title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: The number of "Rashmis" collectively gained by all planets at the time of birth indicate the future course of one’s life, in which regard Janardan Harji in his Mansagari states that the person (blessed with "Raja yoga" and) who has gained more than thirty-eight "Rashmis" will certainly become a ruler, the more number of "Rashmis" one has gained the more powerful and great. According to Parasara the person gaining 31 to 40 "Rashmis" will be a "samanta" ('vassal') or a senior/ chief executive or a magistrate or a judge; gaining 41 to 50 "Rashmis" he will certainly become a ruler of a state and command an army, and beyond 50 "Rashmis" an all-powerful chief or an emperor; the person blessed with more than 40 "Rashmis" if born a "Kshatriya" in a royal family will be a mighty king, in a "Vashiya" family, a ruler; in a "Sudra" family, a wealthy person; and in a "Brahmin" family, a highly regarded and respected scholar-priest. He states that without the knowledge of "Rashmis" gained correct prediction is not possible and adds that planets having gained more "Rashmis" and "Sthanabala" will also make the person an able administrator and renowned; more "Rashmis" and "Digbala", proud and very successful; more "Rashmis" and "Chestabala", an able politician; more "Rashmis and Kalabala", very adept and enterprising; more "Rashmis" and "Ayanabala", a family chief; more "Rashmis" and "Uchhabala", a great ruler and earn much renown, and more "Rashmis" and "Naisargabala" will make him prosper in his traditional activities. This is a unique method now seldom employed.


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: Raja yogas described in the various texts are numerous, but among those thousands are some that are very special and some that are very rare in occurrence, such as:-


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: There are very many "Raja yogas" but it is essential to know as to when those "Raja yogas" would yield their assigned results. The benefits of "Raja yoga" accrue during the course of the "dasha" of the "Raja yoga" causing planets occupying the 10th house from the "Lagna or the Chandra-lagna", failing which during the dasha of the strongest planet amongst the planets giving rise to the "Raja yoga" provided "Bhagya" ('good luck') also sides the native. The actual exercise of ruling power is not in the destiny of all persons/politicians blessed with powerful "Raja yogas" who mostly land up serving those actually exercising ruling power. Varahamihira in his Brihat Jataka XI.19, to ascertain when one may get ruling power or lose it or try to overcome the misfortune, states that the person acquires royal power in the sub-period of the most powerful planet or of the planet who is in the 10th or in the Lagna; he loses power in the sub-period of an unfriendly or debilitated planet in which event he must seek protection from a powerful ruler.


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: Birth at the time of (exact) mid-day (Local Mean Time) or at the time of (exact) mid-night (Local Mean Time) by itself gives rise to "Raja yoga".


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: "Mahabhagya yoga", equivalent to "Raja yoga", arises if the "Lagna", the Sun and the Moon are in odd signs for a male born during day-time or if these three are in even signs for a female born during night-time. Nero born at 7.28 A.M. on 15 December 37 CE was blessed with this yoga; though not born heir he was adopted by Claudius in 50 CE which adoption made him ascend the throne on 13 October 54 CE. Indira Gandhi born on 19 November 1917 at Allahabad was also blessed with this "yoga" and reaped benefits.


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: "Raja yogas" do confer a degree of power and influence but there are certain standard planetary situations that ensure a greater degree of success as a politician. The conjunction of Mars and the Moon or their situation in mutual "kendras" or "trikonas" but devoid of benefic influences can make one rich, immoral, untrustworthy, criminal-minded successful businessman or a politician. Mercury aspected by the lord of the 9th house and occupying a "kendra" or a "trikona" from the "lagna" makes one a highly influential politician. Mercury aspected by the lord of the "lagna" and the lord of the 5th house can make a person a minister. Mars and/or the lord of the 3rd house conjoining with Jupiter aspected by either the lord of the 4th or the 10th house makes one a successful politician. Thiruvalluvar has said - There is nothing more powerful than fate or destiny, what is destined will certainly happen (Thirukkural St. 380). Sanketanidhi (Chapter III.48) highlights the importance of Vargottama lagna, of benefic influences on the Moon and of strong planets occupying the kendras in the case of Raja yoga formations, it states that a Raja yoga is caused if Vargottama lagna rises at the time of birth, a benefic planet is in the 2nd house from the Moon and strong planets are in the kendras from the lagna.


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: N. Sundarajan states that the astrological factors required for success in politics are the strong "lagna", the 5th house, the 10th house and the 4th house and their respective lords; a combination or association or aspect between these four factors (as was in the case of Jawaharlal Nehru), and failure results only when they are weak and mutually unconnected but occupy the evil "trika-bhavas" or associate with the "trika-lords" in the "Rasi-chart" or "Navamsa-chart" (as was in the case of Morarji Desai). Citing "Kumarswamiam" he states that the person will be a ruler if the lords of "lagna" and the 5th aspect the lord of the sign occupied by Mercury or if the lord of the 4th and the 10th or 4th and the 11th exchange signs and Jupiter as the lord of "lagna" is in the 9th house.


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: There are certain planetary situations or yogas which can arise and cause "Rajayogabhanga" so as to nullify the auspicious effects of any one or all "Raja yogas" that may be present at the time of one's birth. For instance, there will be "Rajayogabhanga" if there be along with "Raja yoga"-formation the simultaneous presence of a planet/planets (other than those involved in the "Raja yoga"-formation) in debilitation signs or debilitation "navamsas", or of planets defeated in planetary war ("Grahayuddha") or occupying inimical signs or in "bhava-sandhi" or planets that are weak, combust or retrograde, or if any one of those planets happens to be in conjunction with Rahu or with the lord of the 6th or the 8th or the 12th, or with the lord of a "kendra", a functional malefic.(Source: Uttara Kalamrita) Also, if the Lagna (Ascendant) is neither in vargottama nor aspected by a benefic, and if "Trishanku Nakshatra" is rising and Saturn is in "lagna" then too "Raja yogas" will get nullified.(Source: Saravali) In any "Raja yoga" formation if the lord of the 10th house happens to occupy the 6th house counted from the 10th the impact of that "yoga" wiil be slight or for a short period only, there will be no permanent "yoga".


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: If the "Raja yogas" are loosely knit their results collapse at the prime of life, as was in the case of Napoleon Bonaparte who born in Libra "lagna" had Saturn, the "Raja yogakaraka", conjoining with Mercury, the lord of the 12th house, in the 10th house but ten degrees apart, which afflicted Saturn and destroyed "Raja yogas". In the case of Tipu Sultan born in Sagittarius lagna it was the Sun, Mercury, Saturn and Rahu conjunction in the 12th house.


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: The presence of the "Sakata yoga", the "Kemadruma yoga", the "Kalasarpa yoga", the "Daridra yoga", to name a few "ava-yogas", either stalls the operation of "Raja yogas" or completely destroys the "Raja yogas". The lord of the 10th situated in the 6th house from the 10th, or either the lord of the 8th or the lord of the 11th associating with the "Raja yoga" formation or the Sun in its deep debilitation or Venus occupying the 5th house, the 12th or the 2nd house and the lord of the "bhava" of its occupation weak and afflicted or when all "papagrahas" occupy the "kendras" in their inimical or debilitation signs and are aspected by a benefic from a "trikasthana" ('cadent house'), are a few of the many factors that indicate "Rajayogabhanga".


title: Raja yoga (Hindu astrology)

text: According to the Jaimini system of prognostication, when "Janma Lagna", "Hora Lagna" and "Ghatika Lagna" are simultaneously aspected by a planet, the person becomes a ruler or one equal to him (Sutra I.3.24). A powerful "Raja yoga" is caused if at the time of birth, "Chandra lagna", "Navamsa lagna" and "Drekkana lagna" and the 7th house from these three are aspected by one planet (Sutra I.3.25). Jaimini states that if out of the six "lagnas", viz., "Lagna", "Ghatika lagna", "Hora lagna", "Chandra lagna", "Navamsa lagna" and "Drekkana lagna" – one planet sees five and not all the six, the person will enjoy "Raja yoga" (Sutra I.3.26); B. Suryanarain Rao in his commentary on this "sutra" tells us that if an exalted planet occupies the "Arudha lagna" or the Moon, Jupiter and Venus occupy the "Arudha lagna" and there are no obstructive "argalas" but only beneficial ones, the person will attain to royal position. If the 2nd, 4th and 5th become equal (in strength etc.) to the "Karaka", the person becomes a Raja or equal to him or when the 3rd and the 6th bhavas from "Atmakaraka" (the planet most advanced in a sign) are equal in strength or if they are joined by malefic, or if from the lords of "lagna" and the 7th house benefic planets occupy the 2nd, 4th, 5th and 8th house. If to the lord of the "lagna" or to the lord of 7th, the 5th house is occupied by Jupiter, Venus or the Moon, the person becomes a high Government official and wields political power. If the lord of the "lagna" aspects the "lagna" and if the lord of the "Karaka lagna" aspects that "lagna", the person will have very good "Raja yogas". The Sun and Jupiter are the "karakas" ('significators') of the 10th house, any kind of "sambandha" ('mutual association') established by these two makes one adept and shine in his/her chosen field of creative/scientific/religious/philosophical activity, become a high-ranking official or advisor and famous. Jupiter situated in the "Karakamsa" i.e.That sign in birth chart which is occupied by Atma karaka in navamsa, makes one master the "Vedas" or become a philosopher or a religious leader; Venus likewise situated makes one a great political figure. However, B V Raman states that Raja yogas given by Jaimini have not been tested as his method has not been in vogue.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Ralph McPherran Kiner (October 27, 1922 – February 6, 2014) was an American Major League Baseball player and broadcaster. An outfielder, Kiner played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, and Cleveland Indians from 1946 through 1955. Following his retirement, Kiner served from 1956 through 1960 as general manager of the Pacific Coast League San Diego Padres. He also served as an announcer for the New York Mets from the team's inception until his death. Though injuries forced his retirement from active play after 10 seasons, Kiner led all of his National League contemporaries in home runs between 1946 and 1952. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1975.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: After his death, baseball writer Marty Noble named Kiner "one of baseball's genuine and most charming gentlemen".


