title: Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)

text: Anne's marriage to Thomas Howard was not a happy one. Thomas had a relationship with Anne's lady-in-waiting Bess Holland, and all the children of the spouses predeceased them. The exact number and names of children born to Anne are unknown. Mary Anne Everett Green writes that the records of the Howard house indicate four children, of which only one child, a son named Thomas, lived long enough to be christened. Alison Weir dates Thomas' birth to about 1496 and death to 1508; Everett Green writes that the exact date of death is indicated on the boy's grave: 4 August 1508. James Panton reports that in addition to Thomas, Anne had two sons who died in infancy and a stillborn child, but Weir among the four children of Anna, in addition to Thomas, mentioned a son and two daughters –all three died before it became possible to christen them. Anne's son was buried at Lambeth in the Howard family crypt, where his grandfather's remains were later transferred.


title: Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)

text: Only two records of the last years of Anna's life have survived. On 23 March 1510, her nephew King Henry VIII granted his aunt and her spouse a property with a garden in Stephenheath; on 22 November the king (in compensation for the lands claimed in right of her great-grandmother Anne de Mortimer, wife of Richard, 3rd Earl of Cambridge) gave Anne and her possible heirs extensive possessions, including the Castle and Manor of Wingfield and many other properties in Norfolk, Suffolk, York, Lincoln and Oxford.


title: Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)

text: The exact date of Anne's death is unknown. Alison Weir writes that the princess died after 22 or 23 November 1511, but before 1513; James Panton gives 23 November 1511 as an approximate date. Mary Ann Everett Green writes that Anne is no longer mentioned in the act of transferring some property to the Howard family, considered in Parliament in February 1512; in addition, the possibility of Thomas Howard's marriage to Lady Elizabeth Stafford was discussed at the same time. All this indicates that by February 1512, Anne was undoubtedly dead.


title: Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)

text: The princess's was originally buried at Thetford Priory. After the Reformation, Anne's widower petitioned the king to keep the Priory and turn it into a parish church, since not only Anne, the king's aunt, but also Henry VIII's illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy was buried here. The petition had no effect. The same request was made to the king by other nobles, and he refused them all; at the same time, Henry VIII allowed the Dissolution of the monasteries to be suspended, so that everyone who wished had time to rebury the remains of relatives. Thomas Howard moved Anne's remains to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham and ordered a rich tombstone, with the expectation that after death he would rest here, which happened in 1554. Since Anne was of royal lineage, Thomas Howard was buried to her left instead of to her right as was customary.


title: Clobazam

text: Clobazam, sold under the brand names Frisium, Onfi and others, is a benzodiazepine class medication that was patented in 1968. Clobazam was first synthesized in 1966 and first published in 1969. Clobazam was originally marketed as an anxioselective anxiolytic since 1970, and an anticonvulsant since 1984. The primary drug-development goal was to provide greater anxiolytic, anti-obsessive efficacy with fewer benzodiazepine-related side effects.


title: Clobazam

text: As an adjunctive therapy in epilepsy, it is used in patients who have not responded to first-line drugs and in children who are refractory to first-line drugs. It is unclear if there are any benefits to clobazam over other seizure medications for children with Rolandic epilepsy or other epileptic syndromes. It is not recommended for use in children between the ages of six months and three years, unless there is a compelling need. In addition to epilepsy and severe anxiety, clobazam is also approved as a short-term (2–4 weeks) adjunctive agent in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders to manage anxiety or agitation.


title: Clobazam

text: Clobazam is sometimes used for refractory epilepsies. However, long-term prophylactic treatment of epilepsy may have considerable drawbacks, most importantly decreased antiepileptic effects due to drug tolerance which may render long-term therapy less effective. Other antiepileptic drugs may therefore be preferred for the long-term management of epilepsy. Furthermore, benzodiazepines may have the drawback, particularly after long-term use, of causing rebound seizures upon abrupt or over-rapid discontinuation of therapy forming part of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome.


title: Clobazam

text: Clobazam is approved in Canada for add-on use in tonic-clonic, complex partial, and myoclonic seizures. Clobazam is approved for adjunctive therapy in complex partial seizures, certain types of status epilepticus, specifically the mycolonic, myoclonic-absent, simple partial, complex partial, and tonic varieties, and non-status absence seizures. It is also approved for the treatment of anxiety.


title: Clobazam

text: In India, clobazam is approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in epilepsy, and in acute and chronic anxiety. In Japan, clobazam is approved for adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant epilepsy featuring complex partial seizures. In New Zealand, clobazam is marketed as Frisium In the United Kingdom clobazam (Frisium) is approved for short-term (2–4 weeks) relief of acute anxiety in patients who have not responded to other drugs, with or without insomnia and without uncontrolled clinical depression. It was not approved in the United States until October 25, 2011, when it was approved for the adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients 2 years of age or older.


title: Clobazam

text: Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals, and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.


title: Clobazam

text: In September 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the boxed warning be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the class.


title: Clobazam

text: In December 2013, the FDA added warnings to the label for clobazam, that it can cause serious skin reactions, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, especially in the first eight weeks of treatment.


title: Clobazam

text: Overdose and intoxication with benzodiazepines, including clobazam, may lead to CNS depression, associated with drowsiness, confusion, and lethargy, possibly progressing to ataxia, respiratory depression, hypotension, and coma or death. The risk of a fatal outcome is increased in cases of combined poisoning with other CNS depressants, including alcohol.


title: Clobazam

text: Classic (non-anxioselective) benzodiazepines in animal studies have been shown to increase reward-seeking behaviours which may suggest an increased risk of addictive behavioural patterns. Clobazam abuse has been reported in some countries, according to a 1983 World Health Organisation report.


title: Clobazam

text: In humans, tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of clobazam may occur and withdrawal seizures may occur during abrupt or overrapid withdrawal.


title: Clobazam

text: Clobazam as with other benzodiazepine drugs can lead to physical dependence, addiction, and what is known as the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal from clobazam or other benzodiazepines after regular use often leads to withdrawal symptoms which are similar to those seen during alcohol and barbiturate withdrawal. The higher the dosage and the longer the drug is taken, the greater the risk of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Benzodiazepine treatment should only be discontinued via a slow and gradual dose reduction regimen.


title: Clobazam

text: Clobazam is predominantly a positive allosteric modulator at the GABA receptor with some speculated additional activity at sodium channels and voltage-sensitive calcium channels.


title: Clobazam

text: Like other 1,5-benzodiazepines (for example, arfendazam, lofendazam, or CP-1414S), the active metabolite "N"-desmethylclobazam has less affinity for the α subunit of the GABA receptor compared to the 1,4-benzodiazepines. It has higher affinity for α containing receptors, where it has positive modulatory activity.


title: Clobazam

text: In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial published in 1990 comparing it to clonazepam, 10 mg of clobazam was shown to be less sedative than either 0.5 mg or 1 mg of clonazepam.


title: Clobazam

text: The α subtype of the GABA receptor, was shown to be responsible for the sedative effects of diazepam by McKernan et al. in 2000, who also showed that its anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties could still be seen in mice whose α receptors were insensitive to diazepam.


title: Clobazam

text: In 1996, Nakamura et al. reported that clobazam and its active metabolite, "N"-desmethylclobazam (norclobazam), work by enhancing GABA-activated chloride influx at GABA receptors, creating a hyperpolarizing, inhibitory postsynaptic potential. It was also reported that these effects were inhibited by the GABA antagonist flumazenil, and that clobazam acts more efficiently in GABA-deficient brain tissue.


title: Clobazam

text: Clobazam has two major metabolites: "N"-desmethylclobazam and 4′-hydroxyclobazam, the former of which is active. The demethylation is facilitated by CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2B6 and the "4"-hydroxyclobazam by CYP2C18 and CYP2C19.


title: Clobazam

text: Clobazam is a 1,5-benzodiazepine, meaning that its diazepine ring has nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 5 positions (instead of the usual 1 and 4).


title: Clobazam

text: Clobazam was discovered at the Maestretti Research Laboratories in Milan and was first published in 1969; Maestretti was acquired by Roussel Uclaf which became part of Sanofi.


title: David Avanesyan

text: David Gavrushevich Avanesyan (; born 15 August 1988) is a Russian professional boxer. He has held the European welterweight title since 2019 and previously the WBA (Regular) welterweight title in 2017 (previously the interim title from 2015 until being promoted).


title: David Avanesyan

text: Avanesyan was born into an Armenian family in the Caucasus region of Pyatigorsk. Avanesyan was born in Tabynskoe, Russia and currently resides in Newark, Nottinghamshire, England.


title: David Avanesyan

text: Avanesyan made his professional debut on 12 June 2009, scoring a four-round unanimous decision (UD) against Vazgen Agadzhanyan, who also debuted. In his second fight a month later, on 11 July, Avanesyan lost a six-round UD to Andrey Klimov. He would then win twelve consecutive fights over the next four years, picking up the Russian welterweight title and two WBC regional titles along the way. Avanesyan's winning streak ended on 16 March 2013, following a split draw against Aslanbek Kozaev.


title: David Avanesyan

text: 2015 and 2016 were banner years for Avanesyan. On 7 November 2015 he stopped Charlie Navarro in nine rounds to win the vacant WBA interim welterweight title.


title: David Avanesyan

text: The biggest win of Avanesyan's career took place on 28 May 2016, when he scored a clear UD against decorated former world champion Shane Mosley to retain his title, while also making his United States debut.


title: David Avanesyan

text: On 15 July 2016, the WBA announced that Keith Thurman would have to make a mandatory defence against interim champion Avanesyan. Both camps had until 13 August to negotiate the fight or purse bids would be ordered by the WBA. Due to negotiations breaking down, the WBA elevated Avanesyan to Regular champion status and Thurman was named Super champion.


title: David Avanesyan

text: In December 2016, early reports suggested there was a fight in the works for Avanesyan to defend the WBA (Regular) title against former light welterweight world champion Lamont Peterson. A venue in the US was being discussed for February 2017. On 11 January 2017, a spokesperson for Avanesyan announced the fight would take place on 18 February at the Cintas Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, as part of the undercard to Adrien Broner vs. Adrían Granados, aired by Showtime. Avanesyan failed to make a successful first defence of his title, losing a close UD to Peterson in fight which was described as "highly competitive and entertaining" by ESPN. Two judges scored it 116–112 and the third had it closer at 115–113, all in favor of Peterson. Avanesyan earned a purse of $75,000, while Peterson earned $250,000.


