title: Damages

text: Statutory damages are an amount stipulated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Mere violation of the law can entitle the victim to a statutory award, even if no actual injury occurred. These are different from nominal damages, in which no written sum is specified.


title: Damages

text: Nominal damages are very small damages awarded to show that the loss or harm suffered was technical rather than actual. Perhaps the most famous nominal damages award in modern times has been the $1 verdict against the National Football League (NFL) in the 1986 antitrust suit prosecuted by the United States Football League. Although the verdict was automatically trebled pursuant to antitrust law in the United States, the resulting $3 judgment was regarded as a victory for the NFL. Historically, one of the best known nominal damage awards was the farthing that the jury awarded to James Whistler in his libel suit against John Ruskin. In the English jurisdiction, nominal damages are generally fixed at £5.


title: Damages

text: Many times a party that has been wronged but is not able to prove significant damages will sue for nominal damages. This is particularly common in cases involving alleged violations of constitutional rights, such as freedom of speech. Until 2021, in the United States, there was a circuit split as to whether nominal damages may be used if a constitutional violation had occurred but has since been rendered moot. The Supreme Court decided 8–1 in the 2021 case "Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski" that nominal damages are appropriate means to redress violated rights otherwise now rendered moot.


title: Damages

text: Contemptuous damages are a form of damage award available in some jurisdictions. They are similar to nominal damages awards, as they are given when the plaintiff's suit is trivial, used only to settle a point of honour or law. Awards are usually of the smallest amount, usually 1 cent or similar. The key distinction is that in jurisdictions that follow the loser-pays for attorney fees, the claimant in a contemptuous damages case may be required to pay their own attorney fees.


title: Damages

text: Traditionally, the court awarded the smallest coin in the Realm, which in England was one farthing, 1/960 of a pound before decimalisation in the 1970s. Court costs are not awarded.


title: Damages

text: Generally, punitive damages, which are also termed "exemplary damages" in the United Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant and similar persons from pursuing a course of action such as that which damaged the plaintiff. Punitive damages are awarded only in special cases where conduct was egregiously insidious and are over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of malice or intent. Great judicial restraint is expected to be exercised in their application. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the due process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.


title: Damages

text: In England and Wales, exemplary damages are limited to the circumstances set out by Lord Devlin in the leading case of "Rookes v. Barnard". They are:


title: Damages

text: Rookes v Barnard has been much criticised and has not been followed in Canada or Australia or by the Privy Council.


title: Damages

text: Punitive damages awarded in a US case would be difficult to get recognition for in a European court, where punitive damages are most likely to be considered to violate ordre public.


title: Damages

text: Some jurisdictions recognize a form of damages, called, aggravated damages, that are similar to punitive or exemplary damages. Aggravated damages are not often awarded; they apply where the injury has been aggravated by the wrongdoer's behaviour, for example, their cruelty.


title: Damages

text: In certain areas of the law another head of damages has long been available, whereby the defendant is made to give up the profits made through the civil wrong in restitution. Doyle and Wright define restitutionary damages as being a monetary remedy that is measured according to the defendant's gain rather than the plaintiff's loss. The plaintiff thereby gains damages which are not measured by reference to any loss sustained. In some areas of the law this heading of damages is uncontroversial; most particularly intellectual property rights and breach of fiduciary relationship.


title: Damages

text: In England and Wales the House of Lords case of "Attorney-General v. Blake" opened up the possibility of restitutionary damages for breach of contract. In this case the profits made by a defecting spy, George Blake, for the publication of his book, were awarded to the British Government for breach of contract. The case has been followed in English courts, but the situations in which restitutionary damages will be available remain unclear.


title: Damages

text: The basis for restitutionary damages is much debated, but is usually seen as based on denying a wrongdoer any profit from his wrongdoing. The really difficult question, and one which is currently unanswered, relates to what wrongs should allow this remedy.


title: Damages

text: In addition to damages, the successful party is often entitled to be awarded their reasonable legal costs that they spent during the case. This is the rule in most countries other than the United States. In the United States, a party generally is not entitled to its attorneys' fees or for hardships undergone during trial unless the parties agreed in a contract that attorney's fees should be covered or a specific statute or law permits recovery of legal fees, such as discrimination.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: The Beltrán Leyva Organization (also known as the Beltrán Leyva Cartel (BLO); (CBL)) was a Mexican drug cartel and organized crime syndicate, formerly headed by the five Beltrán Leyva brothers: Marcos Arturo, Carlos, Alfredo, Mario Alberto, and Héctor. Founded as a Sinaloa Cartel, the Beltrán Leyva cartel was responsible for transportation and wholesaling of cocaine, heroin and marijuana (and the production of the last two). It controlled numerous drug trafficking corridors, and engaged in human smuggling, money laundering, extortion, kidnapping, murder and gun-running.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: The BLO was one of Mexico's most powerful drug cartels, which had effectively infiltrated the ranks of various Mexican government agencies and Mexico's Interpol. Its last known leader, Héctor Beltrán Leyva, was arrested in October 2014, having had a multimillion-dollar bounty placed on him by the governments of both the United States and Mexico. On August 11, 2011 the capture of one of the cartel's former top lieutenants, called "the last Beltran-Leyva link of any importance", prompted Mexican authorities to declare the cartel disbanded and extinct.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: Born in the Sinaloan countryside in the 1960s, the Beltrán Leyva brothers—Arturo, Carlos, Alfredo, Mario Alberto and Héctor—worked closely with their cousin, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, the leader of the Cartel, during decades of smuggling. Sensing a void in the rival Gulf Cartel after Osiel Cárdenas' arrest on March 14, 2003, the organization began to move into Gulf Cartel territory. The gangs fought each other in northern Mexican cities, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of people, including some civilians, police and journalists.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: In 2004 and 2005, Arturo Beltrán Leyva led powerful groups of assassins to fight for trade routes in northeastern Mexico for the Cartel. Through the use of corruption or intimidation, the Beltrán Leyva Cartel was able to infiltrate Mexico's political, judicial and police institutions to feed classified information about anti-drug operations, and even infiltrated the Interpol office in Mexico.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: During 2010, former Beltran Leyva cartel lieutenant Óscar Osvaldo García Montoya (a.k.a. "El Compayito") attempted to regroup some cartel remnants under a gang he called "La Mano Con Ojos". García Montoya was arrested on August 11, 2011; the Attorney General of Mexico had placed a 5million pesos (US$400,000) bounty for his capture. Mexican authorities stated that García Montoya was "the last Beltrán-Leyva link of any importance", and that the cartel has been disbanded.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: Allied forces of Los Zetas and Beltrán-Leyva remnants clashed on April 28, 2012 with gunmen of the organization in the Choix mountains. At least 32 armed men were confirmed dead. The renewed fighting in Sinaloa state between the BLO and the Cartel is supposedly sparked by the incursion of the Cartel and its allies in Nuevo Laredo, traditionally the biggest Zeta stronghold.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: The last cartel leader, Héctor Beltrán Leyva, was captured on October 1, 2014 while eating at a popular restaurant in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. The U.S. was offering a reward of US$5million for information leading to his arrest. while the Mexican government was offering a US$2.1million reward.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: The arrest of Beltrán Leyva Organization leader Alfredo Beltrán Leyva (a.k.a. "El Mochomo") ("The Desert Ant") on January 20, 2008, was a huge blow to the organization, as he allegedly oversaw large-scale drug-smuggling operations and was a key money launderer for the cartel. In apparent revenge for the arrest of his brother Alfredo, Arturo ordered the assassination of the commissioner of the Federal Police, Édgar Eusebio Millán Gómez, and other top federal officials in the Mexican capital. One group of these hit men was captured in a Mexico City house with dozens of assault rifles, pistols, grenade launchers, 30 hand grenades, and bullet-proof jackets bearing the legend FEDA—the Spanish acronym for 'Special Forces of Arturo'. Apparently, the Beltrán Leyva brothers blamed their partner Joaquin "Chapo" Guzmán for their brother's arrest,<ref name="Stratfor11/11/2008"> </ref> and in retaliation ordered the assassination of Guzmán's son, 22-year-old Édgar Guzmán López, which was carried out in a shopping center parking lot by at least 15 gunmen using assault rifles and grenade launchers.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: The residual impact of Alfredo's arrest not only undermined long-term alliances, but resurrected animosities between rival cartel leaders Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzmán and Arturo's new allies, the Juárez Cartel, and provided the catalyst behind the bloodshed in Mexico's most-violent city: Ciudad Juárez. The Beltrán Leyva brothers, and those loyalists who departed the Cartel with them, allied with Los Zetas, causing an escalation of conflict in strongholds shared uneasily by "old" leaders.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: In February 2010, the Beltrán Leyva Cartel and Los Zetas engaged in a violent turf war against the new alliance integrated by the Gulf Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Cartel in the border city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas, rendering some border towns "ghost towns".