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner was born in Santa Rita, New Mexico, and raised in Alhambra, California. He was of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) and Scots-Irish. He is the second cousin twice removed of Major League Baseball player for the New York Yankees, Isiah Kiner-Falefa.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner was inducted into the Navy during the spring of 1943. As a cadet, he attended St. Mary's Pre-Flight School in California and earned his pilot's wings and commission at Corpus Christi, Texas, in December


title: Ralph Kiner

text: 1944. Kiner flew PBM Mariner flying boats on submarine patrols from Kaneohe Bay Naval Air Station in Hawaii, accumulating 1,200 flying hours. Kiner enlisted the day after Pearl Harbor.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner made his major league debut on April 12, 1946, with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He finished the season with 23 home runs, but 109 strikeouts. After the season, the Pirates convinced future Hall of Famer Hank Greenberg not to retire. Greenberg gave Kiner hours of instruction, and in 1947, Kiner led the major leagues with 51 home runs while striking out fewer than 100 times. Many of Kiner's homers were hit into a shortened left-field and left-center-field porch at Forbes Field (originally built for Greenberg and known in the press as "Greenberg Gardens"); the porch was retained for Kiner and redubbed "Kiner's Korner". Kiner would later use "Kiner's Korner" as the title of his post-game TV show in New York.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: In 1949, Kiner topped his 1947 total with 54 home runs, falling just two short of Hack Wilson's then-National League record. It was the highest total in the major leagues from 1939 to 1960, and the highest National League total from 1931 to 1997. It made Kiner the first National League player with two 50 plus home run seasons. Kiner also matched his peak of 127 RBIs. From 1947 to 1951, Kiner topped 40 home runs and 100 RBIs each season. Through 2011 he was one of seven major leaguers to have had at least four 30-HR, 100-RBI seasons in their first five years, along with Chuck Klein, Joe DiMaggio, Ted Williams, Mark Teixeira, Albert Pujols, Ryan Howard and Ryan Braun.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner's string of seasons leading the league in home runs reached seven in 1952, when he hit 37. This also was the last of a record six consecutive seasons in which he led Major League Baseball in home runs, all under the guidance of manager Billy Meyer and Pirate great Honus Wagner. He was selected to participate in the All-Star Game in six straight seasons, 1948 to 1953.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: The equally famous "Home run hitters drive Cadillacs and singles hitters drive Fords," frequently misattributed to Kiner himself, was, by his own account, actually coined by teammate Fritz Ostermueller. Footage of Kiner hitting a home run in Forbes Field can be seen in the 1951 film "Angels in the Outfield".


title: Ralph Kiner

text: On June 4, 1953, Kiner was sent to the Chicago Cubs as part of a ten-player trade. The Pirates traded Kiner, Joe Garagiola, George Metkovich, and Howie Pollet to the Cubs in exchange for Bob Addis, Toby Atwell, George Freese, Gene Hermanski, Bob Schultz, Preston Ward, and $150,000. This was largely due to continued salary disputes with Pirate general manager Branch Rickey, who reportedly told Kiner, "We finished last with you, we can finish last without you."


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner played the rest of 1953 and all of 1954 with the Cubs, finishing his career with the Cleveland Indians in 1955. A back injury forced him to retire at the age of 32, finishing his career with 369 home runs, 1,015 runs batted in and a .279 lifetime batting average. He hit better than .300 three times, with a career best .313 with the Pirates in 1947.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: In 1961, Kiner entered the broadcast booth for the Chicago White Sox. The following year, Kiner, Lindsey Nelson, and Bob Murphy began broadcasting the games of the expansion New York Mets on WOR-TV in New York City. The trio rotated announcing duties. Kiner also hosted a post-game show known as "Kiner's Korner" on WOR-TV. Nationally, he helped call the Mets' appearance in the 1969 and 1973 World Series for NBC Radio. He won a local Emmy Award for his broadcasting work.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner was known for his occasional malapropisms, usually connected with getting people's names wrong, such as calling broadcasting partner Tim McCarver as "Tim MacArthur" and calling Gary Carter "Gary Cooper". He even once called himself "Ralph Korner".


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Despite a bout with Bell's palsy, which left him with slightly slurred speech, Kiner continued broadcasting for 53 seasons. Kiner's tenure with the Mets was the third-longest for an active broadcaster with a single team as of his final season. He is the third longest-tenured broadcaster in baseball history, trailing only Los Angeles Dodgers announcers Vin Scully (1950–2016) and Jaime Jarrín (1959–present). His traditional home run call—"It is gone, goodbye," was a signature phrase in baseball.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner appeared occasionally on SportsNet New York (SNY) and WPIX, which currently televise Mets games. During these visits (usually once a week), regular announcers Gary Cohen, Keith Hernandez, and Ron Darling made room for Kiner as he shared stories of old-time baseball, as well as the current state of the game. During his final season in 2013, he was the oldest active announcer in Major League Baseball.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Partly owing, as Kiner once said, to the fact that Hollywood megastar Bing Crosby was part-owner of the Pirates, Kiner was often closely linked with the likes of celebrities such as Crosby's colleague Bob Hope and Frank Sinatra, but even more to publicized romances, dates or photos with leading ladies, such as Elizabeth Taylor, Ava Gardner and Janet Leigh.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner was also married to Barbara (née George) Kiner, from 1969 to 1980; and to DiAnn Kiner from 1982 until her death in 2004.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Ralph Kiner died from natural causes in Rancho Mirage, California, on February 6, 2014, at the age of 91. Upon his death, New York Mets owner Fred Wilpon said "Ralph Kiner was one of the most beloved people in Mets history—An original Met and extraordinary gentleman." At the time of his death, Kiner was battling Bell's palsy, and the effects of a stroke he had suffered a decade ago that forced him to cut his schedule to a handful of games a season.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: On February 21, 2014, an online Twitter petition was started to rename Citi Field Sections 132–134 as Kiner's Korner, to commemorate the 52-year Mets career of Ralph Kiner. As of March 29, 2014, the petition had over 5,000 followers.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: Kiner was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1975. Kiner had garnered 273 votes by the Baseball Writers' Association of America, one more than the minimum required for election. It was in his final year of eligibility (his 13th, as no vote was held in 1963 and 1965), and it was the closest call possible for any player elected by the BBWAA. (He would have had a chance later with the Veterans Committee had he not been elected by the BBWAA). Kiner was also the only player voted in that year. He attended every Hall of Fame ceremony from the time he was inducted until his death.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: "The Sporting News" placed him at number 90 on its 1999 list of "The 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and he was one of the 100 finalists for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team that year. The Mets honored him with an on-field ceremony on "Ralph Kiner Night" at Shea Stadium on Saturday, July 14, 2007. On that night, fans were given photos of Kiner. Tom Seaver was present, giving a commemorative speech recalling Kiner's legacy. Other guests of note were Yogi Berra, Bob Feller, and broadcaster Ernie Harwell. As a present from the Mets, Kiner received a cruise of his choice.


title: Ralph Kiner

text: In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored Kiner as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Navy during World War II.


Ralph Kiner


title: 1997 NFL season

text: The 1997 NFL season was the 78th regular season of the National Football League. The Oilers relocated from Houston, Texas to Nashville, Tennessee. The newly renamed Tennessee Oilers played their home games during this season at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee while construction of a new stadium in Nashville started. Houston would rejoin the NFL with the expansion Texans in 2002.


title: 1997 NFL season

text: Due to Game 7 of the 1997 World Series, the Chicago Bears–Miami Dolphins game at Pro Player Stadium was delayed one day to Monday, October 27.


title: 1997 NFL season

text: The season ended with Super Bowl XXXII when the Denver Broncos defeated the Green Bay Packers 31–24 at Qualcomm Stadium. This broke the National Football Conference's streak of thirteen consecutive Super Bowl victories, the last American Football Conference win having been the Los Angeles Raiders defeating the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII.


title: 1997 NFL season

text: The 1997 NFL Draft was held from April 19 to 20, 1997 at New York City's Theater at Madison Square Garden. With the first pick, the St. Louis Rams selected offensive tackle Orlando Pace from Ohio State University.


title: 1997 NFL season

text: A series of National Football League pre-season exhibition games that were held at sites outside the United States. Three were contested in 1997, including the defending Super Bowl XXXI champion Green Bay Packers competing in Toronto.


title: 1997 NFL season

text: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, in which the Minnesota Vikings defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28–26, was played on July 26, and held at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded. The 1997 Hall of Fame Class included Mike Haynes, Wellington Mara, Don Shula and Mike Webster.


title: 1997 NFL season

text: This was the fourth and final year under the league's four-year broadcast contracts with ABC, Fox, NBC, TNT, and ESPN. ABC, Fox, and NBC continued to televise "Monday Night Football", the NFC package, the AFC package, respectively. Sunday night games aired on TNT during the first half of the season, and ESPN during the second half of the season. This was the last season to date that TNT broadcast NFL games, as well as the last for NBC until 2006. When the new TV contracts were signed near the end of the season, Fox retained the NFC package, NFL on CBS took over the AFC package, and ESPN won the right to televise all of the Sunday night games.


title: 1997 NFL season

text: With Mike Ditka becoming the new head coach of the New Orleans Saints, Sam Wyche was named to replace him on "The NFL on NBC" pregame show. NBC fired Marv Albert following Week 3 due to sexual assault charges against him; Tom Hammond replaced Albert as the network's #2 play-by-play announcer.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The Officers Training Academy (OTA) is a training establishment of the Indian Army that trains officers for the Short Service Commission (SSC). The 49-week course at the OTA prepares graduates for all branches of the Army, except for the Army Medical Corps. Established in 1963, the first academy is located in Alandur, a southern neighbourhood of Chennai.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: OTA chennai has an impressive tally of gallantry award including 1 Param Vir Chakra, 8 Ashoka Chakra, 10 Maha Vir Chakra, 22 Kirti Chakra, 63 Vir Chakra, 119 Shaurya Chakra and 587 Sena Medal earned by the officers commissioned from this academy bears testimony to the Valor and dedication displayed by the Alumni.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: A new academy was set up at Gaya in 2011; but was given the go-ahead in December 2019 to be disbanded.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: Seven Officers Training Schools were established in India between 1942–45 to meet the huge demand for officers to serve in the Indian and Commonwealth Armies during World War II. However, these schools were closed down at the end of the war.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: In 1962, following the Sino-Indian War, India identified the need to expand the number of officers for effective operations. Two Officers Training Schools (OTS) were established in Pune and Madras (now known as Chennai) to train officers for Emergency Commission into the Army. The process of establishing the schools was begun in September 1962. The Chennai school was inaugurated on 15 January 1963, for nation by and with Brigadier Ram Singh as its first Commandant. The Pune school had a short run and was closed in 1964. However, the school in Chennai continued to operate and on 2 February 1965, it obtained the sanction to shift focus to train officers for the Short Service Regular Commission. OTA Chennai is spread over .


