title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Wheatley was first revealed in an ARG released by Valve, the developer of the "Portal" series, in a screenshot of "Portal 2" before its release, showing the player-character Chell holding him. Wheatley came from combining several ideas from multiple "personality cores" that the player would meet throughout the game. The idea was removed as it supposedly made the game feel too cluttered and the player never got to really learn about the multiple robots, so several were combined into the character of Wheatley. Wheatley was designed with the purpose of making a character who "you’d be seeing a lot". Erik Wolpaw added that Wheatley served as an "offset" of GLaDOS; while her voice is "slower-speaking and more deliberate", Wheatley is a "frantic person", which Erik says is performed well by Merchant due to being able to relay information quickly in his speech.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Merchant was chosen for the role both because the designers were fans of British comedy and because of Merchant's role in the television series "Extras" and his podcasts. Merchant was sent a package of "Portal 2" material along with a request that he provide the voice of Wheatley. Merchant agreed to the role. Wheatley's characterisation was always designed with a British voice in mind. While they were writing Wheatley's dialogue, they had Merchant "in their heads" as a result of watching "Extras", though at the time they did not consider pursuing him for the role because they did not think that they would be able to cast him. They were instead considering Richard Ayoade, up until they went to Merchant's agents.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Wheatley was also designed with the intention of writing a video game character who spoke informally which Wolpaw stated gave the sensation that the events were really happening and that this was something players do not often see in video games. He also stated that sidekicks in video games have never "sounded as if they were just making things up as you go along". While they later discovered that Merchant was famous in the United Kingdom, they noted that he was not chosen for his fame. Wolpaw noted that Merchant was the most famous actor that they had featured in one of their games. While they wrote a script for Wheatley, Merchant had an "improvisational style" that they let him employ in the dialogue. Merchant also spoke some of the written dialogue in a way that seemed improvisational, such as in the "reading and repetition of words". This was one of the qualities that made them want to cast Merchant.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Merchant himself has compared Wheatley's personality to characters typically played by Woody Allen, and noted that while initially he didn't know the gravitas of the role, reaction by others made him take the role a lot more seriously. He described the recording sessions as "exhausting", so much so that by the end he was "not looking forward to it", but once the project wrapped, he was overwhelmed with the fan response and would return for a sequel.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Original plans had Wheatley remain dead after being crushed by GLaDOS, with her remaining as the main antagonist. The player would then meet six other spheres—including a paranoid sphere and a "Morgan Freeman sphere". This was changed, however, as the other spheres did not have enough time for the players to grow attached to them, and because playtesters missed Wheatley.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Wheatley is one of several personality cores created for GLaDOS; specifically, he was designed by the Aperture scientists as an "Intelligence Dampening Sphere" (or, as GLaDOS puts it, "the dumbest moron who ever lived") as a means to hamper GLaDOS's decision-making processes by injecting poor judgment into her routines.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: The player-character Chell is introduced to Wheatley when he revives her from her cryonic hibernation, with the intent on helping her escape the deteriorating Aperture Science facility. Wheatley then helps Chell get the blue portal gun. Wheatley leads Chell to the chamber containing the remains of GLaDOS, and accidentally reactivates GLaDOS while trying to engineer their escape. Chell is separated from Wheatley by GLaDOS and forced to perform more tests. Wheatley manages to rediscover Chell and helps her escape to maintenance areas behind the testing chambers out of GLaDOS's reach. He guides her to destroy GLaDOS's neurotoxin supply and sabotage the turret manufacturing line before returning to GLaDOS. Without these hazards to stop her, Chell follows his instructions to transfer his core into that of GLaDOS. With the threat of GLaDOS quenched, Wheatley prepares to send Chell to the surface, but he becomes power-hungry due to GLaDOS's core programming; he places GLaDOS's personality into a module powered by a potato battery and sends her and Chell into the depths of Aperture Science. As Chell and GLaDOS fall, GLaDOS reveals that Wheatley was actually meant to be a "tumor", with the purpose of generating an endless stream of bad ideas in order to control her.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: While Chell and GLaDOS work their way up from deep underground, Wheatley begins fumblingly experimenting with his control of the facility, causing several key systems to fail. By the time Chell and GLaDOS arrive, the core reactor in the facility is set to overload, and the only way to stop it is for GLaDOS to retake her main unit back from Wheatley. Wheatley, coerced by the core programming in GLaDOS, puts them through a series of deranged test chambers in his newly renamed "Wheatley Science" facility, leading them to a series of death traps. Chell and GLaDOS are able to escape, due to Wheatley's lack of foresight, and make their way to his chamber to try to attempt a reversal of the core transfer, but first must subdue his programming by three other faulty personality cores to distract him.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Wheatley, recalling the earlier battle with GLaDOS, takes steps to prevent Chell from activating the core transfer mechanism and assaults her with bombs. However, he did not account for tubes carrying the various gels through the room, which Chell destroys with the bombs and uses the resulting spillage to complete the attachment of the corrupted cores. With Wheatley distracted, Chell tries to initiate the core transfer, however bombs rigged in the stalemate resolution annex explode before this can take place. As the failsafes on the reactor core fail, the roof collapses. Chell creates a portal between the room and the moon's surface, dragging her and Wheatley's module through it; GLaDOS, now having regained her body, knocks Wheatley away, and then restores the facility to normal working order. Wheatley is shown in the game's epilogue to be floating adrift in space, apologetic for the trouble he has caused, and forced to listen to the deranged ramblings of the space personality core.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Wheatley appears in an official plug-in created by Valve for "; Fall of the Space Core, Vol 1". Wheatley appears floating around the Skills Menu, the backdrop of which is a series of constellations in potato.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Wheatley appears in Valve's multiplayer shooter "Team Fortress 2" as an item for the Spy class called "The Ap-Sap". Stephen Merchant reprised his role as Wheatley for the game.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: He appears as a non-playable character in "Lego Dimensions", with Stephen Merchant once again reprising his role. In the main story campaign, he appears in Aperture Science and occasionally aids Batman, Gandalf and Wyldstyle in escaping and surviving GLaDOS's traps. In the bonus Portal-themed stage, Wheatley is now able to move and levitate under his own power; he is reunited with Chell and accompanies her through GLaDOS's new test chambers, expressing remorse for his previous actions and trying to ingratiate himself with Chell. He also appears in the "Portal 2" adventure world, caring for a group of Frankenturrets and offering the player various sidequests.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: He also appears in "Rocket League" as an antenna that can be equipped to the car of the player's choice.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: Stephen Merchant won two awards for his performance as Wheatley: 'Outstanding Character Performance' at the Interactive Achievement Awards and Best Performance by a Human Male at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards. Wheatley earned a Spike TV nomination for 'Character of the Year'.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: "Edge" staff wrote that Merchant's portrayal of Wheatley was "neurotically stuttering and blubbering" and that his "idiosyncratic staccato Bristolian burr" was a "fascinating choice". "Edge" staff also wrote that he served as the game's "comic relief" and called him "alternately hapless and sinister, the mesmerizing animations of his 'eye light' and a changing role throughout make him an unforgettable presence". GameSpy's Will Tuttle wrote that Merchant's portrayal of Wheatley was "pitch perfect" and is "sure to be a fan favorite". "The Telegraph"s Tom Hoggins wrote that the "delightfully skittish" Wheatley's "casual, nervous patter reacting naturally to the events unfolding around you" was performed well by Merchant. He later wrote that the dialogue of "Portal 2" was funny due in part to "the way that the frantic, nervous babble of Wheatley contrasts so effectively with the cynical, sinister goading from GLaDOS" and that neither are overbearing. "The Guardian"s Nick Cowen wrote that Wheatley was a "stammering, motor-mouthed droid" and at times "funny and monstrous and spine chilling". "The Guardian"s Will Freeman wrote that the "apparently sentient computers" in "Portal 2" are "outstanding" though players may have a "divided opinion" on Wheatley.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: An editor for "The Province" wrote that Merchant's portrayal of Wheatley "really adds to the personality and character of the game". "Official Xbox Magazine"s Jon Hicks praised the narrative of "Portal 2" and cited Wheatley's "chirpy idiocy" as a contributing factor to its quality. "OXM"s Ryan McCaffrey wrote that Wheatley was "played to perfection" by Merchant. "Computer and Video Games" Andy Robinson wrote that Wheatley's personality was "equally loud" to GLaDOS and "brilliant". "GameZone" Ben PerLee wrote that Wheatley was "cute but stupid" and called him "adorable and bumbling, a lovable little guy who is much more involved than you might expect". "The Escapist"s Russ Pitts wrote that Wheatley was "a helpful – if dumb – robot companion with a chipper English accent". "The Globe and Mail"s Chad Sapieha wrote that Merchant was "enormously entertaining as a slow-witted sphere". "Ars Technica" Ben Kuchera wrote that "the casting [of Merchant] was a brilliant choice". He also wrote that "there is something about his delivery that works wonderfully, and it seems like he was having a good time recording his lines". Kevin Wong of "Complex" included Wheatley to his "best supporting character in video games", and stated that "It's hard to get angry at, or form any kind of emotional connection to, something that has no face. Wheatley, however, makes up for his lack of humanity with dry, British repartee." "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition" listed Wheatley as 37th in their list of "top 50 video game villains". "TheGamer" also included Wheatley on their "Iconic Video Game Characters", stating that "Wheatley is a fantastic villain, and his unique humor made him a fan-favorite character among the Portal fan base."


