title: Sanskrit literature

text: There were numerous lexicographical works written in Sanskrit, including numerous dictionaries attributed to figures like Bana, Mayura, Murari, and Sriharsha. According to Keith, "of lexica two main classes exist—synonymous, in which words are grouped by subject-matter, and homonymous (anekartha, nanartha), but the important synonymous dictionaries usually include a homonymous section."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: One of the earliest lexicons ("kośaḥ") is Amarasiṃha's "Nāmalingānusāsana", better known as the "Amarākośa". According to Keith, Amarasiṃha, who possibly flourished in the 6th century, was "certainly a Buddhist who knew the Mahāyāna and used Kālidāsa." Other lexica are later works, including the short "Abhidhānaratnamālā" of the poet-grammarian Halāyudha (c. 950), Yādavaprakāsha's "Vaijayantī", Hemacandra's "Abhidhānacintāmaṇi" and "Anekarthasabdakosha" of Medinikara (14th century).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The Vedic practice of sūtras pertaining to the correct performance of ritual was extended to other matters such as the performance of duties of all kinds, and in social, moral and legal spheres. These works came to be known as "Dharmasūtra"s and "Dharmaśāstras" in contradistinction to the older "gṛhyasūtras" and "śrautasūtras" although no distinction was felt initially. Like other sūtras, this was terse prose peppered with a few ślokas or verses in "triṣtubh" metre to emphasize a doctrine here and there. More broadly, works in the field of civil and religious law come under the banner of "dharmaśāstra".


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The most important of all dharma literature however is the "Manusmṛiti", which was composed in verse form, and was intended to apply to all human beings of all castes. The "Manusmṛiti" deals with a wide variety of topics including marriage, daily duties, funeral rites, occupation and general rules of life, lawful and forbidden food, impurity and purification, laws on women, duties of husband and wife, inheritance and partition, and much more. There are chapters devoted to the castes, the conduct of different castes, their occupations, the matter of caste admixture, enumerating in full detail the system of social stratification. The Manu·smṛti has been dated to the couple of centuries around the turn of the Common Era. According to recent genetic research, it has been determined that it was around the first century CE that population mixture among different groups in India, prevalent on a large scale from around 2200 BCE, ground to a halt with endogamy setting in.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: In India, Buddhist texts were often written in classical Sanskrit as well as in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (also known as "Buddhistic Sanskrit" and "Mixed Sanskrit"). While the earliest Buddhist texts were composed and transmitted in Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrits, later Indian Buddhists translated their canonical works into Sanskrit or at least partially Sanskritized their literature.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Beginning in the third century, Buddhist texts also began to be composed in classical Sanskrit. Over time, Sanskrit became the main language of Buddhist scripture and scholasticism for certain Buddhist schools in the subcontinent, especially in North India. This was influenced by the rise of Sanskrit as a political and literary lingua franca, perhaps reflecting an increased need for elite patronage and a desire to compete with Hindu Brahmins. The Buddhist use of classical Sanskrit is first seen in the work of the great poet and dramatist Aśvaghoṣa (c. 100 CE). The Sarvāstivāda school is particularly known for having translated their entire canon into Sanskrit.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Other Indian Buddhist schools, like the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda and Dharmaguptaka schools, also adopted Sanskrit or Sanskritized their scriptures to different degrees. However, other Buddhist traditions, like Theravada, rejected this trend and kept their canon in Middle Indic languages like Pāli.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Sanskrit also became the most important language in Mahayana Buddhism and many Mahāyāna sūtras were transmitted in Sanskrit. Some of the earliest and most important Mahayana sutras are the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, many of which survive in Sanskrit manuscripts.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Indian Buddhist authors also composed Sanskrit treatises and other works on philosophy, logic-epistemology, jatakas, epic poetry and other topics. While a large number of these works only survive in Tibetan and Chinese translations, many key Buddhist Sanskrit works do survive in manuscript form and are held in numerous modern collections.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Sanskrit was the main scholastic language of the Indian Buddhist philosophers in the Vaibhasika, Sautrantika, Madhyamaka and Yogacara schools. These include well known figures like Kumāralatā, Nāgārjuna, Āryadeva, Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, Yaśomitra, Dignāga, Sthiramati, Dharmakīrti, Bhāviveka, Candrakīrti, Śāntideva and Śāntarakṣita. Some Sanskrit works which were written by Buddhists also cover secular topics, such as grammar (vyākaraṇa), lexicography (koṣa), poetry (kāvya), poetics (alaṁkāra), and medicine (Ayurveda).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The Gupta (c. 4th–6th centuries) and Pāla (c. 8th–12th centuries) eras saw the growth of large Buddhist institutions such as Nālandā and Vikramashila universities, where many fields of knowledge (vidyasthanas) were studied in Sanskrit, including Buddhist philosophy. These universities also drew foreign students from as far away as China. One of the most famous of these was the 7th century Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, who studied Buddhism in Sanskrit at Nalanda and took over 600 Sanskrit manuscripts back to China for his translation project. Chinese pilgrims to India like Yijing described how in these universities, the study of Buddhist philosophy was preceded by extensive study of Sanskrit language and grammar.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: During the Indian Tantric Age (8th to the 14th century), numerous Buddhist Tantras and other Buddhist esoteric literature was written in Sanskrit. These tantric texts often contain non-standard Sanskrit, prakritic elements and influences from regional languages like apabhramśa and Old Bengali. These vernacular forms are often in verses (dohas) which may be found within esoteric Sanskrit texts.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The earliest Jain scriptures, the Jain Agamas, were composed and orally transmitted in Prakrit. Later in the history of Jainism (after about the 8th century CE), Jain authors began composing literature in other languages, especially classical Sanskrit while also retaining the use of Jain Prakrit.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The most important Jain Sanskrit work is Umaswati's (c. sometime between the 2nd-century and 5th-century CE) "Tattvarthasūtra" ("On the Nature of Reality"). The "Tattvarthasūtra" is considered an authoritative work on Jain philosophy by all traditions of Jainism and thus it is widely studied.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Other influential Jain Sanskrit authors include: Samantabhadra, Pūjyapāda (who wrote the most important commentary to the "Tattvarthasūtra," entitled "Sarvārthasiddhi)", Siddhasēna Divākara (c. 650 CE), Akalanka, <dfn>Haribhadra-s</dfn>ūri (c 8th century) author of the "Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya", Hemachandra (c. 1088-1172 CE) who wrote the "Yogaśāstra," and Yaśovijaya (1624–1688) a scholar of Navya-Nyāya.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There is a large corpus of classical Sanskrit poetry from India in a variety of genres and forms. According to Siegfried Lienhard in India, the term "Kāvya" refers to individual poems, as well as "poetry itself, i.e., all those works that conform to artistic and literary norms." Indian poetry includes epic and lyrical elements. It may be entirely in prose (gadya), entirely in verse (padya) or in a mixed form (misra). Kāvya works are full of alliteration, similes, metaphors and other figures of speech.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Indians divided poetry into two main categories: poetry that can be seen (drsya, preksya, i.e. drama/theater) and poetry that can only be listened to (sravya).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: According to Lienhard "whereas metrical poetry led a flourishing existence both as mahakavya and laghukavya, prose poems (gadya) and literature in mixed prose and verse (campu) tended to assume the major form. The only exceptions are the panegyric inscriptions (prasasti) and religious epistles (lekha) commonly found in Buddhist societies which may both be composed in the kavya style. Both are written either all in prose or in a mixture of alternately prose and verse and must therefore be counted as belonging to the minor form representing prose kavya or campu - a point that Indian theorists seem to have neglected."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Kāvya was employed by court poets in a movement that flourished between c. 200 BCE and 1100 CE. While the Gupta era is considered by many to have seen the highest point of Indian Kāvya, many poems were composed before this period as well as after. Sanskrit Kāvya also influenced the literature of Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and the Malay Archipelago. The study of Sanskrit Kāvya also influenced Tibetan literature, and was promoted by Tibetan Buddhist scholars like Sakya Pandita.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Sanskrit Kāvya poetry also flourished outside the courts, in towns, learned schools and the homes of pandits and other elites and continues to be composed and studied today. Kāvya was often recited in public gatherings, court receptions and in societies which gathered specifically for the study and enjoyment of poetry. Kavis (Kāvya poets) also competed with each other for rewards and for the support of elites and kings (who often appointed court poets). Kavis were highly educated and many of them would have been pandits with knowledge of other sciences such as grammar, lexicography and other fields. Indian authors held that an important quality of these poets was said to be "pratibhā", poetic imagination.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The beginnings of Kāvya is obscure. Lienhard traces its beginnings to "the close of the Late Vedic Period (about 550 B.C.)...as this was a time that saw the slow emergence of poetic forms with characteristics of their own, quite different both functionally and structurally from previous models." The earliest Kāvya poems were short stanzas in the minor form "(laghukāvya)," sometimes just being one stanza poems (muktakas)"." Few of these early works have survived"."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: "Laghukāvya" mainly refers to short poems, which can be single stanza (muktaka), double stanza poems (yugmaka), and several-stanza poems (kulakas). Short poetry was also termed "khandakavya" and a collection of stanzas or anthology was called a "kosa". The earliest "laghukāvyas" were in prakrits, but some also began to be written in Sanskrit in time.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The earliest "laghukāvyas" where muktakas (also sometimes called gāthā), single stanzas. These were most commonly lyrical nature poems, lyrical love poems, religious poems or reflective didactic poems. According to Lienhard "muktaka poetry generally paints miniature pictures and scenes, or else it carefully builds up a description of a single theme."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Some of the earliest of these early poems are found in the Buddhist canon, which contain two the verse anthologies: the "Theragāthā" ("Verses of the Elder Monks") and "Therīgāthā (Verses of the Elder Nuns)." Only the Pali versions of these survive, but they also existed in Prakrit and Sanskrit.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There are also some surviving stanzas which are attributed to important figures like the grammarian Panini, the scholar Patañjali, and Vararuci, but these attributions are uncertain.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Some important Sanskrit poets whose collections of short poems have survived include Bhartṛhari (fl. c. 5th century CE), known for his "Śatakatraya," Amaru (7th century), author of the "Amaruśataka" (which mainly contains erotic poetry) and Govardhana (12th century), author of the "Āryāsaptaśatī".


