title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: Heavy rains and strong winds buffeted the Lesser Antilles. The winds caused widespread power outages and damaged crops, particularly in St. Lucia, while flooding and landslides caused by the rainfall damaged many homes and roads. One person died in St. Vincent when he was crushed by a boulder. The storm brought precipitation to Colombia's Guajira Peninsula, which saw its first heavy rain event in three years. One person drowned in a river in Uribia. In Haiti, flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land; around 80% of Jérémie sustained significant damage. Matthew left about $1.9 billion in damage and at least 546 deaths. Heavy rainfall spread eastward across the Dominican Republic, where four were killed. Effects in Cuba were most severe along the coast, where storm surge caused extensive damage. Four people were killed due to a bridge collapse, and total losses in the country amounted to $2.58 billion, most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province. Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane, Matthew inflicted severe impacts across several islands, particularly Grand Bahama, where an estimated 95% of homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock. In Florida, much of the damage occurred was caused by strong winds and storm surge in the east-central and northeastern portions of the state. About 1.2 million people lost power. Damage in Florida reached over $2.75 billion and there were 12 deaths. An additional 1.3 million people lost electricity in Georgia and South Carolina combined. Torrential rain caused severe flooding, especially in North Carolina and South Carolina, where some rivers exceed record heights set by Hurricane Floyd and the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. In North Carolina, 100,000 structures were flooded and damage reached $1.5 billion. Overall, Matthew caused at least 603 deaths and about $15.1 billion in damage.


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: A tropical wave developed into Tropical Storm Nicole about northeast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, early on October 4,


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: Gradual intensification continued throughout the next few days before briefly stopping, then later resuming on October 11 as the storm turned towards Bermuda and re-strengthened to Category 1 status. On October 12, Nicole became a Category 2 hurricane again. Later on the same day, Nicole became a major hurricane upon reaching Category 3 intensity. The next day, Nicole briefly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane, peaking with maximum sustained winds of . However, the storm weakened back to a Category 3 hurricane several hours later due to increasing vertical wind shear. At 15:00 UTC on October 13, the hurricane's eye passed directly over Bermuda, where automated surface station measured sustained winds of and a gust reaching . At 06:00 UTC on October 14, southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status. The storm slowly began to weaken the next day, falling to a tropical storm intensity early on October 18. Nicole transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 06:00 UTC later that day.


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: Overall, Nicole was responsible for $15 million in damages across Bermuda. Along the East Coast of the United States, a swimmer in North Carolina drowned due to rip currents produced by Nicole.


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: On November 15, a broad low-pressure area developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. After an increase in convective organization, the system developed into a tropical depression about north of Colón, Panama late on November 20. Fueled by warm waters and good outflow, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Otto by 06:00 UTC on November 21. Otto deepened into a hurricane on November 23 while drifting westward; this was the latest date for a tropical cyclone to reach that intensity over the Caribbean Sea, one day later than the previous record set by Hurricane Martha in 1969. Otto rapidly intensified throughout the following day, and at 17:30 UTC November 24, the storm made landfall on the southern Nicaragua coast near San Juan de Nicaragua at peak intensity, as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of . This was the southernmost hurricane landfall in Central America. Weakening ensued as Otto moved inland. Around 03:30 UTC on November 25, Otto exited into the Eastern Pacific, marking the first time a tropical cyclone survived the crossover from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996.


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: In Panama, the outer bands of Otto brought heavy precipitation and strong winds. The hurricane left nine deaths in the country, with one after a house was struck by a falling tree in Panama City, three from landslides, two by drowning in a rain-swollen river, and three others after the ship "Jessica" sank. Generally, rainfall of was observed in Nicaragua. Throughout the country, Otto damaged 857 houses, 8 schools, and 2 health facilities. About 5,600 ft (1,700 m) of power lines were damaged, causing power and water outages. Four deaths were reported. In Costa Rica, rainfall peaked at at Miravalles Volcano. Flooding and mudslides left 42 communities isolated and damaged 14 water systems. Damage reached at least $190 million and there were 10 fatalities.


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: On September 15, Météo-France began monitoring a cyclone in the Bay of Biscay that they claimed was subtropical, having apparently possessing an asymmetric wind field of tropical-storm force winds and a warm thermal core. However, American meteorological agencies disagreed and determined it was non-tropical, as proven by surface analysis data from NOAA, which showed that the cyclone still had an occluded front connected to it – signs that usually indicate an extratropical cyclone. The system drifted southeastwards, attaining a peak intensity of , and eventually made landfall near the border of Spain and France, rapidly weakening and eventually dissipating shortly thereafter, early on September 16. The Free University of Berlin, in accordance with their naming of cyclones that affect their area, named the cyclone "Stephanie".


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: The cyclone brought only minor damage to Spain and France, most of which were caused by some strong wind gusts, swells, and some heavy rainfall. Maximum gusts of up to were reported on the coast of Basque Country, with slightly higher gusts in the upper elevations. A storm surge of was also reported on the coastlines of Spain and France. No major damage, fatalities or injuries were reported as a result.


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2016. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2022 season. This was the same list used in the 2010 season, with the exceptions of "Ian" and "Tobias", which replaced "Igor" and "Tomas", respectively. The name "Ian" was used for the first time this year.


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: On March 26, 2017, at the 39th session of the RA IV hurricane committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names "Matthew" and "Otto" from its rotating name lists due to the amount of damage and deaths they caused, and they will not be used again for another Atlantic hurricane. They were replaced with "Martin" and "Owen", respectively, for the 2022 season.


title: 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

text: This is a table of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration (within the basin), names, intensities, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2016 USD.


...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead (often abbreviated as Trail of Dead, or T.o.D., which reads as "death" in German) are an American alternative rock band from Austin, Texas, formed in 1994. The chief members of the band are Jason Reece and Conrad Keely (formerly Conrad Sobsamai). The two alternate between drumming, guitar and lead vocals, both on recordings and live shows. The band is known for their wild, energetic concerts. Their eleventh studio album, "XI: Bleed Here Now", was released on July 15, 2022.


Keely and Reece have been friends since their youth, and originally in Hawaii. They each formed their first bands in Olympia, Washington, where Keely studied at The Evergreen State College. Keely, a songwriter and bassist named James Olsen and a guitarist (Paul Westmoreland) started a band in the early 1990s. The band was called varied things before settling on "Benedict Gehlen" (named after a monk laid to rest in the St. Martin's Abby in Olympia). That went on in various names and forms until 1993. Soon after, Keely became involved in a group called Nancyville, while Reece went on to play drums with Honeybucket and then queercore band Mukilteo Fairies (the name is a play on words, referencing the ferry boat that travels between Mukilteo and Clinton, Washington). Eventually, Keely and Reece moved to Austin, Texas. The two started playing as a duo under the moniker "You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead." The band expanded eventually to include guitarist Kevin Allen and bassist Neil Busch. They then officially lengthened their name to ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead. Keely's girlfriend from Olympia, Deanne Rowley (later Deanne McAdams), briefly played with them as a live back-up guitarist.


title: ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead

text: According to the band's website, their name is taken from an ancient Mayan ritual chant which showed a similarity to an ancient Egyptian chant. They have also stated that this is a joke.


text: In 1995, Trail of Dead issued their first release, a song titled "Novena Without Faith" on a cassette-only compilation titled "Austin Live Houses", followed by another self-titled four-song cassette on Golden Hour. In January 1998, they released a self-titled full-length on Trance Syndicate.


text: Trail of Dead soon joined Merge Records after the Trance Syndicate label folded. The band released "Madonna" on Merge in late 1999 and toured the U.S., opening for labelmates Superchunk to promote it. They signed to Interscope Records and released the "Relative Ways" EP in 2001.


text: In early 2002, Trail of Dead released "Source Tags & Codes", which received wide acclaim, including a 10/10 rating from Pitchfork Media, later saying it is "one of indie rock's truly epic albums". Their following tour was chronicled by "Rolling Stone", with Andrew Dansby commenting on their group dynamic as a "post-punk Voltron, that just might be the most exciting unit working today."


text: A follow-up EP to "Source Tags & Codes" was released in April 2003, titled "The Secret of Elena's Tomb". The EP contained the electronic track "Intelligence" which featured and was co-written by Tyler Jacobson from A Roman Scandal, Reece's other band.


text: In July 2004, it was announced that Neil Busch had been removed from the band and Danny Wood would be taking his place on bass. Second drummer/percussionist Doni Schroader also joined the band around this time. Trail of Dead released "Worlds Apart" on January 25, 2005. Music videos were filmed for singles "And the Rest Will Follow" and "Caterwaul". The band also added live keyboardist David Longoria to their touring lineup. Now a six-piece, the band toured heavily on the album, with its trademark explosive live performances and a two-drummer attack. Opening for part of this tour was Longoria's band The Black, which featured Longoria on vocals and guitarist Alan Schaefer, with the rest of TOD filling out the group. The band's fifth album, "So Divided", was released on November 14, 2006. Clay Morris replaced Longoria as live keyboardist, and eventually became a full-time member.


text: On April 26, 2005, their song "Will You Smile Again For Me" was featured at the conclusion of The Shield's 7th episode of their 4th season, "Hurt".


text: In late summer of 2007, Trail of Dead once again toured Europe, this time with drummer Aaron Ford replacing Doni Schroader. Danny Wood was absent from these performances, having quietly left the band. He would eventually be replaced by Jay Leo Phillips. The band provided the soundtrack to the 2007 film "Hell on Wheels", a documentary about the formation of Roller Derby in Austin, Texas. After their overseas tour ended on March 15, 2007, Trail of Dead returned to the studio to begin recording their sixth record. In October, they supported the virtual band Dethklok on an Adult Swim college tour. In that same month, the band became independent after leaving Interscope Records due to a lack of support.