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: Official reports from early 2010 revealed infighting for control of the cartel and its territory. One faction was led by lieutenants Édgar Valdez Villarreal and Gerardo Alvarez-Vazquez, while the other was led by Héctor Beltrán Leyva and his lieutenant Sergio Villarreal Barragán. In April 2010, Héctor Beltrán Leyva created a short-lived cell or branch in Morelos state called South Pacific Cartel ("Cártel del Pacífico Sur") best known for having employed a 12-year-old gunman and executioner.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: The Beltrán Leyva brothers' Colombian cocaine supplier, Ever Villafane Martínez, was arrested in Morelos in August 2008. After that, the organization pursued a relationship with Víctor and Darío Espinoza Valencia of Colombia's Norte del Valle cartel.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: The United States offered a US$5million reward for information leading to the arrest and/or conviction of Héctor Beltrán Leyva.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: Alfredo Beltrán Leyva was captured on January 20, 2008, and Arturo was killed by Mexican Marines in a shootout on December 16, 2009. Two weeks following Arturo's death, on December 30, 2009, Carlos Beltrán Leyva was captured by the Mexican Federal Police in Culiacán, Sinaloa after showing authorities a fake driver's license of an alias he was living under. Carlos was arrested on charges outstanding since 2008, including drug trafficking, criminal conspiracy, money laundering and illegal firearms.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: At the same time as federal police arrested Carlos, Beltrán Leyva associates who allegedly murdered four relatives—a mother, siblings and an aunt—of one of the marines involved in the shootout that killed Arturo, were also arrested by Mexican authorities, with a hitman allegedly confessing to the crimes. The killings, allegedly in retaliation for Arturo's death, happened hours after the marine's funeral. On April 22, 2010, cartel lieutenant Gerardo Alvarez-Vazquez was captured on the outskirts of Mexico City; the U.S. had been offering a $2 million U.S. bounty for his arrest. Edgar Valdez Villarreal, the leader of Los Negros cartel enforcement, was arrested on August 30, 2010 outside Mexico City. On January 18, 2011, José Jorge Balderas Garza, known as "JJ", the lieutenant and financial operator of the Valdez Villarreal faction, was captured. On September 12, 2010, Sergio Villarreal Barragán was arrested in the city of Puebla, east of Mexico City. Héctor Beltrán Leyva was captured by the Mexican Armed Forces on October 1, 2014.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: The August 11, 2011 arrest of Óscar Osvaldo García Montoya (a.k.a. "El Compayito"), a cartel lieutenant, was called "the last Beltran-Leyva link of any importance".


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: On April 16, 2014, the second-in-command, Arnoldo Villa Sánchez, was captured by Mexican authorities in the Condesa district in Mexico City.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: On October 1, 2014, Hector Beltran Leyva and business associate German Goyenechea, who had become the cartel's chief financier, were both captured while eating at a popular restaurant in San Miguel de Allende.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: On October 11, 2017, the U.S. Justice Department arrested Sajid Emilio Quintero Navidad, 36, at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. He was charged with money-laundering and drug-trafficking. Navidad, who also goes by the name "El Cadete" is the cousin of fugitive drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero, who is allegedly responsible for the killing of U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: On July 4, 2019, Héctor Huerta Ríos, the leader of the Beltran-Leyva Cartel in Nuevo Leon who was previously arrested in 2009, was killed by a rival cartel after being shot while driving in Jalisco. His wife, who was in the car with her husband and their two daughters, identified his body to police the next day.


title: Beltrán-Leyva Organization

text: Following the death of Arturo Beltran Leyva on December 16, 2009, and the arrest of Edgar Valdez Villarreal on August 30, 2010, the Beltran Leyva brothers lost much of their influence. The cartel then divided into separate independent groups:


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Subaru launched the third generation Japanese and world-market Legacy in June 1998, while the North American model was introduced in May 1999 for the 2000 model year. In all markets except for the United States, production lasted through 2002, with a limited production Blitzen model sold mid-cycle under the 2003 model year in Japan. Production in the United States lasted through 2004.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: At its introduction in 1999, it won the Automotive Researchers' and Journalists' Conference Car of the Year award in Japan.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: All models were equipped with standard, symmetrical all wheel drive. World-market and Japanese models ranged from a naturally aspirated or twin turbo 2.0 liter flat-4 to naturally aspirated 3.0 liter. Even though dimensions became mid-sized, it was still rated by the EPA as a compact car.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Flat roof wagons are no longer manufactured worldwide, and instead the raised roof is used for both the Legacy and Outback wagons (Lancaster in Japan).


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: In late 2000, the EZ30, a newly designed 3.0 L H6 was offered in the Outback and Lancaster (Japan) models.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4 model was introduced for the third generation and was a sedan-only model. The RSK featured the familiar DOHC, twin-turbo 2.0 litre engine rated ( for automatic with manual mode). This results in a 0–60 mph time of 5.2 seconds for the manual and 5.8 seconds for the automatic. This engine was popular with Japanese buyers due to reduced tax liability based on Japanese vehicle size legislation; the car offered performance advantages over larger cars sold in Japan with bigger engines but with a smaller tax bill. The B4 moniker also applied to naturally aspirated models, such as the 2.0 L TS-R.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Australia models (called B4) were detuned to run on lower octane (98 RON) fuel and were rated for the manual and for the automatic models. This results in a 0–60 mph time of 5.6 seconds for the manual and 6.6 seconds for the automatic.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: A B4 TS-R model was equipped with a less powerful, naturally aspirated 2.0 L DOHC AVCS engine, but shared many of the body and suspension components of the more powerful RSK.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4 is powered by a 'phase 2' all-alloy DOHC, 16-valve, intercooled turbo 2-litre boxer four. According to official Subaru literature, there are several advantages to the boxer design. Due to the balance afforded by horizontally-opposed cylinders, the crankshaft requires less weighting and so there is no need to install balance shafts. This results in reduced noise, vibration and less power loss from the engine. Strength is also an advantage of the boxer design – the crankshaft is sandwiched between the left and right hand crankcases and is supported by 5 main bearings. The low and wide engine structure also lowers the vehicle's centre of gravity and improves mass distribution.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Working from the crankcases out, the 'phase 2' engine sees the crank thrust bearing relocated to the rear of the shaft – this reduces the transfer of natural frequencies to the transmission, resulting in reduced NVH. Improved off-boost torque comes from a raised static compression ratio – 9.0:1, compared to the Impreza WRX's 8.0:1.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4 uses a sequentially staged primary and secondary turbocharger to deliver good throttle response and a wide torque spread. The primary turbo delivers boost in the low rpm and load ranges to deliver at 2000 rpm, while the secondary turbo joins in above 4000–4500 rpm. With both turbos boosting, a torque peak arrives at 4800 rpm and maximum power () is seen at 6000 rpm. Note that Japanese-market B4s – running on 100-octane fuel – are rated at .


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The primary turbo (located at the left rear of the engine) delivers boost in the low rpm and load range, while the secondary turbo comes in to aid mid-to-high range breathing. During the primary turbo stage, boost pressure is controlled by a conventional arrangement of an ECU-controlled duty-cycle solenoid and an internal wastegate.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The secondary turbo remains inoperative during this stage, as a separate exhaust control valve (situated on the right side of the engine) remains closed. This valve prevents exhaust gasses from entering the secondary turbine.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: During the 4000–4500 rpm transitional stage, however, the exhaust control valve is partially opened, bringing the secondary turbo up to near-operating speed. The ECU – working with another duty solenoid and vacuum diaphragm – determines the amount that the exhaust control valve opens. The ECU calculates this amount of valve opening based on the input of a differential pressure sensor that takes feeds from the intake manifold and the outlet of the secondary turbo.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Any boost pressure produced by the secondary turbocharger during the transitional stage is redirected to the atmospheric side of the compressor inlet (between the turbos and air filter).


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: With the primary turbo continuing to supply manifold pressure and the secondary turbocharger essentially bleeding off the boost it makes during the transition, the ECU will determine when to close the pressure relief valve and fully open the exhaust control valve. Once this is done, the ECU will again look at the input from the differential pressure sensor and open yet another valve – the intake control valve (which is mounted between the secondary turbo's compressor outlet and the intercooler).


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: With the intake control valve open, boost pressure from the secondary turbo is allowed to pass through the intercooler (in addition to the boost supplied by the primary turbo). Manifold pressure during the second stage of turbocharging remains regulated by the primary turbocharger's wastegate – there is only one turbine by-pass valve in the whole system.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Subaru claims: "The 'staging' between the single and twin-turbo operating range, which was quite noticeable to the driver on the previous model B4, has now largely been 'tuned out' by the careful selection of turbocharger size and the controlling mechanisms. As can be seen from this torque curve, however, under some driving conditions it is still possible to detect a slight reduction in the rate of acceleration in the preparatory or intermediate phase that occurs between 4000–4500 rpm."


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Despite being called twins, the B4's turbochargers are not identical. The primary turbocharger is an IHI VF33 unit (RHF4 core - floating metal thrust bearing design), which uses a 46.5 / 35.4 mm 9-blade turbine wheel and a 47.0 mm / 35.4 mm 6 + 6 blade compressor. At idle, the turbo spins at around 20,000 rpm and it can go on to a maximum speed of 190,000 rpm. It has a 17 mm diameter wastegate opening to bypass excess exhaust gas. The secondary turbocharger is an IHI VF32 (RHF4B core - ball bearing design). On the exhaust side it uses a 46.5 / 35.4 mm 9-blade turbine wheel, teamed with a 52.5 / 36.6 mm 10-blade compressor wheel. It's rated at 180,000 rpm.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Like the WRX, the B4 uses a bonnet scoop to feed a top-mount air-to-air intercooler. Manufactured by Sanden, the intercooler has an effective depth of 73 mm, a width of 140 mm and a length of 370 mm. With 26 tubes to take induction air from one end-tank to the other, the unit has a 13.37 kW heat transfer capacity and reduces 120–130 degree Celsius charge air to 70–80 degrees Celsius (claimed).