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There are numerous anthologies which collect short Sanskrit poetry from different authors, these works are our main source of short Sanskrit poems. One widely celebrated anthology is the "Subhāṣitaratnakoṣa" ("Anthology of Well Said Jewels") of the Buddhist monk and anthologist Vidyakara (c. 1050–1130). Other important anthologies include: Jalhana's "Subhāṣitamuktāvalī" (13th century), Sridharadasa's "Saduktikarṇāmṛta" (1205), Śārṅgadharapaddhati (1363) and Vallabhadeva's "Subhāṣitāvalī" ("Chain of Beautiful Sayings", c. 16th century).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: In between muktaka and mahākāvya there are medium length Sanskrit poems which are linked stanzas (between eight and one hundred stanzas) using one Sanskrit metre and one theme (such as the six Indian seasons, love and eros, and nature). They are variously called "series of stanzas" (samghata) or khandakavya.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Examples of these medium length poems include: the "Ṛtusaṃhāra," the "Ghatakarpara Kavyam," and the "Meghadūta" of Kālidāsa (the most famous of all Sanskrit poets) which popularized the sandeśa kāvya (messenger poem), Jambukavi's "Candraduta" (8th to 10th century), Jinasena's "Parsvabhyudaya" (a Jain work), Vedanta Desika's "Hansasandeśa", the "Kokila Sandeśa", and Rūpa Gosvāmin's "Haṃsadūta" (16th century). Another genre of medium length poems were panegyrics like the "Rājendrakarṇapūra" of Sambhu.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Religious medium length "kāvya" style poems (often called stotras or stutis) were also very popular and they show some similarities with panegyrics. According to Lienhard, some of the figures which are most widely written about in medium length religious poems include: "Gautama Buddha, Durga-Kali (or Devi), Ganesa, Krsna (Govinda), Laksmi, Nrsimha, Radha, Rama, Sarasvati, Siva, Surya, the Tathagatas, the Tirthamkaras or Jinas, Vardhamana Mahavira and Visnu." Only some of the Sanskrit hymns to the gods can be considered literary "kāvya", since they are truly artistic and follow some of the classic kāvya rules.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: According to Lienhard, the literary hymns of the Buddhists are the oldest of these. Aśvaghoṣa is said to have written some, but they are all lost. Two Buddhist hymns of the poet Mātṛceṭa* (c. 70 to 150 CE), the "Varṇārhavarṇa Stotra" or "Catuḥśataka" and the "Satapancasataka" or "Prasadapratibha ((Stotra) on the Splendour of Graciousness (of the Buddha))" have survived in Sanskrit. They are some the finest Buddhist stotras and were very popular in the Buddhist community in India. There are also some Buddhist stotras attributed to other Buddhist masters like Nagarjuna (2nd-3rd century CE), Chandragomin (5th century) and Dignāga as well as two Buddhist stotras by King Harshavadana. Some important later Buddhist stotras are "Sragdharastotra" (about 700) by Sarvajñamitra, Vajradatta's "Lokesvara-sataka" (9th century), the tantric "Mañjuśrīnāma-saṃgīti" and Ramacandra Kavibharati's 15th century "Bhaktisataka" (which is influenced by the Bhakti movement).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There are also many Sanskrit Jaina stotras, most of which are dedicated to the Jain Tirthankaras. They include the "Bhaktacamarastotra" by Manatunga (7th century), Nandisena's "Ajitasantistava," the "Mahavirastava" by Abhayadeva (mid 11th century) and the stotras of Ramacandra (12th century).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There are numerous literary Hindu hymns which were written after the time of Kālidāsa. Some of the most important ones are Bāṇabhaṭṭa's "Caṇḍīśataka," the "Suryasataka" by Mayurbhatta, numerous hymns attributed to Adi Shankara (though the majority of these were likely not composed by him), the "Mahimnastava", the Shaiva "Pañcāśati" (14th century), Abhinavagupta's Shaiva stotras"," the southern "Mukundamala" and "Narayaniyam," the "Krishnakarṇāmrutam", and the poems of Nilakantha Diksita, Jagannātha Paṇḍitarāja, Gangadevi, Ramanuja, Jayadeva, Rupa Goswami, and Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa (17th century).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: According to Lienhard, the most important feature of "mahākāvya" (Long poems) is that they are divided into chapters or cantos (sargas). Fully versified "Mahākāvyas" (called sargabandhas) are written in many different metres. "Mahākāvyas" may also be written fully in prose or in a mixture of verse and prose (mostly called campu). Sargabandhas commonly center around a hero and also include villains. They almost never end in a tragic manner. Indian epic poetry like the "Rāmāyaṇa" forms an important influence on Sanskrit "mahakāvya" literature.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The oldest extant "mahākāvyas" are those of the Buddhist poet and philosopher Aśvaghoṣa (c. 80 – c. 150 CE). His "Buddhacarita" ("Acts of the Buddha") was influential enough to be translated into both Tibetan and Chinese. The Chinese pilgrim Yijing (635–713 CE) writes that the "Buddhacarita" was "...extensively read in all the five parts of India and in the countries of the South Sea (Sumātra, Jāva and the neighbouring islands)...it was regarded as a virtue to read it in as much as it contained the noble doctrine in a neat compact form." Another "mahākāvya" by Aśvaghoṣa is the "Saundarananda", which focuses on the conversion of Nanda, Buddha's half-brother.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Kālidāsa, called by many the Shakespeare of India, is said to have been the finest master of the Sanskrit poetic style. Arthur Macdonell describes this great poets' words as having a "firmness and evenness of sound, avoiding harsh transitions and preferring gentle harmonies; the use of words in their ordinary sense and clearness of meaning; the power to convey sentiment; beauty, elevation, and the employment of metaphorical expressions". Kālidāsa's greatest Kāvyas are the "Raghuvaṃśa" and the "Kumārasambhava."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: This "Raghuvaṃśa" ("The Genealogy of Raghu") chronicles the life of Rāma alongside his forefathers and successors in 19 cantos, with the story of Rāma agreeing quite closely that in the "Rāmāyaṇa". The narrative moves at a rapid pace, is packed with apt and striking similes and has much genuine poetry, while the style is simpler than what is typical of a mahakāvya. The "Raghuvaṃśa" is seen to meet all the criteria of a "mahākāvya", such as that the central figure should be noble and clever, and triumphant, that the work should abound in "rasa" and "bhāva", and so on. There are more than 20 commentaries of this work that are known. The "Kumārasambhava" ("The Birth of Kumāra") narrates the story of the courtship and wedding of Śiva and Pārvatī, and the birth of their son, Kumāra. The poem finishes with the slaying of the demon Tāraka, the very purpose of the birth of the warrior-god. The "Kumārasambhava" showcases the poet's rich and original imaginative powers making for abundant poetic imagery and wealth of illustration. Again, more than 20 commentaries on the Kumāra·sambhava have survived.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: These two great poems are grouped by Indian tradition along with four more works into "the six great mahākāvyas". The other four greats are: Bhāravi's (6th century CE) "Kirātārjunīya", Māgha's (c. 7th Century CE) "Śiśupālavadha", the "Bhaṭṭikāvya" (also known as "Rāvaṇavadha") and Śrīharṣa's (12th century CE) "Naiṣadhīyacarita," which is the most extensive and difficult of the great mahākāvyas (and contains many references to Indian philosophy)"." Over time, various commentaries where also composed on these poems, especially the "Naiṣadhīyacarita."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Between Kālidāsa's time and the 18th century, numerous other sargabandhas were composed in the classic style, such as Mentha's "Hayagrīvavadha" (6th century), King Pravarasena II's "Setubandha," the Sinhalese poet Kumaradasa's "Janakiharana," Rajanaka Ratnakara's "Haravijaya," the "Nalodaya," the Buddhist Sivasvamin's "Kapphinabhyudaya" (9th century), and Buddhaghosa's "Padyacudamani" (a life of the Buddha, c. 9th century). Later sargabandhas tended to be more heavily loaded with technical complexity, erudition and extensive decoration. Authors of these later works include the 12th century Kashmiri Shaivas Kaviraja Rajanaka Mankha and Jayaratha, Jayadeva, author of the innovative and widely immitated "Gitagovinda," Lolimbaraja's "Harivilasa" (mid 11th century), the Shaivite "Bhiksatana(kavya)" of Gokula, Krsnananda's 13th century "Sahrdayananda," and the numerous works of "Ramapanivada."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: After the 8th century, many sophisticated Jain mahākāvyas were written by numerous Jain poets (mainly from Gujarat), including Jatasimhanandi's "Varangacarita" (7th century), Kanakasena Vadiraja Suri's "Yasodharacarita", and the "Ksatracudamani" by Vadibhasimha Odayadeva. Jain authors also wrote their own versions of the "Ramayana" with Jain themes, such as the "Padmapurana" of Ravisena (678 A.D.).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Other later mahākāvyas are poems based on historical figures which embellish history with classic poetic themes such as Parimala's "Navasāhasāṅkacarita," Bilhana's "Vikramāṅkadevacarita" (11th century) and "Madhurāvijayam" ("The Conquest of Madurai", c. 14th-century) by Gangadevi, which chronicles the life a prince of the Vijayanagara Empire and his invasion and conquest of the Madurai Sultanate.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Some later poems focused on specific poetic devices, some of the most popular being paronomasia (slesa) and ambiguous rhyme (yamaka). For example, the poems of Vasudeva (10th century), such as "Yudhiṣṭhira-vijaya" and "Nalodaya", were all yamaka poems while the "Ramapalacarita" of Sandhyakara Nandin is a slesakavya.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: One final genre is the Śāstrakāvya, a kāvya which also contains some didactic content which instructs on some ancient science or knowledge. Examples include Halayudha's "Kavirahasya" (a handbook for poets), Bhatta Bhima's "Arjunaravaniya" (which teaches grammar) and Hemacandra's "Kumarapalacarita" (grammar).


title: Sanskrit literature

text: While most early mahākāvyas were all in verse, the term mahākāvya could also be applied to any long prose poem and these became more popular after the 7th century, when the great masters of prose (gadya) lived. These are Daṇḍin (author of the "Daśakumāracarita") Subandhu (author of the "Vāsavadattā") and Bāṇabhaṭṭa (author of "Kādambari" and "Harshacarita"). Prose mahākāvyas replaced virtuosity in metre with highly complex and artistic sentences. Other important writers of Sanskrit prose poems include Bhūṣaṇa bhaṭṭa, Dhanapala (the Jain author of the "Tilakamañjari"), and Vadibhasimha Odayadeva (author of the "Gadyacintāmaṇi").