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The Short Service Regular Commission has evolved into the Short Service Commission, and the OTS has continued to train officers for these commissions. The school was granted permanent status in 1985. On 1 January 1988, the school was renamed as the Officers Training Academy (OTA), on a par with the NDA and IMA.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The first batch of 25 women to be commissioned as officers into the Army were trained at the OTA, with training commencing on 21 September 1992.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: Cadets are organised in 2 Battalions namely Ranjith Singh Battalion and Shivaji Battalion. RS Bn consists of Three companies, namely, Kohima, Jessami, and Phillora, Shivaji Bn consists of three companies, namely, Meiktila, Naushera and Zojila.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: OTA Gaya, set up in 2011, is located amid an estate of approximately 870 acres in a hilly terrain of Paharpur at Gaya. The academy is located en route from Gaya to Bodhgaya, approx 7 km from Gaya railway station. The international airport of Gaya is adjacent to the academy. In its vicinity is Bodhgaya, an international tourism destination. Gaya Cantonment dates back to World War II, as one of the headquarters of the British Army.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: To mark the commencement of the academy, a flag hoisting ceremony was solemnised and the consecration of the raising of the academy was carried out in true secular tradition of the Indian Army, with recital of scriptures from holy books of different religions.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The academy has been equipped with state of the art training facilities, at par with other pre-commissioning training institutions.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The insignia of Officers Training Academy, Gaya has a two-colour background, with upper half as grey and the lower half blood-red, having two cross swords superimposed with the Dharmchakra. A scroll below bears the motto of the academy – 'Shaurya, Gyan, Sankalp' in devnagri.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The first batch of 149 trainee-officers underwent training in the academy during the period July 2011 to Jun 2012 and the first passing out parade was conducted on 8 June 2012. The second batch after successful completion of their training (January 2012 – December 2012) passed out on 8 December 2012. A total of 176 cadets from TES 26 and SCO 29 courses passed out on 8 December 2012. The academy had capacity to train 350 cadets. Lt Gen Sunil Srivastava, VSM (double bar) is the current commandant of the academy, having taken charge in 2018.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The academy has produced many war heroes and distinguished officers. Many have gone on to work for corporations after leaving the Indian Army. The OTA Alumni Association was registered under the Societies Act 1860 at Chandigarh with all India jurisdiction.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The coveted Presidential Colours to the Academy was presented on 18 August 1990 by Shri R Venkataraman, the then President of India.


title: Officers Training Academy

text: The Commandant of the Officers Training Academy is the overall in-charge of all the functioning of the Officers Training Academy, Chennai. The Commandant of the College is a three-star rank officer (Lieutenant General) from the Indian Army. He is supported by the Deputy Commandant and Chief Instructor (DCCI), held by a Major General.


title: Neelkanth Mahadev Temple (Rishikesh)

text: Neelkanth Mahadev Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Nilkanth, an aspect of Lord Shiva. The temple is about 32 km from Rishikesh in the Pauri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, India. The temple architecture is very much influenced by the Dravidian style of temple architecture.


title: Neelkanth Mahadev Temple (Rishikesh)

text: The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is a popular Hindu pilgrimage site. It is surrounded by dense forests and is adjacent to the mountain ranges of Nar-Narayan. It is enveloped between the valleys of Manikoot, Brahmakoot, and Vishnukoot and is located at the confluence of the rivers Pankaja and Madhumati.


title: Neelkanth Mahadev Temple (Rishikesh)

text: According to Hindu sacred texts, the place where the Neelkanth Mahadev Temple currently stands is the sacred location where Shiva consumed the poison that originated from the sea when Devas (Gods) and Asuras (Demons) churned the ocean in order to obtain Amrita. This poison that emanated during the Samudramanthan (churning of the ocean) made his throat blue in color. Thus, Shiva is also known as Neelkanth, literally meaning "The Blue Throated One".


title: Neelkanth Mahadev Temple (Rishikesh)

text: As per Shruti-Smriti Puran, Devas and Asuras churned the ocean to obtain Amruta. 14 ratnas were obtained of which one was the "Kalkut" poison capable of destroying the whole world . This was consumed by Lord Shiva making hai throat blue. To allay the effect of Kalkut poison, Lord Shiva meditated for 60 thousand years here at the confluence of Pankaja and Madhumati river beneath the Panchpani tree where the current Garbha Gruh of the temple is constructed.After his penance, Lord Shiva installed the current day "throat" shaped shivaling beneath the Panchpani tree. ￼


title: Neelkanth Mahadev Temple (Rishikesh)

text: The temple has a Gopura or the shikhara as in any Dravidian style temple and is raised high in a tiered way in pyramid style. Motifs and Friezes are carved on these towers. The shikhara of the temple is adorned with sculptures of various Devas and Asuras depicting the Samudramanthan. Neelkanth Mahadev in the form of Shivalinga is the presiding deity of the temple. The temple complex also has a natural spring where devotees usually take a holy bath before entering the premises of surrounded by dense forests.


title: Neelkanth Mahadev Temple (Rishikesh)

text: Maha Shivaratri is the most prominent festival celebrated in the temple and many devotees flock to the temple during the festival. The devotees who pay a visit to Neelkanth Mahadev make an offering of Bael leaves, coconut, flowers, milk, honey, fruits and water to Lord Shiva. The temple observes two fairs that are held annually on the occasions of Maha Shivratri (Feb-Mar) and Shivratri of Shraavana (month of Hindu calendar) (July-Aug) during which the devotees (Kawarias) trek from Haridwar to Neelkanth Mahadev Temple.


title: Four Quartets

text: Four Quartets is a set of four poems written by T. S. Eliot that were published over a six-year period. The first poem, "Burnt Norton", was published with a collection of his early works (1936's "Collected Poems 1909–1935"). After a few years, Eliot composed the other three poems, "East Coker", "The Dry Salvages", and "Little Gidding", which were written during World War II and the air-raids on Great Britain. They were first published as a series by Faber and Faber in Great Britain between 1940 and 1942 towards the end of Eliot's poetic career ("East Coker" in September 1940, "Burnt Norton" in February 1941, "The Dry Salvages" in September 1941 and "Little Gidding" in 1942). The poems were not collected until Eliot's New York publisher printed them together in 1943.


title: Four Quartets

text: "Four Quartets" are four interlinked meditations with the common theme being man's relationship with time, the universe, and the divine. In describing his understanding of the divine within the poems, Eliot blends his Anglo-Catholicism with mystical, philosophical and poetic works from both Eastern and Western religious and cultural traditions, with references to the "Bhagavad-Gita" and the Pre-Socratics as well as St. John of the Cross and Julian of Norwich.


title: Four Quartets

text: Although many critics find the "Four Quartets" to be Eliot's last great work, some of Eliot's contemporary critics, including George Orwell, were dissatisfied with Eliot's overt religiosity. Orwell believed this was not a worthy topic to write about and a failing compared to his earlier work. Later critics disagreed with Orwell's claims about the poems and argued instead that the religious themes made the poem stronger. Overall, reviews of the poem within Great Britain were favourable while reviews in the United States were split between those who liked Eliot's later style and others who felt he had abandoned positive aspects of his earlier poetry.


title: Four Quartets

text: While working on his play "Murder in the Cathedral", Eliot came up with the idea for a poem that was structured similarly to "The Waste Land". The resulting poem, "Burnt Norton", named after a manor house, was published in Eliot's 1936 edition of "Collected Poems 1909–1935". Eliot decided to create another poem similar to "Burnt Norton" but with a different location in mind. This second poem, "East Coker", was finished and published by Easter 1940. (Eliot visited East Coker in Somerset in 1937, and his ashes now repose there at St Michael and All Angels' Church.)


title: Four Quartets

text: As Eliot was finishing his second poem, World War II began to disrupt his life and he spent more time lecturing across Great Britain and helping out during the war when he could. It was during this time that Eliot began working on "The Dry Salvages", the third poem, which was put together near the end of 1940. This poem was published in February 1941 and Eliot immediately began to plot out his fourth poem, "Little Gidding". Eliot's health declined and he stayed in Shamley Green to recuperate. His illness and the war disrupted his ability to write and he became dissatisfied with each draft. He believed that the problem with the poem was with himself and that he had started the poem too soon and written it too quickly. By September 1941, he stopped writing and focused on his lecturing. It was not until September 1942 that Eliot finished the last poem and it was finally published.


title: Four Quartets

text: While writing "East Coker" Eliot thought of creating a "quartet" of poems that would reflect the idea of the four elements and, loosely, the four seasons. As the first four parts of "The Waste Land" have each been associated with one of the four classical elements so has each of the constituent poems of "Four Quartets": air ("BN"), earth ("EC"), water ("DS"), and fire ("LG"). However, there is little support for the poems matching with individual seasons. Eliot described what he meant by "quartet" in a 3 September 1942 letter to John Hayward:


title: Four Quartets

text: ... these poems are all in a particular set form which I have elaborated, and the word "quartet" does seem to me to start people on the right track for understanding them ("sonata" in any case is "too" musical). It suggests to me the notion of making a poem by weaving in together three or four superficially unrelated themes: the "poem" being the degree of success in making a new whole out of them.


title: Four Quartets

text: The four poems comprising "Four Quartets" were first published together as a collection in New York in 1943 and then London in 1944. The original title was supposed to be the "Kensington Quartets" after his time in Kensington. The poems were kept as a separate entity in the United States until they were collected in 1952 as Eliot's "Complete Poems and Plays", and in the United Kingdom until 1963 as part of Eliot's "Complete Poems 1909–62". The delay in collecting the "Four Quartets" with the rest of Eliot's poetry separated them from his other work, even though they were the result of a development from his earlier poems.


title: Four Quartets

text: The outbreak of World War II, in 1939, pushed Eliot further into the belief that there was something worth defending in society and that Germany had to be stopped. There is little mention of the war in Eliot's writing except in a few pieces, like "Defence of the Islands". The war became central to "Little Gidding" as Eliot added in aspects of his own experience while serving as a watchman at the Faber building during the London blitz. The "Four Quartets" were favoured as giving hope during the war and also for a later religious revival movement. By "Little Gidding", WWII is not just the present time but connected also to the English Civil War.


