title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On August 1, 1920, subway service on the BMT Brighton Line, then owned by the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), officially began with the openings of a two-track underground subway between Prospect Park and DeKalb Avenue and the Montague Street Tunnel between Brooklyn and Manhattan. This subway service was labeled 1 by the BMT starting in 1924, with the remnant service to Franklin Avenue becoming the 7. 1 Brighton Express service operated during the daytime every day except Sunday between Brighton Beach and Times Square–42nd Street in Manhattan via the Montague Street Tunnel and the BMT Broadway Line. 1 Brighton Local service operated between Coney Island and 57th Street–Seventh Avenue via the north side tracks of the Manhattan Bridge and the Broadway Line. During late nights, all trains used the tunnel. Three years later, the Brighton Locals and Expresses switched Manhattan access methods with the express using the bridge when it ran and local service using the tunnel except in the evenings and on Sunday, when it too used the bridge. During the 1930s, limited morning rush hour service ran via the south side tracks of the Manhattan Bridge and the Nassau Street Loop to Chambers Street on the BMT Nassau Street Line. On June 29, 1950, trains began running there during the evening rush as well.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On October 17, 1949, the IRT Astoria Line in Queens, up to this point operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT), was converted to BMT operation. 1 Local trains were extended via the 60th Street Tunnel and the BMT Astoria Line to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard during rush hours. Number 2 Fourth Avenue Local trains also ran here at all times.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On April 27, 1950, 1 Local trains operated through to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard all day on weekdays and Saturdays. On June 26, 1952, 1 Express trains were extended to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue on weekdays after the morning rush hour and all day on Saturdays. On June 28, 1952, special service from Brighton Beach to the Nassau Street Line was discontinued on Saturdays.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: The 60th Street Tunnel Connection opened on December 1, 1955, connecting the Broadway Line to the IND Queens Boulevard Line. 1 Local trains were rerouted to this new connector to Forest Hills–71st Avenue in Forest Hills, Queens between 6:30 a.m. and 8:20 p.m. They were replaced on the BMT Astoria Line by 1 Express trains on weekdays. On May 4, 1957, trains running express in Brooklyn started running to Astoria on Saturdays as well, but made local stops in Manhattan as the local trains in Brooklyn now ran to Chambers Street via the BMT Nassau Street Line. The final portion of the Broadway Line's express tracks, between Times Square–42nd Street and 57th Street–Seventh Avenue, was placed in service on May 2, 1957. 1 Brighton Express trains ran local in Manhattan on Saturdays while Brighton Locals ran express here during evenings and on Sundays. This lasted only until the next service change. On October 24, 1957, Brighton Local trains ran via the Manhattan Bridge and local in Manhattan, all day on Sundays as well as evenings and midnight hours. Brighton Express 1 service on weekdays began using the express tracks between Times Square–42nd Street and 57th Street–Seventh Avenue.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: A December 1957 strike shut down much of the BMT Division. Brighton Local 1 trains ran in two sections, from Coney Island via tunnel to 57th Street-Seventh Avenue and from Whitehall Street to Jamaica–179th Street on the IND Queens Boulevard Line. Due to the differing unions predominating on the various divisions, the IND was completely knocked out of service, while the IRT ran virtually normal service. The BMT was about half affected, with makeshift service patterns being set up for the duration of the strike.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On May 28, 1959, 1 Brighton Express trains midday on weekdays were cut back to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue and made local stops in Brooklyn midday. Nassau Specials returned, running via the Montague Street tunnel during the morning rush and via the Manhattan Bridge during the evening rush. As part of the same service change, Brighton Local trains (beginning June 6) ran to Franklin Avenue via the route of the 7 Shuttle on Saturdays. This was not seasonal and ran the entire day, being quite distinct from the Sunday service which still operated.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On November 15, 1960, with the arrival of the R27 subway cars, 1 service on the Brighton Line was relabeled. Brighton Express service was designated as Q, Brighton Local via the Montague St Tunnel as QT, and Brighton Local via the Manhattan Bridge as QB. Single letters were used to refer to express lines and double letters for local lines, a practice that began thirty years earlier with the Independent Subway System (IND), however, no QQ designation was ever used. Despite these new designations, subway communications continued to refer to the services as "Brighton Local" and "Brighton Express".


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On January 1, 1961, Q Brighton Express service was cut back from Ditmars Boulevard to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue on weekdays. Saturday daytime service continued to run to Ditmars Boulevard. QT service ran to Ditmars Boulevard on weekdays; on Saturdays, it ran via the Franklin Avenue Line to Franklin Avenue in Brooklyn instead. The QB provided off-peak service between Coney Island and Astoria, via Brighton Local and the Manhattan Bridge. Sunday service between Franklin Avenue and Brighton Beach was discontinued on this date, with Sunday service now provided solely by the Franklin Avenue Shuttle (SS, formerly 7) between Prospect Park and Fulton Street.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: Service between Brighton Beach and Franklin Avenue was merged into the Franklin Avenue Shuttle service on October 14, 1961, and all non-shuttle service between was discontinued in February 1963. The Fourth Avenue Local (RR) now provided Broadway Line service along the Queens Boulevard line on weekdays, and the West End Express (T) was extended from 57th Street to Ditmars Boulevard during rush hours. This service change essentially swapped the northern terminals of the Brighton Local and RR, and between the Brighton Express and T. Prior to this both Brighton Line–Broadway services had operated via the 60th Street Tunnel to Queens. By having the Brighton Express Q terminate at 57th Street, this change served to keep one Brighton Line service unaffected in the event of a massive delay in the 60th Street Tunnel.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On April 21, 1962, Saturday Q service was discontinued, and replaced by QB service. All Saturday trains on the Brighton Line began running local, doubling the frequency of service and providing a one-seat ride to Manhattan for riders at local stations. With the arrival of new subway cars to the line, which provided improved running times, trains making local stops between Brighton Beach and Prospect Park did so in only minutes longer than existing express service.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: From February 10 to November 2, 1964, the Brighton Express tracks were closed for platform extensions. Skip-stop service was instituted along the Brighton Line.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On November 26, 1967, the Chrystie Street Connection opened, connecting the Brighton Line in Brooklyn to the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan via the Manhattan Bridge. The bridge's south side tracks, which formerly connected to the BMT Nassau Street Line, were now connected to the Broadway Line express tracks, severing the Nassau Street Loop. The bridge's north side tracks, which formerly connected to the Broadway Line, now connected to the Sixth Avenue Line express tracks. Originally, the running via Sixth Avenue Express, and the running via Nassau Street and the Montague Street Tunnel, were to replace all three Q services on the Brighton Line. The Q and QT went out of existence completely, but due to riders' opposition to the expected loss of all Broadway Line service, some QB trains were retained, now running rush hours only in the peak direction, via Brighton Local, the Manhattan Bridge and Broadway Express in Manhattan, between Coney Island and 57th Street. The color scheme introduced for subway lines that day included a red QB bullet. A short-lived NX service also provided rush-hour service between Brighton Beach and Coney Island and the Broadway Line, running via the BMT Sea Beach Line to Manhattan. This service was discontinued on April 15, 1968, after less than five months. The RR replaced Q, QB and QT service to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: In 1979, the MTA released a revised coloring scheme for subway routes based on trunk line; the QB service was assigned the color sunflower yellow, with black text, because it used the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan. It now used a diamond-shaped bullet because it ran rush hours only. On May 5, 1985, the double-letter naming scheme for local services was dropped; the QB was renamed the Q the next day.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: Starting on April 26, 1986, the Brighton Line's local tracks underwent reconstruction between Prospect Park and Newkirk Avenue, requiring the suspension of express service; at the same time, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge started, which would disrupt subway service until 2004. The bridge's north side tracks (leading to the Sixth Avenue Line) closed. The Q now ran rush hours between 57th Street–Seventh Avenue and Brighton Beach, using a yellow diamond bullet. Because the Manhattan Bridge's north side tracks closed, the D and Q ran on the bridge's south side tracks, both running via Broadway Express to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. To substitute for the suspended Brighton Line express service, the Q ran skip-stop service with the D between Newkirk Avenue and Sheepshead Bay. D trains served Neck Road, Avenue M and Avenue H; the Q skipped those stops, serving Avenue U and Avenue J, while both lines served Kings Highway. By 1987, as reconstruction on the Brighton Line progressed, the weekday skip-stop pattern expanded to Prospect Park, with D trains serving Beverley Road while Q trains served Cortelyou Road and Parkside Avenue, with Church Avenue as a mutual station.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On December 11, 1988, the Bridge's north side tracks reopened and the south side tracks closed, and the reconstruction project on the Brighton Line ended. The Q became the weekday Brighton Express to Brighton Beach and was rerouted via the north side of the bridge and the IND Sixth Avenue Line to 57th Street–Sixth Avenue, Midtown Manhattan. Because it ran on the Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the route now used an orange bullet on maps. On October 29, 1989, the IND 63rd Street Line opened and the B, Q, and JFK Express were extended to 21st Street–Queensbridge in Long Island City. Weekday evening service terminated at Broadway–Lafayette Street in Manhattan instead of Brooklyn; these trains relayed at Second Avenue in order to change direction. A special combined –Q service ran during late nights; in the northbound direction, F trains would operate along its normal route from Coney Island to 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center, then turn into a Q and operate to 21st Street–Queensbridge; in the southbound direction, Q trains would operate from 21st Street to 47th–50th Streets, then turn into an F train and operate along its normal route to Coney Island. The weekday evening shuttle was replaced by the B on September 30, 1990. The replaced the late night shuttle in April 1993.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On April 30, 1995, the north side of the Manhattan Bridge closed during middays and weekends, in addition to the already-closed south side. During these hours, D service was cut below 34th Street–Herald Square. In its place, the Q ran between Coney Island and 21st Street–Queensbridge, via Brighton Local, the Montague Street Tunnel, Broadway Express (switching between the local and express tracks at Canal Street) and the BMT 63rd Street Line. Rush hour and evening service was unchanged. Normal service resumed on November 12, 1995.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On February 22, 1998, construction on the IND 63rd Street Line cut and Q service back to 57th Street–Sixth Avenue. Service on the 63rd Street Line was replaced by a shuttle to the BMT Broadway Line at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. Normal service resumed on May 22, 1999.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On July 22, 2001, the Manhattan Bridge's north side tracks closed and the south side tracks reopened. There were now two Q services, colored yellow as they now ran via Broadway. In Brooklyn, the circle Q (Q local) replaced the as the full-time Brighton Local to Stillwell Avenue while the <Q> (Q express or Q diamond) replaced the Sixth Avenue Q as the weekday-only Brighton Express to Brighton Beach. Both Qs used the south side of the Manhattan Bridge to travel into Manhattan and then ran to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue via Broadway Express. Service on the IND 63rd Street Line was replaced by a shuttle, which would be permanently replaced by the in December 2001 once the 63rd Street's connection to the IND Queens Boulevard Line opened.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: After the September 11 attacks, Broadway Line service through Lower Manhattan, and service were suspended. The Q local replaced the R between Canal Street and Forest Hills–71st Avenue, making local stops in Manhattan and Queens at all times except late nights, when it terminated at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. This was the predecessor to the Astoria extension (see below). Both services returned to normal on October 28, 2001. On September 8, 2002, Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (the Q southern terminal) was closed for reconstruction and the Q local terminated at Brighton Beach. During this time, service at stations between Brighton Beach and Stillwell Avenue was replaced by an extension of the B68 bus. Q service to Stillwell Avenue resumed on May 23, 2004.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: From April 27 to November 2, 2003, the south side of the Manhattan Bridge was closed on weekends and Q service was rerouted via the Montague Street Tunnel.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On February 22, 2004, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge was completed and the north side tracks reopened. The <Q> express was discontinued and replaced with the in Brooklyn and in Manhattan to combine two weekday-only lines. The Q local remained unchanged.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On June 28, 2010, the Q was extended from 57th Street–Seventh Avenue to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard via the 60th Street Tunnel and BMT Astoria Line on weekdays, stopping at 49th Street, to replace the , which was discontinued due to budget problems.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On December 7, 2014, late night Q service began operating local in Manhattan between 57th Street and Canal Street during late nights, in order to decrease waiting time at the local stations.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On November 7, 2016, weekday Q service was cut back from Astoria to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue, skipping 49th Street, to provide a seamless transition for the opening of the Second Avenue Subway. Service to Astoria and the 49th Street station was replaced by the restored W service.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: On January 1, 2017, the first phase of the Second Avenue Subway opened; the Q was extended from 57th Street–Seventh Avenue to 96th Street via the BMT 63rd Street Line and the IND Second Avenue Line. This extension serves Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station with a cross-platform transfer to the IND 63rd Street Line (served by the ) before serving new stations under Second Avenue at 72nd Street, 86th Street, and 96th Street, where it originates/terminates. The inaugural train on the Second Avenue Line ran on December 31, 2016, with passenger service beginning the next day. From January 1 to 9, 2017, service between 57th Street and 96th Street ran only from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., with late-night service terminating at 57th Street; late night service to 96th Street began on January 9.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: The second phase of the Second Avenue Line will extend the Q to a new northern terminal at Harlem–125th Street, with planned stops at 116th Street and 106th Street. At the Harlem–125th Street terminus, there will be a transfer to the existing 125th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and a connection to Harlem–125th Street station on Metro-North Railroad. This will provide residents of East Harlem with direct subway service via Second Avenue and Broadway to the Upper East Side, western Midtown, Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn, and offer connections to and Metro-North from the Bronx, the northern suburbs of New York City, and southern Connecticut. Under the plan approved by the Federal Transit Administration, the MTA estimates to complete Phase 2 between 2027 and 2029.