title: David Avanesyan

text: On February 20, 2021, Avanesyan fought Josh Kelly, who was ranked #15 by the IBF at welterweight. Avanesyan won the fight via sixth-round TKO.


title: Make Them Suffer

text: Make Them Suffer is an Australian metalcore band from Perth, formed in 2008. They are currently signed to Greyscale Records. Their debut studio album "Neverbloom" peaked at No. 56 on the ARIA Album charts in June 2012, and showcased the band's earlier mix of metalcore, blackened death metal, and symphonic metal. Its follow-up "Old Souls" debuted at No. 30 upon release in May 2015 and displayed the band beginning to transition from death/black metal to a more progressive metalcore sound. After the band signed with Rise, the label released an expanded version of "Old Souls" in August 2016, containing also an EP from their death metal era "Lord of Woe" (originally self-released in 2010) and a new track, "Ether".


title: Make Them Suffer

text: They self-released their debut EP, "Lord of Woe", on 27 September 2010. In February 2012, the group signed with Roadrunner Records and in May that year released their debut studio album "Neverbloom". They released a single entitled "Let Me In" on 12 May 2014.


title: Make Them Suffer

text: On 29 May 2015, Make Them Suffer released their second studio album entitled "Old Souls". The band signed to Rise Records internationally in January 2016. On 14 June 2016, they released a new track titled "Ether".


title: Make Them Suffer

text: On 7 June 2017, the band released the single "Fireworks" and announced their third studio album "Worlds Apart", released in July of that year. On 9 June, it was announced that Chris Arias-Real, Lachlan Monty, and Louisa Burton were no longer in the band. Jaya Jeffery was announced as the new bassist and Booka Nile was announced as the new keyboardist.


title: Make Them Suffer

text: On 24 July 2018, a new single "27" was released. In September 2018, the band toured America with After the Burial and the Acacia Strain. In December 2018, a North American tour with Kingdom of Giants, Chelsea Grin, and Born of Osiris was announced to take place in 2019.


title: Make Them Suffer

text: They have toured with many notable bands, including Architects, Thy Art Is Murder, Parkway Drive, The Amity Affliction, Pvris, Bleeding Through, Stick to Your Guns, Northlane, August Burns Red, Oceano, Job for a Cowboy, Whitechapel, and War from a Harlots Mouth. The band completed a headlining world tour in 2017 in support of the Worlds Apart album through Canada, USA, Europe, UK and Australia with supporting acts Wage War, Enterprise Earth, Novelists, Spite, and Alpha Wolf.


title: Make Them Suffer

text: On 19 June 2020, the band released their fourth studio album "How to Survive a Funeral". In 2022, keyboardist and clean vocalist Booka Nile took time away from the band during COVID-19 pandemic to appear on the eighth season of "Married at First Sight".


title: Make Them Suffer

text: On 24 February 2022, the band announced via their Twitter that Booka Nile was no longer a member of the band. On 13 October, the band announced Alex Reade from Drown This City as their new keyboardist, and they have released their first song with Reade, "Doomswitch".


title: Make Them Suffer

text: Make Them Suffer's musical style has been described as metalcore, progressive metalcore, symphonic death metal, and deathcore. Their earlier musical style has been described as blackened death metal.


title: Make Them Suffer

text: The Australian Independent Record Awards (known colloquially as the AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The fictional races and peoples that appear in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy world of Middle-earth include the seven listed in Appendix F of "The Lord of the Rings": Elves, Men, Dwarves, Hobbits, Ents, Orcs and Trolls, as well as spirits such as the Valar and Maiar. Other beings of Middle-earth are of unclear nature such as Tom Bombadil and his wife Goldberry.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The Ainur were angelic spirits created by Eru Ilúvatar at the Beginning. The Ainur who subsequently entered the physical world of Middle-earth were the Valar ("powers"), though that term came to refer primarily to the mightiest among them. Lesser spirits were called the Maiar. Most of the Valar and Maiar withdrew from Middle-earth to the Undying Lands of Valinor, though some of the Maiar assumed mortal forms to help or hinder the peoples of Middle-earth, such as the Istari (Wizards), Melian, Balrogs, and the Dark Lord Sauron.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The wizards of Middle-earth were Maiar: spirits of the same order as the Valar, but lesser in power. Outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical and mental power, they were called Istari (Quenya for "Wise Ones") by the Elves. They were sent by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth to contest Sauron. The first three of these five wizards were known in the Mannish tongues of the Lord of the Rings series as Saruman "man of skill" (Rohirric), Gandalf "elf of the staff" (northern Men), and Radagast "tender of beasts" (possibly Westron). Tolkien never provided non-Elvish names for the other two; one tradition gives their names in Valinor as Alatar and Pallando, and another as Morinehtar and Rómestámo in Middle-earth. Each wizard in the series had robes of a characteristic colour: white for Saruman (the chief and the most powerful of the five), grey for Gandalf, brown for Radagast, and sea-blue for the remaining two, known consequently as the Blue Wizards. Gandalf and Saruman play important roles in "The Lord of the Rings", while Radagast appears only briefly, innocently helping Saruman to deceive Gandalf, who believes Radagast since he is honest, and fortuitously alerting Gwaihir to rescue Gandalf again. The Blue Wizards do not feature in the story, as they are said to have journeyed far into the east after their arrival in Middle-earth.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: As the Istari were Maiar, each one served a Vala in some way. Saruman was the servant and helper of Aulë, and so learned much in the art of craftsmanship, mechanics, and metal-working, as was seen in the later Third Age. Gandalf was the servant of Manwë or Varda, but was a lover of the Gardens of Lórien, and so knew much of the hopes and dreams of Men and Elves. Radagast, servant of Yavanna, loved the things of nature, both animals and plants. As each of these Istari learned from their Vala, so they acted in Middle-earth.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Demonic creatures of fire and shadow, Balrogs were fallen Maiar, loyal to the first Dark Lord, Morgoth. They participated in the wars of the First Age of Middle-earth but were mostly destroyed during the War of Wrath which ended the Age. By the Third Age, the only remaining Balrog was "Durin's Bane," the Balrog of Moria, killed by Gandalf.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The Free Peoples of Middle-earth were the four races that had never fallen under the sway of the evil spirits Morgoth or Sauron: Elves, Men, Dwarves and Ents. Strictly speaking, among Men it was only the Men of the West who were Free People, particularly the descendants of the Dúnedain of the Isle of Númenor, as most Men of the East and South of Middle-earth became servants of Morgoth and Sauron over the ages. The Ent Treebeard quotes lines from a traditional lay listing them:


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: After encountering the hobbits Merry and Pippin, he consents that hobbits are a fifth free people, adding a fifth line, "Half-grown hobbits, the hole-dwellers".


