text: This is notably in direct contrast to the Prophet Muhammad's last sermon, "...All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over a black nor a black has any superiority over white except by piety and good action."<ref>


title: Domino mask

text: A domino mask is a small, often rounded mask covering only the area around the eyes and the space between them. The masks have seen special prevalence since the 18th century, when they became traditional wear in particular local manifestations of Carnival, particularly with Venetian Carnival, as part of a domino costume, which included the mask and a black cloak. Domino masks have found their way into a variety of high and popular art forms.


title: Domino mask

text: The name is believed to derive from the Latin "dominus", for "lord". The exact derivation is unknown.


title: Domino mask

text: Domino masks are worn during Carnival, e.g. at the Venetian Carnival, where it was the part of the more extensive black (though occasionally white and blue) "domino costume" worn by both male and female participants, which accomplished the requirement of the masquerade that participants be masked or otherwise disguised, and achieved the elements of adventure, conspiracy, intrigue, and mystery that were distinctives of the masquerade atmosphere; the costume included the mask, as well as a cloak to envelope the body, and sometimes a hood ("bahoo").


title: Domino mask

text: The domino mask has also found its way into the political landscapes of non-Western cultures via political cartooning, though likely through the earlier influences of popular (and therefore exported) 18th century and later European and American purveyors of the same genre: for instance, Johnny Hidajat, the Indonesian New Order cartoonist (e.g., for "Pos Kota" and "Stop" in Jakarta) consistently features the character Djon Domino, and a relationship between this character and the domino mask has been argued.


title: Domino mask

text: Domino masks have appeared in various images in art, such as "La Femme au Masque", a painting by Henri Gervex in 1885. The subject is 22-year old Parisienne Marie Renard wearing only a domino mask.


title: Domino mask

text: The mask is popular in superhero comics, where it is often worn by costumed heroes and villains with the implication that they hide the hero's secret identity, or by earlier hero tropes such as Zorro, The Lone Ranger, Robin the Boy Wonder and the Green Hornet.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Matthew Roy Kenseth (born March 10, 1972) is an American former professional stock car racing driver. He drives the No. 8 car in the Superstar Racing Experience. (SRX)


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth started racing on several short tracks in Wisconsin and won track championships at Madison International Speedway, Slinger Super Speedway and Wisconsin International Raceway. He moved to the ARTGO, American Speed Association, and Hooters Late Model touring series before getting a full-time ride in the NASCAR Busch Series (now Xfinity Series) for his former Wisconsin short track rival Robbie Reiser, finishing second and third in the standings.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth moved up to the NASCAR Winston Cup Series. He won the series' Rookie of the Year title in 2000 and the final Winston Cup championship in 2003. The International Race of Champions invited Kenseth to race in their 2004 season as the reigning champion and he won the season championship. In 2009, he won a rain-shortened Daytona 500 and won a second Daytona 500 in 2012. As of 2022, he is the last driver to compete in at least one NASCAR Cup Series race in four consecutive decades (1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s). He is the father of Ross Kenseth.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth was born in Cambridge, Wisconsin. He made an agreement with his father, Roy, that Roy should buy a car and race, and Matt would work on the car until he was old enough to race. Kenseth began stock car racing in 1988 at the age of 16 at Madison International Speedway. "My dad bought a car when I was 13 and raced it at Madison," Kenseth said. "Neither of us knew much and it was a learning experience," He continued to race in 1988 and 1989. "My first car – what might be considered a sportsman – was a 1981 Camaro that Todd Kropf had driven to championships at Madison and Columbus 151 Speedway. On the third night out I won a feature. I ran 15 features in 1983 and won two of them." "The first night out in the Kropf car Matt won a heat race," said Kenseth's father Roy. "The third night he won the feature by holding off two of the best drivers at the track, Pete Moore and Dave Phillips, for 20 laps. Matt was smooth. I knew then he was going to be a racer." He ran for the points title on Saturday nights at Wisconsin Dells in 1989. He finished second in points and won eight features. On Friday nights, he ran about half of the races at Golden Sands Speedway and half at Columbus 151 Speedway. In 1990, he bought a late model from Rich Bickle. In the season-opening race at Slinger Super Speedway, Kenseth inherited the lead and won his only race of the season when track champion Tony Strupp had a flat tire. He finished sixth in season points and won the track's rookie of the year award. Kenseth entered fifteen ARTGO events that season and raced in 40 features that year. After graduating from Cambridge High School that summer, Kenseth worked for four years selling and shipping parts for Left-hander Chassis, a late model racecar chassis manufacturer just south of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. In 1991 he won the ARTGO race at La Crosse Fairgrounds Speedway to become the youngest winner in the series' history. He passed Joe Shear and Steve Holzhausen, and held off Steve and Tom Carlson for the win. 1992 was a difficult year for Kenseth. He won three races and blew up more engines than he could count. He was ready to quit racing after the season. "I felt we were at a standstill,” he said. "I wasn't gaining. My dad and I had some major discussions at the end of the year. We had to find the dollars for a good program or I told him I would rather not race." Kipley Performance loaned a motor to Kenseth for the season-final race at La Crosse and the team ran better. Kenseth built a new car for 1993 using a Kipley engine. He used the car at Madison to win eight features and finished second in the points. Mike Butz offered Kenseth the chance to race his late model, and it took some time for the combination to stop struggling before they started winning features. At the end of the season, they won the final short track series race at Madison, La Crosse, and I-70 Speedway. He finished third in the points Butz's car at Wisconsin International Raceway.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: The 1994 and 1995 seasons established Kenseth as a short track star. Kenseth made a name for himself while driving at several Wisconsin tracks, beating nationally known drivers such as Dick Trickle and Robbie Reiser. He raced 60 times in three different cars in 1994, winning track championships at both Wisconsin International Raceway (WIR) on Thursday nights and Madison on Friday nights. Kenseth competed against Reiser at Madison, and won 12 of 17 features at the track. He won the 1994 Slinger Nationals at Slinger Super Speedway. In 1995, he repeated with back-to-back championships at WIR and Runner-Up at Madison, plus he won the Red, White, and Blue state championship series at WIR on three Saturday nights. Butz's wife Patty Butz said "We knew by 1995 that Matt had too much talent to be with us for very long."