title: Q (New York City Subway service)

text: The following table shows the lines used by the Q, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the specified times:


title: Coronary sinus

text: In anatomy, the coronary sinus () is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle (myocardium). It delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, as do the superior and inferior venae cavae. It is present in all mammals, including humans.


title: Coronary sinus

text: The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium, at the coronary sinus orifice, an opening between the inferior vena cava and the right atrioventricular orifice or tricuspid valve. It returns blood from the heart muscle, and is protected by a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the auricle, the valve of coronary sinus (or valve of Thebesius). The sinus, before entering the atrium, is considerably dilated - nearly to the size of the end of the little finger. Its wall is partly muscular, and at its junction with the great cardiac vein is somewhat constricted and furnished with a valve, known as the valve of Vieussens consisting of two unequal segments.


title: Coronary sinus

text: The coronary sinus starts at the junction of the great cardiac vein and the oblique vein of the left atrium. The junction of the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus is marked by the Vieussens valve. It is present in 65% to 87% of the population. The coronary sinus runs transversely in the left atrioventricular groove on the posterior aspect of the heart. The coronary sinus then drains into the posterior wall of right atrium. The orifice of the coronary sinus is located to the left of the orifice of inferior vena cava in the right atrium.


title: Coronary sinus

text: The valve of the coronary sinus (also known as "Thebesian valve" is a thin, semilunar (half moon shape) valve located on the anteroinferior part of the opening into the right atrium. It is present in 73% to 86% of autopsied heart.


title: Coronary sinus

text: The coronary sinus receives blood mainly from the small, middle, great and oblique cardiac veins. It also receives blood from the left marginal vein and the left posterior ventricular vein. It drains into the right atrium.


title: Coronary sinus

text: The anterior cardiac veins do not drain into the coronary sinus but drain directly into the right atrium. Some small veins known as Thebesian veins drain directly into any of the four chambers of the heart.


title: Coronary sinus

text: Electrodes can be inserted into and through the coronary sinus to study the electrophysiology of the heart. This includes for a coronary sinus electrogram.


title: Coronary sinus

text: The coronary sinus connects directly with the right atrium. It will dilate as a result of any condition that causes elevated right atrial pressure, such as pulmonary hypertension. Dilated coronary sinus is also seen in some congenital cardiovascular conditions, such as persistent left supervisor cava, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: The City of Florence is a Statutory City located in Fremont County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 3,822 at the 2020 United States Census. Florence is a part of the Cañon City, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: Florence was built as a transportation center, with three railroads including a small railroad depot for the trains that hauled coal from the neighboring towns of Rockvale and Coal Creek. After a small oil was discovered north of Canon City at Oil Spring, commercial quantity oil was discovered in Florence in 1862, Florence became the first significant oil center west of the Mississippi. In the early 1880s the town grew rapidly. The city was named after Florence, the daughter of local settler James McCandless. The town was incorporated in 1887.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: The Downtown Florence Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: Florence is in eastern Fremont County, on the south side of the Arkansas River. It is bordered to the west by the town of Williamsburg, and the town of Coal Creek is to the southwest. Colorado State Highway 115 runs northwest to Cañon City and northeast to Penrose, intersecting U.S. Route 50 in each direction. Colorado State Highway 67 leads north to US 50 and south to Wetmore. Pueblo is to the east via CO 115 and US 50.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 3,653 people, 1,488 households, and 973 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,622 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.77% White, 0.30% African American, 1.23% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 2.63% from other races, and 2.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.66% of the population.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: There were 1,488 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.03.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: The median income for a household in the city was $29,628, and the median income for a family was $39,276. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $22,042 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,969. About 12.5% of families and 17.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.0% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: Federal Correctional Complex, Florence, including USP Florence ADMAX, the only federal supermax prison in the United States, is located near Florence in unincorporated Fremont County.


title: Florence, Colorado

text: Fremont RE-2 School District operates public schools, including Penrose Elementary School, Florence Elementary School and Florence Junior/Senior High School.


title: Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank

text: Field Marshal Charles Ronald Llewelyn Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank, (born 17 November 1938) is a retired senior officer of the British Army who served as Chief of the General Staff from 1994 to 1997 and Chief of the Defence Staff from 1997 until his retirement in 2001.


text: Guthrie's military career saw service with the Welsh Guards and the Special Air Service; he was closely involved in military operations in Northern Ireland and provided advice to the British Government during the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War.


text: Born in Chelsea, London into a Scottish landed family, Guthrie was the elder son of Major Ronald Guthrie and Nina "née" Llewelyn. He was educated at Harrow School and the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst.


text: As an Old Harrovian, and due to his seniority in the British Army, Harrow School's Combined Cadet Force contingent, the Harrow Rifle Corps, chose to name an annual inter-CCF competition in Guthrie's honour. The Guthrie Cup is a Section patrol competition, run for school CCFs in London District, supported by adult volunteers and cadets from the Harrow Rifle Corps and local Army Cadet Force detachments.


text: Guthrie was commissioned into the Welsh Guards on 25 July 1959. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 June 1961 and captain on 25 July 1965. In 1966 he became a troop commander with 22 Special Air Service Regiment serving in Aden, the Persian Gulf, Malaysia and East Africa and then in 1968 he became a squadron commander with 22 Special Air Service Regiment serving in the Persian Gulf and the United Kingdom. He returned to the Welsh Guards in Münster in 1970 and, following his promotion to major on 31 December 1970, he was given command of a mechanised infantry company in the 1st Battalion. He became Military Assistant to the Chief of the General Staff in 1973 and, following a year as Second in Command of 1st Battalion Welsh Guards in London and Cyprus and having been promoted to lieutenant colonel on 31 December 1975, he became Brigade Major for the Household Division in 1976. Guthrie was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO "fourth class") in the 1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours; on 31 December 1984 this rank was reclassified as Lieutenant (LVO).