title: Four Quartets

text: Each poem has five sections. The later poems connect to the earlier sections, with "Little Gidding" synthesising the themes of the earlier poems within its sections. Within Eliot's own poetry, the five sections connect to "The Waste Land". This allowed Eliot to structure his larger poems, which he had difficulty with.


title: Four Quartets

text: These points can be applied to the structure of "The Waste Land", though there is not necessarily a fulfilment of these but merely a longing or discussion of them.


title: Four Quartets

text: The first may be translated, "Though wisdom is common, the many live as if they have wisdom of their own"; the second, "the way upward and the way downward is one and the same".


title: Four Quartets

text: The concept and origin of "Burnt Norton" is connected to Eliot's play "Murder in the Cathedral". The poem discusses the idea of time and the concept that only the present moment really matters because the past cannot be changed and the future is unknown.


title: Four Quartets

text: In Part I, this meditative poem begins with the narrator trying to focus on the present moment while walking through a garden, focusing on images and sounds like the bird, the roses, clouds, and an empty pool. In Part II, the narrator's meditation leads him to reach "the still point" in which he doesn't try to get anywhere or to experience place and/or time, instead experiencing "a grace of sense." In Part III, the meditation experience becomes darker as night comes on, and by Part IV, it is night and "Time and the bell have buried the day." In Part V, the narrator reaches a contemplative end to his/her meditation, initially contemplating the arts ("Words" and "music") as they relate to time. The narrator focuses particularly on the poet's art of manipulating "Words [which] strain,/Crack and sometimes break, under the burden [of time], under the tension, slip, slide, perish, decay with imprecision, [and] will not stay in place, /Will not stay still." By comparison, the narrator concludes that "Love is itself unmoving,/Only the cause and end of movement,/Timeless, and undesiring." For this reason, this spiritual experience of "Love" is the form of consciousness that most interests the narrator (presumably more than the creative act of writing poetry).


title: Four Quartets

text: Eliot started writing "East Coker" in 1939, and modelled the poem after "Burnt Norton" as a way to focus his thoughts. The poem served as a sort of opposite to the popular idea that "The Waste Land" served as an expression of disillusionment after World War I, though Eliot never accepted this interpretation. The poem focuses on life, death, and continuity between the two. Humans are seen as disorderly and science is viewed as unable to save mankind from its flaws. Instead, science and reason lead mankind to warfare, and humanity needs to become humble in order to escape the cycle of destruction. To be saved, people must recognize Christ as their saviour as well as their need for redemption.


title: Four Quartets

text: Eliot began writing "The Dry Salvages" at the end of 1940 during air-raids on London, and managed to finish the poem quickly. The poem included many personal images connecting to Eliot's childhood, and emphasised the image of water and sailing as a metaphor for humanity. According to the poem, there is a connection to all of mankind within each man. If we just accept drifting upon the sea, then we will end up broken upon rocks. We are restrained by time, but the Annunciation gave mankind hope that it will be able to escape. This hope is not part of the present. What we must do is understand the patterns found within the past in order to see that there is meaning to be found. This meaning allows one to experience eternity through moments of revelation.


title: Four Quartets

text: "Little Gidding" was started after "The Dry Salvages" but was delayed because of Eliot's declining health and his dissatisfaction with early drafts of the poem. Eliot was unable to finish the poem until September 1942. Like the three previous poems of the "Four Quartets", the central theme is time and humanity's place within it. Each generation is seemingly united and the poem describes a unification within Western civilisation. When discussing World War II, the poem states that humanity is given a choice between the bombing of London or the Holy Spirit. God's love allows humankind to redeem itself and escape the living hell through purgation by fire; he drew the affirmative coda "All shall be well" from medieval mystic Julian of Norwich. The end of the poem describes how Eliot has attempted to help the world as a poet, and he parallels his work in language with working on the soul or working on society.


title: Four Quartets

text: Eliot believed that even if a poem can mean different things to each reader, the "absolute" meaning of the poem needs to be discovered. The central meaning of the "Four Quartets" is to connect to European literary tradition in addition to its Christian themes. It also seeks to unite with European literature to form a unity, especially in Eliot's creation of a "familiar compound ghost" who is supposed to connect to those like Stéphane Mallarmé, Edgar Allan Poe, Jonathan Swift, and William Butler Yeats.


title: Four Quartets

text: Time is viewed as unredeemable and problematic, whereas eternity is beautiful and true. Living under time's influence is a problem. Within "Burnt Norton" section 3, people trapped in time are similar to those stuck in between life and death in Dante's "Inferno" Canto Three. When Eliot deals with the past in "The Dry Salvages", he emphasises its importance to combat the influence of evolution as encouraging people to forget the past and care only about the present and the future. The present is capable of always reminding one of the past. These moments also rely on the idea of Krishna in the "Bhagavad-Gita" that death can come at any moment, and that the divine will is more important than considering the future.


title: Four Quartets

text: The Jesuit critic William F. Lynch, who believed that salvation happens within time and not outside of it, explained what Eliot was attempting to do in the "Four Quartets" when he wrote: "it is hard to say no to the impression, if I may use a mixture of my own symbols and his, that the Christian imagination is finally limited to the element of fire, to the day of Pentecost, to the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the disciples. The revelation of eternity and time is of an intersection ... It seems not unseemly to suppose that Eliot's imagination (and is this not a theology?) is alive with points of intersection and of descent." He continued with a focus on how time operated within the poem: "He seems to place our faith, our hope, and our love, not in the flux of time but in the points of time. I am sure his mind is interested in the line and time of Christ, whose Spirit is his total flux. But I am not so sure about his imagination. Is it or is it not an imagination which is saved from time's nausea or terror by points of intersection? ... There seems little doubt that Eliot is attracted above all by the image and the goal of immobility, and that in everything he seeks for approximations to this goal in the human order." Lynch went on to point out that this understanding of time includes Asian influences.


title: Four Quartets

text: Throughout the poems, the end becomes the beginning and things constantly repeat. This use of circular time is similar to the way Dante uses time in his "Divine Comedy" – "Little Gidding" ends with a rose garden image that is the same as the garden beginning "Burnt Norton". The repetition of time affects memory and how one can travel through their own past to find permanency and the divine. Memory within the poem is similar to how St. Augustine discussed it, in that memory allows one to understand words and life. The only way to discover eternity is through memory, understanding the past, and transcending beyond time. Likewise, in the Augustinian view that Eliot shares, timeless words are connected to Christ as the Logos and how Christ calls upon mankind to join him in salvation.


title: Four Quartets

text: The title "Four Quartets" connects to music, which appears also in Eliot's poems "Preludes", "Rhapsody on a Windy Night", and "A Song for Simeon" along with a 1942 lecture called "The Music of Poetry". Some critics have suggested that there were various classical works that Eliot focused on while writing the pieces. In particular, within literary criticism there is an emphasis on Beethoven serving as a model. Some have disputed this claim. However, Lyndall Gordon's biography of T.S. Eliot establishes that Eliot had Beethoven in mind while writing them. The purpose of the quartet was to have multiple themes that intertwined with each other. Each section, as in the musical image, would be distinct even though they share the same performance. "East Coker" and "The Dry Salvages" are written in such a way as to make the poems continuous and create a "double-quartet".


title: Four Quartets

text: Eliot focused on sounds or "auditory imagination", as he called it. He doesn't always keep to this device, especially when he is more concerned with thematic development. He did fix many of these passages in revision.


title: Four Quartets

text: Critics have compared Eliot to Yeats. Yeats believed that we live in a cyclical world, saying, "If it be true that God is a circle whose centre is everywhere, the saint goes to the centre, the poet and the artist to the ring where everything comes round again." Eliot believed that such a system is stuck within time. Eliot was influenced by Yeats's reading of Dante. This appears in Eliot's "Ash Wednesday" by changing Yeats's "desire for absolution" away from a humanistic approach. When Eliot wrote about personal topics, he tended to use Dante as a reference point. He also relied on Dante's imagery: the idea of the "refining fire" in the "Four Quartets" and in "The Waste Land" comes from "Purgatorio", and the celestial rose and fire imagery of "Paradiso" makes its way into the series.


title: Four Quartets

text: If "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", "Gerontion", "The Waste Land", and "The Hollow Men" are Eliot's "Inferno", "Ash Wednesday" seems to be "Purgatorio", and the "Four Quartets" seems to be "Paradiso". The "Four Quartets" abandons time, as per Dante's conception of the Empyrean, and allows for opposites to co-exist together. As such, people are able to experience God directly as long as they know that they cannot fully understand or comprehend him. Eliot tries to create a new system, according to Denis Donoghue, in which he is able to describe a Christianity that is not restricted by previous views that have fallen out of favour in modern society or contradicted by science. Eliot reasoned that he is not supposed to preach a theological system as a poet, but expose the reader to the ideas of religion. As Eliot stated in 1947: "if we learn to read poetry properly, the poet never persuades us to believe anything" and "What we learn from Dante, or the "Bhagavad-Gita", or any other religious poetry is what it feels like to believe that religion."


title: Four Quartets

text: According to Russell Kirk, "Nor is it possible to appreciate Eliot—whether or not one agrees with him—if one comes to "Four Quartets" with ideological blinders. Ideology, it must be remembered, is the attempt to supplant religious dogmas by political and scientistic dogmas. If one's first premise is that religion must be a snare and a delusion, for instance, then it follows that Eliot becomes an enemy to be assaulted, rather than a pilgrim whose journal one may admire-even if one does not believe in the goal of that quest."


title: Four Quartets

text: Eliot's poetry is filled with religious images beyond those common to Christianity: the "Four Quartets" brings in Hindu stories with a particular emphasis on the "Bhagavad-Gita" of the "Mahabharata". Eliot went so far as to mark where he alludes to Hindu stories in his editions of the "Mahabharata" by including a page added which compared battle scenes with "The Dry Salvages".


title: Four Quartets

text: Reviews were favourable for each poem. The completed set received divided reviews in the United States while it was received overall favourably by the British. The American critics liked the poetry but many did not appreciate the religious content of the work or that Eliot abandoned philosophical aspects of his earlier poetry. The British response was connected to Eliot's nationalistic spirit, and the work was received as a series of poems intended to help the nation during difficult times. Santwana Haldar went so far as to assert that the ""Four Quartets" has been universally appreciated as the crown of Eliot's achievement in religious poetry, one that appeals to all including those who do not share Orthodox Christian creed."


