title: Pathologic 2

text: Combat in "Pathologic 2" is simple and very dangerous. The player can use a variety of weapons including their fists to attack enemies with, but weapons will degrade over time with use. In melee combat, the player can perform a short attack, which uses a small amount of stamina, and a strong attack, which uses significant stamina, and can block to brace against enemy melee attacks. Strong attacks do more damage against enemies and can break blocks, but take time to prepare. While blocking, the player will consume stamina each time they are hit with an attack, and will begin taking damage if they do not have enough stamina to withstand an attack. Enemies can also perform a kick, which takes an extremely long time to perform but will ignore the player's defense and will stun them for a handful of seconds. The most powerful weapons in the game are firearms, which usually kill their target with a single hit. However, firearms are rare, incredibly expensive, difficult to maintain and require ammunition that is often scarce.


title: Pathologic 2

text: The primary focus of the player's actions during "Pathologic 2" is combating the plague and finding a cure to it. As time goes on, the plague will spread between districts and between people, prompting changes in the course of events and creating new concerns for the player. The player possesses a list of important people which updates whenever something happens to them or they are infected with the plague. Curing citizens of the plague and containing the spread of the disease is not always possible, but attempting to do so can open up new opportunities for the player and successful actions as a healer or helper will greatly improve their reputation with the town.


title: Pathologic 2

text: As the Haruspex, the player is given access to a factory building which allows them to mix various herbal tinctures and other types of medicine, which can be used to cure infected people of the plague. Healing is performed on three "layers" of the body: the green layer, "Medrel" (Nerves), the orange layer, "Ras" (Blood), and the white layer, "Yar" (Bones). Various plants that grow on the steppe can be mixed to create tinctures that allow the player to "sense" disturbances in any one of these bodily layers when healing a person. Administering these tinctures will reveal if there is a disturbance in a particular layer, but will cause the patient to experience substantial pain, which makes the tinctures ineffective. As such, the player must first administer a pain relieving substance like morphine beforehand, and after each tincture is administered. If a disturbance is revealed in an area that overlaps two layers, it removes one layer as a possibility. Once the infected layer is identified, the correct type of antibiotic, corresponding in color to the infected layer, can be administered to the patient. This will improve the patient's health and give them a much greater chance of survival. Administering too many tinctures, allowing the patient's pain to increase too high or giving them the wrong kind of antibiotic all have the chance of worsening the patient's condition, sometimes guaranteeing their death. Successfully healing citizens will substantially improve the Haruspex's relationship with the town, and he may be referred to or officially declared as a "menkhu," or "cutter," a type of religious healer that is permitted to perform various restricted procedures.


title: Pathologic 2

text: In September 2014, Ice-Pick Lodge team launched a fundraising campaign on Kickstarter: according to the Kickstarter description, a remake was supposed to keep the overall plot and world of the original game, but with updated graphics and game mechanics as well as better AI and behavior model of the disease. According to the promises of developers, the duration of the game should exceed 70 hours. On 7 October 2014, the campaign ended with a total donation of $333,127. This money was enough to fulfill the first super goal—the expansion of the in-game town. Initially, the release of the game was scheduled for autumn 2016. The developers claim that there are enough changes and innovations in the game to call it a separate game and not a remake. On 1 December 2016, those who donated a sufficient amount of money to the Kickstarter or the game site were granted a demo version of the game called "Pathologic: The Marble Nest", which is essentially a separate game. Later the development was extended until autumn of 2017. On 14 March 2017, "The Marble Nest" became available to everyone. In August 2017, the development was extended until 2018, changing the Russian name from "Mor (Utopia)" to just "Mor", and the English one from "Pathologic" to "Pathologic 2". At the same time, Pathologic 2 also remains a new game, and not a continuation of the original.


title: Pathologic 2

text: On 28 March 2019, it was officially announced that the first part of the game, telling the story of the Haruspex, will be released on 23 May 2019. The PS4 version released on 6 March 2020.


title: Pathologic 2

text: On 6 July 2020, Ice-Pick Lodge announced that they were working on the second of three promised scenarios, "The Bachelor", stating it is to be released "in the foreseeable future."


title: Pathologic 2

text: "Pathologic 2" received "mixed or average reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic, with a score of 70 based on 28 reviews. Critics praised the game's unique atmosphere, but criticized its unforgiving survival mechanics and clunky combat. In response to this, the game's developers added difficulty sliders to the game, allowing customization of specific parameters in addition to overall difficulty. GameGrin describes it as, "(...) very robust and makes the game much more accessible than it otherwise would have been."


title: History of podcasting

text: Podcasts, previously known as "audioblogs", had its roots dating back to the 1980s. With the advent of broadband Internet access and portable digital audio playback devices such as the iPod, podcasting began to catch hold in late 2004. Today there are more than 115,000 cost to the producer or listener.


title: History of podcasting

text: The Illusion of Independent Radio is a Russian samizdat "radio program" created in 1989 in Rostov-on-Don and distributed on magnetic tape and cassettes. It was the first Soviet Russian prototype of the media phenomenon that was widely developed in the 2000s as podcasting.


title: History of podcasting

text: Before the advent of the internet, in the 1980s, RCS (Radio Computing Services), provided music and talk-related software to radio stations in a digital format. Before online music digital distribution, the MIDI format as well as the Mbone, Multicast Network was used to distribute audio and video files. The MBone was a multicast network over the Internet used primarily by educational and research institutes, but there were audio talk programs.


title: History of podcasting

text: Many other jukeboxes and websites in the mid-1990s provided a system for sorting and selecting music or audio files, talk, segue announcements of different digital formats. There were a few websites that provided audio subscription services. In 1993, the early days of Internet radio, Carl Malamud launched "Internet Talk Radio" which was the "first computer-radio talk show, each week interviewing a computer expert". It was distributed "as audio files that computer users fetch one by one". A 1993 episode of "The Computer Chronicles" described the concept as "asynchronous radio". Malamud said listeners could pause and restart the audio files at will, as well as skip content they did not like.


title: History of podcasting

text: Some websites allowed downloadable audio shows, such as the comedy show The Dan & Scott Show, available on AOL.com from 1996. Additionally, in 1998, Radio Usach, radio station from the University of Santiago, Chile, explored the option to broadcast online and on demand streaming talk shows. However, the development of downloaded music did not reach a critical mass until the launch of Napster, another system of aggregating music, but without the subscription services provided by podcasting or video blogging aggregation client or system software. Independent of the development of podcasting via RSS, a portable player and music download system had been developed at Compaq Research as early as 1999 or 2000. Called PocketDJ, it would have been launched as a service for the Personal Jukebox or a successor, the first hard-disk based MP3-player.


title: History of podcasting

text: In 2001, Applian Technologies of San Francisco introduced Replay Radio (later renamed into Replay AV), a TiVo-like recorder for Internet Radio Shows. Besides scheduling and recording audio, one of the features was a Direct Download link, which would scan a radio publisher's site for new files and copy them directly to a PC's hard disk. The first radio show to publish in this format was WebTalkGuys World Radio Show, produced by Rob and Dana Greenlee.


title: History of podcasting

text: In September 2000, the first system that enabled the selection, automatic downloading and storage of serial episodic audio content on PCs and portable devices was launched from early MP3 player manufacturer, i2Go. To supply content for its portable MP3 players, i2Go introduced a digital audio news and entertainment service called MyAudio2Go.com that enabled users to download episodic news, sports, entertainment, weather, and music in audio format for listening on a PC, the eGo portable audio player, or other MP3 players. The i2GoMediaManager and the eGo file transfer application could be programmed to automatically download the latest episodic content available from user selected content types to a PC or portable device as desired. The service lasted over a year, but succumbed when the i2Go company ran out of capital during the dot-com crash and folded.


title: History of podcasting

text: In October 2000, the concept of attaching sound and video files in RSS feeds was proposed in a draft by Tristan Louis. The idea was implemented by Dave Winer, a software developer and an author of the RSS format. Winer had received other customer requests for "audioblogging" features and had discussed the enclosure concept (also in October 2000) with Adam Curry, a user of Userland's Manila and Radio blogging and RSS aggregator software.


title: History of podcasting

text: Winer included the new functionality in RSS 0.92 by defining a new element called "enclosure", which would simply pass the address to a media aggregator. On January 11, 2001, Winer demonstrated the RSS enclosure feature by enclosing a Grateful Dead song in his Scripting News weblog.


title: History of podcasting

text: For its first two years, the enclosure element had relatively few users and many developers simply avoided using it. Winer's company incorporated both RSS-enclosure and feed-aggregator features in its weblogging product, Radio Userland, the program favored by Curry, audioblogger Harold Gilchrist and others. Since Radio Userland had a built-in aggregator, it provided both the "send" and "receive" components of what was then called "audioblogging". All that was needed for "podcasting" was a way to automatically move audio files from Radio Userland's download folder to an audio player (either software or hardware)—along with enough compelling audio to make such automation worth the trouble.


title: History of podcasting

text: In June 2003, Stephen Downes demonstrated aggregation and syndication of audio files in his Ed Radio application. Ed Radio scanned RSS feeds for MP3 files, collected them into a single feed, and made the result available as SMIL or Webjay audio feeds.


title: History of podcasting

text: In August 2000, the New England Patriots launched the Internet radio show "PFW in Progress". It was a live show that was recorded and made available for on-demand download to visitors of Patriots.com, although this wasn't technically a podcast at the time, since the technology had not yet been invented to automatically download new episodes—a key differentiator that sets podcasts apart from simple audio files that can be downloaded manually. In 2005, two years after the introduction of the iTunes platform, the show was also offered there as a bona fide podcast. Today, it is still in existence, under the name "Patriots Unfiltered", and is available on all podcast platforms. The first podcast, however, was "IT Conversations" by Doug Kaye; the show ran from 2003 to 2012.