text: Guthrie was appointed Commanding Officer of 1st Battalion Welsh Guards in 1977 in which role he was deployed to Berlin. Promoted to colonel on 31 December 1979, he undertook a tour of duty in Northern Ireland in Spring 1980 for which he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. In 1980 he was also briefly Commander of British Forces in the New Hebrides. He then spent two years as Colonel on the General Staff for Military Operations at the Ministry of Defence. Promoted to brigadier on 31 December 1981, he became Brigade Commander of 4th Armoured Brigade in 1982. In 1984 he was made Chief of Staff for 1st British Corps in Bielefeld. Following his appointment as General Officer Commanding (GOC) North East District and Commander 2nd Infantry Division based in York on 18 January 1986, he was given the substantive rank of major general on 31 March 1986.


text: On 24 November 1987, Guthrie became Assistant Chief of the General Staff at the Ministry of Defence. On 2 October 1989 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed GOC 1st British Corps, and, having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1990 New Year Honours, he relinquished his command on 2 December 1991.


text: Guthrie was appointed Commander of Northern Army Group and British Army of the Rhine on 7 January 1992 and, following promotion to (full) general on 14 February 1992, became ADC to the Queen on 13 July 1993. He then became Chief of the General Staff (CGS) on 15 March 1994, being advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the Queen's Birthday Honours 1994. As CGS, he was responsible for providing strategic military advice to the British Government on the deployment of troops for the Bosnian War. He went on to become Chief of the Defence Staff on 2 April 1997. In that position, he advised the British Government on the conduct of the Kosovo War. He also warned against a British invasion of Zimbabwe to undertake regime change against Robert Mugabe, saying "Hold hard, you'll make it worse." Guthrie retired from the British Army in 2001.


text: Guthrie was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Intelligence Corps on 1 March 1986 and Colonel Commandant of the Special Air Service in 2000. For twenty years he served as Colonel of the Life Guards and Gold Stick-in-Waiting to The Queen, from 1 January 1999 to 7 June 2019.


text: After retiring from the British Army, he was created a life peer as Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank, of Craigiebank in the City of Dundee, in June 2001. Lord Guthrie sat as a crossbencher in the House of Lords. He was one of several retired Chiefs of Defence Staff who spoke out in the House of Lords about the risk to servicemen facing liability for their actions before the International Criminal Court, particularly with respect to the invasion of Iraq. George Monbiot criticised Guthrie for an alleged lack of understanding of international law. Monbiot based his argument on Guthrie's September 2002 statement for an invasion of Iraq and subsequent comments, in which he appeared to support launching "surprise wars", something forbidden by the United Nations Charter. Guthrie disagreed publicly with Prime Minister Gordon Brown in 2008 over military funding.


text: In 2007 Guthrie co-authored a book on ethics in modern warfare with Sir Michael Quinlan, formerly Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence.


text: Guthrie has served as a non-executive director of Gulf Keystone Petroleum, Rivada Networks, Ashley Gardens Block 2 Ltd, Colt Defense LLC and Sciens Capital; he has served as a director of N M Rothschild & Sons, Gulf Keystone, and Petropavlovsk PLC; he has served as a non-executive chairman of Siboney Ltd.; he has been a shareholder of Palantir Technologies and the global strategic intelligence firm Arcanum, which is a subsidiary of Magellen Investment Holdings. He is also a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation, established in October 2009. He is president of several charities, including Action Medical Research, the Army Benevolent Fund, Soldier On!, and the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Association. Until 2019, he was also the president of London Youth (Federation of London Youth Clubs). He is a Deputy Lieutenant for Dorset.


text: Guthrie was one of several contributors to a 2013 book on public sector management. A Roman Catholic convert, Guthrie became a Knight of Malta and is a Patron of the Catholic homeless charities Cardinal Hume Centre and Caritas Anchor House. He became Chancellor of Liverpool Hope University in July 2013.


text: In August 2014, Lord Guthrie was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue. He initially supported the continuance of the United Kingdom's presence in the European Union in the 2016 referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union, but suddenly switched to an advocacy of withdrawing from it less than a week before the vote was held, issuing a public warning of the ambitions inherent in the E.U. for the creation of a new "European Army", which he stated "would be a disaster". He is on the advisory board of Veterans for Britain an organization with the stated aim of supporting " Her Majesty's Government in the task of restoring full sovereign control to all aspects of the defence of the Realm " following the EU referendum.


text: Since 1 August 2017 Lord Guthrie has been the Senior Advisor to Ron Wahid, Chairman of Arcanum, a subsidiary of Magellan Investment Holdings. Established 23 March 2015, Magellan Investment Holdings is a holding company with investments in natural resources, energy, real estate, fine arts, aerospace and defense and technology. Magellan is the parent company of two subsidiaries: Arcanum, a global intelligence firm, and RJI Capital, a merchant banking and strategic advisory company.


text: On 9 June 2018 it was reported that, at the annual Trooping the Colour event, Lord Guthrie fell from his horse and had been admitted to hospital. On 8 January 2019, in an extraordinary intervention in the political sphere by figures from the military and intelligence services quarter, Guthrie sent a letter, co-signed by Sir Richard Dearlove, to Conservative Party Parliamentary Constituency Association Chairs, stating that the passage through the House of Commons of Prime Minister Theresa May's Withdrawal Agreement of the United Kingdom from the European Union contained decisions which fundamentally undermined the integrity of the Defence of the Realm, and requested they take measures to discourage their parliamentary representatives from voting for it imminently in the Commons. The letter as an alternative advocated the case upon national security grounds that the United Kingdom should fully withdraw from the European Union without an Intergovernmental relationship between the two persisting after the process.


text: On relinquishing his appointment as Colonel of The Life Guards and Gold Stick-in-Waiting, The Queen appointed Lord Guthrie a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order on 7 June 2019. On 1 December 2020, he retired from the House of Lords. His interests include tennis, opera and travel.


text: A scion of the ancient Scottish landowning family, he married, on 11 September 1971, Catherine Worrall, daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Claude Worrall, Coldstream Guards. The couple have two sons. She died from heart failure on 8 October 2022, at the age of 81. Guthrie's younger brother is James Guthrie QC.


text: Lord Guthrie matriculated his family armorial bearings at the Lyon Office in 1999 (and in 2001 was granted supporters for life).


title: Martin (name)

text: Martin may either be a given name or surname. In Scotland, Martin or McMartin is a common surname of Scottish Gaelic origin. Martin is, however, more common as a masculine given name in many languages and cultures. It comes from the Latin name "Martinus", which is a late derived form of the name of the Roman god Mars, the protective godhead of the Latins and, therefore, the god of war. The meaning is usually rendered in reference to the god as "of Mars", or "of war/warlike" ("martial").


title: Martin (name)

text: It has remained a popular given name in Christian times, in honor of Saint Martin of Tours. Along with its historic Catholic popularity, it has also been popular among Protestants due to Martin Luther. In addition, African American children are often given the name in honor of Martin Luther King Jr.


title: Martin (name)

text: Martin, along with a range of variant forms mostly of patronymic origin, borne by families descended from someone with the given name of Martin, are seen throughout Europe, though in some instances the Martin surname in England are instead of toponymic origin, coming from one of numerous places called Merton. Martin is the most common French surname and also frequent in Belgium.


title: Martin (name)

text: Martin was the sixteenth most frequently reported surname in the 1990 United States Census, accounting for 0.27% of the population.


title: Martin (name)

text: The name is often read as Martin (with `on the i) in most slavic nations. Nicknames for Martin can be Marti, Marto, Martine, Maťo, Maťko, Martinko.


title: Martin (name)

text: Before the Normans arrived in the 11th century, 'Martin' was rare in England. See feudal barony of Barnstaple for the post-Conquest Anglo-Norman family. The surname became common south of the Thames.


title: Martin (name)

text: There are several groups of Martins or Macmartins in Scotland. The MacMartins of Letterfinlay appear to have allied themselves to the Clan Cameron in the late 14th century and finally merged with the Camerons after the Battle of Lochaber in 1429. The MacMartins, who became a sept of Clan Cameron, is said to have been amongst the most loyal and valuable followers of Cameron of Lochiel. In the Jacobite rising of 1745, the MacMartins were "out with" Lochiel's regiment. According to the "Oxford Companion to Scottish History", the MacMartins of Letterfinlay who were a sept of the Clan Cameron would have seen themselves as distinct within their own lands, but would have also seen themselves as Camerons if operating elsewhere outside of Lochaber.


title: Martin (name)

text: An Anglo-Norman knight named Robert Fitz Martin, born in the late 11th century, settled in England's West Country, on lands inherited from a grandfather, and later participated in the invasions of Wales, where he was awarded the barony of Cemaes, located between Fishguard and Cardigan. Robert fitz Martin established the caput of his barony at Nanhyfer or Nevern. Robert's son William Fitz Robert Fitz Martin (born c. 1155) inherited the family's property and re-established family control over Cemaes, which had been lost to the Welsh. The senior line became extinct in 1326, but cadet lines still flourish in Wales and England.


title: Martin (name)

text: With over 230,000 people holding the surname Martin in France, it is the most common French surname. The origins of its frequency can be attributed to Saint Martin of Tours, who was the most popular French saint, but the reason is not clear.


title: Martin (name)

text: Martin was never a common given name (Christian name) in the Middle Ages, unlike Bernard or Thomas (which were later officialized and became common surnames, nowadays ranking second and third respectively). Onomastics have tried to find other reasons for Martin's popularity, by examining, for example, the repartition of place names, but this explanation also lacks empirical support.


title: Martin (name)

text: It can be a late surname connected with children of orphanages, like Alexandre, which was never a common first name in the Middle Ages but now appears quite frequently as a surname. Martin can represent charity towards orphans.


title: Martin (name)

text: However, this list hides strong regional differences in France and the increasing number of foreign names among the French citizens. Table based on births between 1966 and 1990:


title: Martin (name)

text: Martin is a common male name in Estonia - it was the most popular male given name throughout the 1990s. The name currently remains as the second most popular male name in Estonia.