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The race of Dwarves preferred to live in mountains and caves, settling in places such as Erebor (the Lonely Mountain), the Iron Hills, the Blue Mountains, and Moria (Khazad-dûm) in the Misty Mountains. Aulë the Smith created Dwarves; he also invented the Dwarven language, known as Khuzdul. Dwarves mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. The seven different groups of Dwarf-folk originated in the locations where the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves first awoke before the First Age.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The Elves, or Firstborn, were the first of Eru's Children to awaken. Born under the stars before the ascension of the Moon and the Sun, they retain a special love for light and an inner spirit endowed with unique gifts. They call themselves the Quendi, or "Speakers", for they were the first to utter words; and, even now, no race understands language and song like the Firstborn. Fair and fine featured, brilliant and proud, immortal and strong, tall and agile, they are the most blessed of the Free Peoples. They can see as well under moon or starlight as a man at the height of day. They cannot become sick or scarred, but if an Elf should die, from violence or losing the will to live from grief, their spirit goes to the halls of Mandos, and as they are bound to Arda and cannot leave until the world is broken and remade. Elven skill and agility is legendary: for instance, walking atop freshly fallen snow without leaving a trace of their passing. On a clear day they can see ten miles with perfect clarity and detail up to 100 miles. These gifts come at great cost, though: they are strongly bound to Fate (see Mandos) and hated by Morgoth. No other race has been blessed and cursed more than the Quendi.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The Quendi were sundered after the awakening and many sub-groups appeared. The First Sundering occurred when some left Middle-earth to live in the blessed realm of Valinor, while others stayed behind. This produced the Eldar, who accepted the call to come to Valinor, and the Avari who refused the great journey.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Elves who stayed in Middle-earth and never saw the light of the trees became known as the Moriquendi or "Dark-elves". This did not imply that the Dark-elves were evil, they just never saw the light of the trees.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: On the journey to Valinor, some of the Teleri ("Those who tarried") abandoned the main group and those of them who did not mingle with the Moriquendi became the Laiquendi (Green-elves), the Sindar (Grey-elves) and the Nandor. These elves of the great journey who remained in Middle-earth were then called the Úmanyar (The Unwilling). The Eldar who reached Valinor were eventually divided into three distinct groups: Vanyar, Noldor and Teleri. These three groups became known as the Calaquendi or "Light-elves" because they beheld the light of the Two Trees of Valinor. Later some of the Noldor went back to Middle-earth in their quest for the Silmarils, while the Vanyar remained in Valinor.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: During the time of "The Lord of the Rings", Men in Middle-earth were located in many places, with the largest group of free men in the countries of Gondor and Rohan. When the island of Númenor fell, only the Faithful escaped and founded the twin kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor. The Faithful were known in Middle-earth as the Dúnedain, and as leaders of these kingdoms, they were able to lead the resistance to Sauron, and preserve the Men of the West as Free People. There were also free men at the village of Bree, at Esgaroth, in Drúadan Forest (home to "wild men" known as Drúedain or Woses), and in the icy regions of Forochel. Those who served evil powers, such as the men of Dunland, Rhûn, Harad, and Umbar, were not considered free men. Men bear the so-called Gift of Men, mortality.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The Drúedain, one of the earliest varieties of men, lived in small numbers, often in tribes. They were little folk, shorter than dwarves, yet taller than hobbits. They were known for their voodoo-like magic, their black eyes (which glow red when they are angry), and their ability to sit for hours and days on end without moving or blinking. They grew little hair, except that on their heads and sometimes small tufts on their chins. They were short and stout, and other men tended to dislike them due to their harsh, rough voices. Their laughter, however, was full of mirth. It is said that their skill of stonework rivaled the Dwarves'. The Drughu were not evil. They were mortal enemies of orcs, defending the homes of their human neighbors with their own lives and with the aid of their magical Watch-Stones. The Elves of Beleriand developed a special fondness for them and valued their skill at fighting orcs.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Ents were an ancient race of tree-like creatures, having become like the trees that they shepherd. They were created by Yavanna and given life by Ilúvatar. By the Third Age, they were a dwindling race, having long ago lost their mates, the Entwives.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Close kin of the Ents, Huorns were animated trees that possessed sentience. They were said to have voices but could only be understood by the Ents, not by the other peoples of Middle-earth. It is unclear if Huorns were simply trees that became aware or Ents that became more "treeish" over time (both varieties were thought to exist). Huorns were found in Fangorn Forest and possibly the Old Forest near Buckland. Legolas mentions that the Elves helped to wake up the trees. The Huorns decided the Battle of Helm's Deep, destroying Saruman's army of Orcs when they fled towards them.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Hobbits are a race of Middle-earth, also known as 'halflings' on account of their short stature, roughly half the size of men. They are characterized by curly hair on their heads and leathery feet that have furry insteps, for which they did not wear shoes. Many hobbits live in the Shire as well as Bree, and they once lived in the vales of the Anduin. They are fond of an unadventurous life of farming, eating, and socializing. There were three types of Hobbits: The Harfoots were the most numerous. The Stoors had an affinity for water, boats and swimming; the Fallohides were an adventurous people. The origin of hobbits is unclear, but of all the races they have the closest affinity to men, and in the Prologue to "The Lord of the Rings" Tolkien calls them relatives of men.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Enslaved peoples were those races that had fallen under the sway of the evil spirits Morgoth and Sauron, also known by the Free Peoples as 'Servants of the Enemy'. They included Orcs, Trolls and Men. The origin of Orcs and Trolls is unclear, but they were races that were taken by Morgoth and corrupted through sorcery into their final evil nature and appearance. Men were rarely corrupted by Morgoth or Sauron in the same way. Rather, their hearts and minds were corrupted by power and evil impulses, while they retained the physical appearance of men. Prolonged service to Sauron however, did turn the bearers of the Rings of Power from Men into the wraith-like Nazgûl. Those men who were the servants of Morgoth or Sauron were mostly from the east and south of Middle-earth.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Not all Men were on the side of good; the Men who lived in the east and south were under Sauron's dominion. They included the "Haradrim" or Southrons and the Black Númenóreans (and later the Corsairs of Umbar) who pledged their allegiance to Mordor, and many different Easterling peoples, such as the Balchoth, the Wainriders, and the Men of Khand, who attacked Gondor and Rohan on numerous occasions. The Men of Dunland served as agents to the traitorous wizard Saruman. In the First Age, some Easterlings were under Morgoth's dominion.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: The Ringwraiths (also known as Nazgûl or Black Riders) were once great Men until they were given Rings of Power by Sauron. These gradually corrupted them until they became slaves of the Dark Lord's will. Clad in dark hooded cloaks and riding demonic steeds or flying "fell beasts," the Ringwraiths forever hunted for the One Ring to bring it back to their master.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Also known as ghosts or shades, they were spirits of Men unable to pass on to the afterlife. Spirits haunted various regions of Middle-earth, most notably the Dead Marshes and the Paths of the Dead, which were guarded by the Dead Men of Dunharrow.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Orcs were a race first bred by Morgoth, which mostly lived in mountain caves and disliked sunlight. Many of them lived in the Misty Mountains while others lived in Mordor. They are also known as goblins. The Orcs were not created, since "evil cannot create, only corrupt" in Tolkien's philosophical perspective. One version of their origin, widely known in part due to its use in Peter Jackson's films, postulates that they were Elves who were corrupted and whose appearance was changed over time. However, Tolkien also wrote other accounts of their origin, in an attempt to resolve the dilemma of how they could be sentient and wholly evil.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Sauron and Saruman the wizard bred an unusually large and powerful type of orc, the Uruk-hai. Although most orcs did not like the sun and could not bear to be in it, the Uruk-hai could stand daylight. Deformed half-orcs also existed, crossbred from Men and Orcs.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Tolkien uses the term "Goblin" mainly interchangeably with Orc, though sometimes in "The Hobbit" the term is exclusively used for the smaller sub-races of Orcs native to the Misty Mountains.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Trolls were said to have been created by Morgoth "in mockery of" the Ents. They disliked the sun and some types like the three Trolls from "The Hobbit" turned to stone if exposed to sunlight. Trolls dwelt in the Misty Mountains as well as in Mordor. Sauron bred the Olog-hai: large, clever, and resistant to the sun.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Barrow-wights (from Middle English wight, a man) were dark spirits sent by the Witch-king of Angmar to possess and animate the bodies and bones of the former kings of the Dúnedain. These undead monsters haunted the Barrow-downs near Bree.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Tom Bombadil does not belong to any of the peoples of Middle-earth; Tolkien calls him the spirit of the countryside. Unlike the other races, he is seemingly unaffected by the One Ring and appears to predate the Children of Ilúvatar (Elves and Men). As to the nature of Bombadil, Tolkien himself said that some things should remain mysterious in any mythology, "especially if an explanation actually exists."


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Tom is also known as "The First", "Master Tom", "Old Tom", "Iarwain Ben-adar" (a Sindarin name meaning "The Oldest without a father"). The Noldor call him "Orald" meaning "Very Old", Dwarves call him "Forn" (meaning: The Ancient).


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Spirits of nature tied to rivers and waterways. Only two are mentioned by Tolkien: Goldberry, the wife of Tom Bombadil, and her mother the River-woman. It is unknown whether these beings were unique, part of a larger race, or a form of Maiar.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Giants other than Ents are referred to only a few times by Tolkien. Stone-giants of the Misty Mountains are briefly mentioned, being said to lob stones at Thorin and Company in "The Hobbit".


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Dragons are already present in "The Book of Lost Tales". Tolkien had been fascinated with dragons since childhood, and he named four dragons in his Middle-earth writings. Like the Old Norse dragon Fafnir, they are able to speak, and can be subtle of speech.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Glaurung, in "The Silmarillion", is the Father of Dragons in Tolkien's legendarium, the first of the Fire-drakes of Angband. Tolkien wrote that Glaurung had four legs and no wings and could not fly, and sired the brood of Urulóki, wingless fire-breathing dragons. He was bred by Morgoth from some unknown stock and was the first dragon to appear outside of Angband. Glaurung is the main antagonist of "The Children of Húrin", and his deceptive actions led to the suicides of its main characters Túrin Turambar and Niënor Níniel.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Ancalagon the Black (Sindarin: "rushing jaws" from "anc" 'jaw', "alag" 'impetuous') was the first of the winged Fire-drakes and the greatest of all dragons, bred by Morgoth during the First Age, as told in "The Silmarillion". Ancalagon is so large in size that his body crushed "the towers of Thangorodrim" when he fell on them after being killed by Eärendil.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Scatha was a mighty "long-worm" of the Grey Mountains. He was killed by Fram in the early days of the Éothéod. After slaying Scatha, Fram's ownership of his recovered hoard was then disputed by the Dwarves of that region. Fram rebuked this claim, sending them instead Scatha's teeth, with the words, "Jewels such as these you will not match in your treasuries, for they are hard to come by." This led to his death in a feud with the Dwarves. The Éothéod retained at least some of the hoard, and brought it south with them when they settled in Rohan. The silver horn that Éowyn gave to Merry Brandybuck after the War of the Ring, crucial in The Scouring of the Shire, came from this hoard.


title: Middle-earth peoples

text: Smaug of Erebor, the Lonely Mountain, was killed by Bard the Bowman in Dale, as told in "The Hobbit". Smaug serves as a main antagonist of Thorin and Company, as they seek to reclaim the Dwarven kingdom of Erebor that Smaug had taken.


title: Acolyte

text: An acolyte is an assistant or follower assisting the celebrant in a religious service or procession. In many Christian denominations, an acolyte is anyone performing ceremonial duties such as lighting altar candles. In others, the term is used for one who has been inducted into a particular liturgical ministry, even when not performing those duties.


title: Acolyte

text: The word "" is derived from the Greek word ἀκόλουθος ("akolouthos"), meaning an attendant, via Late Latin "acolythus".


title: Acolyte

text: In the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches, the nearest equivalent of acolyte is the altar server. At one time there was a rank of minor clergy called the "taper-bearer" (κηροφόρος) responsible for bearing lights during processions and liturgical entrances. However, this rank has long ago been subsumed by that of the reader and the service for the tonsure of a reader begins with the setting-aside of a taper-bearer.


title: Acolyte

text: The functions of an acolyte or taper-bearer are therefore carried out by readers, subdeacons, or by non-tonsured men or boys who are sometimes called "acolytes" informally. Also, the term "altar-boys" is often used to refer to young altar servers. Subdeacons wear their normal vestments consisting of the sticharion and crossed orarion; readers and servers traditionally wear the sticharion alone.


title: Acolyte

text: In recent times, however, in many of the North American Greek Orthodox Churches, for the sake of uniformity, readers have been permitted to wear the orarion (The Bishop presents the reader, who is to serve on the altar, with the orarion). Readers do not cross the orarion while wearing it, the uncrossed orarion being intended to slightly distinguish a reader from a subdeacon.


title: Acolyte

text: In the Russian tradition, readers wear only the sticharion, and do not wear the orarion unless they have been specially blessed to by their bishop. (This might be done if a reader must occasionally serve in the role of a subdeacon, or for some other reason the bishop believes is fitting.) If a server has not been tonsured, he must remove the sticharion before he can receive Holy Communion.


title: Acolyte

text: Until 1972, the highest of the four minor orders in the Latin Church was that of acolyte. By his "motu proprio" "Ministeria quaedam" of 15 August 1972, Pope Paul VI replaced the term "minor orders" by that of "ministries" and the term "ordination" by "institution". He kept throughout the Latin Church two now-titled instituted ministries, those of reader and acolyte. A prescribed interval, as decided by the Holy See and the national episcopal conference, is to be observed between receiving the two. Candidates for diaconate and for priesthood must receive both ministries and exercise them for some time before receiving holy orders. The two instituted ministries are not reserved solely for candidates for holy orders. Ministries are conferred by the ordinary: either a bishop or the head of a similar territory or, in the case of clerical religious institutes, a major superior. Institutions of acolytes not preparing for holy orders are in fact sometimes carried out.