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Australian-delivered Liberty B4s come with a longitudinally-mounted 5-speed manual gearbox only. It is essentially the same unit that was introduced in MY99 models (which saw the most changes since the Liberty was introduced in 1990).


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Amongst its list of improvements is increased case rigidity and twice the number of bolts attaching it to the engine (eight instead of four). The syncromesh baulk ring, gear docking teeth angles and the double cone synchro on 2nd and 3rd gear have also all been retuned.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4's 'S type' close-ratio gearset has taller ratios in the first three cogs than the Impreza WRX, but a shorter 4.11:1 final drive ratio counters some of this effect. The gears are now cold forged and shot peened for added strength and a flexible flywheel design is now incorporated to reduce engine vibration reaching the driveline. The pull-type 230 mm single plate clutch has increased torque capacity thanks to an 830 kg clamping load pressure plate.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4's AWD layout is traditional Subaru. The viscous limited-slip centre coupling apportions front-to-rear torque 50:50. Torque distribution at the road, however, is dependent on load distribution and tyre grip. As a result, the static straight driving ratio is 60:40 front-to-rear. Under dynamic driving conditions, however, the torque distribution varies accordingly. The viscous coupling senses rotational speed difference between the front and rear axles and transmits torque to the end with the most grip (which has lesser axle rpm).


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: A rear viscous LSD is also used to improve high-speed stability and traction during low-speed cornering.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4 is suspended on the same platform as other Liberty models – MacPherson struts under the front and a multi-link strut rear. The front suspension incorporates cast aluminium L-shaped transverse links and the cross member features a newly devised 'performance rod'. The performance rod is a lateral brace, which improves side-axis stiffness by 500 percent and longitudinal stiffness by 50 percent. This provides more constant suspension geometry under hard cornering. The rear suspension, too, receives an additional support sub-frame to improve rear suspension lateral and longitudinal stiffness (by 200 percent and 20 percent respectively).


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The struts are inverted to deliver higher bending rigidity (thanks to larger damping tube diameter) and less damping fade as a result of increased piston size. Springs are mounted offset so their centreline coincides with the pivot axis. This reduces road shock and – by minimizing bump and rebound friction – provides less vibration.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4's initial spring, damper, and swaybar specifications were devised in Japan and later tuned at the Nürburgring circuit. It's said the target was to at least equal the performance of the BMW M3.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4 is slowed by 294mm ventilated front disc brakes and twin-pot floating calipers and 290mm ventilated rear discs and single-pot floating calipers. An increased diameter vacuum assisted tandem booster gives reduced pedal effort though relatively firm braking feel (see graph). The system is diagonally linked to maintain safety in the event one line should fail, and front and rear pressure control valve are used to balance braking force to suit weight distribution. Maximum braking deceleration from 100 km/h is 0.99g with a 39.4 metre stopping distance.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4's standard anti-lock braking system is Bosch's 5.3i system (which is made under license by Nippon ABS). It's a 4-channel, 3-phase system with the front wheels controlled individually, while the rears are controlled jointly (through the 'select low' method). The select low method uses the rear wheel with the lower coefficient of adhesion to calculate the brake line pressure applied to both of the rear wheels.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The aforementioned 'select low' method of rear braking force, together with electronically delayed buildup of braking force at the front wheel with a high adhesion coefficient and negative steering roll radius, maximises chassis stability under braking.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: A combined key, remote central locking transmitter and immobiliser transponder protects the Liberty B4 from theft. Once the key is inserted into the ignition barrel and switched on, an antenna amplifier (positioned around the ignition barrel) reads the transponder code and transmits it to the engine management system. Without the correct code sequence, the engine is not allowed to start.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: In addition to the key immobilizer, Subaru Australia also installs a dual-stage security system (as came fitted to previous Impreza STis). The remote locking transmitter represents the first stage of security, while a console-mounted numerical keypad forms the second stage. To disarm the 6 points of immobilization, the correct four-digit code must be entered into the keypad. The system also features an anti-hijack, mode, intrusion alert, false alarm prevention, internal screamer siren, infrasonic sensor, valet mode, and anti cross-pollination software.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The B4's instrument cluster is backlit and delivers excellent visibility under all conditions. The clock rings, pointers, and the calibration data are sequentially illuminated once the ignition is switched on.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: American car audio company McIntosh spent 12 months in Japan customizing a sound system to suit the acoustics of the B4. The double-DIN head unit incorporates a single CD player, tuner, and cassette deck, while some units also had a mini disc player. The system features a high-performance digital to analog (D/A) converter, 20-bit Burr-Brown chips, Dolby B noise reduction (tape), dual-antenna AM/FM radio, and McIntosh's Power Guard technology, which gives low distortion at high sound pressure levels. A 6-band, 4-channel parametric equalizer has also been tuned specifically for the B4.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: An electronically controlled rear muffler is used to keep the B4 quiet at low road speeds. The pipe that leads into the rear muffler is divided in two, with one pipe equipped with a flapper valve. The ECU – working with an actuator and cable – opens this valve when traveling at medium-to-high road speeds. This increases exhaust gas flow.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The fourth revision of the third-generation Legacy, introduced in 2001, made several subtle but important changes to the front of the car. The grille and headlights were altered slightly, making interchangeability with Revisions A-C style headlights impossible. The headlights in the Japanese market kept using HID bulbs as in previous years, but the shape of the headlight was altered slightly. The grille was made slightly taller than the A-C models, and the shape of the bumper around the grille was altered slightly to accommodate a lower joint where the hood and bumper meet. Consistent with previous models, the HID headlights had a dashboard-mounted adjustment switch that allowed the driver to re-aim the headlights to reduce glare to approaching traffic, although the switches were altered slightly internally to adjust for the increase in power needed to adjust the new style headlights. The bonnet became a lighter aluminum alloy, similar to that available on the STI's at the time. Compression and timing changed in order to further reduce the effect of loss of boost during the switch over from the primary to secondary stages. The ECU also got an upgrade, as it is now tunable by the manufacturer or third-party tuning workshops. Additional optional extras were offered upon purchase including but not limited to; a new body kit, headlight surrounds, and 4-pot brakes – the stock wheels were designed to accommodate this upgrade. The D-Type Legacy is Subaru's best shot at the sequential twin-turbo engine besides the STI revision.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Available only for 2000, the Brighton was the lowest trim level of the legacy wagon available. It came standard with a SOHC EJ252 and a 5-speed manual transmission, rear drum brakes, steel wheels with hubcaps, an AM/FM radio and cassette, and other basic features but lacked roof rails, a tachometer, wiring for keyless entry, power locks, cruise control, and some other features that were available on the L trim.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: For most of this generation, the L was the lowest trim package available. From 2000 to 2002, it can be identified with unpainted plastic body molding, door handles, and mirrors. It came standard with the features from the Brighton, plus features that were mentioned as excluded from the Brighton trim, rear disc brakes, and larger tires. From 2003 to 2004, the L had gained standard features in the Special Edition (2003) and 35th Anniversary Edition (2004) such as the "snowflake" style 16" alloy rims from the 2000 to 2002 GT, painted plastic body molding, door handles, and mirrors, dual sunroofs on the wagon and a single sunroof on the sedan, simulated interior wood trim, a CD player, leather-wrapped shift handle and steering wheel, and other features only previously available on the GT.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The GT (2.5GT for 2004) is a trim level that featured larger front brake discs than the standard trim, single beam dual bulb halogen headlights, foglights, sportier suspension, GT specific sideskirts, and a viscous limited-slip rear differential, as well as simulated wood interior trim. The engine is the same 2.5 L naturally aspirated EJ251 engine found in the L and Brighton trim. In 2003, the Sportshift 4-Speed Automatic with Variable Torque Distribution was introduced as an option on the GT.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The GT Limited is a package offered from 2000 to 2002 that had the same additions as the GT trim and added the factory all-weather package. This included features like heated seats, de-icer, and mirror defrosters, but retained the same EJ251 engine. This trim level was dropped for 2003 and features standard on the Limited became standard on the GT. This package was only available for the sedan.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The TX was the lowest trim package available in Japan, being equivalent to the early USDM L trim. It included dual-beam single bulb headlights, unpainted plastic door handles, mirrors, and body molding, an AM/FM cassette radio, steel wheels with hubcaps, and manual climate controls. A 2.0 L naturally aspirated SOHC "lean-burn" EJ201 was used. An S Package was available that upgraded the grille to the touring wagon-style grille and added foglights, alloy wheels, painted door handles, mirrors, and body molding.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The Brighton added to the TX. This trim featured automatic climate control, upgraded 15" mesh alloy rims, foglights, and a standard CD player. It retained the same 2.0 L engine. The JDM Brighton got unique badging, unlike the USDM Brighton.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The Brighton S was an upgraded Brighton and featured a sportier look with painted body molding and single beam dual bulb headlights.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The 250T wagon featured an upgraded DOHC 2.5 L naturally aspirated EJ254 along with an upgraded stereo, Momo steering wheel, single-beam dual bulb headlights, and simulated woodgrain dash trim.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The 250T-B is a version of the 250T upgraded with Bilstein struts and "snowflake" alloy rims featured on USDM Legacies.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The GT is a tuned version of the Legacy Touring Wagon, using a 2.0 L twin-turbo EJ206 if equipped with an automatic or EJ208 if equipped with a manual.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The RS25 was a performance model featuring an upgraded naturally aspirated DOHC 2.5 L EJ254 along with Bilstein shocks.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The RSK sedan featured the twin-turbo EJ20 from the Legacy GT, along with Bilstein shocks. RSK stands for Rally Sport Kompressor, as Kompressor represents the twin-turbo.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Available in both wagon and sedan form, the TS Type R featured a naturally aspirated DOHC 2.0 L EJ204 with a sportier appearance, similar to a GTB without the hood scoop.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The GT30 wagon and RS30 sedan were introduced in 2001 for the 2002 model year as Revision D models. They featured the EZ30 and are identifiable by their unique grille. They were only available with an automatic and came standard with VDC.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Basic spec GT twin-turbo, but came with Subaru's own traction & stability control VDC (third generation)VDC, (Vehicle Dynamics Control). These models were only available in Auto.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The GT-B is a further enhanced version of the GT Wagon. The "B" in the name refers to the Bilstein struts that the car was equipped with. An E-Tune package was available giving a stiffer chassis and longer gearing for better fuel economy. The E-Tune II was introduced in 2001 as a 2002 model for Revision D and featured a stiffer chassis and other upgrades. Vehicles with the Bilstein shocks had a small Bilstein badge attached to the rear of the vehicle, below the "GT" badge. They featured some different interior options, larger brakes and wheels, and more.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: It was a concept car named after an area in Southern France, based on the wagon body. It includes a cobalt blue body, naturally aspirated 2.5 L engine, a unique body kit, wheels, and interior accents, such as clay-colored seats and a light-colored dashboard.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: It is a limited (400 unit target, 286 actually produced) version sedan built by STI division. It includes a twin sequential turbo 2.0 L EJ208 engine and a 6-speed manual transmission.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The Blitzen model ("Blitz" is German for lightning) was the result of a collaboration with design house Porsche Design, and featured many unique parts and paint schemes, and was the top-level luxury sport package from Subaru, using items from their STi performance division. The wheels, body kit, and interior were all designed by this German group. It also featured an implementation of Aisin Seiki's new sequential automatic gearbox, the first use of sequential-shifting on a production Subaru model. The model was refreshed in 2002 with an updated design.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: This was the lowest trim available outside of domestic and North American markets. It came standard with manual climate controls, an AM/FM cassette stereo, rear drum brakes, and a 2.0 L SOHC EJ20E.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The GX came standard with a 2.5 L SOHC EJ251, automatic climate controls and an upgraded CD player. VDC and leather were options.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: With the arrival of the third generation Legacy, the second generation Outback wagon became its own model. The Legacy SUS remained unique to North America and was realigned with the Outback Limited package, offering the sedan with an optional horizontal six-cylinder engine, also optional on the wagon. The new body style was introduced to Japan in September 1998 and called the Lancaster. The USA-spec Outback was available starting in 2000. In October of that year, Nissan introduced a Japan-only called competitor with an Outback-like appearance called the Nissan Avenir Blaster.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The raised roof was retained, but the new body was smoother, rounder, and about 3 inches longer, with a slightly longer wheelbase. A new version of Subaru's flat four-cylinder "boxer" engine was standard, offering more low-end torque, better fuel economy, and smoother performance. There were no changes to the front suspension, but there was a complete makeover of the rear suspension, which included a new design that occupied less of the backspace, adding more room in the trunk and cargo floor. Safety improvements consist of three-point seat belts for the driver and additional four passengers. There is also a child-safety-seat anchor for all of the seat positions in the back. For the front, the seat belts are positioned to better hold the driver and front passenger along with front and rear airbags installed to protect the occupants in a collision. The Subaru Outback received a good rating from The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety in 2000 for its performance in a safety demonstration of a crash test at 40 miles per hour. The Outback has been since developing to make it as safe, smooth, and convenient a ride that it can be.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The rear seat on the Outback sedan does not fold down, unlike previous generations where the rear seat had a 60:40 folding seat for extended length items. Rear headrests are now included as standard equipment on all trim levels. The ground clearance is . The engine now meets California's LEV emission standard.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The Outback came standard with a by SAE, 4-cylinder boxer engine, four-cylinder SOHC design with a maximum torque of () that was available at a lower RPM compared to the previous generation. The 2.5 L SOHC four-cylinder engine uses a timing belt that must be replaced around , whereas the 3.0 L six-cylinder engine uses a timing chain that does not require replacement under normal conditions.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The base model six-cylinder was offered as the H6-3.0 — its interior, and available options, were identical to those of the Outback "Limited", with the exception of a manual transmission, although many successful non-factory transmission swaps have proven that it physically bolts up without issue (but still requires some significant modifications to the electrical system). Badging for all 6-cylinder Outbacks was located on the front grille as well as on the rear of the vehicle.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: In a higher trim level, known as the Outback H6-3.0 L.L. Bean in the USA, it included standard features like an in-dash six-disc CD changer, automatic climate control, leather upholstery, and dual moonroofs. OnStar was available as an option on the USA-spec L.L. Bean and VDC trims. In-dash satellite navigation was offered on Japan-spec vehicles on upper trim level wagons starting with Model Year 1998 and continued to offer a Momo black leather steering wheel with genuine wood inlay, shift knob, and parking brake handle. Plaid upholstery was still offered on Japan-spec Lancasters.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The six-cylinder was also available as the Outback H6-3.0 VDC; a 200 Watt McIntosh stereo system was standard from 2001 to 2004 with Subaru's VDC (Vehicle Dynamics Control) system, which integrated stability control with traction control. These were some of the only vehicles ever factory-equipped with McIntosh stereo equipment. The system was also mated to a previously used Japanese-market AWD system, called VTD, in which power was split 45/55 front-to-rear in normal conditions. When wheel spin is detected, the system cuts power to the spinning wheel and directs power to those that are not. Only when necessary do the brakes slow the affected wheels, when the vehicle detects excessive oversteer or understeer. This package had more sound insulation than other trims, as well as those features found on the H6-3.0 L.L. Bean, such as dual moonroofs, OnStar, and leather upholstery. Its curb weight was just slightly higher than that of the standard H6-3.0 L.L. Bean trim, and while the VDC badging was placed on the front quarter panels only, the H6-3.0 and Outback markings were also applied as usual.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Australian-specification vehicles differ from cars delivered in the United States by following the Japanese models; primarily headlights, side indicators (on front quarter panels), rear taillights, front and rear bumpers, and a higher placing of the "Outback" badging on the front door bodywork (as opposed to being placed on the plastic cladding).