text: In early 2008, Trail of Dead went back into the studio without a record contract. Using their own capital, they filmed their recording experiences and released them on YouTube. On October 21, they released an EP, resembling an "album teaser", titled "Festival Thyme" on Richter Scale Records. On February 17, 2009, a 13-track album, "The Century of Self" was released. In September 2010, Keely posted news of an upcoming album 2011 release, produced by Chris "Frenchie" Smith, with an accompanying comic book. Smith is also set to re-mix their debut eponymous album. On November 10, 2010, the band announced that their seventh album, "Tao of the Dead", would be released in North America on February 8, 2011. It was also revealed that the band had stripped down to a core four-piece, and that Jay Phillips, Clay Morris and longtime guitarist Kevin Allen had been removed from the lineup. Circumstances of these departures are currently unknown. Aaron Ford recorded all of the drums for "Tao of the Dead", but then left the band. The band performed live on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on February 7, 2011, debuting bassist Autry Fulbright II (from Reece side project Midnight Masses) and drummer/guitarist Jamie Miller, of the band theSTART. On February 17, 2011, it was announced that Reece would guest host Toby Ryan's radio show on Austin's KROX-FM (101X).


text: In 2012, the band recorded material for a new album in Hanover, Germany again with producer Frenchie Smith and engineer Mirko Hofmann. On August 22, the band announced their eighth studio album, "Lost Songs", and released a song entitled "Up To Infinity", which was dedicated to Pussy Riot. Cover art was revealed on September 6, 2012. On September 25, they released "Catatonic" through Spotify.


text: In May 2013, the band announced a forthcoming EP "Tao of the Dead Part III" via Twitter. Using PledgeMusic, they were taking pre-orders for special editions of the EP. In February 2014, the band announced a limited U.S. tour focused on playing music from "Source Tags and Codes" and plans to record their next album, a sequel to "Tao of the Dead", in the spring and summer of 2014. In April 2014, they released the album "Live at Rockpalast 2009". In August 2014, the band announced their ninth album, "IX", using an online jigsaw puzzle. Pitchfork suggested "the arrival at a crossroads" for the band with the album. After a subsequent tour the band, Keely moved to Cambodia and released his debut solo album, "Original Machines", in 2016. In November 2017, the band announced a European tour to celebrate the 20 year anniversary of the release of their debut album, "Madonna", performing the album in full.


text: On November 14, 2019, the band released "Don't Look Down," the first single from their tenth album, "". The second single, "Into the Godless Void", was released on December 6, 2019.


text: It was announced in March 2022, that a double album, "XI: Bleed Here Now" would be released in summer with quadraphonic mixing.


text: The band cites their influences to include Fugazi, Melvins, Bikini Kill, Bauhaus, Echo and the Bunnymen, KARP, Unwound, Sonic Youth, Led Zeppelin, Rush, Genesis, Pink Floyd, Public Enemy, Yes, Johann Sebastian Bach and Vivaldi.


title: Voir (TV series)

text: Voir is an American television series featuring video essays about cinema. It was produced by Academy Award-nominated director David Fincher and released on Netflix.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: John Paul Sweeney (born 7 June 1958) is a British investigative journalist and writer. He worked for "The Observer" newspaper, and the BBC's "Panorama" and "Newsnight" series. Sweeney ceased working for the BBC in October 2019.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney was educated at Barton Peveril Grammar School, a state grammar school in Eastleigh, Hampshire, followed by the London School of Economics.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney worked for 12 years at "The Observer" newspaper, where he covered wars and revolutions in more than 60 countries including Romania, Algeria, Iraq, Chechnya, Burundi and Bosnia.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: In 1996, Sweeney was sued for criminal defamation in France by the Barclay brothers, owners of "The Daily Telegraph", but the claimants lost their case. At the time, Sweeney worked for the rival newspaper "The Observer", and had given an interview on BBC Radio Guernsey alleging that they had been involved in corruption. The claimants justified their legal claim in the French courts on the basis that the broadcast could also be heard in a small coastal part of northern France, although this was widely considered forum shopping. Sweeney was ordered to pay €3,000 by the appeal court in Rennes, France.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney appeared on the BBC arts programme, "The Late Show" when he filmed behind the scenes footage of the campaign of the 1992 United Kingdom general election.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney worked at the BBC from 2001 to 2014 as a staff reporter for flagship news programme "Panorama", but subsequently continued to be involved in producing BBC "Panorama" programmes. Sweeney regularly reported for "Newsnight", a BBC current affairs programme.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney ceased working for the BBC in October 2019. Shortly before his departure, the "Press Gazette" reported that "[Sweeney] was secretly filmed speaking with a source over drinks who turned out to be an ally of [Tommy] Robinson". "Panorama" later apologised on Sweeney's behalf for "offensive and inappropriate" comments made during the encounter.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: After formally joining the BBC in 2001, Sweeney reported on mass graves in Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe for the BBC in 2002. By then Mugabe had banned BBC reporters from the country, forcing Sweeney to hide in a car boot to travel to a meeting with the leader of the opposition.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney spent four years investigating the cases of Sally Clark, Angela Cannings and Donna Anthony, three women who had been falsely imprisoned for killing their children. Sweeney's investigation helped to clear their names, and led to Sir Roy Meadow, the expert witness whose testimony had proved decisive in their convictions, being temporarily struck off the General Medical Council's medical register. Sweeney received the Paul Foot Award in 2005 in recognition of his work.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: "Scientology and Me", a "Panorama" investigation into Scientology written and presented by Sweeney, was aired on BBC One on Monday, 14 May 2007. Prior to its airing, video footage filmed by the Church of Scientology was released on YouTube and on DVD that showed Sweeney shouting at Scientology representative Tommy Davis during a visit to the Citizens Commission on Human Rights's exhibition "". The clips were sections of a documentary the Church of Scientology's "Freedom Magazine" TV produced about the BBC "Panorama" programme.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney remarked that he lost his temper due to days of harassment by Davis and the Church, and a strong personal reaction to the psychiatry exhibition. He had been visited at his hotel by Davis, despite not having shared the address with the Church, and had been followed on several different occasions. Sweeney labelled the clips "attack videos" and others say they were produced to discredit him and the documentary.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: The BBC in response aired its own full recording of the incident. "Panorama"'s editor Sandy Smith explained what happened and how the BBC dealt with the incident in a post on the BBC's Editor's Blog. An internal BBC investigation found that Sweeney's conduct at one point in the filming was clearly inappropriate, but also noted that Sweeney had apologised for his outburst and concluded that as a whole, filming of the documentary had been performed in a proper and fair manner.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Later on that same year in the BBC "Panorama" year in review Sweeney said "..a new generation is making up its own mind, and for that I make no apology". Sweeney went into a similar outburst in January 2009 when being interviewed on Radio 4 about the Tom Cruise film "Valkyrie"—clearly referring to the episode two years previously, as a part of a rehearsed joke.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: A follow-up "Panorama" programme also hosted by Sweeney, which at an hour is twice the length of the original one, was aired on 28 September 2010. This documentary contained interviews with high-profile ex-scientologists Mike Rinder and Marty Rathbun. Rinder in particular explained the tactics used by the church during the making of the previous documentary, while Rathbun primarily discussed the allegations of David Miscavige assaulting other members of the church. Rinder had been involved in the Scientology organisation's stalking of Sweeney.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: In an undercover visit to North Korea, Sweeney posed as an academic from the London School of Economics whilst travelling with a party of students from the university, also including Sweeney's wife and another BBC employee. The BBC was accused of putting students at risk and of compromising the future ability of the university to pursue studies in other countries with strict regimes.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: The BBC Trust Editorial Standards Committee investigated the complaints against the programme makers, and found that "the BBC failed to ensure that all the young adults "Panorama" travelled with were sufficiently aware of any potential risks to enable them to give informed consent. This was a serious failing, and the BBC is right to apologise to the complainants." They also found that Sweeney's wife, who was the trip organiser and tour leader, had a conflict of interest which was compounded when she became employed by the BBC for the programme.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Subsequently, however, a public statement signed by six of the 10 LSE student participants on the trip said that "We feel that we have now been put in more risk than was originally the case, as a result of the LSE's decision to go public with their story". They also indicated that they had no objection to the broadcast of the BBC "Panorama" documentary and that they were satisfied with how the BBC handled the trip. An LSE spokesman denied this. The programme was watched by 5.06 million people making it the number 1 show in its time slot and the second most watched show of the night.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney was the presenter of a controversial "Panorama" about the ex "News of the World" undercover reporter Mazher Mahmood called "Fake Sheikh: Exposed". The Attorney General, Jeremy Wright, wrote to the BBC asking them not to show it in case it prejudiced any future trial, and Mahmood unsuccessfully tried to get an injunction to stop "Panorama" broadcasting recent video of him with no disguise. The broadcast was twice delayed and was finally transmitted on 12 November 2014. Following the programme the Crown Prosecution Service announced that it would reinvestigate 25 cases where people were convicted on Mahmood's evidence.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney presented the documentary he researched and investigated, "", first broadcast for "Panorama" on BBC One on 16 January 2017, four days before the Inauguration of Donald Trump. Exploring links between Trump associates and Russian officials and Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, the documentary was well received by "The Guardian", "Radio Times", "The National", and the "Times Union". The documentary was screened in Perugia, Italy on 6 April 2017 at the International Journalism Festival. Investigative journalists Sweeney and Andrei Soldatov of Russia were in attendance at the screening.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: On 23 February 2019, about 4,000 people protested outside BBC offices in Manchester against one of Sweeney's planned "Panorama" episodes on activist Tommy Robinson, who also led the protest. During the rally, undercover filming of Sweeney, obtained from a supporter of Robinson, was shown on a large screen. In the film, Sweeney is heard making a number of remarks which were described by the activist as being racist, homophobic and anti-working class. Sweeney also called former IRA leader Martin McGuinness "one of [his] political heroes". Sweeney later apologised for the remarks. The BBC stated that "any programme we broadcast will adhere to the BBC's strict editorial guidelines", and that work on the "Panorama" programme would continue. The NUJ condemned what they described as the intimidation of BBC staff and journalists.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: "Panorama" issued a statement apologising on Sweeney's behalf for his "offensive and inappropriate" comments. The "Panorama" episode on Robinson was never shown on the BBC. On 1 October 2019, Sweeney announced via Twitter that he would be leaving the BBC after 17 years, calling founder of the EDL Tommy Robinson a "complete c**t" after supposedly being fired because of Tommy Robinson's documentary "Panodrama" and the protests outside BBC Manchester.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney vigorously pursued Vladimir Putin's wars, especially after the invasion and annexation of Crimea in 2014. He 'doorstepped' Putin in 2014, reported on BBC News, investigated oligarch links to Putin in 2018, as well as Arron Banks's Brexit connections with the Kremlin in December 2018, and investigated Boris Johnson's mysterious trip to Perugia to party with Evgeny Lebedev in 2018, shortly afterwards ending his employment at the BBC. Sweeney has been reporting directly from Kyiv since before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and continues to report on the war from there.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: In November 2020, Sweeney's new LBC podcast "Hunting Ghislaine" was launched. It made the top spot on the Apple UK podcast chart. The six part series traced the story of Ghislaine Maxwell, the daughter of Robert Maxwell.