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth decided to move across the country in 1996 to the Southern United States to race for engine builder Carl Wegner in the Hooters Series Late Model championship. The plan was to run the Hooters Series, five NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series races, and five Busch Series before moving full-time into the Busch Series in 1997. He finished third in the Hooters Series, nearly winning the series championship as a rookie. In 1996, Kenseth made his Busch Series debut at the spring race at Lowe's Motor Speedway for Wegner, finishing 22nd after starting 30th in a car rented from Bobby Dotter. Kenseth was disappointed because they were unable to attract major sponsorship. "It was just like 1992,” Kenseth said. "Plans just didn't work. I thought things would be different. Personally, I had moved and was adjusting to being a thousand miles from home." At the end of the season, the Wegner/Kenseth team closed, and Kenseth found a ride for Gerry Gunderman's American Speed Association team, who was also Alan Kulwicki's last shop in Wisconsin before moving to NASCAR. The team raced together for two races in 1997 before Kenseth received a telephone call from a former competitor.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 1997, racer Tim Bender was injured, and Bender's crew chief/car owner Robbie Reiser hired his former competitor and rival Kenseth to race for him despite having only one Busch start. Reiser said "Matt and I used to have some fierce races against each other. I needed someone who understood race cars the way I understood them. I knew he could drive and he could talk to me in a manner I could understand." Kenseth qualified third for the new team's first race. He was racing in third place in the final laps when he spun and finished eleventh. Kenseth qualified in 20th place for the next race at Talladega in his second time at a track big enough to have a significant draft. He passed thirteen cars to finish seventh. Kenseth had two Top 5 finishes during the partial season. The following year he raced full-time all season. He won his first Busch Series race on February 22, 1998, when he nudged leader Tony Stewart's car entering the final turn of the final lap, culmulating in a second- and third-place finishes in the Busch points. Kenseth drove the No. 17 Chevy.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth won the last two races of the Busch season in 2006 driving the No. 17 Ford Fusion, at Phoenix and Homestead.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2007, Kenseth planned to run 23 Busch race. Kenseth won the Stater Brothers 300 at California Speedway in February and the O'Reilly 300 at Texas Motor Speedway in April.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth broke an 18 race winless streak as he won the 2008 Nicorette 300 at the Atlanta Motor Speedway. Kenseth's 23rd career series victory came after the series was renamed the Nationwide Series. On lap 104 at the 2009 Aaron 312 on April 25, Kenseth took a wild ride flipping over 3.5 times, sliding on his roof, then completed a fourth flip. The car burst into flames, and Kenseth walked away.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth won the Diamond Hill Plywood 200 at Darlington Raceway in 2009. Kenseth led only the last four laps of the race – three of them under caution – after Busch had to pull into the pits due to a flat right-rear tire during the penultimate caution period and just as the race was about to get into a green-white-checkered finish.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: On May 28, 2011, Kenseth won the Top Gear 300 at Charlotte. Kenseth, filling in for Trevor Bayne, passed Roush Fenway teammate Carl Edwards with two laps to go to win his only Nationwide Start of the 2011 season.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2013, Kenseth returned to the Nationwide Series for 16 races driving Joe Gibbs Racing's No. 18 Toyota. Kenseth finished with 7 top-five and 14 top-ten finishes. He won the summer race in Daytona and the fall race in Kansas.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2014, Kenseth drove in 19 races in the No. 20, with 10 top-five and 15 top-ten finishes. He won the last race of the year at Homestead, his 29th and final career victory in the Series.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth's first Winston Cup series race attempt came at Talladega in May 1998. Jack Roush of Roush Racing was interested in hiring Kenseth and the rest of the Reiser team, so he had Kenseth attempt Talladega in the No. 60 Ford. However this was a sixth entry for Roush in the race, and did not have a powerful enough engine to make the field.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth's next attempt was at Dover in 1998, when he filled in for Bill Elliott in his No. 94 Ford for Elliott-Marino Racing. Elliott was attending his father's funeral on the day of the race. He finished sixth, the third best debut of any driver. The last driver before Kenseth to debut with a top-ten finish had been Rusty Wallace in 1980 with a second-place finish in Atlanta.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth and the No. 17 Reiser Racing team were hired for several Cup Series races in 1999 by Roush Racing.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2000, Roush hired the No. 17 team full-time for Cup Series racing with sponsorship from DeWalt. Kenseth beat out Dale Earnhardt Jr. to win the Raybestos Rookie of the Year. He won the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte, and is the only rookie to win the famed 600 mile event. He went on to finish 14th in points with four Top 5s and eleven Top 10s, and an average finish of 18.9.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2001, Kenseth didn't win but improved to 13th in points with four Top 5s and nine Top 10 finishes. Robbie Reiser and Kenseth's pit crew won the Unocal 76 World Pit Crew Competition.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2002, Kenseth won the most races—five total—and one pole, but inconsistency caused him to finish 8th in the final points. His wins came at Rockingham, Texas, Michigan, Richmond, and Phoenix. Kenseth's pit crew won a second Unocal 76 World Pit Crew Competition.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2003, he dominated in the points standings and leading the last 33 of 36 races and became the 2003 NASCAR Winston Cup champion, the last driver to ever hold that title. Kenseth also had a series best twenty-five Top 10 finishes in the 2003 season.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Charlotte, Kenseth won his second pole of the year. He was battling a loose/tight car. On a late caution, Kenseth took a gamble with a few other drivers and stayed out on the track during the last caution of the race. It paid off and he finished in 4th place.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: After the 2003 season, Kenseth's championship became a source of controversy and criticism. Critics of the Winston Cup points system, most notably Roger Penske, questioned how a driver could win a season championship despite winning only one race out of 36 during the season. Additionally, the fact that Kenseth led the points standings for 33 weeks despite only having the one victory, as well as already having clinched the Winston Cup title with one week to go in the season (rendering the final race in essence a non-event) led to discussions on how to prevent Kenseth's feat from happening again (by comparison, in 2000, under the same points system, Bobby Labonte had won the Winston Cup championship after leading in points for 31 of the 34 races, but unlike Kenseth, Labonte won four races in his championship year and also clinched the championship one race early). Kenseth finished that year with 11 top-five finishes and 25 top-ten finishes.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: As a result, 2004 saw the implementation of a new points and playoffs system titled "The Chase for the Nextel Cup" after Winston was replaced as primary sponsor of NASCAR's top series by Nextel Communications. In essence, the system created a 10 race playoff, with only the top-ten drivers in points after the first 26 races competing for the championship. Moreover, the system placed an emphasis, and a points premium, on wins. As a result, the term "The Matt Kenseth Rule" was coined to describe NASCAR's adoption of the current points system. NASCAR acknowledged that the 2003 championship outcome was not the driving factor in establishment of The Chase, as it had been researching methods to adjust the points system to put more emphasis on winning races since 2000. However, the coincidence of the commencement of the new format in 2004 and Kenseth's 2003 championship linked the issues, and were even referred to by NASCAR officials in the interviews and press releases following the announcement of the new format.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2004, Kenseth won the International Race of Champions (IROC) championship. He qualified for the inaugural Nextel Cup, finished 8th in the final NASCAR point standings. Kenseth finished with two wins, those coming back-to-back early in the year at Rockingham and Las Vegas. His win in the Subway 400 at Rockingham was a photo finish with eventual Raybestos Rookie of the Year Kasey Kahne. He also won the All-Star Race. Began the 10-race Chase in 5th place and finished 8th, and is of only four drivers to be ranked in the Top 10 all season.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth started the 2005 season with relatively poor finishes but had a strong mid-season run. He rose from the 24th place in championship points after fourteen races to 8th after twenty six races, and he qualified for the Chase for the Cup. He finished 7th in the final points standings with one win coming at Bristol. Kenseth made his 200th career start. His totals after his first 200 starts were: one championship, 10 wins, forty Top 5s, 85 Top 10s, one pole position, and more than $28.5 million earnings. He also led a career high 1,001 laps.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth began the 2006 season by leading early in the Daytona 500 before spinning his car after contact with Tony Stewart. He fell two laps down to the leaders, but rallied back to a 15th-place finish. He won the following race at California Speedway, and became the points leader after the eighth race at Phoenix. In the Dover spring race, he won his second race of the season after recovering from the sixth position with sixty laps to reclaim the lead from Jamie McMurray on lap 397. With twelve races remaining in the season, Kenseth won the Sharpie 500 at the Bristol Motor Speedway, securing his position in the Chase for the Nextel Cup. He finished the year with winnings of $9,524,966, his take for second place in the Driver's Championship. During the season, he was either first or second in points for 27 of the 36 weeks, and led 1,132 laps, which ranked second among all drivers.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In the second race of the 2007 season, Kenseth won the Auto Club 500 at California Speedway. After Jeff Gordon wrecked out of the Coca-Cola 600, Kenseth was left as the only driver to complete every lap of the season until he was wrecked out of the Citizens Bank 400 at Michigan where Ryan Newman was trying to get one of his 3 laps back. The wreck also ended Kenseth's streak of 13 consecutive Top 15s that season. At Watkins Glen, Kenseth while running 7th during a red flag period, saw a shirtless fan run up to his car and request an autograph to his white baseball cap. Kenseth politely declined and security escorted the fan out of the track. Kenseth later expressed regret for not signing the cap.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth won the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 18, 2007. The race was the final event under series title sponsor Nextel, and the final race using the templates originally based on the 1964 Holman Moody Ford Fairlane template. Kenseth finished 4th in series points, and as a result, finished in the Top 10 in the standings for six consecutive seasons, tied with Jimmie Johnson for the most. He earned $6,485,630 in winnings. He also won an additional $100,000 dollars from his sponsor, Safeway.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2008, Kenseth was winless and fell to 11th in the points standings. His best finish was second at the fall race at Dover. He had five Top 10 finishes during the Chase. This ended his streak of winning at least one race in six consecutive seasons and finishing in the Top 10 in the standings in six consecutive seasons.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth started toward the back for the Daytona 500 and worked his way to the lead and led 2 laps, but soon after his own teammate, David Ragan, squeezed him into the wall, knocking both out of contention and resulting in a finish of 36th.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In the Goody's Cool Orange 500, Kenseth started 28th but finished 31st. He was held a lap for pitting outside of his box early, but later was spun out by David Gilliland and was held for 2 laps for intentionally wrecking him back. Despite that, Gilliland finished 24th.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth won the rain shortened 2009 Daytona 500, passing Elliott Sadler mere moments before the caution came out on lap 146 as the result of an accident on the backstretch between Aric Almirola and Sam Hornish Jr. The red flag was later waved and subsequent end of the race, 152 laps in, followed, giving Kenseth his first Daytona 500 victory, and the first Daytona 500 victory for his owner Jack Roush after 20 years as a car owner. He led only 1 green flag lap (of 7 laps led), after starting the race at the rear of the field. It was Kenseth's tenth attempt at "The Great American Race".


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth won the second race of the season, the (Auto Club 500), to become the fourth driver in NASCAR history to follow up a win at the Daytona 500 with another win the following race. Kenseth's bids for a third straight victory went south after engine failure at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. He finished 43rd.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth flipped his car during the April Nationwide Series race at Talladega. Kenseth won in the Nationwide series for his 24th win at Darlington. He also won the pole at Darlington in the Sprint Cup Series, setting a new track record in the process.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: After finishing 25th at the Chevy Rock and Roll 400 at Richmond, Kenseth was bumped out of the Chase by Brian Vickers. This left Jimmie Johnson as the only driver to have made the Chase every time since its inception from 2004 up until he failed to make the field in 2019. As a result, Kenseth finished 14th in points.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2010, following the Daytona 500, Drew Blickenderfer was released from his duties as crew chief of the No. 17 team. Todd Parrott was announced as his replacement. Later in the year, Parrott was replaced by Jimmy Fennig. Despite not winning a race, Kenseth made the Chase through his consistency and finished 5th in the final standings.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: During the third race of the 2011 season, Kenseth captured his fifth pole of his career by setting a new track record at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. A few races later, Kenseth snapped a 76-race winless streak at Texas Motor Speedway by winning the race on April 9, 2011. Kenseth also won the FedEx 400 benefitting Autism Speaks at Dover International Speedway. On a late caution, Kenseth and crew chief Jimmy Fennig called an audible in the pits and decided to go with two tires instead of four. That proved to be all the difference as Kenseth won for the second time in 5 races. Once he made the Chase for the Sprint Cup, he won the Bank of America 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway for his third win of the season. Kenseth's second championship hopes went south after several altercations with Brian Vickers.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth's 2012 season started with him winning his second Daytona 500. On June 26, 2012, it was announced that Kenseth would leave Roush Fenway Racing after the 2012 season. Kenseth did not discuss the details of where he would be racing in 2013 and beyond. When he was asked by reporters if he would give them a hint as to what team he would be with after the 2012 season, where he was in contention for his second championship, Kenseth wryly responded, "No." On August 25, while leading the 2012 Irwin Tools Night Race at Bristol on lap 332, Kenseth collided with Tony Stewart when neither driver would lift in the entrance to Turn 1. Stewart threw his helmet at Kenseth's car as he left pit road. Kenseth and Stewart had overcome being a lap down earlier in the race before the crash took them out of contention for a win at Bristol.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: On October 7, 2012, Kenseth won his second race of the year, winning the fall race at Talladega as a crash unfolded behind him. He led the second-most laps of the race with 33.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: On October 21, 2012, Kenseth won his third race of the year and second during the 2012 Chase at a freshly paved Kansas Speedway in Kansas City, Kansas. The repaving created a slick track that brought out a record 14 cautions for 66 laps during the Hollywood