title: Acolyte

text: The "motu proprio" assigned to the instituted acolyte the functions previously reserved for the subdeacon, and declared national episcopal conferences free to use the term "subdeacon" in place of that of "acolyte". The functions of the instituted acolyte are specified in the "motu proprio", and have been indicated also in the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, no. 98, which under the heading, "The Ministry of the Instituted Acolyte and Lector", says: "The acolyte is instituted to serve at the altar and to assist the priest and deacon. In particular, it is his responsibility to prepare the altar and the sacred vessels and, if it is necessary, as an extraordinary minister, to distribute the Eucharist to the faithful. In the ministry of the altar, the acolyte has his own functions (cf. nos. 187-193), which he must perform personally."


title: Acolyte

text: The General Instruction of the Roman Missal adds: "In the absence of an instituted acolyte, lay ministers may be deputed to serve at the altar and assist the priest and the deacon; they may carry the cross, the candles, the thurible, the bread, the wine, and the water, and they may also be deputed to distribute Holy Communion as extraordinary ministers." However, some functions, in particular that of cleansing the Eucharistic vessels, are reserved for an instituted acolyte and are not entrusted to those deputed to assist in that way.


title: Acolyte

text: As in other churches, in the Latin Church the term "acolyte" is also used of altar servers on whom no ordination or institution has been conferred. Pope Benedict XVI spoke of Saint Tarcisius as "presumably an acolyte, that is, an altar server".


title: Acolyte

text: Pope Francis changed canon law in January 2021 to allow female installed acolytes. Prior to his "motu proprio Spiritus Domini" only men could be installed acolytes.


title: Acolyte

text: While the approved English translations of the liturgical books of the Catholic Church's Roman Rite use the term "instituted" (such as "instituted acolytes" and “instituted lectors”) some translations refer to them as “installed”. For example, the translation on the Vatican's website of the 2019 Motu Proprio Aperuit illis – Instituting the Sunday of the Word of God has “Bishops could celebrate the Rite of Installation of Lectors or a similar commissioning of readers …”.


title: Acolyte

text: The order of acolyte was not brought into the Anglican Church during the reformation therefore there is no definition of their role in the Book of Common Prayer 1662. The use of acolytes (like many Anglican practices) is very much dependent on local practice, some parishes may refer to altar servers are often called "acolytes," where as other parishes may have them as a distinctive and formal ministry. Then in Low or Evangelical Parishes the use of Acolytes or altar servers may not exist at all. Where acolytes are used opinions on gender and age are diverse..


title: Acolyte

text: An acolyte can assist in worship by carrying a processional cross, lighting candles, holding the Gospel book, holding candles or "torches", assisting a deacon or priest set up and clean up at the altar, swinging a censer or thurible or carrying the incense boat, handing the offering plates to ushers, and many other tasks as seen fit by the priest or acolyte warden.


title: Acolyte

text: In the Methodist and Lutheran traditions, acolytes participate in the worship service by carrying a processional cross or crucifix (these acolytes are called crucifers), lighting and extinguishing the altar candles, and ringing the church bell to call the congregation to worship. In these traditions, the lighting of the altar candles in the worship service is a symbol of Jesus’ coming into the presence of the worshiping community. Before lighting the candles the acolyte may bow at the altar out of respect. Before the extinguishing of the last altar candles, the acolytes relight their "candle lighter" and then process out into the narthex. This symbolizes that Jesus Christ is for all people everywhere. It also symbolizes the light of Jesus Christ going out into the world where believers are called to serve. Similar to those in the Anglican tradition, acolytes in these traditions wear robes called albs, sometimes with a cincture. It is also common for Methodist acolytes to wear the traditional cassock and cotta.


title: Celebrity Big Brother 2 (American season)

text: Celebrity Big Brother 2 is the second season of the American reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother", also known as "Big Brother: Celebrity Edition", premiered on CBS on January 21, 2019 and concluded on February 13, 2019. It consisted of thirteen episodes, each approximately 60–120 minutes long, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan as executive producers for Fly on the Wall Entertainment, in association with Endemol Shine North America. CBS ordered the season on May 12, 2018 and confirmed it for a mid-season return when the network revealed its 2018–19 fall schedule on May 16, 2018. The network confirmed on November 27, 2018 that Julie Chen Moonves would continue her role as host despite media speculation that she may not return after her husband Les Moonves' departure from CBS Corporation due to sexual misconduct allegations against him.


text: The season followed a group of celebrities, known as HouseGuests, who lived in the "Big Brother" House under constant surveillance with no contact from the outside world. Periodically the HouseGuests faced eviction while trying to be the last HouseGuest standing and win the grand prize. Tamar Braxton beat Ricky Williams by a unanimous jury vote during the live final. Braxton is the first African-American winner of the United States version of "Big Brother", and she and Williams made up the first final two who were both African-American. Tom Green was later named America's Favorite HouseGuest.


text: An American version of "Celebrity Big Brother" had been speculated by the media since 2002 while American celebrities began appearing as Housemates on the British adaptation since its third season in 2005. The first season of the American adaptation of "Celebrity Big Brother" was announced on September 7, 2017 during a live double eviction episode of "Big Brother 19". The first season premiered on February 7, 2018; it was scheduled as counterprogramming against the 2018 Winter Olympics airing on NBC. The series premiere was the number one program for CBS attracting 7.27 million viewers with a 1.8/7 rating in the 18–49 demographic and the highest rated season premiere since "Big Brother 13". The season finale pulled in 5.21 million viewers and a 1.4/5 rating in the 18–49 demographic. CBS ordered a second season of "Celebrity Big Brother" on May 12, 2018 then confirmed it would return for a mid-season run four days later when the network revealed its 2018–19 fall prime-time schedule.


text: Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan serve as executive producers for the second season. Their production company Fly on the Wall Entertainment will produce the season for CBS in association with Endemol Shine North America. The media speculated that Julie Chen Moonves might not continue hosting "Big Brother" after her husband Les Moonves' departure from CBS Corporation on September 9, 2018 because of multiple sexual misconduct allegations. Chen Moonves has been the host of the American adaption of the format since the first season of "Big Brother". She subsequently stepped down as a co-host of "The Talk" on September 18, 2018 while continuing to host "Big Brother 20". CBS confirmed on November 27, 2018 that Chen Moonves would host the second season of "Celebrity Big Brother".


text: As with each season since "Big Brother 6", the program is filmed at CBS Studios, soundstage 18 in Studio City, California in a custom-built two story house. Soundstage 18 was previously used to film the sitcom "Yes, Dear". The House was equipped with over 80 high-definition cameras and over 100 microphones in order to monitor and record the HouseGuests. The living room, three bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom, and lounge room are located on the first floor. The Head of Household bedroom, gym area, and an additional lounge area are located on the second floor. The second floor is accessible by a spiral staircase located in the kitchen next to the sliding glass doors that lead to the backyard. CBS released pictures and video of the redesigned House on January 16, 2019 through several media outlets like "Entertainment Weekly", "The Hollywood Reporter", "Entertainment Tonight" and "ET Canada".


text: The interior of the "Celebrity Big Brother" house has a New York City theme from around the 1940s. Each of the bedrooms on the first floor were given their own individual names reflecting their design. The first bedroom has a "5th Avenue" theme inspired by window shopping highlighting "the highest fashion of the '40s" while the second bedroom has a luxury "Hotel" theme. The third bedroom, known as the "Celebrity Building" Bedroom, that was inspired by a famous art deco building named after a car company. The kitchen was inspired by some of the finest restaurants in New York City with a "faux French" oven island and a square dining room table. Behind the dining room table cartoon-style pictures of the season one HouseGuests hanging on the wall. The bathroom and downstairs lounge area were inspired by the 20th Century Limited passenger train. The Head of Household bedroom resembles the backstage of a Broadway show with the head board made from a real theater marquee. The upstairs lounge was designed after the Brooklyn Bridge, while the gym area was inspired by the 42nd Street library in Manhattan.


text: The main television coverage of the second season was screened on CBS during the winter of the 2018–19 network television season. The season premiere was on January 21, 2019 with the season finale airing on February 13, 2019. Alongside the weekly shows on CBS, the companion series "" returned on Pop and to provide live coverage nightly from inside the House.


text: The format remains largely unchanged from the previous season. HouseGuests are incarcerated in the Big Brother House with no contact to and from the outside world. Periodically, the HouseGuests take part in several compulsory challenges that determine who would win safety and power in the House. The winner of the Head of Household (HoH) competition is immune from nominations and is instructed to nominate two fellow HouseGuests for eviction. After a HouseGuest became Head of Household, he or she was ineligible to take part in the next Head of Household competition. The winner of the Power of Veto competition wins the right to save one of the nominated HouseGuests from eviction. If the Veto winner exercised the power, the Head of Household then had to nominate another HouseGuest for eviction.


text: On eviction night, all HouseGuests except for the Head of Household and the nominees voted to evict one of the nominees. Before the voting began, the nominees had the chance to say a final message to their fellow HouseGuests. This compulsory vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room by the host Julie Chen Moonves. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household would break the tie and reveal their vote in front of the other HouseGuests. Unlike other versions of "Big Brother", the HouseGuests can discuss the nomination and eviction process open and freely. The nominee with the most votes from the other HouseGuests is evicted from the House on eviction night and interviewed by the host. HouseGuests can voluntarily leave the House at any time (referred to as "walking") and those who break the rules are expelled by Big Brother. The evictees of the season form the Jury that vote for the winner on the season finale; they are known as the jury members. Unlike the jury members of "Big Brother", the celebrity jury members are not sequestered after their eviction and are able to watch the show after their eviction. The winner of "Celebrity Big Brother" receives the grand prize of $250,000.


text: Temporary changes to the regular format are known as twists. After the HouseGuests moved into the House, they were introduced to three twists on their first day. The HouseGuests had to compete in teams of two for the first Head of Household competition. However, only five teams would compete. After Kato and Natalie were not selected to compete in the Head of Household competition, the second twist was revealed when they were given immunity from the first eviction, meaning that they could not be nominated by the Head of Household for eviction. The third twist impacted the winning pair, Ryan and Jonathan, where they had to compete against each other to become the first Head of Household. Jonathan lost this part of the competition and was automatically nominated as a third nominee for eviction as a result.