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Campū (also known as "gadyapadyamayi") is a poetic genre which contains both verse and prose. This genre was rare during the first millenium CE, but later grew in popularity, especially in South India. The earliest Sanskrit example of this genre is Trivikramabhatta's "Nalacampu" (or "Damayanticampu", c. 10th century). While many other Sanskrit works also contain a mixture of verse and prose, like Āryaśūra's "Jātakamālā", Lienhard notes that these are not true campūs. This is because "in true campū there is a calculated balance between prose that is as perfect as possible and stanzas in the genuine kavya style."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Some important campūs include Somaprabha Suri's "Yaśastilakacampū" (9th century, Jain), Haricandra's "Jivandharacampū" (Jain), the "Ramayanacampū," Divakara's "Amogharaghavacampu," the 17th century female poet Tirumalamba's "Varadambikaparinaya," Venkatadhvarin's "Visvagunadarsacampu," Jiva Gosvamin's voluminous "Gopalacampu," and Raghunathadasa's "Muktacaritra."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There are also numerous Sanskrit works which discuss prosody and poetics. The earliest work which discusses poetics is Bharatamuni's "Nāṭyaśāstra" (200 B.C. to 200 A.D.), a work which mainly deals with drama. Piṅgalá (fl. 300–200 BCE) authored the "Chandaḥśāstra", an early Sanskrit treatise on prosody.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Later influential works on poetics include Mammaṭa's (11th century) "Kāvyaprakāśa," the writings on poetics by Kshemendra, Hemacandra's "Kavyanusasana", Vagbhata's "Vagbhatalankara", and Rupa Gosvamin's "Ujjvalanilamani".


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Outside of Kāvya proper are also numerous poetic works (often called subhāṣita, "well said") which can be classified as gnomic poetry and didactic poetry. These are mainly poems which contain some wise saying, aphoristic lesson (often ethical), popular maxim or a proverb (lokavakya). These are thousands of Subhāṣitas on many themes. The "Dharmapada" is one important early collection of aphorisms.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There are also many didactic works attributed to Cāṇakya (but actually written by numerous authors), such as the "Rājanītisamuccaya, Cāṇakyanīti, Cāṇakyarājanīti, Vṛddha-Cāṇakya", and the "Laghu-Cāṇakya". Another important collection of gnomic sayings is the "Nisataka" of Bhartrhari.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Later examples of this genre include the Jain Amitagati's "Subhasitaratnasaridoha", Kṣemendra's "Cārucaryā, Darpadalana" and "Samayamatrka," Kusumadeva's "Dṛṣṭāntaśataka", Dya Dviveda's "Nitimañjari" (1494), and Vallabhadeva's "Subhāṣitāvalī" (15th century). There are also numerous anthologies of subhāṣita, such as the "Cātakāṣṭaka".


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Indian classical drama ("dṛśya", "nātaka") was also mainly written in Sanskrit and there are many examples of this Sanskrit literary genre. Bharata's "Nāṭyaśāstra" (3rd century CE) is the earliest work which discusses Sanskrit dramaturgy. Sanskrit drama focuses on the sentiments and on heroic characters. Classically, the endings are happy, never tragic. References to Sanskrit drama are found throughout ancient Sanskrit texts, including the great epics.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Some of the earliest Sanskrit dramas are those of Aśvaghoṣa (only a fragment of his "Śāriputraprakaraṇa" survives) and the many plays of Bhāsa (c.1st century BCE), most of which are based on the two great epics ("Mahabharata" and "Ramayana"). Kalidasa is widely considered to be the greatest Sanskrit playwright, hailed for his linguistic mastery and economy of style. He wrote three plays: "Vikramōrvaśīyam, Mālavikāgnimitram, Abhijñānaśākuntalam."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Other important plays include the "Mṛcchakaṭika" ("The Little Clay Cart", 5th century) and the "Mudrārākṣasa."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Harṣa, a 7th century Indian emperor, was also known as a great playwright with a simple and delicate style. His "Ratnavali, Nagananda," and "Priyadarsika" are well known Sanskrit dramas.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: The "Mattavilāsaprahasana" ("A Farce of Drunken Sport") is a short one-act Sanskrit play. It is one of the two great one act plays written by Pallava King Mahendravarman I (571– 630CE) in the beginning of the seventh century in Tamil Nadu.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Bhavabhuti (8th century) is one of the great playwrights after Kalidasa. Other major Sanskrit playwrights include Visakhadatta, Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa, Murari, Rajasekhara, Kshemisvara, Damodaramishra, and Krishnamishra.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Later Sanskrit dramaturgical texts also continued to be written in the second millennium, such as the "Shilparatna" which discusses dance and drama.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There are various classical Sanskrit collections of fables one of the most influential of which is the early "Pañcatantra," a work that was widely immitated"." Other works include the "Hitopadeśa" and Srivara's "Kathakautuka." Buddhist Jatakas (tales of the Buddha's past lives) is a similar genre and includes the "Divyāvadāna", Āryaśūra's "Jātakamālā" (a collection of Buddhist fables)"," and Ksemendra's various works like the "Avadānakalpalatā."


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Folk tale (or fairy tale) collections include the "Vetala Pañcaviṃśati," "Siṃhāsana Dvātriṃśikā", and the "Suktasaptati". There is also Somadeva's "Kathāsaritsāgara" ("Ocean of the Streams of Stories").


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Hemacandra's (1088-1172) "Trisastisalakapurusacaritra" is one example of Jain didactic narrative in Sanskrit.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: There are also abridged retellings of more ancient lost texts, such as Budhasvāmin's "Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha".


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Literature in Sanskrit continues to be produced. These works, however, have a very small readership. In the introduction to "Ṣoḍaśī: An Anthology of Contemporary Sanskrit Poets" (1992), Radhavallabh Tripathi writes:


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Most current Sanskrit poets are employed as teachers, either pandits in "pāṭhaśāla"s or university professors. However, Tripathi also points out the abundance of contemporary Sanskrit literature:


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Similarly, , in "Post-Independence Sanskrit Literature: A Critical Survey", estimates that more than 3000 Sanskrit works were composed in the period after Indian Independence (i.e., since 1947) alone. Further, much of this work is judged as being of high quality, both in comparison to classical Sanskrit literature, and to modern literature in other Indian languages.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Since 1967, the Sahitya Akademi, India's national academy of letters, has had an award for the best creative work written that year in Sanskrit. In 2009, Satyavrat Shastri became the first Sanskrit author to win the Jnanpith Award, India's highest literary award.


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Vidyadhar Shastri wrote two epic poems ("Mahakavya"), seven shorter poems, three plays and three songs of praise (, he received the "Vidyavachaspati" award in 1962. Some other modern Sanskrit composers include Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra (known as "Triveṇī Kavi", composer of short stories and several other genres of Sanskrit literature), Jagadguru Rambhadracharya (known as "Kavikularatna", composer of two epics, several minor works and commentaries on "Prasthānatrayī").


title: Sanskrit literature

text: Another great Sanskrit epic that remained largely unrecognised till lately is "Dhruv Charitra" written by Pandit Surya Dev Mishra in 1946. He won laurels of appreciation by renowned Hindi and Sanskrit critics like Hazari Prasad Dwiedi, Ayodhya Singh Upadhyay "Hariaudh", Suryakant tripathi "Nirala", Laldhar Tripathi "Pravasi".


title: John Church Hamilton

text: John Church Hamilton (August 22, 1792 − July 25, 1882) was a historian, biographer, and lawyer. He was a son of Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: Hamilton was born on August 22, 1792, in Philadelphia. He was the fourth son, and the fifth of eight children, born to Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton. His maternal grandparents were Philip Schuyler, a Revolutionary War hero and United States senator from New York, and Catherine Van Rensselaer. He was named for his uncle John Barker Church.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: He was eleven years old when his father was killed in a duel with Vice President Aaron Burr. Interviewed at the age of 85, he described his recollections:


title: John Church Hamilton

text: Hamilton began serving in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, attaining the rank of second lieutenant. During this time he served as an aide-de-camp to Major General William Henry Harrison, a future president of the United States. In June 1814, without having ever been actively engaged in the field, he resigned his position in the army and returned to private life.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: Upon returning from military service, "he did not apply himself to the practice of law," according to his obituary in "The New York Times". Instead, "having strong literary tastes, [Hamilton] devoted himself to the study of history, with a view to writing his father's life."


title: John Church Hamilton

text: Between 1834 and 1840, Hamilton read, sorted, and organized his father's letters and other papers, and wrote a two-volume biography titled "The Life of Alexander Hamilton". The biography was published in 1840–1841; however, nearly all copies were destroyed in a fire while in the process of binding.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: During the next decade, Hamilton edited his father's collected writings under the authority of the Joint Library Committee of the United States Congress. The seven-volume authorized edition, "The Works of Alexander Hamilton: Containing His Correspondence, and His Political and Official Writings, Exclusive of the Federalist, Civil and Military", was published by order of Congress in 1850–1851.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: Hamilton also wrote a biography in seven volumes, published between 1857 and 1864, titled "Life of Alexander Hamilton: A History of the Republic of the United States of America". The work combined a biography of his father with a history of the United States "as traced in his writings and in those of his contemporaries." After several other biographers had abandoned the project, Hamilton had been prompted to write the comprehensive biography by his mother, who died prior to its publication.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: Hamilton was a member of the Whig Party and later a Republican, but never held elected office, having lost a run for Congress to represent part of New York City.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: His opinions on economics were at different times solicited by Presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Chester A. Arthur.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: In 1880, he presented a statue of Alexander Hamilton to the city of New York, "though preferring it were the act of others." At the November 22, 1880, unveiling of the statue in Central Park near the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he said that after a century of the nation's existence, time had shown "the utility of [Hamilton's] public services and the lessons of his polity," and that he trusted "that this memorial may aid in their being recalled and usefully appreciated."


title: John Church Hamilton

text: On July 25, 1882, the 89-year-old Hamilton died at Stockton Cottage, on Ocean Avenue in Long Branch, New Jersey, due to complications of jaundice and catarrh. His funeral was held at Trinity Church in Manhattan.


title: John Church Hamilton

text: He was married to Maria Eliza van den Heuvel (January 4, 1795 – September 13, 1873), the daughter of Jan Cornelis Van den Heuvel, a Dutch born plantation owner and politician who served as governor of the Dutch province of Demerara from 1765 to 1770 and later became a merchant in New York City with the Dutch West India Company. Together they had fourteen children:


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: Richard Kristian Gutierrez (born January 21, 1984), known professionally as Richard Gutierrez, is a Filipino actor, environmentalist and model. He is one of the sons of actor Eddie Gutierrez.