title: Martin (name)

text: Surnames in Ireland are attested from the mid-10th century. Several distinct families featured the name as a surname element. They included Mac Giolla Mhártain, Ó Maol Mhartain, Ó Martain, Ó Máirtín, Mac Máirtín, Mac Máel Martain. Individuals included Echmílid mac Máel Martain (Bishop of Down to 1202), Giolla Ernain Ó Martain (Irish poet and Chief Ollam of Ireland, died 1218), and Fearghal Ó Martain, O.E.S.A. (Bishop of Killala from 1425 to 1432).


title: Martin (name)

text: After the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, numerous unrelated bearers of the name settled in Ireland. Among the most well-known of the name were one of the Tribes of Galway.


title: Martin (name)

text: In Portugal, Martin is written "Martim" or Martinho. One famous Martin from Portuguese history is Martim Moniz.


title: Martin (name)

text: Martin is common as a given name in all three Scandinavian countries, and is a typically a top-ranking name in popularity, on any given year. Also it is seen in derivative surnames following Scandinavian naming tradition, such as Martinsen (in Norway and Denmark) and Martinsson (in Sweden). Morten is a Scandinavian version of Martin.


title: Martin (name)

text: Martín () is a common given name and is also among the most common surnames in Spain. Its Catalan variant is Martí and in Galician is Martiño. Jewish families in medieval Spain (Sephardic) Jews who remained in Spain and agreed to accept Christianity were asked to change their surnames. One of the names taken up by these Jewish conversos (originally known in Spain as Marranos, but preferred term is 'anusim' which is Hebrew for "forced") was "Martí" (also spelt "Marty"). Sephardic Jews also used Martín or Martínez, as a variation from the Hebrew name Mordecai.


title: Martin (name)

text: As of 2014, 32.6% of all known bearers of the surname "Martin" were residents of the United States (frequency 1:424), 19.2% of Spain (1:93), 12.0% of France (1:211), 4.7% of England (1:449), 3.5% of Canada (1:401), 2.9% of Germany (1:1,054), 2.3% of Argentina (1:719), 2.2% of the Philippines (1:1,731), 2.2% of Mexico (1:2,179), 2.1% of Tanzania (1:955), 2.0% of Australia (1:453), 1.5% of Cuba (1:303) and 1.3% of South Africa (1:1,617).


title: Martin (name)

text: In Spain, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:93) in the following autonomous communities:


title: Martin (name)

text: In France, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:211) in the following regions:


title: Tilia americana

text: Tilia americana is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae, native to eastern North America, from southeast Manitoba east to New Brunswick, southwest to northeast Oklahoma, southeast to South Carolina, and west along the Niobrara River to Cherry County, Nebraska. It is the sole representative of its genus in the Western Hemisphere, assuming "T. caroliniana" is treated as a subspecies or local ecotype of "T. americana". Common names include American basswood and American linden.


title: Tilia americana

text: The American basswood is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree reaching a height of exceptionally with a trunk diameter of at maturity. It grows faster than many North American hardwoods, often twice the annual growth rate of American beech and many birch species. Life expectancy is around 200 years, with flowering and seeding generally occurring between 15 and 100 years, though occasionally seed production may start as early as eight years.


title: Tilia americana

text: The crown is domed, the branches spreading, often pendulous. The bark is gray to light brown, with narrow, well defined fissures. The roots are large, deep, and spreading. The twigs are smooth, reddish-green, becoming light gray in their second year, finally dark brown or brownish gray, marked with dark wart-like excrescences. The winter buds are stout, ovate-acute, smooth, deep red, with two bud scales visible.


title: Tilia americana

text: The leaves are simple, alternately arranged, ovate to cordate, asymmetrical, unequal at the base (the side nearest the branch the largest), (can grow up to ) long and broad, with a long, slender petiole, a coarsely serrated margin and an acuminate apex. Bean noted that occasionally, enormous leaves measuring long by wide appear on thick, succulent shoots. They open from the bud conduplicate, pale green, downy; when full grown are dark green, smooth, shining above, paler beneath, with tufts of rusty brown hairs in the axils of the primary veins; the small stipules fall soon after leaf opening. The fall color is yellow-green to yellow. Both the twigs and leaves contain mucilaginous sap.


title: Tilia americana

text: The flowers are small, fragrant, yellowish-white, in diameter, arranged in drooping, cymose clusters of 6–20 with a whitish-green leaf-like bract attached for half its length at the base of the cyme. They are perfect, regular, with five sepals and petals, numerous stamens, and a five-celled superior ovary. The leaves emerge in mid-spring, but the flowers require day lengths of approximately 14 hours and 30 minutes to form, hence "T. americana"'s range is limited to north of the 35th parallel. Time of flowering varies by several weeks depending on the latitude; early May in Canada and early June in the extreme southern extent. Leaf drop in fall occurs between early and late October depending on the latitude. The flowers are fragrant and insect-pollinated.


title: Tilia americana

text: American basswood is dominant in the sugar maple–basswood forest association, which is most common in western Wisconsin and central Minnesota, but occurs as far east as New England and southern Quebec in places that have mesic soil with relatively high pH. It also has minor occurrence in many other forest cover types.


title: Tilia americana

text: Its flowers provide abundant nectar for insects. The seeds are eaten by chipmunks, mice, and squirrels. Rabbits and voles eat the bark, sometimes girdling young trees. The leaves serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera (see Lepidoptera which feed on "Tilia"). The ribbed cocoon maker species "Bucculatrix improvisa" has not been found on other plants.


title: Tilia americana

text: This species is particularly susceptible to adult Japanese beetles (an invasive species in North America) that feed on its leaves. The mushroom "Pholiota squarrosoides" is known to decay the logs of the tree.


title: Tilia americana

text: The American basswood can be propagated by cuttings and grafting as well as by seed. Propagated plants grow rapidly in a rich soil, but are susceptible to many pests.


title: Tilia americana

text: The American basswood is known for being one of the most difficult native North American trees to propagate from seed, as they not only have a low viability rate (approximately 30% of all seeds are viable), but quickly develop an extremely hard seed coating that may delay germination for up to two years. If planting them, it is recommended to gather the seeds in early autumn and sow them before they dry out and form a coating. This will then allow germination to occur immediately. Overall, seeds are not a major part of the tree's reproductive strategy and it instead mostly spreads by self-coppicing. All juvenile basswoods coppice extremely readily, and even old trees will often sprout from the stump if cut.


title: Tilia americana

text: The American basswood is recommended as an ornamental tree when the mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired; no native tree surpasses it in this respect. It is often planted on the windward side of an orchard as a protection to young and delicate trees. It is cultivated at least as far north as Juneau, Alaska.


title: Tilia americana

text: The foliage and flowers are both edible, though the tender young leaves are more palatable. It is a beneficial species for attracting pollinators as well. Bees produce excellent honey with a mildly spicy flavor from its blossoms. The inner bark was used historically as a fiber source for making baskets, rope, and fishing nets.


title: Tilia americana

text: Basswood attracts many insect pests including Japanese beetles and skeletonized leaves are common. Mite galls commonly form on the foliage.


title: Tilia americana

text: Cultivars include 'Nova', 'Duros' (with an upright crown), the pyramidal 'Frontyard' and the conic-crowned 'Redmond'.


title: Tilia americana

text: The wood is pale brown, sometimes nearly white or faintly tinged with red; light, soft with fine close grain; clear of knots but does not split easily. It is low in strength and has a poor steam-bending classification. It can take stains and polish without difficulty and it planes, glues, screws and nails well. It is sold generally under the name basswood, but is sometimes confounded with tulip-wood and then called white-wood, and is largely used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, wagon boxes and furniture. It has a density of 0.4525 (relative to water). The wood is considered odorless. This makes it valuable in the manufacture of wooden-ware, cheap furniture, and bodies of carriages; it is also especially adapted for wood-carving. The inner bark is very tough and fibrous, used in the past for making ropes.


title: Tilia americana

text: Basswood is a Tonewood commonly used in the manufacture of electric guitars. It is light, strong and resonant. It is usually used for guitars that will be painted an opaque color, because its lack of notable grain, making it an unattractive candidate for transparent finish. It exhibits a very balanced, even tone with a good low/mid-midrange projection making it suitable for a wide variety of musical applications. It is often paired with Maple laminates to balance the midrange with more treble (inherent to Maple) to make a very well rounded sounding instrument. Basswood's relatively lightweight, easy to work and sand, accepts glue, stain, paint and finish very well and is inexpensive. All this has made it a favourite of large factories mass producing instruments. It has proven especially popular in instruments made for musicians who play heavy metal. This could be because its tonality helps level out the thin, tinny sound associated with knife edged tremolo contacts that many modern rock and metal players use as bridges on their guitars.


title: Tilia americana

text: Although "Tilia cordata" is believed to be stronger, "T. americana" is also used medicinally. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Linden tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the linden flowers include flavonoids (which act as antioxidants), volatile oils, and mucilaginous constituents (which soothe and reduce inflammation). The plant also contains tannins that can act as an astringent.


title: Tilia americana

text: Linden flowers are used in colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, headache (particularly migraine), as a diuretic (increases urine production), antispasmodic (reduces smooth muscle spasm along the digestive tract), and sedative. The flowers were added to baths to quell hysteria, and steeped as a tea to relieve anxiety-related indigestion, irregular heartbeat, and vomiting. The leaves are used to promote sweating to reduce fevers. The wood is used for liver and gallbladder disorders and cellulitis (inflammation of the skin and surrounding soft tissue). The wood burned to charcoal is ingested to treat intestinal disorders and used topically to treat edema or infection, such as cellulitis or ulcers of the lower leg.


title: Tilia americana

text: Several animal studies showed that the extract of "T. americana" increased sleeping time by 50 minutes (similar to the effects of diazepam) and decreased movement, which indicates sedative effects. It is argued that its mechanism of action is due to the flavonoid quercetin, as it inhibits the release of histamine.