title: History of podcasting

text: In September 2003, the aforementioned Dave Winer created a special RSS-with-enclosures feed for his Harvard Berkman Center colleague Christopher Lydon's weblog, which previously had a text-only RSS feed. Lydon, a former "New York Times" reporter, Boston TV news anchor and NPR talkshow host, had developed a portable recording studio, conducted in-depth interviews with bloggers, futurists and political figures, and posted MP3 files as part of his Harvard blog. When Lydon had accumulated about 25 audio interviews, Winer gradually released them as a new RSS feed. Announcing the feed in his weblog, Winer challenged other aggregator developers to support this new form of content and provide enclosure support.


title: History of podcasting

text: Not long after, Pete Prodoehl released a skin for the Amphetadesk aggregator that displayed enclosure links. Doug Kaye, who had been publishing MP3 recordings of his interviews at "IT Conversations" since June, created an RSS feed with enclosures, thus creating the first true podcast. Lydon's blog eventually became "Radio" "Open Source;" its accompanying podcast, titled "Open Source" (not to be confused with Adam Curry's "Daily Source Code", which was also one of the first podcasts), is now the oldest still-running podcast.


title: History of podcasting

text: October 2003, Winer and friends organized the first BloggerCon weblogger conference at Berkman Center. CDs of Lydon's interviews were distributed as an example of the high-quality MP3 content enclosures could deliver; Bob Doyle demonstrated the portable studio he helped Lydon develop; Harold Gilchrist presented a history of audioblogging, including Curry's early role, and Kevin Marks demonstrated a script to download RSS enclosures and pass them to iTunes for transfer to an iPod. Curry and Marks discussed collaborating.


title: History of podcasting

text: After the conference, Curry offered his blog readers an RSS-to-iPod script (iPodder) that moved MP3 files from Userland Radio to iTunes, and encouraged other developers to build on the idea.


title: History of podcasting

text: In November 2003, the company AudioFeast (later renamed PodBridge, then VoloMedia) filed a patent application for ""Method for Providing Episodic Media"" with the USPTO based on its work in developing the AudioFeast service launched in September 2004. Although AudioFeast did not refer to itself as a podcasting service and was not built on RSS, it provided a way of downloading episodic audio content through desktop software and portable devices, with a system similar to the MyAudio2Go.com service four years before it. (AudioFeast shut down its service in July 2005 due to the unwillingness of its free customers to pay for its $49.95 paid annual subscription service, and a lack of a strong competitive differentiation in the market with the emergence of free RSS podcatchers.)


title: History of podcasting

text: In May 2004, Eric Rice, then of SlackStreet.com, along with Randy Dryburgh of VocalSpace.com launched Audioblog.com as the first commercial podcasting hosting service. Audioblog.com became Hipcast.com in June 2006 and has hosted hundreds of thousands of podcasts since.


title: History of podcasting

text: In September 2004, the media-in-newsfeed idea was picked up by multiple developer groups. While many of the early efforts remained command-line based, the very first podcasting client with a graphic user interface was iPodderX (later called Transistr after a trademark dispute with Apple), developed by August Trometer and Ray Slakinski. It was released first for the Mac, then for the PC. Shortly thereafter, another group (iSpider) rebranded their software as iPodder and released it under that name as Free Software (under GPL). The project was terminated after a cease and desist letter from Apple (over iPodder trademark issues). It was reincarnated as Juice and CastPodder.


title: History of podcasting

text: Writing for "The Guardian" in February 2004, journalist Ben Hammersley suggested the term "podcasting" as a name for the nascent technology. Seven months later, Dannie Gregoire used the term "podcasting" to describe the automatic download and synchronization of audio content; he also registered several "podcast"-related domains (e.g. podcast.net). The first documented use of "podcasting" in the definition known today (i.e., broadcasting rather than downloading) was mentioned in a podcast episode of the "Evil Genius Chronicles" on September 18, 2004, by Dave Slusher, who also mentioned the emerging technology of torrenting as well as pondering if he should monetise the podcast (and, if so, whether it should be through sponsorship or through voluntary donations, which is a dilemma that many professional podcasters face today). As of March 2021, the recording is still available to be streamed or downloaded.


title: History of podcasting

text: The use of "podcast" by Gregoire was picked up by podcasting evangelists such as Slusher, Winer and Curry, and entered common usage. Also in September, Adam Curry launched a mailing list; then Slashdot had a 100+ message discussion, bringing even more attention to the podcasting developer projects in progress.


title: History of podcasting

text: On September 28, 2004, Blogger and technology columnist Doc Searls began keeping track of how many "hits" Google found for the word "podcasts". His first query reportedly returned 24 results. Google Trends marks the beginning of searches for "podcast" at the end of September. On October 1, 2004, there were 2,750 hits on Google's search engine for the word "podcasts". This number continued to double every few days.


title: History of podcasting

text: By October 11, 2004, capturing the early distribution and variety of podcasts was more difficult than counting Google hits. However, by the end of October, "The New York Times" had reported on podcasts across the United States and in Canada, Australia and Sweden, mentioning podcast topics from technology to veganism to movie reviews.


title: History of podcasting

text: "USA Today" told its readers about the "free amateur chatfests" the following February, profiling several podcasters, giving instructions for sending and receiving podcasts, and including a "Top Ten" list from one of the many podcast directories that had sprung up. Those Top Ten programs gave further indication of podcast topics: four were about technology (including Curry's "Daily Source Code", which also included music and personal chat), three were about music, one about movies, one about politics, and—at the time number one on the list—"The Dawn and Drew Show", described as "married-couple banter", a program format that (as "USA Today" noted) was popular on American broadcast radio in the 1940s (e.g. "Breakfast with Dorothy and Dick"). After Dawn and Drew, such "couplecasts" became quite popular among independent podcasts, the most notable being the London couple Sowerby and Luff (consisting of comedy writers Brian West (Luff) and Georgina Sowerby), whose talk show "The Big Squeeze" quickly achieved a global audience via the podcast "Comedy 365". On October 18, 2004, the number of hits on Google's search engine for the word "podcasts" ballooned to more than 100,000 after being just 24 results three weeks prior.


title: History of podcasting

text: In October 2004, detailed how-to-podcast articles had begun to appear online, and a month later, Liberated Syndication, Inc. known in the industry as Libsyn launched the first Podcast Service Provider, offering storage, bandwidth, and RSS creation tools. This was the same month that Podtrac started providing its free download tracking service and audience demographics survey to the podcasting industry. "Podcasting" was first defined in Wikipedia. In November 2004, podcasting networks started to appear on the scene with podcasters affiliating with one another. One of the earliest adopters from the mainstream media of on-demand audio (although not strictly a podcast) was the BBC, with the BBC World Service show, "Go Digital", in August 2001. The first domestic BBC show to be podcasted was "In Our Time", made available as a podcast in November 2004.


title: History of podcasting

text: In June 2005, Apple added podcasting to its iTunes 4.9 music software and building a directory of podcasts at its iTunes Music Store. The new iTunes could subscribe to, download and organize podcasts, which made a separate aggregator application unnecessary for many users. Apple also promoted creation of podcasts using its "GarageBand" and "QuickTime" Pro software and the MP4 format instead of MP3. Prior to iTunes' seamless integration, acquiring and organising podcasts required dedicated "podcatching" software that was often clunky and intimidating for the average user.


title: History of podcasting

text: In July 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush became a podcaster of sorts, when the White House website added an RSS 2.0 feed to the previously downloadable files of the president's weekly radio addresses. Also in July, the first People's Choice Podcast Awards were held during the Podcast Expo. Awards were given in 20 categories. On September 28, 2005, exactly a year after first tracking hits for the word "podcasts" on Google's search engine, Google found more than 100 million hits on the word "podcasts". In November 2005, the first Portable Media Expo and Podcasting Conference was held at the Ontario Convention Center in Ontario, California. The annual conference changed its name to the Podcast and New Media Expo, which stopped being held in 2015. On December 3, 2005, "podcast" was named the word of the year in 2005 by the "New Oxford American Dictionary" and would be in the dictionary in 2006.


title: History of podcasting

text: In February 2006, following London radio station LBC's successful launch of the first premium-podcasting platform, LBC Plus, there was widespread acceptance that podcasting had considerable commercial potential. UK comedian Ricky Gervais, whose first season of "The Ricky Gervais Show" became a big hit, launched a new series of the popular podcast. The second series of the podcast was distributed through audible.co.uk and was the first major podcast to charge consumers to download the show (at a rate of 95 pence per half-hour episode). The first series of "The Ricky Gervais Show" podcast had been freely distributed by the Positive Internet Company and marketed through "The Guardian" newspaper's website, and it was the world's most successful podcast for several years, eventually gaining more than 300 million unique downloads by March 2011. Even in its new subscription format, "The Ricky Gervais Show" was regularly the most-downloaded podcast on iTunes. "The Adam Carolla Show" claimed a new Guinness world record, with total downloads approaching 60 million, but Guinness failed to acknowledge that Gervais's podcast had more than 5 times as many downloads as Carolla's show at the time that this new record was supposedly set.


title: History of podcasting

text: In February 2006, LA podcaster Lance Anderson became nearly the first to take a podcast and create a live venue tour. "The Lance Anderson Podcast Experment" (sic) included a sold-out extravaganza in The Pilgrim, a central Liverpool (UK) venue (February 23, 2006), followed by a theatrical event at The Rose Theatre, Edge Hill University (February 24, 2006), which included appearances by Mark Hunter from "The Tartan Podcast", Jon and Rob from "Top of the Pods", Dan Klass from "The Bitterest Pill" via video link from Los Angeles, and live music from The Hotrod Cadets. In addition, Anderson was also invited to take part in the first-ever Podcast Forum at CARET, the Centre for Applied Research in Educational Technologies at the University of Cambridge (February 21, 2006). Organised and supported by Josh Newman, the university's Apple Campus Rep, Anderson was joined at this event by Dr. Chris Smith from the "Naked Scientists" podcast; Debbie McGowan, an Open University lecturer and advocate for podcasting in education; and Nigel Paice, a professional music producer and podcasting tutor. In March 2006, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper became the second head of government to issue a podcast, the "Prime Minister of Canada's Podcast" (George W. Bush technically being the first one back in July 2005). In July 2009, the company VoloMedia is awarded the "Podcast patent" by the USPTO in patent number 7,568,213. Dave Winer, the co-inventor of podcasting (with Adam Curry), points out that his invention predated this patent by two years.


