords to try to trick search engines. The homepage and the meta keywords tag are two examples of web pages where this can be done. It is a tactic that involves using irrelevant keywords on a webpage to make it appear more relevant for particular keywords, deceiving people who visit the site looking for information that will help them with their problems.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: This occurs when multiple websites or pages link to your website. This is done in order to profit from the Pay-Per-Click (PPC) advertisements on these websites or pages. The issue is that the links only point to your website because it promises something in return, when in fact they are only there to increase traffic to another page you own and its popularity. These websites are unethical and will damage the credibility of the other pages you worked so hard on, possibly reducing your income potential.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: Shrouding is the point at which you show different substance to clients and web search tools. Your website will appear to users as it is, but search engines will be presented with a different piece of content that is not as relevant to the content itself. This is done to boost a website's visibility in search results.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: Spamdexing is a form of black hat SEO that involves using software to inject backlinks into search engine results. This is done solely for the purpose of raising a website's page rank, or ranking in search engines, which results in thousands of backlinks.


title: Black hat (computer security)

text: A redirect link is considered unethical if it takes the user to a webpage that is not the one that is indicated in the link. For instance, it is unethical to have a link that should take the user to the website "XYZ," but instead takes them to "ABC." Users are tricked into following the path you want them to take by clicking on this link, even though they might not be interested in the website they land on.


title: Rope bondage

text: Rope bondage, also referred to as rope play, kinbaku, shibari or fesselspiele, is bondage involving the use of rope to restrict movement, wrap, suspend, or restrain a person, as part of BDSM activities. Japanese bondage is the most publicly visible style of rope bondage. An alternative style, "Western bondage" is about achieving restraint; the Japanese style is more concerned with the artistry of the process. String bondage is the wrapping of rows of string around a body area for arousal. String bondage is also known as constrictions.


title: Rope bondage

text: Rope bondage derives from the erotic Japanese bondage art form of shibari, which was in turn developed from the now-defunct Japanese military restraint technique of hojōjutsu. The rope dress is not of itself a form of restraint, but is used either by itself as an adornment, or incorporated into restraining bondage.


title: Rope bondage

text: Bondage ropes used come in a variety of materials and length. Japanese bondage traditionally uses natural fibers such as hemp and jute which are cut into approximately lengths. Western-style bondage typically uses longer ropes that span a wider variety of materials.