title: Oratorio

text: An oratorio () is a large musical composition for orchestra, choir, and soloists. Like most operas, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an instrumental ensemble, various distinguishable characters, and arias. However, opera is musical theatre, while oratorio is strictly a concert piece – though oratorios are sometimes staged as operas, and operas are sometimes presented in concert form. In an oratorio, the choir often plays a central role, and there is generally little or no interaction between the characters, and no props or elaborate costumes. A particularly important difference is in the typical subject matter of the text. Opera tends to deal with history and mythology, including age-old devices of romance, deception, and murder, whereas the plot of an oratorio often deals with sacred topics, making it appropriate for performance in the church. Protestant composers took their stories from the Bible, while Catholic composers looked to the lives of saints, as well as to Biblical topics. Oratorios became extremely popular in early 17th-century Italy partly because of the success of opera and the Catholic Church's prohibition of spectacles during Lent. Oratorios became the main choice of music during that period for opera audiences.


title: Oratorio

text: The word "oratorio" comes from the Latin verb orare, to pray. Hence oratory. The musical composition was "named from the kind of musical services held in the church of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri in Rome ("Congregazione dell'Oratorio") in the latter half of the 16th cent."


title: Oratorio

text: Although medieval plays such as the Ludus Danielis and Renaissance dialogue motets such as those of the Oltremontani had characteristics of an oratorio, the first oratorio is usually seen as Emilio de Cavalieri's "Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo". Monteverdi composed "Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda" which can be considered as the first secular oratorio.


title: Oratorio

text: The origins of the oratorio can be found in sacred dialogues in Italy. These were settings of Biblical, Latin texts and musically were quite similar to motets. There was a strong narrative, dramatic emphasis and there were conversational exchanges between characters in the work. Giovanni Francesco Anerio's "Teatro harmonico spirituale" (1619) is a set of 14 dialogues, the longest of which is 20 minutes long and covers the conversion of St. Paul and is for four soloists: Historicus (narrator), tenor; St. Paul, tenor; Voice from Heaven, bass; and Ananias, tenor. There is also a four-part chorus to represent any crowds in the drama. The music is often contrapuntal and madrigal-like.


title: Oratorio

text: Philip Neri's Congregazione dell'Oratorio featured the singing of spiritual laude. These became more and more popular and were eventually performed in specially built oratories (prayer halls) by professional musicians. Again, these were chiefly based on dramatic and narrative elements.


title: Oratorio

text: Sacred opera provided another impetus for dialogues, and they greatly expanded in length (although never really beyond 60 minutes long). Cavalieri's "Rappresentatione di Anima, et di Corpo" is an example of one of these works, but technically it is not an oratorio because it features acting and dancing. It does, however contain music in the monodic style.


title: Oratorio

text: The first oratorio to be called by that name is Pietro della Valle's "Oratorio della Purificazione", but due to its brevity (only 12 minutes long) and the fact that its other name was "dialogue", we can see that there was much ambiguity in these names.


title: Oratorio

text: During the second half of the 17th century, there were trends toward the secularization of the religious oratorio. Evidence of this lies in its regular performance outside church halls in courts and public theaters. Whether religious or secular, the theme of an oratorio is meant to be weighty. It could include such topics as Creation, the life of Jesus, or the career of a classical hero or Biblical prophet. Other changes eventually took place as well, possibly because most composers of oratorios were also popular composers of operas. They began to publish the librettos of their oratorios as they did for their operas. Strong emphasis was soon placed on arias while the use of the choir diminished. Female singers became regularly employed, and replaced the male narrator with the use of recitatives.


title: Oratorio

text: The most significant composers of "oratorio latino" were in Italy Giacomo Carissimi, whose "Jephte" is regarded as the first masterpiece of the genre (like most other Latin oratorios of the period, it is in one section only), and in France Carissimi's pupil Marc-Antoine Charpentier (34 works H.391 - H.425).


title: Oratorio

text: Lasting about 30–60 minutes, "oratori volgari" were performed in two sections, separated by a sermon; their music resembles that of contemporary operas and chamber cantatas.


title: Oratorio

text: In the late baroque period oratorios increasingly became "sacred opera". In Rome and Naples Alessandro Scarlatti was the most noted composer. In Vienna the court poet Metastasio produced annually a series of oratorios for the court which were set by Caldara, Hasse and others. Metastasio's best known oratorio libretto "La passione di Gesù Cristo" was set by at least 35 composers from 1730–90. In Germany the middle baroque oratorios moved from the early-baroque "Historia" style Christmas and Resurrection settings of Heinrich Schütz, to the Passions of J. S. Bach, oratorio-passions such as "Der Tod Jesu" set by Telemann and Carl Heinrich Graun. After Telemann came the galante oratorio style of C. P. E. Bach.


title: Oratorio

text: The Georgian era saw a German-born monarch and German-born composer define the English oratorio. George Frideric Handel, most famous today for his "Messiah" (1741), also wrote other oratorios based on themes from Greek and Roman mythology and Biblical topics. He is also credited with writing the first English language oratorio, "Esther". Handel's imitators included the Italian Lidarti who was employed by the Amsterdam Jewish community to compose a Hebrew version of "Esther".


title: Oratorio

text: Britain continued to look to Germany for its composers of oratorio. The Birmingham Festival commissioned various oratorios including Felix Mendelssohn's "Elijah" in 1846, later performed in German as "Elias". German composer Georg Vierling is noted for modernizing the secular oratorio form.


title: Oratorio

text: John Stainer's "The Crucifixion" (1887) became the stereotypical battlehorse of massed amateur choral societies. Edward Elgar tried to revive the genre around the turn of century with the composition of "The Light of Life (Lux Christi)", "The Dream of Gerontius", "The Apostles" and "The Kingdom".


title: Oratorio

text: Oratorio returned haltingly to public attention with Igor Stravinsky's "Oedipus Rex" in Paris (1927), William Walton's "Belshazzar's Feast" in Leeds (1931), Paul Hindemith's "Das Unaufhörliche" in Berlin (1931), Arthur Honegger's "Le Roi David" and "Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher" in Basel (1938), and Franz Schmidt's "The Book with Seven Seals" ("Das Buch mit sieben Siegeln") in Vienna (1938). Michael Tippett's oratorio "A Child of Our Time" (first performance, 1944) engages with events surrounding the Second World War. Postwar oratorios include Dmitri Shostakovich's "Song of the Forests" (1949), Sergei Prokofiev's "On Guard for Peace" (1950), Vadim Salmanov's "Twelve" (1957), Alfred Schnittke's "Nagasaki" (1958), Bohuslav Martinů's "The Epic of Gilgamesh" (1958), Krzysztof Penderecki's "St. Luke Passion" (1966), Hans Werner Henze's "Das Floß der Medusa" (1968), René Clemencic's "Kabbala" (1992), and Osvaldo Golijov's "La Pasión según San Marcos" (2000). Mauricio Kagel composed "Sankt-Bach-Passion", an oratorio about Bach's life, for the tercentenary of his birth in 1985.


title: Oratorio

text: Oratorios by popular musicians include Léo Ferré's "La Chanson du mal-aimé" (1954 and 1972), based on Guillaume Apollinaire's poem of the same name, Paul McCartney's "Liverpool Oratorio" (1991) and Mikis Theodorakis's Canto General and Axion Esti based on poems of Pablo Neruda and Odusseas Elytis.


title: Oratorio

text: When Dudley Buck composed his oratorio "The Light of Asia" in 1886, it became the first in the history of the genre to be based on the life of Buddha. Several late 20th and early 21st-century oratorios have since been based on Buddha's life or have incorporated Buddhist texts. These include Somei Satoh's 1987 "Stabat Mater", Dinesh Subasinghe's 2010 "Karuna Nadee", and Jonathan Harvey's 2011 "Weltethos". The 21st century also saw a continuation of Christianity-based oratorios with John Adams's "El Niño" and "The Gospel According to the Other Mary". Other religions represented include Ilaiyaraaja's "Thiruvasakam" (based on the texts of Hindu hymns to Shiva). Secular oratorios composed in the 21st century include Nathan Currier's "Gaian Variations" (based on the Gaia hypothesis), Richard Einhorn's "The Origin" (based on the writings of Charles Darwin), Jonathan Mills' "Sandakan Threnody" (based on the Sandakan Death Marches), and Neil Hannon's "To Our Fathers in Distress". The oratorio "Laudato si'", composed in 2016 by Peter Reulein on a libretto by Helmut Schlegel, includes the full Latin text of the Magnificat, expanded by writings of Clare of Assisi, Francis of Assisi and Pope Francis. "Bruder Martin" was composed by Thomas Gabriel, setting a text by Eugen Eckert about scenes from the life of Martin Luther, for the 500th anniversary of the Reformation in 2017.


title: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

text: The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports is a branch of the Government of India which administers the Department of youth affairs and the Department of Sports in India. Anurag Thakur is the current Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports followed by his Deputy Nisith Pramanik.


title: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

text: The ministry also gives the annual National Youth Awards, National Sports awards in various categories, including the Arjuna Award and Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna awards.


title: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

text: The ministry was set up as the Department of Sports at the time of organisation of 1982 Asian Games New Delhi. Its name was changed to the Department of Youth Affairs & Sports during celebration of the International Youth Year, 1985. It became a separate Ministry on 27 May 2000. Subsequently, In 2008, the ministry has been bifurcated into Department of Youth Affairs and Department of Sports under two separate Secretaries.


title: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

text: Unlike the sports department, many of the functions of the department are related to other ministries, like Ministry of Education, Employment & Training, Health and Family Welfare thus it functions largely as a facilitator for youth building.


title: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

text: The United Nations defines "Youth" as 15–24 years and in the Commonwealth, it is 15–29 years. In order to use a definition more in line with these international standards, the Draft NYP 2012 changes the definition from 13–35 years to 16–30 years. The draft NYP 2012 plans to divide the age bracket of 16–30 years into three groups.


title: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

text: The Department of Sports is a division of Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports under Government of India created on 30 April 2008. They also helped in bringing the FIFA U-17 World cup to India. A huge part of it was played by the advisors to the Sports Ministry - Rahul Rana (Doon School) and Arjun Dewan (The Lawrence School).