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: Richard Gutierrez was born on January 21, 1984, in Beverly Hills, California, United States with his twin brother, Raymond Gutierrez to actor Eddie Gutierrez and Annabelle Rama. He has five siblings (Ruffa Gutierrez, Rocky Gutierrez, Elvis Gutierrez, Raymond Gutiérrez and Ritchie Paul Gutierrez) and two half-brothers (Tonton Gutierrez and Ramon Christopher Gutierrez).


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: Gutierrez began acting as a child with his twin brother. He has worked in many movies with his father and his brothers. He appeared on the GMA-7 show "Click" and primetime series "Habang Kapiling Ka" with Angelika dela Cruz. He starred in the TV fantasy series "Mulawin" which aired from August 2, 2004, until March 18, 2005, where he played the lead character Aguiluz. The series led to a feature-length film of the same name (). Since then he has played lead roles in other GMA-7 shows including "Sugo", "Kamandag", "", "Zorro", "Lupin", "Full House" and "Captain Barbell". Gutierrez signed a non-exclusivity contract with Viva Artists Agency in 2008, wherein he worked in a movie "Patient X" and where his ex-girlfriend Anne Curtis is a talent; in 2015, he, his twin brother Raymond and sister Ruffa signed an exclusivity contract with Viva Artists Agency.


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: In 2012, Gutiérrez headlined GMA Network's upcoming Heavy Drama & Action Series entitled "Makapiling Kang Muli". He is also an Greenpeace spokesperson and environmentalist and hosted documentary and reality series and television specials such as "Anatomy of a Disaster", "Full Force Nature", "Pinoy Adventures", "Signos: Banta ng Nagbabagong Klima", "Planet Philippines", the and seasons of "Survivor Philippines", "Oras Na", "Wildlife for Sale", "Extra Challenge Extreme" and "".


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: Gutierrez was a freelance actor following the end of his exclusive contract with GMA Network on June 26, 2013. On August 7, it was reported by the Philippine Entertainment Portal that Guiterrez had fathered a child with Sarah Lahbati. The couple welcomed a boy whom they named Zion back in April 2013. He later confirmed the news on the first episode of "It Takes Gutz to Be a Gutierrez", a reality TV program that revolves around his family's life. The show began airing on June 2014.


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: In 2017, Richard signed a contract with ABS-CBN, and starred in the horror fantasy series "La Luna Sangre" and he joined the cast of "Ang Probinsyano" in 2020. In 2022, he will lead his own series titled The Iron Heart.


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: In 2009, Gutierrez was charged with reckless imprudence, arising from the death of his production assistant, Norman Pardo, who died in a car accident in May 2009. Gutierrez and Pardo were driving to Manila from Silang, Cavite. Gutierrez was injured, and Pardo, seated in the passenger seat, died on the spot.


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: In August 2012, the Court of Appeals reinstated the charge of reckless imprudence resulting in homicide. The appellate court granted the petition filed by Pardo's widow seeking the nullification of the two resolutions that had been issued by former justice secretaries Agnes Devanadera and Alberto Agra, respectively. The appellate court stated, "To the mind of this court, if indeed private respondent was not driving fast, it would have been easy for him to stop his car and thwart any untoward incident."


title: Richard Gutierrez

text: On March 12, 2020, Gutierrez married StarStruck V's Ultimate Female Survivor, Sarah Lahbati. They have two sons together, Zion (born April 29, 2013) and Kai (born March 21, 2018).


title: Super League XXVII

text: Super League XXVII, known as the Betfred Super League XXVII for sponsorship reasons, was the 27th season of the Super League and 128th season of rugby league in Great Britain.


title: Super League XXVII

text: St Helens were the reigning champions going into Super League XXVII, after successfully retaining their title, beating Catalans Dragons in the 2021 Grand Final.


title: Super League XXVII

text: For the first time in Super League, there were two French teams in the competition, as Toulouse Olympique were promoted from the Championship, by beating Featherstone Rovers in the .


title: Super League XXVII

text: However, they were immediately relegated back to the Championship, following a 14–24 defeat at home to Catalans Dragons on 25 August, and after only winning 5 games from 25, saw them rooted to the bottom of the table, and with only 2 games of the regular season remaining, and 4 points to play for, they could not catch Wakefield in 11th place.


title: Super League XXVII

text: On 15 July 2022, Bevan French broke the record for most tries scored in a Super League game, during Wigan Warriors 60–0 win over Hull FC, scoring seven tries.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The previous record for most tries scored in a Super League game was held by Lesley Vainikolo, who scored six tries for Bradford Bulls - also against Hull - in 2005.


title: Super League XXVII

text: Following Toulouse's relegation from super league, Leigh Centurions (who were replaced by Toulouse), were immediately promoted back to super league, after they beat Batley Bulldogs 44–12 in the , losing only 1 game all season against Featherstone Rovers.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The end of season awards will now take place on Tuesday 20 September, as a mark of respect for the Queen's Funeral, which is taking place on Monday 19 September.


title: Super League XXVII

text: If a match ends in a draw after 80 minutes, then a further 10 minutes of golden point extra time is played, to determine a winner (5 minutes each way). The first team to score either a try, penalty goal or drop goal during this period, will win the match. However, if there are no further scores during the additional 10 minutes period, then the match will end in a draw.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The round 8 game between Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants on 14 April 2022, finished 20-all after 80 minutes. The game then went to extra time, which saw numerous drop goal attempts by both teams. Neither teams were able to score any points during the extra 10 minutes, which meant the match ended as a draw for the first time this season.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The round 14 game between Wakefield Trinity and Hull FC on 5 June 2022, finished 18-all after 80 minutes. The game then went to extra time, which saw numerous drop goal attempts by both teams. Wakefield eventually won the match 19–18, with a drop goal from Jacob Miller.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The round 16 game between Castleford Tigers and Catalans Dragons on 26 June 2022, finished 16-all after 80 minutes. The game then went to extra time, which saw numerous drop goal attempts by both teams. Castleford won the match 17–16, with a drop goal from Danny Richardson.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The round 20 game between Wakefield Trinity v St Helens on 24 July 2022, finished 12-all after 80 minutes. The game then went to extra time, which saw numerous drop goal attempts by both teams. St Helens won the match 13–12, with a drop goal from Jack Welsby.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The round 21 game between Catalans Dragons and Leeds Rhinos on 30 July 2022, finished 32-all after 80 minutes, despite Leeds trailing 6-30, and with only 12 men, the game then went to extra time, which saw numerous drop goal attempts by both teams. Leeds won the match 36–32, with a try from Aiden Sezer.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The round 27 game between Huddersfield Giants and Wakefield Trinity on 2 September 2022, finished 14-all after 80 minutes, which saw numerous drop goal attempts by both teams.


title: Super League XXVII

text: This was the third time that Wakefield had been taken to extra time, whilst this was Huddersfield's second. Huddersfield eventually won the match 16–14, with a penalty goal from Will Pryce.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The top two teams in the regular season table (St Helens and Wigan Warriors) will receive byes to the semi-finals. The four teams who finish third to sixth will contest the two elimination finals, with the winner of those two games moving on to the semi finals.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The Rugby Football League (RFL) approved three rules changes for 2022. On 20 January 2022, The RFL confirmed that scrums will return to all competitions, including the Championship and League 1, having been suspended as part of the game's COVID-19 response in 2020 and 2021. Scrums are only being reintroduced for errors (knock-on, forward pass or accidental offside) in the first four tackles of a set. Other cases, where previously a scrum would have been awarded, for example - ball into touch on the full, ball kicked or passed into touch, incorrect play the ball; will result in a handover.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The ball steal law will revert to the 2020 rule where the ball can only be stolen in a one-on-one tackle and not during a multi-person tackle where the additional tacklers have peeled off the tackle before the steal. Finally, injured players will be required to leave the pitch for treatment, if possible, following complaints that stoppages for injury spoil the speed and flow of the game.


title: Super League XXVII

text: On 28 January, the RFL introduced new laws for the 2022 season, including the "green card", whereas if play is stopped due to a player needing attention, they must then either be substituted, leave the field for a concussion test, or wait on the sideline for 2 minutes before returning.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The green card is only shown to a player, if the team doctor enters the field of play, without being invited by the match official.


title: Super League XXVII

text: In the first season of a new UK TV rights deal, Sky Sports remained the principal live broadcaster but for a reduced fee and now on a non-exclusive basis; Channel 4 picked up the rights to show eight regular-season and two play-off matches (not the Grand Final) in a deal confirmed in November 2021. This is the first live rights deal signed between Super League and a British free-to-air network. BBC Sport retain highlights rights.


title: Super League XXVII

text: The match on Saturday 12 February 2022 between Leeds Rhinos and Warrington Wolves became the first Super League game to be shown live on British terrestrial television.


title: Lena Forsén

text: Lena Forsén (), previously Soderberg (born Sjööblom; born 31 March 1951), is a Swedish model who appeared as a Playmate in the November 1972 issue of "Playboy" magazine, as Lenna Sjööblom. Her centerfold was photographed by Dwight Hooker. The image would later become a ubiquitous standard test image in the field of digital image processing, where the image is known as Lenna.


title: Lena Forsén

text: Forsén's career began by modelling jewellery and for catalogues in Chicago, Illinois, after moving to the United States from Sweden to be an au pair for a family member. In 1972, she was shot for the centerfold of the November issue of "Playboy" magazine. After that, she moved to Rochester, New York, and became a "Shirley" – a Kodak model – while moonlighting as a bartender. Thereafter she appeared on a large number of Kodak publications, including in ads for products, in catalogs, and on instruction booklets.