title: John Sweeney (journalist)

text: Sweeney has written several books, non-fiction as well as fiction including the best-selling novel set in the war in Burma, "Elephant Moon" (2016), and a co-authored investigation into the assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia, "Murder On The Malta Express" (2019). His latest thriller is "The Useful Idiot", about fake news in Stalin's Moscow in 1933, published in 2020.


title: I Am Woman

text: "I Am Woman" is a song written by Australian musicians Helen Reddy and Ray Burton. Performed by Reddy, the first recording of "I Am Woman" appeared on her debut album "I Don't Know How to Love Him", released in May 1971, and was heard during the closing credits for the 1972 film "Stand Up and Be Counted". A new recording of the song was released as a single in May 1972 and became a number-one hit later that year, eventually selling over one million copies. The song came near the apex of the counterculture era and, by celebrating female empowerment, became an enduring feminist anthem for the women’s liberation movement. Following Reddy's death in September 2020, the song peaked at number 2 on the Australian digital sales chart.


title: I Am Woman

text: After securing a recording contract in 1971 with Capitol Records that yielded the hit "I Don't Know How to Love Him", Reddy – then living in Los Angeles – was asked for an album. She gave the label a set of 10 jazz-tinged pop songs. Nestled among the Leon Russell, Graham Nash and Van Morrison songs were two Reddy and Ray Burton originals. "I Am Woman" was one of them.


title: I Am Woman

text: The composition was the result of Reddy’s search for a song that would express her growing passion for female empowerment. In a 2003 interview in Australia’s "Sunday Magazine" (published with the "Sunday Herald Sun" and "Sunday Telegraph"), she explained:


title: I Am Woman

text: Reddy's own long years on stage had also fueled her contempt for men who belittled women, she said. "Women have always been objectified in showbiz. I'd be the opening act for a comic and as I was leaving the stage he'd say, 'Yeah, take your clothes off and wait for me in the dressing room, I'll be right there'. It was demeaning and humiliating for any woman to have that happen publicly."


title: I Am Woman

text: "I remember lying in bed one night and the words, 'I am strong, I am invincible, I am woman', kept going over and over in my head. That part I consider to be divinely inspired. I had been chosen to get a message across." Pressed on who had chosen her, she replied: "The universe." The next day she wrote the lyric and handed it to Australian guitarist Ray Burton to put it to music.


title: I Am Woman

text: Burton, 26 at the time and playing in Los Angeles with Australian rock band the Executives (and later the founding member of Ayers Rock), was a friend who had often worked with Reddy in live venues across Australia. He has a different recollection of the song's beginning. He told "Sunday Magazine" that he spoke to Reddy after she hosted a series of regular women's meetings at which he says they would "sit around and whine about their boyfriends".


title: I Am Woman

text: Reddy had no expectations for the track. "It clearly was not hit-single material and got no airplay at all. I used it as an opening song whenever I performed live, and it was always well received: I also noticed that the song was being singled out for mention in fan mail." But more than a year later, the song was picked to run behind the opening credits of "Stand Up and Be Counted", a lightweight Hollywood women's lib comedy starring Jacqueline Bisset, Loretta Swit and Steve Lawrence. "The decision-makers at Capitol Records thought that, in case the film was a hit, they should release 'I Am Woman' as a single." In its initial form, the original version ran to little more than two minutes, so Reddy was asked to write an additional verse and chorus. The extra verse inserted the song's only reference to men ("Until I make my brother understand").


title: I Am Woman

text: The recording session for this new version took place on 23 April 1972. Reddy told "Sunday Magazine" she remembered nothing about it and did not know which musicians played on the song.


title: I Am Woman

text: Producer Jay Senter assembled the rhythm section at SunWest Studios for a 7:00 p.m. downbeat (start) but since he had planned on tracking without Reddy, she was not told to arrive until 9:00 p.m. Reddy and (then) husband Jeff Wald arrived thinking they were going to track (record) live with the band, but Senter and the band had already recorded the track as well as its intended B-side, "Don't Mess with a Woman". Wald and Reddy were furious in the control room. Senter was clearly not happy, either, and voices were raised, but he did not quit the project. Reddy put her voice on the track that Senter produced, and she and Wald left the studio. That release triggered a five-figure payment to Reddy, which at the time was sorely needed, according to Wald.


title: I Am Woman

text: Immediately after that, guitarist Deasy played the riff on his 12-string electric guitar that became the signature sound for the song. Senter then asked friend and noted sax man Jim Horn to write string and horn charts to be recorded the following week, while Senter went into the studio with Clydie King, Venetta Fields and Shirley Matthews (the Blossoms) and layered the background vocals.


title: I Am Woman

text: As it turned out, "it was the original recording of 'I Am Woman' that was featured on the soundtrack" of the film, which "opened and closed the same week" in May 1972.


title: I Am Woman

text: The new recording of the song was released as a single on the 22nd of the month, and Wald – who had worked the phones for 18 hours a day urging radio stations to play "I Don't Know How to Love Him" – again put his formidable promotional skills to use. He lined up gigs for Reddy – by now heavily pregnant with son Jordan – to sing on 19 TV talk and variety shows, and "women began calling radio stations and requesting the song, thereby forcing airplay."


title: I Am Woman

text: Despite the chord it was striking with television viewers, the song's trek to the top of the charts was still a long, hard climb. It first entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 99 in the issue of the magazine dated 24 June 1972, peaked at number 97 two weeks later, fell off the Hot 100, re-entered at number 87 two months later in the 16 September issue, and reached number one three months later, in the 9 December issue.


title: I Am Woman

text: "I Am Woman" was the first number one single for Capitol Records since "Ode to Billie Joe" by Bobbie Gentry five years earlier, in 1967. It was the first number one hit on the "Billboard" chart by an Australian-born artist and the first Australian-penned song to win a Grammy Award (in her acceptance speech for Best Female Performance, Reddy thanked "God, because "She" makes everything possible"). It also became the second Helen Reddy hit – after "I Don't Know How to Love Him" – to peak at number two in her native Australia. Overlooked in its original UK release, "I Am Woman" was given a 1975 reissue to serve as the follow-up to Reddy's number five UK hit "Angie Baby" but did not gain enough momentum to reach the UK Top 50.


title: I Am Woman

text: In the year that Gloria Steinem's "Ms. magazine" was launched in the US and "Cleo" in Australia, the song quickly captured the imagination of the burgeoning woman's movement. National Organization for Woman founder Betty Friedan was later to write that in 1973, a gala entertainment night in Washington DC at the NOW annual convention closed with the playing of "I Am Woman". "Suddenly," she said, "women got out of their seats and started dancing around the hotel ballroom and joining hands in a circle that got larger and larger until maybe a thousand of us were dancing and singing, 'I am strong, I am invincible, I am woman.' It was a spontaneous, beautiful expression of the exhilaration we all felt in those years, women really moving as women."


title: I Am Woman

text: Some feminists took exception to the lyrics, "I'm still an embryo, with a long, long way to go," identifying the women's liberation movement with a pregnancy. This was particularly true after the 1973 U.S. "Roe v. Wade" Supreme Court decision was bookended by Paul Anka's 1974 number-one hit, "Having My Baby."


title: I Am Woman

text: To Reddy, the song's message reaches beyond feminism. "It's not just for women," she said. "It's a general empowerment song about feeling good about yourself, believing in yourself. When my former brother-in-law, a doctor, was going to medical school he played it every morning just to get him going." In 2002, however, she said, "I had no idea what the song was destined to become. If I'd known, I would have been far too intimidated to have written it."


title: I Am Woman

text: The song brought greater exposure to Reddy, paving the way for a succession of hit singles. It also generated tremendous wealth, which the couple flaunted with a gaudy lifestyle of mansions, limousines, jewelry and speedboats. In her tell-all Hollywood book, "You'll Never Eat Lunch in This Town Again", Julia Phillips claimed that by the time the couple completed their acrimonious divorce in 1982 they had blown most of the $40 million they had made.


title: I Am Woman

text: When Reddy’s performance of the song at the 1981 Miss World contest infuriated feminists, she responded: "Let them step forward and pay my rent and I'll stay home. What I'm doing is advertising a product I wouldn't use."