title: Chromeo

text: Chromeo is a Canadian electro-funk duo from Montreal, formed in 2002 by musicians David "Dave 1" Macklovitch and Patrick "P-Thugg" Gemayel. Their sound draws from blue-eyed soul, dance music, rock, synth-pop, disco and funk.


title: Chromeo

text: , the band has released five studio albums, with three of them hitting the Billboard 200 charts. In 2018, Chromeo received their first Grammy Award nomination for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical in the 61st Grammy Awards for their album "Head over Heels".


title: Chromeo

text: The duo met in the mid-1990s at Collège Stanislas in Montreal. Speaking on their different ethnic backgrounds, the two jokingly describe themselves as "the only successful Arab/Jewish partnership since the dawn of human culture."


title: Chromeo

text: Around the time when they were both 15, Macklovitch joined Gemayel's band. During this time, Macklovitch's younger brother A-Trak (of Duck Sauce) started winning the Disco Mix Club Championships, becoming World Champion in 1997. After the band, Dave 1 and P-Thugg started to produce hip hop music together. Also at this time, Tiga was working with Dave 1 at a record store and asked Dave 1 to work on a project for his label, Turbo. Dave 1 and P-Thugg signed as Chromeo and started creating music together.


title: Chromeo

text: Reviews of their 2004 debut album, "She's in Control", were mostly favorable. Critics compared the sound to 1980s groups Hall & Oates, Zapp, Prince, Klymaxx and Sylvester. "Needy Girl" became a worldwide club hit. According to Dave 1, ""She's in Control" didn't blow up. But we had "Needy Girl", and "Needy Girl" was like a musical passport. That song went all around the world and DJs played it everywhere". The song "You're So Gangsta" was featured as the theme tune for the PC game Space Colony.


title: Chromeo

text: In 2005, Chromeo released a mix CD of funky dance tracks on Eskimo Belgium records entitled "Un Joli Mix Pour Toi" (French for: "A Nice Mix for You"). In 2006, the group was featured in DJ Mehdi's song "I Am Somebody". During early 2007, Chromeo supported indie rock group Bloc Party on their British tour.


title: Chromeo

text: After a three-year break, they released a second album, "Fancy Footwork", which also received positive reviews. In 2008, Chromeo performed with Daryl Hall as a part of his online series "Live from Daryl's House". They also performed with Hall at the 2010 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, TN. On a 2009 episode of "Yo Gabba Gabba!", Chromeo appeared performing original song "Nice 'N Clean".


title: Chromeo

text: Chromeo released their third studio album, "Business Casual", on September 14, 2010. As of 2020, the music video for the album's single "Night by Night" had received over 5 million views on YouTube. The band has appeared on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic", been on the cover of "Future Magazine", and sold out The Forum in London.


title: Chromeo

text: At the beginning of March 2011, Chromeo sent out notice that they had recorded the "world's smallest album", entitled "Drive Time", which consists of 55 songs in only 183 seconds. About a week later, it was revealed that "Drive Time" is actually a free musical Nokia Own Voice satellite navigation pack for Ovi Maps, made for usage with Nokia's compatible cell phones. A red vinyl 5" single consisting of regular, instrumental and a cappella versions of "Turn Left" and "Follow" was released to promote it, with a sticker on the shrink wrap saying that it was a numbered limited edition of 40 copies.


title: Chromeo

text: In September 2013, the group announced their fourth studio album "White Women" with a trailer video featuring the track "Over Your Shoulder". It was released May 9, 2014, in Ireland and May 12 elsewhere.


title: Chromeo

text: On November 2, 2017, Chromeo announced a new album called "Head Over Heels". The first single "Juice" was released on November 7, 2017. In December of 2018, Chromeo received their first Grammy nomination for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical in the 61st Grammy Awards for the album.


title: Chromeo

text: On June 12, 2021, the live album "" was announced for release on June 25, alongside the release of the single "Don’t Sleep (Live in Washington D.C.)". Tracks were recorded during a 2019 North America concert tour, where Chromeo had performed live with a full band for the first time.


title: Tim Holt

text: Charles John "Tim" Holt III (February 5, 1919 – February 15, 1973) was an American actor. He was a popular Western star during the 1940s and early 1950s, appearing in forty-six B westerns released by RKO Pictures.


title: Tim Holt

text: In a career spanning more than four decades, Holt is best remembered for his roles in the films "The Magnificent Ambersons" (1942) and "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre" (1948).


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt was born Charles John Holt III on February 5, 1919, in Beverly Hills, California, the son of actor Jack Holt and Margaret Woods. During his early years, he accompanied his father on location, even appearing in an early silent film. He was the inspiration for his father's book, "Lance and His First Horse".


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt was educated at Culver Military Academy in Culver, Indiana, graduating in 1936. One of his classmates was Budd Boetticher who recalled Holt "used to walk around in our suite of rooms there…and he often had on his .38 revolvers and holster. He’d walk up and down the hall in his bathrobe and practice drawing his guns. He’d say, ‘I’m going to be a western star some day’." Immediately after graduation he went to work in the Hollywood film business.


title: Tim Holt

text: His sister, Jennifer Holt, also appeared in B-westerns, notably opposite Johnny Mack Brown at Universal.


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt was signed to a contract by Walter Wanger in January 1937. Wanger was going to use him in "Blockade", but that film was postponed.


title: Tim Holt

text: Instead he made his debut as Anne Shirley's suitor in "Stella Dallas" (1937) for Sam Goldwyn – the same role that another film star's son, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., had played in the 1925 version. When told he was given the role his father Jack said, "Fine. Let's have one good actor in the family." Wanger then cast him in "I Met My Love Again" (1938) and used him for a Technicolor Western, "Gold is Where You Find It. In the latter the "Los Angeles Times" said Holt "confirms the favourable impression he gave" in "Stella Dallas".


title: Tim Holt

text: RKO borrowed him for a western "The Renegade Ranger" (1938) supporting George O'Brien, then a leading star of B-westerns. Wanger wanted to star Holt opposite Henry Fonda and Louise Platt in an adaptation of Vincent Sheean's "Personal History"; however after the problems Wanger had making "Blockade" he decided to postpone the project. (It was later filmed as "Foreign Correspondent".) He lent Holt to Paramount to play the juvenile lead in "Sons of the Legion" then RKO asked for him again in "The Law West of Tombstone", supporting Harry Carey.


title: Tim Holt

text: Wanger then used Holt in the role of young Lieutenant Blanchard in the 1939 classic "Stagecoach". At Universal he appeared in a story of his old alma mater, Culver Military Academy, "The Spirit of Culver". His contract with Wanger expired. RKO signed Holt to a seven-year contract in December 1938.


title: Tim Holt

text: RKO gave Holt his first lead in the B-film "The Rookie Cop". It was popular, and RKO put him in "The Girl and the Gambler" opposite Leo Carrillo. He was then cast as the romantic lead for the studio's biggest star, Ginger Rogers, in "5th Avenue Girl" (1939). It was popular and the "Los Angeles Times" said Holt "does unusually well in this", although the "New York Times" thought he "seems a trifle young to be running a great corporation". He was meant to play the eldest son in "Three Sons" (1939) with Edward Ellis, but he was withdrawn and replaced by William Gargan. He was also meant to star in a Western, "Silver City", with Betty Grable, but it was not made. In early 1940 it was announced Holt and Ginger Rogers would be reunited in an adaptation of "The Enchanted Cottage". The film was not made until several years later with different stars. Instead he was assigned to play Fritz Robinson in the studio's expensive adaptation of "Swiss Family Robinson" (1940). He also played the lead in "Laddie" (1940); the "Los Angeles Times" called him "engaging and capable". "Swiss Family Robinson" was a financial failure and "Laddie" was not particularly popular.


title: Tim Holt

text: During the late 1930s, George O'Brien had made a number of low-budget Westerns for RKO. Holt later recalled, "I believe George O’Brien quit over money so RKO needed another Western star and I was put forward." In early 1940, RKO announced Holt would make six low-budget B-Westerns, starting with "Wagon Train" with Martha O'Driscoll. O'Driscoll and Holt were meant to reteam in "Sir Piegan Passes" but it was not made. Instead Holt appeared in "The Fargo Kid". Universal borrowed him to play Charles Boyer's son in "Back Street" (1941). The "Los Angeles Times" said Holt had "some splendid scenes towards the end". Then it was back to Westerns: "Robbers of the Range" (1941), "Along the Rio Grande" (1941), "Cyclone on Horseback" (1941) and "Six-Gun Gold" (1941). Holt usually played a cowboy who had one or two friends, who occasionally sang. From 1940–42 he made 18 Westerns. His first sidekick was Ray Whitley, who was slightly older than Holt, and who would usually sing a song or two in each film. The other sidekick was a character "Whopper" played by Emmett Lynn and then Lee White. 1942 they were replaced by Cliff Edwards as Ike. Author Tom Stempel later recalled: Holt, unlike many other B western stars, played characters not named Tim Holt. From his debut in 1934 Gene Autry always played "Gene Autry" and after 1941 Roy Rogers always played "Roy Rogers", but Holt's names varied, even if the basic character he played is the same... In these early films Tim's jobs were diverse. While Hopalong Cassidy was always the foreman of the Bar 20 Ranch, Tim played a cowboy, a Treasury agent, a Texas Ranger, or a number of other occupations. The characters were pretty much the same: Tim, with his boyish good looks, is drawn into situations where he must right some wrongs. Holt had a charming personality on the screen, which made him one of the top western stars from 1940 to 1943. The Westerns proved popular and Holt wound up making six more: "The Bandit Trail" (1941), "Dude Cowboy" (1941), "Riding the Wind" (1942), "Land of the Open Range" (1942), "Come on Danger" (1942) and "Thundering Hoofs" (1942).