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Casino 400 Sprint Cup race. This was Kenseth's first win at the Kansas track and the 24th of his career, and his last with Roush Fenway Racing.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: On September 4, 2012, it was officially announced that Kenseth would be joining Joe Gibbs Racing for the 2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season, driving the No. 20 Toyota, replacing Joey Logano with the team.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In the 2013 Daytona 500, Kenseth had a strong car, leading the most laps at 86. However, on lap 149, his day ended with engine failure. He finished 37th.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Las Vegas, Kenseth won his first race in the No. 20 and became the third driver after Kyle Busch and Cale Yarborough to win on their birthday after holding off Kasey Kahne.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Kansas, Kenseth won the pole, led the most laps, and won the race after holding off another furious charge from Kasey Kahne. However, afterwards, he was penalized 50 points after his engine failed post-race inspection. One of the eight connector rods was 3 grams under the legal limit. His pole award was revoked and his win no longer counted towards the Chase points. Crew chief Jason Ratcliff was penalized $200,000.00 and suspended for one race. Car owner Joe Gibbs would not receive any owner points for 6 races. The engine builder, Toyota, would not receive any manufacturer points for 5 races. Joe Gibbs appealed the penalties.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Two weeks later, car owner Joe Gibbs met with the appeals board. The appeals board, feeling that the penalties were too harsh because Kenseth won the race, reversed a variety of penalties. Kenseth was awarded 38 Chase points back, leaving his penalty at just 12 points. He moved up 7 spots to 4th place. Kenseth's pole award and win were reinstated, giving him 2 poles and 2 official wins. Gibbs' owner points suspension was lowered to 1 race, but the $200,000.00 fine stood, and crew chief Jason Ratcliff was suspended for one race. The Toyota manufacturer's points suspension was increased to 7 races.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Darlington for the Southern 500, Kenseth passed his teammate Kyle Busch with ten laps remaining to win his third race of the season and his first Sprint Cup Series win at the track.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Kentucky, Kenseth took the lead after Johnson spun out, and held off Jamie McMurray to take his fourth win of the season.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: After struggling a few weeks, Kenseth had better success when the series returned to Bristol. He held off Kasey Kahne for a third time to win his fifth race of the year.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: With five wins in the regular season, Kenseth was the top seed in the Chase. He opened by holding off Kyle Busch to win the opening two Chase races at Chicagoland and at Loudon, his first wins on both of those tracks. With the win at Loudon, Kenseth joined Richard Petty as the only two drivers to win in their 500th race start. It also moved him into 22nd place, passing Rex White, on the all-time wins list.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Going into the last race of the season at Homestead, only three drivers could win the Chase. Kenseth trailed Jimmie Johnson by 28 points and led Kevin Harvick by 5 points for second. Kenseth won the pole. Harvick started in 6th and Johnson in 7th positions. At the start, Kenseth had the dominant car. He led a race-high 144 laps to get the bonus point. The only trouble that Kenseth had was on the restart after a caution with 74 laps remaining. He was behind Jeff Gordon, who spun his tires causing an accordion effect. Cars scattered everywhere. Kenseth and Johnson bumped each other causing Kenseth to drop to 12th and Johnson down to 26th. Kenseth made his way back up to finish in 2nd behind his teammate Denny Hamlin. Johnson finished in 9th place to win the 2013 championship, beating Kenseth by 19 points. Kenseth finished second in the final points standings also.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: With seven wins, Kenseth had given the No. 20 more wins in a single season than the car ever had in an individual season being driven by Tony Stewart or Joey Logano. It was also a career best for Kenseth, outdoing his five race wins in 2002. But had the current format been introduced, Kenseth would've lost his 2003 title to Jimmie Johnson but would end up being 2013 champion beating Johnson.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Daytona, for the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, in the first of two Budweiser Duels, Kenseth held off Kevin Harvick (whose race was later disqualified) and Kasey Kahne for the win in a three-wide finish. With the win, he started in the 3rd position in the Daytona 500. Kenseth did not lead a lap, but finished in 6th position.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: With the new Chase format, Kenseth won no races, but still advances. His best finish was a 2nd-place at Atlanta after Kasey Kahne passed him for the lead with fresh tires on the second Green-White-Checkered attempt. He led all drivers that had no wins in points.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: During the second round at Charlotte, after a caution with 70 laps remaining, Brad Keselowski restarted 2nd and Kenseth did so 4th. Kenseth forced a three-wide situation, trying to pass Keselowski on the outside. Keselowski moved up to cause Kenseth to tap Keselowski's right-rear bumper which caused Kenseth to hit the wall. Kenseth fell back to 18th and went a lap down due to the damage he received. He made the lap back with being the lucky dog after another caution. While under caution, Kenseth slammed into Keselowski's right-front and damaged Keselowski's car due to being upset over their previous contact. On a restart with 2 laps remaining, Keselowski gave Kenseth's teammate, Denny Hamlin a push to get him going. Kenseth finished 19th and Keselowski did 16th. After the race, Hamlin brake-checked Keselowski, causing contact. Keselowski drove around Hamlin and went after Kenseth while he was entering pit road. Kenseth turned a little causing Keselowski to miss doing major damage to Kenseth's car. Keselowski hit Kenseth's door slightly trying to get retaliation for their earlier incident. After making contact with Kenseth, Keselowski's car unintentional bumped Tony Stewart. Stewart then put his car in reverse and rammed Keselowski's car hard. After getting out of the cars, Hamlin tried to go after Keselowski, but was held back. Keselowski then walked away between two haulers when Kenseth charged between the haulers and physically attacked Keselowski. Keselowski's crew chief Paul Wolfe grabbed Kenseth to restrain him. When Kenseth's crew came over they pulled Wolfe off to restrain him and Kenseth. Kenseth's mechanic, Jesse Sanders, and crew chief, Jason Ratcliff, were called to the NASCAR hauler. Kenseth and Hamlin both were not penalized for the incident since no punches were thrown. Keselowski and Stewart were penalized by NASCAR because of the contact that they made on pit road. Both were fined and placed on probation for this incident.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: The next week at Talladega, Kenseth tied a season's best finish of 2nd and moved on to the eliminator round while his current rival Brad Keselowski won the race.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Martinsville, Kenseth came into a turn going very fast, causing his car to wheel-hop. He hit Kevin Harvick hard, who's still in the Chase, causing Harvick to spin. Harvick hit the wall hard and fell 42 laps back. After hitting Harvick, a sideways Kenseth was bumped by Tony Stewart and straightened Kenseth out of his spin with no more damage. Laps later, after Harvick had returned to the track, he saw Kenseth coming behind him. Harvick, purposely checked-up trying to smash up Kenseth's radiator. Kenseth saw what Harvick was doing and checked-up enough to avoid serious damage. Kenseth still finished in 6th place and is in 4th place of the Chase. Harvick finished in 33rd putting Kenseth 28 points down and swore that if this race is the cause of him not making it further into the Chase, that he was going to cause Kenseth not to make it either.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Phoenix, Kenseth started 5th. He led no laps and finished 3rd and was eliminated from the Chase, trailing 4th place by three points.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Homestead, the last race of the season, Kenseth still led no laps and finished 6th. He finished 7th place in the standings. However, the same weekend, Kenseth was able to salvage his year by winning the 2014 Ford EcoBoost 300 for his final Xfinity Series win of his career.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth started the 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season by winning the Sprint Unlimited for the first time in his career, the first win by the newly redesigned 2015 Camry. He started the race in 16th, led 21 laps and held off Martin Truex Jr. for the victory. During the Daytona 500 he started and finished thirty-fifth after being involved in an accident on lap 41. Over the next few weeks, he had his ups and downs. Kenseth won the pole position and returned to victory lane at Bristol to end a 51-race winless streak. Several races later, Kenseth won his second pole of the year in the Coca-Cola 600. On a late caution, Kenseth refused to pit during the final caution of the race, which helped him record a fourth-place finish. In the Toyota/Save Mart 350, Kenseth qualified third, his best starting position on a road course.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Pocono Raceway, Kenseth qualified seventh and took the lead on the final lap after several drivers ran out of fuel to win his first race at the track and his second win of the season. He qualified twenty-sixth and finished in fourth at Watkins Glen International, his first top-five finish at the track. In the Pure Michigan 400, Kenseth won his third pole and third race of the year. The win moved him to twentieth on the all-time wins list, passing Dale Jarrett, Fireball Roberts and Kyle Busch with 34 career wins. During the final race of the regular season, Kenseth started second and led 352 of 400 laps to win his fourth race of the season. The win tied Kenseth with Kyle Busch and Jimmie Johnson for the most wins entering the Chase for the Sprint Cup.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In the first race of the Chase at Chicago, Kenseth started 12th. He led one lap to receive a bonus point with a fifth-place finish. During the second race of the Chase at New Hampshire, race leader Kevin Harvick ran out of fuel with 3 laps to go which allowed Kenseth to take the lead. He would go on to win his fifth race of the year and advances to the second round of the Chase. In the next race at Dover, because of rain, Kenseth was given the pole position for being the points leader. Kenseth led twenty-five laps and finished seventh to retain the points lead. During the Hollywood Casino 400, he led the most laps, but with five laps to go he was unable to keep Joey Logano behind him. Logano purposely made contact with Kenseth, causing him to spin out, knocking him out of a position in the Eliminator Round, that Logano was already qualified for. At Talladega Superspeedway, Kenseth started in the second row of the grid. However, on the final green-white-checkered finish Kenseth crashed and finished twenty-sixth, prompting his elimination in the Contender Round.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth, who spent most of the race in the top ten, was involved in a crash, where Brad Keselowski hit him after breaking a tie rod midway through the race. Kenseth lost nine laps for repairs. When he came back on to the track, he intentionally wrecked race leader Logano in retaliation for Logano spinning him out of the lead two weeks earlier at Kansas. The fans went wild with applause and cheers in reaction. Kenseth was immediately disqualified for his actions. After the race, he was summoned to the NASCAR hauler. He was later suspended for two races with probation for six months. Car owner Joe Gibbs appealed, citing an unprecedented and unfair penalty. On appeal, the probation period was reduced from six months to December 31, but the two race suspension was upheld by both the appeals panel and the Final Appeals officer Bryan Moss.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: After the suspension was over, NASCAR president Brian France summoned Kenseth and Logano for a meeting to resolve any further issues. Kenseth's original explanation was that a tire went down and caused him to crash into Logano, but he later admitted following his suspension that it was deliberate and had no remorse for his actions. Kenseth's actions had ultimately caused Logano to miss the final round of the Chase, due to Logano finishing badly at Texas and not winning the rain-shortened Quicken Loans Race For Heroes 500 at Phoenix.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: During his suspension, Kenseth was substituted by young hotshot Erik Jones who recorded commendable finishes for a rookie, 12th and 19th. In both races the fans erupted with applause in support for Kenseth when, at Texas, Joey Logano cut a tire and spun out to finish 40th. At Phoenix, he finished 3rd knocking himself out of the Chase.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: During his return at Homestead-Miami Speedway, Kenseth started nineteenth and finished seventh to record his twentieth top-ten finish of the season. His teammate Kyle Busch went on to win the championship for 2015. Kenseth ended up finishing 15th in the standings.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth started out his season with a promising race in the Daytona 500. He led 40 laps in the waning stages in the race. He took the white flag to start the final lap, but was passed by teammate Denny Hamlin and Martin Truex Jr. Kenseth's attempt at blocking backfired as he went sideways and lost several positions. Kenseth finished 14th while Hamlin edged Truex to the stripe to win the closest finish in the race's history. One week later in the Atlanta race, he was tagged for "improper fueling" during a green flag pit stop and was forced to serve a pass-through penalty. He was given the black flag with the white cross marks for not pitting within three laps. After serving that penalty, he ended up in 31st two-laps down. After the race, he said "I got black-flagged for some type of pit road penalty and I didn’t know it and pitted the lap they told me to do a pass through – I'm assuming they were black flagging us before that and they pulled our card. I never heard anything about it or at least saw the flag or anything, so I came when they told me to come and I guess they must have penalized us a couple laps or something. I don’t really know. I haven’t really seen it.” However, Kenseth did go on to finish 19th. He finished 37th at Las Vegas after being involved in a multi-car wreck with Chase Elliott, Kurt Busch, and Carl Edwards late in the race.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Talladega, Kenseth started 4th and led 39 of the first 71 laps and got caught up in a late-race wreck with Joey Logano and Danica Patrick causing Kenseth to barrel-roll onto his roof. Kenseth exchanged words with Logano after the race, accusing Logano of shoving him off the track just before the wreck happened. In a post-race interview, Kenseth warned Logano that "You're going to race me right before I'm finished racing." However, a week later, both sides would settle their disputes with a phone call.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At the restart of a caution at Dover, Kenseth started on the inside front row next to Jimmie Johnson. Johnson looked to have gotten a great start but couldn't shift into 4th gear, causing an 18-car wreck. Kenseth made it through, then the red flag came out. With 10 laps remaining, Kenseth was having a hard time holding off Kyle Larson. But when 3rd position driver Chase Elliott challenged Larson, Kenseth then had no trouble winning the race to end a 17-race winless streak.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At the first New Hampshire race of the season, Kenseth held off Tony Stewart for his second win of the season, and his 38th career win. This win also makes it 2 wins in a row at New Hampshire. The win moves Kenseth into 19th place on the all-times wins list passing Bobby Isaac and teammate Kyle Busch.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: After the race, Joe Gibbs Racing was docked 15 owner and driver points Wednesday for failing postrace inspection at New Hampshire Motor Speedway. His car failed the Laser Inspection Station (LIS). NASCAR assessed a P3 penalty that included the loss of 15 points, which drops Kenseth from eighth to ninth in the point standings. Crew chief Jason Ratcliff was also fined $25,000.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In the Chase race at Phoenix, Kenseth was leading late in the race, but on a late-race restart, Kenseth wrecked with Alex Bowman, ending his championship hopes. Kenseth would go on to finish 5th in points.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth lost sponsor Dollar General prior to the season, leading Dewalt to up their number of races to a 15-race primary sponsor. Tide also came on board for 3 races starting at the spring Phoenix race, though they sponsored an extra race at Martinsville in the spring because the team had no other sponsor for the race. Peak and BlueDef joined the team for Las Vegas and Auto Club. Circle K joined the team mid season to sponsor 6 races during the season starting at the spring Richmond race, where Kenseth was able to get his first pole and first stage win of the season, though Circle K ended up sponsoring an extra race due to the team having no other sponsor. Despite these deals, the 20 team still had to use Toyotacare as a fill-in sponsor at the spring Texas race and the spring Dover race. After a slow start to the season, Kenseth picked up his performance and came back to contend with Clint Bowyer and Joey Logano for a spot in the playoffs starting with a second-place finish at Watkins Glen, the highest finish of his career on a road course. He won the pole for the regular-season finale at the 2017 Federated Auto Parts 400 and made his 13th Career appearance in the Playoffs despite finishing 38th. Kenseth led most of stage 1 until he locked up the brakes and brought out a caution. During the final stage, Danica Patrick spun after contact with Austin Dillon. While under caution, Kenseth got into Clint Bowyer as the field stacked up due an ambulance at the entry of pit road. Still, he managed to beat out Bowyer, Erik Jones, and Joey Logano for the last Playoff spot. Had Logano (who finished 2nd) beaten Kyle Larson (who won) on the final restart, Kenseth would've missed the Playoffs for the first time since 2009.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: On July 11, 2017, JGR announced that Kenseth would be replaced in the No. 20 by Erik Jones in 2018, leaving Kenseth with no 2018 ride. As a result, Kenseth eventually announced plans "to take some time off" from the sport on November 4, 2017.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: With two races remaining for 2017 season, Kenseth had yet to win a race. He was knocked out of the playoffs when an 8th pitcrew member came over the wall to help fix his car that was involved in a wreck. He was disqualified from the race and knocked out of the playoffs. He was still without a ride for the 2018 season. Offers did come to him, but from lower unknown owners to drive for them. He turned them down.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: At Phoenix, Kenseth passed Chase Elliott with 9 laps remaining to win his first race of the year, also ending his 51 race winless streak. “Yeah, it’s really not describable,” Kenseth said. “With only two (races) left, I didn’t think we probably had a good chance of getting back to Victory Lane. It’s been, I don’t know how many races – somebody’s probably going to tell me tonight – but it”s been at least 50 or 60, so it’s been a long time. We’ve had a lot of close ones. Just felt like it was never meant to be, and today it was meant to be…. I’ve got to be honest with you, I never dreamed I’d win one of these races, so obviously I’ve been so incredibly blessed throughout my whole career.” This marked his 39th victory tying him with Tim Flock for 19th place on the all-times wins list.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: DeWalt sponsored Kenseth at Homestead for his final race with Joe Gibbs Racing, with his car resembling his rookie paint scheme from 2000. Kenseth finished in 8th place in the race and ultimately ended up in 7th place in the official points standings.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In April 2018, Roush Fenway Racing announced Kenseth would be returning to the team to drive the No. 6 car on a part-time basis, splitting the car with then-full-time driver Trevor Bayne. Kenseth received sponsorship from Wyndham Rewards for a seven-race schedule beginning with the KC Masterpiece 400 at Kansas.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: For the Kansas race, his first since November 2017, Kenseth started at the rear as he was unable to set a qualifying time after not getting through inspection. He finished 36th after being collected in a crash on lap 254.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Due to his 2003 Championship (in addition to winning the 2004 event and the fall race at Phoenix in 2017), Kenseth was eligible to participate in the Monster Energy All Star Race which was held on May 19, 2018. Kenseth started from the pole and finished 14th. After a string of mediocre results, Kenseth hit his stride near the end of summer, winning the second stage of the 2018 Brickyard 400 and finishing 12th. Kenseth scored his first top-10 of the season at the fall Phoenix race with a seventh-place finish. In his final race for RFR at Homestead, Kenseth finished 6th.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth made his first start since Homestead in a Super Late Model at the Slinger Nationals in July 2019. He extended his race-record victories to eight by passing former Roush teammate Ty Majeski on the final lap.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth served as the grand marshal of the 2019 CTECH Manufacturing 180 at Road America. He also appeared in a coffee-table interview with Kyle Petty on NBC Sports, in Petty's series, "Coffee with Kyle."