title: I Am Woman

text: Reddy had been quoted as saying, "To this day I get mail from women who say, I went to law school because of your song. But I would hate to think out of the wide spectrum of things I have done in my career, that's all I would be remembered for." But in her autobiography, "The Woman I Am: A Memoir", she recalls a 2000 encounter with a friend's high-school-aged nephew who said that "in his assigned "Modern American History" textbook, in a section on the rise of feminism in the 70s, I was mentioned along with the printed lyrics to 'I Am Woman'." It became her excuse for what, in 2002, she called her retirement: "I thought, 'Well, I'm part of history now. And how do I top that? I can't top that.' So, it was an easy [decision to stop singing]." But in a 2014 interview celebrating her return to the stage, Ernie Manouse asked about the song, "Ever regret it because it's so iconic? Does it overshadow everything else? Because people forget how many hit songs you had, and yet this song becomes so big. Is it ever too much to have on your back?" Reddy begins, "No, no," and after a pause says, "I'm proud of it."


title: I Am Woman

text: The song's opening line, "I am woman, hear me roar" has become widely referenced in media. In a 1975 episode of "The Carol Burnett Show", guest Jean Stapleton played a feminist who proudly announces, "I am woman!" to which Harvey Korman's character replies, "I know. I heard your roar." During the 2000 Republican presidential campaign of Elizabeth Dole one GOP consultant complained that, "she has to have a message beyond 'I am woman, hear me roar.'"


title: I Am Woman

text: A biopic of Reddy's life, titled after the song, was announced in mid-2016 with Unjoo Moon as director, and finally saw release in 2020. At the 2020 ARIA Music Awards held in late November, the song was performed in tribute to the late Reddy by an ensemble of Australian female singers. They were introduced by former Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, and were backed by a virtual choir of more than twenty female singers.


title: I Am Woman

text: Expelled from the US in 1971 because of work-permit problems, Ray Burton watched the song's rise in the US from a distance. Burton ended up living on unemployment benefits. "It could have been the launching pad for a writing and singing career," he said. "They took advantage of the fact I wasn't there."


title: I Am Woman

text: He claimed he was forced to take legal action against the singer in 1998 to recover a portion of songwriter royalties that had been withheld from him since 1972. He said: "I got some money out of it, but nothing like it would have been in the '70s when it was riding high."


title: I Am Woman

text: Reddy disputes Burton's claims. "There was a buyout 25 or 30 years ago," she told "Sunday Magazine". "Neither of us had any idea the song would become what it became. About 10 years ago he got in touch with me because he was in financial difficulties. I felt sorry for him and reinstated his songwriter royalties. His passport problems ended any hope he had of a career in the States and somehow that bitterness got transferred to me. I wish him well. I bear him no animosity."


title: I Am Woman

text: Today he performs again in venues on the Queensland Gold Coast, where he lives. Sometimes he includes it in his set, raising a laugh from audiences by saying, "Here's a song I wrote in the '70s, with a twist." He sings it as, "She is woman, hear her roar".


title: I Am Woman

text: Reddy's description of the "typical DJ reaction" to the song is quoted in "The Billboard Book of Number One Hits": 'I can't stand this record! I hate this song! But you know, it's a funny thing, my wife loves it!'


title: I Am Woman

text: During the Audience Talent Show Night segment of the episode of "Late Show with David Letterman" dated 20 April 1995, Reddy was seated in the back of the audience and asked by Letterman what her talent was. She replied, "Hit it, Paul," as she took the mic from Letterman's hand and began singing "I Am Woman." The audience responded enthusiastically as the host cut to a commercial, but Reddy interrupted at several points throughout the show in different locations to break into her signature song: first in the window behind Letterman's desk and then during an interview with Nicolas Cage, a supposed commercial, and a performance by Blues Traveler. Whenever the music cut off and she was dismissed from the stage, she would always smile, wave and say, "Thank you."


title: I Am Woman

text: In 2006, Burger King released an ad campaign titled "Manthem" featuring "I Am Man", a parody of Helen Reddy's song, to promote its Texas Double Whopper hamburger.


title: I Am Woman

text: "I Am Woman" was a minor C&W hit for Bobbie Roy who like Reddy was on the Capitol Records roster; Roy's version of "I Am Woman" reached #51 on the US C&W chart and #85 in Canada in February 1973.


title: I Am Woman

text: An instrumental arrangement of the song was played at the 82nd Academy Awards as the exit music for Kathryn Bigelow after she won the Best Director Oscar for the 2009 film "The Hurt Locker", the first time a woman won the award.


title: Emarosa

text: Emarosa ( ) is an American rock band formed in Lexington, Kentucky, in 2006. The band currently consists of lead guitarist and founding member ER White and lead vocalist Bradley Walden, who joined the band in 2013. The group has undergone several line-up changes throughout its career, with lead guitarist ER White being the sole remaining founding member. Originally oriented towards post-hardcore and alternative rock, Emarosa has gravitated towards a more pop rock sound in recent years.


title: Emarosa

text: Upon the band's formation, they released one extended play (EP) in 2007, titled "This Is Your Way Out", and shortly after, the group underwent significant line-up and sound changes, dropping their metalcore influence and leaning towards a more rock sound. The band released their debut studio album, "Relativity" (2008), which featured vocalist Jonny Craig and rhythm guitarist Jonas Ladekjaer. Their eponymous second studio album was released in June 2010, to critical acclaim, and was Craig's final album with the group.


title: Emarosa

text: Following Craig's departure, the band toured briefly with a fill-in vocalist before entering a period of inactivity. Eventually, Craig was formally replaced by Walden. Emarosa then released their third studio album, "Versus", on September 9, 2014, which peaked at No. 61 in the "Billboard" 200. The band signed to Hopeless Records and released their fourth and fifth studio albums, "131" (2016) and "Peach Club" (2019). A sixth, "Sting", is set for release in January 2023.


title: Emarosa

text: Emarosa began with keyboardist Jordan Stewart, drummer Lukas Koszewski and guitarist ER White having the decision of either attending college, or staying in their hometown of Lexington, Kentucky to start a new band. Stewart stated that "There's too much of an itch to do this," regarding the band he helped start in February 2006. The band origins date back to early high school, which was said by keyboardist Jordan Stewart on Indiestar.tv. Stewart states some of the members had been playing in high school before "taking it serious", referring to four of the original members on the current line-up (ER White, Will Sowers, Lukas Koszweski, Jordan Stewart). Emarosa, formed in 2006 as Corsets Are Cages, recorded a three-song demo during with vocalist Chris Roberts and rhythm guitarist Mike Bryant, however they left the band. The band recruited Chris Roetter and Madison Stolzer as replacements for the lost members and changed their name to Emarosa. They were signed to StandBy Records to record their 7 track EP "This Is Your Way Out", which included a re-recording of the demo of "Utah, But I'm Taller", renamed just "Utah". It was released on May 1, 2007, by StandBy Records through Rise Records because StandBy had no distribution at the time.


title: Emarosa

text: Shortly after the release of their debut EP, Chris Roetter and Madison Stolzer left the band. On November 19, 2007, Jonny Craig, former Dance Gavin Dance vocalist, was officially announced as the new vocalist. Jordan Stewart (keyboardist) and Lukas Koszewski (drummer) were interviewed in which they referred to the problems regarding Jonny Craig and the transitions: "In the beginning it was pretty intense. We would receive rather nasty comments and messages on Myspace asking what happened to Chris and why Jonny was no longer with Dance Gavin Dance. Sometimes when we play, kids will think it is funny to throw in remarks about the change and how they liked the old stuff better. The time between us realizing Chris wasn't working out to the time Jonny joined was extremely short. But even with Chris in the band, it was already decided that our full-length wouldn't have as much screaming. We just kept writing the way we had been before parting ways with Chris." Jonas Ladekjaer also joined the band as their new rhythm guitarist, forming their first solid line-up.


title: Emarosa

text: On January 26, 2008, Emarosa posted their first official song with Jonny Craig titled, "New Demo" (now known to be "Set It Off Like Napalm"). Two weeks later, the demo of "Pretend. Release. The Close." was put on their player. On May 3, three new post-production songs were added to the MySpace player and the name of the album, "Relativity", was revealed. The album was released on July 8, 2008, and received high praise from critics and fans alike. The band embarked on a tour across Canada and the United States with Arise and Ruin and Dead and Divine.


title: Emarosa

text: In Emarosa's latest and first video interview with Indiestar, Craig stated that "Set It Off Like Napalm" and "Pretend Release the Close" were "about the life [Craig] was having, [his departure from] Dance Gavin Dance, and how much better [he] was feeling about being in this band [Emarosa]." They were written in one practice session and played live 2 days later. He also said that "Even Bad Men Love Their Mothers" was co-sang by his mother. Boyz II Men was also said to be one of Jonny Craig's main musical influences. Craig states that most of the instrumentals were already completed prior to joining Emarosa, in which Jordan Stewart (keyboardist) says five were completed, to be exact. Jerry Roush, formerly of Sky Eats Airplane and Of Mice & Men, makes an appearance stating he's the new screamer for Emarosa but is joking the entire interview.


title: Emarosa

text: Emarosa has been touring for the previous two years with such bands as; Fiora, Akissforjersey, Before Their Eyes, and The Wedding. Emarosa toured with A Skylit Drive, Sky Eats Airplane, and Breathe Carolina the entire month of July. They began another tour in Canada with Canadian headliners Dead and Divine for the month of August and played with Chiodos on August 30, 2008 as a special event in their hometown of Lexington, Kentucky. Emarosa was the headline for the "Rise Records Tour" the entire month of September and first week of October, with support from In Fear and Faith and Attack Attack!. They held their headlining, "The Delicious Tour" alongside Pierce the Veil and Breathe Carolina. Emarosa toured the UK alongside You Me at Six and The Spill Canvas from March 6 until March 13, 2009. A Day to Remember announced their latest US Tour (The Sweet Brag Tour) which included Emarosa along with metalcore bands The Devil Wears Prada and Sky Eats Airplane. The tour stretched from March 14 until May 1, 2009. June 19 – August 1, 2009, Emarosa headlined


title: Emarosa

text: "The Artery Foundation Across the Nation Tour" supported by I See Stars, Our Last Night, In Fear and Faith, Burden of a Day, and Broadway.