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: "PC Gamer"s Dan Stapleton praised Wheatley as "fantastically voiced" by Merchant and wrote that he was "basically playing the same mind-bogglingly stupid character from the Ricky Gervais comedy "Extras"". "PC Gamer"s Craig Pearson wrote that "his nervous English voice ... is another indicator that while Valve might not have known what they had with the original "Portal", this time around they’re a lot more confident". Giant Bomb's Ryan Davis wrote that Merchant voiced Wheatley with "terrific nervous energy". "Wired"s Chris Kohler wrote that "you'll fall in love with Wheatley, a friendly robot with a heart of gold and the charming voice of actor Stephen Merchant". "IGN" Charles Onyett wrote that it's "difficult to overstate how Merchant's obvious enthusiasm for the role benefits the game" and that "no word Wheatley speaks is without witty inflection, and the consistently clever writing perfectly complements the onscreen action". He also wrote that Merchant's Wheatley "steals the show" while GLaDOS and Cave Johnson's voice actors Ellen McLain and J. K. Simmons turn in solid performances. "PALGN" Adam Ghiggino wrote that Merchant's performance was "brilliant" and that he has "a lot of emotion to [his] movement". "Video Gamer" Jamin Smith expressed that Merchant's voice was 'familiar' and wrote that Wheatley "possesses more personality than the cast of most other games put together" despite "a lack of any distinguishing features at all" in its appearance.


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: "GamesRadar" Tyler Wilde wrote that Wheatley was "surprisingly expressive" and called it "bumbling". CNN's Larry Frum called Wheatley "silly, frantic and almost childlike". ABC News' Lou Kesten called it "equally memorable" to GLaDOS and a "chatty, nervous A.I." "Entertainment Weekly"s John Young described its eyeball's appearance as a "giant blue eyeball resembles a HAL 9000 computer with an Apple makeover". He also wrote that he was the "most delightful artificial-intelligence program one could hope to meet, and his witty quips and general clumsiness are a frequent source of amusement" and that he is "splendidly voiced" by Merchant. Editors for "CNET" wrote that "if Stephen Merchant doesn't win every video game voice actor award for his portrayal of the protagonist's wacky robot sidekick, there is no justice in either this world or any virtual one". An editor for "CBS News" wrote that Wheatley was "chirpy and well-intentioned" but also "dim-witted". The editor added that the "interactions between the player, GLaDOS and Wheatley are what give "Portal 2" its charm and provide much of the humor that keeps the game captivating puzzle after puzzle".


title: Wheatley (Portal)

text: However, not all of Wheatley's reception has been positive; in an article by "Ars Technica", Peter Bright stated that the character's role in the game's plot was "predictable" and that "his tireless, relentlessly stupid schtick" got old quickly, with the character's jokes being "repetitive", further stating that Wheatley's "inane babble served only to disrupt the mood".


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Sidney Stone Blumenthal (born November 6, 1948) is an American journalist and political operative. A former aide to President Bill Clinton, he is a long-time confidant of Hillary Clinton and was formerly employed by the Clinton Foundation. As a journalist, Blumenthal wrote about American politics and foreign policy. He is also the author of a multivolume biography of Abraham Lincoln, "The Political Life of Abraham Lincoln". Three books of the planned five-volume series have already been published: "A Self-Made Man", "Wrestling With His Angel", and "All the Powers of Earth". Subsequent volumes were planned for later.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal has written for publications such as "The Washington Post", "Vanity Fair", and "The New Yorker", for whom he served for a time as the magazine's Washington correspondent, and, was, briefly, the Washington, D.C., bureau chief for "Salon". He is a regular contributor to the openDemocracy website and was formerly a regular columnist for "The Guardian". After 2000, he wrote several essays critical of the administration of George W. Bush.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Over time, Blumenthal became began to be viewed as an archetype of a new type of journalist who have eroded the divide between the fading boundaries between independent journalism and partisan journalism: "As the connection between journalists and politicians is umbilical in Washington, Blumenthal's political problem, in part, is journalistic," reporter Michael Powell wrote of him in a profile in "The Washington Post": "His is a type found far more often on the right in Washington, a partisan warrior who takes a critically sympathetic stance not just toward his issues but his chosen political party as well. Even as a writer at "The Washington Post", where Blumenthal passed some time in the 1980s, he placed a porous membrane between his political views and his writing. It is the sort of partisan, if also intellectual, engagement that makes mainstream journalists, even those of liberal politics, deeply uncomfortable."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal was born in Chicago, to interfaith family Claire (née Stone) and Hyman V. Blumenthal. His father was Jewish and mother Catholic. He became involved in politics at the age of 12 as a courier for a local Democratic party election precinct captain. Hearing John F. Kennedy reference The New York Times during a campaign rally Blumenthal attended prompted him to begin reading that paper regularly.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: He earned a BA in Sociology from Brandeis University in 1969. While there he joined the Students for a Democratic Society.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: After graduation, Blumenthal began his career in Boston as a journalist who wrote for the underground paper "Boston Phoenix" and the "Real Paper". Blumenthal was part of a generation of New Left journalists who eschewed objectivity in favor of taking sides. He blamed journalistic detachment for Ronald Reagan's presidential victory. Geraldine Baum wrote in the "Los Angeles Times", "In Blumenthal’s writings, Democrats stood for goodness and progress, Republicans for darkness and defeat."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: In 1983, Blumenthal became the chief national political correspondent for "The New Republic", covering the 1984 Presidential campaign. Soon after, Blumenthal began working as a political reporter for "The Washington Post" before then returning to "The New Republic". Leon Wieseltier, "New Republic" literary editor said, "Sidney is capable of writing a piece that is 100% true and 100% dishonest."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal played a major role in Gary Hart's bid for the 1984 Democratic presidential nomination. Although Hart's bid was ultimately unsuccessful, Blumenthal wrote a speech that was considered a positive "turning point" that established Hart's viability, and he wrote a cover story on Hart in "The New Republic". Discomfort with Blumenthal's political involvement contributed to "The Washington Post" reassigning Blumenthal to their "Style" section.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: In 1993, Blumenthal became the chief Washington correspondent for "The New Yorker" before joining the Clinton Administration in the summer of 1997.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Not too long into the job, Blumenthal was replaced as "The New Yorker"s chief Washington correspondent by Michael Kelly, although Blumenthal was allowed to stay on as a part-time writer: "Kelly ordered Blumenthal to stay away from the magazine's downtown office," the "Post"s Kurtz wrote. Kelly himself explained to the newspaper: "I did not trust [Blumenthal]. I felt his relationship . . . with the president and first lady was such that I was not sure I wanted him around the office as I was working on stories. He was serving two masters, and I was not comfortable with that. . . . I had reason to believe that he wanted a job with the White House." According to Kelly, "He took a column that had a well-deserved reputation and turned it into a vehicle for the Clintons and for denouncing their enemies."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Over time, Blumenthal was eased out of his job: ""The New Yorker" assignments dwindled," Kurtz wrote, and Blumenthal not long after officially went to work for the Clinton White House.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal served as assistant and senior advisor to Bill Clinton from August 1997 until January 2001. His roles included advising the President on communications and public policy as well as serving as a liaison between the White House and former colleagues in the Washington press corps.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: He later became a central figure in the grand jury investigation that ended in the impeachment of President Clinton. While working for Clinton, Blumenthal was known for this loyalty to the Clintons and his often baseless attacks on her political adversaries, including Barack Obama, when Hillary Clinton and Obama were running each other to be the 2008 Democratic nominee to be president, which later was the primary reason Rahm Emanuel, the first chief of staff for President Barack Obama, barred Blumenthal from holding a position in the State Department during Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: In 1998, after Christopher Hitchens submitted an affidavit which contradicted Blumenthal testimony in which he stated that he had never referred to Monica Lewinsky as a stalker. This led to lawmakers calling on the department of justice to prosecute Blumenthal for perjury. Arlen Specter even filed a motion to investigate possible perjury by Blumenthal. However Hitchens promised to withdraw his affidavit and nothing came of the matter.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: During the investigations by independent counsel Kenneth Starr, Blumenthal was called to the grand jury to testify on matters related to what Clinton had told both Blumenthal and his senior staff in regard to Monica Lewinsky. The leadership of the Republican majority in the House of Representatives felt enough evidence existed in regard to the Paula Jones case and Lewinsky for impeachment proceedings to begin in December 1998.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: After the House Judiciary Committee and the United States House of Representatives impeached Clinton on December 19, the matter then passed to the United States Senate. Blumenthal was one of only four witnesses called to testify before the Senate. No live witnesses were called; the four were interviewed on videotape. His testimony addressed a major allegation that Clinton had pressured Betty Currie to falsely attest that it was Lewinsky who initially pursued Clinton, not vice versa. The Senate acquitted Clinton of perjury and obstruction of justice, and the impeachment proceedings ended.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: In 1997, Blumenthal filed a $30 million libel lawsuit against the blogger Matt Drudge (and AOL, which had hired Drudge), stemming from a false claim Drudge had made of spousal abuse, attributed only to unnamed "top GOP sources". Drudge retracted the story not long after, saying he had been given bad information. In "Blumenthal v. Drudge", the court refused to dismiss Blumenthal's case for lack of personal jurisdiction. Drudge publicly apologized to the Blumenthals. Blumenthal dropped his lawsuit and eventually reached a settlement involving a nominal payment to Drudge over Blumenthal having missed a deposition. In his book "The Clinton Wars", Blumenthal claimed that he was forced to settle because he could no longer financially afford the suit.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: In the mid 80s, during Blumenthal's visit at the Lehrman Institute he met fellow journalist Christopher Hitchens. Shortly thereafter Blumenthal and Hitchens developed a close relationship which included sharing dinners together, attending important family events together, and trading opinions and information.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal relationship with Hitchens deteriorated during the Impeachment of Bill Clinton. Under subpoena, Hitchens submitted an affidavit to the trial managers of the Republican Party during the impeachment of Bill Clinton, in which Hitchens swore under oath that Blumenthal had described Monica Lewinsky as a stalker. Hitchens' allegations directly contradicted Blumenthal's own sworn deposition during Clinton's impeachment trial that he never said any such thing. This in turn resulted in a hostile exchange of words between the two men, and allegations by congressional Republicans that Blumental lied under oath. Following the publication of "The Clinton Wars", in which Blumenthal recounted the disagreement, Hitchens wrote several articles in which he once more accused Blumenthal of lying.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: At the end of his life when Hitchens was dying of cancer Blumenthal wrote to Hitchens in a letter which according to Christopher Buckley contained words of "tenderness and comfort and implicit forgiveness".