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: This generation of Outback was released in an early style with gold-colored cladding, all-in-one headlights (not dissimilar to the US model headlights), and internally a light gray cloth (sometimes speckled with various colors), a light brown wood textured dashboard and a plain instrument cluster. A nudge bar (a smaller style of bullbar or roo bar) was also available as an aftermarket option. The later style (2002–2004) was updated with silver cladding, an updated range of paint colors, multi-unit headlights (where headlight and indicators were in different sections of the unit) and internally a dark gray/black cloth, dark gray plastics, a very dark brown faint wood texture, and metal trims on the dials of the instrument cluster.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Models available included the base "Outback", the "Outback Limited" which added a sunroof and cloth/leather seats and the "Outback H6" which included the 6-cylinder engine with VDC as described in this article. The H6 was released with slightly different 16-inch wheels and available in a single metallic pearl off-white colour instead of the usual colour with gold or silver cladding. The H6 was only available in automatic, apparently due to the size of the 6-cylinder engine taking up too much space to fit the manual box and associated dual-range mechanicals.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The Lancaster (as known in Japan) was released originally in September 1998 following the original release of the third-generation Legacy in May 1998. The Lancaster models were available originally in 2.5 L engine size with the E-4AT transmission or 5-Speed Manual. In May 2000, Subaru released the Lancaster 6, featuring Subaru's reborn Flat-6 engine. This was in production from April 2000 to May 2001 when Subaru released the facelifted Legacy models included a revised Lancaster design. These changes were seen on 'Outbacks' produced in Japan, US built Outbacks did not use the facelifted design released by Subaru Japan.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The Lancaster ADA (Active Driving Assist) was introduced in September 1999. The system featured two CCD cameras mounted either side of the rear-view mirror. The system was installed on 2.5 L models with VDC and then later in 2000 on the newer Lancaster 6 VDC models.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: While Subaru's newly marketed (Japanese) system (essentially ADA) found in the 5th generation Legacy and Outback draws media attention for 'new advanced technology', the ADA system was actually a system developed back in the late 1990s along with the development of the 3rd Generation Legacy and is no means 'new technology' as such, but more a 'newly recognised' system for a more safety-conscious global market.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Subaru developed a four-door coupé utility (pickup) version of the Outback with all-wheel-drive, known as the "Subaru Baja" "(pronounced ba-ha)". Manufactured from 2002 to 2006 and marketed for the 2003 through to 2006 model years, the Baja combined the handling and passenger carrying characteristics of a traditional passenger car with the open-bed versatility, and to a lesser degree, load capacity of a pickup truck. Subaru marketed the Baja in the United States, Canada, and Chile.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The unibody design borrowed heavily from the existing mechanicals, platform and sheet metal of the Outback wagon. Production occurred at the Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. factory in Lafayette, Indiana.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The 4-speed automatic transmission had a feature where the transmission could be instructed to ignore 1st gear from a standing stop to assist driving on traction limited situations, such as ice and snow. The system was activated by moving the gearshift from the "D" position down to "2nd". The car would then start in 2nd gear, and not 1st. The transmission also splits the delivered torque 50-50 between the front and rear wheels. Once the car stopped, the transmission would start back in 2nd and not 1st, until the system was upshifted to 4th.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Japanese models with automatic transmission include a "Power/Econo" button that was previously installed on the gear selector has been relocated to the transmission surround on the right side, due to a redesign of the automatic transmission gear shift handle.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: The automatic transmission also has the ability to change the shift points, and hold the gears longer when the engine is operating at a higher RPM. This is achieved by pressing the accelerator pedal rapidly, which causes the transmission to hold the gear until 5000 rpm before shifting to the next gear. No indicator light appears in the instrument cluster, unlike previous generations. The transmission also has engine over-rev protection by shifting the transmission to the next available gear once 6500 rpm has been achieved, even if the gear selector is in a low gear position.