title: Emarosa

text: Emarosa informed fans that they had begun recording material for their new album via their YouTube channel. On January 2, 2010, the band entered the studio to record their second studio album working with producer Brian McTernan who had contacted Emarosa previously with plans to record their second album. While recording the band posted updates for fans from the studio which can be seen on their Tumblr blog.


title: Emarosa

text: The album was released on June 29, 2010 through Rise Records and received a good amount of praise. In an interview with Punktastic, the band spoke about the overall sound of this album. "I remember during the recording process, ER and I talked a lot about wanting to do more folk/indie stuff for the next record. Really bare bones, mellow and raw." Shrednews said "Emarosa have taken this album to a higher level, with more complex and animated guitar riffs, and pounding drum beats that you will make you headbang without even realizing it."


title: Emarosa

text: Craig stated that the band would be traveling to Portland after his solo tour to record a B-side for the self-titled album. He also stated that a version of "The Game Played Right" featuring Modsun would be released in.


title: Emarosa

text: While on tour, the band is known to occasionally play "Casablanca" with a guest vocalist. So far Cody Anderson (formerly of In Fear and Faith), Chris Roetter (of Like Moths to Flames, formerly Emarosa and Agraceful, who actually wrote the song), Austin Carlile, Jon Mess (of Dance Gavin Dance), Kyle Tamosaitis (formerly of Burden of a Day), Chris Moore, and Jerry Roush have performed this song alongside the band.


title: Emarosa

text: During the summer of 2010, Jonny Craig and Jon Mess both rejoined Dance Gavin Dance (of which they were original members). Although Craig had not announced his plans for his relationship with Emarosa, he concentrated on his work with Dance Gavin Dance whose new album "Downtown Battle Mountain II" was released March 8, 2011. In Craig's absence Emarosa picked up former Tides of Man touring vocalist, Tilian Pearson. On February 27, 2011, "Alternative Press" broke the news that Craig had turned himself into detox, stemming from reports of Twitter scams and from a longtime addiction.


title: Emarosa

text: On April 11, "Alternative Press" announced that Craig had been kicked out of Emarosa. The band stated that "as of today, Jonny Craig is no longer a member of Emarosa. This decision has been a hard one to make, but we feel it is in the best interest for the band going forward." Tilian Pearson, formerly of Tides of Man, filled in for Craig for 2011's remaining tour dates. According to an "Alternative Press" interview with the band, their ideal vocalist would not be like Craig tone wise. Stewart states "We're not looking for Jonny Craig 2.0. We just want to find someone who can bring something unique to the band."


title: Emarosa

text: On April 6, 2013, the band posted that they were still looking for a new vocalist. Bassist Will Sowers stated that the band will release a new album in the summer of 2012, although this did not materialize.


title: Emarosa

text: On August 15, Emarosa stated that pre-production for their third studio album had begun and confirmed that the album had been tracked in December and would feature Letlive's vocalist Jason Aalon Butler as a guest vocalist on one of the tracks. It was rumored that Pearson had joined the band on a full-time basis, but was later discredited by Pearson himself. However, in December 2013, a demo song from their sessions with Tilian called "Supercow" was leaked on Tumblr and YouTube. Coincidentally, Tilian eventually replaced Craig in his former band, Dance Gavin Dance. On March 28, 2014, the band posted a new video that featured studio interviews and a new song preview, announcing that the new album would be titled "Versus". On April 24, the band released the first single, "Mad". According to vocalist Bradley Walden, the album would be released on September 9, 2014.


title: Emarosa

text: Emarosa toured in support of "Versus" with Pvris, Beautiful Bodies and Too Close to Touch. A music video for the "I'll Just Wait" was released on September 18, 2014. On September 19, during an interview with "Alternative Press", frontman Bradley Walden finally gave the statement of the departure of members Lukas Koszewski (drums, percussion) and Jonas Ladekjaer (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), with them saying that Koszewski left to pursue a modeling career and Ladekjaer left to go back to school. Walden indicated that there was no animosity between the band and its departing members.


title: Emarosa

text: In December 2015, the band's updated Facebook information showed its new member line-up featuring Matthew Marcellus who has toured with the band since 2014. Founding bassist, Will Sowers, left the band after accepting a job and returning to school. On January 19, 2016, Emarosa announced they had begun recording for their next album. They released their fourth studio album, "131", on July 8, 2016 through Hopeless Records. It was led by the single "Cloud 9", which was released on April 28, 2016.


title: Emarosa

text: On October 17, 2018, Emarosa announced their fifth studio album, "Peach Club", which was released on February 8, 2019, via Hopeless Records. The lead single, "Givin' Up", was released on November 16, 2018. Another single, "Don't Cry", was released on January 8, 2019. "Peach Club" ventures towards pop, synth-pop, and pop rock elements, further departing from the group's early post-hardcore sound.


title: Emarosa

text: On March 25, 2019, it was announced that Emarosa would embark on the third leg of 'The Midnight World Tour' alongside Set It Off, Broadside, and later Selfish Things. They toured across 25 cities in the United States between June and July 2019. On November 18, the band released the single "Ready to Love" and its corresponding music video.


title: Emarosa

text: On July 1, 2020, the band were reportedly dropped from their label, Hopeless Records, and by their management, Roc Nation, following allegations of sexual misconduct that surfaced against vocalist, Bradley Walden. On August 28, Walden denied the allegations made against him. On March 9, 2021, the band announced on social media that they are working on new material for their upcoming sixth studio album.


title: Emarosa

text: On April 27, 2022, the band released their first new single in nearly three years, "Preach", along with a music video. It was also revealed that the band had reverted to a duo, now consisting entirely of Walden and White. On July 6, the band unveiled a second single, "Attention". On September 15, the band released their third single of the year, "Stay", and its corresponding music video. At the same time, they officially announced that their upcoming sixth studio album, "Sting", is set for release on January 27, 2023, whilst also revealing the album cover and the track list.


title: Continental divide

text: A continental divide is a drainage divide on a continent such that the drainage basin on one side of the divide feeds into one ocean or sea, and the basin on the other side either feeds into a different ocean or sea, or else is endorheic, not connected to the open sea. Every continent on earth except Antarctica (which has no known significant, definable free-flowing surface rivers) has at least one continental drainage divide; islands, even small ones like Killiniq Island on the Labrador Sea in Canada, may also host part of a continental divide or have their own island-spanning divide.


title: Continental divide

text: The endpoints of a continental divide may be coastlines of gulfs, seas or oceans, the boundary of an endorheic basin, or another continental divide. One case, the Great Basin Divide, is a closed loop around an endoreic basin. The endpoints where a continental divide meets the coast are not always definite since the exact border between adjacent bodies of water is usually not clearly defined. The International Hydrographic Organization's publication "Limits of Oceans and Seas" defines exact boundaries of oceans, but it is not universally recognized. Where a continental divide meets an endorheic basin, such as the Great Divide Basin of Wyoming, the continental divide splits and encircles the basin. Where two divides intersect, they form a triple divide, or a tripoint, a junction where three watersheds meet.


title: Continental divide

text: Whether a divide is considered a continental divide distinguished from other secondary drainage divides may depend on whether the associated gulfs, seas, or oceans are considered separate. For example, the Gulf of Mexico is considered separate from the Atlantic Ocean, so the Eastern Continental Divide separates their respective watersheds. But the Sea of Cortez is usually not considered separate from the Pacific Ocean, so the divide between the Colorado River watershed which drains to the Sea of Cortez, and Columbia River Watershed which drains to the Pacific Ocean, is not considered to be a continental divide.


title: Continental divide

text: Together, continental divides demarcate a set of drainage basins or watersheds, each of which drains to a specific ocean, sea or gulf, such as the North American Atlantic seaboard watershed which is demarcated by the Eastern Continental Divide and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Divide.


title: Continental divide

text: Note: A 'continent' for the purpose of water divides may not correspond to a geopolitical or geophysical continent.


title: Continental divide

text: In Africa, the most significant continental divide is the Congo-Nile Divide between the watersheds of the Nile and the Congo, passing through the area of the African Great Lakes. Between the Congo and the Sahara, a vast area drains into the endorheic Lake Chad, puncturing the Atlantic–Mediterranean divide. The Mediterranean–Indian Ocean divide is punctured in East Africa by the endorheic lake systems of the East African Rift; in the south of the continent the divide between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans snakes between the watersheds of the Congo, Zambezi, Limpopo, and Orange Rivers, with the Okavango terminating in the Kalahari Desert.


title: Continental divide

text: Antarctica is not generally considered to have a continental divide. The interior of Antarctica receives very little precipitation, and that in the form of snow, and the continent is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. The Transantarctic Mountains divide the ice streams draining West Antarctica into the Ronne Ice Shelf, toward the Pacific Ocean and into the Ross Ice Shelf, from those draining East Antarctica toward the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.


title: Continental divide

text: In Australia, the Great Dividing Range or Great Divide, largely separates those rivers flowing to the eastern seaboard and the Pacific Ocean from those flowing westward to the Murray–Darling Basin and to the Southern Ocean or to the Gulf of Carpentaria or to the Lake Eyre Basin. Two significant continental drainage divide tripoints are found along the Great Divide. Kennedy Junction marks the hydrological apex of waters running to the Pacific Ocean, via the Fitzroy Basin, the Southern Ocean, via the Murray Darling Basin and the Lake Eyre Basin. Just a little to the north Mitchell Junction marks the hydrological apex of waters running to the Indian Ocean (via the Gulf of Carpentaria and Indonesian Throughflow), the Pacific ocean via the Burdekin Basin and the Lake Eyre Basin. Many of the continents interior rivers drain into the endorheic Lake Eyre Basin, which during previous Ice Ages was a much larger sea.