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: After the Clinton presidency, Blumenthal's book, "The Clinton Wars", was published in 2003. In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin wrote: "Beyond his intention to set the record straight on controversies that plagued the Clinton presidency, Mr. Blumenthal has a more personal agenda. Barely mentioning others close to the Clintons, and illustrating this memoir with smiling, convivial photographs of himself in their company ... Blumenthal sends a clear message to his administration colleagues: Mom liked me best."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Maslin further wrote: ""The Clinton Wars" means to solidify Mr. Blumenthal's place in history. He wrote memos and speeches (included here for the reader to enjoy). He gave valued advice. He came up with the slogan "One America," which, he helpfully points out, is 'an updating of "E pluribus unum". He introduced President Clinton to a promising British politician named Tony Blair. And he was often in the presence of greatness. 'I once sat with the president and Tony Blair as, in about 15 minutes, the two men easily thrashed out a prickly trade problem involving bananas and cashmere,' he reveals."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Reviewing the book in "The New York Review of Books", Joseph Lelyveld, the former executive editor of "The New York Times", wrote that Blumenthal came across as more like a "courtier" than "the bright campaign reporter he once was ... When it comes to the Clintons, there is not a single line of comparable acuity or detachment in the whole of "The Clinton Wars". What you get instead are passages that would have been regarded as above par but hardly fresh if they had appeared in a news magazine cover story ten years ago."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Also in "The New York Times", historian Robert Dallek wrote that Blumenthal's book was partly "an exercise in score settling" against his "tormentors." Moreover, Dalek wrote, "The book is also an exercise in something all too familiar to inside-the-White-House memoirs -- an exaggerated picture of the participant's importance. Comparing himself to the Antichrist in the eyes of the Christian right, Blumenthal 'wondered which of my traits had invited this invective." Holding center stage, as his massive volume attests, might be one answer."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Overall though, Dallek praised the book, opining that "Blumenthal's sprawling 800-page memoir of his four years as a presidential assistant" was a "welcome addition to the literature on Bill Clinton's tumultuous second term." Dalkek also wrote that "Blumenthal brings a reporter's keen eye for telling detail and a columnist's talent for considered analysis and unmistakable opinion to his reconstruction of what he calls the Clinton wars."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Andrew Sullivan has characterized Blumenthal as "the most pro-Clinton writer on the planet." For "Salon", Dwight Garner wrote that Blumenthal's pieces as Washington correspondent of "The New Yorker" "were so unabashedly pro-Clinton that they quickly became the butt of countless jokes."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: In addition to "The Clinton Wars" (2003), Blumenthal's other books include "The Permanent Campaign" (1980), "The Rise of the Counter-Establishment" (1986), "Pledging Allegiance: The Last Campaign of the Cold War" (1990), and "How Bush Rules: Chronicles of a Radical Regime" (2006), a collection of previously published essays and articles on the presidency of George W. Bush.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: During the 2004 presidential election, Blumenthal was the Washington, D.C., bureau chief for "Salon". He also was a regular columnist for "The Guardian" from August 2003 until November 2007.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal was a political consultant for the Emmy-award-winning HBO series "Tanner '88", written by Garry Trudeau and directed by Robert Altman; he appeared as himself in one episode. He was also an executive producer of the documentary "Taxi to the Dark Side", directed by Alex Gibney, which won an Academy Award for Best Documentary of 2007. He also was an associage producer of the 2002 film "Max".


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal joined the 2008 Hillary Clinton presidential campaign as a "senior advisor" in November 2007. While on a trip to advise Clinton on her presidential campaign, Blumenthal was arrested for driving while intoxicated in Nashua, New Hampshire, on January 7, 2008. He pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor DWI charge.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: After her January 2009 appointment as Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton intended to hire Blumenthal. However, Obama's chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel, blocked his selection due to lingering anger among President Barack Obama's aides over Blumenthal's role in promoting negative stories about Obama during the Democratic primary. According to a report in "The New York Times", "Emanuel talked with Mrs. Clinton ... and explained that bringing Mr. Blumenthal on board was a no-go. The bad blood among his colleagues was too deep, and the last thing the administration needed, he concluded, was dissension and drama in the ranks. In short, Mr. Blumenthal was out."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: According to a profile of Blumenthal which later appeared in "Vanity Fair", when Hillary Clinton "wanted Blumenthal to join her at the State Department as a top aide... President Obama would not allow it: key White House staffers had grown to detest the man. Two of them – Press Secretary Robert Gibbs and Senior Adviser David Axelrod – threatened to quit if Blumenthal was hired."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: "They believed that he [Blumenthal] had been involved in spreading unsubstantiated allegations against the Obamas during the 2008 Democratic primary... Blumenthal was said to be" 'obsessed'... about the possible existence of a so-called 'whitey tape,' supposedly made at a Chicago church, in which Michelle Obama could be heard ranting against “whitey”—a tape that could have changed Clinton's political fortunes during her primary fight, but that apparently did not in fact exist."


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: The information that Blumenthal distributed to journalists and political operatives often paralleled conspiracy theories about Obama espoused by conservative activists and conspiracy theorists, often based on scant evidence or unsubstantiated rumors.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal was highly critical of George W. Bush and his administration for its use of torture, for revealing the identity Valerie Plame as a CIA source, and the response to the Hurricane Katrina. Blumenthal praised Bill Clinton for his work on the Brady bill and North American Free Trade Agreement.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal gained a reputation for attacking those whom he considered to be enemies of the Clinton administration. Some accused him of acting as Clinton's hatchet man. When Ken Starr was investigating Bill Clinton for his affair with Monica Lewinsky, Blumenthal was alleged to have spread false rumors to reporters including saying that a deputy to Starr had sexually abused boys at a Christian camp and that Lewinsky was a stalker.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: "In 1995, Mr. Blumenthal told reporters that Alma Powell, Colin Powell's wife, suffered from clinical depression and was thus unfit to be a first lady. At the time, there were rumors that Colin Powell would run in the Republican presidential primaries, a prospect that terrified the Clinton re-election campaign," "The New York Observer" reported.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: During the 2008 presidential primaries, Blumenthal, then informally working for Hillary Clinton, promulgated rumors and encouraged news organizations to investigate conspiracy theories that Barack Obama was born in Kenya, not the United States, and thus was not constitutionally eligible to serve as president per the natural-born-citizen clause. This conspiracy theory later became more widely known as birtherism.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: A former Washington D.C. bureau chief for "McClatchy Newspapers", James Asher, said in a formal statement in the fall of 2016: "Mr. Blumenthal and I [once] met together in my office and he strongly urged me to investigate the exact place of President Obama’s birth, which he suggested was in Kenya. We assigned a reporter to go to Kenya, and that reporter determined that the allegation was false.”


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: When Blumenthal was a journalist he would sometimes offer Hillary Clinton political advice and several journalists claimed that offering political advice to Clinton crossed a line as a journalist. Blumenthal also attempted to dissuade journalists and reporters from writing negative pieces about the Whitewater controversy, Travelgate, and Bill Clinton's personal character.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: In 1995, when Blumenthal was named the chief Washington correspondent for "The New Yorker", the position was one of the most prestigious in American journalism. His tenure in the position proved tumultuous, with several of his colleagues alleging that Blumenthal's journalism exhibited extreme bias in favor of then-President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton, that Blumenthal was informally providing political and public relations advice to the Clintons while covering both of them, and that Blumenthal was engaged in disparaging and attacking "The New Yorker" colleagues whom he believed were writing too critically of the Clintons. "The Washington Post" media critic Howard Kurtz wrote at the time: "Peter Boyer, a "New Yorker" writer, says Blumenthal tried to sabotage his story about the Travelgate affair last year. Boyer says he mentioned the piece to his colleague after learning that Blumenthal had lunched with Clinton's friend Harry Thomason on the day the Hollywood producer pushed for the firing of the White House travel office employees...


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Boyer says he was later told by Harry Thomason or his wife, Linda Bloodworth-Thomason, that Blumenthal had warned them Boyer was anti-Clinton and planned to smear them, leading to a series of legal threats against the magazine. Boyer, who fired off an angry memo to "New Yorker" Editor Tina Brown, accuses Blumenthal of journalistic corruption".


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal was a full-time employee of the Clinton Foundation from 2009 until 2013 and then served as a consultant for the foundation from 2013 until 2015, earning for him about $10,000 per month, or more than a half-million dollars total. Blumenthal's foundation job, which "focused" on burnishing "the legacy of Clinton's presidency" was viewed by some "officials at the charity [who] questioned his value and grumbled that his hiring was a favor from the Clintons," "Politico" reported.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: During much of the same time he was consulting for the foundation, Blumenthal also wrote for numerous magazines and online publications, sometimes about both of the Clintons, without disclosing his financial relationship with the foundation. Critics charge that Blumenthal's work at the foundation was inappropriately politically motivated and that during his time at the foundation, he blurred the lines between the foundation and Secretary Clinton's role as Secretary of State.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: During the 2011 uprising in Libya against Muammar Gaddafi, Blumenthal prepared, from public and other sources, about 25 memos which he sent as emails to Clinton in 2011 and 2012, which she shared through her aide, Jake Sullivan, with senior State Department personnel. In the form of intelligence briefings, the memos sometimes touted his business associates and, at times contained inaccurate information.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: The United States House Select Committee on Benghazi, chaired by Representative Trey Gowdy, Republican of South Carolina, subpoenaed Blumenthal in May 2015. Blumenthal gave testimony in a closed-door session the following month.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal's name came up numerous times during the October 22, 2015 full committee public questioning of Hillary Clinton regarding the Benghazi incident, as one of the alleged sources of Clinton's intelligence. During this hearing Democratic members asked that Blumenthal's deposition transcript be made public so that comments regarding his involvement could be placed in context. The motion was defeated by a party-line vote.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal also later served as a consultant to the left-leaning watchdog group Media Matters for America, the pro-Democratic Super PAC American Bridge 21st Century and the pro-Clinton Super PAC Correct the Record, for which he is reportedly paid $200,000 per year, for part-time work.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Journalist and former Clinton aide Cody Shearer had created a so-called second dossier that was filled with notes from his conversations journalists and other sources. Shearer gave these notes to Blumenthal and several other journalists. Blumenthal passed on the notes to Jonathan Winer at the State Department, who had a previous relationship with Christopher Steele. In September 2016 Blumenthal discussed Steele's report with Winer and told him that the information was similar to information he had received from Shearer.  Winer then gave the notes to Steele, who then passed them on to the FBI in October and said it came from a friend of the Clintons.