title: Lena Forsén

text: A cropped version (the head and shoulder section) of her centerfold, known as Lenna, has become a standard test image that is often used to test algorithms in digital image processing. She was a guest at the 50th annual Conference of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) in 1997, where she gave a presentation about herself. Because of the ubiquity of her "Playboy" photo scan, she has been called the "first lady of the internet". The title was given to her by Jeff Seideman in a press release he issued announcing her appearance at the 50th annual IS&T Conference. In January 2019 she said that while she wished she had been better compensated, she was "really proud of that picture". However, in a short documentary titled "Losing Lena" that premiered in North America in November that year, she says, "I retired from modeling a long time ago. It’s time I retired from tech, too."


title: Lena Forsén

text: In 1997, Forsén worked for a government agency supervising disabled employees, archiving data using computers and scanners.


title: European turtle dove

text: The European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a member of the bird family Columbidae, the doves and pigeons. It breeds over a wide area of the south western Palearctic including north Africa but migrates to northern sub-Saharan Africa to winter.


title: European turtle dove

text: The European turtle dove was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae". He placed it with all the other pigeons in the genus "Columba" and coined the binomial name "Columba turtur". The specific epithet "turtur" is the Latin word for a turtle dove. Linnaeus gave the locality as "India". This was an error and the type locality has been designated as England. The species is now placed in the genus "Streptopelia" that was introduced in 1855 by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.


title: European turtle dove

text: Despite the identical spelling, the "turtle" of the name, derived from Middle English (, , ), derived from Old English (male turtle dove), (female turtle dove), ultimately derived from Latin , has no connection with the reptile; "turtle" in this case came originally from Latin , which is onomatopoeic to represent the bird's song. The genus name "Streptopelia" is from Ancient Greek meaning "collar" and meaning "dove".


title: European turtle dove

text: A few other species from the related "Nesoenas" and "Spilopelia" genera, which were both formerly included in the genus, also possess common names containing the term 'turtle dove'.


title: European turtle dove

text: Smaller and slighter in build than many other doves, it measures in length, in wingspan and weighs . The European turtle dove may be recognised by its browner colour, and the black-and-white-striped patch on the side of its neck. The tail is notable as the bird flies from the observer; it is wedge shaped, with a dark centre and white borders and tips. When viewed from below, this pattern, owing to the white under-tail coverts obscuring the dark bases, is a blackish chevron on a white ground. This can be seen when the bird stoops to drink and raises its spread tail.


title: European turtle dove

text: The mature bird has the head, neck, flanks, and rump blue grey, and the wings cinnamon, mottled with black. The breast is vinaceous, the abdomen and under tail coverts are white. The bill is black, the legs and eye rims are red. The black and white patch on the side of the neck is absent in the browner and duller juvenile bird, which also has the legs brown.


title: European turtle dove

text: The turtle dove is a migratory species with a western Palearctic range covering most of Europe and the Middle East and including Turkey and north Africa, although it is rare in northern Scandinavia and Russia. It winters south of the Sahara.


title: European turtle dove

text: The turtle dove, one of the latest migrants, rarely appears in Northern Europe before the end of April, returning south again in September.


title: European turtle dove

text: It is a bird of open rather than dense woodlands, and frequently feeds on the ground. It will occasionally nest in large gardens, but is usually extremely timid, probably due to the heavy hunting pressure it faces during migration. The flight is often described as arrowy, but is not remarkably swift.


title: European turtle dove

text: The nuptial flight, high and circling, is like that of the common wood pigeon, but the undulations are less decided; it is accompanied by the whip-crack of the downward flicked wings. The arrival in spring is heralded by its cooing or purring song, a rather deep, vibrating "".


title: European turtle dove

text: Populations of turtle dove are in rapid decline across Europe and this species has red list conservation status globally. In the United Kingdom its numbers have declined by 93% since 1994 and across Europe numbers fell by 78% 1980–2013.


title: European turtle dove

text: Environmentalist groups have said that the decline of turtle doves in Europe is partly because changed farming practices mean that the weed seeds and shoots on which it feeds, especially fumitory, are scarcer, and partly due to shooting of birds in Mediterranean countries. According to a 2001 study cited by the European Commission, between two and four million birds are shot annually in Malta, Cyprus, France, Italy, Spain and Greece. Environmentalists have described spring hunting in Malta as particularly problematic as it is the only country with an EU derogation to shoot birds during their spring migration to breeding grounds.


title: European turtle dove

text: According to a 2007 study by the European Commission, four currently identifiable potential threats to the turtle dove are (1) habitat loss/modification (medium to low impact), (2) droughts and climate change (mostly unknown but likely low impact), (3) hunting (partly unknown but overall medium impact), and (4) competition with the collared dove (unknown impact). The British Trust for Ornithology has also highlighted Trichomonosis parasite as a threat to the turtle dove.


title: European turtle dove

text: According to Aelian, the turtle dove was sacred to Demeter. In Roman mythology, the turtle dove was one of the emblems of Fides, the goddess of trust and good faith.


title: European turtle dove

text: Perhaps because of Biblical references – especially verse 2:12 from the Song of Songs – its mournful voice, and the fact that it forms strong pair bonds, European turtle doves have become emblems of devoted love. In the New Testament, two turtle doves are mentioned as the customary offering during the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple. In Renaissance Europe, the European turtle dove was envisaged as the devoted partner of the Phoenix. Robert Chester's poem "Love's Martyr" is a sustained exploration of this symbolism. It was published along with other poems on the subject, including William Shakespeare's poem "The Phoenix and the Turtle", where "turtle" refers to the turtle dove.


title: European turtle dove

text: The turtle dove is featured in a number of folk songs about love and loss, including "There Is a Tavern in the Town". One of these is a setting by Ralph Vaughan Williams.


title: European turtle dove

text: Turtle doves are also featured in the song, "The Twelve Days of Christmas", as the gift "my true love gave to me" on the second and subsequent days of Christmas.


title: European turtle dove

text: Turtle doves appear in the title and lyrics of the spiritual "Turtledove Done Drooped His Wings" from the Georgia Sea Islands.


title: European turtle dove

text: In the Shaker hymn "In Yonder Valley", that "the turtledove is in our land" is seen as a good omen and sign of growth.


title: Turbo encabulator

text: The Turbo Encabulator (later the Rockwell Retro Encabulator and SANS ICS HyperEncabulator) is a fictional electromechanical machine with a satirical technobabble description that became a famous in-joke amongst engineers after it was published by the British Institution of Electrical Engineers in their "Students' Quarterly Journal" in 1944. Technical documentation has been written for the non-existent machine, and there are a number of parody marketing videos.


title: Turbo encabulator

text: An early popular American reference to the turbo encabulator appeared in an article by New York lawyer Bernard Salwen in the April 15, 1946, issue of "Time" magazine. Part of Salwen's job was to review technical manuscripts, including an Arthur D. Little Industrial Bulletin which had reprinted Quick's piece, and he was amused enough by it to include the description in his article.


title: Turbo encabulator

text: In response to a letter printed in the May 6 issue of "Time" from W. E. Habig of Madison, N.J. asking "What is a 'dingle arm'?”, the editors described it as "An adjunct to the turbo-encabulator, employed whenever a barescent skor motion is required." A month later a response to reader mail on the feature appeared in the June 3, 1946 issue:


title: Turbo encabulator

text: In 1962 a turboencabulator data sheet was created by engineers at General Electric's Instrument Department, in West Lynn, Massachusetts. It quoted from the previous sources and was inserted into the General Electric Handbook. The turboencabulator data sheet had the same format as the other pages in the G.E. Handbook. The engineers added "Shure Stat" in "Technical Features", which was peculiar only to the Instrument Department, and included the first known graphic representation of a "manufactured" Turboencabulator using parts made at the Instrument Department.


title: Turbo encabulator

text: Circa 1977, Bud Haggart, an actor who appeared in many industrial training films in and around Detroit, performed in the first film realization of the description and operation of the turbo encabulator, using a truncated script adapted from Quick's article. Haggart convinced director Dave Rondot and the film crew to stay after the filming of an actual GMC Trucks project training film to realize the turbo encabulator spot.


title: Turbo encabulator

text: Another version was done by Mike Kraft who had previously worked with Bud Haggart and known as the "retro encabulator". This version was put online and made its way to eBaum’s World where it gained quite a bit of notoriety.


title: Turbo encabulator

text: The term, in both textual and video format, has continued to appear in newer media. For example, Mike Kraft was asked to do a film explaining the fictional "hyper encabulator".


title: Turbo encabulator

text: The case of turbo encabulator has become a humorous example of obfuscation by excessive jargon in the fields of science and engineering. The term has been used as a classic example of technobabble.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: T-155 Fırtına (Turkish for "Storm") is a Turkish variant of K9 Thunder 155 mm self-propelled howitzer co-developed with South Korea utilizing Turkish technology and design into existing K9 Thunder. It is manufactured and assembled by Turkish Land Forces at the 1010th Army Equipment Repair Factory using imported subsystems from Korea. It has an ongoing upgrade project dubbed as T-155 Fırtına II, possibly changing its engine to Ukraine origin to avoid Germany's restriction on Turkey's defense sales.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: The T-155 retains most of the K9's features, such as the CN98 155 mm barrel and chassis, produced through the technology transfer of Agency for Defense Development (ADD) in South Korea. However, its turret reflects original Turkish design, increasing both ammunition capacity and combat weight, thus reducing power to weight ratio. APU (auxiliary power unit) is installed while commander's panoramic sight is removed. Parts of the chassis, the INS (inertial navigation system), and electronic systems such as the radio and FCS (fire control system) were developed in Turkey. Inertial Navigation system was produced by ASELSAN.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: The howitzer is able to determine the coordinates of the targets at 17.5 meters deviation. Fırtına can open fire within 30 seconds.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: The T-155 Fırtına has a maximum firing range of 40 km, depending on the type of ammunition. It can reach a top speed of 66 km/h.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: The gun is produced by MKEK under license by transferring the production technology of the K9's CN98 155 mm barrel from ADD. The production rate of the T-155 is 24 units per year. More than 350 T-155 Fırtına howitzers were planned to be produced. 281 have been delivered between 2005 and 2010.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: An upgraded version dubbed "Firtina 2" was to begin production in 2017, featuring improvement to range and rate of fire. The new vehicles were to be fitted with remote weapons stations capable of carrying 12.7mm, 7.62mm machine guns and 40 mm grenade launchers.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: The Poyraz Ammunition Resupply Vehicle (ARV) is an indigenous vehicle with an ammunition transfer system similar to that of the South Korean K10 ARV. The vehicle has a boom that is extended towards the rear of the T-155 Fırtına turret, where the resupply takes place. The Poyraz ARV has an auxiliary power unit, which the K10 ARV lacks, that allows the vehicle's crew to use electronics and communication systems, and to run an ammunition transfer system economically without the main engines being turned on.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: The Poyraz ARV can carry up to 96 155 mm shells and is able to transfer 48 shells in 20 minutes. It has a range of 360 km.


title: T-155 Fırtına

text: The T-155 Fırtına was first deployed in Turkey's Operation Sun at the end of 2007 into January 2008 to fight the PKK militants in the northern part of Iraq. It was used in 2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes and again during both the Jarabulus offensive (2016) and the Afrin offensive (2018).