text: Julie announced during episode four that the HouseGuests will be receiving twists with the theme of "breaking celebrity news." When a twist was revealed to the HouseGuests, they would see a fake Entertainment Tonight broadcast on the television screen informing them of the twist.


text: The 24/7 internet live feeds officially opened permanently to CBS All Access subscribers in the early morning hours of January 22, 2019. Shortly after, viewers began to notice that Anthony Scaramucci was missing from the house. Some initial speculation stated that he only left temporarily due to his face on the memory wall, which is normally grayed out when a HouseGuest leaves, still being in color. These claims were later disproved when a HouseGuest questioned why his face hadn't turned black and white and another stated "I miss Anthony Scaramucci". It was assumed by many news sites that Scaramucci had walked from the game on January 21, 2019. Official reasons for his departure were left unknown at the time however one fellow HouseGuest stated that "they found out Anthony was a mole" and "not a real player" while other sources simply stated that he quit. Days later on January 23, 2019 Scaramucci appeared at a SkyBridge Capital conference in Zurich, Switzerland. In a video acquired by TMZ when Scaramucci was asked about his departure he stated that he "unfortunately signed a confidentiality agreement" and that "there’s a little bit of a cliffhanger". It was announced that more information about Scaramucci's exit would air ahead of the live eviction in the fourth episode of the season on January 25, 2019.


text: In the episode it was revealed that Scaramucci was a fake HouseGuest who entered the house as part of a twist. In addition, a second veto competition was played that week with the first veto winner becoming safe from eviction. In a post-departure interview with Entertainment Tonight when asked about the twist he stated that although he knew his departure date and that he was part of twist he did not know the full details until fifteen minutes before leaving. In a second interview with Entertainment Weekly Scaramucci was asked whether the twist had been planned or if it was a cover-up, he responded "I absolutely did not quit the game. The producers from day one pitched me the idea of becoming a twist in the show."


text: The Power of the Publicist was a power awarded to the HouseGuest who received the most votes. This power granted one HouseGuest the ability to remove themselves off the block at one of the next two nomination or veto ceremonies. It automatically expired after the veto meeting on Day 20. In order to vote, the viewers needed to post a tweet that included a specific hashtag created by CBS that corresponded with the HouseGuest's name.


text: Immediately as the show went off the air, tweets started pouring in with hashtags for the show. Specifically, two hashtags started trending the most on Twitter: Joey and Tamar. #CBBTamar trended in the United States for nine hours and peaked at #2 on the trending list. #CBBJoey trended for eight hours in the United States and peaked at #5 on the trending list. Joey started trending because people were still shocked from the Ryan blindside, so they wanted to give Joey, Ryan's closest ally and the underdog, some safety. Tamar started trending because the viewers wanted the drama and entertainment to stay in the house for a few more weeks. In the end, Tamar edged out over Joey and won the Power of the Publicist.


text: The Power of the Publicist was never used since Tamar wasn't nominated from Day 14 to Day 18, then became ineligible to use it during her Head of Household reign from Day 19 to Day 20.


text: The final twist was revealed on Day 24 during the double eviction episode. The winner of the special safety competition, Tamar, won immunity during the double eviction, but became ineligible to become Head of Household as she could not compete.


text: The twelve HouseGuests were announced on January 13, 2019 during a commercial break of CBS' NFL football coverage. Tom Green became the first Canadian to enter the US Big Brother house.


text: Tamar Braxton appeared in an episode of "The Bold and the Beautiful" on March 29, 2019. Lolo Jones competed on the of "The Challenge". Tom Green returned in the seventh episode of the twenty-third season of the civilian edition to host a Head of Household Competition.


title: Clams Casino (musician)

text: Michael Volpe (born May 12, 1987), known professionally as Clams Casino, is an American record producer and songwriter from Nutley, New Jersey. Volpe is currently signed to Columbia Records and Sony Music. He has produced tracks for artists such as ASAP Rocky, Lil B, Vince Staples, Joji, The Weeknd, and Mac Miller and has also remixed works by Big K.R.I.T., Washed Out, and Lana Del Rey.


title: Clams Casino (musician)

text: A resident of Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey, Volpe got his start in music tinkering with keyboards while he was a student at Nutley High School.


title: Clams Casino (musician)

text: Volpe's official debut EP "Rainforest" was released through Tri Angle Records in 2011. His "Instrumentals" mixtape was released on March 7, 2011, followed by the release of "Instrumentals 2" on June 5, 2012 and "Instrumentals 3" in 2013. The mixtapes were distributed for free through his website.


title: Clams Casino (musician)

text: Volpe contributed a score for "Locomotor", a work choreographed by his cousin Stephen Petronio released in 2014. He released his debut studio album "32 Levels" through Columbia Records in 2016. He followed it up with his "Instrumentals 4" mixtape, released in 2017.


title: Clams Casino (musician)

text: In April 2020, Clams Casino cleared the Imogen Heap sample for his instrumental "I'm God", which first appeared on Lil B's 2009 album "6 Kiss". The song remains his most popular, with over 25 million views on YouTube.


title: Clams Casino (musician)

text: Volpe's music has been described as "[bringing] together conventional hip-hop drums, a sensitive ear for off-to-the-side melodies, and an overdose of oddly moving atmosphere."


title: Beyoğlu

text: Beyoğlu (, ) is a district on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Golden Horn. It was known as the region of Pera (Πέρα, meaning "Beyond" in Greek) surrounding the ancient coastal town Galata which faced Constantinople across the Horn. Beyoğlu continued to be named Pera during the Middle Ages and, in western languages, into the early 20th century.


title: Beyoğlu

text: According to the prevailing theory, the Turkish name of Pera, "Beyoğlu", is a modification by folk etymology of the Venetian title of "Bailo", whose mansion was the grandest structure in this quarter. The informal Turkish-language title "Bey Oğlu" (literally "Son of a Bey") was originally used by the Ottoman Turks to describe Lodovico Gritti, Istanbul-born son of Andrea Gritti, who was the Venetian Bailo of Constantinople during the reign of Sultan Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512) and was later elected Doge of Venice in 1523. "Bey Oğlu" thus referred to Lodovico Gritti, who established close relations with the Sublime Porte, and whose mansion was near the present-day Taksim Square. Located further south in Beyoğlu and originally built in the early 16th century, the "Venetian Palace" was the seat of the Bailo. The original palace building was replaced by the existing one in 1781, which later became the Italian Embassy following Italian unification in 1861, and the Italian Consulate in 1923, when Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The district encompasses other neighborhoods located north of the Golden Horn, including Galata (the medieval Genoese citadel from which Beyoğlu itself originated, which is today known as Karaköy), Tophane, Cihangir, Şişhane, Tepebaşı, Tarlabaşı, Dolapdere and Kasımpaşa, and is connected to the old city center across the Golden Horn through the Galata Bridge, Atatürk Bridge and Golden Horn Metro Bridge. Beyoğlu is the most active art, entertainment and nightlife centre of Istanbul.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The area now known as Beyoğlu has been inhabited since Byzas founded the City of Byzantium in the 7th century BC, and predates the founding of Constantinople. During the Byzantine era, Greek speaking inhabitants named the hillside covered with orchards Sykai (The Fig Orchard), or Peran en Sykais (The Fig Field on the Other Side), referring to the "other side" of the Golden Horn. As the Byzantine Empire grew, so did Constantinople and its environs. The northern side of the Golden Horn became built up as a suburb of Byzantium as early as the 5th century. In this period the area began to be called Galata, and Emperor Theodosius II (reigned 402–450) built a fortress. The Greeks believe that the name comes either from "galatas" (meaning "milkman"), as the area was used by shepherds in the early medieval period, or from the word "Galatai" (meaning "Gauls"), as the Celtic tribe of Gauls were thought to have camped here during the Hellenistic period before settling into Galatia in central Anatolia, becoming known as the Galatians. The inhabitants of Galatia are famous for the Epistle to the Galatians and the Dying Galatian statue. The name may have also derived from the Italian word "Calata", meaning "downward slope", as Galata, formerly a colony of the Republic of Genoa between 1273 and 1453, stands on a hilltop that goes downwards to the sea.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The area came to be the base of European merchants, particularly from Genoa and Venice, in what was then known as Pera. Following the Fourth Crusade in 1204, and during the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261), the Venetians became more prominent in Pera. The Dominican Church of St. Paul (1233), today known as the "Arap Camii", is from this period.


title: Beyoğlu

text: In 1273 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos granted Pera to the Republic of Genoa in recognition of Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Pera became a flourishing trade colony, ruled by a podestà.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The "Genoese Palace" (Palazzo del Comune) was built in 1316 by Montano de Marinis, the Podestà of Galata (Pera), and still remains today in ruins, near the Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in Karaköy, along with its adjacent buildings and numerous Genoese houses from the early 14th century.


title: Beyoğlu

text: In 1348 the Genoese built the famous Galata Tower, one of the most prominent landmarks of Istanbul. Pera (Galata) remained under Genoese control until May 29, 1453, when it was conquered by the Ottomans along with the rest of the city, after the Siege of Constantinople.


title: Beyoğlu

text: During the Byzantine period, the Genoese Podestà ruled over the Italian community of Galata (Pera), which was mostly made up of the Genoese, Venetians, Tuscans and Ragusans.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Venice, Genoa's archrival, regained control in the strategic citadel of Galata (Pera), which they were forced to leave in 1261 when the Byzantines retook Constantinople and brought an end to the Latin Empire (1204–1261) that was established by Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Following the Turkish siege of Constantinople in 1453, during which the Genoese sided with the Byzantines and defended the city together with them, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II allowed the Genoese (who had fled to their colonies in the Aegean Sea such as Lesbos and Chios) to return to the city, but Galata was no longer run by a Genoese Podestà.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Venice immediately established political and commercial ties with the Ottoman Empire, and a Venetian Bailo was sent to Pera as an ambassador, during the Byzantine period. It was the Venetians who suggested Leonardo da Vinci to Bayezid II when the Sultan mentioned his intention to construct a bridge over the Golden Horn, and Leonardo designed his Galata Bridge in 1502.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The Bailo's seat was the "Venetian Palace", originally built in Beyoğlu in the early 16th century and replaced by the existing palace building in 1781; which later became the "Italian Embassy" after the unification of Italy in 1861, and the "Italian Consulate" in 1923, when Ankara became the new Turkish capital.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The Ottoman Empire had an interesting relationship with the Republic of Venice. Even though the two states often went to war over the control of East Mediterranean territories and islands, they were keen on restoring their trade pacts once the wars were over, such as the renewed trade pacts of 1479, 1503, 1522, 1540 and 1575 following major sea wars between the two sides. The Venetians were also the first Europeans to taste Ottoman delicacies such as coffee, centuries before other Europeans saw coffee beans for the first time in their lives during the Battle of Vienna in 1683. These encounters can be described as the beginning of today's rich "coffee culture" in both Venice (and later the rest of Italy) and Vienna.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Following the conquest of Constantinople and Pera in 1453, the coast and the low-lying areas were quickly settled by the Turks, but the European presence in the area did not end. Several Roman Catholic churches, as St. Anthony of Padua, SS. Peter and Paul in Galata and St. Mary Draperis were established for the needs of the Levantine population.