title: Matt Kenseth

text: On April 27, 2020, Kenseth was announced as the replacement for Kyle Larson in the No. 42 Chevrolet for Chip Ganassi Racing for the remainder of the season after Larson was released for using a racial slur at an iRacing event two weeks prior. In addition, NASCAR granted Kenseth a waiver for eligibility in the 2020 playoffs. Kenseth finished 10th on May 17 at Darlington in his return, his 330th career top-ten. He scored a second-place finish on July 5 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. However, it turned out to be his only top-five and final top-ten finish of the season. On September 21, Chip Ganassi Racing announced that Ross Chastain would replace Kenseth in 2021. Kenseth finished 25th at the season finale at Phoenix (the site of his final victory) and 28th in the final standings.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: During a November 18 interview with the "Wisconsin State Journal", Kenseth revealed "with almost 100 percent certainty" that he had no intention of continuing full-time NASCAR racing, instead focusing on late models and sports cars.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: On May 4, 2022, it was announced that Matt Kenseth, along with Hershel McGriff and Kirk Shelmerdine, would be part of the NASCAR Hall Of Fame Class Of 2023


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth is the son of Roy and Nicola Sue Kenseth. The name Kenseth goes back to the 1850s when his ancestors came to Wisconsin. Tosten Eriksen Kjenset-Ødegard came over from County Oppland in Norway and settled in Deerfield, Wisconsin.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: In 2000, Kenseth married Katie Martin, also from Cambridge. Kenseth has a son, Ross Kenseth, from a previous relationship. Matt and Katie have four daughters: Kaylin Nicola, born on July 6, 2009, two days after Kenseth finished eighth in the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona; Grace Katherine, born on February 22, 2011, two days after the Daytona 500; Clara Mae, born on March 25, 2014, two days after the Auto Club 400; and Mallory Karen, born on December 20, 2017. Like his father, Ross also raced, driving in legends cars and late models in Wisconsin. Ross would later compete in ARCA and NASCAR. On July 15, 2018, Kenseth became a grandfather when Ross' wife Amber gave birth to a girl, Lexi. On April 8, 2021, Kenseth's grandson, Colt Matthew was born.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth ran the 2022 Boston Marathon and finished 3,576th overall and 141st in the Men's 50-54 division, with a time of 3:01:40.


title: Matt Kenseth

text: Kenseth is a fan of the metal band Metallica, and named his cat after drummer Lars Ulrich. He is also a fan of the Green Bay Packers.