title: Sidney Blumenthal

text: Blumenthal lives in Washington, D.C. with his wife, Jacqueline (née Jordan). The couple married in 1976, and have two sons, journalists Max, editor of "The Grayzone" website, and Paul Blumenthal, a political writer for "The Huffington Post".


title: Mug

text: A mug is a type of cup typically used for drinking hot drinks, such as coffee, hot chocolate, or tea. Mugs usually have handles and hold a larger amount of fluid than other types of cup. Typically, a mug holds approximately of liquid. A mug is a less formal style of drink container and is not usually used in formal place settings, where a teacup or coffee cup is preferred. Shaving mugs are used to assist in wet shaving.


title: Mug

text: Ancient mugs were usually carved in wood or bone, ceramic or shaped of clay, while most modern ones are made of ceramic materials such as bone china, earthenware, porcelain, or stoneware. Some are made from strengthened glass, such as Pyrex. Other materials, including enameled metal, plastic, or steel are preferred, when reduced weight or resistance to breakage is at a premium, such as for camping. A travel mug is insulated and has a cover with a small sipping opening to prevent spills. Techniques such as silk screen printing or decals are used to apply decorations such as logos or images and fan art, which are fired onto the mug to ensure permanence.


title: Mug

text: Wooden mugs were produced probably from the earliest days of woodworking, but most of them have not survived intact.


title: Mug

text: The first pottery was shaped by hand and was later facilitated by the invention of the potter's wheel (date unknown, between 6,500 and 3000 BCE). It was relatively easy to add a handle to a cup in the process thus producing a mug. For example, a rather advanced, decorated clay mug from 4000 to 5000 BCE was found in Greece.


title: Mug

text: The biggest disadvantage of those clay mugs was thick walls unfit for the mouth. The walls were thinned with development of metalworking techniques. Metal mugs were produced from bronze, silver, gold, and even lead, starting from roughly 2000 BCE, but were hard to use with hot drinks.


title: Mug

text: The invention of porcelain around 600 CE in China brought a new era of thin-walled mugs suitable both for cold and hot liquids, which are enjoyed today.


title: Mug

text: A shaving scuttle and shaving mug were developed around the 19th century; the first patent for a shaving mug is dated 1867. As hot water was not common in many households, one way to provide hot lather was to use a scuttle or mug. A traditional scuttle resembles a teapot with a wide spout where hot water is poured in; this is where it differs from a shaving mug, which has no spout. Both shaving scuttles and mugs usually have a handle, but some have none. Shaving mugs often look like a standard mug, however, some also have a built in brush rest, so the brush does not sit in lather. Modern versions of the scuttle are in limited production, usually by independent potters working in small volumes.


title: Mug

text: At the top of the scuttle or mug is a soap holder. Traditionally, it was used with a hard block of shaving soap (rather than soft soap or cream) and therefore had drain holes at the bottom. Later scuttles and mugs do not include the holes, and thus can be used with creams and soft soaps. Some scuttles and mugs have concentric circles on the bottom, which retain some water thus helping to build lather.


title: Mug

text: In use, the shaving brush is dunked into the wide spout, allowing it to soak into the water and heat up. The soap is placed in the soap holder. When needed, one can take the brush and brush it against the soap, bringing up a layer of lather; excess water is drained back. This allows conservation of water and soap, whilst retaining enough heat to ensure a long shave.


title: Mug

text: Tiki mugs, drinking vessels usually made of ceramics, originated in mid-20th century tropical themed restaurants and tiki bars. The term "Tiki mugs" is a generic, blanket term for sculptural drink ware that depict imagery from Melanesia, Micronesia, or Polynesia, and more recently anything tropical or related to surfing. Often sold as souvenirs, tiki mugs are highly collectable. Modern manufacturers include Muntiki and Tiki Farm. Individual artists, such as Van Tiki, also produced limited one-of-a-kind hand sculpted mugs.


title: Mug

text: Travel mugs (introduced in the 1980s) generally employ thermal insulation properties for transporting hot or cold liquids. Similar to a vacuum flask, a travel mug is usually well-insulated and completely enclosed to prevent spillage or leaking, but will generally have an opening in the cover through which the contents can be consumed during transportation without spillage. As the primary mechanism by which hot (not warm) beverages lose heat is evaporation, a lid serves a vital role in keeping the drink hot; even a thin plastic one which conducts heat quite quickly.


title: Mug

text: Mugs with inner and outer walls, but not vacuum treated, are generally called double wall mugs. Usually stainless steel will be used for the inner wall while outer wall can be stainless steel, plastic, or even embedded with other materials.


title: Mug

text: Mugs designed for use when driving are called "auto mugs" or "commuter mugs." Travel mugs have a spill-proof lid with a sipping opening and in many cases, a narrower base, so that they will fit into the cup-holders that are built into many vehicles. Additional criteria for evaluating auto mugs include: they must be easy to open single-handedly (to prevent distractions while driving), include a fill line (to prevent over-filling, which contributes to leaking), preferably have no handles (no-handled mugs are easier to grab while driving), should not obstruct a driver's view of the road when he or she is drinking, and - with regard to cup-holders be able to fit, stably, into a wide range of mug holders.


title: Mug

text: The "whistle mug" or "hubblebubble" is an amusement mug. It has a hollow handle which can be blown through the mug like a whistle. With an empty mug, only one note is emitted, whereas a filled mug produces melodious trills and warblings.


title: Mug

text: A puzzle mug is a mug which has some trick preventing normal operation. One example is a mug with multiple holes in the rim, making it impossible to drink from it in the normal way. Although it is tempting to grasp the body of the mug covering the visible holes and drink the liquid in the usual manner, this would pour the liquid through hidden perforations near the mug's top. The solution is to cover the holes in the rim with hands, but to drink not through the top, but through a "secret" hole in the hollow handle.


title: Mug

text: A puzzle mug called "fuddling cups" consists of three mugs connected through their walls and handles. The inner holes in the mugs walls are designed in such a way that the mugs must be emptied in a unique sequence, or they will drain.


title: Mug

text: The Pythagorean cup (see picture) contains a small siphon hidden in a rod placed in the mug center. The cup holds liquid if filled below the height of the rod, but once filled above that level, it drains all liquid through the siphon to a hole in its base.


title: Mug

text: Heat changing, heat sensitive, or magic mugs make use of thermochromism to change appearance when a hot beverage is poured into them.


title: Mug

text: Much of the mug design aims at thermal insulation: the thick walls of a mug, as compared to the thinner walls of teacups, insulate the beverage to prevent it from cooling or warming quickly. The mug bottom is often not flat, but either concave or has an extra rim, to reduce the thermal contact with the surface on which a mug is placed. These features often leave a characteristic circular stain on the surface. Finally, the handle of a mug keeps the hand away from the hot sides of a mug. The small cross section of the handle reduces heat flow between the liquid and the hand. For the same reason of thermal insulation, mugs are usually made of materials with low thermal conductivity, such as earthenware, bone china, porcelain, or glass.


title: Mug

text: As a ubiquitous desktop item, the mug is often used as an object of art or advertisement; some mugs are rather decorations than drinking vessels. Carving had been traditionally applied to mugs in the ancient times. Deforming a mug into an unusual shape is sometimes used. However, the most popular decoration technique nowadays is printing on mugs, which is usually performed as follows: Ceramic powder is mixed with dyes of chosen color and a plasticizer. Then it is printed on a gelatin-coated paper using a traditional screen-printing technique, which applies the mixture through a fine woven mesh, which is stretched on a frame and has a mask of desired shape. This technique produces a thin homogeneous coating; however, if smoothness is not required, the ceramic mixture is painted directly with a brush. Another, more complex alternative is to coat the paper with a photographic emulsion, photoprint the image and then cure the emulsion with ultraviolet light.


title: Mug

text: After drying, the printed paper, called a litho, can be stored indefinitely. When a litho is applied to the mug, it is first softened in warm water. This detaches the gelatin cover, with the printed image, from the paper; this cover is then transferred to the mug. The mug is then fired around , which softens the top surface of the glaze, thereby embedding the image into it.


title: Mug

text: A popular way to store mugs is on a 'mug tree', a wooden or metal pole mounted on a round base and fitted with pegs to hang mugs by their handles. There are also racks designed for hanging mugs so that they are ready to hand. Those are especially useful on ships in high waves.


title: Mug

text: The mug serves as one of the most popular examples of homeomorphism in topology. Two objects are homeomorphic if one can be deformed into the other without cutting or gluing. Thus in topology, a mug is equivalent (homeomorphic) to a doughnut (torus) as it can be reshaped into a doughnut by a continuous deformation, without cutting, breaking, punching holes or gluing. Another topological example is a mug with two handles, which is equivalent to a double torus – an object resembling number 8. A mug without a handle, i.e., a bowl or a beaker, is topologically equivalent to a saucer, which is quite evident when a raw clay bowl is flattened on a potter's wheel.


title: Media ethics

text: Media ethics is the subdivision dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet. The field covers many varied and highly controversial topics, ranging from war journalism to Benetton ad campaigns.


title: Media ethics

text: Media ethics promotes and defends values such as a universal respect for life and the rule of law and legality. Media Ethics defines and deals with ethical questions about how media should use texts and pictures provided by the citizens.


title: Media ethics

text: Literature regarding the ways in which specifically the Internet impacts media ethics in journalism online is scarce, thereby complicating the idea for a universal code of media ethics.


title: Media ethics

text: Research and publications in the field of information ethics has been produced since the 1980s. Notable figures include and Robert Hauptman (who focused his work specifically on censorship, privacy, access to information, balance in collection development, copyright, fair use, and codes of ethics), Rafael Capurro, Barbara J. Kostrewski and Charles Oppenheim (who wrote the article ""“Ethics in Information Science”" , discussing issues as confidentiality of information, bias in information provided to clients or consumers, the quality of data supplied by online vendors, etc.).