title: Beyoğlu

text: During the 19th century it was again home to many European traders, and housed many embassies, especially along the Grande Rue de Péra (today İstiklâl Avenue). The presence of such a prominent European population - commonly referred to as Levantines - made it the most Westernized part of Constantinople, especially when compared to the Old City at the other side of the Golden Horn, and allowed for influxes of modern technology, fashion, and arts. Thus, Pera was one of the first parts of Constantinople to have telephone lines, electricity, trams, municipal government and even an underground railway, the Tünel, inaugurated in 1875 as the world's second subway line (after London's Underground) to carry the people of Pera up and down from the port of Galata and the nearby business and banking district of Karaköy, where the "Bankalar Caddesi" ("Banks Street"), the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, is located. The theatre, cinema, patisserie and café culture that still remains strong in Beyoğlu dates from this late Ottoman period. Shops like İnci, famous for its chocolate mousse and profiteroles, predate the founding of the republic and survived until recently.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Pera and Galata in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a part of the "Municipality of the Sixth Circle" (), established under the laws of 11 Jumada al-Thani (Djem. II) and 24 Shawwal (Chev.) 1274, in 1858; the organisation of the central city in the city walls, "Stamboul" (), was not affected by these laws. All of Constantinople was in the "Prefecture of the City of Constantinople" ().


title: Beyoğlu

text: The foreign communities also built their own schools, many of which went on to educate the elite of future generations of Turks, and still survive today as some of the best schools in Istanbul (see list of schools in Istanbul).


title: Beyoğlu

text: The rapid modernization which took place in Europe and left Ottoman Turkey behind was symbolized by the differences between Beyoğlu, and the historic Turkish quarters such as Eminönü and Fatih across the Golden Horn, in the Old City. When the Ottoman sultans finally initiated a modernization program with the Edict of Tanzimat (Reorganization) in 1839, they started constructing numerous buildings in Pera that mixed traditional Ottoman styles with newer European ones.


title: Beyoğlu

text: In addition, Sultan Abdülmecid stopped living in the Topkapı Palace and built a new palace near Pera, called the Dolmabahçe Palace, which blended the Neo-Classical, Baroque and Rococo styles.


title: Beyoğlu

text: When the Ottoman Empire collapsed and the Turkish Republic was founded (during and after the First World War) Pera, which became known as Beyoğlu in English in the modern era, went into gradual decline. The decline accelerated with the departure of the large Greek population of Beyoğlu and adjacent Galata as a result of Turkish pressure over the Cyprus conflict, during the 1950s and 1960s. The widespread political violence between leftist and rightist groups which troubled Turkey in the late 1970s also severely affected the lifestyle of the district, and accelerated its decline with the flight of the middle-class citizens to newer suburban areas such as Levent and Yeşilköy.


title: Beyoğlu

text: By the late 1980s, many of the grandiose Neoclassical and Art Nouveau apartment-blocks, formerly the residences of the late Ottoman élite, became home to immigrants from the countryside. While Beyoğlu continued to enjoy a reputation for its cosmopolitan and sophisticated atmosphere until the 1940s and 1950s, by the 1980s the area had become economically and socially troubled.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The first decades of the 21st century have witnessed the rapid gentrification of these neighborhoods. Istiklal Avenue has once again become a destination for tourists, and formerly bohemian neighborhoods like Cihangir have once again become fashionable and quite expensive. Some 19th and early 20th century buildings have been tastefully restored, while others have been converted into mammoth luxury malls of dubious aesthetic value. As newer, more international and affluent residents have begun to creep down the hills into Tophane and Tarlabasi, disagreements with more conservative elements in the neighborhoods have become common.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The low-lying areas such as Tophane, Kasımpaşa and Karaköy, and the side-streets of the area consist of older buildings.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Parallel to İstiklal Avenue runs the wide bi-directional boulevard named Tarlabaşı Caddesi, which carries most of the traffic through the area and was constructed in the 1980s. The streets on either side of this road contain historic buildings and churches. The once cosmopolitan areas surrounding them have deteriorated.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Foreigners, especially from Euro-Mediterranean and West European countries, have long resided in Beyoğlu. There is a cosmopolitan atmosphere in the heart of the district, where people from various cultures live in Cihangir and Gümüşsuyu. Beyoğlu also has a number of historical Tekkes and Türbes. Several Sufi orders, such as the "Cihangirî" (pronounced "Jihangiri") order, were founded here.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Most of the consulates (former embassies until 1923, when Ankara became the new Turkish capital) are still in this area; the Italian, British, German, Greek, Russian, Dutch, and Swedish consulates are significant in terms of their history and architecture.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Beyoğlu is also home to many high schools like Galatasaray Lisesi, Deutsche Schule Istanbul, St. George's Austrian High School, Lycée Sainte Pulchérie, Liceo Italiano, Beyoğlu Anatolian High School, Beyoğlu Kız Lisesi, Zografeion Lyceum, Zappeion Lyceum, and numerous others.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The unique international art project United Buddy Bears was presented in Beyoðlu during the winter of 2004–2005.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The main thoroughfare is İstiklâl Caddesi, running into the neighbourhood from Taksim Square, a pedestrianised long street of shops, cafés, patisseries, restaurants, pubs, winehouses and clubs, as well as bookshops, theatres, cinemas and art galleries. Some of İstiklâl Avenue has a 19th-century metropolitan character, and the avenue is lined with Neoclassical and Art Nouveau buildings. The nostalgic tram which runs on İstiklal Avenue, between Taksim Square and Tünel, was also re-installed in the early 1990s with the aim of reviving the historic atmosphere of the district.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Some of the city's historic pubs and winehouses are located in the areas around İstiklal Avenue (İstiklal Caddesi) in Beyoğlu. The 19th century Çiçek Pasajı (literally "Flower Passage" in Turkish, or "Cité de Péra" in French, opened in 1876) on İstiklal Avenue can be described as a miniature version of the famous Galleria in Milan, Italy, and has rows of historic pubs, winehouses and restaurants. The site of Çiçek Pasajı was originally occupied by the Naum Theatre, which was burned during the great fire of Pera in 1870. The theatre was frequently visited by Sultans Abdülaziz and Abdülhamid II, and hosted Giuseppe Verdi's play "Il Trovatore" before the opera houses of Paris. After the fire of 1870, the theatre was purchased by the local Greek banker Hristaki Zoğrafos Efendi, and architect Kleanthis Zannos designed the current building, which was called "Cité de Péra" or "Hristaki Pasajı" in its early years. "Yorgo'nun Meyhanesi" (Yorgo's Winehouse) was the first winehouse to be opened in the passage. In 1908 the Ottoman Grand Vizier Sait Paşa purchased the building, and it became known as the Sait Paşa Passage. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, many impoverished noble Russian women, including a Baroness, sold flowers here. By the 1940s the building was mostly occupied by flower shops, hence the present Turkish name "Çiçek Pasajı" (Flower Passage). Following the restoration of the building in 1988, it was reopened as a galleria of pubs and restaurants.


title: Beyoğlu

text: "Pano", established by Panayotis Papadopoulos in 1898, and the neighbouring "Viktor Levi", established in 1914, are among the oldest winehouses in the city and are located on Kalyoncu Kulluk Street near the British Consulate and Galatasaray Square. "Cumhuriyet Meyhanesi" (literally "Republic Winehouse"), renamed in the early 1930s but originally established in the early 1890s, is another popular historic winehouse and is located in the nearby Sahne Street, along with the "Hazzopulo Winehouse", established in 1871, inside the "Hazzopulo Pasajı" which connects Sahne Street and Meşrutiyet Avenue. The famous "Nevizade Street", which has rows of historic pubs next to each other, is also in this area. Other historic pubs are found in the areas around "Tünel Pasajı" and the nearby "Asmalımescit Street". Some historic neighbourhoods around İstiklal Avenue have recently been recreated, such as "Cezayir Street" near Galatasaray High School, which became known as "La Rue Française" and has rows of francophone pubs, cafés and restaurants playing live French music. "Artiste Terasse" (Artist Teras) on Cezayir Street is a popular restaurant-bar which offers panoramic views of the Hagia Sophia, Topkapı Palace, Sultan Ahmed Mosque and Galata Tower.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Throughout Beyoğlu, there are many night clubs for all kinds of tastes. "Babylon" and "Nu Pera" are among the most popular European style night clubs and restaurants in the district, while "Kemancı" plays rock, hard rock and heavy metal. "Maksim" plays Oriental music, while "Andon" is a place where one can eat, drink and dance to the traditional Turkish music called "fasıl". There are restaurants on the top of historic buildings with a view of the city, such as "360". "Asmalımescit Street" has rows of traditional Turkish restaurants and "Ocakbaşı" (grill) houses, while the streets around the historic "Balıkpazarı" (Fish Market) is full of eateries offering seafood like fried mussels and calamari along with beer or rakı, or the traditional "kokoreç". Beyoğlu also has many elegant "pasaj" (passages) from the 19th century, most of which have historic and classy chocolateries and patisseries, such the "Markiz Pastanesi", along with many shops lining their alleys. There is also a wide range of fast-food restaurants in the district, of international chains such as McDonald's, Burger King, Domino's Pizza, Pizza Hut, etc.; as well as local Turkish chains, such as "Simit Sarayı" which serves simit (sesame-covered, ring-shaped pretzel bread) along with cheese and tea, or individual eateries such as döner kebab houses.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Apart from the hundreds of shops lining the streets and avenues of the district, there is also a business community. "Odakule", a 1970s high rise building (the first "structural expressionism" style building in Turkey) is the headquarters of "İstanbul Sanayi Odası (ISO)" (Istanbul Chamber of Industry) and is located between İstiklal Avenue and Tepebaşı, next to the Pera Museum. Most of the upper floors of the buildings in Beyoğlu are office space, and small workshops are found on the side streets.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Istanbul Modern, located near Karaköy Port on the Bosphorus, frequently hosts the exhibitions of renowned Turkish and foreign artists.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Pera Museum exhibits some of the works of art from the late Ottoman period, such as the "Kaplumbağa Terbiyecisi" (Turtle Trainer) by Osman Hamdi Bey. Apart from its permanent collection, the museum also hosts visiting exhibitions, which included the works of renowned artists such as Rembrandt.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Doğançay Museum, Turkey's first contemporary art museum dedicated to the works of a single artist, officially opened its doors to the public in 2004. While the museum almost exclusively displays the works of its founder Burhan Doğançay, a contemporary artists, one floor has been set aside for the works of the artist's father, Adil Doğançay.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Hotel Pera Palace was built in the district in 1892 for hosting the passengers of the Orient Express. Agatha Christie wrote the novel "Murder on the Orient Express" in this hotel. Her room is conserved as a museum.