title: Subaru Legacy (third generation)

text: Japanese-spec vehicles with the twin-turbo had a "Sportshift" manumatic transmission, that allowed the driver to push the automatic gearshift selector to the left, and then allow the driver to shift the automatic like a manual transmission. In-dash satellite navigation was offered on Japan-spec vehicles on upper trim level sedans and wagons starting with Model Year 1998 and continued to offer a Momo black leather steering wheel, gearshift knob, and parking brake handle.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation (e.g., rail, ship, aircraft, and truck), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes. The method reduces cargo handling, and so improves security, reduces damage and loss, and allows freight to be transported faster. Reduced costs over road trucking is the key benefit for inter-continental use. This may be offset by reduced timings for road transport over shorter distances.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Intermodal transportation has its origin in 18th century England and predates the railways. Some of the earliest containers were those used for shipping coal on the Bridgewater Canal in England in the 1780s. Coal containers (called "loose boxes" or "tubs") were soon deployed on the early canals and railways and were used for road/rail transfers (road at the time meaning horse-drawn vehicles).


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Wooden coal containers were first used on the railways in the 1830s on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. In 1841, Isambard Kingdom Brunel introduced iron containers to move coal from the vale of Neath to Swansea Docks. By the outbreak of the First World War the Great Eastern Railway was using wooden containers to trans-ship passenger luggage between trains and sailings via the port of Harwich.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: The early 1900s saw the first adoption of covered containers, primarily for the movement of furniture and intermodal freight between road and rail. A lack of standards limited the value of this service and this in turn drove standardisation. In the U.S. such containers, known as "lift vans", were in use from as early as 1911.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: In the United Kingdom containers were first standardised by the Railway Clearing House (RCH) in the 1920s, allowing both railway-owned and privately-owned vehicles to be carried on standard container flats. By modern standards these containers were small, being long, normally wooden and with a curved roof and insufficient strength for stacking. From 1928 the London, Midland & Scottish Railway offered "door to door" intermodal road-rail services using these containers. This standard failed to become popular outside the United Kingdom.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Pallets made their first major appearance during World War II, when the United States military assembled freight on pallets, allowing fast transfer between warehouses, trucks, trains, ships, and aircraft. Because no freight handling was required, fewer personnel were needed and loading times were decreased.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Truck trailers were first carried by railway before World War II, an arrangement often called "piggyback", by the small Class I railroad, the Chicago Great Western in 1936. The Canadian Pacific Railway was a pioneer in piggyback transport, becoming the first major North American railway to introduce the service in 1952. In the United Kingdom, the big four railway companies offered services using standard RCH containers that could be craned on and off the back of trucks. Moving companies such as Pickfords offered private services in the same way.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: In 1933 in Europe, under the auspices of the International Chamber of Commerce, The International Container Bureau (French: Bureau International des Conteneurs, BIC) was established. In June 1933, "Bureau International des Containers et du Transport Intermodal" (B.I.C.) decided about obligatory parameters for container use in international traffic. Containers handled by means of lifting gear, such as cranes, overhead conveyors, etc. for traveling elevators (group I containers), constructed after July 1, 1933. Obligatory Regulations:


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: In the 1950s, a new standardized steel Intermodal container based on specifications from the United States Department of Defense began to revolutionize freight transportation. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) then issued standards based upon the U.S. Department of Defense standards between 1968 and 1970.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: The White Pass & Yukon Route railway acquired the world's first container ship, the "Clifford J. Rogers", built in 1955, and introduced containers to its railway in 1956. In the United Kingdom the modernisation plan, and in turn the Beeching Report, strongly pushed containerization. British Railways launched the Freightliner service carrying high pre-ISO containers. The older wooden containers and the pre-ISO containers were rapidly replaced by ISO standard containers, and later by containers and larger.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: In the U.S., starting in the 1960s, the use of containers increased steadily. Rail intermodal traffic tripled between 1980 and 2002, according to the Association of American Railroads (AAR), from 3.1 million trailers and containers to 9.3 million. Large investments were made in intermodal freight projects. An example was the US$740 million Port of Oakland intermodal rail facility begun in the late 1980s.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Since 1984, a mechanism for intermodal shipping known as double-stack rail transport has become increasingly common. Rising to the rate of nearly 70% of the United States' intermodal shipments, it transports more than one million containers per year. The double-stack rail cars design significantly reduces damage in transit and provides greater cargo security by cradling the lower containers so their doors cannot be opened. A succession of large, new, domestic container sizes was introduced to increase shipping productivity. In Europe, the more restricted loading gauge has limited the adoption of double-stack cars. However, in 2007 the Betuweroute, a railway from Rotterdam to the German industrial heartland, was completed, which may accommodate double-stacked containers in the future. Other countries, like New Zealand, have numerous low tunnels and bridges that limit expansion for economic reasons.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Since electrification generally predated double-stacking, the overhead wiring was too low to accommodate it. However, India is building some freight-only corridors with the overhead wiring at above rail, which is high enough.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Containers, also known as intermodal containers or ISO containers because the dimensions have been defined by ISO, are the main type of equipment used in intermodal transport, particularly when one of the modes of transportation is by ship. Containers are wide by  or high. Since introduction, there have been moves to adopt other heights, such as . The most common lengths are , , , , although other lengths exist. The three common sizes are:


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: In countries where the railway loading gauge is sufficient, truck trailers are often carried by rail. Variations exist, including open-topped versions covered by a fabric curtain are used to transport larger loads. A container called a "tanktainer", with a tank inside a standard container frame, carries liquids. Refrigerated containers (reefer) are used for perishables. Swap body units have the same bottom corners as intermodal containers but are not strong enough to be stacked. They have folding legs under their frame and can be moved between trucks without using a crane.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Handling equipment can be designed with intermodality in mind, assisting with transferring containers between rail, road and sea. These can include:


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: According to the European Commission Transportation Department “it has been estimated that up to 25% of accidents involving trucks can be attributable to inadequate cargo securing”. Cargo that is improperly secured can cause severe accidents and lead to the loss of cargo, the loss of lives, the loss of vehicles, ships and airplane; not to mention the environmental hazards it can cause.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: There are many different ways and materials available to stabilize and secure cargo in containers used in the various modes of transportation. Conventional Load Securing methods and materials such as steel banding and wood blocking & bracing have been around for decades and are still widely used. In the last few years the use of several, relatively new and unknown Load Securing methods have become available through innovation and technological advancement including polyester strapping and -lashing, synthetic webbings and Dunnage Bags, also known as air bags.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Container ships are used to transport containers by sea. These vessels are custom-built to hold containers. Some vessels can hold thousands of containers. Their capacity is often measured in TEU or FEU. These initials stand for "twenty-foot equivalent unit," and "forty-foot equivalent unit," respectively. For example, a vessel that can hold 1,000 40-foot containers or 2,000 20-foot containers can be said to have a capacity of . After the year 2006, the largest container ships in regular operation are capable of carrying in excess of .


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: A key consideration in the size of container ships is that larger ships exceed the capacity of important sea routes such as the Panama and Suez canals. The largest size of container ship able to traverse the Panama canal is referred to as Panamax, which is presently around . A third set of locks is planned as part of the Panama Canal expansion project to accommodate container ships up to in future, comparable to the present Suezmax.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Very large container ships also require specialized deep water terminals and handling facilities. The container fleet available, route constraints, and terminal capacity play a large role in shaping global container shipment logistics.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: In North America, containers are often shipped by rail in container well cars. These cars resemble flatcars but the newer ones have a container-sized depression, or well, in the middle (between the bogies or "trucks") of the car. This depression allows for sufficient clearance to allow two containers to be loaded in the car in a "double stack" arrangement. The newer container cars also are specifically built as a small articulated "unit", most commonly in components of three or five, whereby two components are connected by a "single" bogie as opposed to two bogies, one on each car. Double stacking is also used in parts of Australia. On some older railways, particularly in the United Kingdom, the use of well cars is necessary to carry single stacked large containers within the loading gauge.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: It is also common in North America to transport semi-trailers on railway flatcars or spine cars, an arrangement called "piggyback" or TOFC "(trailer on flatcar)" to distinguish it from "container on flatcar" (COFC). Some flatcars are designed with collapsible trailer hitches so they can be used for trailer or container service. Such designs allow trailers to be rolled on from one end, though lifting trailers on and off flatcars by specialized loaders is more common. TOFC terminals typically have large areas for storing trailers pending loading or pickup.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: If the rail line has been built with sufficient vertical clearance then double-stack rail transport can be used. Where lines are electrified with overhead electric wiring double stacking is normally not possible. The mandatory requirement to fit under overhead wire for the traction engine electrical power supply sets the height limit for the railcars to allow for trailer transport. This requires a certain low building height which led to a minor size of wheels for the railcars. Hence increased degradation of bogeys by wheel wear-out is a cost disadvantage for the system.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: When carried by rail, containers can be loaded on flatcars or in container well cars. In Europe, stricter railway height restrictions (smaller loading gauge and structure gauge) and overhead electrification prevent containers from being stacked two high, and containers are hauled one high either on standard flatcars or other railroad cars. Taller containers are often carried in well wagons (not stacked) on older European railway routes where the loading gauge (especially with the reduced gauge for UK lines) is particularly small.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Narrow gauge railways of gauge have smaller wagons that do not readily carry ISO containers, nor do the long and wide wagons of the gauge Kalka-Shimla Railway. Wider narrow gauge railways of e.g. and gauge can take ISO containers, provided that the loading gauge allows it.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Trucking is frequently used to connect the "linehaul" ocean and rail segments of a global intermodal freight movement. This specialized trucking that runs between ocean ports, rail terminals, and inland shipping docks, is often called drayage, and is typically provided by dedicated drayage companies or by the railroads.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: As many rail lines in the United States terminate in or around Chicago, Illinois, the area serves as a common relay point for containerized freight moving across the country. Many of the motor carriers call this type of drayage “crosstown loads” that originate at one rail road and terminate at another. For example, a container destined for the east coast from the west will arrive in Chicago either via the Union Pacific or BNSF Railway and have to be relayed to one of the eastern railroads, either CSX or Norfolk Southern.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Barges utilising ro-ro and container-stacking techniques transport freight on large inland waterways such as the Rhine/Danube in Europe and the Mississippi River in the U.S.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: The term "landbridge" or "land bridge" is commonly used in the intermodal freight transport sector. When a containerized ocean freight shipment travels across a large body of land for a significant distance, that portion of the trip is referred to as the "land bridge" and the mode of transport used is rail transport. There are three applications for the term.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: The term "reverse land bridge" refers to a "micro land bridge" from an east coast port (as opposed to a west coast port in the previous examples) to an inland destination.