title: Continental divide

text: Eurasia has various divides, depending on the definition of "ocean" (for example, the Mediterranean Sea and its various lobes, the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and the North Sea). Examples include:


title: Continental divide

text: If the Gulf of California or Sea of Cortez is considered to be separate from the Pacific Ocean, there is a divide which separates the Pacific Ocean basin from the basin which drains into that gulf/sea, i.e the Colorado River basin:


title: Continental divide

text: In South America, the Continental Divide of the Americas lies along the Andes. In Central Chile and nearby areas of Argentina the Principal Cordillera makes up the continental divide. This divide forms much of the Argentina–Chile border. In the Miocene the continental divide in the Principal Cordillera was about 20 km to the west of the modern water divide. Subsequent river incision shifted the divide to the east. Compression and uplift in this part of the Andes has continued into the present.


title: Continental divide

text: From Lácar Lake and south there are numerous lakes on the eastern slopes that drain to the Pacific, crossing the line of highest peaks. These lakes in Patagonia are moraine-dammed streams, which used to drain to the Atlantic, rather than the Pacific, before the Pleistocene glaciations.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: The Wuhan Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (), simply known as the Huanan Seafood Market ("Huanan" means 'South China'), was a live animal and seafood market in Jianghan District, Wuhan City, the capital of Hubei Province in Central China.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: The market became widely known worldwide after being identified as the 'Ground Zero' site of COVID-19 and the resulting pandemic. The World Health Organization was notified on 31 December 2019 about an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan. Of the initial 41 people hospitalized with pneumonia who were officially identified as having laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by 2 January 2020, two-thirds were exposed to the market. The market was opened on 19 June 2002 and closed permanently on 1 January 2020 for sanitary procedures and disinfection. Thirty-three out of 585 environmental samples obtained from the market indicated evidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, according to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: The market occupied over and had over 1,000 tenants. It is reported to have been the largest seafood wholesale market in Central China, with wild animals sold in its western zone. The market was located in the newer part of the city, near shops and apartment blocks, about from Hankou railway station, and close to the Wuhan Center for Disease Control.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: In late 2019, the market passed city official inspections according to "The Wall Street Journal". However, "Time" reported it to have "unsanitary" conditions. It had narrow lanes and stalls in close proximity, where livestock were kept alongside dead animals. According to "Business Insider", it was common to see animals openly slaughtered and carcasses skinned in the market. The "New York Times" reported that "sanitation was dismal with poor ventilation and garbage piled on wet floors."


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: With local demand present for the consumption of exotic animals, the market also offered exotic game ("ye wei" in Chinese) and other wild animals for sale, a feature uncommon in most Chinese wet markets. A price list posted by one vendor on the popular Chinese review site Dazhong Dianping listed 112 items including a number of wild animals. The "South China Morning Post" reported on 29 January 2020 that the market had a section selling around "120 wildlife animals across 75 species."


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: It was incorrectly reported that koalas were sold at the market. The price list included "树熊" (). This term is used for koalas in Chinese communities in Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong, but in China they are called "考拉" (read as "kaǒlā"). At the Huanan market, 'tree bear' referred to large rodents.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: According to a study published in Scientific Reports in June 2021, 38 wildlife species, including 31 protected species, were sold between May 2017 and November 2019 in Wuhan's wet markets (Huanan seafood market, Baishazhou market, Dijiao outdoor pet market and Qiyimen live animal market) for food and as pets. These species included raccoon dogs, Amur hedgehogs, Siberian weasels, hog badgers, Asian badgers, Chinese hares, Pallas's squirrels, masked palm civets, Chinese bamboo rats, Malayan porcupines, coypus, marmots, red foxes, minks, red squirrels, wild boars and complex-toothed flying squirrels. The wild animals on sale suffered poor welfare and hygiene conditions and were capable of hosting a wide range of infectious zoonotic diseases or disease-bearing parasites. No pangolin or bat species were among these animals for sale.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: In December 2019, an epidemic of a pneumonia cluster occurred in Wuhan. By 2 January 2020, a new strain of coronavirus, later determined to be SARS-CoV-2, was confirmed in an initial 41 people hospitalized with the pneumonia, two-thirds of whom had direct exposure to the market. As coronaviruses (like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) mainly circulate among non-human animals and with a link between the pneumonia outbreak and the market being established, it was suspected that the virus may have been passed from an animal to humans (zoonosis).


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: Bats were initially suggested to be the source of the virus, although it remains unclear if bats were sold there. Later studies hypothesized that pangolins may be the intermediate host of the virus originating from bats, analogous to the relationship between SARS-CoV and civets. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that pangolins are a potential reservoir host rather than the intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2. While there is scientific consensus that bats are the ultimate source of coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 originated from a pangolin, jumped back to bats, and then jumped to humans, according to phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, a specific population of bats is more likely to be the intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2 than a pangolin, while an evolutionary ancestor to bats was the source for general coronaviruses.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: Despite the role that the market played in the pandemic, it is yet unclear whether the novel coronavirus outbreak started in the market. The earliest date for first symptoms was reported on 1 December 2019 in a person who did not have any exposure to the market or to the remaining affected 40 people. A paper from a large group of Chinese researchers from several institutions, published in "The Lancet", offered details about the first 41 hospitalized patients who had confirmed infections with SARS-CoV-2. Their data showed 13 of the initial 41 people found with the novel coronavirus had no link with the market, a significant figure according to infectious diseases specialist Daniel Lucey. In a later publication, "The Lancet" reported that of the first 99 people confirmed with COVID-19 in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital between 1 and 20 January 2020, 49 had a history of exposure to the market. The publication nevertheless did not opinionate on whether the market was the origin or just a key link in the epidemic.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: In an attempt to discover the origin of SARS-CoV-2, samples from the market's animals were also taken between 1 and 12 January 2020. In late January 2020, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that the virus was found in 33 out of 585 of environmental samples taken, 31 of which came from the area of the market where wildlife was particularly found. This was another indication of the role that the market played, but its identification as the origin of the epidemic has been disputed. A review published on 24 January 2020, noted that the market was not associated with any COVID-19 cases outside of China.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: In May 2020, George Gao, the director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said animal samples collected from the seafood market had tested negative for the virus, indicating that the market was the site of an early superspreading event, but it was not the site of the initial outbreak.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: On 31 January 2021, a team of scientists led by the World Health Organization visited the wet market to investigate the origins of COVID-19. The WHO investigation determined that despite cluster cases there in an early outbreak and some contaminated surfaces found, no infected animal was found, concluding that human to human transmission at the market was likely, with the origin site still unknown.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: In late July 2022, two papers were published in the journal "Science", both describing evidence that the pandemic likely began at the market, and probably did not originate at a laboratory.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: On 1 January 2020, in response to the initial outbreak of the pneumonia cluster, the health authorities closed the market to conduct investigations, clean and disinfect the location.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: Chinese environmentalists, researchers and state media have called for stricter regulation of exotic animal trade in wet markets. Several Chinese scientists have called for bans on wildlife trade since 2003.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: On 22 January 2020, a ban on the sale of all wild animal products in Wuhan was announced. In May 2020, the city banned eating wild animals and limited hunting and breeding of wild animals.


title: Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market

text: On 24 February 2020, the Chinese government announced that the trade and consumption of wild animals would be banned throughout China, amidst mounting domestic criticism of the industry. However, the ban does not cover the consumption of wild animal products in traditional Chinese medicine, according to "The New York Times".


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: She Stoops to Conquer is a comedy by Oliver Goldsmith, first performed in London in 1773. The play is a favourite for study by English literature and theatre classes in the English-speaking world. It is one of the few plays from the 18th century to have retained its appeal and is still regularly performed. The play has been adapted into a film several times, including in 1914 and 1923.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Initially the play was titled "Mistakes of a Night" and the events within the play take place in one long night. In 1778, John O'Keeffe wrote a loose sequel, "Tony Lumpkin in Town".


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: The play is notable for being the origin of the common English phrase, ""Ask me no questions and I'll tell you no lies."" (appearing as 'fibs' in the play).