title: Beyoğlu

text: S. Antonio di Padova, the largest Catholic church in Turkey, and the Neve Shalom Synagogue, the largest synagogue in Turkey, are also in Beyoğlu. There are other important Catholic and Orthodox churches in the area, such as the Saint Mary Draperis church or centrally located Hagia Triada Church at the conjunction point between Istiklal Avenue and Taksim Square. It is the seat of the Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Diyarbakir.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The only Jewish Museum of Turkey, which has been converted from a synagogue, is located in the Karaköy quarter, which was known as Galata in the medieval period.


title: Beyoğlu

text: İstiklal Avenue is also located in the historic Beyoğlu (Pera) district. The famous street with shops, cafes, cinemas and other venues stretches for 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) and hosts up to 3 million people each day.


title: Beyoğlu

text: The original campus of the Ottoman Imperial School of Medicine, established in 1827, was in Galatasaray, Pera. After a fire in 1848 it temporarily moved to the Golden Horn.


title: Beyoğlu

text: Lycée Saint-Joseph, Istanbul was in Pera after its establishment; its official founding year is 1870.


title: Rod Evans

text: In the late 1960s, he began his professional career in The Maze, formerly MI5, after which he was a member of the original Deep Purple line-up, who produced three studio albums with a more progressive and pop-driven sound. After recording a solo single, he was a member of the original Captain Beyond line-up that produced two studio albums. Following a legal battle with Deep Purple in 1980, Evans turned reclusive and disappeared from public life.


title: Rod Evans

text: He played together with drummer Ian Paice in The Maze, formerly MI5. He was also in a band called The Horizons in the mid 1960s.


title: Rod Evans

text: According to Deep Purple's founding bassist, Nick Simper, Evans was hired after "dozens" of other singers were auditioned; Evans clinched his place in the band after sharing an idea to rearrange the Beatles' song "Help!" as a ballad. This version of "Help!" was subsequently recorded for Deep Purple's debut album "Shades of Deep Purple", but the most recognised song recorded with Evans on vocals is "Hush", a cover of a Joe South composition. "Hush" reached No. 4 on the US "Billboard" charts in October 1968.


title: Rod Evans

text: Deep Purple recorded only one other US Top 40 hit with Evans on vocals, that being a cover of Neil Diamond's "Kentucky Woman", which appeared on the band's second album and peaked at No. 38. Both "Hush" and "Kentucky Woman" are used in the Quentin Tarantino film, "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood".


title: Rod Evans

text: After recording three studio albums and one non-album single ("Emaretta") with Deep Purple, Evans was dismissed in the summer of 1969 while on tour in the U.S. It had been decided by Ritchie Blackmore, Jon Lord and Ian Paice that Evans' pop vocal style would not be suitable for the heavier hard rock sound the band wanted to achieve and move toward. Another factor in Evans' dismissal from Deep Purple was his desire to move to the United States.


title: Rod Evans

text: In 1971, Evans recorded a solo single for Capitol, titled "Hard To Be Without You" (b/w "You Can't Love A Child Like A Woman"), then went on to form Captain Beyond, along with former Johnny Winter drummer Bobby Caldwell, former Iron Butterfly bassist Lee Dorman and guitarist Larry "Rhino" Reinhardt, who also was part of the last incarnation of Iron Butterfly.


title: Rod Evans

text: Evans left Captain Beyond and the music business after two albums. He then became a director of respiratory therapy at a western American hospital until 1980.


title: Rod Evans

text: In 1980, Evans was approached by a management company, Advent Talent Associates, that specialized in making money from reformed groups with a minimum of original members, who offered him a chance to sing again under the Deep Purple name, which he accepted.


title: Rod Evans

text: Evans began a tour under the Deep Purple name, accompanied by three former members of Steppenwolf and an unknown session musician; the line-up was Rod Evans (vocals), Tony Flynn (guitars), Tom de Rivera (bass), Geoff Emery (keyboards), and Dick Jurgens III (drums), the son of famous big band leader Dick Jurgens.


title: Rod Evans

text: After several shows ended in near riots, Evans was successfully sued by the management of the genuine Deep Purple, who had disbanded in 1976. He was ordered to pay damages of $672,012.44 (US$ in dollars), which included $168,003.11 in actual damages (US$ in dollars) and $504,009.33 (US$ in dollars) in punitive damages. Further to this, Evans, his bandmates Flynn, Emery and Jurgens, and Advent Talent Associates were also ordered to pay $143,973.52 (US$ in dollars) to cover all legal fees.


title: Rod Evans

text: As Evans had no capacity to pay this amount, he was ordered to forfeit all future royalties from the albums and singles recorded by the Mark I lineup of the band: for many years afterwards, Evans did not receive royalties from the band's first three albums.


title: Rod Evans

text: He has not appeared publicly since the 1980 court case and his current whereabouts are of considerable interest to fans of early Deep Purple.


title: Rod Evans

text: In 2015, Ian Paice said "If anyone knows where Rod is or even if he is still on the planet, that would be good news. We haven't had contact with him since the late 1970s. Nobody seems to know where the hell he is, or even if he is still alive. Not a clue."


title: Rod Evans

text: In a 2015 interview, Captain Beyond drummer Bobby Caldwell mentioned that he was in touch with Evans, saying that Evans is "just doing fine these days" and had gone back to working in respiratory therapy for a long time.


title: Rod Evans

text: On 8 April 2016, Evans was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Deep Purple, but despite being invited, he did not attend the ceremony.


title: Legs Diamond

text: Jack "Legs" Diamond (possibly born John Thomas Diamond, though disputed; July 10, 1897 – December 18, 1931), also known as Gentleman Jack, was an Irish American gangster in Philadelphia and New York City during the Prohibition era. A bootlegger and close associate of gambler Arnold Rothstein, Diamond survived a number of attempts on his life between 1916 and 1931, causing him to be known as the "clay pigeon of the underworld". In 1930, Diamond's nemesis Dutch Schultz remarked to his own gang, "Ain't there nobody that can shoot this guy so he don't bounce back?"


title: Legs Diamond

text: Diamond was born July 10, 1897, to Sara and John Moran, who emigrated from Ireland in 1891 to Philadelphia, USA. In 1899, Jack's younger brother Eddie Moran was born. Jack and Eddie both struggled through grade school, while Sara suffered from severe arthritis and other health problems. On December 24, 1913, Sara died from complications due to a bacterial infection and high fever. John Diamond, Sr. moved to Brooklyn shortly afterwards.


title: Legs Diamond

text: Diamond soon joined a New York street gang called the Hudson Dusters. Diamond's first arrest for burglary occurred when he broke into a jewelry store on February 4, 1914, with numerous arrests following throughout the rest of his life. Diamond served in the US Army in World War I but deserted in 1918 or 1919 and was convicted and jailed for desertion. He served two years of a three- to five-year sentence at Leavenworth Military Prison and after being released in 1921 Diamond became a thug and later personal bodyguard for Arnold Rothstein.


title: Legs Diamond

text: Diamond was known for leading a rather flamboyant lifestyle. He was a very energetic individual; his nickname "Legs" derived either from his being a good dancer or from how fast he could escape his enemies. His wife, Alice, was never supportive of his lifestyle but did not do much to dissuade him from it. Diamond was a womanizer; his best known mistress was showgirl and dancer Marion "Kiki" Roberts. The public loved Diamond; he was Upstate New York's biggest celebrity at the time.


title: Legs Diamond

text: In the late 1920s Prohibition was in force, and the sale of beer and other alcohol was illegal in the United States. Diamond traveled to Europe to acquire beer and narcotics but failed. He did obtain liquor, which was dumped overboard in partially full barrels that floated onto Long Island as ships entered New York. He paid children a nickel for every barrel they brought to his trucks.


title: Legs Diamond

text: Following the death of Jacob "Little Augie" Orgen, Diamond went to work overseeing bootleg alcohol sales in downtown Manhattan. That brought him into conflict with Dutch Schultz, who wanted to move beyond his base in Harlem. He also ran into trouble with other gangs in the city. On July 14, 1929, in the New York Broadway Hotsy Totsy Club (partly owned by Diamond), Diamond and fellow gang member Charles Entratta shot three drunken brawlers in the club; two (William Cassidy and Simon Walker) were killed and one (Peter Cassidy) was severely wounded. The club's bartender, three waiters, and the hat check girl "vanished" (one of them was found shot dead in New Jersey). Diamond was not charged, but he was forced to close the club.