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: A manga adaptation with art by Anoshimo has been serialized in Ichijinsha's yuri manga magazine "Comic Yuri Hime" since June 18, 2020. It has been collected into two "tankōbon" volumes. The light novel and manga have been licensed in North America by Seven Seas Entertainment. An anime television series adaptation by Platinum Vision is set to premiere in 2023.


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: Oohashi Rei, an ordinary office worker, is overworked to death and suddenly finds herself reincarnated as Rae Taylor, the heroine of her favorite otome game, "Revolution". However, Rae has no interest in the game's three original romance routes with the Bauer Kingdom's princes. Instead, she sets her heart on Claire François, the game's main antagonist. Using her knowledge of the game's events that are yet to come, Rae tries to give Claire a happy ending before the coming revolution destroys any chance of it happening.


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: Five volumes of the official light novel were published digitally by Aichu Publishing under their GL Bunko imprint from February 26, 2019 to August 26, 2021. The light novels featured cover art and additional illustrations by Hanagata. In 2021, Ichijinsha announced that it would begin publishing the light novels in paperback, with the first volume released on December 18, 2021 under their Ichijinsha Novels imprint. In April 2020, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they had licensed the light novel in North America. On March 19, 2021, Seven Seas issued a statement that they would be releasing a new version of volume one due to the localization decisions in the original omitting several paragraphs.


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: "She’s so Cheeky for a Commoner!" is a retelling of the original series from Claire François' perspective. It began serialization online on May 25, 2021 on the user-generated novel publishing website Shōsetsuka ni Narō. Aichu Publishing published the first light novel volume digitally under their GL Bunko imprint on February 28, 2022, with Hanagata returning for cover design and additional illustrations. At Anime Expo 2022, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they licensed the spin-off for English publication.


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: A manga adaptation is written by Inori and illustrated by Anoshimo. It began serialization in Ichijinsha's yuri manga magazine "Comic Yuri Hime" on June 18, 2020. In February 2021, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they had also licensed the manga adaptation.


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced on December 13, 2022. It will be produced by Platinum Vision and directed by Hideaki Ōba, with scripts written by Ayumu Hisao, character designs handled by Yōko Satō, and music composed by Noriyuki Asakura and Usagi to Uma. The series is set to premiere in 2023.


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: In Anime News Network's "Fall 2020 Light Novel Guide" the series was generally received positively, though not as strongly as other "yuri" titles released at the time. However, it was noted that "if Rae and Claire both start off as almost intensely difficult to like, they do undergo enough of a change by about midway through the novel that makes them much easier to root for."


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: Others had more positive reception to the series. Erica Friedman, the founder of Yuricon, awarded the first light novel an overall score of nine. Friedman also praised the series for its frank discussion of LGBT identity, writing "And then you hit a moment when Misha, Rae’s best friend, roommate and foil, turns to Rae and asks, 'Are you gay?'…and the characters have a frank discussion about sexuality." Nicki Bauman noted that the series open focus on LGBT themes in its characters and storytelling was not typical of the "yuri" genre and proposed that it might signal change in yuri themes and stories.


title: I'm in Love with the Villainess

text: In March 2021, "I'm in Love with the Villainess" placed 5th in AnimeJapan's annual Manga We Want to See Animated Ranking. In June 2021, the series was nominated for the Best Printed Manga category in the Next Manga Awards and placed 17th out of 50 nominees. It was also nominated for the same award and placed 8th out of 50 nominees in 2022.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Rhythm is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language musical drama film written and directed by Vasanth and produced by V. Natarajan. The film stars Arjun in lead role with Meena, Jyothika, Ramesh Aravind, Lakshmi, Nagesh, and Manivannan in other important roles. The music was composed by A. R. Rahman, while cinematography was predominantly handled by P. S. Vinod, and Sreekar Prasad edited the film. The film was released on 15 September 2000, receiving positive reviews from critics.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Karthikeyan (Arjun) is a photographer-editor working in "Indian Express" in Bombay. Chitra (Meena) is a bank employee. Both reside in Navi Mumbai. Karthik meets Chitra while opening a bank account. While returning home, he again meets her in a train. He offers his seat, but she does not want to accept it. During a train strike, he invites her to travel in an auto to reduce expenses, but she declines. When Chitra hesitated to travel in the same train with Karthik, he becomes exasperated and explains that he only talked to her because both are from the same locality, both are Tamilians, and he promises her that he will never talk to her again. After some days Chitra voluntarily talks to him. Karthik, in return, accompanies her to a police station to get back her snatched handbag. Karthik invites Chitra to his home to meet his parents.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Karthik's parents like Chitra and all become friends. Weeks later, Karthik's mother requests Chitra to tell Karthik to get married. When she conveys his parents' wish, Karthik explains about his late wife Aruna (Jyothika). Eight years earlier Karthik was a police officer with the bomb defusing squad. Though Aruna did not want Karthik to endanger his life every now and then, she does not tell him to quit, due to her respect of his desire to work as defuser. While Karthik and Aruna are in Tirupur to attend Aruna's friend's marriage, Karthik is pulled to Coimbatore to defuse a bomb, and he accomplishes. But Karthik's colleague and friend Ajay loses a leg in another defusion work. Karthik goes to Chennai to meet Ajay, who tells him about Aruna's fears. Karthik quits from Bomb squad and informs Aruna. Aruna, in a bid to soon meet Karthik, leaves to Chennai by train. Due to a signalling error, her train collides head on with another train and she passes away. Karthik then quit the police job and moved to Mumbai .


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Chitra then tells Karthik about her life. She was a graduate in Chennai living with her brother's family and searching for a job. She meets SBI officer Srikanth (Ramesh Aravind) through various accidental events, and they fall in love. While Chitra's family do not object to the marriage, Srikanth's Brahmin parents in Ooty object to the marriage. Srikanth disobeys them and marries Chitra. Within hours of the marriage, Srikanth receives news that his mom is on death bed. When he goes to Ooty, he finds that his dad lied to him, and his mother banishes him forever. Distraught, he leaves to Chennai by train, and died in the same train accident as Aruna. As per her husband's earlier wish, Chitra adopts a baby boy, Shiva. Her brother got a good job offer in Singapore and Chitra forced them to leave her. She got Srikanth's job from the bank due to his untimely demise and thus she had moved ahead. Knowing all this, Karthik's parents want them to get married.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Shiva moves close to Karthik and his family, while Chitra tries to prevent relations with Karthik. Karthik's father (Nagesh) understands Karthik's interest towards Chitra. He asks her to marry Karthik. She refuses, and once for all, avoids Karthik. Karthik understood her intention and stayed away from her. Chitra meanwhile gets confused regarding second marriage due to the trouble given by her neighbour's husband and Shiva's passion for Karthik. Chitra's neighbour once attempts to rape her; she manages to escape. Karthik, who heard about it, attacks the man for misbehaving, and makes him vacate Mumbai.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: After much thought, Chitra decides to marry Karthik for herself and her son. She plans to meet him at the station to express her decision. While returning home, she meets her mother-in-law (Lakshmi) waiting for her. Chitra's mother-in-law requests her to come and live with her as she is very alone after her husband's death. Chitra applies for transfer and leaves to Ooty with her mother-in-law. She has not dared to meet Karthik and she leaves without informing him. Karthik and his family are very much disappointed by this.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: After some months, Chitra panics on seeing a news about a bomb blast at Mumbai "Indian Express" and verifies Karthik's safety. Karthik leaves for Coonoor on an official assignment. There he meets Chitra with her mother-in-law in a shopping center. Chitra introduces him to her and tells about Aruna's death in the same train accident where Srikanth died. On hearing this, Chitra's mother-in-law invites Karthik to have lunch with them the next day. This delights Shiva. He eagerly waits for Karthik and leaves school well before, but is stuck in a traffic jam for a long time. Meanwhile, Chitra explains about her decision to marry him, and later changed it as her mother-in-law requested her to live with him.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Karthik leaves without meeting Shiva to catch the train. This disappoints Shiva. When Chitra tried to console him, he blames her because she did not keep the promise that he, Chitra, Karthik, and his parents to live together. Chitra's mother-in-law hears this, understood the meaning of it and she realised the mistake she made. She catches Karthik at the station and requests him to marry Chitra. Karthik and Chitra leave for Mumbai and get married, which delights Shiva and Karthik's parents.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Originally announced with pre-release stills in websites in 1997, the movie was four years in the making, a fairly long production time in the Indian film industry. Producer Pyramid Natarajan signed Vasanth for the project while he was working on "Aasai" (1995).