title: History of podcasting

text: On February 2, 2006, Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) launched the first regular schedule of podcast programming at the university. Having four regularly scheduled podcasts was a first for a major American university, which was launched as part of Virginia Tech's "Invent the Future" campaign.


title: History of podcasting

text: In April 2006, comedy podcast "Never Not Funny" began when Matt Belknap of ASpecialThing Records interviewed comedian Jimmy Pardo on the podcast for his popular alternative comedy forum A Special Thing. The two had previously discussed producing a podcast version of Jimmy's Los Angeles show "Running Your Trap", which he hosted at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre, but they hit it off so well on AST Radio that Pardo said "This is the show." Shortly after, "Never Not Funny" started simulcasting both a podcast stream and a paid video version. The podcast still uses this format, releasing two shows a week—one free and one paid—along with paid video feed.


title: History of podcasting

text: In October 2006, the "This American Life" radio program began to offer a podcast version to listeners. Since debuting, "This American Life" has consistently been one of the most-listened-to podcasts, averaging around 2.5 million downloads per episode.


title: History of podcasting

text: In March 2007, after being on-air talent and being fired from KYSR (STAR) in Los Angeles, California, Jack and Stench started their own subscription-based podcast. At $5.00 per subscription, subscribers had access to a one-hour podcast, free of any commercials. They had free local events at bars, ice cream parlors and restaurants all around Southern California. With a successful run of 12 years and over 2,700 episodes, the "Jack and Stench Show" is among the longest-running monetized podcasts.


title: History of podcasting

text: In March 2007, the Cambridge CARET Centre also helped to give birth to the first as-live podcast channel for women politicians in the UK and globally called "Women's Parliamentary Radio". A former BBC correspondent and political editor in the East, Boni Sones OBE, worked with three other broadcast journalists—Jackie Ashley, Deborah McGurran, and Linda Fairbrother—to create an online radio station where women MPs of all parties could be interviewed impartially. The MP3 files could be streamed or downloaded. Their resulting 550 interviews over 15 years can now be found in one of four audio archives nationally at the British Library, the London School of Economics, The History of Parliament Trust and the Churchill Archives University of Cambridge. Sones has also written four books about these podcast interviews and archives, which are in all the major libraries in the UK.


title: History of podcasting

text: "The Adam Carolla Show" started as a regular weekday podcast in March 2009; by March 2011, 59.6 million episodes had been downloaded in total, claiming a record; however, as previously mentioned, Gervais's podcast had already received five times Carolla's downloads by the time the record was supposedly set. The BBC noted in 2011 that more people (eight million in the UK or about 16% of the population, with half listening at least once a week—a similar proportion to the USA) had downloaded podcasts than had used Twitter.


title: History of podcasting

text: Besides the aforementioned "Adam Carolla Show", 2009 saw a huge influx of many other popular new comedy podcasts, including the massively successful talk-style podcasts with a comedic bent such as "WTF with Marc Maron, The Joe Rogan Experience", "How Do Podcast", and the "David Feldman Show." 2009 also saw the launch of the surrealist comedy show "Comedy Bang! Bang!" (which was known as "Comedy Death-Ray Radio" at the time), which was later turned into a TV show with the same name.


title: History of podcasting

text: With a run of eight years (as of October 2013), the various podcasts provided by Wrestling Observer/Figure Four Online, including "Figure Four Daily" and the "Bryan and Vinny Show" with host Bryan Alvarez, and "Wrestling Observer Radio" with hosts Alvarez and Dave Meltzer, have produced over 6,000 monetized podcasts at a subscription rate of $10.99 per month. Their subscription podcast model launched in June 2005. Alvarez and Meltzer were co-hosts in the late 1990s at Eyada.com, the first Internet-exclusive live streaming radio station, broadcasting out of New York City.


title: History of podcasting

text: In 2014, "This American Life" launched the first season of their "Serial" podcast. The podcast was a surprise success, achieving 68 million downloads by the end of Season 1 and becoming the first podcast to win a Peabody Award. The program was referred to as a "phenomenon" by media outlets and popularized true crime podcasts. True crime programs such as "My Favorite Murder," "Crimetown," and "Casefile" were produced after the release of "Serial" and each of these titles became successful in their own right. From 2012 to 2013, surveys showed that the number of podcast listeners had dropped for the first time since 2008. However, after "Serial" debuted, audience numbers rose by 3%.


title: History of podcasting

text: Podcasting reached a new stage of growth in 2017 when "The New York Times" debuted "The Daily" news podcast. "The Daily" is designed to match the fast pace of modern news, and the show features original reporting and recordings of the newspaper's top stories. As of May 2019, it has the highest unique monthly US audience of any podcast.


title: History of podcasting

text: Due to the fragmented delivery mechanisms and various other factors, it is difficult to externally nail down a precise listenership figure for any one podcast (although podcasters themselves can generally get fairly accurate data if they so please, which is especially useful for securing advertising contracts). As of December 2018, "Serial" was believed by some sources to be the most downloaded podcast of all time, with 420 million total downloads, surpassing Gervais's 300 million figure from back in 2011. However, "Stuff You Should Know" has accrued more than a billion downloads, and there are others still that have also hit this figure. According to Podtrac, NPR is the most popular podcast publisher, with over 175 million downloads and streams every month; however, Joe Rogan claimed in 2019 that his podcast alone was receiving 190 million downloads a month—a claim that is very likely true—and therefore makes his show the most downloaded podcast of all time in terms of both average viewership and total downloads. Indeed, Rogan signed a $100 million licensing deal with "Spotify" due to his unprecedented success with the medium.


title: History of podcasting

text: Nielsen and Edison Research reported in April 2019 that they had logged 700,000 active podcasts worldwide. Their research also revealed that, per capita, South Korea leads the world in podcast listeners, with 58% of South Koreans listening to podcasts every month. For comparison, in 2019, 32% of Americans had listened to podcasts in the last month. In 2020, 24% of Americans had listened to podcasts weekly. Comedy is the most popular podcast genre in the United States. There are more than 1,700,000 shows and nearly 44 million episodes as of January 19, 2021. Podtrac reports iHeartRadio's shows had more than 243 million downloads. IAB and PWC project that U.S. podcast advertising revenues will surpass $1 billion by 2021.


title: History of podcasting

text: A video podcast or vodcast is a podcast that contains video content. Web television series are often distributed as video podcasts. "Dead End Days, a" serialized dark comedy about zombies released from October 31, 2003, through 2004, is commonly believed to be the first video podcast. "Never Not Funny" was a pioneer in providing video content in the form of a podcast. "Joe Rogan Experience" has great examples of a litany of video podcasts, with many of them now being hosted on YouTube rather than as part of a feed (which was much more common when video podcasting was a brand-new medium). The key difference between a vlog and a video podcast is the length. While a vlog could technically be a video podcast, long-form conversational-style videos are generally considered to be a video podcast.


title: History of podcasting

text: Classes of MBA students have been commissioned to research podcasting and compare possible business models, and venture capital flowing to influential content providers.


title: History of podcasting

text: As is often the case with new technologies, pornography has become a part of the scene, producing what is sometimes called podnography.


title: History of podcasting

text: The growing popularity of podcasting introduced a demand for music available for use on the shows without significant cost or licensing difficulty. Out of this demand, a growing number of tracks, by independent as well as signed acts, are now being designated "podsafe".


title: History of podcasting

text: Podcasting has been given a major push by conventional media. (See Podcasting by traditional broadcasters.)


title: History of podcasting

text: Podcasting has presented both opportunities and challenges for mainstream radio outlets, which on one hand see it as an alternative medium for their programs while on the other hand struggle to identify its unique affordances and subtle differences. In a famous example of the way online statistics can be misused by those unused to the nuances of the online world, marketing executives from the ABC in Australia were unsure of how to make sense of why "Digital Living", at that stage a little-known podcast from one of their local stations, outrated all of their expensively produced shows. It turned out that a single segment on Blu-ray had been downloaded a massive 150,000 times in one day from a single location in China.


title: History of podcasting

text: For example, podcasting has been picked up by some print media outlets, which supply their readers with spoken versions of their content. One of the first examples of a print publication to produce an audio podcast to supplement its printed content was the international scientific journal "Nature". The "Nature Podcast" was set up in October 2005 by Cambridge University's award-winning "Naked Scientist", Chris Smith, who produces and presents the weekly show.


title: History of podcasting

text: Although firm business models have yet to be established, podcasting represents a chance to bring additional revenue to a newspaper through advertising, subscription fees and licensing.


title: History of podcasting

text: Chris Brogan and Christopher S. Penn launched the PodCamp unconference series aimed at bringing together people interested in blogging, social media, social networking, podcasting, and video on the net, and in so doing, Brogan won the Mass High Tech All Stars award for 2008.


title: History of podcasting

text: Podcaster Gary Leland joined forces with Dan Franks and Jared Easley to form a new international conference for podcasters in early 2014 called Podcast Movement. Unlike other new media events, Podcast Movement was the first conference of its size in over a decade that was focused specifically on podcasting, and has tracks for both new and experienced podcast creators, as well as industry professionals. The sixth annual conference is expected to be attended by over 3,000 podcasters, and is scheduled for August 2019 in Orlando, FL.