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Act I begins at the Hardcastles’ home in the countryside. Mrs. Hardcastle complains to her husband that they never leave their rural home to see the new things happening in the city. Hardcastle says he loves everything old, including his old wife. Mrs. Hardcastle says she was a young woman when she had her first husband’s son, Tony, and he is not yet twenty-one; Hardcastle complains about Tony’s immaturity and love of pranks. Tony enters on his way to a pub, and his mother follows him offstage, begging him to stay and spend time with them.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Hardcastle’s daughter Kate enters. He remarks on her fashionable clothing, which he dislikes. Kate reminds him of their deal: she wears what she likes in the morning and dresses in the old-fashioned style he prefers at night. Hardcastle then reveals big news: his friend Sir Charles’s son, Marlow, is coming to visit, and Hardcastle hopes Kate and Marlow will marry. Hardcastle says Marlow has a reputation for being handsome, intelligent and very modest. Kate likes all but the last part of this description and resolves to try to make a good impression on Marlow.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Hardcastle exits, leaving Kate to think over her visitor. She is joined by her cousin Constance, whom she tells about Marlow’s impending visit. Constance tells her that she knows Marlow: he is the best friend of her suitor, Hastings. The odd thing about Marlow is that he is terribly shy around upper-class women, and therefore often seduces lower-class women instead. Mrs. Hardcastle wants Constance to marry her cousin, Tony, so that Constance’s inherited jewels stay in the family. Constance tells Kate that she pretends to be willing to marry Tony so that Mrs. Hardcastle won’t suspect she loves Hastings. Luckily for Constance, Tony doesn’t want to marry Constance any more than she wants to marry him.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: The scene changes to a bar, where Tony is drinking with a group of lower-class men. The bar’s owner says that two fashionable-looking men have arrived who say they are looking for Mr. Hardcastle’s house. Tony realizes that this must be Marlow and decides to trick Marlow into believing that Hardcastle’s house is an inn.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Act II begins with Hardcastle trying to teach his servants how to behave in front of his guests. Soon after, Marlow and Hastings arrive at what they believe to be an inn. Hardcastle enters and tries to engage his guests in conversation, but the two young men ignore what he says, believing him to be a lowly innkeeper. Hardcastle is shocked by their rude, presumptuous treatment of him.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Marlow insists on being shown his room, so Hardcastle accompanies him. When Hastings is left alone, Constance enters. Upon hearing that Hastings believes he is in an inn, she guesses it is a trick of Tony. Hastings says that they should keep Marlow’s mistake from him, because he will be embarrassed and leave immediately if he learns the truth. Hastings urges Constance to elope with him, but she is reluctant to lose her fortune: the jewels, which she will only inherit if she marries with her aunt’s permission. She promises to run away with him once she has the jewels.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Marlow returns, complaining that Hardcastle will not leave him alone. Hastings tells Marlow that by coincidence, Constance and her cousin Kate are both at this inn. Marlow freezes in anxiety. Kate enters and tries to engage Marlow in conversation, but once Hastings and Constance leave Kate and Marlow alone, Marlow is too nervous to complete his sentences or even look at Kate’s face. He ends the conversation abruptly and rushes off. Before exiting the stage, Kate reflects to herself that if he weren’t so shy, she would be interested in him.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Tony and Constance enter, followed by Hastings and Mrs. Hardcastle. Constance makes a show of flirting with Tony for Mrs. Hardcastle, while he tries to repel her advances. Hastings chats with Mrs. Hardcastle, points out Constance and Tony, saying that they are betrothed. Tony objects to this loudly. Hastings tells Mrs. Hardcastle that he will try to talk some sense into Tony, and Constance and Mrs. Hardcastle exit. Hastings reveals to Tony that he loves Constance and wants to elope with her. Tony is thrilled and promises to help the couple any way he can.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Act III begins with Hardcastle and Kate comparing their very different impressions of Marlow. He expresses shock at Marlow’s boldness, while she finds him incredibly shy. Kate convinces her father that they should give Marlow another chance to see what his true character is.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Tony presents Hastings with a box containing Constance’s jewels, which he stole from his mother’s drawers. Constance and Mrs. Hardcastle enter, and Hastings exits. Constance tries to convince her aunt to let her try on her jewels, but Mrs. Hardcastle will not relent. Tony suggests that Mrs. Hardcastle tell Constance the jewels are missing, which she does, upsetting Constance deeply. Tony reassures Constance privately, telling her that he gave her jewels to Hastings, who is preparing for their elopement. Meanwhile, Mrs. Hardcastle has discovered the jewels are missing. Tony teases his distressed mother, and the two of them exit.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Kate enters accompanied by her maid Pimple and wearing the old-fashioned dress her father prefers. She has learned about Tony’s prank and laughs at Marlow’s belief that he is in an inn. Pimple says that Marlow mistook Kate for the inn’s barmaid. Kate says she will take advantage of the mistake, which will enable him to talk to her without such shyness. Pimple exits, and Marlow enters. Kate, pretending to be a maid, speaks to Marlow in the accent of a lower-class woman. Marlow finds her beautiful and immediately begins to flirt with her. He tries to kiss her, but Hardcastle walks into the room and sees them. Marlow flees the room, and Hardcastle tells Kate he is determined to throw Marlow out of his house. Kate persuades her father to give her time to prove to him that Marlow is not what he seems.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Act IV begins with Constance and Hastings planning their elopement. Constance tells Hastings that she has heard Sir Charles will soon be arriving, and Hastings tells Constance that he has entrusted her box of jewels to Marlow to keep them safe. They both exit.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Marlow enters, congratulating himself on thinking to give the box of jewels to the landlady (i.e., Mrs. Hardcastle) to keep it safe. Hastings enters, and Marlow tells him he stashed the jewels securely with the landlady. Hastings conceals his disappointment that Mrs. Hardcastle has the jewels back and leaves.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Hardcastle enters and begins to argue with Marlow, whose servants have gotten drunk. Storming away, Hardcastle says he would never have predicted such rudeness from Sir Charles’s son. Marlow is confused by this remark, but at that moment, Kate enters. Marlow, beginning to understand something is amiss, asks Kate where they are, and she tells him that they are at Mr. Hardcastle’s house. Marlow is horrified at his error. Kate does not yet reveal her true identity, pretending instead to be a poor relation of the family. Marlow announces his departure, and Kate weeps at the news. He is touched to see how much she cares about him.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Tony and Constance discuss her plan to elope with Hastings, even without the jewels. Mrs. Hardcastle enters and the two cousins pretend to flirt so she won’t suspect the planned elopement. A letter comes from Hastings addressed to Tony, but because Tony cannot read, his mother reads it to him. The letter reveals the plan for the elopement. Mrs. Hardcastle is furious and tells Constance she is sending her far away to Aunt Pedigree’s house. Hastings enters and yells at Tony for giving away the secret. Marlow enters and yells at both Tony and Hastings for deceiving him about where he is. Constance is utterly distraught and begs Hastings to stay faithful to her even if they have to wait several years to marry. After Constance leaves, Tony tells Hastings to meet him in the garden in two hours, promising to make it all up to him.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: In Act V, Hardcastle and the newly arrived Sir Charles laugh over Marlow’s having mistaken the home for an inn. Hardcastle says that he saw Marlow take Kate’s hand, and he thinks that they will marry. Marlow enters and formally apologizes to Hardcastle. Hardcastle says it doesn’t matter, since Marlow and Kate will soon marry, but Marlow denies having feelings for Kate. When Hardcastle refuses to believe him, Marlow storms out. Kate enters and assures the two fathers that Marlow likes her. She tells the two fathers to hide behind a screen in half an hour to see proof of Marlow’s feelings.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Out in the garden, Tony arrives and tells Hastings that he has driven his mother and Constance in a circle instead of taking them to Aunt Pedigree’s house. Mrs. Hardcastle is terrified, thinking they are lost in dangerous territory. Hastings rushes off to find Constance. Elsewhere in the garden, Hastings tries to convince Constance to elope with him. She says she is too exhausted from the stress of the night to run off. Instead she wants to explain their situation to Hardcastle and hope that he can influence his wife to allow their marriage.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Inside the house, Hardcastle and Sir Charles hide behind a screen and watch Marlow and Kate talk. Kate no longer pretends to be a barmaid, but speaks in her normal voice. Marlow says he wishes he could stay with her, but he does not want to disappoint his family by marrying someone of lower birth. Kate tells him she has the same background as the woman he came to see. Marlow kneels before her, and the two fathers burst out from behind the screen, asking why he lied to them about his feelings for Kate. Marlow learns Kate’s true identity and is embarrassed again at having been so deceived.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: Mrs. Hardcastle and Tony enter (Mrs. Hardcastle having realized where she is). Mrs. Hardcastle says that Constance and Hastings have run off together, but she is consoled by the fact that she will get to keep Constance’s jewels. At that moment, however, Hastings and Constance enter. Sir Charles recognizes Hastings and tells Hardcastle that he is a good man. Hardcastle asks Tony if he is really sure that he doesn’t want to marry his cousin. Tony says he is sure, but that it doesn’t matter, since he cannot formally refuse to marry Constance until he is twenty-one. Hardcastle then reveals that Mrs. Hardcastle has been hiding the fact that Tony is in fact already twenty-one. At this, Tony says he will not marry Constance, freeing her to marry Hastings and keep her fortune. Everyone except Mrs. Hardcastle is thrilled that the two young couples – Hastings and Constance, and Marlow and Kate – will marry.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: The original production premiered in London at Covent Garden Theatre on 15 March 1773 with Mary Bulkley as Constantia Hardcastle, and was immediately successful. In the nineteenth century, actor and comedian Lionel Brough debuted as Tony Lumpkin in 1869 and continued to play the character in 1777 performances, whilst an 1881 production of the play was socialite and actress Lillie Langtry's first big success.


title: She Stoops to Conquer

text: The play was chosen by the Angles Theatre company to relaunch the Georgian Angles Theatre in 1978, about 130 years after it closed. An incident in a nearby house in Leverington may have been the basis of the play. Goldsmith is supposed to have visited his friends the Lumpkins at their home Parkfield, Leverington. Lumpkin moved to Wisbech later and this play was very popular in the local theatre.<ref>


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a combinatorial optimization and integer programming problem which asks "What is the optimal set of routes for a fleet of vehicles to traverse in order to deliver to a given set of customers?" It generalises the travelling salesman problem (TSP). It first appeared in a paper by George Dantzig and John Ramser in 1959, in which the first algorithmic approach was written and was applied to petrol deliveries. Often, the context is that of delivering goods located at a central depot to customers who have placed orders for such goods. The objective of the VRP is to minimize the total route cost. In 1964, Clarke and Wright improved on Dantzig and Ramser's approach using an effective greedy algorithm called the savings algorithm.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: Determining the optimal solution to VRP is NP-hard, so the size of problems that can be optimally solved using mathematical programming or combinatorial optimization may be limited. Therefore, commercial solvers tend to use heuristics due to the size and frequency of real world VRPs they need to solve.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: VRP has many direct applications in industry. Vendors of VRP routing tools often claim that they can offer cost savings of 5%–30%.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: The VRP concerns the service of a delivery company. How things are delivered from one or more "depots" which has a given set of home "vehicles" and operated by a set of "drivers" who can move on a given "road network" to a set of "customers". It asks for a determination of a set of "routes", "S", (one route for each vehicle that must start and finish at its own depot) such that all customers' requirements and operational constraints are satisfied and the "global transportation cost" is minimized. This cost may be monetary, distance or otherwise.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: The road network can be described using a graph where the arcs are roads and vertices are junctions between them. The arcs may be directed or undirected due to the possible presence of one way streets or different costs in each direction. Each arc has an associated cost which is generally its length or travel time which may be dependent on vehicle type.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: To know the global cost of each route, the travel cost and the travel time between each customer and the depot must be known. To do this our original graph is transformed into one where the vertices are the customers and depot, and the arcs are the roads between them. The cost on each arc is the lowest cost between the two points on the original road network. This is easy to do as shortest path problems are relatively easy to solve. This transforms the sparse original graph into a complete graph. For each pair of vertices "i" and "j", there exists an arc "(i,j)" of the complete graph whose cost is written as formula_1 and is defined to be the cost of shortest path from "i" to "j". The travel time formula_2 is the sum of the travel times of the arcs on the shortest path from "i" to "j" on the original road graph.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: Sometimes it is impossible to satisfy all of a customer's demands and in such cases solvers may reduce some customers' demands or leave some customers unserved. To deal with these situations a priority variable for each customer can be introduced or associated penalties for the partial or lack of service for each customer given