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt's career received a boost in September 1941 when Orson Welles cast him as the lead in his second film, "The Magnificent Ambersons" (1942). "It was a lucky decision", Welles later said, calling Holt "one of the most interesting actors that's ever been in American movies". The "Washington Post" thought Holt "gives an excellent account of himself". The "New York Times" said he "draws out all the meanness in George's character which is precisely what the role demands." (In 1965 Welles wanted to reshoot the ending with those of the original cast still alive, including Holt, but it did not happen.)


title: Tim Holt

text: RKO announced they had purchased two stories for Holt, "Five of Spades" (which became "The Avenging Rider") and "Adventures of Salt Valley". He was always announced for "There Goes Lona Henry". Holt was going to enter the army, so RKO quickly put him in six more Westerns: "Bandit Ranger" (1942), "Red River Robin Hood" (1942), "Pirates of the Prairie" (1942), "Fighting Frontier" (1943), "Sagebrush Law" (1943) and "The Avenging Rider" (1942). His entry into the U.S. Army Air Forces was delayed long enough so that Holt could star in "Hitler's Children" (1943). He was called to active duty during the making of the film. However it was one of RKO's most profitable movies during the war.


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt became a decorated combat veteran of World War II, flying in the Pacific Theatre with the United States Army Air Forces as a B-29 bombardier. He was wounded over Tokyo on the last day of the war and was awarded a Purple Heart. He was also a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross.


title: Tim Holt

text: Following the war, Holt returned to films and went back to RKO. According to his biographer David Rothel, "No more was he the callow, youthful cowboy with big, silly grin on his face. Now he exuded a steady, serious no-nonsense type of mature cowboy who was less impulsive, more contemporary, and somewhat ‘world weary." Tom Stempel argues that "While Holt had lost his baby fat during the war, he still had a wonderful grin and cute dimples. He used the mixture of charm and seriousness very well."


title: Tim Holt

text: His post-war career began well when 20th Century Fox borrowed him to play Virgil Earp alongside Henry Fonda's Wyatt Earp in the John Ford western "My Darling Clementine" (1946). For RKO he appeared in a series of Zane Gray adaptations: "Thunder Mountain" (1947), "Under the Tonto Rim" (1947) and "Wild Horse Mesa" (1947). He also made "Western Heritage" (1947), which was an original screenplay. The budgets were around $100,000 a film, making them among the more expensive B Westerns.


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt was next borrowed by Warner Bros for the role for which he is probably best remembered — that of Bob Curtin to Humphrey Bogart's Fred C. Dobbs in John Huston's "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre" (1948), about two men who team up to prospect for gold, only to have greed tear apart their partnership. Holt's father also appeared in a small part. Tim Holt tended to be overshone in reviews by Bogart and Walter Huston, the latter winning an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his performance. However the "Chicago Daily Tribune" said he was very likeable". The "Los Angeles Times" said Holt "gives a rare and sincere impression of character in his performance."


title: Tim Holt

text: According to the "Los Angeles Times", Holt's casting in "Madre" impressed RKO studio chief Dore Schary who announced "expanding plans" for the actor, looking to cast him in films other than Westerns. He also promised a bigger budget for Holt's Westerns such as "The Arizona Ranger" (1948), which cast him opposite his father. However the films remained undistinguished: "Guns of Hate" (1948), "Indian Agent" (1948) and "Gun Smugglers" (1948).


title: Tim Holt

text: His most frequent director was Lesley Selander and his sidekick in more than 25 of these movies was Richard Martin. Martin played Chito Jose Gonzales Bustamente Rafferty, a character created by writer Jack Wagner for the 1943 film "Bombardier" and who had appeared in some Robert Mitchum westerns before being put into Tim Holt films. Stempel:


title: Tim Holt

text: The chemistry between Holt and Martin was immediate. Tim was entertained by Chito's constant pursuit of the ladies, which gave Holt a variety of reactions to play: amusement, surprise, slight irritation, bafflement at the hopelessness of Chito's attempted conquests. Unlike Hopalong Cassidy's young sidekick Lucky, who just mooned after girls, Chito was active, which was a lot more interesting to watch, especially with Tim's reactions. Chito was not just a lovesick fool, but he was also ready for action. As he explained his name, his mother was Spanish, and the Spanish is for loving, and his father was Irish, which is for fighting. Chito performed the crucial functions of a B western movie sidekick: he was somebody with whom the hero could discuss the plot, and he provided some comedy relief. In the 47-52 series, the comic relief is verbal rather than visual, and often a part of the story. The directors can shoot both Chito's flirting and Tim's reaction in one shot. Unlike other B westerns, such as those Holts with Cliff Edwards, the movie does not have to stop while the comic does his routine. It makes for much smoother flowing films.


title: Tim Holt

text: However that year "Brothers in the Saddle" (1948) recorded a loss of $35,000 as the growth of TV and decline in cinema audiences started to cut into Holt's market.


title: Tim Holt

text: Dore Schary left RKO in 1948 and the new management was not keen to cast Holt in anything other than Westerns: "Rustlers" (1949), "Stagecoach Kid" (1949), "Masked Raiders" (1949), "The Mysterious Desperado" (1949) and "Riders of the Range" (1949). The latter lost $50,000.


title: Tim Holt

text: The Westerns continued: "Dynamite Pass" (1950), "Storm over Wyoming" (1950), "Rider from Tucson" (1950), "Border Treasure" (1950) and "Rio Grande Patrol" (1950). "Law of the Badlands" (1951) was the cheapest Tim Holt vehicle since the war years, made for $98,000, but still recorded a loss of $20,000.


title: Tim Holt

text: After "Gunplay" (1951), "Saddle Legion" (1951) had a higher quality female lead – Dorothy Malone – and then Holt unexpectedly appeared in an "A", supporting Robert Mitchum and Jane Russell in "His Kind of Woman" for director John Farrow.


title: Tim Holt

text: In September 1950 it was announced Holt would support Montgomery Clift for director Nicholas Ray in "The Flying Leathernecks" (1951) but the film was made without either actor.


title: Tim Holt

text: Instead it was back to Westerns: "Pistol Harvest" (1951), "Hot Lead" (1951), "Overland Telegraph" (1951), "Trail Guide" (1952), "Road Agent" (1952), "Target" (1952), and finally "Desert Passage" (1952). The latter lost $30,000 so it was decided to end the series.


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt had been to Oklahoma in 1947 with a rodeo, and met the woman who became his final wife. When his movie series ended he decided to move to Oklahoma for good. "I never did like Hollywood that much… there was nothing magical about it for me", he said.


title: Tim Holt

text: He was absent from the screen for five years until he starred in a horror film, "The Monster That Challenged the World", in 1957, Holt said it "wasn’t too bad a picture at all". Over the next 16 years, he appeared in only two more motion pictures as well as an episode of "The Virginian". He was going to make a sequel to "Treasure of the Sierra Madre" with Nick Adams, but Adams died.


title: Tim Holt

text: However he kept busy managing theatres and making personal appearances. He got a degree in animal nutrition from Iowa, worked as a builder, produced rodeos, staged and performed Western music jamborees, and worked as an advertising manager for a radio station from 1962 onwards. Holt later said of this period:


title: Tim Holt

text: Do you realize that this is the first time in my life that I can make my own decisions and do what I want to do? First it was my parents who told me what to do, then RKO told me what to do, then I went into the service and Uncle Sam told me what to do. I came back out and RKO still told me what to do. This is the first time I have not been under somebody's thumb in my life.


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt was married three times and had four children: three sons (one from his first marriage) and a daughter.


title: Tim Holt

text: Tim Holt died from bone cancer on February 15, 1973, in Shawnee, Oklahoma, where he had been managing a radio station. He was interred in the Memory Lane Cemetery in Harrah, Oklahoma. The street where he and his wife had lived in Harrah was subsequently renamed Tim Holt Drive in his honor.


title: Tim Holt

text: Holt was the hero, strong and silent and always more comfortable in the presence of boots and saddles, horses and he-men, than with the heroine – though he almost invariably ended up marrying her... Like many sons of famous entertainers, Tim Holt never achieved the stature of his father, and projected a bland image in contrast with the elder Holt's strong characterisation.


title: Tim Holt

text: In 1991, Tim Holt was inducted posthumously into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 1992, the Golden Boot Awards honored Holt for his lifetime contributions to western cinema.


title: Tim Holt

text: For a number of years Holt was voted by US exhibitors as among the most popular Western stars in the country.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: "Hero" is a song by Spanish singer-songwriter Enrique Iglesias from his second English-language studio album "Escape" (2001). It was written by Iglesias, Paul Barry and Mark Taylor. Interscope Records released the song on 3 September 2001 to a positive critical and commercial reception. To the date the single has sold over 8 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling singles of all time.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: After the 11 September attacks on the World Trade Center, which took place eight days after the single was released, "Hero" was one of the few songs chosen by radio DJs in New York City to be remixed with audio from police, firefighters, civilians at Ground Zero, and politicians commenting on the attacks. Iglesias was asked to sing the song live at "". He had performed the song earlier at that year's Miss Venezuela, but due to the terrorist attacks the show was not aired on television.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The American television series "Glee" featured a version of the song as a mashup mixed with the Gipsy Kings' "Bamboléo". The release from the twelfth episode (called "The Spanish Teacher") in season 3 of the show is named "Bambolero/Hero". The main vocals were done by Chord Overstreet (playing the character Sam Evans). An Italian version of this song was covered by Micheal Castaldo, in his studio album "Bergamot".


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: "Hero" has a meaning of love and assurance with a desire to be a hero for the love of a woman. Iglesias stated that his high school days were the inspiration for the song. During a 2013 radio interview with Ryan Seacrest, he stated, "I went back to when I was 17 in high school, and this might be cheesy, but I thought about what would be the song I want to slow dance to with my prom date. When I wrote it, it felt good and ... I thought I know there is something special in this song."