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Arjun was cast as after another hero backed out. Meena, who was supposed to star in Vasanth's "Nee Paadhi Naan Paadhi" was cast as the heroine for this film while A. R. Rahman, who was supposed to work in "Aasai" worked as the music director. For a further lead role of Arjun's wife, Vasanth considered Vindhya and Sanghavi, before finalising Jyothika, the sister of actress Nagma, who was signed on to make her Tamil debut with the film, although "Vaali" ended up releasing before "Rhythm". A. R. Rahman was signed on to compose the music for the film ahead of Vidyasagar, and worked on the project simultaneously with two other productions of Natarajan, "Udhaya" and "Sangamam". P. S. Vinod was selected to make his debut as cinematographer instead of V. Manikandan , while the team also credited Arthur A. Wilson as an additional cinematographer and R. D. Rajasekhar was also given special thanks in the title card. Early reports suggested the film would be inspired by the 1995 Hollywood film, "A Walk in the Clouds", but this proved untrue. It was also rumoured that the film would run along the lines of the 1998 film "Pooveli", and this had also caused a delay in the making. During the initial stages of shoot, Vasanth considered renaming the film to "Poo Pookkum Osai", but later kept the original title.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: After a 15-day schedule in Bombay, the unit shifted to various locations to picturise a song sequence and the song "Nathiye Nathiye" was shot at the locations of Mysore, the Shivanasamudra dam, and the Thriveni Sangama. The team also shot in South India in Chalakudy and Ooty, before the unit moved North to Haridwar, Badrinath and the Gangotri. Scenes were also shot at Juinagar Station in New Bombay.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: The film languished in development hell after shooting was over, with the producers reluctant to notify what was keeping the release delayed. The delay of the film led to Vasanth directing three other films in between "Nerukku Ner", "Poovellam Kettuppar" and "Appu", as he waited for the release. At some point due to the long delay in its release, unconfirmed news was circulating that production had been shelved due to financial constraints. Natarajan blamed A. R. Rahman for the delay and it was reported that the producer had not yet settled the payment for Rahman's work in "Sangamam", and therefore he was dragging his feet on completing the work for "Rhythm". The producer supposedly toyed with the idea of replacing Rahman with another music director in both "Rhythm" and his other film "Udhaya" but ran out of money to even complete the shooting of "Rhythm". The producer then persuaded Rahman to complete work on the music of "Rhythm" so that he could make money from music sales and complete the movie.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: The film won very positive reviews with The Hindu claiming "Vasanth has created a smooth, flowing timbre, with very little harshness in the line of events that take place", describing it as an "appreciable effort". Indolink.com gave the film a positive review, citing that "Arjun has definitely matured as an actor and as polished as ever as Karthikeyan" and that "a lot of care has gone into Meena's make-up and acting in this film". The critic also praised the performances of the supporting cast, while adding that "Rhythm's actual beauty lies in the hands of its cameramen, Vinod and Arthur Wilson and music director, A. R. Rahman." A reviewer from TMCafe noted the film has "outstanding performances from the lead, brilliant pairing, and a sumptuous story."


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: Another critic labelled that "Handled better, "Rhythm" could have turned out to be a must-watch film, though it is still definitely far better than the run-of-the-mill ones", criticizing that the "director seems preoccupied with the so-called commercial ingredients, which only mar the overall impact of the film." The film was also dubbed and released in Telugu under the same title.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: "Rhythm" won Shivakumar the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Audiographer, while Meena picked up Best Actress at the Cinema Express Awards and Jyothika won the Best Sensational Actress Award at the same Event along with Khushi.The hit pair Arjun and Jyothika was also Nominated at the Cinema Express Award for best Onscreen pair, which was lost to Prashanth - Simran Pair.


title: Rhythm (2000 film)

text: The soundtrack of film features five songs composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Vairamuthu. The song titles and lyrics were inspired by the five elements wind, water, fire, sky and Earth. A. R. Rahman used the verse "Dheem Thana Na" as the pallavi (thematic line) in "Nadhiye Nadhiye" after Vasanth told Rahman that he liked that line. Three songs were later reused in the Bollywood movie "Lakeer – Forbidden Lines". The song Thaniye gained popularity and Shankar Mahadevan sang this song in the Super Singer Episode in Star Vijay.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Portuguese and Spanish, although closely related Romance languages, differ in many aspects of their phonology, grammar and lexicon. Both belong to a subset of the Romance languages known as West Iberian Romance, which also includes several other languages or dialects with fewer speakers, all of which are mutually intelligible to some degree.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei, analyzing the degree of difference from a language's parent (Latin, in the case of Romance languages) by comparing phonology, inflection, syntax, vocabulary, and intonation, indicated the following percentages (the higher the percentage, the greater the distance from Latin): In the case of Spanish it was 20%, the third closest Romance language to Latin, only behind Sardinian (8% distance) and Italian (12% distance). Portuguese was 31%, making it the second furthest language from Latin after French (44% distance).


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The most obvious differences are in pronunciation. Mutual intelligibility is greater between the written languages than between the spoken forms. Compare, for example, the following sentences—roughly equivalent to the English proverb "A word to the wise is sufficient," or, a more literal translation, "To a good listener, a few words are enough.":


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Some Brazilian dialects, however, including some found in the Brazilian Amazon, sustain more similarities with the European pronunciation than with that of the southern Brazilian region.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: There are also some significant differences between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese as there are between British and American English or Peninsular and Latin American Spanish. This article notes these differences below only where:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Portuguese and Spanish share a great number of words that are spelled identically or almost identically (although the pronunciation almost always differs), or which differ in predictable ways. Consider, for example, the following paragraph, taken from the , by Manuel Seco (Espasa Calpe, 1989), and compare it to the literal Portuguese translation below, noting the lexical similarities and occasional differences of word order:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Now, observe the following sample, which was taken from the newspaper El País. It uses a more day-to-day language and has few cognates, and, consequently, the intelligibility ends up being very low for speakers who have no knowledge of the other language.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: While the majority of lexical differences between Spanish and Portuguese come from the influence of the Arabic language on Spanish vocabulary, most of the similarities and cognate words in the two languages have their origin in Latin, but several of these cognates differ, to a greater or lesser extent, in meaning.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Some pairs of cognates differ in that they have a broader or narrower meaning in one language than in the other, or their meanings are entirely different. On this basis they are termed "false friends":


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Many pairs of cognates have come to have different meanings due to semantic change. These false friends include the following:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: A number of the frequent "function words" (pronouns, conjunctions, etc.) are cognates in the two languages but are used in slightly different ways, including the following:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The Spanish pronoun "todo" can mean 'all/every', or 'everything'. Portuguese distinguishes between "todo" 'all/every' (masculine) and "tudo" 'everything' (neuter, used for an indefinite object or abstraction).


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Spanish uses an acute accent on interrogative pronouns, while the corresponding relative pronouns (etymologically the same words) are spelled without the accent to mark the difference in prosodic stress. (As explained below, the acute accent often changes the vowel sound in Portuguese, but not Spanish.) For example, "¿quién?" (who?) and "quien" (who) in Spanish, but "quem" for both in Portuguese. Apart from that, while ""quem"" is invariable, Spanish has both the singular ""quién"" and the plural ""quiénes"". As shown by the examples below, the difference between singular and plural is highlighted by the use of "é" for singular and "são" for plural:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Spanish distinguishes the adjective "mucho" 'much/many' from the adverb "muy" 'very/quite'. Portuguese uses "muito" for both (there's also "mui", but it is considered old-fashioned). "Mucho" is also an adverb; whereas "muy" modifies adjectives and adverbs, "mucho" modifies verbs, and specific adverbs such as "más"- which can also be a noun sometimes.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: As an adjective, "muito" is inflected according to the gender and number of the noun it qualifies, like "mucho". As an adverb, it is invariable like "muy". Thus, it would be incorrect to say *"muitas maduras" in the second example.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The cardinal numbers are very similar in Spanish and Portuguese, but there are differences of usage in numbers one and two. Spanish has different words for the masculine singular indefinite article ('a, an') and the numeral 'one', thus "un capítulo" 'a chapter', but "capítulo uno" 'chapter one'. In Portuguese, both words are the same: "um capítulo" and "capítulo um". Spanish "uno" can also be used as a pronoun, like the English generic "one", to represent an indeterminate subject, but this is not possible with Portuguese "um"; the reflexive pronoun "se" must be used instead. "Se" may be used in Spanish to form passive and impersonal constructions, as well.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: This still applies in cases where a relatively indeterminate subject is genderized, such as the Spanish "todos a una [voz]" ('all at once', literally 'all at one [voice]'). It should be rewritten in Portuguese without any cardinal number. For example, "todos juntos" 'all together'.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: On the other hand, in Portuguese, cardinal number 'two' inflects with gender ("dois" if masculine, "duas" if feminine), while in Spanish "dos" is used for both.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The conjunction "and" in Spanish is "y" (pronounced before a consonant, before a vowel) before all words except those beginning with an sound (spelled "i"- or "hi"-). Before a syllabic sound (and not the diphthong as in "hierro"), the Spanish conjunction is "e" . Portuguese uses "e" before all words.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Similarly, for the conjunction "or" Spanish uses "o" before all words except those beginning with "o"- or "ho"-, in which case it uses "u" . Portuguese always uses "ou" ~.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In Portuguese, the word "se" can be a reflexive pronoun or a conjunction meaning 'if'. This may give the false impression that a Portuguese verb is pronominal when it is not. For example, "Se ficou em Paris..." means 'If he/she stayed in Paris...' When the conjunction "se" precedes a pronominal verb, it is common to have a double "se" in the sentence, such as "Se se esqueceu da sua senha..." 'If you forgot your password...'