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-"p-"dioxin (TCDD) is a polychlorinated dibenzo"-p-"dioxin (sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply 'dioxin') with the chemical formula CHClO. Pure TCDD is a colorless solid with no distinguishable odor at room temperature. It is usually formed as an unwanted product in burning processes of organic materials or as a side product in organic synthesis.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: TCDD is the most potent compound (congener) of its series (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, known as PCDDs or simply dioxins) and became known as a contaminant in Agent Orange, a herbicide used in the Vietnam War. TCDD was released into the environment in the Seveso disaster. It is a persistent organic pollutant.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: TCDD and dioxin-like compounds act via a specific receptor present in all cells: the aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor. This receptor is a transcription factor which is involved in the expression of genes; it has been shown that high doses of TCDD either increase or decrease the expression of several hundred genes in rats. Genes of enzymes activating the breakdown of foreign and often toxic compounds are classic examples of such genes (enzyme induction). TCDD increases the enzymes breaking down, e.g., carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: These polycyclic hydrocarbons also activate the AH receptor, but less than TCDD and only temporarily. Even many natural compounds present in vegetables cause some activation of the AH receptor. This phenomenon can be viewed as adaptive and beneficial, because it protects the organism from toxic and carcinogenic substances. Excessive and persistent stimulation of AH receptor, however, leads to a multitude of adverse effects.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: The physiological function of the AH receptor has been the subject of continuous research. One obvious function is to increase the activity of enzymes breaking down foreign chemicals or normal chemicals of the body as needed. There seem to be many other functions, however, related to the development of various organs and the immune systems or other regulatory functions. The AH receptor is phylogenetically highly conserved transcription factor with a history of at least 600 million years and is found in all vertebrates. Its ancient analogs are important regulatory proteins even in more primitive species. In fact, knock-out animals with no AH receptor are prone to illness and developmental problems. Taken together, this implies the necessity of a basal degree of AH receptor activation to achieve normal physiological function.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: In 2000, the Expert Group of the World Health Organization considered developmental toxicity as the most pertinent risk of dioxins to human beings. Because people are usually exposed simultaneously to several dioxin-like chemicals, a more detailed account is given at dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: In Vietnam and the United States, teratogenic or birth defects were observed in children of people who were exposed to Agent Orange or 2,4,5-T that contained TCDD as an impurity out of the production process. However there has been some uncertainty on the causal link between Agent Orange/dioxin exposure. In 2006 a meta-analysis indicated large amount of heterogeneity between studies and emphasized a lack of consensus on the issue. Still-births, cleft palate, and neural tube defects, with spina bifida were the most statistically significant defects. Later some tooth defects and borderline neurodevelopmental effects have been reported. After the Seveso accident tooth development defects, changed sex ratio and decreased sperm quality have been noted. Various developmental effects have been clearly shown after high mixed exposures to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, the most dramatic in Yusho and Yu-chen catastrophes, in Japan and Taiwan, respectively.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: It is largely agreed that TCDD is not directly mutagenic or genotoxic. Its main action is cancer promotion; it promotes the carcinogenicity initiated by other compounds. Very high doses may, in addition, cause cancer indirectly; one of the proposed mechanisms is oxidative stress and the subsequent oxygen damage to DNA. There are other explanations such as endocrine disruption or altered signal transduction. The endocrine disrupting activities seem to be dependent on life stage, being anti-estrogenic when estrogen is present (or in high concentration) in the body, and estrogenic in the absence of estrogen.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: TCDD was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a carcinogen for humans (group 1). In the occupational cohort studies available for the classification, the risk was weak and borderline detectable, even at very high exposures. Therefore, the classification was, in essence, based on animal experiments and mechanistic considerations. This was criticized as a deviation from IARC's 1997 classification rules. The main problem with IARC classification is that it only assesses qualitative hazard, i.e. carcinogenicity at any dose, and not the quantitative risk at different doses. According to a 2006 "Molecular Nutrition & Food Research" article, there were debates on whether TCDD was carcinogenic only at high doses which also cause toxic damage of tissues. A 2011 review concluded that, after 1997, further studies did not support an association between TCDD exposure and cancer risk. One of the problems is that in all occupational studies the subjects have been exposed to a large number of chemicals, not only TCDD. By 2011, it was reported that studies that include the update of Vietnam veteran studies from Operation Ranch Hand, had concluded that after 30 years the results did not provide evidence of disease. On the other hand, the latest studies on Seveso population support TCDD carcinogenicity at high doses.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: In 2004, an article in the "International Journal of Cancer" provided some direct epidemiological evidence that TCDD or other dioxins are not causing soft-tissue sarcoma at low doses, although this cancer has been considered typical for dioxins. There was in fact a trend of cancer to decrease. This is called a J-shape dose-response, low doses decrease the risk, and only higher doses increase the risk, according to a 2005 article in the journal "Dose-Response".


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) derived in 2001 a provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 70 pg TEQ/kg body weight. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established an oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.7 pg/kg b.w. per day for TCDD (see discussion on the differences in).


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: According to the Aspen Institute, in 2011, "The general environmental limit in most countries is 1,000 ppt TEq in soils and 100 ppt in sediment. Most industrialized countries have dioxin concentrations in soils of less than 12 ppt. The U.S. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry has determined that levels higher than 1,000 ppt TEq in soil require intervention, including research, surveillance, health studies, community and physician education, and exposure investigation. The EPA is considering reducing these limits to 72 ppt TEq. This change would significantly increase the potential volume of contaminated soil requiring treatment."


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: By far most information on toxicity of dioxin-like chemicals is based on animal studies utilizing TCDD. Almost all organs are affected by high doses of TCDD. In short-term toxicity studies in animals, the typical effects are anorexia and wasting, and even after a huge dose animals die only 1 to 6 weeks after the TCDD administration. Seemingly similar species have varying sensitivities to acute effects: lethal dose for a guinea pig is about 1 μg/kg, but to a hamster it is more than 1,000 μg/kg. A similar difference can be seen even between two different rat strains. Various hyperplastic (overgrowth) or atrophic (wasting away) responses are seen in different organs, thymus atrophy is very typical in several animal species. TCDD also affects the balance of several hormones. In some species, but not in all, severe liver toxicity is seen. Taking into account the low doses of dioxins in the present human population, only two types of toxic effects have been considered to cause a relevant risk to humans: developmental effects and cancer.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: Developmental effects occur at very low doses in animals. They include frank teratogenicity such as cleft palate and hydronephrosis. Development of some organs may be even more sensitive: very low doses perturb the development of sexual organs in rodents, and the development of teeth in rats. The latter is important in that tooth deformities were also seen after the Seveso accident and possibly after a long breast-feeding of babies in the 1970s and 1980s when the dioxin concentrations in Europe were about ten times higher than at present.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: Cancers can be induced in animals at many sites. At sufficiently high doses TCDD has caused cancer in all animals tested. The most sensitive is liver cancer in female rats, and this has long been a basis for risk assessment. Dose-response of TCDD in causing cancer does not seem to be linear, and there is a threshold below which it seems to cause no cancer. TCDD is not mutagenic or genotoxic, in other words, it is not able to initiate cancer, and the cancer risk is based on promotion of cancer initiated by other compounds or on indirect effects such as disturbing defense mechanisms of the body e.g. by preventing apoptosis or programmed death of altered cells. Carcinogenicity is associated with tissue damage, and it is often viewed now as secondary to tissue damage.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: TCDD may in some conditions potentiate the carcinogenic effects of other compounds. An example is benzo(a)pyrene that is metabolized in two steps, oxidation and conjugation. Oxidation produces epoxide carcinogens that are rapidly detoxified by conjugation, but some molecules may escape to the nucleus of the cell and bind to DNA causing a mutation, resulting in cancer initiation. When TCDD increases the activity of oxidative enzymes more than conjugation enzymes, the epoxide intermediates may increase, increasing the possibility of cancer initiation. Thus a beneficial activation of detoxifying enzymes may lead to deleterious side effects.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: TCDD has never been produced commercially except as a pure chemical for scientific research. It is, however, formed as a synthesis side product when producing certain chlorophenols or chlorophenoxy acid herbicides. It may also be formed along with other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofuranes in any burning of hydrocarbons where chlorine is present, especially if certain metal catalysts such as copper are also present. Usually a mixture of dioxin-like compounds is produced, therefore a more thorough treatise is under dioxins and dioxin-like compounds.


title: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

text: The greatest production occurs from waste incineration, metal production, and fossil-fuel and wood combustion. Dioxin production can usually be reduced by increasing the combustion temperature. Total U.S. emissions of PCCD/Fs were reduced from ca. 14 kg TEq in 1987 to 1.4 kg TEq in 2000.


title: Osteomalacia

text: Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium. The impairment of bone metabolism causes inadequate bone mineralization. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and because of this, use of the term "osteomalacia" is often restricted to the milder, adult form of the disease. Signs and symptoms can include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragility of the bones. In addition to low systemic levels of circulating mineral ions (for example, caused by vitamin D deficiency or renal phosphate wasting) that result in decreased bone and tooth mineralization, accumulation of mineralization-inhibiting proteins and peptides (such as osteopontin and ASARM peptides), and small inhibitory molecules (such as pyrophosphate), can occur in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth, contributing locally to cause matrix hypomineralization (osteomalacia/odontomalacia). A relationship describing local, physiologic double-negative (inhibiting inhibitors) regulation of mineralization has been termed the "Stenciling Principle" of mineralization, whereby enzyme-substrate pairs imprint mineralization patterns into the extracellular matrix (most notably described for bone) by degrading mineralization inhibitors ("e.g." TNAP/TNSALP/ALPL enzyme degrading the pyrophosphate inhibition, and PHEX enzyme degrading the osteopontin inhibition). The "Stenciling Principle" for mineralization is particularly relevant to the osteomalacia and odontomalacia observed in hypophosphatasia (HPP) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH).