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: "Hero" was first released on 3 September 2001, just eight days prior to the 11 September attacks on the World Trade Center. Due to the song's subject matter, it was one of the few songs chosen by radio DJs in New York City to be remixed with audio from police, firefighters, civilians at Ground Zero, and politicians commenting on the attacks. Iglesias was also asked to sing the song live at the "" benefit concert, which took place on 21 September. His performance was broadcast from a warehouse in New York alongside Bruce Springsteen, Bon Jovi, and Sheryl Crow.<ref name="9/11"></ref> The location of the warehouse was kept secret in case of further attacks. It was Iglesias's first televised performance of the song. He had performed the song earlier at that year's Miss Venezuela, but due to the terrorist attacks the show was not aired on television.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: "Hero" topped many charts in the US including the "Billboard" adult contemporary chart for fifteen weeks. On the latter, the song would re-enter the top ten a year later, the first song ever to do so. The song peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, though it is actually his most played song on the chart, outdoing prior singles "Bailamos" and "Be with You", both of which went to number one on the chart. A remixed recording also topped the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart in January 2002.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: In January 2002, the song was released in the UK, where it debuted at number 86 before jumping 85 places to number one, where it remained for four weeks. Up to this point, Iglesias had already had two hits in the UK ("Bailamos" and "Could I Have This Kiss Forever") but was still largely unknown. "Hero" was seen as his breakthrough in the UK and it became the third best-selling single of 2002 there, whilst "Escape" was also the third best-selling album of the year. With sales of 836,500, "Hero" was the 17th best-selling single of the 2000s in the UK. In April 2015, it was announced that the song had sold 1 million copies in the UK.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: In Australia, the song reached number one on the ARIA Chart, becoming his first number-one in that country. The song also topped the charts in Spain, Switzerland, Romania, Ireland and Canada. This is one of Iglesias' best-selling singles and has sold 8 million copies.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: The music video for "Hero" was directed by Joseph Kahn. It features Iglesias as an honorable criminal hunted by his enemies, while Jennifer Love Hewitt plays his love interest and Mickey Rourke plays one of the men hunting him. The video follows Iglesias and Hewitt running from their enemies in the desert. Finally, Iglesias' enemies track him down and confront him outside a church. The confrontation leads to Iglesias being floored by Rourke, before being struck with a baton. The video skips ahead where Iglesias and Hewitt are seen in the rain surrounded by police cars. Iglesias, though heavily injured, walks towards Hewitt and breaks down beside her. The video ends with Iglesias' death.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: In addition to this video, a second video was made for the UK with less violence. The final shot of this video shows Iglesias' legs moving, suggesting that he's not dead. While originally made for the UK, this version has since replaced the original video on many music video stations throughout the world. It is also the version shown on Vevo and YouTube.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: Portions of the video were filmed in the ghost town Amboy, California in the Mojave Desert and just outside Desert Hot Springs, California near Palm Springs. The historic gas station location that they filmed at, outside of Desert Hot Springs, was one of the first gas stations in the Palm Springs area. As of 31 July 2021, the video has been viewed 415 million times on YouTube.


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: On 4 December 2020, Latin boyband CNCO released a cover version of the song 20 years after the original. The single is accompanied with a music video, in its turn being a tribute to the visual direction of the Backstreet Boys' 1999 music video "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely". The track "Hero" will appear on the band's cover album "Déja Vu" forthcoming early 2021. The group previously worked with Iglesias on a remix of his 2017 song "Súbeme la Radio".


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: "Hero" has become wildly popular due in part to the fact that it has been featured in many television shows and movies around the world. The earliest appearance of the song on an American television show was on a 2001 episode of The WB show "Smallville" entitled "Craving". Since then the song has been featured in such American sitcoms and reality television shows as "Scrubs", "Saturday Night Live: The Best of Jimmy Fallon", "Glee", "The X Factor", "So You Think You Can Dance", "Dancing with the Stars" and the mini-series "I Love the New Millennium". The song has also been featured in such international television shows as "Hinter Gittern – Der Frauenknast" and "So You Think You Can Dance Canada". Numerous films also feature the song, including "Hot Tub Time Machine", "Premios Amigo 2001", "Zoom", "Lady Godiva", "Drillbit Taylor", "Don Quixote", and "Beverly Hills Chihuahua".


title: Hero (Enrique Iglesias song)

text: Although the song has appeared in many television shows and movies the first televised performance of the song was scheduled to be Iglesias's performance of the song at Miss Venezuela on 11 September 2001, but this performance was not televised due to the terrorist attacks on that day. The actual first televised performance of the song was when Iglesias performed the song at the "" concert on 21 September, ten days after the attacks.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: Multidimensional Poverty Indices use a range of indicators to calculate a summary poverty figure for a given population, in which a larger figure indicates a higher level of poverty. This figure considers both the proportion of the population that is deemed poor, and the 'breadth' of poverty experienced by these 'poor' households, following the Alkire & Foster 'counting method'. The method was developed following increased criticism of monetary and consumption based poverty measures, seeking to capture the deprivations in non-monetary factors that contribute towards well-being. While there is a standard set of indicators, dimensions, cutoffs and thresholds used for a 'Global MPI', the method is flexible and there are many examples of poverty studies that modify it to best suit their environment. The methodology has been mainly, but not exclusively, applied to developing countries.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed in 2010 by the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme and uses health, education and standard of living indicators to determine the incidence and intensity of poverty experienced by a population. It has since been used to measure acute poverty across over 100 developing countries. The Global MPI is released annually by UNDP and OPHI and the results published in their websites. The MPI is published along with the Human Development Index (HDI) in the Human Development Report. It replaced the Human Poverty Index.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: Multidimensional Poverty Indices typically use the household as their unit of analysis, though this is not an absolute requirement. A household is deprived for a given indicator if they fail to satisfy a given 'cutoff' (e.g. having at least one adult member with at least six years of education). A household is assigned a 'deprivation score' determined by the number of indicators they are deprived in and the 'weights' assigned to those indicators. Each dimension (health, education, standard of living, etc.) is typically given an equal weighting, and each indicator within the dimension is also typically weighted equally. If this household deprivation score exceeds a given threshold (e.g. 1/3) then a household is considered to be 'multiply deprived', or simply 'poor'. The final 'MPI score' (or 'Adjusted Headcount Ratio') is determined by the proportion of households deemed 'poor', multiplied by the average deprivation score of 'poor' households.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: MPI advocates state that the method can be used to create a comprehensive picture of people living in poverty, and permits comparisons both across countries, regions and the world and within countries by ethnic group, urban/rural location, as well as other key household and community characteristics. MPIs are useful as an analytical tool to identify the most vulnerable people – the poorest among the poor, revealing poverty patterns within countries and over time, enabling policy makers to target resources and design policies more effectively. Critics of this methodology have pointed out that changes to cutoffs and thresholds, as well as the indicators included and weightings attributed to them can change MPI scores and the resulting poverty evaluation.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: The Global MPI uses three standard dimensions: Health; Education; Standard of Living and ten indicators. These mirror the Human Development Index (HDI).


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: Multidimensional Poverty Indices used for purposes other than global comparison have sometimes used different dimensions, including income and consumption.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: The indicators selected for other MPI oriented studies vary according to availability of data and the context, as well as the theoretical considerations of the researchers.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: The Alkire-Foster (AF) method is a way of measuring multidimensional poverty developed by OPHI's Sabina Alkire and James Foster. Building on the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty measures, it involves counting the different types of deprivation that individuals experience at the same time, such as a lack of education or employment, or poor health or living standards. These deprivation profiles are analysed to identify who is poor, and then used to construct a multidimensional index of poverty (MPI).


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: To identify the poor, the AF method counts the overlapping or simultaneous deprivations that a person or household experiences in different indicators of poverty. The indicators may be equally weighted or take different weights. People are identified as multidimensionally poor if the weighted sum of their deprivations is greater than or equal to a poverty cut off – such as 20%, 30% or 50% of all deprivations.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: It is a flexible approach which can be tailored to a variety of situations by selecting different dimensions (e.g. education), indicators of poverty within each dimension (e.g. how many years schooling a person has) and poverty cut offs (e.g. a person with fewer than five years of education is considered deprived).


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: The most common way of measuring poverty is to calculate the percentage of the population who are poor, known as the headcount ratio ("H"). Having identified who is poor, the AF methodology generates a unique class of poverty measures ("Mα") that goes beyond the simple headcount ratio. Three measures in this class are of high importance:


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: "M0" can be calculated with ordinal as well as cardinal data, which is why it is most often used. Cardinal data are required to calculate "M1" and "M2".


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: The AF Method is unique in that by measuring intensity it can distinguish between, for example, a group of poor people who suffer two deprivations on average and a group of poor people who suffer five deprivations on average at the same time.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: Country X consists of persons A, B and C. The following table shows the deprivation on each of the 10 indicators for persons A, B and C.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen in 1990, and was also developed by the UNDP. It is calculated as the geometric mean of the normalized indices of the three dimensions of human development; it takes into account: health, education and standard of living. UNDP has a separate version of the HDI named the IHDI (Inequality-adjusted HDI).


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: While both the HDI and the MPI use the three broad dimensions "health", "education" and "standard of living", the HDI uses indicators at the aggregate level while MPI uses micro data and all indicators must come from the same survey. This, among other reasons, has led to the MPI only being calculated for just over 100 countries, where data is available for all these diverse indicators, while HDI is calculated for almost all countries.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: However, though HDI is thus more universally applicable, its relative sparsity of indicators also makes it more susceptible to bias. Indeed, some studies have found it to be somewhat biased towards GDP per capita (GDPpc), as demonstrated by a high correlation between HDI and the log of GDPpc. Hence, HDI has been criticized for ignoring other development parameters.


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: Both the HDI and the MPI have been criticized by economists such as Ratan Lal Basu for not taking "moral/emotional/spiritual dimensions" of poverty into consideration. It has been attempted to capture these additional factors by the "Global Happiness Index".


title: Multidimensional Poverty Index

text: According to reports, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted education, employment and social protection of people in the countries which have higher levels of multidimensional poverty such as Zambia.