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Spanish "le" and "les" are changed to "se" when followed by "lo", "la", "los", or "las". For example, "Mi abuelo les compró los regalos" becomes "Mi abuelo se los compró". See also "Combining pronouns in Spanish" below. In addition, Spanish uses "sé" as an irregular verb in the first person singular indicative of "saber" (to know), and the second person singular imperative of "ser" (to be). In Portuguese, these are "sei" and "sê" respectively.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Despite the mostly cognate vocabulary between Spanish and Portuguese, a significant number of common words are entirely different in the two languages (although in some cases cognates exist, but are rare or archaic in one of the two languages). Examples include the following:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Vocabulary differences between the two languages arose from various factors. Portuguese and Spanish evolved separately from the Middle-Ages onwards and Portuguese being more Atlantic, didn't absorb much Mediterranean influence:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Both Portuguese and, to a lesser degree, Spanish have borrowed loanwords either directly from French or by way of French as an intermediary from other (mostly Greco-Latin) sources. Here are some examples where Portuguese uses French-derived words in everyday situations:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Spanish has significant Mozarabic vocabulary of Arabic origin, whereas Portuguese has markedly less of such influence. In most cases, there will also be a Latin, Gothic or Greek synonym in the Spanish lexicon, although not actively used. Here are a few examples:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Conversely, there are a few examples where a word of Arabic origin is used in Portuguese but not in Spanish, such as: Sp. "romero", Port. "alecrim" (Port. "rosmaninho" or "rosmarinho" means 'lavender'), 'rosemary'; Sp. "lechuga", Port. "alface" (in Port. "leituga" means 'catsear'), 'lettuce'; or more commonly used in Portuguese than in Spanish although the word exists in both languages, such as: "chafariz" 'fountain' (Port."fonte", Sp. "fuente") or "garrafa" 'bottle' (Port. "botelha", Sp. "botella") Port. "alfaiate" (in Port. both "costureiro" and "sartório" are also commonly used), Sp. "sastre" 'tailor'.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In a few cases Spanish and Portuguese have both borrowed different Arabic-derived words for the same meaning, such as: Sp. "alfombra", Port. "alcatifa", 'carpet'; Sp. "aduana", Port. "alfândega", 'customs'; the latter is derived from the name of a town in Portugal that once stood on the boundary between Christendom and Islam.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Arabic is the source of a few personal given names and numerous derivative surnames and place names in Spain, including the following:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Almudena, Azucena, Carmen, Guadalupe, Mohamed, Soraya, Zulema, Abenamir, Abengoa, Avengoa, Abenójar, Alcalá, Almuzara, Acebrón, Aceituno, Aceitón, Aguera, Aguiló, Alamar, Alamino, Alanzor, Albarral, Albarrán, Albo, Albaicín, Alcantud, Alcazar, Alcudia, Alguacil, Allobar, Almaguer, Almandós, Almandoz, Almería, Almodóvar, Almoravit, Ambasil, Amor, Andujar, Aranda, Ayas, Aias, Benayas, Bardaxí, Benajara, Benameji, Benasar, Bennásar, Benavides, Bendala, Bujalance, Calatayud, Cervatos, Ceuta, Cid, Córdoba, Dris, Faulí, Gálvez, Godesteiz, Granada, Guadalupe, Gudiel, Hispán, Yllán, Illán, Illanes, Iznajar, Jaén, Madrid, Manzaneque, Mezquita, Mezquitas, Mudarra, Palacios, Palomoque, Pascual, Quirino, Toledo, Trujillo, Valls, Zanata, Zaratan, Zarate, Zaratin, Zegrí, Cegrí, Zorita.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Spanish and Portuguese have acquired different words from various Amerindian, African and Asian languages, as in the following examples:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Like with most European languages, both Spanish and Portuguese acquired numerous Greek words mainly related to sciences, arts and humanities:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Unlike the other Romance languages, modern Portuguese does not use the Roman planetary system for the days Monday through Friday. Instead, the weekdays are numerical, and derived from Ecclesiastical Latin. The word "feira" (from Latin ) refers to daily (Roman Catholic) religious celebrations; it is cognate with "feira" 'fair' or 'market', as well as with "férias" 'vacation' and "feriado" 'holiday'. In Spanish, the days of the week are all masculine; in Portuguese, the "feira" days are feminine, while "sábado" and "domingo" are masculine.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The form "Terça-feira" (< Lat. ) differs in its first component from the usual Portuguese word for 'third', "terceira" (< Lat. ).


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Broadly speaking, the grammars of Portuguese and Spanish share many common features. Nevertheless, some differences between them can present hurdles to people acquainted with one and learning the other.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Spanish has three forms for the singular definite article, "el", masculine, "la", feminine, and "lo", neuter. The last is used with adjectives to form abstract nouns employed in a generic sense, and also to intensify the meaning of adjectives. In Portuguese, there is only "o", masculine, and "a", feminine. Literary Spanish has also three corresponding third person pronouns, "él" 'he', "ella" 'she', and "ello" 'it' (referring to a broad concept, not a named object), while Portuguese has only "ele", masculine, and "ela", feminine. The Spanish neuters "lo" and "ello" have no plural forms.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Some words are masculine in Spanish, but feminine in Portuguese, or vice versa. A common example are nouns ended in "-aje" in Spanish, which are masculine, and their Portuguese cognates ending in "-agem", which are feminine. For example, Spanish "el viaje" 'the journey' (masculine, like French "le voyage" and Italian "il viaggio") corresponds to the Portuguese feminine "a viagem". Similarly, "el puente" 'bridge', "el dolor" 'pain', or "el árbol" 'tree' are masculine nouns in Modern Spanish, whereas "a ponte", "a dor", and "a árvore" are feminine in Portuguese. On the other hand, the Spanish feminine "la leche" 'the milk' corresponds to Portuguese "o leite" (masculine, like French "le lait", Italian "il latte"). Likewise, "nariz" 'nose' is feminine in Spanish and masculine in Portuguese.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Some Spanish words can be both masculine and feminine, with different meanings. Both meanings usually exist also in Portuguese, but with one and the same gender, so that they can't be differentiated unless further information is provided. For instance, the word "orden" 'order' can mean both 'harmonious arrangement' and 'directive', like its counterparts in English and Portuguese. But the Spanish word is masculine when used with the first meaning, and feminine with the second:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Without additional context, it is impossible to tell which meaning was intended in Portuguese and English (though other words could be substituted; in English, one would likely use "orderliness" in the first case above rather than "order", which would, by itself, suggest the second case).


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In many varieties of Portuguese, personal names are normally preceded by a definite article, a trait also found in Catalan. In Portuguese, this is a relatively recent development, which some Brazilian dialects have not adopted yet, most notably in some states of the Brazilian Northeast. In those dialects of Portuguese that do regularly use definite articles before proper nouns, the article may be omitted for extra formality, or to show distance in a literary narrative. Compare, for example, English "Mary left", Spanish "María salió", and Portuguese "A Maria saiu". Note, however, that in many Spanish dialects the definite article is used before personal names; thus, "la María salió" is commonly heard.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Portuguese uses the definite article before the names of some cities and almost all countries except relatively new ones, such as "Cingapura"/"Singapura" ('Singapore'), and those related to Portugal (or with which Portugal has historical relationships, even though this is a rough rule) and the Portuguese-speaking countries, e.g., "a Holanda" but "Portugal"; "o México" but "Angola", "a Suécia", but "Moçambique". The major exception to the country rule is "o Brasil".


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In Spanish, use of the definite article is optional with some countries: "(la) China", "(el) Japón", "(la) India", "(la) Argentina", "(el) Ecuador", "(el) Perú", "(el) Uruguay", "(el) Paraguay", "(el) Brasil", "(los) Estados Unidos", etc. The same is true with two continents: "(la) Antártida" and "(el) África"; with archipelagos and islands: "(las) Filipinas", "(las) Canarias", "(las) Azores", with some provinces, regions or territories: "(el) Tíbet", "(la) Toscana", "(el) Piamonte", "(el) Lacio" and with some cities: "(el) Cairo", "(la) Valeta". Spanish uses the definite article with all geographical names when they appear with an adjective or modifying phrase, as in the following examples: "la España medieval" 'medieval Spain', "el Puerto Rico prehispánico" 'pre-Hispanic Puerto Rico', "el Portugal de Salazar" 'Portugal during Salazar's dictatorship', etc.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In addition, in most dialects of Portuguese the definite article is used before possessive adjectives (as it is used in Italian), which is not possible in Spanish. For instance, the sentence 'This is my brother' is "Este es mi hermano" in Spanish, but may be "Este é o meu irmão" in Portuguese. Nevertheless, in many Brazilian dialects (mostly in the Northeast) and in casual Brazilian Portuguese the article is not used in sentences such as: "Este é meu irmão" (although it usually reappears in sentences such as "O meu irmão está lá").


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In Portuguese, possessive adjectives have the same form as possessive pronouns, and they all agree with the gender of the possessed item. In Spanish, the same is true of "nuestro"/"nuestra" ("our") and "vuestro"/"vuestra" ("your" [plural]), but for all other possessives, the pronoun has a longer form that agrees with the gender of the possessed item, while the adjective has a shorter form that does not change for gender. The possessive adjectives are normally preceded by a definite article in Continental Portuguese, less so in Brazilian Portuguese, and never in Spanish. The possessive pronouns are preceded by a definite article in all dialects of both languages. See examples in the table below.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In Portuguese, third-person clitic pronouns have special variants used after certain types of verb endings, which does not happen in Spanish. The default object pronouns "o"/"a"/"os"/"as" change to "lo"/"la"/"los"/"las" when they follow a verb that ends in ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩ or ⟨z⟩, and to "no"/"na"/"nos"/"nas" when they follow a verb that ends in a nasal sound.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In Brazilian Portuguese, these forms are uncommon, since the pronoun normally precedes the verb (i.e., "você o mantenha" in the above example), and third-person subject pronouns are used informally as object pronouns ("mantenha ele"). However, as it has been considered ungrammatical to begin a sentence with an object pronoun, the above examples are, on rare occasion, used in Brazil as well.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: European Portuguese differs from Brazilian Portuguese with regard to the placement of clitic personal pronouns, and Spanish is in turn different from both of them.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In Portuguese, verbs in the future indicative or conditional tense may be split into morphemes, and the clitic pronoun can be inserted between them, a feature known as mesoclisis. This also occurred in Old Spanish, but no comparable phenomenon takes place in modern Spanish:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: However, these tenses are often replaced with others in the spoken language. Future indicative is sometimes replaced by present indicative; conditional is very often replaced by imperfect indicative. In colloquial language, most Portuguese would state "trá-lo-á" as "vai trazê-lo" ('going to bring it') or "irá trazê-lo" ('will bring it'). In Brazilian Portuguese, "vai trazer ele" would be the vernacular use.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The Spanish construction, "se lo dio", means either '[He/She] gave it to [him/her]' or '[He/She] gave it to himself/herself'. The expected pattern for the former would be *"le lo dio", but such a construction does not exist. This is unique to Spanish.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Thus, modern Spanish makes no distinction between the reflexive pronoun "se" and the dative personal pronoun "se", whereas in Portuguese it would be "deu-so" for the reflexive pronoun and "deu-lho" for the dative case. Note that this did not happen in old Spanish: "diógelo", 'he gave it to him', "dióselo", 'he gave it to himself'. The medieval "g" sound (similar to that of French) was replaced with "s" in the 14th-15th centuries (cf. Spanish "coger", 'to catch', but "cosecha", 'harvest', Port. "colher" and "colheita", both from Lat. ).