title: Intermodal freight transport

text: Generally modern, bigger planes usually carry cargo in the containers. Sometimes even the checked luggage is first placed into containers, and then loaded onto the plane. Of course because of the requirement for the lowest weight possible (and very important, little difference in the viable mass point), and low space, specially designed containers made from lightweight material are often used. Due to price and size, this is rarely seen on the roads or in ports. However, large transport aircraft make it possible to even load standard container(s), or use standard sized containers made of much lighter materials like titanium or aluminium.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: The Illawarra Hawks (formerly the Wollongong Hawks and The Hawks) is an Australian professional basketball team based in Wollongong, New South Wales. The Illawarra Hawks compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at WIN Entertainment Centre, known colloquially as "The Sandpit". The Illawarra Hawks are the only remaining NBL team to have competed in every season since the league's inception in 1979. The team won their first and so far only NBL Championship in 2001 and finished as runners-up in 2005, 2010 and 2017.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: The team began as the Illawarra Hawks in the New South Wales Men's Division 1 championship before joining the National Basketball League (NBL) for its inaugural season in 1979. The Hawks played out of Beaton Park Stadium, commonly known as "The Snakepit". In 1981, import Mike Jones was named NBL Most Valuable Player. In 1987, the Hawks had their best season to date, finishing in third place with a 20–6 record.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: In 1998, the team was renamed the Wollongong Hawks and moved into WIN Entertainment Centre, known as the Sandpit, with Beaton Park remaining as their office and training facility. The venue is also home to Basketball Illawarra's representative side, also known as the 'Illawarra Hawks'. There is no official relationship between Basketball Illawarra and the NBL side anymore despite sharing the Snakepit.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: The 2000/01 season marked history for the Hawks as they won their maiden NBL Championship. Prior to the start of the season, coach Brendan Joyce changed almost half his roster, adding Charles Thomas, Damon Lowery, Grant Kruger, Matt Shanahan and Axel Dench. After finishing the regular season in fourth with a club-best 21 wins from 28 games, Wollongong upset Perth in the first round of the post-season before conquering Adelaide when Lowery sunk three free throws with no time on the clock in game three of the semi-final series. The Hawks went on to beat Townsville 2–1 in the grand final to capture the team's only title.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: In February 2009, captain Mat Campbell started the "Save the Hawks" campaign after the ownership group declared the team would not be able to join revamped league in 2009/10 on financial grounds. Campbell and his small team reached their goal, thanks to the commitment of the Illawarra community, naming rights sponsor ahm Health Insurance, and a bank guarantee provided by Indian mining magnate Mr. Arun Jagatramka from Gujarat NRE. A not-for-profit community-based company formed as Wollongong Hawks Basketball Limited was established to operate the Hawks into the future.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: In 2009/10, they made their third appearance in the grand final series, this time coming up short to the Perth Wildcats. In 2010/11, import Gary Ervin was named MVP of the league, becoming the first Hawk to win the award since Mike Jones in 1981. In 2013/14, import Rotnei Clarke was named MVP of the league, becoming the third Hawk to win the award.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: In July 2014, a new era was ushered in by the Hawks after Telecommunications entrepreneur James Spenceley was successful in his bid to become the organisation's new owner. However, following a dismal 2014/15 season, the organisation was dealt a substantial off-court blow with Wollongong Coal withdrawing their major sponsorship 1½ years into a five-year contract. The Hawks subsequently decided to place themselves into Voluntary Administration on 2 March 2015. On 25 March 2015, the Hawks secured Multi Civil and Rail as their major sponsor, as the company committed to a one-year deal.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: On 22 June 2015, the organisation announced that the team would revert to its original name, the Illawarra Hawks, to better reflect not only the city of Wollongong, but also the surrounding area including the city of Shellharbour, the town of Kiama and the Wingecarribee Shire.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: Following long-time coach Gordie McLeod's departure, Rob Beveridge was signed as head coach for the 2015/16 season. He nabbed the trio of New Zealand sharp shooter Kirk Penney, big man AJ Ogilvy, and US point guard Kevin Lisch. The trio were dubbed "the three-headed monster", but they were unsuccessful in leading the Hawks to a championship, falling short in the semi-finals. Lisch was named MVP of the league, becoming the fourth Hawk to win the award.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: With Lisch and Penney departing after one season, the Hawks reacquired the serves of Rotnei Clarke for the 2016/17 season. He helped them reach the NBL Grand Final for the first time since 2010, where they were defeated 3–0 by the Perth Wildcats.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: On 17 June 2019, high school phenom LaMelo Ball announced on ESPN's "The Jump" that he will sign with the Illawarra Hawks. Ball became the second high school phenom to enter the NBL's Next Stars program for the 2019–20 NBL season, with R. J. Hampton of the New Zealand Breakers being the first. The pair played against each other on 24 October 2019, with the game between the Hawks and the New Zealand Breakers becoming the most watched game in NBL history with nearly two million views globally on Facebook.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: In April 2020, the NBL took back the licence for the Illawarra Hawks after the club was placed into voluntary administration. In May 2020, creditors voted to liquidate the Hawks, but the NBL vowed to keep club alive. On 17 June 2020 the NBL announced that Dorry Kordahi, Bryan Colangelo and Michael Proctor had been awarded the license for the club.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: Under the agreement with the new ownership, the team was renamed The Hawks, in an effort to broaden the team's appeal in New South Wales. The NBL faced fierce backlash to the decision to strip the Illawarra name, and in February 2021 the NBL agreed to allow the club to be renamed the Illawarra Hawks after a successful campaign by the new owners to boost membership and corporate support.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: The team's colours are red and white. The logo consists of a red hawk with large centred text of "Hawks". The Hawk is holding a basketball in its talons. Predominately black uniforms are used for home games, and predominantly white uniforms for away games.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: The Hawks play their home games at WIN Entertainment Centre, Wollongong, which holds a capacity of 6,000 seats when in full basketball format. The Hawks are the only full-time tenants at the arena and have been playing at the arena since the 1998–99 NBL season.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: Prior to this season, the Hawks played out of the 2,000 seat Beaton Park Stadium (also known as the Illawarra Basketball Stadium) for twenty seasons starting from the club's inception in 1979. One story that evolved around the NBL during the 1980s was that the Illawarra Steelers rugby league team would sit behind the opposition bench during Hawks home games at Beaton Park in a bid to intimidate the opposing team. The Hawks continue to use the stadium as a training facility and also play some pre-season games there.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: The Hawks record home attendance of 5,839 was set on 18 February 2005 against the Sydney Kings at the WIN Entertainment Centre during Round 21 of the 2004–05 NBL season.


title: Illawarra Hawks

text: There have been twelve different head coaches for the Hawks during their history. Charlie Ammit was the first coach of the Hawks to take the team to a finals series when his side finished fourth in the regular season with a 13–11 record. Brendan Joyce was the first coach to both win the Championship (in 2000–01) and claim runners-up (in 2004–05). He was also the first coach to claim runners-up in the regular season (in 2003–04). Both Joyce (2004–05) and Gordie McLeod (2009–10) have the unfortunate honour of claiming the runners-up prize in both the regular season and finals series in the same year. Eric Cooks became the first captain of the club (1999–00) to also become a coach (2006–2009). McLeod is the only other captain (1980–1982 and 1984–1988) to have accomplished this when took over from Cooks in 2009.


title: Coors Light

text: Coors Light is a 4.2% (US) ABV light beer brewed in Golden, Colorado; Albany, Georgia; Elkton, Virginia; Fort Worth, Texas; Irwindale, California; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was first produced in 1978 by the Coors Brewing Company. The Canadian version of Coors Light is 4.0% ABV and brewed by Molson Coors Canada Inc. in Moncton, New Brunswick. The parent company is the Molson Coors Beverage Company. In Australia and the United Kingdom, Coors Light is labelled as "Coors."