title: Osteomalacia

text: The most common cause of osteomalacia is a deficiency of vitamin D, which is normally derived from sunlight exposure and, to a lesser extent, from the diet. The most specific screening test for vitamin D deficiency in otherwise healthy individuals is a serum 25(OH)D level. Less common causes of osteomalacia can include hereditary deficiencies of vitamin D or phosphate (which would typically be identified in childhood) or malignancy.


title: Osteomalacia

text: Vitamin D and calcium supplements are measures that can be used to prevent and treat osteomalacia. Vitamin D should always be administered in conjunction with calcium supplementation (as the pair work together in the body) since most of the consequences of vitamin D deficiency are a result of impaired mineral ion homeostasis.


title: Osteomalacia

text: Nursing home residents and the homebound elderly population are at particular risk for vitamin D deficiency, as these populations typically receive little sun exposure. In addition, both the efficiency of vitamin D synthesis in the skin and the absorption of vitamin D from the intestine decline with age, thus further increasing the risk in these populations. Other groups at risk include individuals with malabsorption secondary to gastrointestinal bypass surgery or celiac disease, and individuals who immigrate from warm climates to cold climates, especially women who wear traditional veils or dresses that prevent sun exposure.


title: Osteomalacia

text: Osteomalacia is a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of the bone. Many of the effects of the disease overlap with the more common osteoporosis, but the two diseases are significantly different. There are two main causes of osteomalacia:


title: Osteomalacia

text: Osteomalacia in adults starts insidiously as aches and pains in the lumbar (lower back) region and thighs before spreading to the arms and ribs. The pain is symmetrical, non-radiating and accompanied by sensitivity in the involved bones. Proximal muscles are weak, and there is difficulty in climbing upstairs and getting up from a squatting position.


title: Osteomalacia

text: As a result of demineralization, the bones become less rigid. Physical signs include deformities like triradiate pelvis and lordosis. The patient has a typical "waddling" gait. However, these physical signs may derive from a previous osteomalacial state, since bones do not regain their original shape after they become deformed.


title: Osteomalacia

text: Pathologic fractures due to weight bearing may develop. Most of the time, the only alleged symptom is chronic fatigue, while bone aches are not spontaneous but only revealed by pressure or shocks. It differs from renal osteodystrophy, where the latter shows hyperphosphatemia.


title: Osteomalacia

text: Biochemical features are similar to those of rickets. The major factor is an abnormally low vitamin D concentration in blood serum. Major typical biochemical findings include:


title: Osteomalacia

text: Furthermore, a technetium bone scan will show increased activity (also due to increased osteoblasts).


title: Osteomalacia

text: Prevention of osteomalacia rests on having an adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium, or other treatments if the osteomalacia hereditary (genetic). Vitamin D3 Supplementation is often needed due to the scarcity of Vitamin D sources in the modern diet.


title: Osteomalacia

text: Nutritional osteomalacia responds well to administration of 2,000-10,000 IU of vitamin D3 by mouth daily. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is typically absorbed more readily than vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Osteomalacia due to malabsorption may require treatment by injection or daily oral dosing of significant amounts of vitamin D3.


title: Osteomalacia

text: Osteomalacia is derived from Greek: "osteo-" which means "bone", and "malacia" which means "softness". In the past, the disease was also known as "malacosteon" and its Latin-derived equivalent, mollities ossium. Osteomalacia is associated with increase in osteoid maturation time.


title: Netflix and LGBT representation in animation

text: Netflix has contributed substantially to LGBTQ representation in animation throughout the 2010s and 2020s. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, and transgender characters have appeared in various animated series, and some animated films on the streaming platform. GLAAD described Netflix as a company taking "impressive strides in viewership and impact," when it came to LGBTQ representation. Examples of original Netflix animated series with a large presence of LGBTQ characters include "Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts" and "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power". In January 2021, GLAAD specifically highlighted the "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" series finale which confirmed "its lead two characters, Catra and Adora, were queer and in love," and "Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts" which starred Benson, a gay character, and his love interest, Troy.


text: Another show that became very prominent was "Bojack Horseman", airing from 2014 to 2020 on the streaming service. The show had a number of LGBTQ+ characters. For instance, Kelsey Jannings reveals she had an ex-wife in the episode "Later." The show also featured a married lesbian couple, Mary-Beth and Dr Indria. Gay characters also prominently appeared in "BoJack Horseman". Hollyhock, a female teenage horse and Bojack's sister, has eight adoptive fathers (Dashawn Manheim, Steve Mannheim, Jose Guerrero, Cupe Robinson III, Otto Zilberschlag, Arturo "Ice Man" Fonzerelli, Gregory Hsung, and Quackers McQuack) in a consensual polyamorous gay relationship. With this, some critics praised the show for portraying homosexuality in a realist fashion. The show also featured a gay therapist of Bojack, Doctor Champ, and a closeted gay man named Herb Kazzaz."


text: "DreamWorks Dragons", streaming from 2014 to 2018, which features a gay character, Gobber, who is also a double amputee.


text: "", which aired on Netflix from 2016 to 2018, features three gay characters, Shiro, Adam, and Curtis. Shiro and Adam are shown to be romantic partners at first, but eventually break up. Adam dies several years later. In the series finale, Shiro marries Curtis, a background character introduced in Season 7. The series is notably the first to depict an on-screen wedding between two male characters in a Western children's animated series. However, the show was criticized for its treatment of LGBT characters, particularly over Adam's death that occurred in the later half of Season 7. Some claimed the show had followed a stereotype known as "burying that gay", prompting show-runner Joaquim Dos Santos to apologize to fans. More controversy was aimed at the on-screen wedding between Shiro and Curtis, with several critics and viewers characterizing it as poor LGBT representation. Metadeen stated that making a "five-second blip of the wedding...come[s] off as a publicity stunt." On August 13, 2018, show-runner Joaquim Dos Santos posted an apology on his Twitter. He also acknowledged that there were boundaries in place as to how they could portray LGBT representation in the show. Fellow show-runner Lauren Montgomery also acknowledged the limitations regarding LGBT relationships behind the scenes in her apology, saying, "there’s so much that I would do differently, but so little we could’ve done differently."


text: In the July 2016 season 3 finale of "BoJack Horseman", "That Went Well," Todd Chavez confides in his friend Emily that he doesn't think he is either straight or gay, and in fact "might be nothing". He explores the identity further in season 4 and accepts his asexuality, while meeting others who share his orientation.


text: "Big Mouth" began airing in September 2017. Dina is a recurring character in the show and was Shannon's love interest until she dumped Shannon in season 3. It also features Lena Foreman, Missy's cousin who is in a relationship with another woman. She is voiced by lesbian actress Lena Waithe. Also appearing in the series is Shannon Glaser, the mother of Jessi Glaser, was married to her husband and did love him, but was shown to be secretly cheating on him by dating cantor Dina Reznick, another woman.


text: In an August 2018 episode of "Disenchantment", "Castle Party Massacre" it is hinted that Odval and Sorcerio are secretly in a gay relationship, as they secretly host a magic and sex cult when King Zøg is away. IndieWire reviewer Michael Schneider wrote that Sorcerio and Odval have been "a couple for a long time." Another reviewer pointed to an implied gay relationship between two other characters.


text: In October 2018, a protagonist in "Big Mouth", Jay Bilzerian, came out as bisexual. Over a year later, Ali, a pansexual character, was introduced. In the latter case, however, some criticized it as an oversimplification of the "relationship between private parts and gender identity," even as her existence was praised as putting the show ahead of "most television representations of sexual expression." In the fifth season, Jessi Glaser develops a same-sex crush on Ali. However, her sexuality is never labeled afterwards.


text: "Super Drags", a Brazilian show which aired in November 2018, also centered on gay characters. The show focuses on Donizete, Patrick, and Ralph, three gay friends working in a department store, who are also drag queen superheroes, named Scarlet Carmesim, Lemon Chifon, and Safira Cyan are the Super Drags, and are responsible for protecting the LGBTQ community.


text: In "Big Mouth", Matthew MacDell, a flamboyantly gay student with a love of drama and spreading gossip, who is in a relationship with Aiden, the latter introduced as his boyfriend in the Valentine's Day special, entitled "My Furry Valentine." The episode, which aired in early February 2019, was the first episode of the show's third season.


text: Reggie Abbott, the protagonist of "Twelve Forever", which aired in July 2019, has a crush on Conelly, a 13-year-old schoolmate with whom she shares the same taste in imagining and creating stories, as shown in the two-part episode, "Locked Out Forever." Due to the show's abrupt ending, Shadi Petosky, one of the executive producers, stated they won't be able to further explore that aspect of the character/relationship. Elsewhere, Petosky described Reggie as a queer character "coming to terms with her sexuality". The series also included Galaxander, a gay inhabitant of Endless Island, and a gay couple, Mack Beefhouse in the same fantasy world.


text: An episode of "", titled "Asteroid Rage," in July 2019, included a lesbian kiss between two characters.


text: "" was released in August 2019. In the original "Rocko's Modern Life", Ralph Bighead was the son of Rocko's neighbors. "Static Cling", taking place 20 years after the original series, shows that Ralph transitioned to Rachel at some point. The series' creator, Joe Murray, felt that as the new work was about accepting change, including a trans female character would fit naturally into the episode. The work was a TV movie and sequel to their 1993 series "Rocko's Modern Life" and the producers worked with GLAAD to ensure that the story of Rachel, as well as a plotline involving her coming out to her parents, Ed and Bev Bighead, was respectful to the LGBTQ+ community and fit within the show itself.


text: In the third season of "The Dragon Prince", which aired in late November 2019, it was revealed that Runaan, the leader of the assassins and father figure to Rayla, is married to a male elf named Ethari.


text: For instance, the official Twitter account for "The Dragon Prince" revealed, in late November 2019, in response to a fan inquiry, that Kazi was non-binary and used they/them pronouns. Additionally, "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" included a recurring non-binary character named Double Trouble.


text: "Chip and Potato", a preschool series features a gay family named the Razzles, Ray Razzle, his husband Roy Razzle, and their baby twins Ron and Ruby Razzle appeared in the November 2019 episode "Chip's First Piano Exam".