title: History of podcasting

text: Some popular podcasts, such as "Lore", "Homecoming", and "My Brother, My Brother, and Me" have been adapted as films or television series.


title: History of podcasting

text: While podcasting's innovators took advantage of the sound-file synchronization feature of Apple Inc.'s iPod and iTunes software—and included "pod" in the name—the technology was always compatible with other players and programs. Apple was not actively involved until mid-2005, when it joined the market on three fronts: as a source of "podcatcher" software, as publisher of a podcast directory, and as provider of tutorials on how to create podcasts with Apple products "GarageBand" and "QuickTime Pro". Apple CEO Steve Jobs demonstrated creating a podcast during his January 10, 2006, keynote address to the Macworld Conference & Expo using new "podcast studio" features in GarageBand 3.


title: History of podcasting

text: When it added a podcast-subscription feature to its June 28, 2005, release of iTunes 4.9, Apple also launched a directory of podcasts at the iTunes Music Store, starting with 3,000 entries. Apple's software enabled AAC-encoded podcasts to use chapters, bookmarks, external links, and synchronized images displayed on iPod screens or in the iTunes artwork viewer. Two days after release of the program, Apple reported one million podcast subscriptions.


title: History of podcasting

text: Some podcasters found that exposure to iTunes' huge number of downloaders threatened to make great demands on their bandwidth and related expenses. Possible solutions were proposed, including the addition of a content delivery system, such as Liberated Syndication, aka Libsyn; Podcast Servers; Akamai; a peer-to-peer solution, BitTorrent; or use of free hosting services, such as those offered by the Internet Archive or Anchor.


title: History of podcasting

text: Since September 2005, a number of services began featuring video-based podcasting, including Apple (via its iTunes Music Store), and the Participatory Culture Foundation. These services handle both audio and video feeds.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: Blue Bottle Coffee, Inc., is a coffee roaster and retailer once headquartered in Oakland, California, United States. In 2017, a majority stake in the company was acquired by Nestlé (68%). It is considered a major player in third wave coffee. The company focuses on single-origin beans.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: The company once based in Oakland, California, soon expanded to other areas around the country. Blue Bottle first expanded to several cafés in locations around San Francisco, including the Ferry Building and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art's rooftop garden. The company operates 99 stores as of June 2021, with locations in California, New York, Washington, D.C., Boston, Chicago, Seoul, Kyoto, Kobe, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Yokohama.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: W. James Freeman founded Blue Bottle Coffee in the early 2000s in Oakland’s Temescal District. Freeman borrowed the name from one of Europe's first cafés, The Blue Bottle Coffee House. His intention was to roast coffee in small batches (6 lbs. per roast) to sell within 24 hours of roasting, initially as a home-delivery service. Blue Bottle soon ceased deliveries and opened as a traditional café.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: Blue Bottle opened additional locations in San Francisco and elsewhere in the San Francisco Bay Area, and then opened its first New York location in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, in 2010. The company-owned stores carry off-menu items such as the "Gibraltar", a form of cortado.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: In 2015, Blue Bottle completed a venture capital round in which it raised $70 million from investors led by Fidelity.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: In February 2015, Blue Bottle Coffee opened its first location in Tokyo, Japan, in the Kiyosumi neighborhood.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: In September 2017, Nestle S.A., the world's largest food and drinks company, acquired a majority stake of Blue Bottle. While the deal's financial details were not disclosed, the "Financial Times" reported "Nestle is understood to be paying up to $500m for the 68 per cent stake in Blue Bottle". Blue Bottle expected to increase sales by 70% in 2017.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: In December 2019, Blue Bottle Coffee announced they would test eliminating disposable cups at some of their shops in an effort to increase sustainability efforts, with the goal being zero waste within one year. nothing has been reported to date about this test and whether it was successful.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: In April 2020, Blue Bottle Coffee opened its first location in Central, Hong Kong. Amid COVID-19, the café opened from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily for takeaway only.


title: Blue Bottle Coffee

text: In February 2022, Blue Bottle Coffee opened its first location in mainland China, Yutong Cafe. Yutong Cafe is located at a historic building by Suzhou Creek in downtown Shanghai.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: The Knife of Never Letting Go is a young-adult science fiction novel written by British-American author Patrick Ness. It was published by Walker Books on 5 May 2008. It is the first book in the "Chaos Walking" series, followed by "The Ask and the Answer" and "Monsters of Men". The story follows Todd Hewitt, a 12-year-old boy who runs away from Prentisstown, a town where everyone can hear everyone else's thoughts, after learning of a secret about its past.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: The novel was celebrated by critics and won annual awards including the Booktrust Teenage Prize, the Guardian Award, and the James Tiptree, Jr. Award. "The Knife" was Ness's first work for teens and young adults. According to "The Guardian" coverage of its award, "He turned to children's fiction after he had the idea for a world where it is impossible to escape information overload, and knew it was right for teenagers."


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Todd Hewitt is the only boy left in Prentisstown, a small settlement on New World – an alien planet only recently colonized by humanity. Todd is within days of his thirteenth birthday, the age in Prentisstown at which all boys become men.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Todd has been told that all the women and nearly all the men on New World were killed in a war with the Spackle that occurred around the time of his birth. The Spackle are New World's native inhabitants and are blamed for the release of a germ that caused the majority of deaths and was particularly fatal to women. The inhabitants of Prentisstown claim that every Spackle was wiped out during the war, and Todd has no reason to believe otherwise. As a side effect of the virus, the remaining men in Prentisstown can hear each others' (and animals') thoughts, described as an ever-present cascade of what they call "Noise".


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: The men of Prentisstown make up the last surviving settlement on New World – at least according to Mayor Prentiss, after whom the town is named.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: At the beginning of the book, Todd and his dog, Manchee, discover a lone patch of silence, described as a "hole in the Noise", in a local swamp. When Todd explains the silence to his adoptive parents, Ben and Cillian, his Noise accidentally projects the discovery to the entire town. Ben and Cillian suddenly reveal they have been planning Todd's escape from Prentisstown for his entire life. The two men immediately force him to leave Prentisstown with just a satchel of supplies and Manchee to accompany him. Todd unwillingly obeys. Cillian fights off the Mayor's son, Davy Prentiss, and other men from the town while Ben gives Todd his own hunting knife and Todd's deceased mother's diary.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Todd escapes into the swamp with Manchee and discovers a girl who lacks Noise. She is the first girl Todd has ever seen, except in videos and photographs. The girl says nothing at all.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Todd, Manchee, and the girl are suddenly attacked by the town preacher, Aaron, who has recently been provoking Todd in physical and mental fights. Todd and Manchee force him into the swamp's lake, where he is attacked by crocodiles. The girl silently leads Todd through the swamp to her scout ship, where her parents' bodies lie dead. She has crash-landed on New World, Todd realises. With aid from a map inside Todd's mother's diary, the three begin traveling together towards Farbranch, a settlement marked on the map. Todd hopes that the settlement still exists and that, if so, it can protect them from Prentisstown.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Todd realises that he, infected with the germ, might transmit the germ to the girl and kill her. She hears this in his Noise and flees, but he pursues her, along with Manchee, until they both encounter Aaron and Prentisstown men who are tracking them at a bridge. The girl manages to save the three by soaking part of the bridge in lighter fluid and setting it on fire with her campfire pack. After this incident, she works up the courage to speak and finally tells Todd her name: Viola.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Todd and Viola are found by a woman from Farbranch named Hildy. She tells Todd that the Noise germ is, in fact, not fatal for women and does not affect them at all – none of the women have Noise. She takes the three to her settlement. At nightfall, an army of men from Prentisstown arrives and burns down the town, killing all those who will not join them. Todd, Viola, and Manchee escape and flee for Haven, where it is rumoured there may be a cure for Noise. They also hope to find a transmitter tower to contact Viola's people, who are a second wave of planetary settlers, to warn them.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: After a few days on the road, they are found by Davy. Viola manages to shock Davy. Todd moves to kill him but finds himself unable to follow through. Instead, Todd ties Davy up before heading off for Haven with Viola. During the trip, Todd, Viola, and Manchee find a live Spackle. Todd is shocked, having believed that all Spackle had been killed in the war. Worried at an attack and frustrated with what his feels is cowardice for keeping Davy alive, Todd leaps at the Spackle. He kills it but faces instant regret.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Aaron finds them, stabs Todd, and kidnaps Viola. Todd wakes and hurriedly pursues Aaron, but as his stab wound becomes infected, he quickly weakens. Todd finds Viola and Aaron and, using Manchee as a distraction, he manages to rescue Viola. When the plan is unsuccessful, Todd and Viola manage to get away but are compelled to leave Manchee behind with Aaron, who kills the dog in a fit of rage. The pair flee on a boat, and Todd passes out from his wounds.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Todd wakes up under a care of a doctor in another settlement. Insisting on a walk, he encounters Ben hiding in the outskirts of town. He reveals that Cillian died in Todd's escape from Prentisstown. The people of the new town label Ben as a murderer due to his Prentisstown origins. However, Ben and Todd convince the townsfolk to help them fight the approaching Prentisstown army. As the army approaches, Ben, Todd, and Viola use the confusion to escape.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: After gaining some distance, Ben explains the truth: the Noise germ is a natural contagion of the planet, not an attack by the Spackle. The men of Prentisstown, driven mad by Noise and, resenting the women's ability to remain silent, killed all the women and were subsequently banished from the rest of New World for their crimes. The boys were supposed to learn a "version of the truth" from the Mayor on their thirteenth birthday, which is why Ben had sent Todd away; he could be accepted by the rest of the world only if his thoughts were wholly innocent.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Ben, Todd, and Viola continue toward Haven, but Davy finds them again. Ben distracts him to allow Todd and Viola to run, but then the two are cornered by the deranged Aaron in a cavern near a waterfall by Haven. Todd suddenly realises that the Prentisstown process of becoming a man involves murdering someone. Aaron thinks of himself as a symbolic sacrifice for the last boy in Prentisstown and tries to provoke Todd into killing him. Attempting to stop Aaron from succeeding, Viola grabs the knife and stabs Aaron in the neck. He falls into the waterfall and dies.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Davy again intercepts the pair on their way to Haven, shooting Viola. Todd subdues Davy, escapes, and carries a dying Viola to Haven to get help. However, Mayor Prentiss is already there to greet them. After Haven surrendered without a fight, the Mayor declares himself President of New World. Through his despair, Todd realizes that he cannot hear the Mayor's Noise. With no other choice, Todd surrenders to the Mayor to save Viola.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: "The Knife of Never Letting Go" is set in a town that has been taken over by a small group of religious settlers from Old World, in a town near a swamp. Although the settlers have some advanced technology, they are mostly subsistence farmers. The rural setting has been compared to the worlds of the "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" and "The Night of the Hunter".