title: Four Quartets

text: George Orwell believed just the opposite. He argued: "It is clear that something has departed, some kind of current has been switched off, the later verse does not contain the earlier, even if it is claimed as an improvement upon it [...] He does not really feel his faith, but merely assents to it for complex reasons. It does not in itself give him any fresh literary impulse." Years later, Russell Kirk wrote, "I cannot agree with Orwell that Eliot gave no more than a melancholy assent to doctrines now quite unbelievable. Over the past quarter of a century, most serious critics—whether or not they find Christian faith impossible—have found in the Quartets the greatest twentieth-century achievements in the poetry of philosophy and religion." Like Orwell, Stead also noticed a difference between the "Four Quartets" and Eliot's earlier poetry, but he disagreed with Orwell's conclusion: ""Four Quartets" is an attempt to bring into a more exact balance the will and the creative imagination; it attempts to harness the creative imagination which in all Eliot's earlier poetry ran its own course, edited but not consciously directed. The achievement is of a high order, but the best qualities of "Four Quartets" are inevitably different from those of "The Waste Land".


title: Four Quartets

text: Early American reviewers were divided on discussing the theological aspects of the "Four Quartets". F. R. Leavis, in "Scrutiny" (Summer 1942), analysed the first three poems and discussed how the verse "makes its explorations into the concrete realities of experience below the conceptual currency" instead of their Christian themes. Muriel Bradbrook, in "Theology" (March 1943), did the opposite of F. R. Leavis and emphasised how Eliot captured Christian experience in general and how it relates to literature. D. W. Harding, in the Spring 1943 issue of "Scrutiny", discussed the Pentecostal image but would not discuss how it would relate to Eliot's Christianity. Although he appreciated Eliot's work, Paul Goodman believed that the despair found within the poem meant that Eliot could not be a Christian poet. John Fletcher felt that Eliot's understanding of salvation could not help the real world whereas Louis Untermeyer believed that not everyone would understand the poems.


title: Four Quartets

text: Many critics have emphasised the importance of the religious themes in the poem. Vincent Buckley stated that the "Four Quartets" "presuppose certain values as necessary for their very structure as poems yet devote that structure to questioning their meaning and relevance. The whole work is, in fact, the most authentic example I know in modern poetry of a satisfying religio-poetic meditation. We sense throughout it is not merely a building-up of an intricate poetic form on the foundation of experiences already over and done with, but a constant energy, an ever-present activity, of thinking and feeling." In his analysis of approaches regarding apocalypse and religious in British poetry, M. H. Abrams claimed, "Even after a quarter-century, T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets" has not lost its status as a strikingly 'modern' poem; its evolving meditations, however, merely play complex variations upon the design and motifs of Romantic representation of the poets educational progress."


title: Four Quartets

text: Late 20th century and early 21st century critics continued the religious emphasis. Craig Raine pointed out: "Undeniably, "Four Quartets" has its faults—for instance, the elementary tautology of 'anxious worried women' in section I of "The Dry Salvages". But the passages documenting in undeniable detail 'the moment in and out of time' are the most successful attempts at the mystical in poetry since Wordsworth's spots of time in "The Prelude"—themselves a refiguration of the mystical." Michael Bell argued for the universality within the poems' religious dimension and claimed that the poems "were genuinely of their time in that, while speaking of religious faith, they did not assume it in the reader." John Cooper, in regard to the poem's place within the historical context of World War II, described the aspects of the series appeal: ""Four Quartets" spoke about the spirit in the midst of this new crisis and, not surprisingly, there were many readers who would not only allow the poem to carry them with it, but who also hungered for it."


title: Four Quartets

text: In a more secular appreciation, one of Eliot's biographers, the critic Peter Ackroyd, has stated that "the most striking characteristic of "The Four Quartets" is the way in which these sequences are very carefully structured. They echo and re-echo each other, and one sequence in each poem, as it were, echoes its companion sequence in the next poem. . . "The Four Quartets" are poems about a nation and about a culture which is very severely under threat, and in a sense, you could describe "The Four Quartets" as a poem of memory, but not the memory of one individual but the memory of a whole civilization."


title: Four Quartets

text: In a 2019 interview, conservative philosopher Roger Scruton stated that "...(T. S. Eliot influenced) my vision of culture. And that’s from school days: I came across Four Quartets aged 16 and that made sense of everything for the first time." American author Ross Douthat writes of the poem: "This is a poetic counterpart to Chesterton's prose. Eliot's verse makes no argument, but distills the religious impulse and his own Christian hope to eloquent perfection."


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: Flatbush Zombies (stylized as Flatbush ZOMBiES) is an American hip hop group from the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York City, formed in 2010. The group is composed of rappers Meechy Darko, Zombie Juice and Erick Arc Elliott, with Elliott also serving as their regular record producer. The trio are part of the East Coast hip hop supergroup Beast Coast, with fellow Brooklyn-based rap groups The Underachievers and Pro Era.


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: Flatbush Zombies have collaborated with various artists, including RZA, ASAP Mob, Z-Breezy, Jim Jones, Juicy J, Danny Brown, Action Bronson, Mr. Muthafuckin eXquire, Tech N9ne, and Anthony Flammia among others. They have performed at music festivals such as The Hudson Project, JMBLYA, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Pemberton Music Festival, Afropunk Festival, Olly Mac Sesh, Paid Dues, North Coast Music Festival, SXSW, Roskilde, Rolling Loud in Miami, and Wireless in London. The group grew in popularity through two mixtapes and several music videos, leading to their 2016 debut studio album, "".


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: Friends since grade school, all three members were born and raised in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York City. Erick and Meechy Darko are of Jamaican descent. Demetri Simms (Meechy Darko), Antonio Lewis (Zombie Juice) and Erick Elliott (The Architect) first bonded over the Japanese anime "Dragon Ball Z" and wrestling. During their teenage years they began experimenting with psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin mushrooms and LSD. Zombie Juice, along with fellow Flatbush native Issa Gold of the Underachievers (Erick did not participate), specifically started looking into the indigo lifestyle. Meechy Darko said the first time he took psilocybin mushrooms, he underwent Ego death and had a sort of rebirth of consciousness.


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: Erick Arc Elliott, who had been making his own solo music, decided to bring the group together musically around 2010. Their first club performance took place in 2012, at 307 in Waterloo. The group's popularity grew after releasing the "Thug Waffle" video on YouTube. Later in the year, Flatbush Zombies released their debut mixtape, titled "D.R.U.G.S.", which stands for "Death and Reincarnation Under God's Supervision." In 2012, Flatbush Zombies were featured on the song "Just Blowin' in the Wind" with Wu Tang Clan's RZA for the soundtrack to RZA's film "The Man with the Iron Fists". "


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: In 2013, the group collaborated with fellow Brooklyn rap group the Underachievers, on the single "No Religion".


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: On July 29, 2013, Flatbush Zombies released a YouTube video announcing their second mixtape, "BetterOffDEAD", which was released at 9:11 PM on September 11, 2013. Along with "MRAZ," the singles "Palm Trees" and "222", are included on the nineteen track mixtape "BetterOffDEAD". Though Elliott is the main producer, Harry Fraud and Obey City also provide production on the mixtape. Danny Brown and Action Bronson appear on the tracks "Drug Parade" and "Club Soda" respectively. The mixtape was met with critical acclaim. It would end up being ranked at number 17 on "XXL"s list of the best mixtapes of 2013. A remixed version of My Team Supreme featuring Bodega Bamz was featured in NBA Live 15. Flatbush Zombies also released the video for "MRAZ", a track off the group's mixtape "BetterOffDEAD".


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: On February 13, 2014, Flatbush Zombies released a new song, "LiT". Flatbush Zombies revealed to "XXL" that their EP, "It's All a Matter of Perspective", had been scrapped. Instead the group told "XXL" to "expect an album this year."


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: In September 2014, it was announced that Flatbush Zombies would be touring with fellow Brooklyn-based rap group the Underachievers, and they would be collectively known as Clockwork Indigo. The two groups subsequently released a collaborative song titled "Butterfly Effect," followed by an EP titled "Clockwork Indigo", on October 17, 2014. They claim that they came up with the idea of forming Clockwork Indigo, from a "strange LSD trip while watching "A Clockwork Orange"". During the Clockwork Indigo concert tour, the group collectively wore white clothing as did Alex's gang in the film "A Clockwork Orange".


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: On March 15, 2015, Flatbush Zombies released a new single on SoundCloud titled "Red Eye to Paris" featuring UK Grime artist Skepta. On September 11, 2015, at 9:11 pm EST, the group released a new single and socially charged music video on YouTube titled "Blacktivist".


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: On January 11, 2016, the group released the single "Glorious Thugs". On the same day, the group announced that their debut album titled "", would be released March 11, 2016. On February 5, 2016, they released the first single from "3001: A Laced Odyssey" titled "Bounce", followed by the official music video on February 8. On March 10, 2016, Flatbush Zombies released the second single from the album, titled "This Is It". The following day, they released the album. "3001: A Laced Odyssey" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 80, based on 7 reviews. The album sold 28,000 copies in the first week, debuting at number 10 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart.