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: The objective function of a VRP can be very different depending on the particular application of the result but a few of the more common objectives are:


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: Several software vendors have built software products to solve various VRP problems. Numerous articles are available for more detail on their research and results.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: Although VRP is related to the Job Shop Scheduling Problem, the two problems are typically solved using different techniques.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: The formulation of the TSP by Dantzig, Fulkerson and Johnson was extended to create the two index vehicle flow formulations for the VRP


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: In this formulation formula_4 represents the cost of going from node formula_5 to node formula_6, formula_7 is a binary variable that has value formula_8 if the arc going from formula_5 to formula_6 is considered as part of the solution and formula_11 otherwise, formula_12 is the number of available vehicles and formula_13 corresponds to the minimum number of vehicles needed to serve set formula_14. We are also assuming that formula_11 is the depot node.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: Constraints and state that exactly one arc enters and exactly one leaves each vertex associated with a customer, respectively. Constraints and say that the number of vehicles leaving the depot is the same as the number entering. Constraints are the capacity cut constraints, which impose that the routes must be connected and that the demand on each route must not exceed the vehicle capacity. Finally, constraints are the integrality constraints.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: One arbitrary constraint among the formula_16 constraints is actually implied by the remaining formula_17 ones so it can be removed. Each cut defined by a customer set formula_14 is crossed by a number of arcs not smaller than (minimum number of vehicles needed to serve set formula_14).


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: An alternative formulation may be obtained by transforming the capacity cut constraints into generalised subtour elimination constraints (GSECs).


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: GCECs and CCCs have an exponential number of constraints so it is practically impossible to solve the linear relaxation. A possible way to solve this is to consider a limited subset of these constraints and add the rest if needed.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: A different method again is to use a family of constraints which have a polynomial cardinality which are known as the MTZ constraints, they were first proposed for the TSP and subsequently extended by Christofides, Mingozzi and Toth.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: where formula_24 is an additional continuous variable which represents the load left in the vehicle after visiting customer formula_5 and formula_26 is the demand of customer formula_5. These impose both the connectivity and the capacity requirements. When formula_28 constraint then formula_5 is not binding' since formula_30 and formula_31 whereas formula_32 they impose that formula_33.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: These have been used extensively to model the basic VRP (CVRP) and the VRPB. However, their power is limited to these simple problems. They can only be used when the cost of the solution can be expressed as the sum of the costs of the arc costs. We cannot also know which vehicle traverses each arc. Hence we cannot use this for more complex models where the cost and or feasibility is dependent on the order of the customers or the vehicles used.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: There are many methods to solve vehicle routing problems manually. For example, optimum routing is a big efficiency issue for forklifts in large warehouses. Some of the manual methods to decide upon the most efficient route are: Largest gap, S-shape, Aisle-by-aisle, Combined and Combined +. While Combined + method is the most complex, thus the hardest to be used by lift truck operators, it is the most efficient routing method. Still the percentage difference between the manual optimum routing method and the real optimum route was on average 13%.


title: Vehicle routing problem

text: Due to the difficulty of solving to optimality large-scale instances of vehicle routing problems, a significant research effort has been dedicated to metaheuristics such as Genetic algorithms, Tabu search, Simulated annealing and Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS). Some of the most recent and efficient metaheuristics for vehicle routing problems reach solutions within 0.5% or 1% of the optimum for problem instances counting hundreds or thousands of delivery points. These methods are also more robust in the sense that they can be more easily adapted to deal with a variety of side constraints. As such, the application of metaheuristic techniques is often preferred for large-scale applications with complicating constraints and decision sets.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso (born 3 September 1959) is a businessman and art collector. He is the grandson of Pablo Picasso and the son of Paul and Christine Ruiz-Picasso. He curates international exhibitions dedicated to Pablo Picasso.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso is the son of Paul Ruiz-Picasso, the first child of Pablo Picasso and his legitimate wife Olga Khokhlova, and is therefore the only "legitimate heir" of his grandfather's works, according to the legal system in place before 2002, together with his half-sister Marina Picasso. As such he is considered to be the person with the most important collection of Picasso's works. He organised his first exhibition, presenting seventy paintings from his collections, in 2000 at the Kunstforum in Vienna, Austria.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: He is married to the art dealer and gallery owner Almine Rech, with whom he founded in 2002 the Fundación Almine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso para el Arte, which promotes contemporary art.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: The Fundación Almine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso para el Arte (FABA) is a foundation incorporated under Spanish law, created in 2002, and is made up by a collection of works by Pablo Picasso and contemporary artists. Bernard Ruiz-Picasso is co-president of FABA.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: FABA preserves a collection of works by Picasso and contemporary artists. The foundation supports creation through exhibitions, and promotes the understanding and study of Picasso's works


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, together with his mother Christine Ruiz-Picasso co-founded the Picasso Museum in Málaga which opened in 2003. He is President of the Advisory Council of the museum. On that occasion, Bernard Ruiz-Picasso donated 180 works to establish the museum's collection. He regularly lends other works from his collection to the Picasso Museum in Málaga.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: The Museum is governed by the Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga. The foundation is an entity that has full control over the collection and holdings of the museum. It owns the Palacio de Buenavista, the headquarters of the institution.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: The Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga aims to ensure the preservation, exhibition, study and dissemination of the work of Pablo Picasso. It conceives the Picasso Museum of Malaga as a centre of projection and, cultural and social impulse, where visitors come not only to enjoy the legacy of Pablo Picasso, but also to be part of didactic activities and to benefit from cultural facilities.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso organised an exhibition with the Kunstforum in Vienna and the Kunsthalle in Tübingen (Germany) which hosted the exhibition in January 2002. For the first time, an important part of his collection was exhibited : 70 paintings painted between 1899 and 1972, along with some thirty drawings from the Cubist period.


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: In 2017, Bernard Ruiz-Picasso was co-curator of an exhibition devoted to Olga, Picasso's first wife, at the Musée Picasso in Paris. The same year, he lent 166 works to the Picasso Museum in Malaga for a three-year temporary exhibition entitled "Pablo Picasso, New Collection ".


title: Bernard Ruiz-Picasso

text: Several exhibitions are organised in cooperation with the Fundación Almine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso para el Arte: in 2019 the exhibition "Calder-Picasso" at the Picasso Museum in Paris, in 2020 the exhibition "Les Musiques de Picasso" at the Cité de la Musique in Paris.


title: Arcade Fire discography

text: The Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire has released six studio albums, three extended plays and twenty-four singles.


title: Jamie Lloyd

text: Jamie Lloyd is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists of the "Halloween" franchise. Introduced in "" as the series' new protagonist after Jamie Lee Curtis declined to return as Laurie Strode, the character also appears in "" and "". Jamie was created by Alan B. McElroy and portrayed by child actress Danielle Harris in the fourth and fifth films of the series, and J.C. Brandy in the sixth film of the series. Originally, the character was named Brittany "Britti" Lloyd, before her name was changed to Jamie, in an homage to Jamie Lee Curtis.


title: Jamie Lloyd

text: In the films, Jamie is the daughter of Laurie Strode, who died off-screen in a car accident in the time between "Halloween II" and "4". As such, she is also the niece of the series' main antagonist, Michael Myers, and becomes her uncle's new primary target after he learns about Laurie's death. Michael eventually succeeds in killing Jamie at age 15 in "The Curse of Michael Myers", though not before she gives birth to a baby son, who becomes Michael's next target.


title: Jamie Lloyd

text: Jamie is introduced in "" (1988) as Laurie Strode's daughter and Michael Myers' niece. Her mother is described to have died in a car crash at some point before 1988; the identity of her father is not revealed. Following Laurie's death, Jamie was adopted by the Carruthers family and develops a close bond with her older foster sister, Rachel (Ellie Cornell). Jamie suffers from nightmares about Michael and is bullied at school for being related to "The Boogeyman". On October 30, 1988, Michael (George P. Wilbur) recovers from his ten-year coma while being transported in an ambulance, and escapes to hunt down his relatives. In Haddonfield, while on the trail for Jamie, Michael kills the Carruthers' dog, a worker at the power plant (which causes a blackout of the entire town), most of the police force, including a deputy, the police chief's daughter Kelly, Rachel's boyfriend Brady, and 4 men from a vigilante mob. Escaping from town, Jamie cowers in a pick-up truck as Rachel hits Michael head on, throwing him off the truck and knocking him out. Despite Rachel's orders, Jamie goes over to him and holds his hand. When the police arrive, they tell Jamie to drop to the ground and open fire on Michael, sending him to fall down a mine shaft, which then collapses on top of him. Later, back in her foster home, Jamie is apparently possessed by Michael's spirit and attacks her foster mother (Karen Alston). When screams are heard from upstairs, Dr. Samuel Loomis (Donald Pleasence) goes to investigate and finds Jamie wearing a clown costume and holding a pair of bloody scissors, similarly to Michael when he killed his older sister Judith. Sheriff Ben Meeker (Beau Starr) restrains Loomis from shooting her, and both men, Jamie's foster father (Jeff Olson), and Rachel watch in horror, realizing that Jamie is following in Michael's footsteps.