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: "The Knife of Never Letting Go" has received greatly positive reviews. Ian Chipman from "Booklist" gave the novel a starred review, praising the "pure inventiveness and excitement" of Ness's narrative, and supporting the book's characters, adding that "the cliffhanger ending is as effective as a shot to the gut".


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Frank Cottrell-Boyce, writing for "The Guardian", praised the novel's opening, and added that the rest of the book "lives up to the thrill of that first sentence". "The Sunday Telegraph" also praised the book, describing it as "furiously paced, terrifying, exhilarating and heartbreaking" and calling it a book that "haunts your imagination". "The Times" called it "a stunning debut" and "as compelling as it is original".


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: Similarly, Nicholas Tucker of "The Independent" wrote that "The Knife of Never Letting Go" "sets a high standard", while the "Chicago Tribune" labelled the novel as "a read-alone, stay-up-way-too-late book".


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: In 2011, Lionsgate Entertainment bought the rights to adapt the "Chaos Walking" trilogy for film. The president of Lionsgate, Joe Drake, said the decision was made because "a sense of urgency and momentum permeates these stories – it makes the books ones you can't put down, and will make the movies ones you can't miss on the big screen".


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: In 2011, it was announced that "Chaos Walking: The Knife of Never Letting Go" would be produced by Doug Davison while Jamie Linden would be writing and Doug Liman was in negotiations to direct the film. On 5 August 2016 it was announced that "Spider-Man" and "Star Wars" stars Tom Holland and Daisy Ridley would both star in the adaptation.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: The screenplay was written by Ness, Charlie Kaufman, and John Lee Hancock, and was directed by Doug Liman. Shooting started in August 2017.


title: The Knife of Never Letting Go

text: The release date was 1 March 2019, but was delayed because of both COVID-19 and reshoots. The film was theatrically released in the US on 5 March 2021.


title: Lyceum

text: The lyceum is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies among countries; usually it is a type of secondary school. Generally in that type of school the things that are taught are basic science and also in some part of that type of schools, some introduction to specific kind of jobs also may be done.


title: Lyceum

text: "Lyceum" is a Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek (), the name of a "gymnasium" in Classical Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus. This original lyceum is remembered as the location of the peripatetic school of Aristotle. Some countries derive the name for their modern schools from the Latin but use the Greek name for the ancient school: for example, Dutch has (ancient) and (modern), both rendered "lyceum" in English (note that in classical Latin the "C" in was always pronounced as a "K", not a soft "C", as in modern English).


title: Lyceum

text: The name "lycée" was retrieved and utilized by Napoleon in 1802 to name the main secondary education establishments. From France the name spread in many countries influenced by French culture.


title: Lyceum

text: The Goa Lyceum () in Panaji, Goa – established in 1854, following the Portuguese model – was the first public secondary school in the state, then a Portuguese territory. Later, the Goa Lyceum received the official title of (Afonso de Albuquerque National Lyceum).


title: Lyceum

text: The Philippines follows its version of the K-12 system, where the term "junior high school" might be used instead of "lyceum". However, there are schools that appropriate the word "lyceum" in their name. The Lyceum of the Philippines University (LPU) is a university in Manila established by former wartime president José P. Laurel. Among its notable alumni are current president Rodrigo Duterte, popular author Rene Villanueva, and actor Cesar Montano. LPU has campuses in Makati, Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, and Davao.


title: Lyceum

text: The Filipino word for lyceum is from Spanish which can be found in some names of various universities and educational institutions which are unaffiliated with LPU.


title: Lyceum

text: Lyceums also emerged in the former Soviet Union countries after they became independent. One typical example is Uzbekistan, where all high schools were replaced with lyceums ( is the Russian term, derived from French ), offering a three-year educational program with a certain major in a certain direction. Unlike Turkey, Uzbek lyceums do not hold university entrance examinations, which gives students the right to enter a university, but they hold a kind of mock examination which is designed to test their eligibility for a certain university.


title: Lyceum

text: The Albanian National Lyceum was a high school in the city of Korçë, Albania, that emphasized French culture and European values. The school fully functioned with a French cultural emphasis from 1917 to 1939. The school was continued post World War II as the Raqi Qirinxhi High School.


title: Lyceum

text: The Belarusian Humanities Lyceum is a private secondary school founded shortly after Belarus' independence from the USSR by intellectuals, such as Vincuk Viacorka and Uladzimir Kolas, with the stated aims of preserving and promoting native Belarusian culture, and raising a new Belarusian elite. It was shut down in 2003 by the Ministry of Education of Belarus allegedly for promoting enmity within Belarusian society and using the classroom as a political soapbox, indoctrinating students with biased views on history, ideology, politics, morality and values. The lyceum eventually switched to homeschooling with a limited number of underground homeschoolers.


title: Lyceum

text: The term "lyceum" refers to a type of secondary education consisting of anywhere from four years ended by graduation. It is a type of schooling between grammar school and a technical high school. For example, the famous scientist Gerty Cori went to a lyceum school.


title: Lyceum

text: The concept and name (in Swedish, in Finnish) entered Finland through Sweden. Traditionally, were schools to prepare students to enter universities, as opposed to the typical, more general education. Some old schools continue to use the name "lyceum", though their operations today vary. For example, Helsinki Normal Lyceum educates students in grades 7–12, while Oulu Lyceum enrolls students only in grades 10–12. The more commonly used term for upper secondary school in Finland is in Finnish and in Swedish.


title: Lyceum

text: The French word for an upper secondary school, , derives from Lyceum. (see Secondary education in France.)


title: Lyceum

text: The lyceum in Germany was known as an old term for a Gymnasium for girls. In Bavaria it was also a Hochschule to study theology and philosophy.


title: Lyceum

text: In Greece, refers to a type of upper secondary education school for students aged 15 to 18 or 20. The lyceum school first grade admitted students can have a maximum age up to 20 years old.<ref name="Law 4386/2016, Government Gazette 83Α’/11.05.2016"> "Regulations for Research and other provisions"</ref><ref name="Law 4186/2013, Government Gazette 193A'/17.09.2013"> "Restructuring of Secondary Education and other provisions". Provisions for the transformation of Upper Secondary Schools of General (GEL) and Vocational (EPAL), Vocational Training Institutes (IEK) and Special Education structures.</ref> Evening lyceum () is both for adult and underage working students, and lasts three years as of the 2020–2021 academic year, per Law 4547/2018.<ref name="Law 4547/2018, Government Gazette 102Α’/12.06.2018"> </ref> The lyceum awards the Απολυτήριο, or , which is the upper secondary education leaving certificate.


title: Lyceum

text: Before World War I, secondary education institutes with a primary goal of preparing for higher studies were often referred to by the word .


title: Lyceum

text: In contemporary Hungarian, the most ubiquitous word for these institutions is , but lives on as an archaizing word referring to schools of high prestige and revered traditions, most notably Calvinist boarding schools.


title: Lyceum

text: The term "liceo" refers to a number of upper secondary school, which last five years (from 14 to 19 years of age) and are specialized in teaching philosophy, ancient Greek (in the sole ) and Latin, but also maths, physics, trigonometry, biology and chemistry. It gives preparation for university.


title: Lyceum

text: The first Lyceum in Riga was founded in 1675 by the king Charles XI of Sweden (in Latin, ), and was renamed to the Imperial Lyceum of Riga (in German, ) in 1733. In September 1921, the Riga French Lycée, an upper secondary school supported by the Government of France was founded in Riga.


title: Lyceum

text: In 1989, during the Latvian National Awakening, the Pushkin Lyceum of Riga () with education programs in Russian was established.


title: Lyceum

text: In 2002, another Russian lyceum was established in Daugavpils (), renamed to Daugavpils High School of Technologies () in 2020.


title: Lyceum

text: Until recently, in the Republic of Moldova the lyceum – called – was an educational institution where students studied from the first to the twelfth grade and would obtain the baccalaureate degree upon completion. In most cases, the lyceums were specialized in a particular domain (fine art, theatre, language) that was relevant to the personality whose name the institution bore. In other respects, it was little different from any regular school, with the exception of slightly higher education standards and supposedly being more prestigious.


title: Lyceum

text: After 2010, regular schools were all formally reformed into lyceums, although their quality remained of the same level as before and most did not get any particular specialization, thereby being dubbed 'theory lyceums' (). One reason for the 2010 reform was to reduce the influence of the Soviet/Russian educational system and/or mentality in Moldova.


title: Lyceum

text: In the Netherlands, a lyceum is a selective secondary school for children aged 12–18 that offers ""voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs"" (vwo) and ""hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs"" (havo), the top and high levels of secondary education available in that country. Successful completion allows vwo students admission to university and havo students to hogeschool, comparable to vocational university. The term "lyceum" is also sometimes used for other vocational schools such as the , or "Muzieklyceum Amsterdam", which grew into the Conservatorium van Amsterdam.