title: Media ethics

text: In the 1990s, the term "information ethics" began to be explored by various Computer Science and Information departments in the United States.


title: Media ethics

text: In the late 1990s, textbooks such as Richard Severson's "The Principles of Information Ethics" and Marsha Cook Woodbury's "Computer and Information Ethics", and Deborah G. Johnson's "Computer Ethics" were published.


title: Media ethics

text: Media ethics: Issues of moral principles and values as applied to the conduct, roles, and *content of the mass media, in particular journalism ethics and standards and marketing ethics; also the field of study concerned with this topic. In relation to news coverage it includes issues such as impartiality, objectivity, balance, bias, privacy, and the public interest. More generally, it also includes stereotyping, taste and decency, obscenity, freedom of speech, advertising practices such as product placement, and legal issues such as defamation. On an institutional level it includes debates over media ownership and control, commercialization, accountability, the relation of the media to the political system, issues arising from regulation (e.g. censorship) and deregulation.


title: Media ethics

text: The ethics of journalism is one of the most well-defined branches of media ethics, primarily because it is frequently taught in


title: Media ethics

text: schools of journalism. Journalistic ethics tend to dominate media ethics, sometimes almost to the exclusion of other areas. Topics covered by journalism ethics include:


title: Media ethics

text: Internationally recognized journalists and scholar Steven J. A. Ward defines journalism ethics as the responsible use of freedom of speech. The ethics of online journalism holds great importance to the authenticity and credibility of reported literature although it can be difficult to gauge a set standard because of differences in national and international cultural values. In this current digital climate with multiple new technologies and broad availability of information, Journalists have less ascendancy over what is considered important news. Online journalists must now assist consumers make sense of it all. The Internet has shaped and redefined various ethical and moral issues for both online journalists and journalists utilizing online resources. While some journalists continue to adhere to ethical principles of traditional journalism, many journalists believe that with the absence of a mutually agreed upon code of ethics specifically pertaining to internet ethics, and lack of literature dealing specifically with the ways in which the Internet impacts media ethics in journalism online, the online environment poses new threats to the profession.


title: Media ethics

text: Some of the core issues of media ethics in online journalism include commercial pressures, accuracy and credibility (which include the issues dealing with hyperlinks), verification of facts, regulation, privacy, and news-gathering methods. In addition the ethics in question are not only limited to the action of reporters, but the decisions organizations and outlets that release information. Questions emerge on the ethical responsibilities of organizations to the public such as whether it is unethical for stories to be reported expediently to get the better of competition rather than taking time to receive the full story.


title: Media ethics

text: In democratic countries, a special relationship exists between media and government. Although the freedom of the media may be constitutionally enshrined and have precise legal definition and enforcement, the exercise of that freedom by individual journalists is a matter of personal choice and ethics.


title: Media ethics

text: Modern democratic government subsists in representation of millions by hundreds. For the representatives to be accountable, and for the process of government to be transparent, effective communication paths must exist to their constituents. Today these paths consist primarily of the mass media, to the extent that if press freedom disappeared, so would most political accountability.


title: Media ethics

text: Media integrity refers to the ability of a media outlet to serve the public interest and democratic process, making it resilient to institutional corruption within the media system, economy of influence, conflicting dependence and political clientelism. Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet:


title: Media ethics

text: The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region of South East Europe, within the project South East European Media Observatory, gathering organisations which are part of the South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM).


title: Media ethics

text: Digital news media includes online journalism, blogging, digital photojournalism, citizen journalism and social media. It talks about how journalism should interact and use the 'new media' to publish stories including how to use texts and images provided by other people.


title: Media ethics

text: There are new ethical issues due to the new image technology. Citizens now have the availability to take pictures and videos from easier and faster ways like smartphones which allow them to not only collect information but also edit and manipulate it.


title: Media ethics

text: This convergence of ease of capture, ease of transmission, and ease of manipulation questions the traditional principles of photojournalism which were developed for non-digital capture and transmission of pictures and video.


title: Media ethics

text: The main issues regarding the new image technology is that the newsroom cannot trust the easily obtained images and also the limit of the image edit. It is vague and very difficult to decide the borderline of image manipulation.


title: Media ethics

text: It is very complicated and still a dilemma to clarify the principles of responsible image making and ethics on it.


title: Media ethics

text: Reuters has been accused of unethical practice of forcefully taking and publishing wrong images. In 2020, three Reuters investigative journalists, Raphael Satter, Christopher Bing and Jack Stubbs who were conducting an investigation about a hack-for-hire company based in India forcefully took a photograph of Kumar, a small scale Indian herbal businessman for an alleged hacker Sumit Gupta of Belltrox. Kumar had showed his identity proof that he is not the alleged hacker but one of the three journalists took his photograph and used in their story. The businessman was questioned by the police, his reputation damaged, suffered business loss and later relocated to a small town. Reuters later admitted to an error of mistaken identity caused by the businessman’s sharing of same address with the alleged hacker.


title: Media ethics

text: Within the last two decades, numerous regional discussions have taken place in Europe, Latin America, Africa, and Asia in order to create a universal code of ethics for the information society.


title: Media ethics

text: One of the core issues in developing a universal code for media ethics is the difficulty of finding a common ground between ethical principles from one culture to another. Also, such codes may be interpreted differently according to various moral and legal standards.


title: Media ethics

text: The ethical facet of the global information society has been on the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) agenda since 1997, when the organization initiated their first INFOethics Congress. The objective of this summit was to spark debate on the ethical dimension of the global information society. The UNESCO INFOethics Congresses then met in 1998 and 2000, where specialists coming from a wide range of educational, scientific, and cultural environments addressed the ethical dimensions of global media and information.


title: Media ethics

text: In 2004, the ICIE, or International Center for Information Ethics, organized the first international symposium on information ethics in Karlsuhe, Germany. Experts with varying scientific backgrounds such as computer science, information science, media studies, and economics, gathered from all over the world to discuss the internet from both an ethical and intercultural perspective.


title: Media ethics

text: The media has manipulated the way public officials conduct themselves through the advancement of technology. Constant television coverage displays the legislative proceedings; exposing faster than ever before, unjust rulings throughout the government process. Truth telling is crucial in media ethics as any opposition of truth telling is considered deception. Anything shown by the media whether print or video is considered to be original. When a statement is written in an article or a video is shown of a public official, it is the original “truthful” words of the individual official themselves.


title: Media ethics

text: If values differ interculturally, the issue arises of the extent to which behaviour should be modified in the light of the values of specific cultures. Two examples of controversy from the field of media ethics:


title: Media ethics

text: One theoretical question for media ethics is the extent to which media ethics is just another topical subdivision of applied ethics, differing only in terms of case applications and raising no theoretical issues peculiar to itself. The oldest subdivisions of applied ethics are medical ethics and business ethics. Does media ethics have anything new to add other than interesting cases?


title: Media ethics

text: The issues of freedom of speech and aesthetic values (taste) are primarily at home in media ethics. However a number of further issues distinguish media ethics as a field in its own right.


title: Media ethics

text: A theoretical issue peculiar to media ethics is the identity of "observer" and "observed". The press is one of the primary guardians in a democratic society of many of the freedoms, rights and duties discussed by other fields of applied ethics. In media ethics the ethical obligations of the guardians themselves comes more strongly into the foreground. Who guards the guardians? This question also arises in the field of legal ethics.


title: Media ethics

text: A further self-referentiality or circular characteristic in media ethics is the questioning of its own values. Meta-issues can become identical with the subject matter of media ethics. This is most strongly seen when artistic elements are considered. Benetton advertisements and Turner prize candidates are both examples of ethically questionable media uses which question their own


title: Media ethics

text: Another characteristic of media ethics is the disparate nature of its goals. Ethical dilemmas emerge when goals conflict. The goals of media usage diverge sharply. Expressed in a consequentialist manner, media usage may be subject to pressures to maximize: economic profits, entertainment value, information provision, the upholding of democratic freedoms, the development of art and culture, fame and vanity.


title: Izabelle Leite

text: After debuting in Bollywood with an uncredited appearance in , she appeared in Bollywood with a leading role in the teen drama "Sixteen" (2013). Her second film was the romance "Purani Jeans" (2014). As a model, she has promoted Lakme beauty products, Procter & Gamble, Big Bazaar and the Pakistani brand Nishat Linen.


title: Izabelle Leite

text: Leite was nominated for Best Female Debut Actress by Life Ok Screen Awards 2014 for the movie "Sixteen". She also appeared in the music video of Lahore with Guru Randhawa which has reached over 900 million views on YouTube.


title: Patriots' Day

text: Patriots' Day (Patriot's Day in Maine) is an annual event, formalized as a legal holiday or a special observance day in six states, commemorating the battles of Lexington, Concord, and Menotomy, some of the first battles of the American Revolutionary War. The holiday occurs on the third Monday of April each year, with celebrations including battle reenactments and the Boston Marathon.


title: Patriots' Day

text: In 1894, the Lexington Historical Society petitioned the Massachusetts General Court to proclaim April 19 as "Lexington Day". Concord countered with "Concord Day". However, the biggest battle fought on this day was in the town of Menotomy—now Arlington, Massachusetts—on the Concord Road between Lexington and Concord and Boston. So Governor Frederic T. Greenhalge opted for a compromise: Patriots' Day.


title: Patriots' Day

text: Patriots' Day was proclaimed in Massachusetts in 1894 by Gov. Greenhalge, replacing Fast Day as a public holiday. The idea was introduced to the Governor by the statesman from Lowell, Isaac Henry Paige. It was established on April 19, commemorating the date of the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the larger Battle of Menotomy in 1775, and consolidating the longstanding municipal observances of Lexington Day and Concord Day. It also marked the first bloodshed of the American Civil War in the Baltimore riot of 1861. The dual commemoration, Greenhalge explained, celebrated "the anniversary of the birth of liberty and union". It is likely that the battles that took place in Menotomy are not as well known as the smaller battles in Lexington and Concord because the town has had several names since that day in 1775. In 1938, with the generation that had fought in the Civil War largely off the voter rolls, the Massachusetts legislature passed a bill establishing the holiday "in commemoration of the opening events of the War of the Revolution".