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: On February 23, 2018, Flatbush Zombies released the first single off of their second studio album, "Vacation in Hell". The project was released on April 6, 2018, under Glorious Dead Recordings. The album spawned a worldwide tour, "See You In Hell Tour", that started off on April 14 at the 2018 Coachella Music Festival and ended on June 16. In promotion for the album, the trio appeared on the nationally syndicated talk show "The Breakfast Club" as well as performing freestyles for Funk Flex on his radio show.


title: Flatbush Zombies

text: On June 5, 2020, the group released an EP, "Now, More Than Ever", in the wake of the George Floyd protests. The project was supported by the single "Iamlegend". The EP debuted and peaked at number 168 on the "Billboard" 200. The group contributed a remix of the Metallica song "The Unforgiven", featuring DJ Scratch, to the charity tribute album "The Metallica Blacklist", released in September 2021.


title: BE-4

text: The Blue Engine 4 or BE-4 is an oxygen-rich liquefied-methane-fueled staged-combustion rocket engine under development by Blue Origin. The BE-4 is being developed with private and public funding. The engine has been designed to produce of thrust at sea level.


title: BE-4

text: It was initially planned for the engine to be used exclusively on a Blue Origin proprietary launch vehicle New Glenn, the company's first orbital rocket. However, it was announced in 2014 that the engine would also be used on the United Launch Alliance (ULA) Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle, the successor to the Atlas V launch vehicle. Final engine selection by ULA happened in September 2018.


title: BE-4

text: Although previously planned to fly as early as 2019, the first flight test of the new engine is now expected no earlier than 2023 on the Vulcan rocket. The engine is running three years behind , and Blue Origin has experienced a number of problems, both technical and managerial, with the engine development program, leaving the engine still not yet flight-qualified. Pathfinder engines are currently undergoing testing at ULA facilities, and the first two flight engines were delivered to ULA for integration with the Vulcan Centaur rocket on October 31st, 2022.


title: BE-4

text: Following Aerojet's acquisition of Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne in 2012, Blue Origin president Rob Meyerson saw an opportunity to fill a gap in the defense industrial base. Blue Origin publicly entered the liquid rocket engine business by partnering with ULA on the development of the BE-4, and working with other companies. Meyerson announced the selection of Huntsville, AL as the location of Blue Origin's rocket production factory in June 2017.


title: BE-4

text: Blue Origin began work on the BE-4 in 2011, although no public announcement was made until September 2014. This was their first engine to combust liquid oxygen and liquified natural gas propellants. In September 2014—in a choice labeled "a stunner" by SpaceNews—the large launch vehicle manufacturer and launch service provider United Launch Alliance selected the BE-4 as the main engine for a new primary launch vehicle. Blue Origin said the "BE-4 would be 'ready for flight' by 2017."


title: BE-4

text: By April 2015, two parallel development programs were under way. One program was testing full-scale versions of the BE-4 powerpack, which are the set of valves and turbopumps that provide the proper fuel/oxidizer mix to the injectors and combustion chamber. The second program was testing subscale versions of the engine's injectors. The company planned to begin full-scale engine testing in late 2016 and expected to complete development of the engine in 2017.


title: BE-4

text: By September 2015, Blue Origin had completed more than 100 development tests of several elements of the BE-4, including the preburner and a "regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber using multiple full-scale injector elements". The tests were used to confirm the theoretical model predictions of "injector performance, heat transfer, and combustion stability", and data collected was being used to refine the engine design. There was an explosion on the test stand during 2015 during powerpack testing. Blue Origin built two larger and redundant test stands to follow, capable of testing the full thrust of the BE-4.


title: BE-4

text: In January 2016, Blue Origin announced that they intended to begin testing full engines of the BE-4 on ground test stands prior to the end of 2016. Following a factory tour in March 2016, journalist Eric Berger noted that a large part of "Blue Origin's factory has been given over to development of the Blue Engine-4".


title: BE-4

text: Initially, both first-stage and second-stage versions of the engine were planned. The second stage of the initial New Glenn design was to have shared the same stage diameter as the first stage and use a single vacuum-optimized BE-4, the BE-4U. In the event, they backed away from this plan.


title: BE-4

text: The first engine was fully assembled in March 2017. Also in March, United Launch Alliance indicated that the economic risk of the Blue Origin engine selection option had been retired, but that the technical risk on the project would remain until a series of engine firing tests were completed later in 2017. A test anomaly occurred on 13 May 2017 and Blue Origin reported that they lost a set of powerpack hardware.


title: BE-4

text: In June 2017, Blue Origin announced that they would build a new facility in Huntsville, Alabama to manufacture the large BE-4 cryogenic rocket engine.


title: BE-4

text: The BE-4 was first test fired, at 50% thrust for 3 seconds, in October 2017. By March 2018, the BE-4 engine had been tested at 65% of design thrust for 114 seconds with a goal expressed in May to achieve 70% of design thrust in the next several months. By September 2018, multiple hundreds of seconds of engine testing had been completed, including one test of over 200 seconds duration.


title: BE-4

text: In October 2018, Blue Origin President Bob Smith announced that the first launch of the New Glenn had been moved back to 2021, and in 2021 an additional slip to late 2022 was announced. This caused the first flight test of the BE-4 to be scheduled for the initial Vulcan Centaur launch rather than on New Glenn.


title: BE-4

text: By February 2019, the BE-4 had acquired a total of 1800 seconds of hot fire testing on ground test stands, but had yet to be tested above pounds of thrust, about 73 percent of the engine's rated thrust of .


title: BE-4

text: In July 2020, the first pathfinder BE-4 was delivered to United Launch Alliance for integration testing with Vulcan Centaur.


title: BE-4

text: In August 2020, ULA CEO Tory Bruno stated that the second test BE-4 would be delivered soon, followed quickly by the first flight-qualified ones. He noted an ongoing issue with the BE-4's turbopumps. At the time, Blue Origin was still troubleshooting the 75,000-horsepower pumps that bring fuel to the BE-4's main combustion chamber, Bruno said, adding that he was confident the issues would be resolved soon. In October, Bruno stated that the issue was resolved and that the engine was moved into production. In the event, it was not, and would not be until 2022.


title: BE-4

text: By August 2021, it had become clear, even publicly, that the BE-4 engine program was in trouble. Delays had been accruing in the program for four years, including turbopump problems, combustion instability, overheating, and shorter-than-planned engine life. In addition, company management issues had left insufficient hardware to build development engines, leading to extended periods where no testing could be done, as well as issues related to company CEO Bob Smith and Jeff Bezos' distractions. Blue Origin had difficulty getting the engines to run successfully at full power for a full-duration burn. The company made the "risky decision" in August 2021 to ship the flight engines—which were not then fully assembled—to their customer, ULA, before they had completed full qualification testing, meaning formal delivery would occur in early 2022 rather than the earlier promised dates. According to long-time space reporter Eric Berger of Ars Technica, the relationship with ULA has deteriorated, in part because Blue tried to renegotiate for a higher price in 2017 than had been agreed to in 2014.


title: BE-4

text: On October 31st, 2022, a Twitter post by the official Blue Origin account announced that the first two BE-4 engines had been delivered to ULA and were in the process of being integrated on a Vulcan rocket. In a later tweet, ULA CEO Tory Bruno said that one of the engines had already been installed on the booster, and that the other would be joining it momentarily.


title: BE-4

text: By 2017, the BE-4 was being considered for use on two launch vehicles then under development. Prior to this, a modified derivative of the BE-4 was also being considered for the experimental XS-1 spaceplane for a US military project, but was not selected. By 2018, it was the selected engine for both the Blue Origin New Glenn and the ULA Vulcan launch vehicles.


title: BE-4

text: In late 2014, Blue Origin signed an agreement with United Launch Alliance to co-develop the BE-4 engine and to commit to use the new engine on the Vulcan launch vehicle, a successor to the Atlas V, which would replace the Russian-made RD-180 engine. Vulcan will use two of the BE-4 engines on each first stage. The engine development program began in 2011.


title: BE-4

text: The ULA partnership announcement came after months of uncertainty about the future of the Russian RD-180 engine that has been used in the ULA Atlas V rocket for over a decade. Geopolitical concerns had come about that created serious concerns about the reliability and consistency of the supply chain for the procurement of the Russian engine. Initially, ULA expected the first flight of the new launch vehicle no earlier than 2019 but by 2018, that target had moved out to 2021.


title: BE-4

text: Since early 2015, the BE-4 had been in competition with the AR1 engine for the Atlas V RD-180 replacement program. While the BE-4 is a liquified natural gas engine, the AR1, like the RD-180, is kerosene-fueled. In February 2016, the US Air Force issued a contract that provides partial development funding of up to to ULA in order to support use of the Blue BE-4 engine on the ULA Vulcan launch vehicle.


title: BE-4

text: Initially, only was to be disbursed by the government with additional to be spent by a ULA subsidiary on Vulcan BE-4 development. Although was the original USAF contract amount to Aerojet Rocketdyne (AR) to advance development of the AR1 engine as an alternative for powering the Vulcan rocket, by June 2018, the USAF had renegotiated the agreement with AR and decreased the Air Force contribution—5/6ths of the total cost—to . ARR put no additional private funds into the engine development effort after early 2018.


title: BE-4

text: Bezos noted in 2016 that the Vulcan launch vehicle is being designed around the BE-4 engine; ULA switching to the AR1 would require significant delays and money on the part of ULA. This point had also been made by ULA executives, who clarified that the BE-4 is likely to cost 40% less than the AR1, as well as benefit from Bezos capacity to "make split-second investment decisions on behalf of BE-4, and has already demonstrated his determination to see it through. [whereas the] AR1, in contrast, depends mainly on U.S. government backing, meaning Aerojet Rocketdyne has many phone numbers to dial to win support".


title: BE-4

text: The engine is to be used on the Blue Origin large orbital launch vehicle New Glenn, a -diameter two-stage orbital launch vehicle with an optional third stage and a reusable first stage. The first flight and orbital test is planned for no earlier than late 2022, although the company had earlier expected the BE-4 might be tested on a rocket flight as early as 2020.


title: BE-4

text: The first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 engines and will be reusable, landing vertically. The second stage of New Glenn will share the same diameter and use two BE-3 vacuum-optimized hydrolox engines. The second stage will be expendable.


title: BE-4

text: Boeing secured a contract to design and build the DARPA XS-1 reusable spaceplane in 2014. The XS-1 was to accelerate to hypersonic speed at the edge of the Earth's atmosphere to enable its payload to reach orbit. In 2015, it was believed a modified derivative of the BE-4 engine was to power the craft. In 2017, the contract award selected the RS-25-derived Aerojet Rocketdyne AR-22 engine instead. The XS-1 was cancelled in 2020.


title: BE-4

text: Blue Origin has indicated that they intend to make the engine commercially available, once development is complete, to companies beyond ULA, and also plans to utilize the engine in Blue Origin's own new orbital launch vehicle. As of March 2016, Orbital ATK was also evaluating Blue engines for its launch vehicles.


title: BE-4

text: The BE-4 uses liquified natural gas rather than more commonly used rocket fuels such as kerosene. This approach allows for autogenous pressurization, which is the use of gasified propellant to pressurize liquid propellant. This is beneficial because it eliminates the need for pressurization systems that require the storage of a pressurizing gas, such as helium.