title: Coors Light

text: The beer has a "Cold Certified" label which turns the mountains on the label from white to blue when the beer's temperature is lowered to . Coors Light has a "mountain icon" to represent the beer as part of the logo. As of 2020, the icon is a stylized drawing of a mountain with two peaks, along with the removal of their famous 'cold lined' can conditioning blue liner.


title: Coors Light

text: In the 1940s, the Coors Brewing Company introduced a beer called "Coors Light" that was lighter in body and calories.


title: Coors Light

text: It was discontinued at the start of World War II. After Miller Lite was introduced in 1973, Coors Light was reintroduced in 1978.


title: Coors Light

text: Coors Light advertising highlights the quality of the beer as "the most refreshing place on earth". Additionally, Coors Light ads are designed to target young demographics. The stories behind the ads seek to capture the attention of young people, situating them in cool places they would like to be. Cavalry Agency out of Chicago, IL, is no longer the current Advertising Agency for Coors Light. Cavalry was responsible for the 'Reach For The Cold' Campaign featuring the Coors Light Explorers. Additionally, in April 2013, the agency produced a Digital Video for Coors Light ad known as "Coors Light the brewer ambushes a summer pool party with the frosty taste of winter". The television ad was considered the ad of the week in the Adweek publication.


title: Coors Light

text: The brewery introduced the tagline "perfect shot of refreshment" under the slogan of a “Silver Bullet”, a symbol of the silver can that holds the beer.


title: Coors Light

text: In May 2013, the Coors Light aluminum pint, featuring Ball Corporation Alumi-Tek® bottle, has been awarded a Gold Award from The Packaging Association (PAC) and was chosen as the Canadian Packaging Consumers Voice Award winner at the recent PAC Leadership Awards. The Coors Light aluminum pint was selected for its eye-catching graphics, recyclability and the convenience of the bottle's wide mouth and resealable closure.


title: Coors Light

text: On August, 2013, the advertising industry's self-regulatory unit referred Miller Coors’ ad claims to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The claims that the FTC considered ad challenging included, “the world's most refreshing can," "beer on the inside, science on the outside" and "smoother, more refreshing pour," implying that the can was somehow technologically superior to other beer cans and provides a more refreshing beverage experience.


title: Coors Light

text: According to the National Advertising Division (NAD), Miller Coors declined to provide a substantive response to the challenge. Miller Coors defended the claims as either puffery or truthful. The company also told NAD that the television, radio and digital campaigns would be permanently discontinued by the end of September 2013.


title: Coors Light

text: In order to expand Molson Coors brand portfolio outside of its major markets (US, UK, Canada), Molson Coors established Molson Coors International in 2008. MCI operates in three primary regions; Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. Coors Light, as a signature brand of Molson Coors, was introduced in the new markets. The world's sixth-largest brewer, which also makes Molson Canadian, Carling and Blue Moon, was trying to diversify beyond its core markets.


title: Coors Light

text: In 2005, Coors light was awarded with a silver medal in the Great American Beer Festival in the American-Style Light Lager category.


title: Coors Light

text: MillerCoors' title sponsorship of the newly created Coors Light National Hockey League Stadium Series. MillerCoors' sponsorship of the stadium series is part of the beer company's seven-year, $375M deal signed with the NHL in February 2011, the league's most financially lucrative sponsorship ever.


title: Coors Light

text: In 2013, MillerCoors owned Coors Light inked a year-long deal with Turner Broadcasting, which includes a sponsorship of the NASCAR Mobile applications. Coors Light uses the sponsorship with in-application banners and content to connect with NASCAR's core demographic of sports fans. The initiative builds on Coors Light's previous mobile initiatives to target consumers by demographic.


title: Coors Light

text: In the 1990s, Coors Light sponsored what was then America's most dominant domestic professional cycling team, which included Olympians Alexi Grewal, Roy Knickman, and Davis Phinney.


title: Coors Light

text: In 2009, a Coors Light koozie depicting scenes from the 2010 Winter Olympics was offered in a limited number of cases that contained 28 bottles instead of 24. That same year, the Hillside Chalet Contest was created. The winner was given a 6-night stay in Whistler, British Columbia, during the 2010 Winter Olympics.


title: Coors Light

text: During 2012 and 2013, Coors Light partnered with Ice Cube for the Coors Light Search for the Coldest National Tour and Talent Search.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: Nu Skin Enterprises is an American, publicly traded () multilevel marketing company that develops and sells personal care products and dietary supplements. Under the Nu Skin and Pharmanex brands, the company sells its products in 54 markets through a network of approximately 1.2 million independent distributors.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In the 1990s, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) investigated Nu Skin over complaints of its multilevel marketing practices. In 1992, Nu Skin reached settlements with five states that had accused the company of deceptive advertising and overstating the income earned by distributors. In 1994, following an investigation by the FTC, the company paid $1 million and signed a consent decree prohibiting it from making deceptive or unsubstantiated claims about its products. In 1997, the company paid an additional $1.5 million to the FTC to settle allegations of unsubstantiated promotional claims. In January 2014, the Chinese government announced that it was investigating Nu Skin following a "People's Daily" newspaper report calling it a "suspected illegal pyramid scheme." In 2016, Nu Skin agreed to pay a $47 million settlement for operating a pyramid scheme after being sued by China in a Utah federal court. Nu Skin was also forced to pay another $750,000 for bribing a top Chinese official with funds from Nu Skin's charitable division after a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission probe.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: Nu Skin was founded in 1984 in Provo, Utah. The founders are Blake Roney, Sandie Tillotson, and Steve Lund. Their mission is "to be a global force for good by empowering people to improve lives with innovative products, rewarding opportunities and an enriching culture."


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: The company first served the United States market and expanded operations to Canada in 1990. In 1991, the company began operations in Asia, starting in Hong Kong. In 1996, the company listed on the New York Stock Exchange.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In 1998, Nu Skin acquired Generation Health, the parent company of the dietary supplement company Pharmanex. The company owns a patent on a device developed by Pharmanex called a "BioPhotonic Scanner", which is designed to measure the carotenoid level in skin. According to "Women's Health Letter", the device is a "scam" since it is designed merely to help sell more supplements: Nu Skin's 2002 annual report stated: "As customers track their skin carotenoid content, we believe they will be motivated to consistently consume LifePak for longer periods of time".


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In the late 1990s, Nu Skin invested in Big Planet, a multilevel marketing company selling Internet services. "The New York Times" noted that Big Planet appeared to recruit people "even if they have little knowledge of the technology that they are supposed to be selling." A representative of the company stated: "I believe people who have never touched a computer before can become hugely wealthy in this business."


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In 2009, Nu Skin began working with LifeGen Technologies, a genomics company based in Madison, Wisconsin. Nu Skin acquired LifeGen in December 2011. Nu Skin claims LifeGen's genetic database aided in the development of Nu Skin's products, launching the ageLOC brand.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: Nu Skin Enterprises' utilizes a multi-level marketing business model. Each distributor markets products directly to potential customers, and can also recruit and train customers to become distributors. Distributors are paid from the retail markup on products they are able to sell personally, as well as a performance bonus based on the sales of distributors they have recruited. Nu Skin states that it pays approximately 43 percent of its product revenue in sales compensation.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In the early 1990s, Nu Skin was investigated by the states of Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Florida, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan over allegations of misleading marketing practices. Ultimately, in 1992 the company settled with five of these states, admitting no wrongdoing but agreeing to pay the states' investigative costs, refund disgruntled distributors, and revamp its promotional practices. The Connecticut Attorney General did not agree to those terms and sued Nu Skin, however, charging the company with misleading its distributors and operating a pyramid scheme. Nu Skin admitted to no wrongdoing or violation of law and paid Connecticut $85,000 for consumer-protection programs as part of a settlement.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In 1997, the Attorney General of Pennsylvania sued Nu Skin, alleging that the company operated a pyramid scheme through a subsidiary, QIQ Connections. The Attorney General's office alleged that distributors paid for the right to market technology services that did not, in fact, exist. Nu Skin discontinued the QIQ subsidiary, allowing those who had paid QIQ to transition to Big Planet, another Nu Skin interest marketing Internet technology. The president of Big Planet described the pyramid-scheme allegations as a matter of "a few distributors who in their enthusiasm have been overzealous in some of their marketing activities."