title: Patriots' Day

text: On June 10, 2017, Governor Dannel Malloy signed a bill establishing Patriots' Day as a statewide unpaid holiday in Connecticut, and on April 16, 2018, Connecticut became the fifth state to recognize the holiday. On March 19, 2019, Governor Doug Burgum signed a bill recognizing Patriots' Day in the state of North Dakota.


title: Patriots' Day

text: The holiday was originally celebrated on April 19, the actual anniversary of the battles (fought in 1775). Since 1969, it has been observed on the third Monday in April in Massachusetts and in Maine (which until the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was part of Massachusetts). The Monday holiday creates a three-day long weekend. It is also the first day of a vacation week for public schools in both states and a school holiday for many local colleges and universities, both public and private.


title: Patriots' Day

text: The day is a public school observance day in Wisconsin. Florida law also encourages people to celebrate it, though it is not treated as a legal holiday. Connecticut began observance in 2018 and North Dakota in 2019.


title: Patriots' Day

text: Observances and re-enactments of the battles occur annually at Lexington Green in Lexington, Massachusetts (around 6:00 am) and the Old North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts (around 9:00 am) and in Arlington, Massachusetts on the Sunday before Patriot's Day. Tours are available of the Jason Russell House in Arlington, Massachusetts on Sunday and Monday. On Monday morning, mounted re-enactors with state police escorts retrace the Midnight Rides of Paul Revere and William Dawes, calling out warnings the whole way.


title: Patriots' Day

text: The most significant celebration of Patriots' Day is the Boston Marathon, which has been run every Patriots' Day since April 19, 1897 (except in 2020 and 2021) to mark the then-recently established holiday, with the race linking the Athenian and American struggles for liberty.


title: Patriots' Day

text: The Boston Marathon has been run on Patriots' Day every year since its inception in 1897, even during the World War years, except in 2020 and 2021. Therefore, sometimes the holiday is referred to as "Marathon Monday". However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Boston Marathon was rescheduled to September in March and ultimately canceled in May. Because of the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, the 2021 running of the Boston Marathon was moved to October 11.


title: Patriots' Day

text: The Boston Red Sox have been scheduled to play at home in Fenway Park on Patriots' Day every year since 1959. The game was postponed due to weather in 1959, 1961, 1965, 1967, 1984, and 2018. It was canceled in 1995 due to the baseball strike, and again in 2020 due to COVID-19. The game was played in 2013 despite the Boston Marathon bombing because it had finished before the bombs went off. From 1968 to 2006 the games started early, in the morning, around 11:00 am. The early start to these games usually resulted in the games' ending just as the runners headed through Kenmore Square. However, since 2007 the marathon has started between 9:30 am and 10:00 am, causing the racers to pass through Kenmore closer to the middle of the Red Sox game.


title: Chilean peso

text: The peso is the currency of Chile. The current peso has circulated since 1975, with a previous version circulating between 1817 and 1960. Its symbol is defined as a letter S with either one or two vertical bars superimposed prefixing the amount, $ or ; the single-bar symbol, available in most modern text systems, is almost always used. Both of these symbols are used by many currencies, most notably the United States dollar, and may be ambiguous without clarification, such as CLP$ or . The ISO 4217 code for the present peso is CLP. It was officially subdivided into 100 "centavos", until the subdivision was eliminated in 1984 due to its low value. The exchange rate was around CLP$920 to 1 United States dollar as of November 2022.


title: Chilean peso

text: The first Chilean peso was introduced in 1817, at a value of 8 Spanish colonial reales. Until 1851, the peso was subdivided into 8 reales, with the "escudo" worth 2 pesos. In 1835, copper coins denominated in "centavos" were introduced, but it was not until 1851 that the real and escudo denominations ceased to be issued and further issues in centavos and "décimos" (worth 10 centavos) commenced. Also in 1851, the peso was set equal 5 French francs on the sild, 22.5 grams pure silver. However, gold coins were issued to a different standard to that of France, with 1 peso = 1.37 grams gold (5 francs equalled 1.45 grams gold). In 1885, a gold standard was adopted, pegging the peso to the British pound sterling at a rate of pesos = 1 pound (1 peso = 1 shilling 6 pence). This was reduced in 1926 to 40 pesos = 1 pound (1 peso = 6 pence). From 1925, coins and banknotes were issued denominated in "cóndores", worth 10 pesos. The gold standard was suspended in 1932 and the peso's value fell further. The "escudo" replaced the peso on 1 January 1960 at a rate 1 escudo = 1000 pesos.


title: Chilean peso

text: Between 1817 and 1851, silver coins were issued in denominations of , , 1, and 2 reales and 1 peso (also denominated 8 reales), with gold coins for 1, 2, 4, and 8 escudos. In 1835, copper and 1 centavo coins were issued. A full decimal coinage was introduced between 1851 and 1853, consisting of copper and 1 centavo, silver and 1 décimo (5 and 10 centavos), 20 and 50 centavos, and 1 peso, and gold 5 and 10 pesos. In 1860, gold 1 peso coins were introduced, followed by cupronickel , 1 and 2 centavos between 1870 and 1871. Copper coins for these denominations were reintroduced between 1878 and 1883, with copper centavos added in 1886. A new gold coinage was introduced in 1895, reflecting the lower gold standard, with coins for 2, 5, 10 and 20 pesos. In 1896, the and 1 décimo were replaced by 5 and 10 centavo coins.


title: Chilean peso

text: In 1907, a short-lived, silver 40 centavo coin was introduced following cessation of production of the 50 centavo coin. In 1919, the last of the copper coins (1 and 2 centavos) were issued. The following year, cupronickel replaced silver in the 5, 10 and 20 centavo coins. A final gold coinage was introduced in 1926, in denominations of 20, 50 and 100 pesos. In 1927, silver 2 and 5 peso coins were issued. Cupronickel 1 peso coins were introduced in 1933, replacing the last of the silver coins. In 1942, copper 20 and 50 centavos and 1 peso coins were introduced. The last coins of the first peso were issued between 1954 and 1959. These were aluminum 1, 5 and 10 pesos.


title: Chilean peso

text: Gold bullion coins with nominals in 100 pesos were minted between 1932 and 1980 (i.e. they survived into the periods of two later currencies). In addition, there was a special issue of gold coins (100, 200 and 500 pesos) in 1968.


title: Chilean peso

text: Coins issued in values of 5 and 10 pesos from 1956 onwards, as well as bullion coins of 20, 50 and 100 pesos issued from 1925 to 1980 (exceeding the validity of this monetary standard by 20 years) also bring such equivalence in condors, being 10 pesos per condor.


title: Chilean peso

text: The first Chilean paper money was issued between 1840 and 1844 by the treasury of the Province of Valdivia, in denominations of 4 and 8 reales. In the 1870s, a number of private banks began issuing paper money, including the "Banco Agrícola", the "Banco de la Alianza", the "Banco de Concepción", the "Banco Consolidado de Chile", the "Banco de A. Edwards y Cía.", the "Banco de Escobar, Ossa y Cía.", the "Banco Mobiliario", the "Banco Nacional de Chile", the "Banco del Pobre", the "Banco Sud Americano", the "Banco del Sur", the "Banco de la Unión", and the "Banco de Valparaíso". Others followed in the 1880s and 1890s. Denominations included 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 pesos. One bank, the Banco de A. Edwards y Cía., also issued notes denominated in pounds sterling ("libra esterlina").


title: Chilean peso

text: In 1881, the government issued paper money convertible into silver or gold, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1000 pesos. 50 centavo notes were added in 1891 and 500 pesos in 1912. In 1898, provisional issues were made by the government, consisting of private bank notes overprinted with the words "Emisión Fiscal". This marked the end of the production of private paper money.


title: Chilean peso

text: In 1925, the "Banco Central de Chile" began issuing notes. The first, in denominations of 5, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 pesos, were overprints on government notes. In 1927, notes marked as "Billete Provisional" were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 pesos. Regular were introduced between 1931 and 1933, in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 pesos. The 1 and 20 peso notes stopped production in 1943 and 1947, respectively. The remaining denominations continued production until 1959, with a 50,000-peso note added in 1958.


title: Chilean peso

text: Notes issued after 1925 show the equivalence in condors, which was at the rate of 10 pesos per condor.


title: Chilean peso

text: The current peso was introduced on 29 September 1975 by decree 1,123, replacing the escudo at a rate of 1 peso for 1,000 escudos. This peso was subdivided into 100 centavos until 1984.


title: Chilean peso

text: In 1975, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 50 centavos and 1 peso. The 1, 5, and 10 centavo coins were very similar to the 10, 50, and 100 escudo coins they replaced. Since 1983, inflation has left the centavo coins obsolete. 5 and 10 peso coins were introduced in 1976, followed by 50 and 100 peso coins in 1981 and by a bi-metallic 500 peso coin in 2000. Coins currently in circulation are in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 pesos; however, the value of the peso has depreciated enough that most retailers and others tend to use prices that are multiples of 10 pesos, ignoring smaller amounts. The 1 peso coin is rare. On 26 October 2017 the Mint stopped producing 1 and 5 peso coins, and started accepting those coins directly at the mint to exchange for larger denomination. On 1 November 2017 commercial entities began rounding off amounts for payment in cash, rounding down for amounts ending in 1 through 5 pesos, rounding up for amounts ending in 6 through 9 pesos. Electronic transactions and cheques are not affected. This change has affected various charities which had programs to accept donations at the cash register.


title: Chilean peso

text: Right after the military dictatorship in Chile (1973–1990) ended, the obverse designs of the 5 and 10 peso coins were changed. Those coins had borne the image of a winged female figure wearing a classical robe and portrayed as if she had just broken a chain binding her two hands together (a length of chain could be seen hanging from each of her wrists); beside her appear the date of the coup d'état Roman numerals and the word "" (Spanish for "liberty"). After the return of democracy, a design with the portrait of Bernardo O'Higgins was adopted.