title: Lyceum

text: The is the Polish secondary-education school. Polish liceums are attended by students aged 15 to 19–20 (see list below). Before graduating, pupils are subject to a final examination, the "matura".


title: Lyceum

text: From 1836 until 1978, in the Portuguese educational system, the lyceum (), or national lyceum (), was a high school that prepared students to enter universities or more general education. On the other hand, the technical school () was a technical-oriented school.


title: Lyceum

text: After several education reforms, all these schools merged into a single system of "3rd cycle basic" and secondary schools (), offering grades 7 to 12.


title: Lyceum

text: The Romanian word for lyceum is . It represents a post-secondary form of education. In order for a student to graduate the lyceum and obtain a baccalaureate diploma, they must pass the "bac". The lyceum consists of four school years (ages 15–19). Although the lyceum is a pre-university educational institution, it can be enough for the graduates to find a job, mainly in office work.


title: Lyceum

text: In Imperial Russia, a lyceum was one of the following higher educational facilities: Demidov Lyceum of Law in Yaroslavl (1803), Alexander Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo (1810), Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa (1817), and Imperial Katkov Lyceum in Moscow (1867).


title: Lyceum

text: The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened on October 19, 1811, in the neoclassical building designed by Vasily Stasov and situated next to the Catherine Palace. The first graduates included Aleksandr Pushkin and Alexander Gorchakov. The opening date was celebrated each year with carousals and revels, and Pushkin composed new verses for each of those occasions. In January 1844 the Lyceum was moved to Saint Petersburg.


title: Lyceum

text: During 33 years of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum's existence, there were 286 graduates. The most famous of these were Anton Delwig, Wilhelm Küchelbecher, Nicholas de Giers, Dmitry Tolstoy, Yakov Karlovich Grot, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky, Alexei Lobanov-Rostovsky and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin.


title: Lyceum

text: Since the 1990s there are lyceums (special secondary schools) with in-depth study of humanitarian or natural science disciplines. As a rule, university professors teach in lyceums, and the educational system resembles that of a university. Later, the lyceums were renamed special general secondary schools.


title: Lyceum

text: The Lyceum of the Principality of Serbia was the first higher education school in Serbia in which education was taught in Serbian. It was founded in 1838 on the initiative of Prince Miloš Obrenović in 1838 in Kragujevac, then the capital of Serbia. When Belgrade became the Serbian capital in 1841, the Serbian Lyceum opened there. In 1863 it became known as the Grandes écoles until 1905 when it officially changed its name to the University of Belgrade.


title: Lyceum

text: The Turkish word for the latest part of pre-university education is which is derived from the French word and corresponds to "high school" in English. It lasts four to five years with respect to the type of the high school. At the end of their education, students take the TYT/AYT test, i.e. university entrance examination, to get the right to enroll in a public university or a private university.


title: Lyceum

text: According to the Law of Ukraine "On Education", the lyceum is a level III secondary institution of education (or a structural unit of another institution of education) that provides field-specific secondary education. As it is planned, since 2017 a three-year senior school will be a lyceum of academic or vocational training. In vocational school, a student will master his/her first profession, whereas in an academic lyceum he/she will deepen personal knowledge of specific subjects that will be studied further at a higher education establishment. Graduates of academic lyceums will be able to obtain a bachelor's degree in three years (in most specialties) instead of four.


title: Lyceum

text: Other types of lyceums in Ukraine include military lyceums and lyceums with intensive military and physical training.


title: Lyceum

text: It is not uncommon in Chile to use the word when referring to a high school. Another term is (secondary education); however, " is the most common term due to Chile's extensive European influence.


title: Lyceum

text: " is commonly used to refer to secondary education. It was adopted from the French immigrants of the 19th century.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Juan Dixon (born October 9, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player and the current head coach for Coppin State University in Baltimore. Dixon led the University of Maryland Terrapins to their first NCAA championship in 2002 and earned Most Outstanding Player honors at the 2002 Final Four.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Dixon was born in Baltimore, Maryland where he attended Lake Clifton High School as a freshman. He then attended and played basketball at Calvert Hall, a high school in Towson, Maryland. While at Calvert Hall, he scored 1,590 career points under the tutelage of head coach Mark Amatucci.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Both his mother, Juanita, and father, Phil, were heroin addicts, and died of AIDS-related illnesses before Dixon was 17 years old. He was then raised by his grandparents Roberta and Warnick Graves in Baltimore.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Dixon's aunt, Sheila Dixon, was the mayor of Baltimore. Dixon's half brother is Jermaine Dixon, who played shooting guard for the University of Pittsburgh Panthers basketball team. His second cousin Brandon Driver played cornerback for the San Jose State Spartans football team. In 2016, Juan Dixon discovered that Phil Dixon was not his biological father, and that his biological father Bruce Flanigan was still alive. Flanigan had an affair with Juanita Dixon while she was separated from Phil, and a blood test confirmed his paternity. Dixon & Flanigan reconnected and became good friends.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Dating since 1996, Dixon married his high-school sweetheart, Robyn Bragg, in July 2005. She works in the public relations field and is a cast member in the Bravo reality television show "The Real Housewives of Potomac". They have two sons, Corey (b. 2008) and Carter (b. 2010). The two divorced in March 2012 but still lived together in Maryland after their divorce. The pair reconciled, and as of December 2019, are engaged to be remarried.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Dixon arrived at the University of Maryland, College Park after head coach Gary Williams inadvertently discovered him at an AAU tournament in Georgia. Williams watched as Dixon dove for the ball down 20 points with two minutes to go. Williams was impressed by the effort.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Dixon played in 34 games his freshman year and averaged 7.4 points per game. He made improvements in his sophomore year as he averaged 18 points per game and was selected to the 1999–2000 All-ACC team.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Both Dixon and the Terps entered the 2000–01 season with high expectations. The Terps began ranked in the top ten in most major polls while Dixon was a candidate for the Naismith Award Player of the Year award and the Wooden Award Player of the Year award. Dixon helped lead the Terps to their first ever Final Four appearance where the team lost to Duke. Dixon ended the season averaging 18.2 points per game and was again elected to the All-ACC first team.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Maryland began the 2001–02 season ranked #2 in ESPN/USA Today Coaches' Poll. Dixon led the Terps to a 32–4 record and the school's first ever National Championship. He was voted to All-ACC team and was also a first team All-American. He was also recognized as one of the nation's best college players and was honored as the 2002 ACC Men's Basketball Player of the Year and ACC Athlete of the Year.


title: Juan Dixon

text: He became Maryland men's basketball's all-time leading scorer when he scored 29 points against Wisconsin to help Maryland advance to the Sweet Sixteen, passing Len Bias (2,149 points). He also became the only player in NCAA history to accumulate 2,000 points, 300 steals and 200 three-point field goals. In addition to leaving Maryland as the highest-scoring men's player, Dixon also left as the school's all-time men's leader in three-pointers made (239) and attempted (615). He is second on Maryland's all-time steals list with 333 and third in free-throw percentage (.850). Dixon also stands as Maryland's all-time NCAA Tournament scoring leader with 294. Upon completion of his career, Dixon's #3 jersey was honored and now hangs in the Xfinity Center. In 2002, Juan Dixon was honored as a part of the ACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team, one of only 8 Terrapins selected to the 50-man team. After his senior season, Dixon was featured on the cover of a video game, "NCAA Final Four 2003".


title: Juan Dixon

text: Dixon was drafted 17th overall by the Washington Wizards in the 2002 NBA draft. He spent the first three years of his NBA career with the Wizards. In his third season in Washington (2004–05), he averaged eight points per game, including a career-high 35 points in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals against the Chicago Bulls. Dixon signed as a free agent with the Portland Trail Blazers during the summer of 2005. Soon after, his Wizards and Terrapins teammate and friend Steve Blake signed with Portland as well. In his first game back in D.C., Dixon was given a standing ovation from the Verizon Center crowd upon coming off the bench towards the end of the first quarter. In Dixon's first year with the Blazers, he started 42 times and played in 76 games. In his last year with the Wizards, he only started four games and played in 63. He also increased his, assists, and shooting percentage considerably in Portland. However, he was later traded at the 2007 NBA trade deadline to Toronto for Fred Jones and future considerations.


title: Juan Dixon

text: On the 2008 NBA trade deadline, February 21, 2008, Dixon was traded from the Toronto Raptors to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for center Primož Brezec and cash considerations.


title: Juan Dixon

text: On September 24, 2008, the Washington Wizards signed Dixon to a partially guaranteed one-year deal for $1.03 million, the veterans' minimum for a player with Dixon's experience.


title: Juan Dixon

text: Dixon's final NBA game was on April 15, 2009 in a 107 - 115 loss to the Boston Celtics where he recorded 3 points, 1 rebound, 2 assists and 2 steals. On Sep 28, 2009, Juan Dixon signed a contract with the Atlanta Hawks. He was waived October 20, 2009.


title: Juan Dixon

text: On November 1, 2009, Dixon signed with Aris Thessaloniki of the Greek A1 League. The next season, he joined Unicaja Málaga of Spain. In February 2010, he was suspended indefinitely by FIBA after testing positive for steroids. In March 2011, he signed with Bandırma Banvit in Turkey. He played one season before entering the coaching profession.


title: Juan Dixon

text: On November 27, 2013, Dixon joined the Maryland Terrapin coaching staff as a special assistant under head coach Mark Turgeon. In July 2016, Dixon was relieved of his duties.