title: BE-4

text: Although all early BE-4 components and full engines to support the test program were built at Blue's headquarters location in Kent, Washington, production of the BE-4 will be in Huntsville, Alabama. Testing and support of the reusable BE-4s will occur at the company's orbital launch facility at Exploration Park in Florida, where Blue Origin is investing more than in facilities and improvements.


title: BE-4

text: The BE-4 is a staged-combustion engine, with a single oxygen-rich preburner, and a single turbine driving both the fuel and oxygen pumps. The cycle is similar to the kerosene-fueled RD-180 currently used on the Atlas V, although it uses only a single combustion chamber and nozzle.


title: BE-4

text: The BE-4 is designed for long life and high reliability, partially by aiming the engine to be a "medium-performing version of a high-performance architecture". Hydrostatic bearings are used in the turbopumps rather than the more typical ball and roller bearings specifically to increase reliability and service life.


title: Code M

text: Code M is an Indian Hindi-language crime drama web series created and produced by Juggernaut Productions for ALT Balaji and ZEE5. The series stars Jennifer Winget, Rajat Kapoor, Seema Biswas and Tanuj Virwani.


title: Code M

text: The series revolves around an Indian Army Lawyer Monica Mehra who discovers a conspiracy plot during her investigation of a military encounter case.


title: Code M

text: The series starts with a flashback scene, where three military men (Maj. Shakti Mandappa, Maj. Gaurav Shekhawat and Maj. Ajay Paswan) are following two terrorists. After ambushing them, a gunfire battle ensues, where the two terrorists are killed with Maj. Paswan martyred.


title: Code M

text: At the nearby Indian Army base in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, after facing protests from locals disputing the military's characterization of a terrorist encounter as fake, the mother of the slain Indian asks for justice. After she immolates herself and suffers burns, the military establishment hires an Army lawyer (Monica Mehra) to probe the incident independently.


title: Code M

text: Monica is shown to be a fierce and unafraid individual, who just weeks away from her wedding, accepts the order for investigation upon the urge of the military head of the base, Col. Suryaveer Chauhan, who incidentally happens to be a family friend. Initially, Monica finds the incident an open-and-shut case.


title: Code M

text: However, after additional questioning of Shakti and Gaurav, she suspects them of wrong-doing. In reaction, the two hire Angad Sandhu as their counsel, who coincidentally happens to be Monica's ex-boyfriend. After a series of confrontations and mishaps, Monica and Angad team up together to learn the truth. After days of twists and turns, Monica confronts Gaurav, who under emotional distress, reveals the truth partly. Gaurav says that he and Shakti are gay and they love each other. Even after Shakti's marriage and kid, they continued to maintain their same-sex relationship by making sure they were stationed at the same base. Gaurav says that after Maj. Paswan learned of their truth, afraid that he may expose them one day, Shakti and Gaurav plot to kill him with a fake terrorist encounter as a ruse.


title: Code M

text: As the series ends, Shakti is taken into military police custody while Gaurav commits suicide. As Monica leaves for home, she remembers another detail that bothers her and returns to the base. She confronts Shakti to unveil the remaining truth and Shakti tells her that Col. Chauhan wanted purity in the military and asks her to confront him.


title: Code M

text: After setting up a routine conversation with Col. Chauhan, in a fit of rage, he admits that he directed Shakti and Gaurav to kill Ajay as he disapproved of his engagement with his daughter as Ajay belonged to a different caste that he felt were inferior to his. He blackmailed Shakti to commit this crime to protect his gay identity.


title: Code M

text: Monica finally exposes Col. Chauhan and admonishes him for wearing a military uniform that is meant to serve all irrespective of gender or societal status while committing such crimes. She brings forth his daughter, Gayatri, who slaps him and abandons him.


title: Code M

text: Writing in India Today Shweta Keshri has described the series as 'Jennifer Winget and Tanuj Virwani-starrer Code M successfully connects with the audience. Also, with so many shows on men in uniform, it was a pleasant change to see a woman lead the way'.


title: Code M

text: Hindustan Times states 'Jennifer Winget makes an impressive debut on the digital platform as an army lawyer who delves into a high-profile case just days before her wedding'.


title: Elvish languages

text: Elvish languages are constructed languages used by Elves in a fantasy setting. The philologist and fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien created the first of these languages, including Quenya and Sindarin.


title: Elvish languages

text: The philologist and high fantasy author J. R. R. Tolkien created many languages for his Elves, leading him to create the mythology of his Middle-earth books, complete with multiple divisions of the Elves, to speak the languages he had constructed. The languages have quickly spread in modern-day use. His interest was primarily philological, and he stated that his stories grew out of his languages. The languages were the first thing Tolkien created for his mythos, starting with what he originally called "Qenya", the first primitive form of Elvish. This was later called Quenya (High-elven) and is one of the two most complete of Tolkien's languages (the other being Sindarin, or Grey-elven). The phonology and grammar of Quenya are influenced by Finnish, while Sindarin is influenced by Welsh.


title: Elvish languages

text: Tolkien conceived a family tree of Elvish languages, all descending from a common ancestor called Primitive Quendian. He worked extensively on how the languages diverged from Primitive Quendian over time, in phonology and grammar, in imitation of the development of real language families. In addition to Quenya and Sindarin, he sketched several other Elvish languages in far less detail, such as Telerin, Nandorin, and Avarin.


title: Elvish languages

text: In addition to Tolkien's original lexicon, many fans have contributed words and phrases, attempting to create a language that can be fully used in reality.


title: Elvish languages

text: Since Tolkien, others have invented Elvish languages in their own fiction. Some have borrowed sounds, forms, and whole words from Tolkien's Elvish languages.


title: Bausch Health

text: Bausch Health Companies Inc. (formerly Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, Inc.) is a Canadian multinational specialty pharmaceutical company based in Laval, Quebec, Canada. It develops, manufactures and markets pharmaceutical products and branded generic drugs, primarily for skin diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, eye health and neurology. Bausch Health owns Bausch & Lomb, a supplier of eye health products.


title: Bausch Health

text: The company in its present form is the result of a merger between Valeant and Canadian firm Biovail. The company retained the Valeant name and J. Michael Pearson as CEO, but was incorporated in Canada and kept Biovail's headquarters. Valeant was originally founded in 1959 as ICN Pharmaceuticals by Milan Panić in California. Under the leadership of J. Michael Pearson, Valeant adopted a strategy of buying up other pharmaceutical companies which manufactured effective medications for a variety of medical problems, and then increasing the price of those medications. As a result, the company grew rapidly and in 2015 was the most valuable company in Canada. Its largest acquisitions were Bausch & Lomb, in 2013, and Salix Pharmaceuticals, in 2015. Valeant also tried to acquire Actavis and Cephalon. An attempted merger with Allergan, in 2014, failed and resulted in the company being sued for insider trading prior to their bid.


title: Bausch Health

text: In 2015, Valeant was involved in a number of controversies surrounding drug price hikes and the use of a specialty pharmacy for the distribution of its drugs. This led to an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, causing its stock price to plummet more than 90 percent from its peak, while its debt surpassed $30 billion.


title: Bausch Health

text: In 2016, Pearson was ousted and replaced by Joseph C. Papa, while investor Bill Ackman joined the board. In 2017, Ackman's Pershing Square fund, which held a major stake in the company, sold out for a reported loss of $2.8 billion. Following Ackman's exit, Paulson & Co. increased its stake in the company, became its largest shareholder, with its founder, John Paulson, joining the board, and vowing to rebuild the company's core franchises and to reduce its debt. Under Papa's leadership, by early 2018, the company had become profitable again; had settled the Allergan case for less than expected; and had lowered its debt by $6.5 billion. In July 2018, the name of the company was changed to Bausch Health Companies Inc., in order to distance itself from the public outrage associated with massive price increases introduced by Valeant. At the same time, a new ticker symbol, BHC replaced VRX.


title: Bausch Health

text: In December 2019, the company settled a shareholder class action lawsuit under Section 11 of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, alleging the company misled investors about its business operations and financial performance, for approximately $1.2 billion.


title: Bausch Health

text: Bausch Health's main products include drugs in the fields of dermatology, neurology, and infectious disease.


title: Bausch Health

text: In 1959, Yugoslavian immigrant Milan Panić, who had defected to the US three years earlier, founded ICN Pharmaceuticals (International Chemical and Nuclear Corporation) in his Pasadena garage. Panić ran the company for 43 years, during which ICN established a foothold in the industry by acquiring niche pharmaceuticals and through the development of Ribavirin, an antiviral drug that became the standard treatment for hepatitis C.


title: Bausch Health

text: On June 12, 2002, following a series of controversies, Panić was forced to retire under pressure from shareholders.


title: Bausch Health

text: In 2003, not long after Panić's ouster, ICN changed its name to Valeant. In 2006, the company received approval in the U.S. to market Cesamet (nabilone), a synthetic cannabinoid. The company also acquired the European rights to the drug for $14 million.


title: Bausch Health

text: In 2008, the Swedish pharmaceutical company Meda AB bought Western and Eastern Europe branches from Valeant for $392 million. In September 2008, Valeant acquired Coria Laboratories for $95 million. In November 2008, Valeant acquired DermaTech for $12.6 million.


title: Bausch Health

text: In January 2009, Valeant acquired Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences for $285 million. In July 2009, Valeant announced its acquisition of Tecnofarma, a Mexican generic drug company. In December 2009, Valeant announced its Canadian subsidiary would acquire Laboratoire Dr. Renaud, for C$23 million.


title: Bausch Health

text: In March 2010, Valeant announced its acquisition of a Brazilian generics and over-the-counter company for $28 million and manufacturing plant for a further $28 million. In April 2010, Valeant announced that its Canadian subsidiary would acquire Vital Science Corp. for C$10.5 million. In May 2010, Valeant acquired Aton Pharmaceuticals for $318 million.


title: Bausch Health

text: On September 28, 2010, Valeant merged with Biovail. The company retained the Valeant name and J. Michael Pearson as CEO, but was incorporated in Canada and temporarily kept Biovail's headquarters. Setting on a path of aggressive acquisitions, Pearson ultimately turned Valeant into a platform company that grows by systematically acquiring other companies.