title: Chilean peso

text: In 2001, a newly redesigned 100-peso coin bearing the image of a Mapuche woman began to circulate. In February, 2010, it was discovered that on the 2008 series of the 50 peso coins the country name ' had been misspelled as '. The national mint said that it did not plan to recall the coins. Worth about US$0.09 each at the time, the faulty coins became collectors' items.


title: Chilean peso

text: In 1976, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 5, 10, 50, and 100 pesos with the reverses of the two lowest denominations resembling those of the 5000- and 10,000-escudo notes they replaced. Inflation has since led to the issue of much higher denominations. Five-hundred-peso notes were introduced in May, 1977, followed by the 1000-peso (in June, 1978), 5000-peso (June, 1981), 10,000-peso (June, 1989), 2000-peso (December, 1997), and 20,000-peso (December, 1998) notes. The 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500-peso banknotes have been replaced by coins, leaving only the 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, and 20,000 peso notes in circulation. Redesigned versions of the four highest denominations were issued in 2009 and 2010. The popular new 1000-peso banknote was issued on 11 May 2011.


title: Chilean peso

text: Since September 2004, the 2000-peso note has been issued only as a polymer banknote; the 5000-peso note began emission in polymer in September 2009; and the 1000-peso note was switched to polymer in May, 2011. This was the first time in Chilean history that a new family of banknotes was put into circulation for other cause than the effects of inflation. , only the 10,000 and 20,000 peso notes are still printed on cotton paper. All new notes have the same height, while their length varies in steps according to their face values: the shortest is the 1000-peso note and the longest is the 20,000-pesos. The new notes are substantially more difficult to falsify because of new security measures.


title: Chilean peso

text: The design and production of the whole new family of banknotes was assigned to the Australian company Note Printing Australia Ltd for the 1000, 2000 and 5000 peso notes, and the Swedish company Crane AB for the 10,000 and 20,000 peso notes


title: Chilean peso

text: Colloquial Chilean Spanish has informal names for some banknotes and coins. These include "luca" for a thousand pesos, "quina" for five hundred pesos ("quinientos" is Spanish for "five hundred"), and "gamba" ("prawn") for one hundred pesos (or more recently 100,000 pesos). These names are old: For example, gamba and luca applied to 100 and 1000 escudos before 1975. The term "gamba" is a reference to the color of one hundred pesos banknote issued between 1933 and 1959.


title: Chilean peso

text: Some banknotes are called informally by the name of the person printed on them. For example, the five thousand-peso banknote is sometimes called a "gabriela", for Gabriela Mistral, the ten thousand-peso banknote "arturo" or "arturito" (little Arturo) for Arturo Prat.


title: Chilean peso

text: Depending on context, a "gamba" might mean one hundred pesos or one hundred thousand pesos. For instance a new computer might be said to cost two "gambas". This means two hundred thousand pesos. Less commonly, this applies to "luca", taken to mean one million, usually referred to as "palo".


title: Chilean peso

text: The cover of the 2007 Velvet Revolver album "Libertad" features a stylized version of the angel from the Pinochet-era 10 pesos coin. Guitarist Slash, who personally chose the image, claimed he had no idea of the dark significance of it at the time.


title: Chilean peso

text: Between 1974 and 1979, the Chilean peso was allowed to float within a crawling band. From June 1979 to 1982 the peso was pegged to the United States dollar at a fixed exchange rate. In June 1982, during that year's economic crisis, the peso was devalued and different exchange rate regimes were used. In August 1984 the peso returned to a system of crawling bands, which were periodically adjusted to reflect differences between external and internal inflation.


title: Chilean peso

text: Starting in September 1999, the Chilean peso was allowed to float freely against the United States dollar for the first time. Chile's Central Bank, however, reserved the right to intervene, which it did on two occasions to counter excessive depreciation: the first, in August and September 2001, coincided with Argentina's convertibility crisis and with the September 11 attacks in the United States. The second, in October 2002, was during Brazil's presidential election.


title: The Farmer in the Dell

text: "The Farmer in the Dell" is a singing game, nursery rhyme, and children's song. It probably originated in Germany and was brought to America by immigrants. From there, it spread to many other nations and is popular in a number of languages. It is Roud Folk Song Index number 6306.


title: The Farmer in the Dell

text: The rhyme was first recorded in Germany in 1826, as "Es fuhr ein Bau'r ins Holz". It was more clearly a courtship game, with a farmer choosing a wife, then selecting a child, maid, and serving man who leaves the maid after kissing her. This was probably taken to America by German immigrants, where it next surfaced in New York City in 1883, in its modern form and using a melody similar to "A-Hunting We Will Go". From there, it seems to have been adopted throughout the United States, Canada (noted from 1893), the Netherlands (1894), and Great Britain; it is first found in Scotland in 1898 and England from 1909. In the early twentieth century, it was evident in France ("Le fermier dans son pré"), Sweden ("En bonde i vår by"), Australia, and South Africa.


title: The Farmer in the Dell

text: Like most children's songs, there are geographic variations. In the United Kingdom, the first line is frequently changed to "The Farmer's in his den". The rhyme progresses through the farmer being in the dell or his den, his desire for a wife, hers for a child, its for a nurse, a dog, then a bone, and ending in: "we all pat the bone". Every player then pats the one picked as the bone. The "Hi-Ho, the derry-o" lyric is variously replaced with, "Ee-i, tiddly-i", in London, "Ee-i, adio", "Ee-i, andio,", "Ee-i, en-gee-oh" or "Ee-i, entio", in Northern England, and "Ee-i, ee-i", in the West Country.


title: The Farmer in the Dell

text: The Romanian language version is "Țăranul e pe câmp" ("The farmer is on the field"), but the "Hey-o" is replaced with "Ura, drăguţa mea" ("Hooray, my sweetheart"), and the last verses are: "the child has a nurse, the nurse has a cat, the cat catches a mouse, the mouse eats a cheese, the cheese is in a cask, the cask is in the garbage, the farmer to choose."


title: The Farmer in the Dell

text: The players form a circle, holding hands while singing the first verse and moving around the player in the middle, who is designated as the farmer. When the verse is over they stop, and the farmer makes his choice of a wife (sometimes without looking). The wife joins him in the center for her verse, and this pattern is repeated through the verses until either the cheese or dog is selected, or only one person is left to become the last character, who usually becomes the farmer for the next round.


title: Catchphrase

text: A catchphrase (alternatively spelled catch phrase) is a phrase or expression recognized by its repeated utterance. Such phrases often originate in popular culture and in the arts, and typically spread through word of mouth and a variety of mass media (such as films, internet, literature and publishing, television, and radio). Some become the de facto or literal "trademark" or "signature" of the person or character with whom they originated, and can be instrumental in the typecasting of a particular actor. Catchphrases are often humorous, but are never long enough or structured enough to be jokes in themselves. However, a catchphrase can be (or become) the punchline of a joke, or a reminder of a previous joke.


title: Catchphrase

text: According to Richard Harris, a psychology professor at Kansas State University who studied why people like to cite films in social situations, using film quotes in everyday conversation is similar to telling a joke and a way to form solidarity with others. "People are doing it to feel good about themselves, to make others laugh, to make themselves laugh," he said. He found that all of the participants in his study had used film quotes in conversation at one point or another. "They overwhelmingly cited comedies, followed distantly by dramas and action adventure flicks." Horror films, musicals and children's films were hardly ever cited.


title: Catchphrase

text: The existence of catchphrases predates modern mass media. A description of the phenomenon is found in "Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds" published by Charles Mackay in 1841:


title: Catchphrase

text: And, first of all, walk where we will, we cannot help hearing from every side a phrase repeated with delight, and received with laughter, by men with hard hands and dirty faces, by saucy butcher lads and errand-boys, by loose women, by hackney coachmen, cabriolet-drivers, and idle fellows who loiter at the corners of streets. Not one utters this phrase without producing a laugh from all within hearing. It seems applicable to every circumstance, and is the universal answer to every question; in short, it is the favourite slang phrase of the day, a phrase that, while its brief season of popularity lasts, throws a dash of fun and frolicsomeness over the existence of squalid poverty and ill-requited labour, and gives them reason to laugh as well as their more fortunate fellows in a higher stage of society.


title: The Mysterious Benedict Society

text: The Mysterious Benedict Society is a quartet of children's books by Trenton Lee Stewart chronicling the adventures of four children, initially gathered together by the eccentric Mr. Benedict. The first children's novels written by Stewart, each of the first three books were published annually from 2007 to 2009, with the fourth installment following a decade later. A prequel novel detailing the backstory of Nicholas Benedict was released in 2012.


title: The Mysterious Benedict Society

text: Four young children, who are each gifted in different areas, are bound by a common factor: they are either orphans or unwanted by their parents. The children become involved with the strange Nicholas Benedict and his guild of assistants who are trying to stop Benedict's twin, Ledroptha Curtain, from taking over the world via brainwashing. The children team up against the villain and his evil assistants, the Ten Men.


title: The Mysterious Benedict Society

text: Written by Matt Manfredi and Phil Hay, with Tony Hale cast as Mister Benedict and Mister Curtain, the series aired on Disney+ and Disney Channel, with the first of eight episodes premiering June 25, 2021. Additional cast members include Kristen Schaal as Number Two, MaameYaa Boafo as Rhonda Kazembe, Ryan Hurst as Milligan, Gia Sandhu as Ms. Perumal, Mystic Inscho as Reynie Muldoon, Seth Carr as Sticky Washington, Emmy DeOliveira as Kate Wetherall, and Marta Kessler as Constance Contraire. The series creators have suggested any subsequent season would mix elements from multiple novels, rather than adapt each book as its own season.