title: Juan Dixon

text: On October 14, 2016. Dixon was hired as head coach of the women's basketball team at the University of the District of Columbia (UDC). After a 3–25 season, he was hired as men's head coach at Coppin State.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: Arena AufSchalke (), currently known as Veltins-Arena () for sponsorship reasons, is an indoor football stadium in Gelsenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It opened on 13 August 2001, as the new home ground for Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: It hosted the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final and five matches at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, including a quarter-final. It has a capacity of 62,271 (standing and seated) for league matches and 54,740 (seated only) for international matches. The stadium has a retractable roof and a retractable pitch. The naming rights to the stadium were sold on 1 July 2005 to German brewery Veltins.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: Plans to construct a new stadium emerged in the late 1990s, as fans and managers sought to move out of the outdated Parkstadion, and create a thoroughly modern multifunctional arena. Following Schalke 04's historic 1997 victory in the UEFA Cup, and the club's upcoming 100th anniversary in 2004, the contract to construct a €186 million stadium was given in 1998 to the German construction firm HBM.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The site chosen for Schalke 04's new stadium is in the direct vicinity of the old Parkstadion, on an extensive piece of club owned property known as the "Berger Feld". Unfortunately, two mine shafts of the "Consolidation" and "Hugo" coal-mines run directly beneath this field at a depth of 800 m. These shafts (in use until 2000) would have caused unwanted shifts and tensions that could have compromised the structural integrity of the stadium. To avoid this, the main axis was rotated from the classic north–south arrangement to a northeast–southwest alignment, making the arena parallel to the mines.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The Veltins-Arena was created as a multi-functional arena of two tiers that completely surround the playing field. These allow for a league capacity of 62,271 spectators (standing and seated) and an international capacity of 54,740. For league matches, the North stand is left as standing rows (capacity: 16,307) to accommodate the Schalke 04 fans, while for international matches, these are converted to seats (capacity: 8,600). The 72 VIP lounges form a ring around the entire stadium, separating the first tier from the second tier. On the main Western grandstand, the VIP capacity is increased by a second level of lounges directly beneath the main belt.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The foundation for the stadium was created out of cast concrete and of packed slag, a waste product from the steel smelting industry. These were packed into mounds to support the four main stands, which were made out of pre-fabricated, reinforced concrete sections. Leading into the four corners of the arena are tunnels, which serve both as access for construction and assembly, and as ventilation for the interior.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The Veltins-Arena features a Teflon-coated fiberglass canvas retractable roof, which spans the entire stadium. The roof is supported by a rectangular truss that is suspended above the field, which is in turn connected to the main building via 24 steel pylons. The center of the roof can be opened into two halves, allowing for an opened or covered stadium, depending on weather and event. To reduce the exterior noise of up to 105 decibels during concerts, a second layer of Teflon-coated fiberglass canvas was added over the first, creating a dampening air cushion. Hanging over the center of the pitch are four video screens, each with a surface area of . The centrally suspended scoreboard, similar to those found inside indoor sports arenas, was the first of its kind in football stadium, and has since been copied in the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt and the Esprit Arena in Düsseldorf.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: Like the Sapporo Dome in Japan, the State Farm Stadium and Allegiant Stadium in the U.S. and the GelreDome in the Netherlands, the Veltins-Arena features a slide-out pitch. Supported by a substructure, the playing field can be moved in and out of the stadium within four hours. This has several advantages:


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: To provide for over 60,000 spectators, the Veltins-Arena is equipped with an abundance of catering facilities. With 15 small restaurants, 50 grilling stations and 35 cafés, the stadium can serve up to of sausages, 7,000 pretzels, and of pizza in one day. These catering areas are connected to a long beer-line, supplying them with roughly of beer per match day.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The Veltins-Arena has hosted an array of important events, including the UEFA Champions League final of 2004. During the renovation of Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf, the Arena served as the temporary home of the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe, an American football league. World Bowl XII was hosted by the stadium. The versatility of the stadium was put to the test in May 2004 when the Veltins-Arena hosted a pop concert, a Bundesliga match and an NFL Europe game all within 96 hours. Other events have included the biathlon World Team Challenge exhibition race, stock car races and operas. In June 2009, it was the scene of a world heavyweight championship boxing match between Wladimir Klitschko and Ruslan Chagaev, which drew an audience of 60,000.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 World Cup. However, because FIFA controls all sponsorship associated with its tournaments (including that of competition venues), the arena was called "FIFA World Cup Stadium Gelsenkirchen" (; ) during the World Cup. Wayne Rooney was sent off for England in the quarterfinal game against Portugal.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The Veltins-Arena hosted the final Grand Prix of the 2007 motorcycle speedway World Championship season on 13 October 2007, the "2007 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany", the 100th Grand Prix in the history of the competition. It was billed as ""The richest minute in motorsport"". The winner of the event won US$100,000 by virtue of winning the final heat of the event, with each heat taking about one minute to complete. 25,000 fans saw the Grand Prix won by Swedish rider Andreas Jonsson, who beat American Greg Hancock, and Australians, Jason Crump and Leigh Adams in the final. Nicki Pedersen who went out of the competition at the semi-final stage was crowned World Champion.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The temporary speedway track at the Veltins-Arena was in length. Andreas Jonsson and Greg Hancock jointly hold the four-lap record having set a time of 56.9 seconds in heats 21 and 23 respectively.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The Veltins-Arena was supposed to host the "2008 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany". It was scheduled to take place on 11 October 2008. However, the meeting was cancelled because the track (temporary) was deemed unsafe by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) jury due to adverse weather conditions (even though the retractable roof was closed for the duration of laying the track). The event was re-staged at the Polonia Stadium, Bydgoszcz, Poland, on 18 October and was renamed the 2008 FIM Final Speedway Grand Prix.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The opening game of the 74th IIHF World Championship took place at Veltins-Arena on 7 May 2010. At this occasion the crowd of 77,803 set a then World Record for ice hockey attendance. The host team Germany beat the United States 2–1 in overtime.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The stadium hosted the 2018 German Darts Masters. The event achieved a record-breaking attendance of 20,210, the most ever at a darts event. The event was won by Mensur Suljović.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: The arena is frequently used as a venue to host concerts. It has hosted three editions of the "Rock im Pott" festival, in 2012, 2013, and 2017 with artists like Placebo, The BossHoss, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Biffy Clyro, Deftones, Casper, Tenacious D, Volbeat and System of a Down. The arena hosted other concerts besides "Rock im Pott" by artists like Bruce Springsteen, Bon Jovi, Guns N' Roses, Robbie Williams, Metallica, AC/DC, U2, Coldplay, Depeche Mode, Hardwell, Ed Sheeran, Pur, Herbert Grönemeyer and Pink.


title: Arena AufSchalke

text: Highly acclaimed, the Veltins-Arena served as a model for State Farm Stadium. This stadium shares features with its German counterpart such as a retractable roof and a slide-out pitch. Veltins-Arena has also been a source of inspiration for Friends Arena. The arena also has ties to Lucas Oil Stadium. In that stadium, the retractable-roof also opens lengthwise from the center to the touchlines.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Relations between North Korea and the United States have been historically tense and hostile, as both countries have no diplomatic relations. The Swedish Embassy in Pyongyang is the U.S. protecting power and provides limited consular services to U.S. citizens. The DPRK has no embassy in Washington, DC, but is represented in the United States through its mission to the United Nations in New York.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: The source of contention dates back to the Korean War in which both countries fought on opposite sides. Since the armistice was signed, areas of contention have since revolved around North Korea's nuclear weapons program and missile tests, North Korea's human rights record, U.S. sanctions against North Korea, and military exercises held by the U.S. and South Korea. Despite no formal diplomatic relations, both sides have maintained contact to deescalate tensions.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In recent years relations have been largely defined by heavy U.S. military presence in South Korea, joint U.S.-South Korea military exercises in the South China Sea, US economic sanctions against North Korea for North Korea's nuclear program and North Korea's demand that the United States eliminate its nuclear arsenal that could reach the Korean peninsula.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: North Korea has conducted six tests of nuclear weapons between 2006 and 2017. It has developed long-range missiles capable of striking targets thousands of miles away, possibly as far away as the continental United States, and threatened to strike the United States (as recently as 2013) and South Korea with nuclear weapons and conventional forces.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: The United States' nuclear weapons program in nearby Guam consists of B1-B bombers and B2 Spirit bombers capable of launching nuclear weapons "60 times more destructive than the bomb dropped on Nagasaki." From Guam, the U.S. conducts precision strike exercises to simulate a pre-emptive nuclear strike on North Korea.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Since the Korean War, the United States has maintained a strong military presence in South Korea with 28,500 troops, 90 Patriot missiles and five military bases.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In a 2020 YouGov poll conducted in the run-up to the US presidential election, the Washington-based Korea Economic Institute (KEI) of America, which commissioned the poll, reported only 31% of respondents approved of President Donald Trump's diplomatic overtures to North Korea, though a senior director at KEI conjectured support for diplomatic relations was weakened by Trump's calling Kim Jong-un, North Korea's leader, a "friend" and saying "they fell in love with each other."


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Support among the American public for US forces to defend South Korea has increased steadily. While it was at a mere 26% in 1990, it nearly tripled to 62% in 2017, and in 2020, more than six in 10 Americans viewed the U.S. military alliance with South Korea as advantageous, with over half wanting to maintain the US troop level at nearly 30,000 soldiers. In 2017, a majority of the American public also had a positive view of Moon Jae-in, the South Korean President, who in 2018 supported a formal declaration to end the U.S.-North Korean war.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: As relations with Korea waxed hot and cold under President Trump, American public opinion regarding North Korea likewise fluctuated sharply, and no clear picture emerges. In a 2020 Gallup Poll, only 12% of the Americans surveyed gave North Korea a positive rating.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Following World War II the United Nations divided Korea along the 38th parallel, intending this as a temporary measure. A breakdown in relations between the U.S. and USSR, however, prevented a reunification. As a result, in August 1945, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. divided control over the Korean Peninsula, with the Soviet Army and its proxies supporting a communist government in the North and the U.S. supporting a capitalist government in the South.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: On September 9, 1948, Kim Il-sung declared the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; he promptly received diplomatic recognition from the Soviet Union, but not the United States. The U.S. did not extend, and has never extended formal diplomatic recognition to the DPRK. Kim Il-Sung's anti-American rhetoric often asserted that the U.S. was a capitalist and imperialist successor to Japan, Korea's colonial occupier from 1910 to 1945. In December 1950, the United States initiated economic sanctions against the DPRK under the Trading with the Enemy Act, which lasted until 2008.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: The War started on June 25, 1950, when 75,000 soldiers from the Korean People's Army crossed the 38th Parallel to invade South Korea, spawning the first military action of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. An estimated five million soldiers and civilians lost their lives in what has been termed "The Forgotten War" sandwiched between World War II and the Vietnam War. During the Korean War, the U.S. carpet bombed North Korea, dropping 635,000 tons of bombs and 32,557 tons of napalm — more weaponry than the United States used against the Japanese during World War II. The head of the Strategic Air Command, Curtis LeMay, said the U.S. killed 20 percent of the population of Korea.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In 1950, when President Harry S. Truman was concerned about the Chinese People's Volunteer Army seizing South Korea, he said dropping an atomic bomb on North Korea was under "active consideration."