title: Bausch Health

text: In February 2011, Valeant acquired PharmaSwiss S.A. for €350 million. In March 2011, an attempt to buy drugmaker Cephalon Inc. for $5.7 billion was unsuccessful. In May 2011, former Biovail Corporation Chairman and CEO Eugene Melnyk was banned from senior roles at public companies in Canada for five years and penalized to pay $565,000 by the Ontario Securities Commission. In the year before the merger with Valeant, Melnyk had settled by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and agreed to pay a civil penalty of $150,000 after having previously paid $1 million to settle other claims with the SEC. In July 2011, Valeant acquired Ortho Dermatologics from Janssen Pharmaceuticals for $345 million. The acquisition included the products Retin-A Micro, Ertaczo, and Renova, also known as tretinoin. In August 2011, Valeant acquired 87.2% of the outstanding shares of Sanitas Group for €314 million. In December 2011, Valeant acquired iNova Pharmaceuticals for A$625 million from Australian private equity firms Archer Capital with additional milestone payments of up to A$75 million. In December 2011, Valeant acquired Dermik, a dermatology unit of Sanofi.


title: Bausch Health

text: In January 2012, Valeant acquired Brazilian sports nutrition company Probiotica for R$150 million. In February 2012, Valeant acquired ophthalmic biotechnology company Eyetech Inc. In April 2012, Valeant acquired Pedinol. In April 2012, Valeant acquired assets from Atlantis Pharma in Mexico for $71 million. In May 2012, Valeant acquired AcneFree for $64 million plus milestone payments. In June 2012, Valeant acquired OraPharma for approximately $312 million with up to $144 million being paid in milestone payments. In August 2012, Valeant agreed to buy skin-care company Medicis Pharmaceutical for $2.6 billion. In January 2013, Valeant acquired the Russian company Natur Produkt for $163 million. In March 2013, Valeant acquired Obagi Medical Products, Inc. In May 2013, the company acquired Bausch & Lomb from Warburg Pincus for $8.7 billion in a move to dominate the market for specialty contact lenses and related products.


title: Bausch Health

text: In January 2014, Valeant acquired Solta Medical for approximately $250 million. In May 2014, Nestle acquired the commercial rights to some of Valeant's products for $1.4 billion. In July 2014, Valeant acquired PreCision Dermatology Inc for $475 million, a deal aimed at strengthening the firm’s skin products business. Along with hedge fund manager Bill Ackman, Valeant made a bid to acquire Allergan; however, in November 2014, Allergan announced that it would be acquired by Actavis in a $66 billion transaction. Valeant and Pershing Square were subsequently accused of insider trading prior to their Allergan bid, and eventually settled the case in 2017.


title: Bausch Health

text: On April 1, 2015, Valeant completed the purchase of gastrointestinal treatment drug developer Salix Pharmaceuticals for $14.5 billion after outbidding Endo Pharmaceuticals. On the final day of trading, Salix shares traded for $172.81, giving a market capitalisation of $10.9 billion. In July 2015, the company announced it would acquire Mercury (Cayman) Holdings, the holding company of Amoun Pharmaceutical, one of Egypt's largest drugmakers, for $800 million. In August 2015, Valeant said it would purchase Sprout Pharmaceuticals Inc for $1 billion, a day after Sprout received approval to market the women's libido drug Addyi. In September 2015, Valeant licensed psoriasis drug Brodalumab from AstraZeneca for up to $445 million. In September 2015, the company announced its intention to acquire eye surgery product manufacturer Synergetics USA, for $192 million in order to strengthen the company's Bausch & Lomb division. In October 2015, the company's Bausch & Lomb division acquired Doctor's Allergy Formula for an undisclosed sum.


title: Bausch Health

text: In July 2015, Glass Lewis, a proxy advisory firm, called the $3 billion in compensation received by J. Michael Pearson "excessive".


title: Bausch Health

text: On October 21, 2015, Citron Research founder Andrew Left, a short seller of Valeant shares, published claims that Valeant recorded false sales of products to specialty pharmacy Philidor Rx Services and its affiliates. These specialty companies were controlled by Valeant, and allegedly resulted in improper bookkeeping of revenues. In addition, by controlling the pharmacy services offered by Philidor, Valeant allegedly steered Philidor's customers to expensive drugs sold by Valeant. One alleged practice entailed Valeant employees directly managing Philidor's business operations while posing as Philidor employees, and with all written communication under fictitious names. Valeant responded that the allegations by Citron Research were "erroneous." On October 30, 2015, Valeant said that it would cut ties with Philidor in response to allegations of aggressive billing practices. Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc, owner of Walgreens, took over distribution for Valeant.


title: Bausch Health

text: In 2018, Gary Tanner, who was a former Valeant executive, and Andrew Davenport, the former chief executive of Philidor Rx Services, were prosecuted over a kickback scheme. They were sentenced to a year in prison after being convicted on four charges, including wire fraud and conspiracy to commit money laundering. They were also ordered to forfeit $9.7 million in kickbacks. Tanner had been responsible for managing Valeant’s relationship with Philidor as well as Valeant’s “alternative fulfillment” program, which the company used to increase prescriptions for its own (expensive) drugs instead of generic substitutes.


title: Bausch Health

text: An important part of the growth strategy for Valeant under Michael Pearson had been the acquisition of medical and pharmaceutical companies and the subsequent price increases for their products. Valeant's strategy of exponential price increases on life-saving medicines was at the time described by Berkshire Hathaway vice chairman Charlie Munger as "deeply immoral" and "similar to the worst abuses in for-profit education." This strategy had also attracted the attention of regulators in the United States, particularly after the publication in "The New York Times" of an article on price gouging of specialty drugs.


title: Bausch Health

text: In September 2015, an influential group of politicians criticized Valeant on its pricing strategies. The company raised prices on all its brand name drugs 66% in 2015, five times more than its closest industry peer. The cost of Valeant flucytosine was 10,000% higher in the United States than in Europe. In late September 2015, members of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform urged the Committee to subpoena Valeant for their documents regarding the sharp increases in the price of "two heart medications it had just bought the rights to sell: Nitropress and Isuprel. Valeant had raised the price of Nitropress by 212% and Isuprel by 525%". "The New York Times" columnist Joe Nocera claimed that Valeant CEO J. Michael Pearson's "plan was to acquire pharmaceutical companies, fire most of their scientists, and jack up the price of their drugs".


title: Bausch Health

text: After Valeant acquired Salix Pharmaceuticals in 2015, it raised the price of the diabetes pill Glumetza about 800%.


title: Bausch Health

text: Although it did not specifically mention Valeant, an October 2015 Twitter post by presidential candidate Hillary Clinton stated: "Price gouging like this in the specialty drug market is outrageous. Tomorrow I’ll lay out a plan to take it on." In January 2016, she said she would be "going after" Valeant for its price hikes, causing its stock price to fall 9 percent on the New York Stock Exchange. She was unsuccessful in having any impact on drug prices after a failed bid for Presidency in 2016.


title: Bausch Health

text: By October 2015, Valeant had received subpoenas from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York in regards to an investigation on Valeant's "drug pricing, distribution and patient assistance program." The House Oversight Committee also requested documents from Valeant amid public concern around drug prices.


title: Bausch Health

text: In October 2015, the Federal Trade Commission began an investigation into Valeant's increasing control of the production of rigid gas permeable contact lenses. Valeant's acquisition of Bausch & Lomb in 2013, and Paragon Vision Services in 2015, is alleged to have given the company control of over 80% of the production pipeline for hard contact lenses. A series of unilateral price increases beginning in Fall 2015 spurred the FTC's investigation. On November 15, 2016, Valeant agreed to divest itself of Paragon Holdings and Pelican Products to settle charges that its May 2015 acquisition of Paragon reduced competition for the sale of FDA-approved "buttons", the polymer discs used to make gas permeable contact lenses.


title: Bausch Health

text: From 2015 to 2017, Valeant shares plummeted more than 90 percent. Large hedge funds such as Bill Ackman's Pershing Square Capital Management, Paulson & Co., and Viking Global Investors lost billions. By April 2016, the market value of hedge fund holdings in Valeant had fallen by $7.3 billion. However, hedge fund herding continued to incite hedge fund portfolio managers to continue to buy Valeant shares.


title: Bausch Health

text: In March 2016, the Board of Directors said that CEO J. Michael Pearson would be leaving the company as soon as a replacement was found and that investor Bill Ackman would be added as a director.


title: Bausch Health

text: In their 2015 annual report filed on April 29, 2016, Valeant said that it was the "subject of investigations" by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the U.S. Attorney’s Offices in Massachusetts and New York, the state of Texas, the North Carolina Department of Justice, the Senate’s Special Committee on Aging, and the House’s Committee on Oversight and Reform, and had received document requests from the Autorite de Marches Financiers in Canada and the New Jersey State Bureau of Securities."


title: Bausch Health

text: On April 27, 2016, Bill Ackman, J. Michael Pearson, and Howard Schiller were forced to appear before the United States Senate Special Committee on Ageing to answer to concerns about the repercussions for patients and the health care system faced with Valeant's business model.


title: Bausch Health

text: On April 25, 2016, Valeant named Perrigo chief executive Joseph Papa as a permanent replacement for Pearson, and entrusted him with turning around the company. Papa set on a path of strategic sales, debt reduction, and organic growth.


title: Bausch Health

text: By January 2017, the company had sold its skincare brands to L'Oréal for $1.3 billion and its Dendreon biotech unit to Sanpower for $819.9 million. In June, the company sold iNova Pharmaceuticals for $910 million. In July, the company also divested Obagi Medical Products for $190 million. In November, it announced it would sell Sprout Pharmaceuticals back to its original owners, two years after acquiring the business for $1 billion.


title: Bausch Health

text: The company was featured in episode 3 of the first season of the Netflix documentary "Dirty Money". “Drug Short” explains how Valeant lost 90 percent of its value between 2015 and 2016 taking down billionaires in the process and making an internet heroine of Fahmi Quadir, and a handful of other short sellers. They correctly bet that "the drug company’s price gouging, questionable tactics, and massive debt burden could not be sustained".


title: Bausch Health

text: By January 2018, the company had divested itself of 13 non-core businesses, reducing its debt to $25 billion, and had settled or dismissed 70 pending lawsuits, including the Allergan insider trading case. On January 8, 2018, the company announced that its Bausch + Lomb unit had received a CE Mark indicating conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards from the European Commission for the distribution of its Stellaris product in Europe.


title: Bausch Health

text: On December 16, 2019, the company settled a shareholder class action lawsuit under Section 11 of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, alleging the company misled investors about its business operations and financial performance, for approximately $1.21 billion. The company denied allegations of all wrongdoing as part of the settlement.