title: The Mysterious Benedict Society

text: The series has sold over three million copies. Many critics praised the enigmatic plot and puzzles included in the storyline of "The Mysterious Benedict Society"; journalist Michele Norris, writing for NPR, said, "Almost everything inside this book is an enigma." Additionally, the ethical decisions and moral lessons contained within the book were praised. Kirkus Reviews said that the book was "rich in moral and ethical issues." In a starred review for "The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Perilous Jounrey", "School Library Journal" described the book as "not just a rip-roaring adventure ... but also a warm and satisfying tale about friendship." "Kirkus Reviews" was less positive, saying that the book "may wear down less patient readers", citing the prose and needless elaborations in several areas. "Horn Book Magazine" disagreed, saying that "Stewart keeps interest high throughout". They especially praised the "first-rate brainteasers", with "School Library Journal" also commenting that it had "plenty of clever twists".


title: The Mysterious Benedict Society

text: For "The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Prisoner's Dilemma", Booklist stated "Displaying much of the charm of the first book, this would make a fitting end to the series, but the Society's legion of fans probably wouldn't say no to more." while the School Library Journal wrote "the story lacks the facile agility of its predecessors. On the other hand, the opening gambit is fresh and frightfully funny ... If this is the last Society installment, readers had better, as Reynie says, 'acquire a taste for the bittersweet.'" Kirkus Reviews called the book "The Mysterious Benedict Society and the Riddle of Ages" "Clever as ever—if slow off the mark—and positively laden with tics, quirks, and puns." The American Booksellers Association named "Riddle of Ages" one of their ABC Best Books for Young Readers in 2019.


title: Toulouse Street

text: The album was released on July 1, 1972, by Warner Bros. Records. It is the band's first album with bassist Tiran Porter and second with drummer Michael Hossack to augment existing drummer John Hartman, putting in place their trademark twin-drummer sound. Toulouse Street is the name of a street in the French Quarter of New Orleans. The cover and inside centerfold photos were taken at a former brothel on Toulouse Street.


title: Chewa language

text: Chewa (also known as Nyanja, ) is a Bantu language spoken in much of Southern, Southeast and East Africa, namely the countries of Malawi , where it is an official language, and Mozambique and Zambia. The noun class prefix "chi-" is used for languages, so the language is usually called and (spelled in Portuguese). In Malawi, the name was officially changed from Chinyanja to Chichewa in 1968 at the insistence of President Hastings Kamuzu Banda (himself of the Chewa people), and this is still the name most commonly used in Malawi today. In Zambia, the language is generally known as Nyanja or '(language) of the lake' (referring to Lake Malawi).


title: Chewa language

text: Chewa is the most widely known language of Malawi, spoken mostly in the Central and Southern Regions of that country. "It is also one of the seven official African languages of Zambia, where it is spoken mostly in the Eastern Province (the Lusaka Nyanja dialect). It is also spoken in Mozambique, especially in the provinces of Tete and Niassa." It was one of the 55 languages featured on the Voyager spacecraft.


title: Chewa language

text: The Chewa were a branch of the Maravi people who lived in the Eastern Province of Zambia and in northern Mozambique as far south as the River Zambezi from the 16th century or earlier.


title: Chewa language

text: The name "Chewa" (in the form "Chévas") itself is first recorded by António Gamitto, who at the age of 26 in 1831 was appointed as second-in-command of an expedition from Tete to the court of King Kazembe in what is now Zambia. His route took him through the country of King Undi west of the Dzalanyama mountains, across a corner of present-day Malawi and on into Zambia. Later he wrote an account including some ethnographic and linguistic notes and vocabularies. According to Gamitto, the Malawi or Maravi people ("Maraves") were those ruled by King Undi south of the Chambwe stream (not far south of the present border between Mozambique and Zambia), while the Chewa lived north of the Chambwe.


title: Chewa language

text: Another, more extensive, list of 263 words and phrases of the language was made by the German missionary Sigismund Koelle who, working in Sierra Leone in West Africa, interviewed some 160 former slaves and recorded vocabularies in their languages. He published the results in a book called "Polyglotta Africana" in 1854. Among other slaves was one Mateke, who spoke what he calls "Maravi". Mateke's language is clearly an early form of Nyanja, but in a southern dialect. For example, the phrase "two years" was in Mateke's speech, whereas for Johannes Rebmann's informant Salimini, who came from the Lilongwe region, it was . The same dialect difference survives today in the word or "(to) plant".


title: Chewa language

text: Apart from the few words recorded by Gamitto and Koelle, the first extensive record of the Chewa language was made by Johannes Rebmann in his "Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language", published in 1877 but written in 1853–4. Rebmann was a missionary living near Mombasa in Kenya, and he obtained his information from a Malawian slave, known by the Swahili name Salimini, who had been captured in Malawi some ten years earlier. Salimini, who came from a place called Mphande apparently in the Lilongwe region, also noted some differences between his own dialect, which he called , the "language of the plateau", and the dialect spoken further south; for example, the Maravi gave the name to the tree which he himself called .


title: Chewa language

text: The first grammar, "A Grammar of the Chinyanja language as spoken at Lake Nyasa with Chinyanja–English and English–Chinyanja vocabulary", was written by Alexander Riddel in 1880. Further early grammars and vocabularies include "A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa" by George Henry (1891) and M.E. Woodward's "A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English: as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa" (1895). The whole Bible was translated into the Likoma Island dialect of Nyanja by William Percival Johnson and published as in 1912. Another Bible translation, known as the , was made in a more standard Central Region dialect about 1900-1922 by missionaries of the Dutch Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland with the help of some Malawians. This has recently (2016) been reissued in a revised and slightly modernised version.


title: Chewa language

text: Another early grammar, concentrating on the Kasungu dialect of the language, was Mark Hanna Watkins' "A Grammar of Chichewa" (1937). This book, the first grammar of any African language to be written by an American, was a work of cooperation between a young black PhD student and young student from Nyasaland studying in Chicago, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, who in 1966 was to become the first President of the Republic of Malawi. This grammar is also remarkable in that it was the first to mark the tones of the words. Modern monographs on aspects of Chichewa grammar include Mtenje (1986), Kanerva (1990), Mchombo (2004) and Downing & Mtenje (2017).


title: Chewa language

text: In recent years the language has changed considerably, and a dichotomy has grown between the traditional Chichewa of the villages and the language of city-dwellers.


title: Chewa language

text: Chewa has five vowel sounds: a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u; these are written "a", "e", "i", "o", "u". Long or double vowels are sometimes found, e.g. "áákúlu" 'big' (class 2), "kufúula" 'to shout'. When a word comes at the end of a phrase, its penultimate vowel tends to be lengthened, except for non-Chewa names and words, such as or , in which the penultimate vowel always remains short. The added 'u' or 'i' in borrowed words such as 'laptop' or 'internet' tends to be silent or barely pronounced.


title: Chewa language

text: Chewa consonants can be plain (i.e. followed by a vowel), labialised (i.e. followed by "w"), or palatalised (i.e. followed by or combined with "y"):


title: Chewa language

text: In this scheme, the place of "bya" is taken by the palatalised affricate "bza", and the place of "gya" is taken by "ja", and "sya" is replaced by "sha".


title: Chewa language

text: Another way of classifying the consonants is according to whether they are voiced, unvoiced, aspirated, nasal, or approximant:


title: Chewa language

text: The spelling used here is that introduced in 1973, which is the one generally in use in the Malawi at the present time, replacing the "Chinyanja Orthography Rules" of 1931.


title: Chewa language

text: Like most other Bantu languages, Chewa is a tonal language; that is to say, the pitch of the syllables (high or low) plays an important role in it. Tone is used in various ways in the language. First of all, each word has its own tonal pattern, for example:


title: Chewa language

text: Usually there is only one high tone in a word (generally on one of the last three syllables), or none. However, in compound words there can be more than one high tone, for example:


title: Chewa language

text: A second important use of tone is in the verb. Each tense of the verb has its own characteristic tonal pattern (negative tenses usually have a different pattern from positive ones). For example, the present habitual has high tones on the initial syllable and the penultimate, the other syllables being low:


title: Chewa language

text: The recent past continuous and present continuous, on the other hand, have a tone on the third syllable:


title: Chewa language

text: Tones can also indicate whether a verb is being used in a main clause or in a dependent clause such as a relative clause:


title: Chewa language

text: A third use of tones in Chewa is to show phrasing and sentence intonation. For example, immediately before a pause in the middle of a sentence the speaker's voice tends to rise up; this rise is referred to as a boundary tone. Other intonational tones are sometimes heard, for example a rising or falling tone at the end of a yes-no question.


title: Chewa language

text: Chewa nouns are divided for convenience into a number of classes, which are referred to by the Malawians themselves by names such as "Mu-A-", but by Bantu specialists by numbers such as "1/2", corresponding to the classes in other Bantu languages. Conventionally, they are grouped into pairs of singular and plural. However, irregular pairings are also possible, especially with loanwords; for example, 'bank', which takes the concords of class 9 in the singular, has a plural (class 6).


title: Chewa language

text: When assigning nouns to a particular class, initially the prefix of the noun is used. Where there is no prefix, or where the prefix is ambiguous, the concords (see below) are used as a guide to the noun class. For example, 'possessions' is put in class 1, since it takes the class 1 demonstrative 'this'.


title: Chewa language

text: Some nouns belong to one class only, e.g. " (class 1), 'beer' (class 3), " (class 6), " (class 14), and do not change between singular and plural. Despite this, such words can still be counted if appropriate: 'two tomatoes', 'two beers', 'one shirt', 'one mosquito'.


title: Chewa language

text: Class 11 (Lu-) is not found in Chewa. Words like 'razor' and 'skill' are considered to belong to class 5/6 (Li-Ma-) and take the concords of that class.


title: Chewa language

text: Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs have to show agreement with nouns in Chichewa. This is done by means of prefixes, for example:


title: Chewa language

text: Class 2 (the plural of class 1) is often used for respect when referring to elders. According to Corbett and Mtenje, a word like 'father', even though it is singular, will take plural concords (e.g. 'my father is walking, I see him'); they note that to use the singular object-marker would be 'grossly impolite'.


title: Chewa language

text: There are 17 different noun classes, but because some of them share concords there are in fact only 12 distinct sets of prefixes.


title: Chewa language

text: Prefixed by a supporting vowel, or by 'with' or 'it is', these make the pronouns 'he/she' and 'they':