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: General Douglas MacArthur, who headed the United Nations Command during the Korean War, wanted to drop “between 30 and 50 atomic bombs ... strung across the neck of Manchuria” that would have “spread behind us ... a belt of radioactive cobalt.”


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: B-29 bombers, capable of carrying atomic bombs, were sent to Guam, though the bombs lacked a plutonium core.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Historians theorize Truman, who had authorized atomic weapons that incinerated 200,000 Japanese in WWII, chose not to use nuclear weapons during the Korean War for multiple reasons: fear of escalation to a third World War; opposition from U.S. allies; lack of large urban centers to target in North Korea.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Public support in the United States to commit ground troops to Korea was at first, remarkably high. In June 1950, 78% of Americans said they approved of Truman's decision to send military aid, and 15% disapproved. But as soon as January 1951, public support for the war had plummeted to 38%.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In 1953, the United Nations Command, North Korea, and China signed the Korean War Armistice Agreement for exchanging prisoners of war, marking a north–south boundary within a demilitarized zone, and suspending fighting. A formal peace treaty, however, was never signed.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In 1953, the U.S. signed a mutual security treaty, promising to defend South Korea from North Korean aggression by stationing U.S. troops along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and including South Korea under the U.S. nuclear umbrella. The U.S. pledged to use nuclear weapons to deter and, if necessary, prevail in an attack on the South. In 1991, the U.S. removed its tactical nuclear weapons from the Korean peninsula after North Korea conditioned international inspections on their removal.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In the early 1960s, several American soldiers defected to North Korea. Only one defector, Charles Jenkins, returned to the U.S. and faced a U.S. military court, pleading guilty to charges of desertion and aiding the enemy. Jerry Parrish, Larry Abshier and James Dresnok died of natural causes in North Korea.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Some leafleting of North Korea was resumed after the heavy leafleting that took place in the Korean War, such Operation Jilli from 1964 to 1968. One leaflet was on one side a successful reproduction of a North Korean one won note, about six weeks' pay for an ordinary North Korean soldier, and on the other a safe conduct pass for defection to the south. The rationale was to allow soldiers to easily hide the pass, but the quality was sufficient for it to gain some use as a fraudulent banknote in North Korea.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: On January 23, 1968, Korean People's Navy patrol boats intercepted the United States Navy spy ship "USS Pueblo" in disputed waters, capturing and transferring the crew of 83 men to Pyongyang for imprisonment and torture. After almost a year of coerced confessions, beatings and a staged news conference, the crew was released following a negotiated settlement in which the U.S. apologized and pledged to stop spying on North Korea.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: On April 15, 1969, the U.S. Navy spy planeEC-121 was shot down over the Sea of Japan by North Korea; 31 American service men died. Historians theorize President Richard Nixon, embroiled in the Vietnam War, chose not to retaliate for fear of escalating the conflict to involve the Soviet Union and China.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: On August 18, 1976, US Army Captain Arthur Bonifas and Lieutenant Mark Barrett were killed by the KPA with axes at Panmunjom when the Americans, over objections of North Koreans, continued trimming a tree that blocked the view of the United States Army–Republic of Korea Army military unit patrolling the Joint Security Area—an intensely guarded and combative area in the middle of the DMZ separating North and South Korea. President Gerald Ford responded with a show of force, authorizing DEFCON 3, a high state of military readiness. The North Korean government backed down and allowed the tree-cutting to go ahead in what the U.S. military termed "Operation Paul Bunyan." North Korean supreme leader Kim Il-sung said the incidents in the Joint Security Area were "regretful" but stopped short of meeting U.S. demands for a formal apology.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: North Korea and the United States had little to no relations during this time, except through the structures created by the Korean Armistice Agreement.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In 1994, North Korea blocked international inspectors from verifying the regime's adherence to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The Bill Clinton administration believed that the North Koreans were processing plutonium from a reactor to build two atomic bombs.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: President Clinton recalled that "I was determined to prevent North Korea from developing a nuclear arsenal, even at the risk of war". Declassified Clinton-era documents illustrate that the administration had planned for a possible war during the 1994 nuclear crisis.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: According to former Pentagon officials, the Clinton administration drew plans to strike the North Korea nuclear reactor at Yongbyon.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In December 1994 a US OH-58 Kiowa helicopter was shot down over North Korea, a pilot died and another was captured by North Korea and held for 13 days.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In December 2002, Spanish Navy troops, at the request of the U.S., boarded and detained a shipment of Scud missiles from North Korea destined for Yemen. After two days, following protests from Yemen and North Korea, the United States released the ship to continue its shipment to Yemen. This further strained the relationship between the US and North Korea, with North Korea characterizing the boarding an "act of piracy."


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In September 2005, the US alleged that North Korea produced $15–25 million worth of counterfeit Federal Reserve supernotes over several years for worldwide distribution in a "direct attack on a protected U.S. asset.". Some governments questioned whether the DPRK had the capability to produce such high-quality notes.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Additionally, the U.S. accused Banco Delta Asia, a bank in Macau, of laundering money for North Korea's nuclear program, though the bank called the accusation a joke. In 2007, an audit by Ernst & Young found no evidence that Macau banks had facilitated North Korean money-laundering.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: At various times during the Bush administration Dong Moon Joo, the president of "The Washington Times", undertook unofficial diplomatic missions to North Korea in an effort to improve relations.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: On February 13, 2007, agreement in the Six-Party Talks – among the United States, the two Koreas, Japan, China, and Russia – called for other actions besides a path toward a denuclearized Korean peninsula. It also outlined steps toward the normalization of political relations with Pyongyang, a replacement of the Korean Armistice Agreement with a peace treaty, and the building of a regional peace structure for Northeast Asia.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In exchange for substantial fuel aid, North Korea agreed to shut down the Yongbyon nuclear facility. The United States also agreed to begin discussions on normalization of relations with North Korea, and to begin the process of removing North Korea from its list of state sponsors of terrorism. The US Chief Negotiator Christopher R. Hill stated North Korea has adhered to its commitments. The sixth round of talks commencing on March 19, 2007, discussed the future of the North Korean nuclear weapons program.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In early June 2008, the United States agreed to start lifting restrictions after North Korea began the disarming process. President George W. Bush announced he would remove North Korea from the list of state sponsors of terrorism after North Korea released a 60-page declaration of its nuclear activities. Shortly thereafter North Korean officials demolished the nuclear reactor at Yongbyon, considered a symbol of North Korea's nuclear program. The Bush administration praised the progress, but was criticized by many, including some within the administration, for settling for too little.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: The United States public has historically favored diplomatic approaches over military ones in regards to North Korea. One study found that in 2004 the way the US government and the news media framed North Korea, led to such increased support for a non-military solutions among the American people.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: On November 4, 2007, "Dai Hong Dan", a North Korean merchant vessel, was attacked by Somali pirates off the coast of Mogadishu who forced their way aboard, posing as guards. As U.S. Navy ships patrolling the waters moved to respond, the 22 North Korean seamen fought the eight Somali pirates in hand-to-hand combat. With aid from the crew of the United States Navy destroyer USS "James E. Williams" and a helicopter, the ship was freed, and permission was given to the U.S. crew to treat the wounded crew and pirates. This resulted in favorable comments from U.S. envoy in Beijing, Christopher R. Hill, as well as an exceedingly rare pro-U.S. statement in the North Korean press. The favorable result of the incident occurred at an important moment, as the North Koreans moved to implement the February 13 agreement with the acquiescence of the Bush Administration, and the 2007 South Korean presidential election loomed, with the North Koreans taking pains to emphasize a more moderate policy.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: In February 2008, the New York Philharmonic visited North Korea. The concert was broadcast on Korean Central Television.


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: American-North Korean relations have further been strained by the arrest of two American journalists on March 17, 2009. The two journalists, Euna Lee and Laura Ling of Current TV, were arrested on the China–North Korea border while supposedly filming a documentary on the trafficking of women and allegedly crossing into North Korea in the process. North Korea subsequently tried the two journalists amid international protests and found them guilty of the charges, and sentenced them to twelve years of hard labor. Reporters without Borders criticized the act as a "sham trial".


title: North Korea–United States relations

text: The ordeal was finally resolved on August 4, when former President Bill Clinton arrived in Pyongyang in what he described as a "solely private mission" to secure the release of the two American journalists. He reportedly forwarded a message to North Korean leader Kim Jong-il from then-U.S. President Barack Obama, but White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs denied this claim. Clinton's discussions with Kim were reportedly on various issues regarding American-North Korean relations. On August 5, Kim issued a formal pardon to the two American journalists, who subsequently returned to Los Angeles with Clinton. The unannounced visit by Clinton was the first by a high-profile American official since 2000, and is reported to have drawn praise and understanding by the parties involved.