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In 2012, Stanford University sent a cease and desist letter to halt the use of the name of one of its researchers in Nu Skin's advertising claims. Stanford later released a statement regarding its long-standing, research-based relationship with Nu Skin explaining that the letter was sent to Nu Skin as a request by Stuart Kim a professor at Stanford. Kim requested in the letter that his name be removed from Nu Skin's marketing materials as he is no longer involved with research funded by Nu Skin. The letter did not, however, recognize the existing research relationship between Stanford and Nu Skin. Stanford apologized for any misunderstandings that may have resulted.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: Also in 2012, Citron Research issued a report "stating that Nu Skin's sales model on mainland China, the fastest growing market in direct-selling, amounted to an illegal multilevel marketing scheme." Nu Skin dismissed the claims, calling its sales model in China "kosher" and stating that it had no plans to change its business model in China. In January 2014, the Chinese government announced that it planned to investigate Nu Skin for allegedly operating an illegal pyramid scheme, causing the company's stock price to weaken. Following the investigation, it was announced in March 2014 that the Chinese government would fine Nu Skin for approximately $540,000 dollars due to illegal sales as well as making false product claims.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In February 2014, a securities fraud class action lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah against Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc. on behalf of investors who purchased or otherwise acquired the common stock of the Company during the period from July 10, 2013, to January 16, 2014.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In a "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver" segment that was harshly critical of multilevel marketing companies, Oliver criticised Nu Skin for the fact that in 2015, 93% of its distributors did not earn a commission check in a typical month.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: In 2011, two Utah-incorporated business entities linked to top executives of Nu Skin each made a $1 million contribution to Restore Our Future, a "Super PAC" established by former aides to U.S. presidential candidate Mitt Romney to support his bid for the White House.


title: Nu Skin Enterprises

text: Starting in 1989, Jason Chaffetz worked as a professional spokesman for the company for about ten years.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: Rebirth is the seventh studio album by American rapper Lil Wayne, released February 2, 2010, on Cash Money Records, Young Money Entertainment and Universal Motown. The album's production was primarily handled by Cool & Dre, DJ Infamous, DJ Nasty & LVM, Kevin Rudolf, and J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League. "Rebirth" was promoted as Wayne's rock music debut, though it includes some hip hop tracks.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: The album debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 176,000 copies in its first week. The album became Wayne's seventh top-ten album in the United States and produced four singles, that which attained chart success. Upon its release, "Rebirth" received generally negative reviews from music critics. The album has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with domestic shipment of a million copies in the United States.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: The album was originally thought to be the re-release of his triple-platinum album "Tha Carter III". The album was supposed to be released December 21, 2009, but Wayne pushed the date back. A week before its first scheduled release Amazon accidentally shipped 500 copies of the album to customers who pre-ordered it. On January 23, 2009 Wayne told MTV that the album will not be a re-release, but will be his rock album debut. The album was originally scheduled for an April 7, 2009 release, however it went through multiple release dates and was finally released on February 2, 2010. Young Money artist, Shanell, stated that the delays were due to Wayne's desire for the album to be "perfect". The first single, "Prom Queen", was produced by Infamous and Andrew "Drew" Correa. The song made its official debut on January 27, appearing on Wayne's MySpace page. Wayne performed the single live for the first time during a concert in San Diego, which was streamed live by Ustream on AT&T's FREEdom of Choice and Mobile Music Facebook pages that evening. "Prom Queen" peaked at No. 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: Lil Wayne stated he collaborated with Fall Out Boy for his album, while he also lent his vocals for their "Folie à Deux" album. He reportedly paid homage to the Beastie Boys, as well as included a song that involves him rapping over stringed instruments, described as being similar to Coldplay's "Viva la Vida", on the album as well. Young Money artist, Shanell, collaborated with Wayne on the album. Eminem also contributed to the album, with an appearance on a track titled "Drop the World".


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: Birdman had confirmed that "Tha Carter IV" would be packaged with "Rebirth" as a double disc album. However, Wayne denied this idea saying that ""Tha Carter IV" deserves "Tha Carter IV"". He went on to say that "We Are Young Money" may be packaged with "Rebirth". However, in November 2009, Wayne said that the albums would be released separately. "Billboard" magazine received an e-mail from a customer of online retailer Amazon.com stating that Amazon.com shipped copies of "Rebirth" as early as December 14. Amazon shipped about 500 pre-ordered copies and blamed a "shipping error". Young Money Entertainment president Mack Maine stated that the album would have different tracks than that of the leaked version.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: The first single, "Prom Queen", was produced by the duo of DJ Infamous and Drew Correa, notable for producing the Grammy nominated track from "Tha Carter III", "Mr. Carter". Cool & Dre and Develop also aided with production. Birdman also stated that the album would feature a song entitled "I'm Not Human". When the lead single, "Prom Queen", quickly fell off of the charts shortly after entry, there was some speculation that the album would be shelved. Despite these rumors, Lil Wayne released the single "Hot Revolver" to iTunes on March 17, 2009. On August 18, 2009, in an interview, Wayne confirmed that the album was completed and ready for release. On the single "On Fire" produced by Cool & Dre, Lil Wayne has been said to play the guitar; he plays bass in "Da Da Da". Most of Lil Wayne's vocals are recorded using AutoTune. He considered naming the album: "Rebirth Of Auto-Tune".


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: "Prom Queen" , the album's lead single, was released on January 27, 2009. It was the highest charted single from the album, peaking at No. 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "On Fire" replaced "Hot Revolver" as the album's second single due to the absence of "Hot Revolver" from the album. "On Fire" was released on December 1, 2009 and peaked at No. 62 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song contains samples from Amy Holland's song "She's on Fire". "Drop the World" was released as the album's third single on December 28, 2009 and peaked at No. 18 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was praised by critics as the album's highlight.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: "Hot Revolver" was intended to be on "Rebirth". The single was released on iTunes on March 17, 2009. It reached No. 33 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number No. 54 on the Canadian Hot 100. The song did not appear on the album and was replaced by "On Fire" as the album's second single. "Da Da Da" was released to the US iTunes Store on December 1, 2009. The song failed to chart. A music video was filmed in February 2010. "American Star" charted at No. 91 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 following the album's release due to strong digital downloads. "Knockout" debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at No. 44 following the album's release due to strong digital sales. A song titled "Fuck Today (Rebirth Mix)" featuring Gudda Gudda was released on iTunes to promote the album's release on February 2, 2010. The song reached No. 76 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: "Rebirth" received generally negative reviews from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 37, which indicates "generally unfavorable reviews", based on 21 reviews. "Rebirth" was the lowest rated album of 2010 at Metacritic and it is ranked sixth on the site's list of worst-reviewed albums. "Los Angeles Times" critic Jeff Weiss called "Rebirth" "one of the worst albums of the year so far", and Sam Wolfson of "NME" called it an "absurd" "shlock-rock record". "Chicago Tribune" critic Greg Kot panned Wayne's stylistic change and described his lyrics as "crushingly banal". AllMusic's David Jeffries called the album "a loud and ignorable bore". Christian Hoard of "Rolling Stone" found Wayne's "taste in rock" to be "very questionable" and the album's flaw. Joe Clay of "The Times" panned Wayne's singing and songwriting, calling his lyrics "devoid of humour and imagination". M.T. Richards of PopMatters panned its music as "an endless stream of abysmally written, Auto Tune-drenched nothings". Nathan Rabin of "The A.V. Club" viewed the album's music and lyrics as clichéd, writing that it "plays like an over-the-top parody of a rock album".


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: Christopher R. Weingarten of "The Village Voice" wrote that Wayne's lyrics "still walk some fascinating line between signifying unmistakable genius, curious savant, or total dick", but viewed the album as lacking substance, stating "Wayne's big problem is that he seems to like the "idea" of rock music more than any actual rock music itself". Pitchfork Media's Ryan Dombal called "Rebirth" "an unlikely, unqualified, and quite unbelievable rock album". Slant Magazine's Jesse Cataldo described it as "a total misperception of what makes a rock record" and found its sound "mostly unrecognizable, a twisted amalgam of tacky set pieces collected from throughout the genre's history". Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" stated, "Given that everyone knows Carter can do so much better than this, it all smacks a bit of condescension, of locating a different audience, then talking down to them". Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" stated, "[Michael] Jordan returned to the basketball court after one ill-fated season in the farm leagues; we can only hope for the same for Wayne".


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: Despite the album's negative reception, several music critics wrote favorably of the single "Drop the World" and Eminem's verse on the song, viewing it as a highlight on the album. Charles Aaron of "Spin" commented that "perhaps the greatest musical tantrum of 2010 ... occurs on perhaps the most misbegotten musical pratfall of 2010." In his consumer guide for MSN Music, Robert Christgau felt "Rebirth" was "underrated" and gave it a two-star honorable mention, indicating a "likable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy." He cited "Drop the World" and "American Star" as highlights and quipped, "So smart and scary about death as the flip side of ecstasy, so unperceptive and embarrassing about emo". Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that its lyrics "stay dutifully on topic" and found "how it reveals a rapper’s view of rock" as interesting, writing "For Lil Wayne rock is bombast and cliché in which high-school traumas are avenged, heaven and hell are frequently invoked and existential predicaments are taken seriously".


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: The only website to give the album a positive reception is RapReviews, whose author, John-Michael Bond, gave it a score of seven out of ten and said that the album "has moments of genius, and those moments almost always coincide with coupling fiery emotion with punk's propulsive rhythm." Other reviews are average or mixed or negative, with Devin Chanda of "Billboard" giving the album a score of 56 out of 100; Steve Jones of "USA Today" giving it two stars out of four; "Uncut" giving it a score of two stars out of five; Jason Draper of Yahoo! Music UK giving it a score of three stars out of ten; Joseph Patterson of BBC Music giving it an unfavorable review; Ryan Faughnder of No Ripcord giving it a score of two stars out of ten; and Joshua Errett of "Now" giving it a score of only one star out of five.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: "Rebirth" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with first week sales of 176,000 copies. This became Wayne's seventh US top-ten album. The album also debuted at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and the US Top Rap Albums charts respectively. In its second week, the album dropped to number four on the chart, selling an additional 89,024 copies. In its third week, the album dropped to number five on the chart, selling 59,000 more copies, bringing its three-week total sales to 324,470. The album stayed at number one on Top Rap Albums for six straight weeks. By September 2011, the album has sold 775,000 copies in the US. On September 25, 2020, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over a million units in the United States.


title: Rebirth (Lil Wayne album)

text: Outside of the US, "Rebirth" also entered at number 24 in the United Kingdom and at number 86 in France.