text: In "Fast & Furious Spy Racers" which ran from December 2019 to December 2021, has two lesbian characters. Specifically, Tiffany and Wanda are the mothers of Frostee Benson and Sissy Benson.


text: "Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts", which aired from January to December 2020, is another example of expanded LGBT representation in Netflix's selection of animated series. In the first season of "Kipo", which streamed on January 10, the character Benson Mekler said outright that he was gay, saying he only liked the series protagonist, Kipo, platonically. He develops a crush on a male character, Troy, in the show's 10th episode. Some noted the show's "casual queerness." Petrana Radulovic of Polygon described Benson's coming out scene as setting a precedent for future programming for all ages, noting that no characters had "actually uttered" the words "I’m gay" in an all-ages animation series, not even in "Arthur" and "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power". Benson remained a character in the show's two remaining seasons, with the romance between Benson, and his new boyfriend, Troy Sandoval (voiced by Giullian Yao Gioiello), as a key sub-plot in the show's last season. The romance between Benson and Troy was praised by reviewers as "perfect" and "charmingly cute." In an interview, series creator Radford "Rad" Sechrist and co-screenwriter Bill Wolkoff confirmed that the characters Benson and Troy were gay, noting that when he had pitched the idea to the studio, Chief Creative Officer Peter Gal approved but instructed the production staff to have the character say the words "I'm gay," something that he and Bill were happy to hear to oblige.


text: The "Council of Sisters" members Striga and Morana in "Castlevania" are a lesbian couple as shown in the show's third season, which aired on March 5, 2020. The series also included young Japanese man Taka, who is introduced in the third-season episode "The Reparation of My Heart," and near the season-finale, he and Sumi have sex with Alucard, and shown as gay. On March 10, 2020, Sam Deats, one of the directors of "Castlevania", confirmed that the half-vampire son of Dracula, Alucard, was bisexual.


text: In May 2020, ND Stevenson, the showrunner of "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" stated that while the romantic relationship between Adora and Catra was planned from the show's conception, they weren't sure how overt he could portray it. But throughout each release of the show's subsequent seasons, Stevenson would lay enough groundwork for the approval of the romance. By the time the final season had aired, Stevenson expressed that he was glad that he could finally talk about it, noting that the relationship between Adora and Catra was central to the final season and written in a "very, very textually romantic way". He later said that he had fought hard for Catra and Adora during the show's development. Stevenson later confirmed the romantic relationships between Scorpia and Perfuma, In an interview for "Paper", Stevenson said that he and the show staff "fought very hard for the 'Princess Prom' episode", working to set up a "[queer] framework for the show" in order to normalize it "within the executive structure itself", and had hoped to garner support from its viewers.


text: Following the premiere of the final season of "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" in May 2020, showrunner ND Stevenson confirmed the romantic relationships between Kyle and Rogelio, and between Entrapta and Hordak. In the case of the former, they said that Lonnie is also a part of the relationship as well, implying a possible polyamorous couple.


text: "The Hollow", which aired on Netflix from 2018 to 2020, featured three gay characters. On May 8, 2020, the show's second season premiered on Netflix. The first episode of that season, titled "Home," features one of the show's protagonists, an Asian girl named Mira, was shown to be adopted by her two fathers, Paul and Curtis, and a brother named Miles. Curtis is a Black man, while Paul is a White man. Paul also appear in two other episodes "Race," "Hollow Games," while Curtis only appears in "Race." The second episode featured a Hispanic boy named Adam, was revealed to homosexual, saying that Mira, a female protagonist, is "not his type" and telling Kai "dude, I'm gay." Prior to this, in the trailer for Season 2 the LGBT pride flag was seen in his room, leading some fans to speculate he was gay. Some critics stated that while this was somewhat clear in season one, there is little or no "romantic entanglement" for the show's characters in the show's second season, with the show focusing on "difficult and dramatic friendships" instead.


text: On May 21, 2020, ND Stevenson, showrunner of "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power", confirmed the romantic relationship between Bow and Glimmer, both of whom are bisexual, as well as the character of Sea Hawk, who was revealed to have been in a relationship with a man, as well as his romantic interest in Princess Mermista.


text: Rad Sechrist, the showrunner of "Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts", when asked by a fan about Asher's gender, said, in June 2020, that Asher is non-binary and uses they/them pronouns. This was later confirmed by executive producer Bill Wolkoff.


text: A mature adult animation, "Hoops", which aired in August 2020, included a gay character named Scott on the school's basketball team.


text: In September 2020, the showrunner of "Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts", Rad Sechrist, later said that Kipo and Asher together "could be cool," while admitting that he did not think about Kipo being LGBTQ when producing seasons 1 and 2. Sechrist also told fans that he had wanted to do an "entire Benson Dave back story episode" in the second season, clarifying this didn't happen because Benson was gay but rather because they were pushed to focus more on Kipo in the season itself. In another interview, Wolkoff acknowledged that past coming-of-age stories "about kids being gay and dealing with that" often got pushback, but that in this case DreamWorks was open to it. He said that in this case, they got to tell the story they wanted, with DreamWorks supporting them from the beginning, and that they structured story without Benson having to deal with the real "extra weight of homophobia." He noted that writers told him it would be "subversive" to not put Troy and Benson "through hell." Sechrist added that someone noted how gay characters in media often have a "lot of turmoil" and that for people on their crew it was important that the gay relationship "wasn’t a big deal."


text: The fourth season of "Big Mouth" dropped on Netflix on December 4, 2020. The season's first episode has the teens heading to a summer camp, with Matthew in his relationship, Jay as bi, and a new character named Natalie el-Khoury, who is a trans female teenager, highlights "various, popular transphobic arguments," while giving her a supportive friend named Jessi, and another named Seth, who rejects her identity, who she rejects.


text: In the third part of "Disenchantment", a show created by Matt Groening, creator of "The Simpsons" and "Futurama", in January 2021, a protagonist was confirmed to be bisexual. Princess Bean, in the part 3 episode "Last Splash," has a same-sex kiss with the mermaid Mora. In the previous season, Bean was shown to enjoy "the company of mermaids." Earlier in the series, Elfo, a male elf, was her love interest. "Disenchantment" is Matt Groening's first series to have an LGBT lead character, something she shares with her voice actress Abbi Jacobson. Reviewers later said that was confirmed that Bean "is indeed queer" and that she likes mermaids and noted deeper queer themes throughout the show. This includes a married woman casually admitting she is a lesbian, a griffin who has a masculine appearance but is a lady.


text: The fourth episode of "City of Ghosts", which aired in March 2021, "Tovaangar", shows Jasper with two moms. The series also introduced Thomas on March 5, 2021. a 7-year old non-binary child, and skater, who goes by they/them pronouns. Thomas is voiced by transgender child actor Blue Chapman.


text: "The Mitchells vs. the Machines", an animated film, premiered in Netflix in April 2021. The voice actor for one of the film's protagonists, Abbi Jacobson, has stated that Katie is "queer". In the film, Katie wears a rainbow pride flag pin and talks about it taking a while to figure herself out, and at the end of the film, she has a girlfriend at film school in Los Angeles named Jade. The film's writers, Michael Rianda and Jeff Rowe, wrote the character of Katie to be LGBT but without necessarily drawing attention to her sexuality as a lesbian.


text: The two part animated film, "Sailor Moon Eternal", a continuation of the "Sailor Moon Crystal" series, premiered on Netflix on June 3, 2021. It features Haruka Tenoh (Sailor Uranus) and Michiru Kaioh (Sailor Neptune), two characters in a same-sex relationship, as did the "" (1994), and "" (1995).


text: On July 4, 2021, "We The People", a 10-part series of animated music videos premiered on Netflix. It was created by Chris Nee, a lesbian woman who created many preschool animations like "Doc McStuffins" and "Ridley Jones", with Kenya Barris as a showrunner, and produced by Michelle Obama and Barack Obama. The song "Immigration" has a Scottish immigrant wielding a Rainbow Flag. The second half of the song "The Courts" is set at a Pride Parade and references the "Obergefell v. Hodges" case which made same-sex marriage legal across the United States of America. There is also LGBT icongraphy in the song "We The People." Janelle Monáe, who has said she identifies with both bisexuality and pansexuality. and pushes the "boundaries of gender," performed a number of songs for the series. This included a reggae-influenced number, titled "Stronger," which focuses on the "fight for justice and unity...unity, liberty and equality" and the title track for the series.


text: "Ridley Jones", which began airing in mid-July 2021, includes Ismat's fathers, Aten and Kosi. They are voiced by gay actors Andrew Rannells and Chris Colfer. The series is part of a slate of animated preschool series on the streaming service, with others including "Spirit Rangers", "Dino Daycare", and "Ada Twist, Scientist", of which Nee is the showrunner. The series includes Fred, a non-binary bison who prefers they/them pronouns, the first non-binary character in a kids show on Netflix. Fred is voiced by non-binary actor Iris Menas as confirmed by Nee.


text: Appearing in "Q-Force", which aired in September 2021, Deb is a mechanic and guru with gadgets. She has a wife, 16 rescue dogs, and pretends to work at a place called Pep Boys when not part of the Q-Force. She is voiced by lesbian actress Wanda Sykes. The protagonist of the same series, who leads a "team of fellow LGBTQ super-spies", is Steve Maryweather. Otherwise known as Agency Mary, he heads a team of LGBTQ spies, consists of a drag disguise master (Twink), a skilled mechanic (Deb), and a hacker (Stat), later working with a straight man named Agent Buck. He is voiced by Sean Hayes, a gay actor who is the show's creator. Benji is a gay man who is the love interest of Mary and is often in danger due to his closeness to the Q-Force.


text: The series "Carmen Sandiego" featured Le Chevre and El Topo who were members of V.I.L.E until the series finale. In September 2021, the show creator, Duane Capizzi, confirmed that Le Chevre and El Topo were a gay couple. Previously, a show animator, in May 2021, stated that they were given "explicit directions to make Jeantonio romantic and intimate" in the scenes they animated.


text: "Chicago Party Aunt", based on a Twitter account of the same name, premiered on September 17, 2021. The series features two gay characters Diane Dubrowski's nephew Duncan and Gideon, Diane's boss at Borough. Daniel is voiced by gay actor Rory O'Malley and Gideon is voiced by gay actor and drag queen RuPaul Charles.