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In standard Spanish, stressed pronouns in the subject position are never used for inanimate subjects (i.e., things, as opposed to people or animals), not even for clarity or disambiguation purposes, except when modified by an attribute ("él solito" may mean 'he by himself' or 'it by itself'). Portuguese knows no such restriction, so that stressed pronouns referring to inanimate subjects can either be used or dropped:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The use of second-person pronouns differs dramatically between Spanish and Portuguese, and even more so between European and Brazilian Portuguese. Spanish "tú" and "usted" correspond etymologically to Portuguese "tu" and "você", but Portuguese has gained a third, even more formal form "o(s) senhor(es), a(s) senhora(s)", demoting "você" to an "equalizing" rather than respectful register. The old familiar forms have been largely lost in the Portuguese-speaking world, as the Portuguese equalizing forms "você" or "vocês" have displaced "tu" to a large extent and "vós" almost entirely; and even where "tu" is still used, the second-person verb forms that historically corresponded to it are often replaced by the same (third-person) forms that are used with "você".


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In the plural, Portuguese familiar "vós" is archaic nearly everywhere (as with the old English second singular "thou"), and both the subject pronoun and its corresponding second-person plural verb forms are generally limited to the Bible, traditional prayers, and spoken varieties of certain regions of rural Portugal; normally, the familiar (and equalizing) form is now "vocês," although in Portugal the second person plural forms are retained for both object and possessive pronouns (e.g., "vocês e a vossa família"). In the case of northern and central Peninsular Spanish, "tú", "usted", "vosotros", and "ustedes" have more or less kept their original functions; if anything, "tú" is displacing "usted" out of common use and "usted" is coming to be used only for formal situations (like "o senhor" in Portuguese). Latin American Spanish is more complicated: "vosotros" has fallen out of use in favor of "ustedes", but certain regions of Spanish America also use "vos" as a "singular" informal pronoun, displacing "tú" out of its original role to a greater or lesser extent (see "voseo").


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Spoken Brazilian Portuguese has dramatically simplified the pronoun system, with "você(s)" tending to displace all other forms. Although a few parts of Brazil still use "tu" and the corresponding second-person singular verb forms, most areas either use "tu" with third-person verb forms or (increasingly) drop "tu" entirely in favor of "você". This has in turn caused the original third-person possessive "seu, sua" to shift to primarily second-person use, alongside the appearance of a new third-person possessive "dele, dela" (plural "deles, delas", "their") that follows the noun (thus paraphrases such as "o carro dele" "his car", "o carro dela" "her car"). The formal "o senhor" is also increasingly restricted to certain situations, such as that of a storekeeper addressing a customer, or a child or teenager addressing an adult stranger.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: More conservative in this regard is the "fluminense" dialect of Brazilian Portuguese (spoken in Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and in the Zona da Mata of the state of Minas Gerais) – especially its "carioca" sociolect. This dialect generally preserves intimate or familiar "tu", the standard equalizing form "você", and the respectful or formal "o senhor"/"a senhora", together with their related possessives, to such an extent that almost all speakers use these forms, according to context. Nevertheless, a minority of educated speakers correctly conjugates all of the "tu" pronouns formally; otherwise, it is mostly conjugated as "você".


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Standard Portuguese usage has "vocês" and "os senhores/as senhoras" as plurals of "você" and "o senhor"/"a senhora", but the vernacular has also produced new forms with the second-person familiar plural function, such as "gente" (compare "a gente" as a possible colloquial variation of "nós", "we"/"us", that should be conjugated—but commonly is not—as third-person singular), "pessoas", "pessoal", "[meu] povo", "cês" (eye dialect for "vocês" in colloquial pronunciation), and "galera" (the latter mainly associated with youth slang).


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: It is often said that the "gaúcho", "nordestino" and "amazofonia" dialects, as well as some sociolects elsewhere, such as that in and around the city of Santos, have preserved "tu"; but unlike in "fluminense", the use of "você" is very limited, and entirely absent among some speakers, and "tu" takes its place. In these areas, the verb with "tu" is conjugated in the third-person form (as with "você") – except among educated speakers in some urban centers such as Porto Alegre and, especially, Belém. See Brazilian Portuguese.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Spanish and Portuguese have two main copulas, "ser" and "estar". For the most part, the use of these verbs is the same in both languages, but there are a few cases where it differs. The main difference between Spanish and Portuguese is in the interpretation of the concept of state versus essence and in the generalizations one way or another that are made in certain constructions. For instance,


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Also, the use of "ser" regarding a permanent location is much more accepted in Portuguese. Conversely, "estar" is often permanent in Spanish regarding a location, while in Portuguese, it implies being temporary or something within the immediate vicinity (same house, building, etc.)


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Because the airport is obviously not anywhere nearby, "ficar" is used in Portuguese (most common), though "ser" can also be used.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Secondary copulas are "quedar(se)" in Spanish and "ficar" in Portuguese. Each can also mean 'to stay' or 'to remain.'


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The Spanish sentence using the reflexive form of the verb ("quedarse") implies that staying inside the house was voluntary, while Portuguese and English are quite ambiguous on this matter without any additional context. (See also the next section.)


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Reflexive verbs are somewhat more frequent in Spanish than in Portuguese, especially with actions relating to parts of the body:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The Portuguese and Spanish verbs for expressing "liking" are similar in form ("gostar" and "gustar" respectively) but different in their arrangement of arguments. Arguments in linguistics are expressions that enable a verb to complete its meaning. Expressions of liking typically require two arguments: (1) a person who likes something (sometimes called the "experiencer"), and (2) something that the person likes (sometimes called the "theme"). Portuguese and Spanish (as well as English) assign different grammatical cases to these arguments, as shown in the following table:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The Portuguese sentence can be translated literally as "[I] [take satisfaction] [from] [the music]", while the Spanish corresponds to "[To me] [(it) is pleasing] [the music]."


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: It is also possible in Spanish to express it as: "(Yo) gusto de la música", although this use has become antiquated.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In Spanish, the compound perfect is constructed with the auxiliary verb "haber" (< Latin ). Although Portuguese used to use its cognate verb ("haver") in this way, now it is more common to form these tenses with "ter" ('to have') (< Latin ). While "ter" is occasionally used as an auxiliary by other Iberian languages, it is much more pervasive in Portuguese - to the extent that most Portuguese verb tables only list "ter" with regard to the perfect.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: A class of false friends between the two languages is composed of the verb forms with endings containing -"ra"-, such as "cantara", "cantaras", "cantáramos", and so on. Spanish has two forms for the imperfect subjunctive, one with endings in "-se-" and another with endings in -"ra"- (e.g., "cantase"/"cantara" 'were I to sing'), which are usually interchangeable. In Portuguese, only "cantasse" has this value; "cantara" is employed as a pluperfect indicative, i.e., the equivalent to Spanish "había cantado" ('I had sung'). Although there is a strong tendency to use a verb phrase instead in the spoken language, like in Spanish and English ("havia cantado"), the simple tense is still frequent in literature.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In European Spanish, as well as some Andean dialects, as in English, the present perfect is normally used to talk about an action initiated and completed in the past, which is still considered relevant or influential in the present moment. In Portuguese and Latin American Spanish, the same meaning is conveyed by the simple preterite, as in the examples below:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Portuguese normally uses the present perfect ("pretérito perfeito composto") for speaking of an event that began in the past, was repeated regularly up to the present, and could keep happening in the future. See the contrast with Spanish in the following example:


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: As this example suggests, the Portuguese present perfect is often closer in meaning to the English present perfect "continuous". See also Spanish verbs: Contrasting the preterite and the perfect.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: Portuguese, uniquely among the major Romance languages, has acquired a "personal infinitive", which can be used as an alternative to a subordinate clause with a finite verb in the subjunctive.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The Portuguese perfect form of the personal infinitive corresponds to one of several possible Spanish finite verbs.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: On some occasions, the personal infinitive can hardly be replaced by a finite clause and corresponds to a different structure in Spanish (and English):


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The personal infinitive is "not" used in counterfactual situations, as these require either the future subjunctive or the imperfect subjunctive. 'If we were/had been rich...' is "Se fôssemos ricos...", not "*Se sermos ricos..." Also, it is conjugated the same as the future subjunctive (see next section), provided the latter is not irregular ("ser", "estar", "ter", etc.) The personal infinitive is "never" irregular, though the circumflex accent may be dropped in writing on expanded forms (such as "pôr").


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: In the first and third person singular, the personal infinitive appears no different from the unconjugated infinitive.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The above rules also apply whenever the subjects of the two clauses are the same, but independent of each other.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: As shown, the personal infinitive can be used at times to replace both the impersonal infinitive and the subjunctive. Spanish has no such alternative.


title: Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

text: The future subjunctive, now virtually obsolete in Spanish, or circumscribed to legal documents, continues in use in both written and spoken Portuguese. It is used in subordinate clauses referring to a hypothetical future event or state – either adverbial clauses (usually introduced by "se" 'if ' or "quando" 'when') or adjective clauses that modify nouns referring to a hypothetical future entity. Spanish, in the analogous if-clauses, uses the present indicative, and in the "cuando-" and adjective clauses uses the present subjunctive.