title: Legs Diamond

text: In 1930, Diamond and two henchmen kidnapped Grover Parks, a truck driver, in Cairo, New York, and demanded to know where he had obtained his load of hard cider. When Parks denied carrying anything, Diamond and his men beat and tortured Parks, eventually letting him go. A few months later, Diamond was charged with the kidnapping of James Duncan. He was sent to Catskill, New York, for his first trial, but he was acquitted. However, he was convicted in a federal case on related charges and sentenced to four years in jail. In a third trial, in Troy, New York, he was acquitted.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On August 23, 1930 Diamond, under the false name John Nolan, boarded the ocean liner in New York, bound for Europe. The NYPD suspected that he might have left the US aboard or , but he was not found on either ship when they reached Europe. The NYPD then sent a wireless telegraph message to "Belgenland", which replied that a man answering Diamond's description was among her passengers. Diamond spent much of the voyage in the ship's smoking room playing poker. One report claimed that in this way he won thousands of dollars in the course of the voyage. "Belgenland"s officers, however, refuted this, saying his winnings were small.


title: Legs Diamond

text: The NYPD telegraphed the police in Plymouth, England; Cherbourg, France and Antwerp, Belgium, warning them that he was an undesirable character. When "Belgenland" reached Plymouth on August 31, Scotland Yard officers told Diamond he would not be allowed to land in England. He told reporters that he wanted to travel to the French spa town of Vichy for "the cure". However, his real reason was to look for sources of rye whiskey in Germany to import illegally into the United States.


title: Legs Diamond

text: Diamond disambarked in Antwerp on September 1, where Belgian police took him to their Antwerp headquarters. At the end of the day, Diamond agreed to voluntarily leave the country and was put on a train to Germany. When his train reached Aachen Hauptbahnhof, German police arrested him. On September 6, the German government decided to deport Diamond. He was driven to Hamburg and put on the cargo ship "Hannover" for passage to Philadelphia. On September 23, "Hannover" arrived in Philadelphia and Diamond was immediately arrested by Philadelphia Police Department officers. At a court hearing that day, the judge said he would release Diamond if he left Philadelphia within the hour. Diamond agreed.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On October 24, 1924, Diamond was shot and wounded by shotgun pellets reportedly after trying to hijack liquor trucks belonging to the crime syndicate.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On October 16, 1927, Diamond tried to stop the murder of "Little Augie" (Jacob Orgen). Diamond's brother Eddie was Orgen's bodyguard, but Legs Diamond substituted for Eddie that day. As Orgen and Diamond were walking down a street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, three young men approached them and started shooting. Orgen was fatally wounded and Diamond was shot twice below the heart. Diamond was taken to Bellevue Hospital, where he eventually recovered. The police interviewed Diamond in the hospital, but he refused to identify any suspects or help the investigation in any way. The police initially suspected that Diamond was an accomplice and charged him with homicide, but the charge was later dropped. The assailants were supposedly hired by Louis Buchalter and Gurrah Shapiro, who were seeking to move in on Orgen's garment-district labor rackets.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On October 12, 1930, Diamond was shot and wounded at the Hotel Monticello on the west side of Manhattan. Two men forced their way into Diamond's room and shot him five times before fleeing. Still in his pajamas, Diamond staggered into the hallway and collapsed. When asked later by the New York Police Commissioner how he managed to walk out of the room, Diamond said he drank two shots of whiskey first. Diamond was rushed to the Polyclinic Hospital in Manhattan, where he eventually recovered. On December 30, 1930, Diamond was discharged from Polyclinic.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On April 21, 1931, Diamond was arrested in Catskill, New York, on assault charges for the Parks beating in 1930. Two days later, he was released from the county jail on $25,000 bond.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On April 27, 1931, Diamond was again shot and wounded, this time at the Aratoga Inn, a road house near Cairo, New York. After eating in the dining room with three companions, Diamond walked out to the front door. He was shot three times and collapsed by the door. A local resident drove Diamond to a hospital in Albany, New York, where he eventually recovered. On May 1, while Diamond was still in the hospital, New York State Troopers seized over $5,000 worth of illegal beer and alcohol from Diamond's hiding places in Cairo and at the Aratoga Inn.


title: Legs Diamond

text: In August 1931, Diamond and Paul Quattrocchi went on trial for bootlegging. That same month, Diamond was convicted and sentenced to four years in state prison. In September 1931, Diamond appealed his conviction.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On December 18, 1931, Diamond's enemies finally caught up with him. Diamond had been staying in a rooming house in Albany, New York, while on trial in Troy, New York, on kidnapping charges. On December 17, Diamond was acquitted. That night, Diamond and his family and friends were at a restaurant. At 1 a.m., Diamond went to visit his mistress, Marion "Kiki" Roberts. At 4:30 a.m., Diamond went back to the rooming house and passed out on his bed. Two gunmen entered his room around an hour later. One man held Diamond down while the other shot him three times in the back of the head.


title: Legs Diamond

text: There has been much speculation as to who was responsible for the murder; likely candidates include Dutch Schultz, the Oley Brothers (local thugs), the Albany Police Department, and relatives of Red Cassidy, another Irish American gangster at the time. According to William Kennedy's "O Albany", Democratic Party Chairman Dan O'Connell, who ran the local political machine, ordered Diamond's execution, which was carried out by the Albany Police. The following are Dan O'Connell's own words recorded during a 1974 interview by Kennedy and appear on pages 203 and 204:


title: Legs Diamond

text: In order for the Mafia to move in they had to have protection, and they know they'll never get it in this town. We settled that years ago. Legs Diamond [...] called up one day and said he wanted to go into the 'insurance' business here. He was going to sell strong-arm 'protection' to the merchants. I sent word to him that he wasn't going to do any business in Albany and we didn't expect to see him in town the next morning. He never started anything here.


title: Legs Diamond

text: Prior brought him around here [...] but brought him around once too often. Fitzpatrick finished Legs.


title: Legs Diamond

text: O'Connell added that William Fitzpatrick (a police sergeant at the time and later chief) and Diamond were "sitting in the same room and (Fitzpatrick) followed him out. Fitzpatrick told him he'd kill him if he didn't keep going.


title: Legs Diamond

text: Given the power that the O'Connell machine held in Albany and its determination to prevent organized crime, other than their own, from establishing itself in the city and threatening their monopoly of vice, some accept this account of the story. For those believing this theory, Fitzpatrick's promotion to Chief of Police is said to have been a reward for executing Diamond. In 1945, Chief Fitzpatrick himself was shot and killed in his own office by John McElveney, an Albany police detective. Detective McElveney was sentenced to 20 years to life in prison. He was released in 1957 when his sentence was commuted by Governor W. Averell Harriman.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On December 23, 1931, Jack Diamond was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Maspeth, Queens. There was no church service or graveside ceremony. Family and spectators numbering 200 attended Diamond's interment; no criminal figures were spotted.


title: Legs Diamond

text: On July 1, 1933, Diamond's widow, Alice Kenny Diamond (age 33), was found shot to death in her Brooklyn apartment. It was speculated that she was shot by Diamond's enemies to keep her quiet.


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême (; 8 June 178412 January 1833) was a French chef and an early practitioner and exponent of the elaborate style of cooking known as "grande cuisine", the "high art" of French cooking: a grandiose style of cookery favored by both international royalty and by the nouveau riche ("newly rich") of Paris. Carême is often considered one of the first internationally renowned celebrity chefs.


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: Abandoned by his parents in Paris in 1794 at the height of the French Revolution, he worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Parisian chophouse in exchange for room and board. In 1798, he was formally apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous "pâtissier" with a shop near the Palais-Royal. The post-revolutionary Palais-Royal was a high-profile, fashionable neighborhood filled with vibrant life and bustling crowds. Bailly recognized his talent and ambition. By the time he was prepared to leave Bailly, he could stipulate that he should be free to leave his new employer when a better offer came along. Carême opened his own shop, the "Pâtisserie de la rue de la Paix", in 1803, and maintained it until 1813.


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: Carême gained fame in Paris for his "pièces montées", elaborate constructions used as centerpieces, which Bailly had displayed in his pâtisserie window. Carême made these confections, which were sometimes several feet high, entirely out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modeled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins, taking inspiration from architectural history books which he studied at the nearby Bibliothèque Nationale, thanks to the enlightened attitude of his first employer Bailly. He is credited with the inventions of "gros nougats" and "grosses meringues", "croquantes", made of almonds and honey, and "solilemmes".


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: He did freelance work creating pieces principally for the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, but also other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. While working on his confections at many private kitchens, he quickly extended his culinary skills to main courses.


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: Napoleon was famously indifferent to food, but he understood the importance of social relations in the world of diplomacy. In 1804, he gave money to Talleyrand to purchase Château de Valençay, a large estate outside Paris. The château was intended to act as a kind of diplomatic gathering place. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him. Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: to create a whole year's worth of menus, without repetition, and using only seasonal produce. Carême passed the test and completed his training in Talleyrand's kitchens.


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: After the restoration of the monarchy, Carême cooked for various foreign dignitaries in Paris while working on his two books on pastry. From the autumn of 1816 to mid-1817, he served as "chef de cuisine" to the Prince Regent, later George IV, in London. At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818, he was employed by Tsar Alexander I. He later served Lord Stewart, the British ambassador, in Vienna. He accompanied Stewart back to London, but then returned to Paris. In 1819, Carême accepted a position with Tsar Alexander in St. Petersburg, but stayed so briefly that he prepared not even a single meal for the Tsar. He then worked for Princess Catherine Bagration, then for Lord Stewart again in Vienna, and then returned to Paris where he expected to work for Prince Esterházy, but the Prince never arrived in Paris.


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: Carême died in his Paris house on the Rue Neuve Saint Roche at the age of 48, due perhaps to many years inhaling the toxic fumes of the coal burning stoves over which he cooked. He is remembered as the founder of the concept of "haute cuisine" and is interred in the Montmartre Cemetery in Paris.


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: In his first major position, Carême worked as "chef de cuisine" to Talleyrand, who encouraged Carême in the development of a new refined food style using herbs, fresh vegetables, and simplified sauces with few ingredients. Talleyrand became a famous host during the Congress of Vienna— by the time the Congress disbanded, not only the map of Europe but also the culinary tastes of its upper classes had been thoroughly revised.


title: Marie-Antoine Carême

text: Carême's impact on culinary matters ranged from the trivial to the theoretical. He is credited with creating the standard chef's hat, the "toque", the creation of new sauces and dishes, and a classification of all sauces into groups based on four mother sauces. He is also frequently credited with replacing the practice of "service à la française" (serving all dishes at once) with "service à la russe" (serving each dish in the order printed on the menu) after he returned from service in the Russian court, but others say he was a diehard supporter of "service à la française".